The heroe of Lorenzo, or, The way to eminencie and perfection a piece of serious Spanish wit / originally in that language written ; and in English by Sir John Skeffington, Kt. and Barronet. Héroe. English Gracián y Morales, Baltasar, 1601-1658. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A41737 of text R6925 in the English Short Title Catalog (Wing G1471). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread Approx. 88 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 83 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. EarlyPrint Project Evanston,IL, Notre Dame, IN, St. Louis, MO 2017 A41737 Wing G1471 ESTC R6925 12143867 ocm 12143867 54893 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A41737) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 54893) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 98:2) The heroe of Lorenzo, or, The way to eminencie and perfection a piece of serious Spanish wit / originally in that language written ; and in English by Sir John Skeffington, Kt. and Barronet. Héroe. English Gracián y Morales, Baltasar, 1601-1658. Massereene, John Skeffington, Viscount, d. 1695. Walton, Izaak, 1593-1683. [10], 155 p. Printed for John Martin and James Allestrye ..., London : 1652. Translation of: Héroe. Attributed to Gracián y Morales, Baltasar. Cf. BM. "To the reader" signed: I.W. [Izaak Walton]. Cf. Compleat angler, 1929, p. 585-586. Reproduction of original in Yale University Library. eng Maxims. A41737 R6925 (Wing G1471). civilwar no The heroe, of Lorenzo, or The way to eminencie and perfection. A piece of serious Spanish wit originally in that language written, and in En Gracián y Morales, Baltasar 1652 15524 84 0 0 0 0 0 54 D The rate of 54 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the D category of texts with between 35 and 100 defects per 10,000 words. 2005-04 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2005-04 Apex CoVantage Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2005-05 Melanie Sanders Sampled and proofread 2005-05 Melanie Sanders Text and markup reviewed and edited 2005-10 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion THE HEROE , OF LORENZO , OR The way to EMINENCIE and PERFECTION . A piece of serious SPANISH wit Originally in that language written , and in English . By Sir John Skeffington Kt. and Barronet . London , Printed for John Martin and James Allestrye at the Bell in St. Pauls Church-yard . 1652. Let this be told the Reader , THat Sir John Skeffington ( one of his late Majesties servants , and a stranger to no language of Christendom ) did about 40 years now past , bring this Hero out of Spain into England . There they two kept company together 'till about 12 months now past : and then , in a retyrement of that learned knights ( by reason of a sequestration for his masters cause ) a friend coming to visit him , they fell accidentally into a discourse of the wit and galantry of the Spanish Nation . That discourse occasioned an example or two , to be brought out of this Hero : and , those examples ( with Sir John's choice language and illustration ) were so relisht by his friend ( a stranger to the Spanish tongue ) that he became restles 'till he got a promise from Sir . John to translate the whole , which he did in a few weeks ; and so long as that imployment lasted it proved an excellent diversion from his many sad thoughts ; But he hath now chang'd that Condition , to be possest of that place into which sadnesse is not capable of entrance . And his absence from this world hath occasion'd mee ( who was one of those few that he gave leave to know him , for he was a retyr'd man ) to tell the Reader that I heard him say , he had not made the English so short , or few words , as the originall ; because in that , the Author had exprest himself so enigmatically , that though he indevour'd to translate it plainly ; yet , he thought it was not made comprehensible enough for common Readers , therefore he declar'd to me , that he intended to make it so by a coment on the margent ; which he had begun , but ( be it spoke with sorrow ) he and those thoughts are now buried in the silent Grave , and my self , with those very many that lov'd him , left to lament that losse . His epistle to the Reader . BEcause I desire to see thee singular , I have undertaken in a dwarf-book , to set out a Giant , and in short periods , immortall actions . But to set out a man accomplisht , and such an one as being by nature no king , is yet more by his qualities , will be a miracle in perfection . Seneca would have him endued with prudence , Aesop with subtiltie , Homer would have him a warriour , Aristotle a Philosopher and the Count would have him be a Courtier . According to this Character , having Coppied some Perfections out of the workes of these great Masters : I intend to present thee with a rough draught of an Heros . To which purpose I have forg'd this manuall mirrour made up of other mens Christalls and my own Errours . Sometimes it will flatter thee , and then give thee Counsell : Ano●●er time thou shalt find in it either what thou art , or what thou shouldest bee . Here thou shalt find neither Politicks , nor Oeconomicks , but reason of State concerning thine own particular . A Mariners Card to sayl by , till thou arrive at Excellency . An art to become famous with a few rules of discretion . I write but short , because thy undërstanding is large , and short for the povertie of mine own thoughts . I will stay thee no longer that thou maist passe on . THE HEROE . EXCELLENCIE I. That the Heroes practise Incomprehensibilities . LET this be the first dexterity in the Art of those that understand best : to take a right measure of the place by their artifice ; it is a Masterpiece to make ones self known , but not to be comprehended , to feed expectation , but not ū deceive it altogether : let the much still promise more , and the best action leave an appetite , and hopes behind it of greater . If an able man would maintain his respect , he must suffer none to sound his bottom : The flood is formidable till we have found a foard ; And a man is had in honour till the limits of his capacity be known , because profoundnes unknown , and presumed on , hath alwaies maintained a credit by suspition . It was a hansome propriety of speech to say ( that which discovers cowards ) ( Victory being alternative in a moment ) If he that comprehends , commands , then he that keeps concealed , never renders himself . A well-advised man must so carry himself that his addresse go alwaies equall with the curiosity of him that attempts to understand him : but such a curiosity , for the most part , useth to overdoe it self , when it gives the first onset . He that is dextrous in any exercise of strength , uses not to give over at the first assay , but goes engaging himself from one attempt to another ; every second advancing and mending the former . This advantage belongs to none but an infinite Entity to vye much upon the stock ; reserving a rest of infinity : Observe strictly this first Rule of greatnes , and if thou canst not be infinite , strive to seem so , for it is no common subtilty . In this sense no man will be nice to applaud the Paradox of Mitylene , the half is more than the whole , because one half set to shew , and the other in reserve is more than the whole in Declaration . That great King that was the first of the new world , and the last of Aragon , was his crafts-master in this , as in all other habilities , in which none of his heroick successors could ever carry their glory so high as he . This Catholick Monark kept his contemporary princes more in breath , by the splendour of those rare qualities which appeared every day in his spirit , than by the addition of all the new Crowns that adorned his Temples . This Center of the rayes of Prudence ; this great restorer of the Monarchy of the Gothes , never appeared more glorious than when he dazeled the eyes of his Heroick . Consort , and of his subtill Courtiers : when they set spies upon his deportments , to sound the vigour of his spirit , and measure his Valour , which he perceiving , sometimes let fall a discovery of himself , and then of a suddain shut up himself again , another time abandoning himself to their curiosity , presently after drew a curtain before their eyes : managing his spirit with so much conduct , that at last he turned their curiosity into admiration . O thou that art one of Fame's Candidates ! thou that aspirest to greatnes , be vigilant to become excellent ; let the world know thee , but let none come aboard thee : By this subtiltie , that which is but moderate will appear much ; the much will be thought infinite ; and infinite , more . EXCELLENCIE II. Cifrar la voluntad . To cover the Will . THis Art would be of little esteem if while we command a confinement to our capacities , we should not charge our Affections to dissemble their follies . This piece of subtilty hath gotten so much credit that Tiberius , and Lewis have built the whole frame of their Politicks upon it . If each excess in secret , be so in reputation , then the concealing our affectitions would get a soveraignty over our selves : The weaknes of our Wills are the Syncopes of Reputation , which if once they declare themselves , the other strait perishes . The first force serves only to suppress them , the second to disguise them : The first hath more of valour , and the last of cuning . He that renders himself to the weaknes of his will , descends from a man to a brute : but he that bridles his will , keepes at least a Reputation in appearance . To penetrate the whole Designes of others , is a mark of eminent capacity ; but to be able to conceal a mans own , is an incomparable superiority : To discover passion to another is all one to open him a wicket to enter the fortress of our capacity : And hence it is that politick spies raise all their battery , and for the most part make all their assaults in Triumph : The Affections being once discovered , the entries and out-gates of the will are all understood , beside a perpetuall power over us