The courtiers manual oracle, or, The art of prudence written originally in Spanish by Baltazar Gracian, and now done into English. Oráculo manual y arte de prudencia. English Gracián y Morales, Baltasar, 1601-1658. 1685 Approx. 347 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 153 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2008-09 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A41733 Wing G1468 ESTC R6724 12087799 ocm 12087799 53792 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A41733) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 53792) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 71:11) The courtiers manual oracle, or, The art of prudence written originally in Spanish by Baltazar Gracian, and now done into English. Oráculo manual y arte de prudencia. English Gracián y Morales, Baltasar, 1601-1658. [28], 272, [5] p. Printed by M. Flesher, for Abel Swalle ..., London : 1685. Translation of: Oraculo manual y arte de prudencia. Advertisements on p. [1]-[4] at end. Reproduction of original in Yale University Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. 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Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Courts and courtiers. Maxims. 2007-09 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2007-10 Apex CoVantage Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2007-12 Elspeth Healey Sampled and proofread 2007-12 Elspeth Healey Text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-02 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion THE COURTIERS Manual Oracle , OR , THE ART OF PRUDENCE . Written Originally in Spanish , By BALTAZAR GRACIAN . And now done into English . LONDON , Printed by M. Flesher , for Abel Swalle , at the Sign of the Vnicorn , at the West-End of St. Paul's . 1685. THE Preface . THe Courtiers Manual Oracle , which is here presented to the Reader , as it is an abridgment of all the works of that judicious and learned Spaniard Baltazar Gracian ; so it carries in its own Title an abridgment of it self , as not onely pointing at the subject it treats of , but also the persons for whose use it is designed . Oracles are the glimmerings of a supernatural light , which do rather dazle than illuminate those who are not both attentive , and sharp sighted : And therefore the Maximes which here bear that name , are not calculated for all degrees of Men , nor for all sorts of Vnderstandings . There is an art of short speaking , no less than that of short hand-writing , and both are obscure , but to the intelligent and thinking , who may draw considerable advantage from both . It 's an old saying ; A word 's enough to the Wise ; and he that cannot crack the shell , and taste the kernel of a sentence , though he may be wise in his own Eyes , will never be reckoned so in the judgment of Sages . A Proverb patly applied and well understood , makes a deeper impression upon the minds of understanding men , than a lank declamation adorned with all the Posies and Flowers of Rhetorick . This made the learned and discerning Authour affect a certain vigorous laconicism in all his writings , that made him highly esteemed by the greatest men of his own Countrey , and of Strangers also who understood his language , though the French Authour Des Entretiens d' Ariste & Eugene , a leading Critick accounts him unintelligible , and by consequent untranslateable ; but whether he be so or not in this translation , it is left to the judgment of the Reader . It may be made a Probleme , perhaps , by some , whether The Art of Prudence , be at this time seasonably or not translated and published in English ; seeing to instruct and not to instruct , has great affinity with the answering and not answering a fool in his folly , according to Solomon , and all the World are satisfied , that there is a vast number of more than ordinary fools , and mad men amongst us at present . The title and design of the Book , I think , may salve the doubt ; for it is the Courtiers Manual Oracle , not of him onely who has the honour to be actually in that station ; but of others also , who by knowing , and reflecting upon the transactions of the world , may be capable , if not to serve the Publick , yet to live like men in their generation , and to such it cannot be unseasonable , if they have the ingenuity to act according to its maximes , seeing in so doing they will find by experience , that when once the ground is well known , one may hit the Jack with a Boul that runs streight , if it be their custome to bowl so , as well as with that which fetches the greatest compass by its biass ; and that a man may be a Politician successfully , and with applause , without forsaking the rational Rules of Morality and Religion , for the deceitfull Sophistry of Cunning and Artisice , which commonly soon or too late shews its own perniciousness by the fatal disappointments of those that practise it . For the unintelligent and head-strong Mobile , that makes the greatest part of Mankind , they have nothing to doe with this Book ; Odi profanum vulgus & arceo : The Authour wrote not for them , well knowing that their inveterate folly is not to be cured but restrained ; and that as it is very easie by force of words and long-winded Cant , to preach them out of their senses , so it is as impossible by short documents to sentence them into their Wits and good Manners again , as to cure a Chronical Hypochondriarcy by an Aphorism of Hippocrates , or a spell of Seneca's or Plutarch's Morals . To these Animals then for whom the Bit and Bridle is designed , the Discipline of the Whip is the best Doctrine , and nothing of this nature can be seasonable or unseasonable , but as it may influence those of the smaller number , who are their Riders , and spur them at their pleasure ; Now if these be so mad as to run upon precipices , and ride over Rocks , those Maximes can in this onely be unseasonable ; that they seasonably taught them , what too late , and unseasonably they were convinced of . Vale. THE CONTENTS . MAX. 1. Every thing is now at the point of its perfection , and an able Man at the highest pitch thereof . p. 1. Max. 2. Wit and a Genius . p. 2. Max. 3. Not to be too free nor open . ibid. Max. 4. Knowledge and Valour club to the making of great Men. p. 3. Max. 5. To be always usefull . p. 4. Max. 6. Man at the height of his perfection . p. 5. Max. 7. To have a care not to outdoe ones Master . ibid. Max. 8. A Man never taken in passion . p. 6. Max. 9. To falsifie the defects of ones Nation . p. 7. Max. 10. Fortune and Renown . p. 8. Max. 11. To converse with those from whom one may learn. ibid. Max. 12. Nature and Art : Matter and the Artist . p. 9. Max. 13. To proceed sometimes cunningly , sometimes candidly . p. 10. Max. 14. The thing and the manner of the thing . p. 11. Max. 15. To make use of Auxiliary wits . p. 15. Max. 16. Knowledge and a right intention . p. 16. Max. 17. Not to follow always one and the same Conduct . p. 17. Max. 18. Application and Genius . ibid. Max. 19. Not to be too much blazed abroad by the noise of Fame . p. 18. Max. 20. Every man in his time . p. 19. Max. 21. The Art of being happy . p. 20. Max. 22. The Man that takes . ibid. Max. 23. To have no blemish . p. 21. Max. 24. To moderate ones own imagination . p. 22. Max. 25. A good Pryer . ibid. Max. 26. To find out the weak side of every one . p. 23. Max. 27. To prefer intention before extention . p. 24. Max. 28 To have nothing that 's vulgar . ibid. Max. 29. The upright Man. p. 25. Max. 30. Not to affect extraordinary , nor yet Chimerical Employments . p. 26. Max. 31. To know happy People , to make use of them , and the unhappy to avoid them . p. 27. Max. 32. To have the reputation of contenting every body . ibid. Max. 33. To know how to be a denied Man. p. 28. Max. 34. To know ones own strength . p. 29. Max. 35. To weigh things according to their just value . ibid. Max. 36. Not to engage in any enterprise before one hath examined his own fortune and ability . p. 30. Max. 37. To guess at the meaning of the little hints that are given us by the bye , and to know how to make the best of them . p. 31. Max. 38. To be moderate in good fortune . p. 32. Max. 39. To know the nature and season of things , and to be able to make use of them . p. 33. Max. 40. To gain the love of all . ibid. Max. 41. Never to Exaggerate . p. 34. Max. 42. Of the Ascendant . p. 35. Max. 43. To speak with the Vulgar , but to think with the Wise . p. 39. Max. 44. To sympathize with great men . p. 40. Max. 45. To use Reflexion without abusing it . p. 41. Max. 46. To correct ones Antipathy . ibid. Max. 47. To shun Engagements . p. 42. Max. 48. The man of a good Stock . p. 43. Max. 49. The judicious and penetrating man. p. 44. Max. 50. Never to lose the respect which is due to ones self . p. 46. Max. 51. The man of a good choice . ibid. Max. 52. Never to be disordered . p. 47. Max. 53. Diligent and intelligent . p. 48. Max. 54. To be a man of metal . ibid. Max. 55. The man that can wait with patience . p. 49. Max. 56. To find out good expedients . p. 51. Max. 57. The surest men are men of Reflexion . p. 55. Max. 58. To shape ones self according to people . p. 57. Max. 59. The man that makes himself to be desired and regretted . ibid. Max. 60. Good sense . p. 59. Max. 61. To excell in the excellent . p. 60. Max. 62. To make use of good Instruments . p. 61. Max. 63. The excellence of Primacy . ibid. Max. 64. To vex as little as may be . p. 62. Max. 65. The quaint and critical Judgment . p. 63. Max. 66. To take good measures before one undertakes . p. 64. Max. 67. To prefer plausible Employments . p. 65. Max. 68. To inform , is far better than to put in mind . p. 68. Max. 69. Not to be of the humour of the vulgar . p. 69. Max. 70. To know how to refuse . p. 71. Max. 71. Not to be unequal , and irregular in ones proceeding . p. 72. Max. 72. The man of resolution . p. 73. Max. 73. To find out Evasions . p. 74. Max. 74. Not to be inaccessible . ibid. Max. 75. To propose to ones self some Heroe , not so much to be imitated , as to be surpassed . p. 75. Max. 76. Not to be always in the jocose humour . p. 76. Max. 77. To be company for all sorts of men . ibid. Max. 78. The art of undertaking to purpose . p. 77. Max. 79. The jovial humour . p. 78. Max. 80. To be carefull to be informed . ib. Max. 81. To revive ones Reputation from time to time . p. 79. Max. 82. Not to pry too much neither into good nor evil . p. 80. Max. 83. To commit some small faults on design . ibid. Max. 84. To know how to draw advantage from Enemies . p. 81. Max. 85. Not to be lavish of ones self . p. 82. Max. 86. To arm against Calumny . p. 83. Max. 87. To cultivate and embellish . p. 84. Max. 88. To study to have a gentile Carriage in Actions . p. 85. Max. 89. Exactly to know ones Genius , Mind , Heart and Passions . p. 86. Max. 90. The way to live long . ibid. Max. 91. To act without fear of failing . p. 87. Max. 92. A transcendant Wit in all things . p. 88. Max. 93. The universal Man. ibid. Max. 94. An inexhaustible Capacity . p. 89. Max. 95. To know how to entertain another's expectation . p. 90. Max. 96. Conscience . p. 91. Max. 97. To acquire and preserve Reputation . ibid. Max. 98. To dissemble . p. 92. Max. 99. Reality and appearance . p. 94. Max. 100. The Man undeceived . The Christian Sage . The Courtly Philosopher . ib. Max. 101. One part of the World laughs at the other , and both laugh at their common folly . p. 95. Max. 102. A stomach that can well receive the large mouth-fulls of Fortune . p. 96. Max. 103. Every one is to keep the grandeur that is proper for his state . p. 97. Max. 104. To examine the nature of businesses . p. 98. Max. 105. Not to be tedious . p. 99. Max. 106. Not to be proud of ones Fortune . p. 100. Max. 107. Not to appear pleased with ones self . p. 101. Max. 108. The shortest way to become a great man , is to be able to chuse his company . p. 102. Max. 109. Not to be Reprehensive . ibid. Max. 110. Not to wait , till one be a setting Sun. p. 103. Max. 111. To make Friends . p. 104. Max. 112. To gain the Heart . p. 105. Max. 113. In Prosperity to prepare for Adversity . p. 106. Max. 114. Never to stand in competition . ibid. Max. 115. To comply with the humours of those with whom one is to live . p. 107. Max. 116. To deal always with men who are carefull of their duty . p. 108. Max. 117. Never to speak of ones self . ib. Max. 118. To affect the name of being obliging . p. 109. Max. 119. Not to affect to be Churlish . p. 110. Max. 120. To comply with the Times . p. 111. Max. 121. Not to make much of nothing . p. 112. Max. 122. Authority in Words and Actions . p. 113. Max. 123. The Man without Affectation . ibid. Max. 124. How to be Regrated . p. 114. Max. 125. Not to be a Book of Accounts . p. 115. Max. 126. To commit a folly makes not a fool ; but not to know how to hide it , does . p. 116. Max. 127. The secret charm , or the unexpressible somewhat ; which the French call Le Je-ne-sai-quoi . And the Spaniards El despejo . p. 117. Max. 128. The high Courage . p. 121. Max. 129. Never to Complain . p. 123. Max. 130. To doe , and make it appear . p. 124. Max. 131. The procedure of a gallant Man. p. 125. Max. 132. To advise and revise . p. 126. Max. 133. Rather to be a Fool with all Men , than Wise all alone . p. 127. Max. 134. To have a double portion of the things that are necessary for life . ibid. Max. 135. Not to have a spirit of Contradiction . p. 128. Max. 136. To take things aright , and presently to nick the point . p. 129. Max. 137. The Wise Man is sufficient for himself . ibid. Max. 138. The Art to let things go as they can go , especially when the Sea is tempestuous . p. 130. Max. 139. To know unlucky days . p. 131. Max. 140. To hit at first upon the best of every thing . p. 132. Max. 141. Not to listen to ones self . p. 133. Max. 142. Never to espouse a bad party in spight to an Adversary , who hath taken the better . p. 134. Max. 143. To take heed not to run into Paradoxes , by shunning to be vulgar . p. 135. Max. 144. Vnder the veil of another man's interest , to find ones own . p. 136. Max. 145. Not to shew the sore place . ib. Max. 146. To look into the inside . p. 137. Max. 147. Not to be inaccessible . p. 138. Max. 148. To have the Art of Conversing . p. 139. Max. 149. To be able to cast the blame and misfortunes upon others . p. 140. Max. 150. To be able to put a value upon what one doeth . p. 141. Max. 151. To think to day what may happen to morrow , and a long time after . p. 142. Max. 152. Never to keep company that may eclipse ones lustre . ibid. Max. 153. To shun being obliged to fill the place of a great Man. p. 143. Max. 154. Not to be easie neither to believe , nor to love . p. 144. Max. 155. The Art of restraining Passions . p. 145. Max. 156. Friends by Election . p. 146. Max. 157. Not to be mistaken in People . p. 147. Max. 158. To know how to use Friends . ibid. Max. 159. To know how to bear with Fools . p. 149. Max. 160. To speak sparingly to our Competitours for Caution sake , and to others for Civility . ibid. Max. 161. To know the failings wherein one takes pleasure . p. 150. Max. 162. To be able to triumph over Jealousie and Envy . p. 151. Max. 163. One must never lose the favour of him that is happy , to take compassion on a Wretch . p. 152. Max. 164. To let fly some shot in the Air. p. 153. Max. 165. To wage War fairly . ibid. Max. 166. To distinguish betwixt the man of Words , and the man of Deeds . p. 154. Max. 167. To be able to help ones self . p. 155. Max. 168. Not to be Monstrous . p. 156. Max. 169. To take more heed not to miss once , than to hit an hundred times . ib. Max. 170. To be sparing in all things . p. 157. Max. 171. Not to abuse Favour . p. 158. Max. 172. Never to engage with him that hath nothing to lose . ibid. Max. 173. Not to be a Glass in Conversation , and much less in Friendship . p. 159. Max. 174. Not to live too fast . p. 160. Max. 175. The substantial Man. p. 161. Max. 176. To know , or to hearken to those who know . p. 162. Max. 177. To avoid too much familiarity in Conversation . p. 163. Max. 178. To believe the Heart , and especially if it be a presaging Heart . p. 164. Max. 179. To be reserved in speaking , is the Seal of the Capacity . ibid. Max. 180. Not to take the design of an Enemy for the rule of our Measures . p. 165. Max. 181. Not to tell a lie , and yet not to speak all the truth neither . p. 166. Max. 182. A grain of boldness is worth a pound weight of skill . ibid. Max. 183. Not to be Head-strong . p. 167. Max. 184. Not to be Ceremonious . p. 168. Max. 185. Never to expose ones Credit to the risque of one single interview . p. 169. Max. 186. To discern faults , though they be in fashion . p. 170. Max. 187. To act all that is agreeable to ones self , and all that 's odious by others . ibid. Max. 188. To bring always into company something to be praised . p. 171. Max. 189. To make use of the needs of others . p. 172. Max. 190. To be satisfied in all conditions . p. 173. Max. 191. Not to be gull'd with excessive Courtesie . p. 174. Max. 192. The peaceable man is the long liv'd man. p. 175. Max. 193. Watch strictly over him that engages in thy interests , to come off with his own . ibid. Max. 194. To have a modest Opinion of ones self , and of his affairs , especially when he does but begin the world . p. 176. Max. 195. To be able to judge . p. 177. Max. 196. To know ones Planet . ibid. Max. 197. Never to be hampered with Fools . p. 178. Max. 198. To know how to transplant ones self . p. 179. Max. 199. To be a Wise Man , and not an intrigueing Man. p. 180. Max. 200. To have always something still to desire , that one may not be unhappy in his happiness . p. 181. Max. 201. All who appear Fools , are so , and one half also of those who appear not to be . ibid. Max. 202. Sayings and Actions render a Man accomplished . p. 182. Max. 203. To know the Excellencies of ones Age. p. 183. Max. 204. What is easie ought to be set about , as if it were difficult ; and what is difficult as if it were easie . ibid. Max. 205. To know how to make use of Contempt . p. 184. Max. 206. We must know that the vulgar humour is every where . p. 185. Max. 207. To use Retention . p. 186. Max. 208. Not to die the death of a Fool. p. 187. Max. 209. Not to imitate the folly of others . p. 188. Max. 210. To know how to make use of truth . ibid. Max. 211. In Heaven all is pleasure ; in Hell all pain . The world being in the middle , has a share of both . p. 191. Max. 212. Not to discover the mystery of ones Art. ibid. Max. 213. To know how to contradict . p. 192. Max. 214. Of one Folly not to make two . p. 193. Max. 215. To have an eye over him that looks one way , and rows another . p. 194. Max. 216. To speak clearly . p. 195. Max. 217. We must neither love , nor hate for ever . p. 196. Max. 218. To doe nothing whimsically , but every thing with circumspection . ibid. Max. 219. Not to pass for a Crafty Man. p. 197. Max. 220. To cover our selves with the Fox's skin , when we cannot doe it with the Lion's . p. 198. Max. 221. Not to be too ready to engage , nor to engage another . p. 199. Max. 222. A reserved man is apparently a prudent man. ibid. Max. 223. Not to be too singular , neither through affectation nor inadvertency . p. 200. Max. 224. Never to take things against the hair , though they come that way . p. 204. Max. 225. To know ones prevailing fault . p. 205. Max. 226. Attention to engage . ibid. Max. 227. Not to be a man of the first impression . p. 206. Max. 228. To have neither the report , nor reputation of being a bad Tongue . p. 207. Max. 229. To know how to divide ones life , like a man of Parts . p. 208. Max. 230. To open ones Eyes when it is time . p. 214. Max. 231. Never to shew things before they be finished . p. 215. Max. 232. To understand the Commerce of life a little . ibid. Max. 233. To find out the palate of others . p. 216. Max. 234. Never to engage ones Reputation without good assurances of the honour and integrity of others . p. 217. Max. 235. To know how to ask . p. 218. Max. 236. To make that a favour , which would have been afterwards but a reward . p. 219. Max. 237. Never to be privy to the secrets of Superiours . ibid. Max. 238. To know the piece that we want . p. 220. Max. 239. Not to be too quaint . p. 221. Max. 240. To know how to play the Ignorant . p. 222. Max. 241. To suffer raillery , but not to use it . ibid. Max. 242. To pursue ones point . p. 223. Max. 243. Not to be a Dove in all things . p. 224. Max. 244. To know how to oblige . p. 225. Max. 245. To reason sometimes quite contrary to the mobile . p. 226. Max. 246. Never to give satisfaction to those who demand none . ibid. Max. 247. To know a little more , and to live a little less . p. 227. Max. 248. Not to put off to the last . p. 228. Max. 249. Not to begin to live , where we should leave off . ibid. Max. 250. When must one reason the contrary way . p. 229. Max. 251. We are to use Humane means , as if there were none Divine ; and Divine means , as if there were none Humane . p. 230. Max. 252. Not altogether for thy self , nor altogether for others neither . ibid. Max. 253. Not to be too intelligible . p. 231. Max. 254. Not to slight the evil , because it is little . p. 232. Max. 255. To doe small kindnesses at a time , but often . p. 233. Max. 256. To be always in a readiness to ward the blows of Clowns , Opiniatours , proud Persons , and of all other Impertinents . ibid. Max. 257. Never to come to a Rupture . p. 234. Max. 258. To look out for one that may help to carry the burthen of adversity . p. 235. Max. 259. To prevent offences , and turn them into favours . p. 236. Max. 260. Thou shalt never be wholly at the devotion of any one , nor any one at thine . ibid. Max. 261. Not to continue a Foppery . p. 237. Max. 262. To know how to forget . p. 238. Max. 263. Many things that serve for pleasure , ought not to be peculiar . p. 239. Max. 264. To be at no time careless . ibid. Max. 265. To know how to engage ones Dependents . p. 240. Max. 266. To be too good , is to be naught . p. 241. Max. 267. Silken words . p. 242. Max. 268. The Wise Man ought to doe in the beginning , what the Fool does in the end . ibid. Max. 269. To make the best of ones being new . p. 243. Max. 270. Not to condemn singly what pleaseth many . ibid. Max. 271. Let him that knows but little in his profession , stick to what he knows best . p. 244. Max. 272. To sell things as Courtesie thinks fit to value them . p. 245. Max. 273. Thoroughly to know the temper of those with whom we have to doe . ibid. Max. 274. To have the gift of pleasing . p. 246. Max. 275. To conform to common Custome , but not to common Folly. p. 247. Max. 276. To be able to retrieve ones Genius by Nature and by Art. p. 248. Max. 277. The man of true Ostentation . p. 251. Max. 278. In all things to avoid being remarkable . p. 255. Max. 279. To suffer Contradiction without Gain-saying . ibid. Max. 280. The man of good stuff . p. 256. Max. 281. The approbation of knowing Men. p. 257. Max. 282. To make absence an expedient , for being respected , or esteemed . ibid. Max. 283. The Man of good invention . p. 258. Max. 284. Meddle not in other mens business , and thine own will go well . p. 259. Max. 285. Not to lose ones self with another . ibid. Max. 286. Suffer not thy self to be obliged , nor by all sorts of People . p. 260. Max. 287. Never to act in passion . ibid. Max. 288. To live according to occasion . p. 261. Max. 289. What most discredits a Man , is to shew that he is man. p. 262. Max. 290. It 's a happiness to join esteem with affection . ibid. Max. 291. To know how to make an essay . p. 263. Max. 292. To be above , and not below ones Employment . ibid. Max. 293. Of Maturity . p. 264. Max. 294. To be moderate in ones Opinions . p. 265. Max. 295. To be , and not seem to be a man of business . ibid. Max. 296. The man of value , and majestick qualities . p. 268. Max. 297. To doe all things , as in the presence of witnesses . p. 269. Max. 298. The ready Wit , the profound Judgment , and the quaint Discerning . p. 270. Max. 299. To leave with an Appetite . Max. 300. In a word , to be Holy. p. 271. THE COURTIERS MANVAL ORACLE , OR , THE ART of PRUDENCE . MAXIME I. Every thing is now at the point of its perfection , and an able Man at the highest pitch thereof . THERE goes more to the making up of one Wise Man now a days , than in Ancient Times of seven : And at present there is more sense required for treating with one single Person , than heretofore with a whole Nation . MAXIME II. Wit and a Genius Are two Qualities wherein the Capacity of a Man consists . To have one without the other , is to be happy but by halves . It is not enough to have a good understanding , there must be a Genius also to accompany it . It is commonly the ill luck of weak or aukward People to be mistaken in the choice of their Profession , of their Friends , and of the place of their Residence . MAXIME III. Not to be too free , nor open . It is the Admiration of Novelty that makes events to be valued . There is neither pleasure nor profit in playing ones Game too openly . Not to declare immediately , is the way to hold minds in suspence , especially in matters of importance , which are the object of universal expectation . That makes every thing to be thought a mystery , and the secret of that raises veneration . In the manner of expression one ought to have a care not to be too plain : and to speak with open heart is not always convenient in conversation . Silence is the Sanctuary of Prudence . A resolution made manifest was never esteemed . He that declares himself , is obnoxious to Censure : and if he succeeds not , he is doubly miserable . We ought then to imitate the method of