at all times . The inhumanity of the Gentiles hath rank'd divers in the number of the Gods , for less than a moiety of Alexander's heroick actions : denying that predicament to the Laureat Macedonian of being added to the Deities ; Not assigning him a little place in Heaven , that had occupyed so much of the World : But why should they have been so sparing , when they had so much to have been liberall of ? Alexander obscured the lustre of his Actions , by his ungovern'd fury , giving himself the lye after so many Triumphs , in rendring himself to the weaknes of his Passions : It avayled him little , to conquer a World , when he lost the patrimony of a Prince , which was his Reputation . Excessive choler , and extreme covetousnes , are the Scylla and Charibdi● , the two Rocks of Reputation and Excellency . Let an able man then take good heed to suppress his Passions , or at least to dissemble them , with so much dexterity , that no countermine find a way to uncipher his will . This quality shews men how to be wise , though they were not , and passes yet further to hide defects , deluding the vigilancy of those that lye sentinell to surprize the careless , dazlingthe eyes of those Lynxes that are alwaies busie in discovering the imperfections of others . That Chatholick Amazonian ( after whom Spain had no reason to envy either Zenobia , Semiramis , Tomiris , or Penthesilea ) might have bin the Oracle of these subtilties : when she was to be brought to bed she shut her self up in the most retired room , the most withdrawn chamber of the Palace , where her inbred Majesty , jealous of an inseparable gravity , seal'd up her sighes in her Royal bosome , without suffering so much as the least dolorous accent to pas from her , and covered with a veyl of darknes those undecent gestures which the violence of pain might have extorted : But she that in her wisdome made it so nice upon excusable pretences , how much more scrupulous was she like to have beene in occasions of Honour ? The Cardinal Madruccio did not account that man a fool , that acted a Folly : but him that having acted one , knew not how to smother it . This perfection is only accessible by him that can keep silence , 't is an inclination that 's qualified and perfects it self by Art : It is an attribute of a divinity ▪ 〈…〉 Nature , yet at 〈◊〉 〈…〉 ance . EXCELLENCIE III. La meior prenda de un Heroe . The chief quality of an Heroe . GReat parts are requisite to make up a great entirenes , and great qualities are necessary to raise the Frame of an Heroe . Passionate men give it in the first place to the understanding to be the originall of all greatnes : And as they do not admit of a great man without excesses of understanding ; So neither do they acknowledge a man to be of eminent understanding , except he be great . The most eminent of visible things is a man , in respect of his understanding , and consequently his victories are the greatest . This principall part is composed of two others : a stock of judgment , and an elevation of spirit , which being met together in one subject , form a Prodigy . Philosophie hath prodigally assigned faculties to the memory , and as much ●o the intellectuall parts : Yet give the politick leave with better reason , to admit a division betwixt ●udgement and wit , betwixt the Synderisis and 〈…〉 cutenes of spirit . Only this distinction of 〈…〉 telligences , exceedes a 〈…〉 crupulous truth : condemning so much multiplication of spirits , to make a confusion betwixt the understanding and the will . The Judgement is the Throne of Prudence , and Wit the spheare of Acutenes : But to judge whether the eminency of one , or the mediocrity of the other , should have the precedence , will be a pleading to be held before the Tribunall of Sense , and of every ones inclination : I shall be of that womans mind , who praying for her son said , Hrjo bios te de entendimiento del bueno . Courage , and prompnes , and subtilty of wit , are like the Sun of the world in abridgment ; they are like the sparkes , if they be not the very beams of Divinity : Every Heroe hath had a share in the excesses of spirit . The words of Alexander gave a lustre to his Actions : Caesar was as prompt in his thoughts , as he was in their Execution . But when I endeavour to set a true value upon the true Heroes , I find it doubtfull which was more eminent in St. Augustine , the Majesty of his stile , or the quicknes of his conceipt : and in that famous Laurel which was given by Huesca to make a Crown for the Roman Empire , Constancy , and Subtilty , were at strife which should have precedence . The Promptitudes of the Wit are as happy , as those of the Will are unfortunate : they serve as wings to fly up to greatnes , wherwith many have rais'd themselves from a Center of dust and basenes , to the height of splendor . The Grand Signior using sometimes for a diversion , to appear rather uppon a Balcone in a garden , before ordinary people , than in a place of publick expectation ( the true prisons of Majesty , & irons of greatnes ) began one day to read a letter , which the wind , either in sport , or to let him see there was a so●eraignty above his , blew 〈…〉 ut of his hands and carry●d it among some scattered 〈…〉 eaves . The Pages that at●ended , being emulous to ●lease so great a Prince , 〈…〉 an down the staires to ●each it up ; But one among the rest , a Ganimede of in●ention that had practised 〈…〉 o support himself in the 〈…〉 yr , threw himself down ●rom the Balcone , to re●over the paper , and suddainly again remounting with it , presented it to the Grand Signior while the rest were but running down to fetch it : And this to speak properly was a right remounting or raising himself to greatnes : For the Prince , sufficienly charm'd and flatter'd by so rare an action , preferr'd the Page to the highest degree of his merit ; and so it becomes verified , that subtilty of spirit , if it be not in its own right possesed of a Kingdom , deserves to be a compagnion to those that are . This is that which displayes our best abilityes : it cries up reputation , and raises the subject to as great a height as the foundation was layd deep . The ordinary speeches of a King are refin'd and crown'd subtilties : The great treasures of Monarchs have often perisht and come to nothing , but their sententious and wise speeches , are kept in the Cabinet and Jewell-house of Fame . Some Champions have gotten more by a wise parley , than by all the swords of their armed squadrons : victory being for the most part an atchievement that waits upon a refined spirit . It was the touchstone , the trumpet of greatest honor to that King of wise men and wisest of Kings , in that difference which was pleaded before him by the two harlots concerning their children : So we see that subtilty contributes as much to the reputation of Justice . He that is their Sun of Justice , and sometimes asistant at the tribunal of the Barbarians : The vivacity of that great Turke enters in competition with that of Salomon : A Jew pretended to cut an ounce of the flesh of a Christian upon a penalty of Usury ; he urged it to the Prince , with as much obstinacy as perfidiousness towards God . The great Judge cōmanded a pair of scales to be brought , threatning the Jew with death if he cut either more or less : And this was to give a sharp decision to a malicious process , and to the world a miracle of subtilty . Quicknes is an Oracle in the greatest doubts : A Sphynx in Aenigmaes , a golden thred in a Labyrinth , and corresponds most with the nature of a Lyon , who reserves his greatest force till he be in the greatast danger . But there are a sort of lost wits , that are as prodigall of their spirits as of their fortunes : To high designes they are like bastard Falcons ; but for base and mean undertakings they are Eagles : If cruell men must be satiate with blood ; they must be with poyson , in whom their subtilty abates by a contrariety of levity , burying them in an Abyssus of scorn by making the world weary of their foolery . Hitherto we have had the favours of Nature , hereafter we expect the perfections of Art : The first is that which begets spirit , the second feeds and seasons it self with the salt of other mens wits ; and many times by an anticipated care and study upon divers Observations . The words and actions of other men , are to a fertile capacity , like Seeds , from whence springs a sharpnes of wit , wherewith the spirit being enricht , multiplies it self into a harvest of promptitudes , with abundance of subtilty . I take not in hand to advocate the cause of judgment , since she is able to say enough for her self . EXCELLENCIE IV. Coracon de Rey. Heart of a King . A Great head belongs to Philosophers , a great tongue to Orators , a great breast for Champions , Armes for Souldiers , Feet for runners , Shoulders for them that carry burthens , but a great Heart only for Kings : It is one of Plato's Divinities , and a text , in favour of which many make the heart to contest with the understanding for a preheminence . What avayles it that the Understanding go before , if the Heart stay behind ? Invention easily conceives that which costs the heart full dear to execute with Honour . Great effects proceed from great causes , and wonders of action from a Prodigy of heart : The issues of a Giants heart are Giants : It presumes allwaies upon Enterprises worthy of its own greatnes , aspiring alwaies to the most eminent Employments . 〈…〉 was the heart of Alexander , it was an arch 〈…〉 , since in one corner of it , the 〈…〉 contain 〈…〉 , leaving 〈◊〉 for ●ix 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Caesars heart was likewise va●● , which could find no difference betwixt all and nothing . The heart is Fortunes stomach , which with equal heat digests the two extremes : A great belly is not cloyed with a great morsell ; it is not put out of its way by affectation , nor made sour by ingratitude : That which would starve a Gyant for hunger , will prove a surfet for a Dwarf . That miracle of valour , the then Dauphine of France , and after Charles the seventh , when they told him of that sentence which was extorted from the Parlament of Paris , by the two Kings , one of France , his father , the other of England and his Adversary , whereby he was declared uncapable of succeeding to the crown of Lillies : He said undauntedly , that he appeal'd ; his friends wondring at his speech , askt him whither , he answered again , to the greatness of my Heart , and the point of my Sword : And his words were followed with answerable effects . The Diamant that contests with Eternity , sparcles not more among devouring Carbuncles , than a Majestick heart in the middest of the violences of danger . The Achilles of our time , Charles Emanuel D. of Savoy , made his way with only 4 of his own thorough the midst of four hundred of the Enemies Curiassiers , & satisfyed the admiration of the world by saying , There was no better company in the greatest danger , than that of a great Heart . Excess of Heart supplies the defect of every thing else ( that being ever ) the first that arrives at difficulties and makes the Conquest . They presented on a time to the King of Arabia a Damask Cimitar , A rarity to please a warrier . The Grandees that were about him fell to cōmend it , not for ceremonie but with reason . Some for the workmanship , others for the temper : Only some of them thought it was a little with the shortest . The K. presently sends for the Prince his son , the famous Jacob Almancor , to have his opinion . He came and considerd it , and said , that it was worth a Kingdome . ( A prizing worthy of a Prince ) The King urgd him to know whether he could find no fault with it . He reply'd that there was nothing in it that was not excellent : why but Prince , said the king , these Cavaliers have censured it to be too short . Then Almanzor laying hand upon his own for Cimitar said , that there was no weapon too short a valiant man , because by moving but one stepp forward his sword would be long enough : and what it wanted of iron and steel , would be supplyd in the generositie of his heart . Magnanimity in injuries serves fitly to crown this subject with laurel . It is the large crest and Character of great Hearts : and Adrian shew'd us an excellent way to triumph over enemies , when he said to the most cruel of his , 〈◊〉 thou escap'd mee ? There is nothing can hold compare with that saying of Lewis of France , Let not the king of France revenge the injuries done to the Duke of Orleans : These are the miracles of the Courage of an Heroe . EXCELLENCIE V. Gusto relevante . A palate to relish no ordinary things . EVery great capacitie is ever hard to be pleased : The Gusto must as well be improv'd as the wit . Both rais'd and improv'd are like Twinns begotten by capacity and coheirs of excellency : Never sublime wit yet bred a flat or abject Gusto . There are perfections like the sun , others like light . The Eagle makes love to the sun . The poor frozen fly destroyes her self in the flames of a Candle . The height of a Capacity is best taken by the elevation of a Gusto . It is somthing to have it good , but more to have it elevated . By communication Gustoes are linkt together , and it is a rare thing when two are met that are superlative . Many esteem it the greatest felicitie to have what they desire , accounting all others unfortunate , but it returns to be six all , at seaven up : and so wee see the one half of the world Laughing at the other , more or lesse foolishly as it happens . A Critical Gusto , and a palat hard to please , have something in them of noble and qualified ; the most acomplisht objects live in aw of them , and the securest perfections are afraid of them . Estimation is most pretious , and only wise men can merchand it to profit . All Covetousnes in money of applause is generous , and contrary , the prodigalities of estimation deserve to be punisht with scorn . Admiration is Comonly the superscription of ignorance : It is not bred so much out of the perfection of objects , as the imperfection of our conceptions . The perfections of the first magnitude are singular , but in valuing of things there ought to be a great reservation . He that had the Royall Gusto was the wisest of the Philips of Spain : he was accustomed to miraculous objects , and was never pleas'd with any thing but what was rare in its kind . A Merchant of Portugall presented him one day with a star of the earth ( I mean an orientall diamant ) an epitome of riches , an astonishment for splendour : Every one expected that Philip should admire it ; but he beheld it rather with a careless disdain : Not that he delighted in discurtesie , but in a kind of gravity , like one that having had his Gusto inur'd to Miracles both of Art and Nature , could not be so vulgarly affected as others . What may this diamant be worth to a noble fancy ? ( quoth the King ) Sir , reply'd the Merchant , the seventy thousand Duckets which I abridged into this rare production of the Sun , need not be an offence to any body ; I , but reply'd the King , what didst thou think when thou payedst so dear for it ? I thought Sir , said the Merchant , there had bin a second Philip in the world . This answer so unexpected , prickt him to the quick more neer than the price ; whereupon he commanded the Diamant to be paid for , and the Jentilesse of the Portugall's answer to be rewarded ; shewing thereby the superiority of his Gusto both in the price and in the recompence . Some are of an opinion that he that exceeds not in the commendation of a thing , dispraiseth it ; But I would say , that all excesses of praise are from a defect of capacity ; And that he that praises any thing beyond reason , either mocks himself , or those that hear him . The Greek Agesilaus condemned that man for an ill master of his trade , that would fit the shooe of the Giant Enceladus , to the foot of a Pigmy , and in the matter of praises it is the best skill to take a first measure . Europe was fill'd with the praise and prowess of that great Duke D'Alva , and yet though they filled the world with his praises , they took not a right measure of his Gusto , which left him unsatisfied ; Some of his friends desiring to know a reason , He told them that for forty years wherein he had bin a Conquerour , and having had for his Camp all Europe , and for blason all the Empresses of his time , yet it seemed nothing to him , because he had never seen one of those prodigious armies of the Turk before him , the defeat whereof had been a tryumph of dexteritie more than of force ; And such an excessive power subdu'd , would have enhaunst the experience and merit of a General : so many things must go to the entire satisfaction of the elevated Gusto of an Heroe . Let not this quality make a perfect Man of a Momus , for that were an unsufferable disorder , but only to be a faithfull Censor of things to their valew : Some there are that make their judgement a slave to their wills , perverting the offices of the sun and of darknesse : Let every thing carry reputation for it self , and not by the subornation of a Gusto . Only a great knowledge favoured with a great experience arrives at a right understanding of the value of perfections . And where a discreet man cannot give his vote with clearness , let him not precipitate , but retain himself for fear he make a discovery rather of what himself wants , than of what others have too much . EXCELLENCIE VI . Eminencie en lo mejor . Eminency in that which is best . TO contain all perfection is granted to nothing but to the primum Ens , which because it receives from no other , is therefore it self without limitations . Some perfections are from heaven , and others are got by industry ; One nor both are not able of themselves to raise a subject to eminencie : So much as heaven hath denied o● naturall parts , let diligence supply in those of acquisition . The first are the daughters of favour , the other of a laudable industry and are usually not the lesse Noble . A little is enough for an individual , but a grea● deal must be for an universal : and these are so rare that we scarce grant them any other reality than what they Steal from our conceptions . No one man is equivalent to many . It is an excellency in one particular subject to be the abridgement of an entire Categorie , and to possess it in himself , every Art deservs not estimation , nor all employments gain not credit : we condemn not a generall Nation of all things in one man : but it were a sin against reputation for a man to practise every thing . To be eminent in an humble and lo●● profession , is to be great in a little , and something in nothing ; to containe ones self in a mediocrity , gets an universall approbation , but he that passes on to an Eminency , puts his credit upon hazard . The 2 Philips , the oue● of Spain , the other of Macedon , were of different humors . He that was first in all things , and second in name , thought it strange for a Prince to sing or fiddle in his Cabinet . The Macedonian allow'd it in his son Alexander to enter the list , and run a measur'd course , in an Olympick game . The one was a punctuality in a prudent man , the other a carelesnes that belong'd to greatnes , but Alexander resenting it in point of Honor , repli'd , That he would have kings to be his Antagonists . That which containes most of delectable , hath ordinarily a lesse share of Heroicknes . A great man must not confine himself to one or two perfections , but push on his ambition to infinity , aspiring to a plausible universality ; the perfection of knowledges corresponding with the excellencie of arts . A slight knowledge is not enough to make a man appear consummate , it is rather a note of vain loquacity than of profound science . To attain to an excellency in all things is not the least of impossibilities , not so much by the weaknesse of our ambition , as of our diligence , and even of life it self : Exercise is a means to obtain a consummation of that we profess . But our time failes us in our best employments , and we are soon distasted with the length of a tedious practice . Many mediocrities are not enough to compose a