God Almighty , who always holds men in suspence . MAXIME IV. Knowledge and Valour club to the making of great Men. These are two qualities which render Men immortal , because they themselves are so . No man is great but in so far as he knows : and when he knows , he can doe all things . Man that knows nothing , is the World in darkness . Prudence and Strength are his Eyes and Hands . Knowledge is barren , if Valour do'nt accompany it . MAXIME V. To be always usefull . It is not the Guilder but the Adorer that makes the God. A Man of Parts had rather meet with those who depend upon him , than that are thankfull to him . To keep People in hope , is Civility ; to trust to their Gratitude , Simplicity . For it is as common for Gratitude to be forgetfull , as for Hope to be mindfull . You get always more by this , than by the other . When one hath once drank , he turns his back upon the Well : so soon as the Orange is squeezed , it 's thrown upon the ground , When Dependance ceaseth , there 's an end of Correspondence , and of Esteem also . It is therefore a lesson of Experience , that a Man ought to endeavour always to render himself usefull , nay even to his Prince ; though he must not affect an excess of silence , to make others overshoot themselves , nor for his own interest render another man's evil incurable . MAXIME VI. Man at the height of his perfection . He is not born complete ; but dayly improves in his Manners and Employment , untill at length he arrive at the point of Consummation . Now these are the marks by which we may know an accomplished Man : a quaint perception , readiness in discerning , solidity of judgment , tractableness of will , and circumspection in words and actions . Some never attain to that pitch , there is somewhat always wanting : and others arrive at it , but late . MAXIME VII . To have a care not to outdoe ones Master . All Superiority is odious , but in a Subject over his Prince , it is ever foolish , or fatal . An accomplished man conceals vulgar advantages , as a modest Woman hides her Beauty under a negligent dress . There are many who will yield in good fortune , or in good humour ; but no body will yield in Wit , and least of all a Sovereign . Wit is the King of Attributes , and by consequent , every Offence against it , is no less a Crime than Treason . Sovereigns would be witty in all things that are most eminent . Princes are willing to be assisted , but not surpassed . Those who advise them , ought to speak , as if they put them in mind of what they forgot , and not as teaching them what they knew not . This is a lesson that the Stars reade to us , which though they be the sparkling Children of the Sun , yet never appear in his presence . MAXIME VIII . A Man never taken in passion Is a mark of the sublimest reach of wit , seeing thereby a man puts himself above all vulgar impressions . It is the greatest of Dominions to rule ones self and passions . That is the triumph of free will. ) If passion ever seize the mind , let it be without prejudice to our employment , especially if it be considerable . That 's the way to prevent much vexation , and to gain a high reputation . MAXIME IX . To falsifie the defects of ones Nation . Water imbibes the good or bad qualities of the Minerals through which it passes , and Man those of the Climates where he is born . Some are more obliged than others to their Countrey , in that they have met with a more favourable constellation in it . There is no Nation how Polite soever , but hath some original failing , which their Neighbours , either out of caution or emulation censure . It is the victory of an able man to correct , or at least bely the censure of these failings . Thereby one acquires the glorious renown of being singular , and that exemption from a common fault is the more esteemed , that no body expects it . There are also Family-defects , defects of Profession , Employment and Age , which concurring all together in one and the same subject , render it an unsupportable Monster , if they be not timely prevented . MAXIME X. Fortune and Renown . The one is as fickle , as the other firm and constant . The first serves during life , and the other after death . The one resists Envy , and the other Oblivion . Fortune is courted , and sometimes obtained by the help of Friends . Renown is gained by Industry . The desire of Reputation springs from Virtue . Renown hath been and is the Sister of Giants : it is always upon the extremes either of Applause or Execration . MAXIME XI . To converse with those from whom one may learn. Familiar Conversation ought to be the School of Learning and breeding . A man is to make his Masters of his Friends , seasoning the pleasure of conversing with the profit of instruction . Betwixt Men of Wit the advantage is reciprocal . ) They who speak are rewarded with the applause that is given to what they say ; and those who hear , with the profit they receive from it . Our own interest inclines us to conversation . A man of sense frequents the company of good Courtiers , whose Houses are rather the Theatres of Heroism , than the Palaces of vanity . There are some men who besides their being Oracles themselves , that instruct others by their Example , are also so happy , that their Retinue is an Academy of Prudence and Breeding . MAXIME XII . Nature and Art : Matter and the Artist . There is no Beauty without help , nor perfection that is not apt to fall into barbarity , if Art lend not an helping hand . Art corrects what is bad , and perfects what is good . Nature commonly denies us the best , to the end we may have recourse to Art. The best Nature without Art is but a Wilderness : and how great soever a Man's Talents may be , unless they be cultivated , they are but half-talents . Without Art a man knows nothing as he ought to do , and is Clownish in every thing he sets about . ) MAXIME XIII . To proceed sometimes cunningly , sometimes candidly . Man's life is a conflict with the malice of man himself . An expert man for Weapons uses the strategems of intention . He never does what he seems to have a mind to doe . He takes an aim , but that is to deceive the Eyes that look upon him . He blurts out a word in the air , and then does a thing that no body dreamt of . If he come out with a saying , it is to amuse the attention of his Rivals , and whilst that is taken up in considering what he drives at , he presently acts what never came into their thoughts . He then , that takes heed not to be imposed upon , prevents the cunning of his Companion by good reflexions . He always understands the contrary of what one would have him to understand , and thereby he immediately discovers the falsifie . He lets the first pass goe , and expects the second or third with a good guard . And when afterwards his Artifice is known , he refines his dissimulation , making use of truth it self to deceive by . To change his cunning , he changes his ground and battery . His Artifice is to have no more Art , and all his subtilty is to pass from Dissimulation to Candour . He , who observes it with a piercing Eye , knowing the Arts of his Rival , stands upon his guard , and discovers darkness under a veil of light . He un●●ddles a procedure the more mysterious , that every thing in it is sincere . And thus the wiles of Pytho engage the candour of Apollo . MAXIME XIV . The thing and the manner of the thing . The substance is not enough , unless it be cloathed with its circumstances . An ill way spoils all , it even disfigures Justice and Reason . On the contrary , a gracefull way supplies all defects , it guilds a denial , sweetens the sharpness that is in truth , and smooths the wrinkles of old age . The How does much in all things . A free and disengaged way charms the minds of men , and makes the complete Ornament of life . This Maxime is taken out of the third Chapter of the Authours Discreet , Del modo y Agrado . And seeing that Chapter is very instructive , the Reader , I hope , will not take it ill to have here an abstract of it . For this great Precept , says he , Cleobulus got the Reputation of the chief of the Wise Men. And , indeed , it is the chief of Precepts . But if to teach it was sufficient for procuring the name of a Wise Man , nay , and of the chief of the Sages , what rem●ins for him that shall put it in practice ? For to know things , and not to practise them , is not to be a Philosopher but a Grammarian . In all things the circumstance is as necessary as the substance , nay , and more . The thing that first presents to us , is not the essence , but the appearance . By the outside we come to the knowledge of what is within . By the bark of the manner we discern the fruit of the substance : insomuch that we judge of Persons whom we know not by their deportment . The way and manner is that part of merit which most affects the attention . And seeing it is to be acquired , he that is without it is inexcusable . Truth has force ; Reason authority ; and Justice power : but they are without luster if the gracefull way be wanting ; as with it every thing is set off with more advantage . It makes amends for all things , even for the defects of reason ; it guilds slights , paints deformities , hides imperfections , and in a word , disguises every thing . Great Zeal in a Minister ; Valour in a Commander ; learning in a Scholar ; Power in a Prince ; are not enough , unless these qualities be accompanied with that important formality . But it is in no employment more necessary , than in Sovereign Command . To be humane rather than despotick is in Superiours a singular way to engage . To see a Prince make Superiority yield to Humanity , obliges Subjects upon a double account to love him . He must reign in the first place over the wills of men , and then over the rest . Conciliate to thy self the good will , and even the applause of all men , if not out of inclination , at least by art . For they who admire , mind not whether thy way be natural or adventitious . There are many things which are worth but little in themselves , and yet are esteemed for their manner . By the help of that old things become new , and return into fashion . If the circumstances be of common use , they palliate the uncouthness of Antiquity . The relish of men advances always , and never recoils . What is past takes not , and nothing but what is new pleases it . Nevertheless , a little change may beguile it . Circumstances make things grow young again , they cure them of the musty scent , and the mouldiness of Too often , which is always intolerable , and especially in imitations , which can never rise neither to the height , nor Novelty of the Original . This is still more obvious to be seen in the functions of the mind . For though things be very well known , yet they never fail to raise the Appetite , if the Oratour and Historian hit upon a new way of saying or writing them . When things are exquisite , they cloy not , though they be even seven times repeated . But though they be not tedious , yet they are not admired . And therefore it is necessary to season them , otherwise to the end they may excite attention . Novelty caresses and charms the Palate . And objects are renewed merely by changing the Ragoe , which is the true art of pleasing . Two men shall say the very same things , and yet the one shall please , and the other by the same means offend . So important it is to know the way how ! So usefull is a gracefull manner , and so hurtfull an unseemly ! Now if the want of a manner be so remarkable , what must that be which is actually bad , and designedly offensive , and especially in those that hold a publick Post ? Thy Clownish Air is but a small defect , said a Wise Man , and yet it is enough to make all people disgust thee . On the contrary , an external agreeableness promises a suitableness of mind ; and beauty vouches for good humour . The gracefull manner so guilds and sets off a No , as to make it more esteemed than an ill seasoned Yea. It so skilfully sugar's over truths , that they pass for blandishments : and sometimes when it seems to flatter , it undeceives , by telling People not what they are , but what they ought to be . MAXIME XV. To make use of Auxiliary-wits . The happiness of great men consists in having witty men about them , who clear them from the difficulties of ignorance , by disentangling their affairs . To entertain Wise Men , is a grandeur surpassing the barbarous haughtiness of that same Tigranes , who prided himself in being served by Kings , whom he had conquered . It is a new kind of Dominion to make those our Servants by Art , whom Nature hath made our Masters . Man has much to know , and but a short while to live ; and he lives not at all , if he know nothing at all . It is therefore a singular piece of skill to study without pains , and to learn much , by learning of all . When that is once done , you shall see a man speak in a publick Assembly with the wit of many ; or rather , you hear as many Sages speaking by his mouth , as have before instructed him . Thus , the labours of others make him pass for an Oracle , seeing these Sages fit his Lesson for him , and distill into him the quintessence of their knowledge . After all , let him who cannot have Wisedom for a Servant , endeavour at least to have it for a Companion . MAXIME XVI . Knowledge and a right intention . Both these together are the source of good successes . A good Understanding with a bad Will , make a monstrous Marriage . An ill intention is the poison of Humane life , and is the more mischievous when backed by knowledge . That 's an unlucky Wit which is employed to doe evil . Learning destitute of true judgment is double folly . ) MAXIME XVII . Not to follow always one and the same Conduct . It is good to vary , that you may frustrate the Curiosity , especially of those who envy you . For if they come to observe an uniformity in your actions , they will prevent your enterprizes , and by consequent make them miscarry . ) It is easie to shoot a Fowl that flies out-right , but not a Bird which is irregular in its flight . Yet it is not good to be always upon the intrigue neither ; for at second bound the cunning will be discovered . Jealousie is upon the watch ; there is much skill required to guard against it . ( A cunning Gamester never plays the Card which his Adversary expects , and far less that which he desires . ) MAXIME XVIII . Application and Genius . No body can be eminent without both these . When those two parts concur , they make a great man. An ordinary Wit that applies it self , goes farther than a sublime mind without application . Reputation is got by indefatigable labour . What costs but little , is good for nothing . Some have wanted application even in the highest employments ; so rare a thing it is to force ones Genius . To have rather be indifferent in a sublime employment , than excellent in an indifferent , is a desire rendred excusable by Generosity . But he is not to be pardoned who rests satisfied to be indifferent good in a small employment , when he might excell in a great . One must have Art and a Genius then , which he is to complete by application . MAXIME XIX . Not to be too much blazed abroad by the noise of Fame . It is the usual misfortune of every thing that hath been much talked of , always to come short of the perfection that men have imagined to themselves . ) Reality can never equal imagination , seeing it is as difficult to have all perfections , as it is easie to entertain a notion of them . Since desire is the Husband of imagination , it always conceives much more of things than they are in effect . How great soever perfections may be , they never match the Idea of them . And as men find themselves frustrated of their expectation , so they undeceive themselves in stead of admiring . Hope always lessens the truth . And therefore Prudence ought to correct it , by qualifying it so , that the enjoyment may surpass the desire . Some beginnings of Credit serve to awaken the Curiosity , but not to endear the object of it . It is most honourable when the effect exceeds the notion and expectation . This rule holds not good in evil , wherein exaggeration serves to belie , calumnie , and detraction with the greater applause , by making that appear tolerable which was thought to be abominable . MAXIME XX. Every man in his time . People of extraordinary and eminent merit depend on the Times . All have not had the Age they deserved , and many who have met with that , have not had the happiness to make the best of it . Others have been worthy of a better Age ; which is an argument , that every thing that is good , does not always triumph . Things of this world have their seasons , and that which is most eminent , is obnoxious to the freakishness of Custome . But it is always the comfort of a Wise Man , that he is Eternal . For if his own age be ungreatefull to him , those that come after doe him Justice . MAXIME XXI . The Art of being happy . There are rules of good Fortune ; and Happiness in regard of a Wise Man is not always fortuitous . His industry can help it forwards . Some think it enough to stand at the Gate of Fortune in a good posture , and expect till she open it . Others doe better , and trusting to their confidence or merit advance farther on , so that by cajoling of Fortune , soon or late they gain her . However , according to right Philosophy , vertue and application are the onely Arbiters of a man's lot . For as imprudence is the source of all the crosses of life , so Prudence is the cause of all its happiness . MAXIME XXII . The Man that takes . A gentile Education is the portion of Men of Breeding . The knowledge of the Affairs of the Time , good sayings spoken to purpose , pleasant ways of doing things , make the man of fashion : and the more he excells in these things , the less he holds of the vulgar . Sometimes a sign or gesture makes deeper impression than all the documents of a severe Master . The art of conversing hath stood in greater stead to some , than the seven liberal Arts all together . MAXIME XXIII . To have no blemish . There is no perfection without an If , or a But. There are but very few that want faults , either in manners or body . But there are a great many who are vain of the faults , which it would be easie for them to amend . When we see the smallest defect in an accomplished man , we say it's pity , because one Cloud is enough to eclipse all the Sun. These defects are blemishes at which envy levels . It would be a notable piece of skill to change them into persections , as Julius Caesar did , who being bald , covered that defect under the shadow of his Laurels . MAXIME XXIV . To moderate ones own imagination . The true means of living happy , and of being always esteemed Wise , is either to correct it , or confine it . Otherwise it takes a Tyrannical Empire over us , and transgressing the limits of speculation , becomes so very absolute , that life is happy , or miserable , according to the different fancies that it imprints upon us . For to some it represents nothing but pains and trouble , and through their folly becomes their Domestick Executioner . Others there are again , to whom it proposes onely pleasures and grandeurs , delighting to divert them in dreams . And these are the effects of imagination , when not curb'd by reason . MAXIME XXV . A good Pryer . To understand the art of reasoning and discourse , was heretofore the Science of Sciences : but that alone will not doe now a-days , we must guess and divine , and especially if we would undeceive our selves . He that is not a good Pryer can never be a good Judge . There are Spies over the heart and intentions . The truths which import us most , are never told us but by halves . A man of Wit must dive into the meaning of them , checking his credulity in what appears advantageous , and giving the reins to believe as to that which is odious ! MAXIME XXVI . To find out the weak side of every one . That is the art of managing humours , and of gaining our ends upon men . It depends more upon skill than resolution to know how to win upon the minds of People . There is no will that hath not its predominant passion , and these passions are different according to the diversity of tempers . All men are Idolaters : some of honour , others of interest , and most part of their pleasures . The skill is then , to know aright these Idols , if we would hit the weak side of those who adore them . He that can doe so , has the key of another man's will. ) We must move with the first mover ; and that is not always the higher , but most commonly the lower faculty . For in this world the number of those who are irregular , is far greater than of those who are not . ( We are first to know the Character of the Person , next feel his Pulse , and then attack him by his strongest passion , which is his weaker side . That is a sure way to gain the Party . ) MAXIME XXVII . To prefer intention before extention . Perfection consists not in quantity , but in quality . Of all that is very good , there is always but very little . That whereof there is much , is little esteemed . And even amongst men Giants pass commonly for real Dwarfs , ( some value Books for their bulk , as if they were made rather to load the Arms than to exercise the mind . ) Extention alone could never exceed mediocrity . And it is the unhappiness of men that offer at every thing , to excell in nothing , because they would excell in all . Intention gives an eminent rank , and makes a Heroe , if the matter be sublime . MAXIME XXVIII . To have nothing that 's vulgar . He was a man of an excellent discerning , whom it displeased to please many : Wise Men are never fond of vulgar Applause . There are Camelions of so popular a palate , that they take more pleasure to suck in a gross air , than to smell the sweet Zephyres of Apollo . Be not dazled at the sight of the miracles of the vulgar . Ignorants are always in a maze . That which makes the folly of the mobile admire , undeceives the discerning of the Wise . MAXIME . XXIX . The upright Man. One ought always to be on the side of Reason , and that so constantly , that neither vulgar passion , nor any tyrannical violence may be able to make him abandon the party . But where is that Phoenix of equity to be found ? Sure , she has not many Adherents . There are many who publish her praises , but will not admit her into their Houses . Others follow her as far as danger will permit ; but when they come to that , some like salse Friends deny her ; and the rest , like Politicians , pretend they know her not . She , on the contrary , scruples not to fall out with Friends , with Powers , nay , and with her own interest : and there lies the danger of mistaking her . The cunning stand neuter , and by a plausible and metaphysical subtilty , endeavour to reconcile their Conscience with reason of state . But an upright man looks upon that way of trimming as a kind of Treason , thinking it more honour to be constant , than to be a Statesman . He is always where truth is : and if he sometimes leave people , it is not that he is fickle , but because they have first forsaken reason . MAXIME XXX . Not to affect extraordinary , nor yet Chimerical Employments . That affectation serves onely to attract contempt . Whimsey hath hatched many Sects : but a Wise Man ought to espouse none of them . There are some strange palates , that like nothing of what others love . Every thing that is singular pleases them . It is true , that makes them to be taken notice of , but rather to be laughed at than esteemed . Nay , ( those who would be wise , ought to have a special care not to affect to be so . ) Upon far better ground ought they , who are of a profession , that renders the professours ridiculous . We name not here the Employments , seeing the contempt that every one has of them , makes them sufficiently known . MAXIME XXXI . To know happy People , to make use of them , and the unhappy to avoid them . Misfortune commonly is an effect of folly : and there is not a more dangerous contagion than that of the unfortunate . We must not open the door to the least evil , for others , and those greater too , which lie in ambush come always after . The true skill at play , is to know how to discard . The lowest Card that turns up , is better than the highest of the former dealing . In doubts , there is no better expedient than to consult the wise : soon or late that will answer our expectation . MAXIME XXXII . To have the reputation of contenting every body . That gives Credit to those who Govern . By that means Sovereigns gain the good will of the publick . The onely advantage they have , is , that they can doe more good than other men . Those are the truest Friends who are made by reiterated Amities . But there are some of a humour of contenting no body , not so much because that would be chargeable to them , as that their Nature is averse from shewing kindness . In all things contrary to Divine Bounty , which communicates it self incessantly . MAXIME XXXIII . To know how to be a denied Man. If it be a great art to know how to refuse favours , it is a far greater to be able to deny ones self in business and visits . There are some troublesome employments that corrode the most pretious time . It is better to doe nothing at all , than to be busie to no purpose . It is not enough to be a prudent man , to make no intrigues , but he must also avoid to meddle in them . We must not be so much at the devotion of others , as not to be more at our own . We are not to abuse Friends , nor to require more of them than they are willing to grant . Every thing that is excessive is vitious , especially in conversation : and without that moderation there is no preserving of the good will and esteem of others , on which Civil Decency depends . One should use all his liberty in chusing what is most excellent , but so , as he never offend against judgment and discretion . MAXIME XXXIV . To know ones own strength . That knowledge serves to cultivate the excellent and improve common endowments . Many would have become great men , had they known their true Talent . Strive then to know thine own , and join to it application . In some judgment has the advantage , and in others courage : most part lay a constraint upon their Genius : whence it is that they never excell in any thing . One is late in forsaking what passion made him early espouse . MAXIME XXXV . To weigh things according to their just value . It is the onely ruine of Fools , that they never consider . Seeing they do not comprehend things , they neither see the damage , nor profit , and by consequent trouble themselves not about them . Some set a great value upon that which is but of little worth , because they take all things the backward way . Many for want of sense , feel not their distemper . There are some things on which one cannot think too much . The wise man reflects on all , but not on all alike . For he dives where there is any ground , and sometimes he thinks there is more in the thing than he thinks of : So that his reflexion goes as far as his apprehension went. MAXIME XXXVI . Not to engage in any enterprise before one hath examined his own fortune and ability . This experience is far more necessary than the knowledge of our constitution . If it be the mark of a Fool to begin at forty years of age , to consult Hipocrates about his health : He is a far greater Fool , who begins at that age , to go to the School of Seneca , to learn how to live . It is no small point to know how to govern ones fortune , whether it be in waiting till she be in the good humour : ( for she loves to be waited on ) or in taking her such as she offers . For she hath an ebbing and flowing , and it is impossible to fix her , being so irregular and variable as she is . Let him who hath often found her favourable , not desist from importuning her , because it is usual with her to declare for the bold , and being courtly , to love the young . Let him who is unhappy withdraw , that he may not meet with the affront of a double repulse , in presence of a happy rival . MAXIME XXXVII . To guess at the meaning of the little hints that are given us by the bye , and to know how to make the best of them . This is the delicatest part in humane conversation ; it is the finest probe of the recesses of the heart of man. There are some malitious and angry jirks dipt in the gall of passion : and these are imperceptible Thunder-bolts , that strike down those whom they smite . Many times a word hath thrown down headlong from the pinacle of favour , those whom the murmurings of a whole people combined against them could not so much as shake . There are other words or hints which produce an effect quite contrary , that 's to say , which support and encrease the reputation of those to whom they are addressed . But seeing they are cunningly glanced , so also are they to be cautiously received . For the security consists in smelling out the intention , and the blow foreseen is always warded . MAXIME XXXVIII . To be moderate in good fortune Is the part of a good Gamester , when Reputation lies at stake . A brave Retreat is as great as a brave Enterprise . When one hath acted great exploits , he ought to secure the glory of them , by drawing off in time . A continued Prosperity is always suspected . That which hath its interruptions is the surer . A little sharp with the sweet makes it relish better . The more Prosperities crowd one upon another , the more slippery they are , and subject to a reverse . The quality of the pleasure makes sometimes amends for the shortness of the enjoyment . Fortune is weary to carry one and the same man always upon her shoulders . MAXIME XXXIX . To know the nature and season of things , and to be able to make use of them . The works of Nature commonly attain to the point of their perfection . They encrease always by degrees , untill they arrive at it ; and so soon as they are come to that , decline again as fast . On the contrary , the works of art are never so perfect , but that they still may be more . It is the sign of a quaint discerning to observe what is excellent in every thing : but few are capable of that , and those who may , do not always doe it . There is a point of maturity even in the fruits of the mind : and it is good to know that point , that we may make our best of it . MAXIME XL. To gain the love of all . It is much to be admired , but it is far more to be beloved . The fortunate Planet contributes somewhat to that , but Industry all the rest . This perfects what the other did but begin . An eminent merit is not enough , though , in reality , it be easie to gain the affection , when one hath once gained the esteem . He that would be beloved , must love , be beneficent , give good words , and still shew better effects . Courtesie is the politick magick of great Persons . One must first set his hand to great affairs , and then open it liberally to good Pens : alternately employ the Sword and the Paper . For the favour of Writers who perpetuate great Exploits is to be courted . MAXIME XLI . Never to Exaggerate . Never to speak in Superlatives , is a sign of a Wise Man. For that way of speaking always wounds either Truth or Prudence . Exaggerations are so many prostitutions of Reputation , in that they discover the weakness of understanding , and the bad discerning of him that speaks . Excessive Praises excite Curiosity , and incite to Envy . So that if merit answer not the value that is set upon it , as it commonly happens ; general opinion revolts against the imposture , and makes the flatterer and flattered both ridiculous . And therefore a prudent man proceeds with a close rein , and chuses rather to offend by giving too little , than too much . Excellence is rare , and by consequent the value of it is to be well weighed . Exaggeration is a kind of lying : by Exaggeration one gets himself the reputation of a man of bad discerning , and which is worse , of little judgment . MAXIME XLII . Of the Ascendant . This is a certain unaccountable force of Superiority that springs from the Nature , and not from the Artifice , nor affectation of him that has it . Every one submits thereto without knowing how , unless it be that one yields to the insinuating power of the natural authority of another . These Paramount Genies are Kings by merit , and Lions by a privilege that is born with them . They command the Heart and Tongues of others by a secret Charm , that makes them be respected . When such men have the other requisite qualities , they are cut out for the chief movers of the Government Politick , in respect they can doe more with a hint , than others with all their efforts and reasons . This Empire , saith the Authour , in the Chapter Del senorio en el dezir , &c. is skotched out by nature , and finished by art . All who have that advantage , find things ready done to their hands . Nay , Superiority it self facilitates all things to them , insomuch that nothing puzles them , but in every thing they come off with Honour . Their sayings and actions seem as great again as they are . An ordinary thing hath even appeared excellent , when seconded by that Empire . They who want that Superiority , enter diffidently upon affairs : which takes from them much of their gracefulness , especially if it be observed . From diffidence immediately springs fear , which shamefully banishes assurance ; and by consequent action and reason loose all their lustre . That fear so absolutely Tyrannizes over the mind , that it deprives it of all liberty . Insomuch that reason is at a stand , words are frozen , and activity remains under an interdict . The Ascendant of him that speaks , gains him at first the respect of him who hears . It makes the greatest Critick give attention , and Sovereignly sways the consent of a whole Company . It furnishes expressions , nay , and sentences to the person that speaks : whereas fear choaks the words . Timidity is sufficient to chill reasoning : and though it could overflow with a Torrent of Eloquence , yet the great cold of fear will put a stop to its course . He that with Native Authority enters into Conversation , has respect at his Devotion before hand : But he who comes to it with fear , accuses himself of weakness , and confesses he is overcome : for which diffidence of mind he is despised , or at best not much esteemed of others . The truth is , a wise man ought to be reserved , and particularly when he is not acquainted with his company . He first tries the foard , but especially if he foresee that it is deep . Though it be both Civility and Duty to qualifie this imperious boldness , in speaking to Princes and great men ; yet one must have a care of falling into the extremity of discomposing bashfulness . There it is that a man ought to keep a mean betwixt boldness and confusion , that he may neither be disagreeable nor ridiculous . Let neither thy fear be so great , as to make thee lose assurance ; nor thy boldness so sawcy , as to forget respect . That Superiority glisters in all sorts of people , but much more in great men . In an Oratour it is more than one circumstance : It 's essential to a Lawyer ; In an Ambassadour it is a glorious Quality ; and a victorious Attribute in a Commander : but in a Prince it is the Ornament of perfection . It raises the price of all humane actions ; and reaches even the countenance , which is the throne of comeliness ; and the gate also in such a manner , that the steps of a man are the signatures of the character of his heart ; and judicious persons delineate theirs by a noble way of acting and speaking . For sublime actions are of double value , when they are accompanied with majesty . Some are born with an universal power in all that they say and doe . One would say that nature had made them the elder brothers of mankind . They are designed to be Superiours in all things , if not in Dignity , at least in Merit . A spirit of Dominion exerts it self in them , even in their most common actions . All obey them , because in every thing they excell . They rob the hearts , and so at first become the masters of others ; for their capacity is large enough for all things . And though there may be others sometimes that have more learning , nobility , nay , and vrtue ; yet still they get the better on 't by an Ascendant , that gives them the Superiority ; so that if they be not in the right , yet at least they make good their title by possession . MAXIME XLIII . To speak with the Vulgar , but to think with the Wise . To go against the stream , is a thing wherein it is as impossible to succeed , as it is easie to be exposed to danger . Socrates was the onely man that could undertake it . Contradiction passes for an affront , because it is a condemning of the Judgment of another . Malecontents multiply , sometimes because of the thing that is censured ; and sometimes because of the Party that it had . Truth is known but of a very few , and false Opinions go current with the rest of the world . One must not judge of a wise man by what he says , seeing sometimes he speaks at second hand , that 's to say , according to the common voice , though his judgment give the lie to the vulgar errour . A wise man shuns as much to be contradicted , as to contradict . The more his judgment enclines him to censure , the more he has a care not to publish it . Opinion is free ; it neither can nor ought to be forced . The wise man retires within the Sanctuary of his silence , and if sometimes he be communicative , it is but to a few , and those the Wise . MAXIME XLIV . To sympathize with great men . It is the quality of a Heroe to love a Heroe ; it is a secret instinct that nature bestows upon those whom she intends to conduct to Heroism . There is a kindred of hearts and inclinations , and the effects of it are by the vulgar attributed to enchantment . That sympathy rests not at esteem , it proceeds to good will , and at length arrives at affection : it persuades without speaking , and obtains without recommendation . There is an active and a passive , and the more sublime , the more happy they are . The skill lies in knowing , distinguishing , and understanding how to make the best use of them . Without that inclination the rest is good for nothing . MAXIME XLV . To use Reflexion without abusing it . Reflexion ought neither to be affected nor known . Artifice is to be hid , in as much as it is suspicious , and all caution more , because it is odious . If Cheating be in vogue ; double your vigilance , but without making it known , lest that make people distrustfull . Suspicion provokes to revenge , and sets men upon thoughts of doing the hurt , that they never thought on before . Reflexion upon the state of affairs , is a great help in acting . There is not a better proof of a man of sense , than to be reflexive . The greatest perfection of actions depends on the full knowledge with which they have been executed . MAXIME XLVI . To correct ones Antipathy . It is our custome to hate right or wrong , that 's to say , even before we know what he is , whom we hat : and sometimes that vulgar aversion , has the boldness to attack great persons . Prudence ought to keep it under . For nothing discredits us more , than to hate those who deserve to be beloved . As it is noble to sympathize with Heroes , so is it disgracefull to have antipathy against them . MAXIME XLVII . To shun Engagements Is one of the chief Maximes of Prudence . In large places there is always great distance from one end to the other . It is the same in great affairs . We must jog on a good way before we come to see the end of them . And therefore the wise engage not willingly therein . They come to a rupture as late as possibly they can , seeing it is easier to wave the occasion , than to get off , if engaged with honour . There are temptations of judgment , which it is safer to avoid , than to overcome . One Engagement draws a greater after it , and commonly there is a precipice hard by . Some men naturally , and sometimes through a national fault , meddle in every thing , and engage inconsiderately . But he that takes reason for his Guide , proceeds always with circumspection . He finds greater advantage in not engaging , than in overcoming : and though some rash blockhead may be ready to begin , yet he has a care not to make a second . MAXIME XLVIII . The man of a good Stock . The more depth one hath , the more man he is . The inside ought to be worth as much again as what appears outwardly . Some men have no more but a front , just like Houses , which for want of a good foundation , have not been finished . The entry speaks the Palace , and the Cottage the Lodging . These men have nothing that one can fix upon , or rather every thing is fixed with them . For after the first salutation the conversation is at an end . They make their complement of entry , as the Sicilian Horses their Caracols , and then all of a sudden are dumb . For words are soon drained when the Understanding is shallow . It is easie for them to deceive others , who like themselves have nothing but a shew ; but they are fops to men of discerning , who presently discover that they are empty within . MAXIME XLIX . The judicious and penetrating man Masters objects , and is never mastered by them . He presently sounds the bottom of the profoundest depth . He knows very well how to make the Anatomy of mens capacities . Let him but look upon a man , and he 'll dive into the depth of him , and know him throughly . He deciphers all the secrets of the closest heart . He is quick in conceiving , severe in censuring , and judicious in drawing his consequences . He discovers all , observes all , and comprehends all . That and the preceding Maxime have their Commentary in the Authours Discreet , ch . Hombre Juizioso y notante , where thus he speaks . Momus reasoned but very dully , when he would have had a little Window to be made in the heart of Man. It would be of very little use to some men , who look through perspective glasses . A good judgment is the principal key of another man's heart . It is to no purpose for ignorance to retreat into the Sanctuary of silence , and Hypocrisie into a whited Sepulchre , a judicious man discovers all , guesses at all , and penetrates into all . He at first distinguishes appearance from reality . He looks into the inside , and rests not on the vulgar surface . He deciphers the intentions and ends ; for the key of Criticizing is in his possession . Seldom hath deceit , and far less ignorance bragg'd of being too hard for him . That pre-eminence hath rendred Tacitus so famous in the particular , and Seneca so esteemed in the common . There is no quality more opposite to vulgar ignorance than this : it is sufficient alone to gain a man the reputation of discreet . The vulgar hath always been malitious , but never judicious : And though it says any thing , yet it understands not every thing . It seldom distinguishes truth from probability . Seeing it never bites but the bark , it swallows down all , without nauseating a lie . And about two pages after . A yea from those judges of merit and capacity , is worth more than all the acclamations of a people . And it was not without ground , that Plato called Aristotle his whole School ; and Antigonus the Philosopher Zeno , the whole sum of his Renown . But it is to be observed that there is great difference betwixt censure and backbiting For the one is grounded upon indifference , and the other upon malice . Our Aphorism enjoins not a discreet man to be satyrical , but to be intelligent : it prescribes not the condemning of every thing , which would be an insupportable extravagance of mind ; but far less the approving all things , which is the silliest piece of Pedantry . MAXIME L. Never to lose the respect which is due to ones self . One ought to be such , as to have no cause of blushing in private . His own Conscience ought to be a sufficient rule of his Actions . A good man is more obliged to his own severity , than to all Precepts . He refrains to doe what is indifferent , for fear of wounding his own modesty , rather than offending against the Authority of his Superiours . When one stands in awe of himself , he stands in no need of Seneca's imaginary Tutor . MAXIME LI. The man of a good choice . A good choice supposes a good discerning and good sense . Wit and Study are not sufficient to make a happy life . There is no perfection , where there is nothing to be chosen . To be able to chuse , and to chuse well , are the two advantages of a good discerning . Many who have a pregnant and fertile wit , a strong judgment , and much knowledge acquired by study , are at a loss when they are to make a choice : it is fatal to them to hit upon the worst , and one would say , that they loved to deceive themselves . It is then one of the greatest gifts of Heaven , to be a man of a good choice . MAXIME LII . Never to be disordered . It is a great point always to be master of ones self . A man thereby becomes excellent , and has the heart of a King , seeing it is very difficult to shake a great Soul. Passions are the Elementary humours of the mind : so soon as these humours exceed , the mind becomes sick ; and if the distemper rise to the mouth , Reputation is much in danger . One ought therefore so to get the mastery over himself , that he may never be accused of transport , neither in the height of prosperity , nor in the worst of adversity ; but on the contrary make himself be admired as invincible . MAXIME LIII . Diligent and intelligent . Diligence executes speedily what intelligence projects slowly . Precipitancy is the passion of fools , who not being able to discover the danger , act at hap-hazard . On the contrary , the wise trespass in slowness , the common effect of reflexion . Sometimes delay makes a well concerted enterprise to miscarry . Speedy execution is the mother of good Fortune . He hath done much , who hath left nothing to be done till to morrow . It 's a saying worthy of Augustus : Festina lentè , make haste slowly . MAXIME LIV. To be a man of metal . When the Lion is dead , the Beasts are not afraid . Brave men are not to be jeasted with . If one resist not the first time , he 'll far less resist the second , and it grows still worse and worse . For the same difficulty that in the beginning might have been surmounted , is greater in the end . The vigour of mind surpasses that of the body , it must always be in a readiness , as well as the Sword , to be made use of when occasion serves . By that means we gain respect . Many men have had eminent qualities , who for want of a good heart , have been looked upon as dead , seeing they have been buried alive in the obscurity of contempt . It is not without reason that Nature hath given Bees both honey and a sting , and the body of man also both nerves and bones . The mind then , must also have some mixture of sweetness and resolution . MAXIME LV. The man that can wait with patience . Never to be too forward nor passionate , is the sign of a free and unconfined heart . He that is master of himself , will soon be of others . We must traverse the large carriere of time , before we come to the centre of occasion . A rational temporizing ripens secrets and resolutions . The crutch of time does more business than the Club of Hercules . God himself when he punishes us , makes not use of the rod , but of the season . It was a good saying of Philip the second of Spain : Time and I are good enough for other two . Nay , Fortune rewards with interest those who have the patience to wait for her . The Authour in the third Chapter of his Discreet , having given an allegorical description of the triumphant Chariot of Expectation , drawn by Remora's , and of her Throne made of the shell of a Tortoise ; and having told , how that Chariot was on a day attacked by a Squadron of Monsters , which were blind passion , undiscreet engagement , imprudent haste , fool-hardiness , inconsideration , precipitation and confusion : Expectation , says he , knowing the greatness of the danger , commanded Retention to make hault ; and Dissimulation to amuse the Enemies , whilst she should consult what was best to be done . The wise Bias , chief Servant to that great Mistress of her self , advised her to imitate Jupiter , whose Thunderbolts would have already been all spent , if he had not had patience . Louis XI . King of France , was of the Opinion that she should dissemble as he had done , who never taught his Son any other Grammar , nor other Politicks . Don John II. King of Aragon , represented to her , that till then the Spanish delaying had wrought more than the French haste . The great Augustus recommended above all things , and instead of all , his Festina Lenté . The Catholick King Don Ferdinand , as a Prince of Politicks , wherein expectation is well versed , spake more largely . One must , said he , be master of ones self , and then he 'll quickly be of others . Temporizing seasons resolutions , and ripens secrets : whereas precipitation always begets untimely births that never attain to the life of immortality . One must think leisurely , and execute speedily . All diligence that is not directed by staidness runs great risk . Things escape from it , as easily as they fall in its way : and sometimes the resounding of the fall is the first signal of their being laid hold on . Expectation is the fruit of great hearts ; and abounds in good successes . Men of little courage can neither keep time nor secrets . And then he concludes with that Catalan Oracle : God makes not use of the rod but of the season . MAXIME LVI . To find out good expedients . Is the effect of a happy quickness which is no more puzled at any thing , than as if nothing happened fortuitously : Some after long plodding , are still mistaken in every thing ; and others hit upon expedients for all things , without thinking on them before . There are characters of Antiperistasis , that never succeed better than in a plunge . These are Prodigies that doe every thing well upon the spot , and all things ill which they have premeditated . What they hit not upon at first , they never hit upon . Such people have great Reputation , because by the quickness of their thoughts , and the success of their enterprises , men judge their capacity to be Prodigious . Promptitude , saith the Authour , in his Discreet , Chap. Tener buevos repentes , is the Mother of good Fortune . Unpremeditated hits proceed always from a high-flown mind . And some lines after . If esteem be due to all that is pertinently done or said , a pat expedient found out at the nick , deserves applause . Readiness and success give a double value to things . Some think much , and nevertheless still fail ; and others succeed in all things , without thinking on them before . The quickness of wit supplies the defect of a deep judgment . What offers at first anticipates consultation . There is nothing casual for such men , inasmuch as the presence of mind stands them in stead of forecast . Extemporaries are the gentile feats of a good discerning , and the loadstone of admiration . Ordinary actions unpremeditated , make a greater shew than high designs that have been concerted . And a page after . One single extemporary hit was enough to procure Solomon the renown of being the wisest of men . By one word he rendred himself more redoubtable , than by all his power . Alexander and Caesar deserved to be the elder Sons of Fame , the one by bethinking himself to cut the Gordian Knot ; and the other by saying when he fell , It is a good sign that Africa is under me . Two Extemporaries were as good to both , as the Conquest of two parts of the world . That essay gave a specimen , if they were capable of ruling the Universe . If a sudden repartee hath always been plausible , a prompt resolution deserves well to be applauded . A happy promptitude in the effects , shews an eminent activity in the cause . Promptitude in conceiving , is a sign of subtilty , and a readiness in finding out good expedients , is a proof of Wisedom so much the more to be esteemed , that there is a great distance betwixt vivacity and prudence , and betwixt wit and judgment . It is a perfection no less necessary than sublime in Generals of Armies , and brave men , inasmuch as their actions and executions are for most part all sudden and transitory , by reason of the many fortuitous cases that have neither been foreseen , nor consulted ; and so must be ordered according as occasion offers : wherein consists the triumph of their presence of mind , and by consequent the whole assurance of their Victories . But it becomes Kings better to think , because all their actions are eternal . They are to consider for many , and consequently have need of much Auxiliary Prudence , that they may secure the publick repose . They have time , and their Beds , where they let their resolutions ripen . They spend whole nights in thinking , that they may spend the days in safety . In a word , they labour more with the head than with the hands . And in the third Chapter of a Heroe . He thus speaks . The sayings of Alexander are the Flamboes of his deeds . Caesar was equally prompt in thinking and in acting . The promptitude of the mind is as happy as that of the will is dangerous . It furnishes wings for soaring to the height of grandeur . With these wings many have raised themselves from the centre of obscurity to the orb of the Sun. If subtilty reign not , it deserves , at least to accompany those who reign . The ordinary sayings of a King are Crowned points of Wit. The treasures of Princes often fail ; but their witty sayings are everlastingly preserved in the repository of Fame . Brave men have gone farther sometimes with one word , than with the force of their Arms , Victory being the ordinary reward of a shot of wit. The King of Sages , and the wisest of Kings , acquired that reputation by the ready expedient , which he found out in the greatest of all differences , which was to plead for an Infant . And this shews that wit is usefull to give credit to Justice . MAXIME LVII . The surest men are men of Reflexion . What is well , comes always in good time . What is incontinently done , is as soon undone . That which is to last to eternity , ought to be an eternity a making . Perfection is the onely thing that is minded , and nothing lasts but what is perfect . All that proceeds from a profound Understanding , endures for ever . What is worth much costs much . The most pretious Metal is the latest in coming to perfection , and the heaviest . Soon enough , if well enough , said a Wise Man. We examine not how long one has been a doing of a work , but if it be well done . That onely makes it valuable . Fast and slow , are accidents which are unknown or forgotten : whereas Well is permanent . What is done in a trice , will be undone all of a sudden . It soon ends , because it was soon finished . The more the Children of Saturn come before the time , the faster he devours them . That which is to last for eternity , ought to be an eternity in coming . Gratian in his Discreet , Chap. Tener buevos repentes . Apelles said to a Painter , who bragg'd that he spent but little time in making his Pictures : That is easily believed , because it is seen . The famous Michael Angelo , who was very long about his Works , said , that in arts haste was good for nothing , and that as Nature takes much time in forming Animals , that are to last long : so Art that strives to imitate Nature , ought to work leisurely , it being impossible for man to doe any thing that is excellent in haste . MAXIME LVIII . To shape ones self according to people . One must not strive to shew his parts alike with all people , nor employ greater force than the occasion requires . There must be no profusion neither of knowledge nor power . The skilfull Fowler throws no more meat to the Birds than what is necessary to catch them . Have a special care not to make ostentation of every thing , for you 'll soon come to want admirers . Some new thing is to be kept in store , that we may appear with to morrow : every day a fresh proof , is the way still to keep in credit , and to be the more admired , that so one never shews the bounds of his capacity . MAXIME LIX . The man that makes himself to be desired and regretted . If a man enter the house of Fortune by the gate of pleasure , he comes out commonly by the door of vexation . It is greater art to get out happily , than to enter it with popular applause . It is the ordinary lot of fortunate people to have most favourable beginnings , and then a tragical end . Felicity consists not in having the applause of the people at ones entry : for that is an advantage which all that enter have . The difficult matter is to have the same applause at ones exit . You see but very few who are regrated . It seldom happens that they who go out , are accompanied with good fortune . For it is her pleasure to be as surly to those that go , as she is civil and caressing to those who come . The same applause , says he in his Discreet , Chap. Hombre de buen dexo , that one hath had in the beginning , makes the murmuring the greater at the end . The fronts of Offices are all magnificent , but never the back parts , entries into Dignities are Crowned like Victories , but the goings off are attended with curses . What strange applauses to an Authority that begins , whether because of the pleasure that people take in changes , or of the hopes that every one hath to obtain particular favours ! but when it expires , alas , what silence ! nay , and silence would stand in stead of a favourable acclamation too . Prudence applies it self wholly to end things well . It is far more attentive how to come out , than in listening to the applauses of an entry . A vigilant Palinurus governed not his Vessel by the head , but by the stern . There he keeps himself , that he may conduct her through the voyage of this life : all the disgrace , ( and as he says in the beginning of that Chapter ) all the race of misfortune remains for the end , as all the bitterness is at the ground of the potion . The precept of that Roman for beginning and ending was excellent , who said that he had obtained all Dignities before he desired them , and had left them all , before they were desired by others . Misfortune is sometimes the punishment of immoderation . It is the comfort of the Wise , that they have retired before Fortune withdrew . Heaven it self hath employed that remedy in favours of some Heroes . Moses disappeared , and Elias was taken up , that so they might end in triumph . MAXIME LX. Good sense . Some are born Prudent , by a natural inclination they enter into the way of wisedom , and they are got almost half way at first . Their reason ripens with age and experience , and at length they attain to the highest degree of judgment . They startle at capriciousness , as a temptation of their prudence , but especially in matters of State ; which by reason of their extreme importance , require the strictest circumspection . Such men deserve to sit at the helm of Government , or at least to be Counsellers to those who hold it . MAXIME LXI . To excell in the excellent Is a thing very singular in the plurality of perfections . There can be no Heroe without some extreme sublimity . Mediocrity is not an object big enough for applause . Eminence in a high employment distinguishes from the vulgar , and raises one to the category of rare men . To be eminent in a low profession , is to be great in little , and something in nothing . What is most delectable is least sublime . Eminence in high matters is as a character of Sovereignty , which excites admiration , and conciliates good will. MAXIME LXII . To make use of good Instruments . Some make the quaintness of their wit to consist in employing bad instruments . A dangerous point of honour , and worthy of an unhappy issue . The excellence of the Minister hath never lessened the glory of the Master : on the contrary , all the honour of the success rebounds upon the principal cause ; and in like manner all the blame . Fame sounds always the praises of the first Authours . It never says : That Man hath had good or bad Servants ; but , That he hath been a good or bad Workman . One must therefore endeavour to chuse his Ministers well , since on them depends the immortality of Reputation . MAXIME LXIII . The excellence of Primacy . If Primacy be backed by Eminence , it is on a double account excellent . It is a great advantage to have the hand at play , for that gives the better on 't , if the Cards be equal . Several had been the Phoenix of their Profession , if others had not gone before them . The first have the birth-right in the inheritance of reputation , and there remains but a scanty portion of the Juniors , nay and that too contested . It 's to no purpose for those to fret , they cannot baffle the opinion which the world hath , that they doe no more but imitate . Great spirits have always affected a new way for attaining to excellence : yet so , that Prudence hath always been employed for their guide . The Wise by the novelty of their enterprises get themselves to be listed in the Catalogue of Heroes . Some had rather be the Captains of the second form , than the seconds of the first . MAXIME LXIV . To vex as little as may be . Is a most usefull Science . It 's as the Midwife to all the happiness of life . It is good for nothing either to give or receive bad tidings . We are onely to give entry to those that asswage trouble . There are some who employ their Ear onely in hearing flatteries ; others please themselves to listen to false reports ; and some cannot live so much as one day without some vexation , no more than Mithridates could without poison . Nay , it is a far greater absurdity for one to be willing to disturb himself as long as he lives , that he may once give satisfaction to another , how closely soever he may be linked to him . We must never offend against our selves , to comply with him , who advises , and keeps off at a distance . It is therefore a rational and usefull lesson , that as often as it is put to thy option to please another or displease thy self , thou'lt doe better to let another be discontented , than to become so thy self , and that without remedy . MAXIME LXV . The quaint and critical Judgment . The judgment is cultivated as well as the wit. The excellence of understanding refines the desire , and then the pleasure of enjoyment . The extent of the capacity is measured by the niceness of the judgment . A great capacity stands in need of a great object to give it content , as a large stomach requires proportionable food , so high minds demand elevated matters . The noblest objects are afraid of a delicate judgment , perfections that are generally esteemed , dare not hope to please it . Seeing there is but very little without defect , one ought to be very sparing of esteem . Judgments are formed in conversation , and we make another man's judgment our own by frequenting his company . It is then a great happiness to have commerce with persons of an excellent judgment . Yet we must not make profession of esteeming nothing at all . For that is an extreme folly , and an affectation more odious than a depraved palate . Some would have God to make another world , and other beauties to satisfie their extravagant and whimsical fancies . MAXIME LXVI . To take good measures before one undertakes . Some eye the project more than the event : and nevertheless direction is not a sufficient surety to save one from the dishonour that attends an unfortunate issue . The Conquerour has no account to give . There are but a few who are capable to examine the reasons and circumstances , but every one judges by the event . And therefore a successfull man never loses his reputation . A happy end crowns all , though wrong means may have been used for attaining to it . For it is art to go contrary to art , when otherwise one cannot compass what he intends . MAXIME LXVII . To prefer plausible Employments . Most things depend upon the satisfaction of others . Esteem is to perfections , what the Zephyres are to flowers ; that is to say , nourishment and life . There are some employments generally applauded , and others , which though they be high , yet are not courted . The former gain the good will of all , because they are managed in sight of all people . The other are more majestuous , and as such , attract more veneration : but because they are undiscernable , they are the less applauded to . Amongst Princes , the victorious are the more celebrated : and hence it is that the Kings of Aragon have been so famous , by their titles of Warriours , Conquerours , Magnanimous . Let a man of merit , if he would eternise his memory by general applause , chuse then such employments , wherein every one hath some knowledge , and all have a share . Some , says the Authour in the eighth Chapter of his Heroe , prefer difficult employments before others that are more plausible , the admiration of some choice men being more charming to them , than the applause of a great many in the crowd . They call plausible enterprizes the miracles of the ignorant . The truth is , few men know the difficulty and excellence of a great undertaking ; but seeing these are sublime spirits , for all they are so few , they fail not to put them in vogue . What is plausible is easily known , it familiarizes it self to the senses ; but then the applause it receives , is so much the more vulgar , that it is universal . The daintiness of the small number carries it over the multitude of the vulgar . Nevertheless , it is the character of a fine wit , to bribe common attention by the charm of plausibility : since eminence dazling the Eyes of all , settles Reputation by common consent . We must esteem what most esteem . The excellence of plausible actions is conspicuous : whereas those which are above the ordinary reach , are never so evident , but that they are still very metaphysical , being no ways illustrious but by the Idea's that men conceive of them . I call that plausible which is acted in view , and to the satisfaction of all people , and hath always reputation for a basis . Whereby I exclude some employments that are as void of credit , as they are full of ostentation . A Comedian is rich in applauses , but poor in esteem . In the functions of the mind the plausible hath ever had the honour . A polite and smooth running discourse tickles the ears , and charms the understanding : on the contrary , a dry , bombast , metaphysical expression offends or cloys the hearers . And in his Discreet , Chap. Hombre de buena election : There are , saith he , employments , the chief exercise whereof consists in chusing , and which depend more upon others , than upon the practiser : as are all such whose end is to teach and please . Let the Oratour then prefer plausible arguments . The Historian mingle the pleasant with the usefull : and the Philosopher the specious with the sententious . Let them all study to fit the universal relish of others ; which is the true method of chusing . For it is the same as in a Feast , where the Dishes are not drest for the palate of the Cooks , but of the Guests . What signifies it , that the matters exceedingly please the Oratour , if they be not relished by the hearers , for whom they are prepared ? — Nam coenae fercula nostrae , Malim convivis , quam placuisse cocis . Saith Martial . MAXIME LXVIII . To inform , is far better than to put in mind . Sometimes we are to rememorate , sometimes advise . There are many who fail to doe things which would be excellent , because they thought not of them . Then it is that a good advice is in season , to make them conceive what is important to be done . It is one of the greatest Talents of a man to have a present mind to think on what he hath to doe , for want whereof many affairs miscarry . He then that comprehends , is to carry the light ; and he that needs to be lighted , ought to make application to the other . The first ought to be sparing , and the other diligent . It 's enough for the former to clear the way for the latter . This is a very important maxime , and profitable for him that instructs : and in case his first lesson be not sufficient , he ought with pleasure to proceed . Having once conquered the Nay , he must dextrously catch hold of a Yea. For it often happens , that nothing is obtained , because nothing attempted . MAXIME LXIX . Not to be of the humour of the vulgar . He is a great man that gives no admission to popular impressions . It is a lesson of Prudence to reflect upon ones self , to know ones own inclination , to prevent it , and even to goe to the other extremity , that one may find the poise of reason betwixt nature and art . The knowledge of ones self is the beginning of amendment . There are some Monsters of impertinence , who are now of one humour , and by and by of another ; and change their opinions as their humours . They engage in quite contrary affairs , being always hurried away by the impetuosity of that civil torrent , which not onely corrupts the will , but also the knowledge and judgment . A great Capacity ( saith the Authour in the Chapter , No rendirse al humor of his Discreet ) is never carried with the flux and reflux neither of humours , nor of passions . It is always above that clownish immoderation . Many shamefully suffer themselves to be tyrannized over by the predominant humour . They maintain to day what they contradicted yesterday . Sometime they stand for reason , and sometimes they trample it under foot . There is no rest for their judgements , which is the height of extravagance . You cannot take them in a good sense , because they have none . Yesterday and to day they differ as much as black and white : and then having been the first to contradict themselves , they contradict all others . When once we understand their depraved mind , it is best to let them alone in their own confusion . For the more they doe , the more they undoe . It is the sign of a rich stock of sense , to know how to prevent and correct ones humour , since it is a disease of mind , wherein a wise man ought to govern himself as in a distemper of body . There are such far gone impertinents , that they are always in some humour ; always galled with some passion ; insupportable to those who have to doe with them , perpetual Enemies of conversation and civility , who have no relish of the best things ; more incurable than stark fools . For with a little compliance these are wheedled , and those grow worse by it . There is nothing to be got of them by reason , for having none themselves , they 'll receive none from others . But if a man sometimes fall into a passion , and that but rarely , and for a great cause , that will be no ground to accuse him of a vulgar humour . For never to be angry , is to be always a Beast . But a constant bad humour , and towards all people , is insupportable Clownishness . Anger , which makes the slave , may still be a sawce for a free state . But he that is not capable of knowing himself , will be still less of correcting himself . MAXIME LXX . To know how to refuse . All is not to be granted , nor to all . To know how to refuse , is as important as to know how to bestow ; and it is a very necessary qualification in those who command . All consists in the manner . A Nay of some is better received than a Yea of others , because a Nay seasoned with civility , gives greater content than a Yea with bad grace . There are some who have always a Nay in their mouth . No , is always their first answer , and though they chance afterwards to grant all that 's desired , they have no thanks for it , because of the unsavoury No that went before . We must not refuse point blanck , but make our denial be taken down by little sips , if I may say so . Nor must we refuse all things neither , lest we put people into despair : but on the contrary , leave always a remnant of hope to sweeten the bitterness of the denial . Let Courtesie fill up the vacuity of favour , and good words supply the defect of good deeds . Yea and No are soon said , but before we say them , we should think on them long first . MAXIME LXXI . Not to be unequal , and irregular in ones proceeding . A prudent man never falls into that fault neither through humour nor affectation . He is still the same in relation to that which is perfect ; which is the mark of a sound judgment . If sometimes he change , it is because the countenance of occasions and affairs is changed . All inequality mis-becomes Prudence . There are some who dayly differ from themselves . Their understanding is even journal , and much more their will and conduct . What was yesterday their pleasant Yea , is to day their unpleasant No. They always falsifie their proceeding , and the opinion that men have of them , because they are never themselves . MAXIME LXXII . The man of resolution . Irresolution is worse than bad execution . Waters corrupt not so long as they run , but when they are standing . There are some men so irresolute , that they never doe any thing but when they are pusht on to it by others : and that sometimes proceeds not so much from the puzle of their judgment , which is often quick and subtile , as from a natural laziness . It is a sign of a great mind to raise to it self difficulties , but of a greater to know how to clear them . There are also men who are puzled at nothing , and these are born for great employments , inasmuch as the quickness of their conception , and steadiness of their judgment , facilitate to them the understanding and dispatch of affairs . Whatever falls into their hands is as good as done . One of that character having given the Law to one whole world , had time enough over and above to think of another . Such men undertake with assurance , under the protection of their good fortune . MAXIME LXXIII . To find out Evasions Is the knack of men of wit. With a touch of gallantry they extricate themselves out of the greatest labyrinth . A gracefull smile will make them avoid the most dangerous quarrel . The greatest of Captains founded all his Reputation upon that . A word of a double meaning agreeably palliates a negative . There is nothing better , than never to be too well understood . MAXIME LXXIII . Not to be inaccessible . The true wild Beasts are where most people are . A difficult access is the vice of those whose manners honour hath changed . To begin by rejecting of others , is not the way to get credit . How pleasant is it to see one of those untractable monsters strut it in the garb of haughtiness ! They , who are so unhappy as to have business with them , goe to their Audience , as if they were going to fight with Tigers , that 's to say , armed as much with fear as circumspection . To mount up to that post they cringed to all people ; but so soon as they are in it , it seems they would take their revenge by huffing every body . Their employment requires that they should be free to all men : but their pride and surly humour makes them accessible to no man. So that the true way to be revenged on them , is to let them alone by themselves , to the end , that wanting all conversation , they may never become wise . MAXIME LXXV . To propose to ones self some Heroe , not so much to be imitated , as to be surpassed . There are models of grandeur , and living books of reputation . Let every one propose to themselves those who have excelled in their Profession , not so much to follow as to outstrip them . Alexander wept , not that he saw Achilles in the Tomb , but to see himself so little known in the world , in comparison of Achilles . Nothing inspires more Ambition than the fame of another's Reputation . That which stisles envy , gives breath to courage . MAXIME LXXVI . Not to be always in the jocose humour . Prudence appears in seriousness ; and the serious are more esteemed than the jocose . He that drolls always , is never a thorough-pac'd man. We use these men , as we do liars , not believing what one nor the other says , jeasting being no less suspected than lying . It is never known when they speak with judgment , which is the same as if they had none at all . There is nothing more unpleasant than a continual pleasantness . By endeavouring to purchase the Reputation of being pleasant , one loses the advantage of being thought wise . Some minutes are to be allowed to mirth , and the rest to seriousness . MAXIME LXXVII . To be company for all sorts of men . He is a wise Proteus that is holy with the holy , learned with the learned , serious with the serious , and jovial with the merry . That is the way to gain all hearts , similitude being the bond of good will. To discern tempers , and by a politick transformation to suit the humour and character of every one , is a secret absolutely necessary for those who depend on others . But that requires a great stock . A man who is universal in knowledge and experience , has less trouble in doing it . MAXIME LXXVIII . The art of