greatnes . One only Eminency hath more than needs to secure a superiority above all others . There was never Here known to be without Eminency in some thing , it being the Caracter of greatnes , and by how much the employment is qualified , his applause is more glorious . Eminēcy in an advantagious subject it is a beam of souveraignty and pretends to a kind of veneration . And if to rule a Globe of wind with Eminency be a triumph of admiration , what shall it be reputed to manage a sword , a pen , a rod , a baston , a scepter , a Crown ? That Castilian Mars from whose valor it became a comon saying ( Castello for Captains ) as Aragon for kings , Don Diego Perez de Vargas , more charg'd with bayes than dayes , forsook the Court to end them in Xerez a frontier town : He withdrew himself but not his fame , which extended it self day lie over the Theater of the universe . Alfonso the new king , but old in knowing how to valew Eminency , especially in armes , put himself into a disguise , acompani'd with only four Cavaliers to gosee Vargas . ( O how Eminencie is an adamant of wills and a Charm of affections ) The King being come to his house at Xerez , found him not there , but gone abroad , because Vargas to deceive his generous inclination us'd to wall● into the fields . But the King that thought it not much to come from the Court to Xerez , made it no scruple to goe after him to his farm ; And spied him a farr off in his vineyard with a Hook in his hand , cuting off the Heads of vines , perhaps with more difficultie than at other times he had us'd to do the heads of his enemies . Alfonso commanded the Cavaliers to stay behind and conceal themselves , while he alighted from his horse , and with a Majestick galantry fell of gathering up the twiggs , which Vargas had lopt , and carelesly left behind him . But Vargas , apprehending some little noise which the king made , chanc'd to look back , and by a loyall inspiration taking notice that it was the king , threw himself at his feet , and askt him , Sir , what do you do here , proceed Vargas quoth Alfonso , for ( A tal podador tal sarmentador ) to such a vine-dresser such a gatherer up of twiggs . Oh the triumph of an Eminencie ! whereat set a brave man strayn to arrive , with this assurance , that whatsoever it shall cost him in travel and pains , shall be repai'd again in money of Honor and reputation . It was not therefore unproper , that the Gentiles consecrated an Oxe to Hercules , to let us understand by a mysterie , that laudable travel is the seed of actions which promise a Harvest of fame , applause , and immortalitie . EXCELLENCIE VII . Excellencia del primero . Excellencie of primacie . THere are some that had been the Phoenix in their employments , if others had not stept before them : It is a great advantage to get before others , and if it be in a way of eminencie the merit growes double . He that winns by the hand , may win upon equal termes . Those that come after are counted but Imitators of them that went before , and whatsoever they do they can hardly cleer themselves from a presumption of imitation . The first raise themselves to fame by a right of eldership , while the second like younger brothers must be content with meager portions . The curiosity of the Gentiles gave not only honor but veneration to the inventors of arts . They chang'd honor into worship . An ordinary Error , but a true expression of the merits of primacy . But the galantry is not in benig the first in time , but the first in Eminencie . Plurality is a discredit to it self , in things which are of high esteeme , and on the contrary , rarity enhaunses the price of indifferent perfections . This is then no comon dexteritie to find out a new way to become famous , to discover an unknown trace to celebrity . The wayes to fame are multiplyd , but they are not all chalkt out , and the newest being hard to find , have often been an obstacle to greatnes . Salomon , did wisely in choosing the title of pacificall , letting his father enjoy that of a warriour : He chang'd the path and , arriv'd with so much lesser difficulty at the predicament of Heros . Tiberius strayn'd himself to wear that title by Policie , which Augustus had got by Magnanimitie . And our great Philip , from the throne of his prudence governd the world , with an admiration to all ages . And if Charles V. his invincible father were a prodigie of courage , He was so of prudence . The radiant Suns of the of the Church have by this policy ascended up to the Zenith of celebrity : Some by an eminent holinesse ; Others by rarenesse of learning ; Some by their magnificence in buildings ; and some other by knowing how to maintain his dignitie by the strength of his wit . By this diversitie of designes the wisest have got themselves places and been Matriculated in greatnes . Wit knows how to degage it self from ordinarie tracks without a desection of Art , and how to find in an old profession a new passage to Eminency . Horace gave place to Virgil in an Heroick strain , Martial to Horace in the Lyrick , Terence addicted himself to the Comick , and Persius to writing of Satyres , each aspiring to a glory of being first in his kind . A generous fancy never became a slave to easie imitation . A gallant painter observing that Titian Rafael and some others had won themselves an Honor of primacy , and that every day their fames got advantage of their deaths , used an invincible invention , and fell to work in a grosser way : Some demanded of him why he did not paint after the manner of Titian and others : He satisfied gallantly with this answer , that he had rather be the first in that gross way , than second in a way of more delicacie . Let this example extend it self unto all kind of employments , and every rare man understand this kind of addresse , that in a noveltie of Eminencie , it suffiseth to find out some extravagant way to greatnes . EXCELLENCIE VIII . Que el Heroe prefiera los empenos plausibles . That a Heroe made choyce of the most plausible employments . TWo cities gave birth to two Heroe's ; Hercules was born at Thebes , and Cato at Rome : Hercules was applauded by all natious , and Cato was the distate of Rome . All cuntries admir'd the one , and the Romans shund and hated the other . The advantage which Cato had of Hercules , admits no controversie because he exceeded him in prudence : But Hercules went as far beyond him in fame . Catoes work was more arduous and Honorable , for he engag'd himself to subdue Monsters of passions , as Hercules did of nature , yet the Thebans attempts had more of famousnes . The difference was in this , that the enterprises of Hercules were more plausible , and those of Cato , more odious . The plausibilitie the of imploymēt carried the fame of Alcides as far as the Confines of the habitable world , and had gone further , if it had been more spatious : the severitie of Cato shut up his renown within the walls of Rome . And yet there are some , and not of the least judgement , that prefer a difficult employment before a plausible , and with such , the approbation of a few select persons is more accepted , than applause from the vulgar : plausible employments are called the miracles of the ignorant . Those that comprehend the excellency of an high employment are but few : yet they are persons of Eminencie , and so their reputation comes but from a few . The facility of that which is plausible is discern'd by all , and growes common , and so applause is ordinarily more universall . The approbation of a few Honor'd people , is better than the acclamations of the numerous vulgar . Beside it is a peece of dexterity to be alwayes encountred with plausible employments , and a point of good discretion to suborn common attention , by the splendor of brave undertakings the Eminencie thereof appeares to all , and the reputation is setled by every mans vote . Pluralitie of opinions is alwayes to be prefer'd : In such kind of employments Excellencie is ever palpable ; and although the other ( which being of a higher strain ) partakes more of supernaturall and Metaphysicall , and with a plausible evidence please themselves , yet I leave the difference to every mans opinion ; I call that a plausible employment which is executed in the view and to the satisfaction of all , provided that reputation be at the bottome , and excluding those employments which are as empty of Honor , as full of Ostentation . A stage player lives rich in applause : but dyes poore in reputation . To be eminent , in a gentleman , is an undertaking that 's set upon the theater , and must consequently be attended with a large applause . What princes are those that make up the Catalogues of fame but warriors ? To them is properly due the renown of greatnes . They fill the world with applause , the chronicles with fame : because the exploits of war have something more of splendor in them than those of peace . Among judges we assigne the strictest to immortality , because justice without Crueltie , was ever of more acceptance with the vulgar , than remissness of mercy . In matter of wit , plausibilitie hath alwayes triumph . The sweetnes of a polish'd discourse hath had a power to charm the soul , and flatter the ears , while the driness of a Metaphysical conception puts us upon the rack . EXCELLENCIE IX . Del qui late Rey. King of his own talent . I Am in some doubt whether to call it wisedome or a happy encounter in a Heroes that having an elevated perfection in himself , hath also obtain'd this attribute , of being the King of his own capacitie . In some the Heart reignes , in others the Head : and it would be thought a high peece of foolery for a man of brains to study valor , or for the other to make war with his pen . Let the Peacock please himself with the glorious wheel of his ●rain , Let the Eagle be esteem'd for the height of ●er flying . If the Ostrich should aspire to towre into the Ayr , her downfall were inevitable : let her please her self in the beauty of her plumes . There is no man that in something might not have attain'd to be eminent : yet we see how few are accounted rare aswell for their paucitie as their excellencie , like the Phoenix whereof the world is in doubt whether there be such a bird . No man thinks himself uncapable of the greatest employment you can offer him , but time ( though late ) will disabuse him in that flattery o● his own passion . That man deserves some excuse that is eminent i● mediocrities , though h● be but mean in eminenci 〈…〉 yet he that might hav● been chief in sublimities , and contents himself with 〈◊〉 mediocritie in the lowe 〈…〉 things , is never to be excused . Although he were a poet , yet he dealt ingenuously with us , 〈◊〉 nihil in 〈◊〉 , &c. Thou shalt undertake nothing 〈…〉 an opposition of thy Genius , but there is nothing so hard as to undeceive a man in the confidence of his own capacitie . Oh that there were aswell looking-glasses for the understanding , as there are for the face . The understanding should be a glass to it self ; but it is so easly falsifi'd , Every judge of himself finds presently some text of evasion , or some colour to suborn his passion . The varietie of inclinations is infinite . It is one of natures delightfull prodigies : In faces ; in voyces , in constitutions . So many fancies ; So many employments : The most vile and infamous ones want not their passions , and what the powerfull providence of the most politike Prince , cannot effect ; becomes easie to an inclination . If a Monarck in his own kingdome were to dispose of all Mechanick offices ; Be thou a plowman , Be thou a Mariner , He would presently arrive at an obstruction . The best employment might be confer'd upon such an one that would not like it . And at this day men are blinded in their own elections of things that are but common and ordinary , so much power hath inclination ; and if force and power be but joyn'd with it , nothing will be able to make a resistance . But ordinarily these two faculties of power and inclination meet not in the same subject . Wherefore a wiseman must cherish his own fancie , by drawing it without violences to take a just measure of it's own power , that having found the height of his talent , he may proceed to employment with felicity . That prodigious Marques Del Valle , Don Fernando Cortes , had never attain'd , to be the Alexander of Spain , nor a Caesar in America , if he had not sorted his abilities to his employment . His learning was able to place him but in a mean rank : but by Arms he rais'd himself to the top of Eminencie : paralleling himself both to Alexander and Caesar , with whom he divided the conquest of the world into three parts . EXCELLENCIE X. Que el Heroe hu de tener tanteada su fortuna al empenarse . The Heroe must found his fortune to the bottome before he engage himself . FOrtune , which is as much renown'd as she is little understood , is nothing else ( to speak with reason and like a Catholick ) but that great mother of events , and granchild of supreme providence , which hath alwayes assisted at causes , somtimes with willingnes , and at other times by permission . This is that so soveraign , so inscrutable , so inexorable a Queen , smiling upon some , and severe to others , sometime like a Mother , then a stepmother , not so much out of passion as an arcanesse of inaccessible judgements . It is a rule among the greatest politicks , to have a narrow observance upon fortune and her favorites . He that hath found her like a Mother , let him make use of her favour , and throw himself freely into great actions , for where shee is in love with a man shee gives her self leave to be flatter'd with his confidence . Caesar had taken the true pulse of his fortune , when he was fain to encourage his faint-hearted waterman in a storm , by saying , Be not afraid , for so thou wrong'st the fortunes of Caesar : He found no Anchor so sure as 〈◊〉 , nor did he apprehend any contrarietie of winds while he had in poop the sweet gale of the breath of his fortune . What danger is it if the Air be troubled , while the Heavens are cleer ? If the Sea roar , while the starrs smile ? Such a boldness in another had been judged rashnes , but in Caesar it was a dextrousness , that had so truly consider'd the favour of his fortune . Others have lost brave oportunities to celebrate themselves by not comprehending their fortune : Even as low as the blind gamester , there is scarce a man that consults not his fortune before he set up his rest . It is a great talent to be fortunate , and in the opinion of most , the fortunate man must wear the garland : Some make more account of an ounce of fortune than of quintalls of valour , or a Magazine of wisedome . Others , of a more Melancholick temper , say it is more honorable to be unfortunate ; and that fortune is th'inheritance of fooles , and the reward of those that have no other merit . The wise father redeemes the defect of beauty in his daughter with gold , and good success for the most part gilds over the deformities of the spirit . Galen desir'd that his Physician , Vegerius that his Captain , and Aristotle that his Monark might be fortunate . True it is that valour and fortune ( the 2 godfathers of every Heroe ) are also the axletrees of greatnes . But he that hath had often experience of fortune for a stepdame ; let him strick sayl at great employments , and not overween of her affection : for where shee disaffects generally , her Armes are leaden . Excuse me for stealing once more a saying from the poet of sentences , for I am oblig'd to restore it again , by way of counsell . Tu nihil invita ; &c. Thou shalt neither say nor do any thing where thou hast fortune in opposition . The Benjamin of our felicitie , is at this day by the evidence of his splendor that Heroick , unconquer'd , most ●erene Cardinal Infant of Spain Don Fernando , A name that passes for blason , the nominal Crown of so many Heroes as have worn it . The whole world being in some suspense , lookt after his fortunes , being assur'd of his courage . And that great princess declar'd him for her gaiant , upon the first occasion ; I say upon that occasion , which was as immortall for him and his , as it was mortall to his enemies , the battel of Norlinguen , beside other progressions of Stratagemes in France and Flanders , and the remainder of his honor from Jerusalem . It is a considerable part of the Politicks to be able to discern betwixt fortunate men and such as are unsuccessfull , that when they are met together in competition , they may be resolv'd whether it be better stand to the shock , or yield . Solyman shew'd himself a wise man in diverting the felicity of our Catholick Mars , the fift of Charleses , by using all meanes possible that his valour might be confin'd within his own sphere of Europe , He feard that alone more than all the Regiments of the west together : Let this be a subject of contemplation for others whom it may concern . Charles himself strook sayl , in a time when it serv'd his turn ( not for his reputation ) for in that he had resign'd his part , but for his crown . The first Francis of France did not so : He was in love with the ignorance of his fortune , and desired not to understand that of Caesar his adversary : but as a delinquent in prudence he was unfortunate to be taken prisoner . Good and ill success , adhere alike to those that are of a side : let a wise man take heed , which side he takes and at this game of triumph or ( as we call it ) trump , let him so take and discard his cards that he may be sure or win . EXCELLENCIE XI . Que el Heroe sepa dexarse ganado con la fortuan . To give over before he be a loser . ALL things that are subject to mutability have aswell an encrease as a declination : Others allow them a state like a solstice , wherein there is yet no stability . It is a business of great forefight to be able to stop the revolution of a restles wheel . It is the subtiltie of a cunning gamester , to give over while he wins : where prosperitie it self is but a game , nothing is so certain as ill luck . It is better sit down with Honor , than attend the Changes of an unconstant fortune , which is accustomed to shew two contrary faces in a moment . So much as it hath of woman : so much it wants of constancy , according to an opinion of some choice spirits . When the Emperor Charls was in some distress before Metz , and ready to make his retraict , the Marques of Mariguau told him for his comfort , that shee had not only the inconstancy of a woman , but the levity of a girl . But I say they are not the lightnesses of a woman , but the alternative varieties of a just prudence . Let a wiseman shew himself in this : Let him betake himself to the Sanctuary of an honorable retraict ; because a fair retraict is as glorious as a gallant combat . But there are some that are so hydropsick , alwayes burning in a thirst of Honor , that they have no power to command themselves , if fortune once begin to flatter them in their passions . Let that great Charles , be a great example of this Perfection , that eldest son of fortune and of Heroes : This emperor crownd all his actions with a prudent conclusion . He triumph'd over the world by his fortune , & at last he triumph'd over fortune , by moderating himself in his ambition , which was like the sealing up of all his former prowesses . But contrary some have put the best part of their reputation ( which they had gotten ) to arbitrement , by the unruliness of their desires . Great beginnings in felicity have had many times monstrous terminations , which if they had made use of this advise in time might have secur'd their Honors . A ring thrown into the sea , and found in a fishes belly , might give Policra●es some assurance that he and his fortune were inseparable : Notwithstanding a little while after The Mountain Micale was the tragicall theater of a divorce , betwixt him and her . Belisario became blind , that others might receive sight . And the Moon of Spain fell into an Ecclipse , that it might give light to many . There is no art can teach to take the pulse of fortune aright , it beats so uncertain : yet nevertheles● some presages of declination serve sometimes for 