undertaking to purpose . Folly enters always at random : for all fools are bold . The same ignorance which hinders them at first from considering what is necessary , hides from them afterwards the knowledge of the faults which they commit . But Wisedom enters with great circumspection . Her Fore-runners are reflexion and discretion , that scour the roade for her , that so she may advance without any danger . Discretion condemns all kinds of temerity to a precipice , though good fortune sometime justify them . One ought to go step by step where he suspects there is any depth . It is the part of judgment to try , and of Prudence to pursue . There are at present great shelves in the commerce of the world . We ought therefore to have a care of our soundings . MAXIME LXXIX . The jovial humour Is rather an accomplishment than a defect , when there is no excess in it . A grain of mirth seasons all . The greatest men , as well as others play their frolicks , for conciliating the good will of every body : but with this difference that they always retain the preference for wisedom , and respect to decency . Others come off when they are gone too far by a spell of good humour . For some things are to be taken laughing , and the very same sometimes that others take in good earnest . Such a humour is the loadstone of hearts . MAXIME LXXX . To be carefull to be informed . The life of man is almost wholly spent in taking information . What we see is the least essential . We live upon the credit of others . The ear is the second door to truth , and the first to lies . Commonly truth is seen , but it is extraordinary to hear it . It seldom comes pure to our ears , especially when it come from a far . For then it takes some tincture of the passions that it meets by the way . It pleases or displeases , according to the colours that passion or interest give it , which aim always at prepossessing . Have a care of him that praises ; but much more of him that blames . There it is that one hath need of a sharp sight , to discover the intention of him that makes his pass , and to know before hand where he has a mind to hit . Make use of reflexion in discerning the slight or counterfeit from the good stuff . MAXIME LXXXI . To revive ones Reputation from time to time Is the privilege of the Phoenix . Excellence is subject to grow old , and with it in like manner fame . Custome lessens admiration . An ordinary novelty commonly carries it from the highest excellence , that begins to grow old . One had need then to revive in valour , wit , fortune , in all things , and to shew always new beauties , as the Sun doth , which so often changes Horizons and Theatres , that so privation may make him desirable when he sets ; and novelty admirable , when he rises . MAXIME LXXXII . Not to pry too much neither into good nor evil . A wise man comprehended all his wisedom in this Precept , ne quid nimis , nothing too much . Too strict a justice degenerates into injustice . The Orange that is too much squeezed , yields a bitter juice . Nay in enjoyment , we ought never to go to either of the two extremes . Wit it self is exhausted by too much straining . By endeavouring to draw down too much milk , bloud is often fetched . MAXIME LXXXIII . To commit some small faults on design . A little negligence sometimes sets off good qualities . Envy hath its Ostracism , and that Ostracism is the more in fashion . That it is unjust . It accuses that which is perfect of the fault of being without a fault : and the perfecter the thing is , the more it condemns it . It is an Argus in discovering faults in that which is most excellent , and perhaps out of spight of coming short of it . Censure is like the Thunderbolt that commonly falls upon the highest Mountains . It is convenient then to sleep sometimes , as the good Homer did , and to affect certain failings whether in wit or courage , ( but without annoying reason ) to appease ill will , and to hinder the imposture of bad humour from breaking . That is the throwing of ones cloak before the Eyes of Envy , to save reputation for ever after . MAXIME LXXXIV . To know how to draw advantage from Enemies . All things are to be taken , not by the blade , which may hurt ; but by the handle , which is the way for defence . And upon better reason envy . The wise man draws more advantage from his Enemies , than the fool does from his Friends . The envious are as a spur to the wise man to make him surmount a thousand difficulties : whereas flatterers many times divert him . Many owe their fortune to their enviers . Flattery is more cruel than hatred , in as much as it palliates the faults , which the other makes us remedy . The wise man makes the hatred of his Enviers his looking-glass , wherein he sees himself far better than in that of kindness . That looking-glass shews him the faults which he corrects , and thereby prevents backbiting . For men keep upon their close guard , when they have rivals , or Enemies for Neighbours . MAXIME LXXXV . Not to be lavish of ones self . It is the misfortune of all that is excellent to degenerate into abuse ; when it is too much made use of . What all men passionately covet , comes at length to displease all men . It 's a great unhappiness to be good at nothing ; as also to desire to be good at every thing . These always lose , through a desire of gaining too much ; and at long run they are as much hated , as they were favoured before . All perfections are obnoxious to this lot : so soon as they lose the reputation of being rare , they get that of being common . The onely remedy for every thing that excells , is to be moderate in shew . The excess ought to be in the perfection , and the mean in the manner of shewing it . The more light a Torch gives , the shorter while it lasts . What is cut off from appearance and ostentation , is fully made up in esteem . MAXIME LXXXVI . To arm against Calumny . The vulgar hath many Heads and Tongues , and by consequent more eyes also . Let a bad rumour slip amongst these Tongues , that alone is enough to blemish the highest Reputation : and if that rumour turn into a nick-name , farewell all the esteem that a man hath acquired . These scoffs hit commonly upon certain obvious defects , which , if they be singular , furnish ample matter of derision . And as there are imperfections which private envy exposes to the eyes of publick malice : there are also sharp edged Tongues , which with a word blurted in the air , destroy more suddenly a great Reputation , than others do with all their impudence . It is very easie to have an ill name , because evil is soon believed , and sinistrous impressions are very difficult to be obliterated . A wise man therefore ought to be upon his Guard. For it is easier to prevent Calumny , than to remedy it . MAXIME LXXXVII . To cultivate and embellish . Man is born barbarous . He is ransomed from the condition of Beasts , onely by being cultivated . The more he is cultivated , the more he becomes man. In respect of Education , Greece had reason to call all the rest of the world barbarous . There is nothing so rude as ignorance ; nor nothing that polishes more than knowledge . But ( knowledge it self is rude , if it be without art . It is not enough that the understanding is cleared , the will must also be regulated , and the manner of conversing more . ) There are some men naturally polished , whether as to conceiving , or speaking ; as to the advantages of the body , which are but as the bark ; or of the mind , which are the fruit . There are others again so clownish , that all their actions , and sometimes even the rich Talents which they have , are disfigured by the ruggedness of their humour . MAXIME LXXXIII . To study to have a gentile Carriage in Actions . A great man ought never to be punctilious in his proceedings . One must never nibble too much at things , especially at those which are not agreeable . For though it be usefull to observe every thing by the bye , yet it is not so to dive into them purposely . We ought commonly to cary with a gentile indifference , which makes a part of Gallantry . To dissemble is the chief means to govern . It is good to pass by a great many things that occur in the commerce of life , but particularly amongst Enemies . The too much is always irksome , and in humour it is unsupportable . It is a kind of madness to hunt after vexations . And ordinarily such is the way of carriage , as the humour is in which one acts . Our actions take the character of the humour we are in when we doe them . MAXIME LXXXIX . Exactly to know ones Genius , Mind , Heart and Passions . One cannot be master of himself , unless he know himself to the bottom . There are looking-glasses for the face , but none for the mind . That then must be supplied by a serious reflexion upon ones self . When the external image is gone , let the internal retain and correct it . Measure thy strength and skill before thou undertake any thing . Know thy activity that thou mayst engage , fathom thy depth , and examine how far thy capacity may reach in all things . MAXIME XC . The way to live long Is to live well . There are two things which shorten the life , solly and wickedness . Some have lost it , because they knew not how to keep it ; others because they would not . As vertue is its own reward , so is vice it s own executioner . Whoever lives fast in vice , dies soon , and that two ways : whereas they who live fast in vertue never die . The integrity of mind is communicated to the body : and a good life is always long , not onely in the intension , but in the extension also . MAXIME XCI . To act without fear of failing . The fear of not succeeding , discovers the weakness of him that acts to his Rival . If , even in the heat of passion , the mind is in suspense , so soon as that first flash is over , he will upbraid himself with his own imprudence . All actions that are done with doubting are dangerous , it were better to let them alone . Prudence is not satisfied with probabilities , it goes always on sure grounds . How can that enterprise succeed which fear damns , so soon as the mind hath conceived it ? And if a resolution that hath been unanimously taken in the council of Reason , hath often a bad issue , what is to be expected from that which hath wavered from the beginning in reason and prognostication . MAXIME XCII . A transcendent Wit in all things Is the principal rule , whether for acting or speaking . The more sublime employments are , the more that Wit is necessary . A grain of Prudence is worth more than a barn full of subtilty . It is a way that leads to infallibility , although it touches not so much upon plausibility . Though the fame of Wisedom be the triumph of Renown , yet it will suffice to content the wise , whose approbation is the touch-stone of enterprizes . MAXIME XCIII . The universal Man. The man who possesses all sorts of perfections , is alone worth a great many others . He renders life happy by communicating to others . Variety joined to perfection is the recreation of life . It is great skill to know how to furnish ones self with all that is good . And since nature hath in man , as in the most excellent of her works , made an abridgment of the whole Universe , Art ought also to make of the mind of man an universe of knowledge and vertue . MAXIME XCIV . An inexhaustible Capacity . Let a man of parts have a special care that no man sound the depth of his knowledge and skill , if he would be reverenced by all . Let him suffer himself to be known , but not to be comprehended . Let no man have that advantage over him as to find out the bounds of his capacity , lest he may come to be undeceived . Let him husband himself so well , that no body may see him entirely . Opinion and doubting procures more veneration to him of whose wit and parts the reach is not known , than when he is fully known to be what he is , let him be never so accomplished and great . The Authour Comments excellently upon this Aphorism in the first Chapter of his Heroe . As no man , says he , dares to cross a River on foot , untill he hath found out the foard , even so a man is reverenced so long as one sees not the bottom of his capacity , inasmuch as an unknown depth , and by consequent presumed to be great , is respected out of fear . If he , who discovers , becomes the master of him that is discovered , as the Proverb saith : he that stands upon his guard is never surprized . Let the address of a witty man way-lay the curiosity of him that attempts to find it out . For it is in the beginnings of an essay that curiosity employs all its cunning . If one cannot be infinite , he ought at least endeavour to appear so . The wise man of Mitilene had reason to say , that the half was more than the whole , seeing one half in shew , and the other in reserve , is better than a whole made manifest . Thou then who aspirest to greatness , and art a candidate of Renown observe well this Precept . Let all men know thee , but no man know thee thoroughly . By that industry thy little will appear great ; thy great more , and thy more infinite . MAXIME XCV . To know how to entertain another's expectation . The way to feed it is always to give it fresh nourishment . Much ought to promise more ; a great action ought to serve for a spur to others greater . All must not be shewn at first time . It 's a piece of skill to know how to measure ones strength according to necessity and time , and dayly to discharge what is dayly expected by the publick . MAXIME XCVI . Conscience . Is the Throne of Reason , and the basis of Prudence . When that is consulted , it is easie not to miscarry . It is a gift of Heaven , and being so important as it is , cannot be too much desired . It is the chief piece of the Armour of Man , and is so necessary to him , that it would be sufficient , though all the rest were wanting . All the actions of life depend upon its influence , and are esteemed good or bad , according as it judges of them , since every thing ought to be done with reason . It consists in a natural inclination , which tends to equity , and takes always the surer side . MAXIME XCVII . To acquire and preserve Reputation , Is to have and to hold Fame . Reputation costs much in the purchase , because it requires for that end eminent qualities , which are as rare as the indifferent are common . Being once purchased , it is easie to preserve it . It animates much , and acts still more . It is a kind of majesty , when it commands veneration , by virtue of the sublimity of its cause and sphere . But that Reputation is the most substantial , which always hath been well supported . MAXIME XCVIII . To dissemble . Passions are the breaches of the mind . The most usefull knowledge is the art to dissemble . He that shews his Game , runs the risque of losing it . Let circumspection combat against Curiosity . Cover thine heart with a hedge of diffidence and reserve , from those who nibble too nicely at words . Let them never know thy disposition , lest they prevent thee either by contradiction or flattery . He who yields to his passions , saith the Authour , Chap. 2. of his Heroe , stoops from the state of a Man , to the condition of a Beast ; whereas he that disguises them , preserves his Credit , at least in appearance . Our passions are the swoonings of our Reputation . He that can make a sacrifice of his will , is Lord over himself . ( To dive into the will of another , is a mark of a sublime wit : to be able to hide ones own , is to get the superiority over another . To discover ones thought , is to open the gate of the fort of the mind . Here it is that politick Enemies give the assault , and most frequently with success too . When once the passions are known , all the avenues and Sally-ports of the will are known , and by consequent it may be commanded upon any occasion . ) A complete man must then in the first place apply himself to the subduing of his passions , and then to the dissembling of them so artfully , that no spie can ever be able to unmask his thought . This Maxime teaches one to become an able man , when he is not ; and so cunningly to hide all his imperfections , that all the sharp-sighted spies of another man's road , lose their way in seeking it . That Catholick Amazon of Sapin , ( he speaks of Queen Isabelle , Wife to Ferdinand ) may serve as a pattern in that art . When she was to be brought to bed , she shut her self up in the darkest and most secret place of her Palace ; that by a veil of darkness she might cover the sower faces and distorted looks that might be forced from her in the agony of her labour , and hinder the shrieks and complainings that might escape her in the extremity of pain , from coming to peoples ears . If she observed so great measures of decency and majesty on such occasions wherein every thing is excusable , how carefull must she have been in those where her Reputation was to be maintained ? MAXIME XCIX . Reality and appearance . Things are not taken for what they are , but for what they appear to be . There is scarcely any one that sees into the inside , most part of men content themselves with shews . It is not enough to have a good intention , if the action look ill . MAXIME C. The Man undeceived . The Christian Sage . The Courtly Philosopher . It is fit to be so , but not to appear to be so , and far less to affect to be thought so . Though to Philosophize be the most worthy exercise of the wise , yet it is now a-days out of fashion . The learning of able men is despised . Seneca having introduced it into Rome , it was sometime in vogue at Court , and at present it passes there for folly . But Prudence and a good mind are not fed with prejudice . MAXIME CI. One part of the World laughs at the other , and both laugh at their common folly . Every thing is good or bad , according to the whimsey of People . That Fool is insupportable , who would have all things go according to his fancy . Perfections depend not upon one single approbation . There are as many Opinions as Faces , and as great difference amongst the one as the other . There is no fault without an adherent , and thou oughtest not to be discouraged , if what thou doest , pleases not some , seeing there will always be others who will value it . But be not proud of the approbation of these , since you will be still exposed to the censure of others . The rule whereby to know what deserves esteem , is the approbation of men of worth , and of such as are acknowledegdly capable of being good judges of the thing . The civil life moves not upon one single opinion , nor upon one single custome . MAXIME CII . A stomach that can well receive the large mouth-fulls of Fortune . A great stomach is not the least part of the body of Prudence . A large capacity hath need of great parts . Prosperities cumber not him who deserves greater . What cloys some raises an appetite in others . There are many who receive prejudice from all juicy food , because they are of a weak Constitution , and are neither born , nor bred up for so high employments . The commerce of the world is bitter to their taste , and the steams of their vain-glory , which mount up to their brain , occasion dangerous giddinesses : high places make their heads to swim , they cannot hold themselves , because their fortune cannot hold within them . Let a man of Brains then shew , that he has still a place left to lodge a greater fortune in : and use all his industry to avoid every thing that may give the least sign of a low courage . MAXIME CIII . Every one is to keep the grandeur that is proper for his state . Let all thy actions proportionably to thy condition , be the actions if not of a King , at least worthy of a King. That 's to say , carry Royally , as much as thy fortune can allow . Let there be grandeur in thine actions , elevation in thy thoughts , to the end , that if thou be not a King in reality , thou mayst be one in merit . ) For true Royalty consists in Vertue . He has no reason to envy the grandeur , who may be the model thereof . But it concerns those chiefly who are upon the Throne , or who approach near to it , to make some provision of true superiority , that 's to say , of the qualities of majesty , rather than to please themselves with the Ceremonies , which vanity and luxury have introduced . They ought to prefer the solidity of substance before the emptiness of Ostentation . ) MAXIME CIV . To examine the nature of businesses . Every employment hath its way , he must be an essay-master that can judge the difference of them . Some employments require valour , others quickness : some demand onely probity , and others again Artifice . The first are more easie , and the others more difficult to be discharged . For performing the first , good natural ability is sufficient , whereas for the others , all application and vigilance is too little . It is a very painfull office to have the government of men , but much more to have the conduct of Fools and Beasts . A double portion of sense is needfull for ordering of those that have none . That is an insupportable employment which requires a man's whole labour , is stinted to hours , and hath always the same thing to doe . Those are much better wherein variety concurs with importance , seeing change delights the mind . But the best of all are such , which are least dependant , or whose dependance is most remote : and that is the worst , which , when we come out of it , obliges us to render an account to rigorous Judges , and especially when it is to God. MAXIME CV . Not to be tedious . A man that hath but one business , or he that hath always the same thing to say , is commonly tedious . Brevity is fitter for negotiation . It gains by delighting what it loses by sparing . What is good , is doubly good , if it be short : and in like manner what is bad , is less so , if there be little of it . ) Spirits operate better than mingled Potions . It is a known truth that a great talker is seldom a man of parts . There are some men that give more trouble than honour to the Universe . They are clouts thrown out into the Streets , which every one kicks out of his way . A discreet man ought to have special care not to be troublesome , especially to men of much business . For it were better to be uneasie to all the rest of the world , than to one of those . What is well said , is said in short . MAXIME CVI. Not to be proud of ones Fortune . Ostentation of Dignity offends more than ostentation of person . To carry high , is to become odious ; it is enough to be envied . The more we hunt after Reputation , the less we find it . Seeing it depends on the judgment of others , no body can give it : and by consequent it must be merited and expected . Great employments require an authority suitable to their Functions , and without that , they cannot be worthily discharged . We ought to preserve all the authority that is necessary for acquitting our selves of the main of our obligations : not to make too much of it , but second it . All who pretend to be overcharged with business , shew themselves to be unworthy of their employments , as loaded with a burthen they are not able to bear . If any man would set himself off , let him doe it rather by a great personal worth , than by a borrowed character . Nay , a King ought to gain himself more veneration by his own worth , than by his Sovereignty , which is but an external thing . MAXIME CVII . Not to appear pleased with ones self . To be dissatisfied with ones self , is weakness , and to be pleased , folly . ) In most men that satisfaction proceeds from ignorance , and ends in a blind felicity , which , indeed , entertains pleasure , but preserves not the Reputation . As it is rare to judge well of the eminent qualities of others , so men applaud to themselves in those they have , how vulgar and ordinary soever they be . Diffidence hath always been usefull to the wise , whether for taking such good measures , that affairs did succeed ; or for comforting themselves when they succeeded not . For he that hath foreseen the evil , is the less troubled at it , when it happens . Sometimes Homer himself is asleep , and Alexander descends from the Throne of his Majesty , and acknowledges his weakness . Affairs depend on many circumstances , and what hath succeeded at one time , hath been unfortunate at another . But it is the incorrigibility of fools , that they turn their vainest thoughts into flowers , and that their weeds are always sprouting . MAXIME CVIII . The shortest way to become a great man , is to be able to chuse his company . Conversation is of great weight . Manners , humours , opinions , nay , and wit , are insensibly communicated . So a hasty man should frequent the company of one that is patient , and every one his contrary . By this means they will without any labour attain to a fit temper . It is no small matter to be able to moderate ones self . The alternate variety of seasons causes the beauty and duration of the Universe . As contrariety makes the harmony of natural things , so the harmony of civil society becomes more lovely by the difference of manners . Prudence ought to make use of this policy in the choice of Friends and Servants , and from that communication of contraries a most delightfull temper will arise . MAXIME CIX . Not to be Reprehensive . There are some rough men that make a crime of every thing , not so much out of passion , as of a natural disposition . In some they condemn all that they have done ; in others all that they would doe : they so exaggerate every thing , that they make of motes , beams in the eye . Their worse than cruel humour , would be enough to turn the Elysian field into a Galley . But if passion mingle with it , their rigour passes all bounds . On the contrary , Candour interprets every thing favourably , if not the intention , at least the inadvertency . MAXIME CX . Not to wait , till one be a setting Sun. It is a Maxime of Prudence to leave things , before they leave us . It is the part of a wise man to make a triumph of his own defeat , in imitation of the Sun , which , though still glorious in light , is accustomed to retire into a Cloud , that he may not be seen to decline ; and by that means leave it in doubt , whether he be set , or not . He ought to draw out of the way of accidents , that he may not pine away with fretting . Let him not stay till fortune turn her back upon him , lest she should bury him alive , in regard of the affliction that it would give him ; and dead in respect of his Reputation . A good Horseman gives his Horse sometimes the Reins , that he may keep him from rearing up , and himself from derision , if he should chance to fall in the middle of the carriere . A beauty ought to prevent her glass by breaking it , before it come to shew her that her charms are fading . See the Maxime 38. MAXIME CXI . To make Friends . To have Friends , is a second being . Every Friend is good to his Friend . Amongst Friends all things are pleasant . A man can be worth no more than what others are pleased to value him at . To encline them then to that , we must seize their mouth by their heart . There is no better charm than good Offices . The best way to have Friends , is to make Friends . All the good we have in this life , depends on others . We are to live with our Friends or Enemies . Every day we ought to gain one , and if we make him not our confident , render him at least well affected . For some of these will become intimates when they are thoroughly known . MAXIME CXII . To gain the Heart . The chief and sovereign cause of all things disdains not to prevent and dispose it , when he hath a mind to work the greatest works . By affection men enter into esteem . Some trust so much to their merit , that they take no care to make themselves be beloved . But the wise man knoweth well , that merit hath a great compass to fetch , when it is not assisted by favour . Good will facilitates all things . It supposes not always that there is wisedom , discretion , goodness , and capacity in the object ; but it gives them . It never sees faults , because it avoids seeing of them . Commonly it springs from a material Correspondence , as being of the same Nation , Countrey , Profession or Family . There is another kind of affection more formal and elevated : for it is founded on obligations , reputation or merit . The difficulty is in gaining it ; for it is easie to preserve it . By our care we may acquire it , and then make good use thereof . MAXIME CXIII . In Prosperity to prepare for Adversity . Summer is the time when we can most commodiously make provisions for Winter . In prosperity men have many Friends , and all things at a cheap rate . It is good to lay up somewhat for bad weather . For there is want of every thing in adversity . Thou 'lt doe well not to neglect thy Friends , a day may come when thou wilt think thy self happy to have some , whom thou carest not for at present . Clownish people never have Friends , neither in prosperity , because they know no body ; nor in adversity , because then no body knows them . MAXIME CXIV . Never to stand in competition . Every pretension that is contested , ruines the credit . Competition never fails to blacken that it may darken . It is a rare thing to play fair play . Emulation discovers faults , which civility concealed before . Many have lived in great esteem so long as they had no Competitours . The heat of contradiction animates or raises to life infamies which were dead : it digs up again the filth , which time had almost consumed . Competition begins with a manifesto of invectives , calling to its assistence all that it can , and ought not . And though sometimes , nay , most times reproaches be arms of no great value , yet it makes use of them for the satisfaction of a base revenge : and it runs upon that so impetuously , that it covers the faults of the Rival with the dust of Oblivion . Good will hath always been peaceable , and Reputation indulgent . MAXIME CXV . To comply with the humours of those with whom one is to live . Men are very well accustomed to look on ugly faces : they may then accustome themselves to bad humours . There are some churlish Spirits , with whom , nor without whom , one cannot live . It is Prudence then to be accustomed to them , as to ugliness , if one would not be surprized , nor frighted on some occasions . At first they terrify , but by little and little we grow acquainted with them , reflexion preventing what is rude in them , or at least helping us to bear with it . MAXIME CXVI . To deal always with men who are carefull of their duty . One may both engage with them , and engage them . Their duty is their best surety , even then when one is at variance with them . For they always act like themselves : and besides , it is better to fight with honest men , than to triumph over the naughty . There is no safety in dealing with wicked men , because they never stand to what is just and reasonable . And therefore there is no true Friendship ever to be found amongst them . How great soever their affection may seem to be , it is always of base allay , because it has not any principle of honour . Avoid always the man that hath none ; for honour is the throne of honesty . Whoever esteems not honour , esteems not vertue . MAXIME CXVII . Never to speak of ones self . To praise ones self is vanity ; to blame , meanness . And what is a defect of wisedom in him that speaks , is a trouble to those that hear him . If that be to be shunned in familiar or domestick conversation , it is more to be avoided in publick , when one speaks and holds some great post , for then the least folly passes for down-right simplicity . It is the same errour in Prudence to speak of those who are present . For there is danger of splitting upon one of two rocks , either of flattery or censure . MAXIME CXVIII . To affect the name of being obliging . There needs no more but that , to become plausible . Civility is a chief part of the knowledge how to live , it is a kind of charm that attracts the love of all men : whereas Clownishness makes one hated and despised . For if incivility proceed from pride , it deserves to be hated ; if from brutishness , it is contemptible . Too much does better in civility , than too little . But it ought not to be alike to all ; for then it would degenerate into injustice . It is even a duty , and in use amongst Enemies , which shews the power of it . Whoever honours is honoured . Gallantry and Civility have that advantage , that all the glory of them rests upon their Authours . MAXIME CXIX . Not to affect to be Churlish . We ought never to provoke aversion , it comes fast enough without being sought after . There are a great many people who hate at a venture , and know neither how nor why . Hatred is readier than good will. Humour is more enclined to hurt , than to doe service . Some affect to be at odds with every body , either through a spirit of contradiction , or because they are out of humour . When once hatred has got possession of their heart , it is as hard to root it out again , as to undeceive them . Men of wit are feared ; backbiters are hated ; the presumptuous are despised ; scoffers are abhorred ; and the singular are forsaken of all men . To be esteemed then , we must esteem . He that would make his Fortune , sets a value upon every thing . MAXIME CXX . To comply with the Times . Knowledge it self ought to be according to the mode , and it is no small piece of wit to counterfeit the ignorant , where there is no knowledge . The relish and language change according to times . We must not speak in the old fashion ; the relish must take with the new . The relish of good heads serves for a rule to others in every profession , and by consequent we are to conform to it , and endeavour to improve our selves . Let a prudent man accommodate himself to the present , whether as to body , or mind , though the past may even seem better unto him . In manners onely that rule is not to be observed , seeing vertue is at all times to be practised . It is not known now a-days , what it is to speak truth , to keep ones word . If any doe so , they pass for old-fashioned people . So that no body imitates them , though all love them . Unhappy age , wherein vertue passes for a stranger , and vice for a current mode ! Let a wise man then live as he can , if he cannot as he would . Let him be content with what lot hath given him , as if it were better than what it hath denied him . MAXIME CXXI . Not to make much of nothing . As there are some that perplex themselves about nothing , so there are others who puzle themselves about every thing . They speak always like Ministers of State. They take all things either literally or mystically . Few of those things that occasion trouble , are to be minded : else we shall torment our selves much in vain . It 's to act the clean contrary way , to lay that to heart , which we should throw behind our backs . Many things that were of some consequence , have signified nothing at all , because men troubled not themselves about them ; and others which signified nothing , have become matters of importance , because of the value that was put upon them . In the beginning , it is easie to master all ; but not so afterwards . Most commonly the remedy increases the evil . It is not then the worst rule of living , to let things go as they come . MAXIME CXXII . Authority in Words and Actions . That quality takes place every where , it presently commands respect . It shews it self over all , in the Conversation , in Harangues , in the carriage , in the look , and in the meen . To take hearts is a great conquest . That is not attained to by a foolish bravery , nor by an imperious way of speaking , but by a certain Ascendant that springs from the greatness of the Genius , and is supported by an extraordinary merit . MAXIME CXXIII . The Man without Affectation . The more there is of perfection , the less there is of affectation . For it is that commonly which spoils the finest things . Affectation is as insupportable to others , as it is painfull to him that uses it , who lives in a continual martyrdom of constraint , that he may be punctual in all things . The most eminent qualities lose their value , if affectation be discovered in them , because they are attributed rather to an artificious constraint , than to the true character of the person . And what is natural , hath always been more agreeable than what is artificial . A man is looked upon to be a stranger to all that he affects . The better one does a thing , the more he ought to hide the care he takes in doing of it , to the end that all may take it to be natural . But in avoiding of affectation , have a special care you fall not into it , by affecting not to be affected . An accomplished man ought never to give the least sign that he is perswaded of his own merit : the less he appears solicitous to make it known , the more all will mind it . He is doubly excellent , who confines all his perfections within himself , without bragging of any ; he arrives at the height of plausibility , by a way not much frequented . MAXIME CXXIV . How to be Regrated . Few have that happiness , and yet it is an extraordinary one to be regrated by good men . Commonly people are indifferent as to those who have finished their time . There are divers means of meriting the honour to be regrated . Visibly eminent qualities in discharging ones office is a very sure one ; and to please all people is one effectual . Eminence begets dependance ; so soon as it appears that the office stood in need of the man that discharges it ; and not the man of the office . Some doe honour to their places , and others are honoured for them . It is not an advantage to seem good , because one hath a bad successour . For that is not to be truly regrated , but onely to be less hated . MAXIME CXXV . Not to be a book of Accounts . It 's a sign of a bad Reputation , to take pleasure in blasting the Reputation of another . Some are willing to wash out , or at least to cover their stains , by exposing those of others . They ease the sense of their own defects , by considering that others have faults also : which is the consolation of fools . These have always a stinking breath , their mouth being the sink of civil uncleanness . The more one digs into such matters , the more he bemires and defiles himself . There is no man but hath some original failing , whether to the right or to the left . The faults of those who are not much known , are unknown . Let a prudent man take good heed that he be not a register of Calumnies . That 's the way to set up for a very unpleasant pattern , and to be without a Soul , though one be alive . MAXIME CXXVI . To commit a folly makes not a fool ; but not to know how to hide it , does . If one ought to hide his passions , much more he ought his faults . All men fail , but with this difference , that men of sense palliate the faults committed , and fools shew those they are about to commit . Reputation consists more in the manner of acting , than in what is done . If thou be not Chast , saith the Proverb , be cautious at least . The faults of great men are the more remarkable , that they are the eclipses of great luminaries . How great soever thy Friendship be , never trust it with thy failings . Nay , hide them even from thy self , if it be possible . At least thou mayst make use of that other rule of living , which is to know how to forget . MAXIME CXXVII . The secret charm , or the unexpressible somewhat ; which the French call Le Je-ne-sai-quoi . And the Spaniards El despejo . Is the life of great qualities , the breath of words , the soul of actions , and the lustre of all beauties . Other perfections are the ornament of nature ; the unexpressible somewhat , that of perfections . It is observable even in the way of reasoning . It holds much more of privilege than of study ; for it is even above all discipline . It is not limited to facility , but reaches the finest Gallantry . It supposes a free and unstinted mind , and to that unstintedness it adds the last strokes of perfection . Without it all beauty is dead , all gracefulness ungracefull . It hath the pre-eminence over valour , discretion , prudence , nay , and majesty it self . It is a politick high way wherein affairs are soon dispatched ; and , in fine , the art of coming off gallantly when one is hampered . Here it will not be amiss for a Commentary , to give the translation of the whole thirteenth Chapter of the Heroe , where he gives a notion a little more distinct of what he calls the Despejo . The unexpressible somewhat , says he , is the soul of all qualities , the life of all perfections , the vigour of actions , the gracefulness of language , and the charm of all that takes . It agreeably amuses the conceit and imagination , but it is inexplicable . It is something that enhaunces the lustre of all beauties , it is a metaphysical and formal beauty . Other perfections adorn nature , but the somewhat adorns the ornaments themselves . So that it is the perfection even of perfection , accompanied with a transcendent beauty , and universal gracefulness . It consists in a certain taking air , in an agreeableness that hath no name , but which is seen in speaking , in the ways of acting , and in reasoning . What is most lovely in it comes from nature , and the rest depends on reflexion . For it hath never been subjected to any imperious precept , but always to the best of every kind . It is called a charm , because it inchants hearts ; a fine air , because it is imperceptible ; a brisk air , because of its activity ; a taking air , because of its politeness ; jollity and good humour , for its facility and complaisance . For the desire and yet impossibility of defining it , have got it all these names . It 's to doe it wrong , to confound it with facility ; for that comes but at a great distance after it . It advances as far as the finest Gallantry . Though it suppose an entire disengagedness , yet it is devoted to perfection . Actions have their Midwife , and they are obliged to this unexpressible somewhat when they are well delivered . Without it they are still-born , without it the best things are unsavoury . Nay , it is not so much the accessory neither , but that it is sometime the principal . It serves not onely for ornament , but also for support and direction in affairs . For as it is the soul of beauty , so is it the spirit of Prudence , as it is the principle of gracefulness , so is it the life of valour . In a Captain , it goes hand in hand with bravery ; and in a King with Prudence . In the shock of a battle , it is no less conspicuous in its assured and undaunted air , than in the skill of handling arms , and in resolution . It renders a General master of himself , and then of all others . It is as impetuous on Horseback , as it is majestick under the Canopy . In the Pulpit it gives a grace to words . By its golden thread , Henry IV. The Theseus of France dextrously guided his way through the Labyrinth of so many obstacles and affairs . For a gloss to this description of the Despejo , which is very metaphysical what Father Bonhours says in the fifth Conference of Aristus and Eugenius , may serve . It is far easier to perceive it , than to know it , saith Aristus . It would be no longer I know not what , if one knew what it were ; its nature is to be incomprehensible and inexplicable . And a page after . To take it right , it is neither beauty , nor good meen , nor good grace , nor briskness of humour , nor sparkling wit , seeing we dayly see men , who have all these qualities , and yet want that which pleases : and others , on the contrary , who please much , without any thing that is agreeable , except this unaccountable luck . So that the certainest thing that can be said of it , is that the greatest merit signifies nothing without it , and that it needeth no more but it self to work a very great effect . It is to no purpose to be handsome , witty , blithe , &c. if the unexpressible somewhat be wanting , all these fair qualities are , as it were , dead : but also what imperfections soever one may have in body or mind , with that sole advantage he is sure to please . This somewhat sets all to rights . From thence it follows , says Eugenius , that it is an agreeableness which animates beauty , and the other natural perfections , which corrects ugliness and other natural defects ; that it is a charm and an air that insinuates into all actions and words ; that enters into the gate , laughing , tone of the voice , and into the least gesture of the person that pleases . And four or five pages after . He saith that the Spaniards have also their No so que , which they bring in at every turn , besides their Donayre , their Brio , and their Despejo , which Gracian calls , Alma de toda prenda , realce de los mesmos realces , perfeccion de la misma perfeccion , and which according to the same Authour , is above the reach of our thoughts and words . Lisongea la intelligencia , y estrana la explicacion . This I mention here , to shew , that the Despejo , is an I know not what , which hath no name : and that all those that are given to it , are pretty words , which the learned have invented to flatter their ignorance . These are the terms of Father Bonhours . MAXIME CXXVIII . The high Courage . Is one of the principal conditions required in a Heroe , inasmuch as such a courage spurs him on to all that is great , refines his discerning , raises his heart , elevates his thoughts and actions , and disposes him to majesty . It makes its way through , wherever it is : and when hard luck is cross to it , it essays all ways to come off with honour . The more it is confined within the bounds of possibility , the more it labours its enlargement . Magnanimity , Generosity , and all Heroick Qualities , own it for their original . The strong head , saith Gracian , chap. 4. of his Heroe , is for Philosophers ; the good Tongue for Oratours ; the Breast for Wrestlers , the Arms for Souldiers , the Feet for Runners , the Shoulders for Porters , and the great Heart for Kings . The Heart of Alexander was an Arch-heart , seeing a whole world lodged easily in a corner of it , and that six more could have found room therein . That of Julius Caesar was very great ; seeing it found no mean betwixt all and nothing . The heart is the stomach of Fortune . It digests alike her favours and disgraces . A great stomach is not loaded with much food . A Giant is starved with that which surfeits a Dwarf . That Prodigy of Valour , Charles , Dauphin of France , and afterward King , the seventh of that name , being informed that his Father , and the King of England his Competitour , had got him declared in Parliament incapable of succeeding , answered boldly , That he appealed from it . And when he was asked with admiration , To whom ? To my Courage , and the point of my Sword , Replyed he . The effect followed it . Charles Emanuel , the Achilles of Savoy , defeated four hundred Cuirassiers , having but four men to stand by him : and perceiving that all were surprized at it , he said , that in the greatest dangers , there was no company so good as a great heart . The sufficiency of the heart supplies what is otherwise wanting . The King of Arabia shewing his Courtiers a Damask Cutlass that had been presented to him , it was the opinion of them all , that the onely fault they found in it , was , that it was too short . But the Kings Son said , That there was no Weapon too short for a brave Cavalier , seeing there needed no more but to advance one step , to make it long enough . MAXIME CXXIX . Never to Complain . Complaints always ruine Credit . They rather excite a passion to offend us , than compassion to comfort us . They make way for those that hear them , to doe the same to us , that those have done , of whom we complain , and the knowledge of the injury done by the first , serves the second for an excuse . Some by complaining of past offences , give occasion for future ; and instead of the remedy and consolation which they pretend , they give pleasure to others , and even attract their contempt . It 's far better policy to publish the obligations that one hath to people , thereby to stir up others to oblige also . To speak often of favours received from Persons absent , is to court the like from those who are present ; it is a selling the credit of the one to the other . Thus a prudent man ought never to publish disgraces and failings , but always favours and honours . And this serves to preserve the esteem of Friends , and to contain Enemies in their duty . MAXIME CXXX . To doe , and make it appear . Things go not for what they are , but for what they appear to be . To know how to doe , and to know how to shew it , is a double knowledge . What is not seen , is as if it had no being . Reason it self loses its Authority , when it appears not to be so . There are more mistaken men , than knowing men . Deceit carries it cleverly , in regard that things are onely considered by the outside . Many things appear quite different from what they are . A good out-side is the best recommendation of internal perfection . MAXIME CXXXI . The procedure of a gallant Man. Souls have their gallantry and gentility , from which arises a great heart . That is a perfection not to be found in all sorts of men , because it supposes a stock of generosity . Its first care is to speak well of Enemies , and still to serve them better . In occasions of revenge it appears most conspicuously . It neglects not these occasions , but it is onely to make a good use of them , by preferring the glory of pardoning , before the pleasure of a victorious revenge . That is even a politick procedure , seeing the quaintest reason of state never affects these advantages , because it affects nothing : and when right obtains them , modesty dissembles them . MAXIME CXXXII . To advise and revise . To revise is the surest way , especially when the advantage is certain : It is always good to take time , whether it be for granting a thing , or for better deliberating . New thoughts come into ones mind , which confirm and fortify resolution . If the matter be to give , the gift is more esteemed , because of the discerning of him that gives it , than for the pleasure of not having expected it . What hath been desired , hath always been most esteemed . If it be a thing to be refused , time facilitates the manner of it , by letting the No ripen , untill the season be come . Besides , most commonly so soon as the first heat of desire is over , the rigour of a denial is taken with indifference . They who demand with speed , are to be heard at leisure . That 's the true way to avoid being surprized . MAXIME CXXXIII . Rather to be a Fool with all Men , than Wise all alone . For if all be such , there is nothing to be lost , cry Politicians : whereas if Wisedom be singular , it will pass for folly . Custome then is to be followed . Sometimes to know nothing , or at least to seem so , is the greatest knowledge . We must of necessity live with others , and the ignorant are most numerous . To live alone , one must hold much of the Nature of God , or to be altogether of that of Beasts . But for qualifying the Aphorism , I would say , Rather Wise with others , than a Fool without Company . Some affect to be singular in Chimera's . MAXIME CXXXIV . To have a double portion of the things that are necessary for life . Is to live doubly . We must not restrict our selves to one thing onely , even though it be excellent . All things ought to be double , and especially that which is usefull and delightfull . The Moon that changes so often , is not so variable as the will of man , so fickle is that same will. We ought therefore to put a barriere to our inconstancy . Take it then for a chief rule of the art of living , to have in a double portion all that serves for convenience . As Nature hath given us pairs of the Members which are most necessary and most exposed to danger , so ought Art to double the things , whereon the happiness of life depends . MAXIME CXXXV . Not to have a spirit of Contradiction . For that 's the way to become ridiculous , nay , and insupportable . Wisedom will never fail to conspire against that Spirit . It 's to be ingenious to find difficulties in all things ; but it is foolish to be an Opiniatour . Such men turn the sweetest conversation into a skirmish , and are by consequent greater Enemies to their Friends , than to those that frequent not their company . The more savoury the piece of fish is that we put into our mouth , the more we find the bone that gets betwixt our teeth . Contradiction hath the same effect in pleasant Conversation . They are Fools and fantastical ones , that are not satisfied to be Beasts , unless they be wild Beasts . MAXIME CXXXVI . To take things aright , and presently to nick the point . Many fetch a tedious compass of words , without ever coming to the knot of the business : they make a thousand turnings and windings , that tire themselves and others , without ever arriving at the point of importance . And that proceeds from the confusion of their understanding , which cannot clear it self . They lose time and patience in what ought to be let alone , and then they have no more to bestow upon what they have omitted . MAXIME CXXXVII . The Wise Man is sufficient for himself . A Grecian Sage was to himself in stead of all things ; and all that he had was always with him . If it be true , that an universal Friend is sufficient to render one as contented , as if he possessed Rome , and all the rest of the Universe : be thine own Friend , and thou mayst live all alone . What more can be wanting to thee , if thou hast no sweeter conversation , nor greater pleasure than with thy self ? thou wilt onely depend upon thy self , for it is a sovereign bliss to be like the Sovereign Being . He that can so live all alone , will hold nothing of the Beast , but much of the Wise Man , and all of God. MAXIME CXXXVIII . The Art to let things go as they can go , especially when the Sea is tempestuous . There are Tempests and Hurricanes in the life of man. It is Prudence to put into a Haven , to let them blow over . Most commonly the Remedies increase the Evil. When the Sea of humours is in agitation , let Nature work ; if it be the Sea of Manners , leave it to Morality . There is as much skill required in a Physician , in not prescribing , as in prescribing : and sometimes the excellency of the Art consists in applying no Remedy . The way then to calm popular gusts , is to be quiet . Then to yield to the times , will get the victory afterwards . A Well will be troubled if it be in the least stirred , and its water becomes clear again , by ceasing to dabble in it . There is no better remedy for some disorders , than to let them alone . For at long run they stop of themselves . MAXIME CXXXIX . To know unlucky days . For there are some , wherein nothing will succeed . It is to no purpose to change the Game , the luck will still be the same . At the second bout , we are to take heed , if luck be for us or against us . Understanding hath its days . For no man was ever alike able at all hours . There is good luck in reasoning truly , as there is in writing a Letter well . All perfections have their season , and beauty is not always in its quarter . Discretion sometimes belies it self , now in ceding , and by and by in exceeding . In fine , to succeed well , one must have his day . As all things succeed ill to some , so every thing prospers with others , and that too with less pains and care : and some find their business ready done to their hand . Wit hath its days ; Genius its Character ; and all things their star . When it is your day , you are not to lose a minute . But a prudent man ought not positively to pronounce , that one day is happy , because of his good success ; nor that another is unlucky , because of his bad ; the one being , perhaps , but the effect of chance ; and the other of mistimeing . MAXIME CXL . To hit at first upon the best of every thing . Is the best mark of a good discerning . The Bee goes immediately to the sweet , that it may have whereof to make honey ; and the Waspe to the bitter , to suck in poison . It is so in discernings ; the one sticks to the best , and the other to the worst . In all things there is somewhat that is good , and especially in a book , which commonly is made with study . Some are of so aukward a mind , that amongst a thousand perfections , they 'll hit upon the onely fault that is to be found , and speak of nothing else , as if they were onely cut out for common sewers of the filth of the will and wit of others : and for keeping a Register of all the faults which they see . That is rather the punishment of their bad discerning , than the exercise of their subtilty . They spend their life ill , because they onely feed on naughty things . Happier are they , who amongst a thousand faults at first discover a perfection that happened to be there by chance . MAXIME CXLI . Not to listen to ones self . It 's worth little to be satisfied with one self , if one content not others . Commonly self-esteem is punished by universal contempt . He that pays himself , remains a debtor to all others . It is misbecoming for one to speak , that he may hear himself . If it be folly to speak to ones self , it is doubly so to listen to himself before others . It is a fault in great men to speak with an imperious tone : and that which stuns those who hear them ; at every word they say , their ears importunately beg applause or flattery . The presumptuous speak also by echo : and since the conversation moves upon the stilts of Pride , every word comes guarded with this impertinent exclamation : Rarely well said ! Ah that 's a sweet saying . MAXIME CXLII . Never to espouse a bad party in spight to an Adversary , who hath taken the better . He that does it , is half overcome , and at length will be constrained wholly to yield . That is never a good way to be revenged . If thine Adversary hath had the skill to take the better , take good heed not to commit the folly of opposing him , by espousing the worse . Obstinacy in actions engages so much the more than that in words , that there is far more risque in doing , than in saying . It is the custome of the head strong to regard neither truth in contradicting ; nor profit in disputing . A wise man hath always reason on his side , and never falls into passion . He either prevents or retreats . So that if his Rival be a Fool , his folly makes him change his course , and go to the other extreme : whereby the condition of his Adversary becomes worse . The onely means then to make him forsake the good party , is to strike in with it , seeing that will move him to embrace the bad . MAXIME CXLIII . To take heed not to run into Paradoxes , by shunning to be vulgar . Both extremes equally discredit . Every project that thwarts gravity , is a kind of folly . A Paradox is a certain plausible Cheat , that at sirst surprizes by its novelty and its edge ; but afterwards loses its vogue , when the falsity of it is once known in practice . It is a kind of quacking , which in matter of Politicks , is the ruine of States . They who cannot attain to Heroism , or who have not the courage to advance towards it by the way of vertue , run into the Paradox ; which makes them to be admired by fools , but serves to manifest the Prudence of others . The Paradox is a proof of an ill-tempered mind , and by consequent , most opposite to Prudence . And if sometimes it be not founded on what is false , it is founded at least on what is uncertain , to the great prejudice of affairs . MAXIME CXLIV . Vnder the veil of another man's interest , to find ones own . Is a most proper strategeme for obtaining what one intends . The Confessours themselves teach this pious Craft as to what concerns salvation . It is a most important dissimulation , seeing the profit that is pretended , serves as a bait to attract the will. It seems to another that his interest goes first , when it is onely to make way for thy pretension . One must never enter hap hazard , but especially where there is danger at the bottom . And when one hath to doe with those , whose first word is always No , he must not shew them what he aims at , lest they may see Reasons for not condescending to it : and chiefly if he foresee that they have an aversion thereto . This advice is for those that can turn their wits to any thing ; which is the quintessence of subtilty . MAXIME CXLV . Not to shew the sore place . For every one will have a hit at it . Have a care also not to complain of it , seeing malice always attacks on the weaker side . ) Resentment serves onely to divert it . Nothing pleases malice better than to put one off of the hinges . It le ts fall tart words , and sets all Engines at work , untill it hath found out the quick . A man of parts then ought never to discover his evil , whether it be personal or hereditary : seeing Fortune her self takes pleasure sometimes to wound in that place , where she knows the pain will be sharper . It mortifies always to the quick : and by consequent , one must never let it be known either what mortifies , or what quickens ; that he may make the one to cease , and the other continue . MAXIME CXLVI . To look into the inside . It is commonly found that things are far different from what they appear to be ; and ignorance that onely looked on the bark , is undeceived so soon as it goes in . The lie is always the first in every thing , it draws in Fools by a vulgar They say , which runs from mouth to mouth ; truth arrives always last , and very late , because it hath a lame Guide , which is time . The Wise keep for it always one half of that faculty which nature hath purposely made double . Deceit is wholly superficial : and those who are so themselves , are presently catched . Discerning retires inward , that so it may be the more esteemed by the wise . MAXIME CXLVII . Not to be inaccessible . Let a man be never so perfect , he sometimes stands in need of Council . He that will take none is an incurable fool . The most intelligent man ought to make room for good advice . Sovereignty it self ought not to exclude docility . Some men are incurable , because they are inaccessible . They precipitate themselves , because no body dares come near them to hinder them from it . A door must then be left open to Friendship , and by it relief will enter . A Friend ought to have full liberty to speak , nay , and to reprove . The Opinion that is conceived of his Fidelity and Prudence ought to give him that Authority . But withall , that familiarity is not to be common to all . It is enough to have one secret confident , whose correction is valued , and who is to be made use of as a looking-glass for undeceiving . MAXIME CXLVIII . To have the Art of Conversing . Is the means whereby a man shews his own value . Of all humane actions there is none that requires greater circumspection , seeing it is the most usual exercise of life . There is much Reputation to be gained or lost in it . If judgement be necessary for writing a letter , which is a premeditated conversation by paper : far more it is required in ordinary conversation , which brings the merit of people under a sudden Test . The Masters of the Art feel the pulse of the Wit by the Tongue , according to the saying of a Sage , Speak , if thou would'st have me to know thee . Some maintain , that the true Art of conversing , is to doe it without Art : and that conversation , if it be betwixt good Friends , ought to be as easie as ones cloaths . For when it is a conference of Ceremony and Respect , it is to be performed with more reserve , to shew , that one hath much of the skill of living . The way to succeed well in that , is to follow the character of those mens wit , who are as the judges of conversation . Take heed not to be vain in censuring of words , which will make thee pass for a Grammarian ; nor in controlling and chopping reasons , for then all will avoid thee . To speak to the purpose is more necessary than to speak eloquently . MAXIME CXLIX . To be able to cast the blame and misfortunes upon others . It is a thing of great use amongst those who govern , to have Bucklers against hatred , that 's to say , men upon whom the censure , and publick grievances may light : and that is not the effect of inability , as malice imagines ; but of an industry elevated above the understanding of the people . Every thing cannot succeed , nor all men be contented . There ought to be in that case then a strong head , that may serve as a But to all the shot , and bear the reproaches of all faults and miscarriages , at the cost of his own Ambition . MAXIME CL. To be able to put a value upon what one doeth . It is not enough that things are good in themselves , because all men see not to the bottom , nor are able to discern . Most part follow the multitude , and stop not but where the greatest concourse is . It 's a great point to be able to set an esteem upon ones Commodity , either by praising it ; ( for praise is the spur to desire ) or by giving it a pretty name , which is a good way to exalt : but all this must be done without affectation . Not to write but for able men , is an universal hook , because every one thinks himself to be so ; and for those who are not , privation will serve as a spur to desire . Ones projects must never be called common , nor easie , for that 's the way to make them be thought trivial . All men are pleased with singularities , as being most desirable both to the humour and mind . MAXIME CLI . To think to day what may happen to morrow , and a long time after . The greatest fore-sight , is to have hours for it . There is nothing fortuitous for those who forecast ; nor any dangerous case for such as expect it . We must not put off the thoughts of danger till we be sinking ; we must be before-hand , and by mature consideration prevent the worst that might happen . The Pillow is a dumb Sibylle . To sleep upon a thing that is to be done , is better than to be awaked by a thing already done . Some doe first , and afterwards think : which is rather to look for excuses than expedients . Others neither think before nor after . A man's whole life should be employed in thinking that he may not mistake his way . Reflexion and fore-sight give us the advantage of anticipating life . MAXIME CLII. Never to keep company that may eclipse ones lustre . What excells in perfection , excells in esteem . The most accomplished will always have the first rank . If his Companion have any part in the praise , it will be but his leavings . The Moon shines , whilst she is alone amongst the stars : but so soon as the Sun begins to appear , she either shines no more , or disappears . Never approach him that may eclipse thee , but him that may set off thy lustre . In this manner Martial's cunning Fabulla found the way of appearing beautifull , by the ugliness or agedness of her Companions . One must never run the risque of being incommoded side-ways , nor doe honour to others at the expence of ones own Reputation . It is good to frequent the society of eminent persons for shaping ones self : but when one is completed , to strike in with those of inferiour size . To model thy self , chuse the most complete ; and when thou art fashioned , frequent the inferiour . MAXIME CLIII . To shun being obliged to fill the place of a great Man. If one engage in that , he ought to be sure to exceed him . For to equal a Predecessour , one must have double his worth . As it requires Prudence and skill in him that succeeds , to be such , as that he may be regrated : so likewise does it Art , that he may have a care not to be eclipsed by him that went before him . It is very difficult to fill up a great vacancy , seeing commonly the first appears the best : and by consequent equality is not enough , because the former is in possession . It is therefore necessary to surpass him , to dispossess him of the advantage he hath of being most esteemed . MAXIME CLIV. Not to be easie neither to believe , nor to love . It 's an argument of maturity of judgment , to be hard to believe . Nothing is more common than to lie , to believe then , ought to be extraordinary . He who is apt to move , finds himself often put out of countenance . But special care is to be had not to seem to doubt the credit of another : for that passes from incivility to an offence , seeing it is to reckon him either a deceiver , or deceived : nor is all the hurt there neither . For , besides that , not to believe is the sign of a liar , the liar being subject to two misfortunes , not to believe , and not to be believed . A suspension of judgment in him that hears , is laudable : but he that speaks may refer to his Authour . It is also a kind of imprudence to be easie to love . For if one lie in speech , one may also lie in fact : and that cheat is more pernicious than the other . MAXIME CLV . The Art of restraining Passions . Let a prudent reflexion prevent , if it be possible , the usual transports of the vulgar . That will be no difficult thing to a prudent man. The first step to moderation , is to perceive that we are falling into passion . By that means we enter the lists with a full power over our selves , and may examine how far it is necessary to give way to our resentment . With that swaying reflexion , we may be angry , and put a stop to it as we please . Strive to know where and when it is fit to stop . For it is the hardest thing in running to stop upon the spot . It is a great mark of judgment to stand firm and undisturbed amidst the Sallies of passion . Every excess of passion degenerates from reason . But with this magisterial circumspection , Reason will never be disordered , nor transgress the bounds of its duty . To be able to devour a passion , we must always hold the reins fast . He who governs himself in this manner , will be reckoned the wisest man ; as the foolishest if he do otherwise . MAXIME CLVI . Friends by Election . Friends ought to abide the test of discretion , and the trial of fortune . It is not enough that they have had the suffrage of the will , if they have not also that of the understanding . Though that be the most important point of life , yet there is least care taken about it . Some make their Friends by the intervention of others , and most part by chance . We judge of men by the Friends he hath . A knowing man never chose ignorants . But though a man may please , we must not therefore say that he is an intimate Friend . For that may proceed rather from the pleasantness of his humour and ways , than from any assurance that one hath of his capacity . There are lawfull Friendships , and bastard Friendships . These are for pleasure ; but the others for more security in acting . There are few friends of the person , but many of the fortune . The good wit of a Friend is better than all the good will of others . Take thy Friends then by choice , and not by lot . A prudent Friend eases many troubles : whereas one who is not so , multiplies and encreases them . If thou would'st not lose thy Friends , never wish them a great Fortune . MAXIME CLVII . Not to be mistaken in People . That is the worst , and yet most ordinary mistake . It is better to be deceived in the Price , than in the Commodity : And there is nothing that one ought more narrowly to look into . There is a great deal of difference betwixt knowing of things , and knowing of persons : and it is quaint Philosophy , to discern the minds and humours of men . It is as necessary to study them , as to study Books . MAXIME CLVIII . To know how to use Friends . That 's a thing that requires great skill . Some are good to be made use of at a distance ; and others to be near us . One that hath not been fit for Conversation , may be good for Correspondence . Distance effaces some certain defects , which presence rendered unsupportable . In Friends we are not onely to look for pleasure , but for profit also . A Friend ought to have the three qualities of a Being , or as the Schools say of an Ens : Unity , Goodness , and Truth : in respect that a Friend stands in stead of all things . There are but very few that can be given for good : and by not knowing how to chuse them , the number becomes less . To know how to preserve them , is more than to have been able to make them . Look out for such as may continue long : and though in the beginning they may be new , it is enough to content thee , that they may become old . To take things aright , those are the best , which are not acquired , till we have eat a bushel of Salt with them . There is no such horrid a Desart , as to live without Friends . Friendship multiplies blessings , and divides crosses . It is the onely remedy against bad Fortune . It is the vent by which the Soul discharges it self . MAXIME CLIX. To know how to bear with Fools . Wise Men have always been bad-sufferers . Impatience grows with knowledge . A vast reach is hard to be contented . In the judgment of Epictetus , the best Maxime of life is to Suffer . He hath placed one half of Wisedom in that . If all impertinences are to be born with , without doubt there is need of much patience . Sometimes we suffer most from those on whom we depend most ; and that serves to exercise us to patience . From suffering , springs that inestimable peace , which makes the happiness of this world . Let him that finds not himself in a humour to suffer , withdraw , if he be able to bear with himself . MAXIME CLX . To speak sparingly to our Competitours for Caution sake , and to others for Civility . One hath always time to let slip his words , but not to retain them . We ought to speak as men do in their last Wills , seeing the fewer the words are , the less will be the Law suits . We are to accustome our selves to that , in matters of no importance , that we may not fail in it , when it is important . Silence holds much of Divinity . Whosoever is ready to speak , is always upon the point of being cast and Convicted . MAXIME CLXI . To know the failings wherein one takes pleasure . The most accomplished man hath always some , whereof he is either the Husband or Gallant . They are to be found in the wit , and the greater that is , the greater , and more remarkable are they : not but that he who has them , knows them ; but because he loves them . To be passionate , and to be passionate for vices , are two evils . These faults are the blemishes of perfection . They as much offend those who see them as they please those who have them . Here is the fair occasion for one to overcome himself , and to put the cap-stone upon his other perfections . Every one levels at that work , and in stead of praising all that is to be admired , stop short to Censure a fault , which , as they say , disfigures all the rest . MAXIME CLXII . To be able to triumph over Jealousie and Envy . Though it be Prudence to slight Envy , yet that contempt is a small matter now a-days : Gallantry works a far better effect . He cannot be sufficiently praised , who speaks well of him , that speaks ill . There is not any revenge more Heroick , than that which torments Envy , by doing good . Every good success is a strapado for the envious man , and the glory of his Corrival is a Hell to him . To make ones happiness to be a poison to his Enviers , is held to be the most rigorous punishment that they can endure . Enviers die as often as they hear the praises of the Envied revive . Both contend for immortality , but the one to live always in glory , and the other always in misery . The Trumpet of Fame , which sounds to immortalize the one , pronounces death to the other , by condemning him to the punishment of expecting in vain that the cause of his pains should cease . MAXIME CLXIII . One must never lose the favour of him that is happy , to take compassion on a Wretch . Commonly that which makes the happiness of some , makes the misery of others : and you may see one that could not be happy , if many others were not miserable . It is the property of wretches to gain peoples good will. For all take pleasure to gratifie with an unprofitable favour , those who are persecuted by Fortune . Nay it hath sometimes happened that a man hated of all the world in his prosperity , hath been pitied by all people in his misfortune ; the fall having changed into compassion the desire of revenge . Let a man of wit then take heed of the turns of Fortune . There are some that never associate but with the unfortunate . He , whom they shunned yesterday because of his prosperity , has them for Companions to day , because of his adversity . That Conduct is sometimes the mark of a good nature , but never of a good wit. MAXIME CLXIV . To let fly some shot in the Air. Is the way to know how that which is intended to be done , will be received , especially , when they are matters , the issue and approbation whereof is doubtfull . By that means we are sure to hit our mark , and always at liberty to retreat or advance . Thus we pump out mens