〈◊〉 diversion from dangers . Sudain prosperities and inundatious of successe one upon another have bee● alwayes to be suspected 〈◊〉 because when fortune i● most prodigall of her favours , for the most par● shee intends no long continuance . Felicity that 's grown old drawes near an end , and extreme ill forttune is not far from a reverse . The Moor Abul , brother and Heir to the King of Granada , and taken pri●oner in Salobrenia , to ●eguile his miserie us'd sometime to play at Checks , ( a true represen●ation of the game of for●une ) He was no sooner set down but in comes a Cor 〈…〉 yet to tell him he must prepare himself to die . In 〈…〉 xorable death comes alwayes post . The Moor de 〈…〉 ir'd him for a respite of 2 houres . The Commissary ●hought it too long : but yet granted him leave to play but his game . He plaid and won both his life and the kingdome : for before the game was ended , another Post arriv'd with news of the Kings death , whereby the Citty of Granada presēted him with their crow● There have been as many that have risen fro● the scaffold to the Crown as have descended fro● the Crown to the scaffo 〈…〉 the good morsells of fo●tune had never so good relish as when they w 〈…〉 season'd with an Agr 〈…〉 dulce of danger . Fortune is not unli 〈…〉 pyrates that wait for ve●sels at sea till they 〈◊〉 fraught . The counte 〈…〉 plot must be to anticipa 〈…〉 and take some port be times . EXCELLENCIE XII . Gracia de les gentes . The love of the people . IT is but a small conquest to gain the ūderstanding , if the will be not won , and t is a great matter to make a joint conquest of admiration with affection . Many maintain their credits by plausible actions , but they get not benevolence . He must be born under a favorable constellation , that obtains so universal a grace , but the best part proceeds from our own diligence ; Others hold a contrary discourse when applause doe's not correspond to an equality of merits . That which in one mans nature drawes affection like the adamant , another hath it by a conspiracie or secretnes of practice ? I shall alwayes yeeld the superiority to that facultie that 's artificiall . An Eminencie of perfections serves not to get the peoples affection , ( although it be enough ) Affections are easily gotten where the understanding is suborned , because affection follows good opinion . The Duke of Guise , that was as famous in misfortune as he was rich in the endowments of nature , did very happily practise the way of gaining common favour . He grew in greatnes by the favour of one King , and grew greater by the emulation of an other , I mean the third of the French Henries ; A name fatall to Princes in every Monarchy : For in so great a subject the name deciphers Oracles . The King one day askt some Lords that were about him , what it was that Guise did to make himself so powerfull to bewitch the people : An ingenuous Courtier , and the chief of those that were present , answered him , Sir by dealing curtesies with both hands : Those whom the influences of his curtesies , reach not in a direct line , they have it by reflexion , and where his power extends not into action , there he charms with good words ; If they invite him to a wedding , he fails not to be there ; If to be a godfather , he never refuses ; If to an enterrment , he honors it with his presence ; He is Human , courteous , liberall , endears all the world to him , and speaks il of none ; In conclusion , He is the king in their affections , as your Majestie is in effect . A happy grace , if it had been in relation to his Prince , and without which it was of no essence : whatsoever the opinion of Bajazet were : yet wee find that applause given to the minister cannot but enjealouse the Soveraign . And to say truth , the Grace of God , and of the king , and of the people , are 3 graces of more beauty than those other 3 that were feigned by antiquity . They hold hand in hand , and are so streightly enterlaced that if any of them fayl ; let it be able to shew a good cause . The most powerfull Charm to make ones self beloved , is to love , the vulgar are as violently carried away in their affections as they are furious in their persecutions . The first thing that gets their love after a good opinion is curtesie and generousnes , by means whereof th'Emperor Titus was called the delight of mankind . The favorable word of a superior is as good as an obliging action from an equal , and a curtesie from a Prince , exceeds a rich present from the hands of a Citizen . By forgeting Majestie but a while the Magnanimous Don Annoso , lighting from his horse to relieve a country fellow that was in some danger , conquer'd the fortified walls of Ga 〈…〉 , which the battry of his Guns could not have done in many dayes . He made his first entry at their hearts , and presently after , entred in triumph into their citty . Some over-curious Criticks could find nothing so eminent among the merits of the great Captain that Giant of Heroes as the love of the people . And I am of the same opinion , that in a pluraliof perfections , where each deserves a plausible renown , this was the happiest . There is also the favour of Historians to be had in ambition as much as Immortality ; because their pennes are the wings of renown : They set not out so much the favours of Nature , as of the Soul : That Phaenix Corvino , the glory of Hungarie , was us'd to say , and practise it much better , That the greatness of an Heroe consisted in two things , by inuring his hand to Glorious Actions , and to the Pen , because Characters of Gold bind up Eternity . EXCELLENCIE XIII . Del Despeio . We have no word to express Despeio , the French call it Entregent , the Chapter gives a definition , and I must use the word Entregent . THE Entregent is the Soul of every rare quality , the life of all perfection , the vigour of action , the grace of words , the charm of well-born spirits , sweetly flattering the understanding , and sets all expression upon the tenter hooks . It is an enhaunsment of excellency , It is the beauty of formality ; Other parts adorn nature , but this improves those ador●ing parts , insomuch as it is the perfection of perfection , by a transcendent beauty , and by an universal grace . It consists in a certain ayriness , in an unspeakable cheerfulness , aswell in words as actions , and passes even into discourse . It receivs the best advantage from nature , although it borrow something from observation . It was never subject to directions nor to the precept of a superior although it were alwayes govern'd by art ; when it steales away the fancy , 't is call'd an allurement ; when 't is not easily discern'd , 't is call'd an ayriness . If it be put on by courage 't is animosity : If out of galantry or Gentiless , 't is a sweetness of carriage , If it be done with facility 't is addresse . All these names have been given it out of a desire and difficultie of expressing it . They do it wrong that confound it with facility , for it leaves that far behind it , and goes as far before bravery : and although all Entregent presuppose freedome , yet it add's to perfection . If actions have any thing of splendor , the obligation is to Entregent , for that sets them to the light . Without this the best execution is dead , and the greatest perfection unpleasing . Neither yet retains it somuch of the nature of accident , that sometimes it stands not for the principall . It serves not only for ornament , but for a prop to the most important affaires . Wherefore if it be the soul of beauty , It is the spirit of prudence ; If it be the breath of gentilesse , it is the life of valor . The Entregent gives asmuch Lustre to a Commander in war , as his courage , and in the person of a King it parallells prudence . The freedome of Entregent is of no lesse use in the day of a battell , than dextrousness and valor . It makes a generall first master of himself , and then of all that are under him . The brave assurance of that Conqueror of kings , that contender in honor with Alcides , Don Fernando d'Avalos , is never enough magnified : let same resound his prayses upon the Theater of Pavy . The Entregent discovers animosity asmuch in him that sits on horsback , as in him that fits under a cloth of state . It add's acuteness to pleading , and graces the Orator in his chair . Most Heroicall was the disengagement of that French Theseus , Henry the fourth , who by the golden threed of his Entregent found a way to free himself out of that intricate labyrinth . The Entregent hath no lesse influence upon the politick . And therefore upon the credit of that spirituall Monark of the world , I come to ask this question , Whether there be not another world to govern ? EXCELLENCIE XIV . Del natural imperio . THis primacy is interested in another quality so subtile and separate from Common apprehensions , that it were in some hazard to be flung up for a transcendent , if curiosity had not cautioned for it . Wee see a certain in-born and naturall souveraignty in some men , which seems to spakle in them , and upon others by a secret influence , a power of domination , which wins it self an obedience without help of exterior precepts or any art of persuasion . Caesar being taken prisoner at sea by certain pyrates that were Ilanders , presently became the master of them . He being conquerd , commanded , and they Conquerors , obey'd ; By ceremonie he was a Captive , and in reality of soveraigntie became their Lord . One man like him does more execution with one stern look , than others with all their industrie . Their reasons have an occult vigor , which prevailes more by sympathie , than by any thing that 's visible . The proudest mind submits to their domination , without knowing why or how , and the freest judgement renders it self without constraint . Such persons among men have as great an advantage as Lyons among creatures , because they have a share in the princiapll quality which is domination . All creatures acknowledge the Lyon by instinct of nature , and doe him homage by way of prevention before they have examined his valour . So to those Heroes , other men give them respect by way of advance , without staying to take an inventory of their habilities . This is an Excellency deserving a Crown , and being match'd with a great understanding and height of courage , it can be said to want nothing why it should not form a Primum Mobile in politicks . This soveraign quality was in the person of Don Hernand Alvarez , ( Duke d'Alva ) as in a throne : A lord more by privileges of nature than of curtesie : He was great , & born to be greater , for in his ordinary discourse He knew not how to disguise a naturall imperiousness . It holds great difference from a measur'd and borrow'd gravity , from an affected tone of voyce , which is a very fift essence of odiousness , and though being naturall , it might be born with , yet it comes very neer to tedious importunity . The distruct which it hath of it self rayses contradictions upon every design . And if once it come but to lose confidence , it falls off to be the skorn of the world . It was th'advise of the great Cato , ( and suitable to his severity ) that a man should not only respect but be in fear of himself . He that loses himself to himself , His fear gives licence to others , and by his own permission he makes himself to be easily abused . EXCELLENCIE XV . De la sympathia sublime . IT is a perfection in one Heros to hold sympaphye with another . If a plant sympathize with the sun , it grows among others to a Giantlik● height , and the flower of it is the Crown of the garden . Sympathie is one of those prodigious things which nature hath seald up : but th'effects of it are matter of astonishment , and subject of admiration . It consists in a parentage and kinred of hearts , as all Antipathy is in a divorce of wills : Some give it the originall from a correspondence of tempers , others from a supernall alliance in the stars . The first aspires as high as doing of miracles , the other produces monstruosities . They are but the wonders of sympathie those which common ignorance calls charms , and vulgar spirits will have them to be enchantments . The most accomplisht perfection suffers scorn from antipathie , and the most deformed fowlnes is thought a perfection with sympathie . Even betwixt father and son it pretends a jurisdiction , and exeqcutes every day something of power , trampling upon laws , and defeating the privileges of nature and policy . The antipathy of a father takes away a kingdome , and a sympathie gives one . There is nothing which the merits of a sympathie cannot obtain , it perswads without eloquence , it compasses whatsoever it desires , by presenting the symptomes of naturall Harmony . An eminent sympathie is the Character , it is the starr that inclines to Heroicity : although some be of the nature of adamant that maintains antipathy with the diamant , and holds sympathie with Iron : It is a monstruosity in nature to be in love with dross , and to hate things of splendor . Lewis the 11th was a Monster among kings . He had an antipathie to greatnesse , more by nature than art . He was so wedded to his own principles that he lost himself in the dreggs of the Category of Policie . Active sympathy , if it have any thing of sublimity , raises the subject : but the passive more , if it be Heroicall . It is more precious than the great stone in the ring of Giges ; and in power it is stronger than the chains of the Thebane . It is easy to have an inclination in observance of great men , but it is not so easy to be like them in a Correlation . The Heart sighes and speakes alowd many times when it is not answered with an Eccho of correspondency . In the School of Love this is the A. B. C. where the first lesson is of sympathy ; let it then be a dexterity of discretion to know and comprehend perfectly the passive sympathie ; make use of this naturall Charm , and let Art supply the defects of Nature ; it is an obstinacy as undiscreet as unprofitable , to pretend to do any thing without this favour of Nature , or to seek to conquer Wills without the munition of sympathy . But if it be in a King , it may be called a Queen of all perfections : It exceeds the termes of a Prodigie ; It is a Basis that hath served to raise a Statue of immortality , upon the foundations of a good Fortune . This so vast a perfection lies somtimes in a Lethargy , if it be not relieved by the sweet breath of Favour . The Adamant drawes not iron beyond the limits of his attraction : Nor can a sympathy work beyond the spheare of his activity . The principall condition is to be within distance ; but take heed of in terposition . You that aspire to the qualities of Heroes , rowse up your attentions , for with him that attaines to this perfection , the morning Sunne arises in a glorious light . EXCELLENCIE XVI . Renovacon de Grandeza . THe first imployments are a tryall of worth , and a setting forth of credit and capacity to the view of the world . Miracles by accident which fall out in progression , are not sufficient to enhanse ordinary beginings ; and what a man strives to do afterwards , scarce makes amends for what he should have done before . A gallant begining hath this in advantage , that beside what it gets of applause from the World , it engages still to higher attempts . Suspition in matter of reputation , at the begining is of the nature of Predestinaon , which if once it enter into contempt , it never gets out again . Let the Heroes raise himself like the Sun in his East , affecting great enterprises ; but the greatest at the begining . A common employment can never get an extraordinary credit ; no more than a Pygmie can pass for a Giant . Advantagious beginings are affianc'd to good opinion , and those of an Heroes , must take their mark a hundred Furlongs beyond the projects of the vulgar . That Sun of Captaines , and Generall of Heroes , that Heroick Count Fuentes , was born to be applauded . In one daies march of the Sunne , which appeares like a Giant in his Orient , he begun and finisht his Masterpiece . His first attempt might have been a Barricado to th'ambition of the God of War : He never made his Novitiat in Fame , but past the first day to immortality . He besieged Cambray , against the opinion of all the other Commanders , his comprehension being as extravagant as his courage . He was sooner known for a Heroe than for a souldier . To disingage with Honor from a great expectation , is no ordinary busines . He that is but a looker on conceives highly , because it costs him less to imagin great actions , than another to put them in execution : an exploit unlookt for , shews more than a Prodigie that was prevented by expectation The Cedar growes more in his first morning , than Hisop in an age : because the first fruites being vigorous , the second threaten a gigantick growth . A maxim in the Antecedent drawes a mighty consequence , the power of Fortune declares it self : the greatnes of a capacity , universall applause , and common grace attend it . But vigorous beginnings are not enough , where it failes in the progress : Nero began his Reign with the applause of a Phoenix , but ended it with the horrour of a Basilisk . If disproportionable extremes come to be joyned together , there can be no production but monstruosity . It is a hard matter to keep credit alwaies growing , and as hard as it was to give it a beginning ; Reputation growes old , and applause is perishable as all other things , because the Lawes of time know no exception . The Philosophers say , that the Sun , the greatest of Lights , hath lost much of that splendour and heat which it had at the Creation . But it is of an Eagles nature as well as of a Phoenix to grow young in Fame , to renew greatnes , and to bring applause to a second birth . The Sunne every day changes his Horizons , and removes his fires to new Theaters : to this end , that a privation in the one , and a newness in the other , may perpetuate admiration and desire . When the Caesars returned from illustrating the rest of the world with their victories , they came alwaies back to their Orient of Rome , where they were received like new-born Monarchs . The King of Metalls passing from one world to an other , hath also past from an extremity of contempt to another of estimation . The greatest perfection loses of his worth by being every day in sight : the object cloyes desire , and distasts Appetite . EXCELLENCIE XVII . Toda prienda son affectation . Every perfection without affectation . EVery perfection , every excellency , must serve to adorn the Heros , but he must affect none , for affectation is the Conterpoids of greatnes . Affectation is a tacit praysing of ones self , and for a man to commend himself is the surest way to be expos'd to scorn . Perfection must be in a mans self , but praise in others : and 't is a deserv'd punishment , that he that so foolishly remembers himself , should be as discreetly forgotten by others . There is nothing so free from servitude as estimation , it is subject to no artifice , much lesse to violence . It yeelds it self sooner to a dumb eloquence of deserts , than to a vanity of ostentation . A little esteem of ones self hinders a great deal of applause from others . All wise men judge every affected quality rather to be violent than naturall , rather apparent than reall , and so it abates much of estimation . All Narcissuses are fooles , but those that are so in their minds are incurable , because their disease lyes in the remedie . So then , if to affect perfections be a folly of eight , what degree shall be left for them that affect imperfections ? By avoyding affectation , some fall into the very center of it , while they affect not to affect . Tiberius lov'd dissimulation , but he knew not how to dissemble his dissimulation . The perfection of an art consists in the well disguising of it : and the greatest artifice must be cover'd with a greater than it self . He that partaking of many perfections , seemes to have none in estimation , is of a double greatnes , for by a generous disdain he awakens the common attention , and seeming to be blind in his own virtues , He makes others open Argus's eyes upon him . This may be call'd a miracle of dexterities , for if others rise to greatnes by other wayes , this guides him to a throne of fame by a contrary way , seting him under a Canopy of immortalitie . EXCELLENCIE XVIII . Emulacion de idaeas THe greatest part of Heroes left no sons behind them , and though they did , yet they prov'd not Heroes : but yet they wanted not imitators . Heaven rather expos'd them for examples of valour , than for propagators of nature . Eminent men are the living texts of reputation , from whom an able man may take lessons of greatnesse by repeating their actions , and interpreting their exployts . They must still set before them such as are the first in every predicament , not so much for Imitation as Emulation , not to follow but to get before them . Achilles was the Heroick wakener of Alexander , who sleeping in his sepulchre , awakened him by the Emulation of his fame ; The generous Macedonian open'd his eyes , asmuch to weep , as to behold him , and wept not to see Achilles in his to●mb , but to see himself so farr behind him in renown . Alexander engaged Caesar in the very same kind , & look what Achilles was to Alexander , Alexander was the same to Caesar . It prickt him to the quick in the generositie of his heart , and thrust him on so farr , that he put fame into the balance , and greatnesse into comparison : because if Alexander made the Orient to be the large theater of his prowesses , Caesar made the Occident to be so of his . The Magnanimous Don Alonso of Aragon and Naples , us'd to say , that a couragious Horse , was not more moov'd by the sound of the trumpet , than he felt himself enflam'd by the trump of Caesar's fame . And it is worth observation to see how these Heroes go inheriting each others greatnes , by their emulation , and by their greatnesse , their fame . In every employment there are some that occupy the first classe , and others the lowest : Some are the miracles of excellency , and others the Antipodes of miracles , let a wise man graduate them as they deserve , and make himself perfect in the categorie of Heroes , and in the catalogue of fame . Plutark in his parallels made a table of the Heroes of former ages , and Paulus Jovius in his elogies , a list of the modern . Now it is desir'd perhaps to have an absolute Chrysis , but what wit shall presume to make one ? It is easie to assigne them a place in time , but it is hard to set a right valew upon them . It might have been an universall Idaea : if it had not past to be a miracle , leaving all imitation in idleness , and only taking up admiration . That Monarck of Heroes , the first of the worlds inanimated wonders and 4th of Spanish Philips , to whom as to the sun of the House of Austria , they owe their foure sphere , Let him be a generall looking glasse that represents not only magnitudes but maximities . Let him be call'd the common object of emulation for Heroes , being the center of all his own prowesses , and let applause equivocate it self into blasons , with Eminent , ph 〈…〉 ies : of sense . He that for his felicity may be call'd the fortunate , for his courage the valiant , for his wisedome the discreet , for his zeal the most catholick , for his ayrinesse the most entregented , and in all things the universall . EXCELLENCIE XIX . Paradoxa Critica . ALthough our Heroe may be secure from the Ostracism of Athens , yet he will be in some danger of the Criticismes of Spain . The extravagancie of those may make him an exile at home ; but he can be banished but to the precincts of Fame , and to the confines of immortality . This Paradox condems him to be peccant for not sinning : It is a criticall primacy of a veniall falling into Prudence and Valour , only to entertain Envy , and to feed Malignity . These Criticks conclude it impossible for any man to escape their censure , although he had resplendent perfections ; because they are so like the hungry Harpies , which when they fail of finding a prey that 's base enough for them , fall upon some better . There are intentions compounded of so subtle and Metaphysicall poyson , that they can transform the best qualities , and make the best perfections abortive , giving a sinister inpretation to the most justified pretences . So it must pass for a sleight of Policy to consent to some veniall sinns , that Envy may have somthing to gnaw on , and the poyson of Emulation may be diverted . Let it pass for a politick treacle , for a counterpoyson of Prudence ; since being bred out of an infirmity , it is attended with Health : It secures the heart by exposing it self to detraction , and drawing the venom to it self . Beside we see somtimes a little defect in Nature , adds a perfection in other parts : a Naeve , or Mole upon the Face raises the lustre of a beauty . There are defects without defect : Alcibiades affected some in Valour , Ovid alowed some in the highest Wits , and call'd them cauterizing for healths sake . But this perfection seems an idle one , and is rather a curiosity of a man conceited of himself , than any point of discretion . But who can be that Sun without an Ecclips , that Diamant without a cloud or a flaw , that Rose without a prick ? There needs no artifice where Nature is sufficient , and all affectation is superfluous where neglect is becoming . EXCELLENCIE the last . ALL Light descends from him that is the Father of Lights , and if from the Father , then to his Sonnes : Virtue is the daughter of auxiliant light and hath an inheritance of splendor . Sin is a monster , wherof blindnes hath made abortion , and therefore it is the heir of darknes . Every Heroe partakes as much of Felicity and Greatnes , as he does of Virtue ; because from the hour of birth , to that of death , they run parallell lines . In Saul they were both ecclipst , and in David they appeard like the dawning of the day . Constantine was the first among the Caesars that was called the Great , and he was also the first Christian Emperour : He was that Oracle that declared the first aliance betwixt Christian virtues & greatness . Charles the first Emperour of the house of France , obtained the same renown by being called Charlemain , and aspired to be a Saint . Lewis that most glorious King of France , was the flower of Saints and of Kings by the name of Saint Louys . In Spain Ferdinand , commonly called the Holy , in Castile was one of the great men of the world . The Conquerour of Aragon consecrated as many Temples to the Empress of Heaven , as he won Castles . The two Catholick Kings Ferdinand and Isabell , were the non plus ultra , I mean the Columnes of the Faith . The Good , the Great , the Pious , the Zealous of Philips of Spain , without losing one hand-breadth of Earth , won Heaven by ells , and subdued more Monsters by his virtues , than Alcides with his club . Among Captaines Godfrey of Bullion , George Castriot , the great Captain Gonzalo Fernandez the first Knight of Sanctacruz , and that terror of Turkes Don Juan of Austria , have been mirors of virtue , and Temples of Christian piety . Among the Heroes of the Church , the two first to whom greatness gave a furname , Gregory and Leo , have had their greatest lustre from their Sanctity . Saint Augustine ( that Sun of spirits ) reduces all the greatnes of the Gentills and of Infidells to a foundation of Morall virtues . The greatness of Alexander was never confin'd till his virtues began to decline , and Hercules gave not over conquering Monsters of strength , untill he yielded himself to the weaknes of incontinency . The justice of . Fortune grew to be as cruell to the two Neroes , as they had shew'd themselves tyrannous to their Vassalls . Sardanapalus , Caligula , and Rodrigo , were the Monsters of lasciviousness , and basenes of courage , and after became examples of horrible punishment . In Monarchies the same Divine Justice is observable ; That Nation which deserved to be called the Flower of Kingdomes , maintained greatnes while Piety and Religion florisht : as soon as Heresie sprung up , she withered as fast . The Phoenix of Provinces found a Tombe in the ashes of Rodrigo , and was born again in the Piety of Pelagius , or in the zeal of Ferdinand . The great house of Austria made her self the wonder of Families , by founding her greatnes in that which is the Cipher and Epitome of Gods Miracles , and set her Imperiall blood in the Rubick , by a religious devotion to that blood of our Lord which is in the holy Sacrament of the Altar . Now you judicious spirits that pretend to Heroicity , observe this most important quality , make this your most constant piece of Policy . No greatnes can lay a foundation in sin ( which is nothing ) but in God who is all in all . If mortall Excellency be to be desired , eternall Excellency is to be ambitionated . To be a Heros of the World is very little ( or rather nothing ) but to be an Heros of Heaven is somthing ; To whose great Monark be praise and Honor and Glory . FINIS . Notes, typically marginal, from the original text Notes for div A41737e-340 Duke de Lerma . Notes for div A41737e-490 As in leaping or pitching the Barre . America . Ferdinand● Isabella . The 11th 〈◊〉 France . Isabella , wife of Ferdinand ●ut Caesar 〈◊〉 . This was Philip the second of Spain in allusion to that great Philip of Macedon . Hercules Successus 〈…〉 rgere suos , 〈…〉 nstare favori Numius : Et so 〈…〉 itus in 〈…〉 aeceps mit 〈…〉 ere Caesar Fortunam . 〈…〉 ucan . See St●●daes first book of Decades neatly Eng lisht . At the battel of Pavy young adversary Hen 2 the son of France ; Fortuna est juvenum . Strada . Charls was now grownold and had a Prince Rupert . He intends some one of that family De le Lunae . Sowre sweet Charles 9th Henry 3. Delicias humani generis . King of Naples . Fernando Gonsales . He took France prisoner at Pavy battel . Hercul . from America where it growes to Europ . Royall of reald de 〈◊〉 is the hig●est coyn of Silver in Spain . See how this excessive comendation agrees with the 5 excellence . He calls him fortunate for losing Portugall and Catalgo nia . Or blac patch Phil. 3. France . ●●●in .