minds , and know where it is best to set our foot . That prevention is most necessary , for asking pertinently , placing Friendship aright , and for governing well . MAXIME CLXV . To wage War fairly . A brave man may , indeed , be induced to make War , but not to make it otherwise than he ought . All men ought to act according to what they themselves are , and not to what others are . Gallantry is most plausible , when it is used towards an Enemy . We are not onely to overcome by force , but also by the manner . To Conquer basely is not to overcome , but to be Conquered rather . Generosity hath always had the advantage . A worthy man never makes use of forbidden Weapons . To employ the wrack of an old Friendship , in framing a new hatred , is to use such arms . For it is not lawfull to take the advantage of a trust and confidence in revenge . Whatever looks like treachery infects the good name . The least atome of baseness is inconsistent with the generosity of great Souls . A brave man ought to make it his glory to be such , that if gallantry , generosity and fidelity , were lost in the world , they might be found in his heart . MAXIME CLXVI . To distinguish betwixt the man of Words , and the man of Deeds . This distinction is as absolutely necessary as that of the friend of the person , and the friend of the employment . For they are very different friends . He is out of the way , who doing no bad Deeds , gives no good Words : And he again more , who giving no bad Words , does no good Deeds . Now a-days men feed not upon words , seeing they are but wind ; nor do they live on Civilities , these being onely a formal juggle . To go a birding with a light , is the true way to dazle the birds eyes . The vain and fools are content with wind . Words ought to be the pledges of actions , and by consequent have their value . Trees that bear no fruit , and have onely leaves , have commonly no heart . It is necessary to know them all ; the one , to make profit of them ; and the other , to stand under their shade . MAXIME CLXVII . To be able to help ones self . In troublesome encounters , there is no better company than a great heart : and if this come to fail , it ought to be assisted by the parts that are about it . Crosses are not so great for those who can tell how to assist themselves . Yield not to Fortune . For she 'll become insupportable to thee . Some give themselves so little help in their troubles , that they increase them , because they know not how to bear them with courage . He that understands himself well , finds in reslexion relief to his weakness . A man of judgment comes off in all things advantageously , were it even to come down from the stars . MAXIME CLXVIII . Not to be Monstrous . All the Hair-brained , Vain , Opinionative , Capricious , Self-conceited , Extravagant , Fawners , Buffoons , News-mongers , Authours of Paradoxes , Phanaticks , and in a word , all sorts of irregular persons : all these , I say , are so many Monsters of impertinence . The ugliness of the Soul is always more monstrous , than the deformity of body , seeing it more dishonours the beauty of its original . But who shall correct so great and general a disorder ? where reason is wanting , direction has nothing to doe : inasmuch as that which ought to be the cause of a serious reflexion upon that which gives occasion to publick laughter , makes men fall into the vanity of believing , they are admired . MAXIME CLXIX . To take more heed not to miss once , than to hit an hundred times . When the Sun shines no body minds him ; but when he is eclipsed , all consider him . The vulgar will keep no account of your hits , but of your misses . The bad are more known by murmurings , than the good by applauses : and many have not been known untill they fell . All good successes put together are not enough to obliterate one bad one . Undeceive thy self then , and take it for a certain truth , that Envy will observe all thy faults , but not one of thy good actions . MAXIME CLXX . To be sparing in all things . That 's the way to succeed in matters of importance . One must not at every turn employ all his Capacity , nor shew all his strength . One must be sparing even in knowledge : for that serves to double the value of it . There is a necessity of having always something to trust to , when the question is how to get out of the mire . The relief is more considerable than the fight , because it is always accompanied with the reputation of valour . Prudence keeps always to the surer side . And in that sense the ingenious Paradox is true : That the half is more than the whole . MAXIME CLXXI. Not to abuse Favour . Great Friends are for great occasions . Much favour is not to be employed in matters of small importance : that 's scattering of it . The sheet Anchor is always reserved for the last extremity . If we squander away the much for the little , what will remain for the next need ? There is nothing now a-days better than Protectours , nor more precious than favour . It does and undoes , even so far as to give wit , and take it . Fortune hath always been as much a Step-mother to the Wise , as Nature and Fame have been favourable unto them . It 's better to know how to preserve our Friends , than our Estates . MAXIME CLXXII . Never to engage with him that hath nothing to lose . To doe otherwise , is to fight at a disadvantage . For the other enters the lists unconcernedly . Seeing he hath lost all shame , he hath no more to lose , nor to husband ; and so he runs hand over head into all extravagances . Reputation , which is an inestimable value , ought never to be exposed to so great risques . Having cost a great many years in purchasing , it comes to be lost in a moment . A small breeze of wind is enough to freeze a great deal of sweat . A Prudent Man is withheld by the consideration that he hath much to lose . When he thinks of his Reputation , he presently considers the danger of losing it . And by means of that reflexion he proceeds with so great reserve , that Prudence has time to retire in time , and to secure his Credit . One can never be able to recover by a Victory what he hath already lost in exposing himself to lose . MAXIME CLXXIII . Not to be a Glass in Conversation , and much less in Friendship . Some are easie to break , and thereby discover their insolidity . They fill themselves with discontent , and others with distate . They shew themselves to be tenderer than the Eyes , because they are not to be touched neither in jest nor earnest . Motes even offend them ; ( for they have no need of Apparitions . ) They who keep them company , ought to put an extreme constraint upon themselves , and study to observe all their nicities . There is no stirring before them , for the least gesture disturbs them . Commonly they are a self-abounding kind of people , slaves to their humour , and Idolatours of their silly point of honour , for which they would turn the world topsie-turvey . He that truly loves , is of the nature of a Diamond , both as to its lastingness , and its being hard to break . MAXIME CLXXIV . Not to live too fast . To know how to distribute time , is to know how to enjoy life . To many there is much of life remaining , but they want the felicity of it . They lavish away pleasures : ( for they enjoy them not , ) and when they are gone on a great way , they would be willing , if they could , to come back again . These are the Postillions of life , who to the swift motion of time , add the rapidity of their own minds . They would devour in one day what hardly they could be able to digest in all their life time . They live in pleasures as men that would taste of them all before hand . They eat up future years , and seeing they doe all things in haste , they have soon done with all . The desire of knowledge it self ought to be moderated , that we may not know things imperfectly . There are more days than prosperities . Make haste to doe , and enjoy at leisure . It is better to have affairs done than to doe , and the contentment which lasts , is to be preferred before that which ends . MAXIME CLXXV . The substantial Man. He that is so , is not satisfied with those who are not so . Unhappy is that eminence that hath nothing substantial in it . All who appear to be men , are not all so . There are some artificial men , that conceive Chimera's , and are brought to bed of mistakes . There are others that resemble them , and set a value upon them , being better satisfied with the uncertainty that a false shew promises , because the much is there ; than with the certainty that offers truth , because that appears little : but at long run their Caprices come to an unlucky end , inasmuch as they have no solid foundation . Nothing but truth can give a true Reputation ; and nothing but substance turns to account . One cheat stands in need of a great many others , and by consequent , the whole building is but imaginary : and seeing it is founded in the air , it must of necessity fall to the ground . An ill conceived design never comes to maturity . The much which it promises , is enough to render it suspected : just so as the argument which proves too much , proves nothing . MAXIME CLXXVI . To know , or to hearken to those who know . There is no living without understanding , it must be had , either by nature , or at second hand . Yet there are some , who are ignorant that they know nothing ; and others , who think they know , though they know nothing at all . The faults that proceed from the want of wit , are incurable . For as ignorants know not themselves , so they take no care to search for that they want . Some would be wise , if they did think themselves so . Hence it is that the Oracles of Wisedom be so rare , yet they have nothing to doe , seeing no body consults them . It is neither a diminution of Grandeur , nor a sign of incapacity to take Counsel : on the contrary , one puts himself in the state of a knowing man by advising well . Debate with thy Reason , that thou mayst not be beaten by ill fortune . MAXIME CLXXVII . To avoid too much familiarity in Conversation . It is neither pertinent to practise it , nor to suffer it . He that familiarizes himself , presently loses the Superiority that his serious air gave him , and by consequent his Credit . The stars retain their splendour , because they mingle not with us . By Divinizing , one gets Respect , by Humanizing , Contempt . The more common humane things are , the less they are esteemed . For communication discovers imperfections , that reservedness concealed . We must not be too familiar with any body ; ) not with Superiours , because of danger ; nor with inferiours , by reason of Indecency : and far less with mean people whom ignorance renders insolent , inasmuch that being unsensible of the honour that is done them , they presume it is their due . Facility is a branch of a low mind . MAXIME CLXXVIII . To believe the Heart , and especially if it be a presaging Heart . It is never to be contradicted : for it is accustomed to prognosticate what most concern us . It is a Domestick Oracle . Many have perished , because they were too diffident of themselves . But to what end should one distrust himself , if he look not out for the remedy ? Some have a heart that tells them every thing : a certain mark of a rich stock . For that heart always prevents them , and rings the allarum Bell upon the approach of evils , to make them fly to the remedy . It is not the part of a wise man to go out and receive evils , but to be before-hand with them and disperse them . MAXIME CLXXIX . To be reserved in speaking , is the Seal of the Capacity . A Heart without secrecy is an open letter . Where there is depth , the secrets are deep . For there must be much room and large spaces , where all that is thrown in may be easily kept . Reservation proceeds from the great command that one hath over himself , and that is , indeed , a real triumph . We pay tribute to as many as we discover our selves to . The security of Prudence consists in internal moderation . The snares that are laid for discretion , are to contradict , to draw out an explanation ; and to glance biting words , to set one in a flame . Then it is that a Wise Man ought to keep the closer ! Things that are to be done , are not to be told ; nor are those that are fit to be told , good to be done . ) See the Maxime 279. MAXIME CLXXX . Not to take the design of an Enemy for the rule of our Measures . A Blockhead will never doe what a man of Wit thinks he should , because he is not able to discern what is to the purpose . And if he be a prudent man , less still ; because he may go contrary to an advice that has been blow'd upon , and perhaps even prevented by his adversary . Matters ought to be examined on both sides , and prepared for pro and con : so that one may be ready for the yea and the no. Judgments are different . Indifference ought always to be attentive , not so much for what shall happen , as for what may happen . MAXIME CLXXXI . Not to tell a lie , and yet not to speak all the truth neither . Nothing requires more circumspection than truth . For to tell it , is to draw the hearts bloud . There needs as much skill to know when to tell it , as to know when to conceal it . By on single lie , a man loses all his good name . Deceit goes for false Coin , and the Deceiver for a Coiner , which is worse still . All truths cannot be told : some , because they concern my self ; and others , because they concern a third person . MAXIME CLXXXII . A grain of boldness is worth a pound weight of skill . It is good not to conceive such a high notion of people , as to become bashfull in their presence . Let never the imagination debase the heart . Some appear to be men of importance , till others treat with them ; but communication soon undeceives the Credulous . No body goes beyond the narrow bounds of man. Every one hath his if , some as to their Wit ; and others as to their Genius . Dignity gives an apparent Authority ; but it is rare , when the personal qualities answer it . For fortune is wont to clog the Superiority of the employment , by the inferiority of merits . Imagination is always upon the wing , and represents things greater than they are : It conceives not onely what there is , but what there may be also : Reason having been undeceived by so many experiences , ought to undeceive it . In a word , it neither becomes ignorance to be bold , nor capacity to be bashfull . And if Confidence be usefull to them who have but a small stock , upon stronger reason it ought to be usefull to those who have a great deal . MAXIME CLXXXIII . Not to be Head-strong . All Fools are Opiniatours , and all Opiniatours are Fools . The more Erroneous their Opinions are , the more they hug them . It is civil to yield , even in those things wherein we have greatest reason and certainty : for then all know , who had reason on their side : and besides the reason , Gallantry is also discovered in the procedure . There is more esteem lost , by a wilfull resistence , then there is got by carrying it by open force . For that is not so much a defending of truth , as a demonstration of Clownishness . There are knotty heads very difficult to be cleft , and which always run upon some incurable extremity : and when once whimsey joins to their head-strongness , they contract an indissoluble league with extravagance . Inflexibility ought to be in the will , and not in the judgment : though there be excepted cases too , wherein one is not to suffer himself to be gained , nor doubly overcome ; that 's to say , both in the reason , and in the execution . MAXIME CLXXXIV . Not to be Ceremonious . The affectation of being so was heretofore censured as a piece of vitious singularity , and that in a King too . Punctiliousness is tiresome . There are whole Nations sick of that Nicety . The robe of silliness is wrought with small stitch . These Idolatours of the point of honour give a demonstration , that their honour is founded on a small matter , seeing they fansie every thing may wound it . It is good so to carry , as to gain Respect , but it is ridiculous to pass for a great Master of Compliments . It is very true , that a Man without Ceremony hath need of a great Merit in place of it . Courtesie ought neither to be affected nor slighted . He shall never gain the esteem of an able man , who sticks too much upon Formalities . MAXIME CLXXXV . Never to expose ones Credit to the risque of one single interview . For if one come not well of , it is an irreparable loss . To fail once happens often , and especially the first time . One is not always in the kue ; whence cometh the Proverb : It is not my day . One must therefore endeavour ; that if he hath failed the first time , the second may make amends for all : or that the first may vouch for the second , that succeeded not . One ought always to have his recourse to better , and to appeal from much to more . Affairs depend on certain fortuitous cases , and on many too : and by consequence good success is a rare good fortune . MAXIME CLXXXVI . To discern faults , though they be in fashion . Though Vice be cloathed in cloth of gold , yet a good man will still know it . It is to no purpose for it to be apparelled in gold , it can never so well disguise it self but that it will be perceived to be of iron . It would cloak it self with the nobility of its Adherents , but it is never stript of its baseness , nor the misery of its slavery . Vices may very well be exalted , but not exalt . Some observe , that such a Heroe hath had such a Vice , but they consider not , that it was not that Vice which made him a Heroe . The example of great men is so good an Oratour , that it persuades one to infamous matters . Sometimes flattery hath affected even bodily defects , without observing , that though they be born with in great men , they are insupportable in the mean. MAXIME CLXXXVII . To act all that is agreeable to ones self , and all that 's odious by others . The one conciliates good will , and the other banishes hatred . There is more pleasure in doing good , than in receiving it . It 's in that , that generous Souls place their felicity . It seldome happens that one vexes another without being troubled himself , either through compassion or retaliation . Superiour causes never operate , without reaping praise or reward . Let the good come immediately from thee ; and the evil by another . Take some body , upon whom the blows of discontent may fall , that 's to say the hatred and the murmurings . The anger of the Rabble is like that of Dogs ; not knowing the cause of its evil , it falls upon the Instrument . So that the instrument bears the punishment of the evil whereof it is not the principal cause . MAXIME CLXXXVIII . To bring always into company something to be praised . That 's a means to make one esteemed a man of good discerning , and upon whose judgment one may be assured of the goodness of things . He that hath known the perfection before , will be sure to esteem it afterwards . He furnishes matter to conversation and imitation , by unfolding plausible knowledges . It is a politick way of selling Courtesie to those that are present , who have the same perfections . Others on the contrary bring always with them something to be blamed , and flatter the present , by despising the absent . This succeeds with them , when they are in the company of those who onely look on the outside : seeing such observe not the cunning of speaking ill of some in presence of others . Some think it a piece of Policy to esteem more the ordinary perfections of to day , than the wonders of yesterday . A Prudent Man then is to have a care of all these Artifices , ( whereby these blades endeavour to attain to their ends ) that he may not be discouraged by the exaggeration of the one , nor puffed up by the flattery of the others . Let him know , that both proceed the same way with both parties , and onely give them the alternative , by adjusting their sentiments to the place where they are . MAXIME CLXXXIX . To make use of the needs of others . If privation come the length of desire , it is the most efficacious constraint . Philosophers have said , that privation was nothing , and the Politicians say , that it 's all in all . And without doubt these have best understood it . There are some who to obtain their ends , make their way by the desire of others . They lay hold of occasion , and stir up the desire by the difficulty of obtaining . They promise themselves more from the heat of passion , than from the lukewarmness of possession . Insomuch that the desire enflames the more as the resistence grows greater . The true secret of attaining to ones ends is , to keep people always in dependence . MAXIME CXC . To be satisfied in all conditions . Even they who are useless , have the consolation that they are eternal . There is no trouble but hath its satisfaction . Luck for the fools , and chance for the ugly , saith the Proverb . To live long , there needs no more but to be of little worth . The crackt pot seldom breaks , it lasts commonly till people be weary of using it . It would seem that fortune envies men of importance , seeing it joins duration with incapacity in some , and short life to much merit in others . All they who by right ought to live , always fail in good fortune : and such as are good for nothing , you 'll find to be eternal , whether because they appear to be so , or because in effect they are so . It seems that destiny and death are agreed to forget the unfortunate . MAXIME CXCI. Not to be gull'd with excessive Courtesie . For it 's a kind of Cheat. There are some who stand not in need of the herbs of Thessaly to bewitch with , for they charm fools and vain people merely with a low Bow. They make a Traffick of Honour , and pay for it with the wind of some fair words . He that promises all promises nothing , and promises are so many slippery steps for fools . True Courtesie is a debt , that which is affected and uncommon , is a Cheat. It is not a civility , but a dependance . They make not the Bow to the Person , but to the Fortune . Their flattery is not an acknowledgment of merit , but a bait to the profit , which they hope for . See the Maxime 118. MAXIME CXCII . The peaceable man is the long lived man. Live , and let live . Peacefull men not onely live but reign . We must hear and see , but withal , hold our peace . The day spent without contention , makes us spend the night in sleep . To live much , and to live with pleasure , is the life of two : and it is the fruit of internal peace . That man hath all , who does not at all care for what concerns him not . There is nothing more impertinent , than to lay to heart that which touches us not , or not to be affected with that which concerns us . MAXIME CXCIII . Watch strictly over him that engages in thy interests , to come off with his own . There is no better preservative against Cunning , than Caution . A word to the wise . Some doe their own business by seeming to doe another man's . So that if one have not the key of intentions , he is forced at every turn to burn his own fingers , to save other men's goods from the fire . MAXIME CXCIV . To have a modest Opinion of ones self , and of his affairs , especially when he does but begin the world . All People have high Conceits of themselves , and especially they who signify least . Every one fansies to himself a brave Fortune , and imagines himself to be a Prodigy . Hope engages rashly , and then experience seconds it in nothing . Reality is the executioner of a vain imagination by undeceiving it . Prudence then ought to correct such extravagances : and though it be allowable to desire the best , yet we ought always to expect the worst , that so we may take all that happens patiently . It is dexterity to take ones aim a little higher , that he may hit the juster , but he ought not to shoot so high , as to fail at the first shot . That reformation of imagination is necessary , for vanity without experiences makes men onely to dote . A good understanding is the most universal remedy against all impertinences . Let every one know the sphere of his own activity , and condition . That will teach a man to square the opinion of himself according to reality . MAXIME CXCV. To be able to judge . There is no man but may be another's Master in some thing . He that exceeds , finds always some body that exceeds him . To know how to pick out the best of every thing , is a usefull knowledge . The Wise Man esteems all men , because he knows what 's good in every one , and what things cost in doing of them well . The Fool despises all , in respect that he is ignorant of what is good , and always chuses the worst . MAXIME CXCVI. To know ones Planet . There is no man so miserable , but that he hath his Planet : and if he be unfortunate , it is because he knoweth it not . Some have access to Princes , and great Men , and know neither how , nor why ; unless it be that their luck hath made way for them . So that they need onely a little industry to preserve favour . There are others born as it were to please the Wise . One man hath been more acceptable in one Countrey than another , and better received in this City than in that . One man happens also to be more fortunate in one employment , than in all others , though he be neither more nor less capable of all . Destiny makes and unmakes how and when it pleases . Every one then ought to labour to know his Destiny , and to try his Minerva ; on which depends all the loss and all the gain . Let him know how to comply with his fate , and take good heed he attempt not to change it . For that would be to forsake the North-star in his course . MAXIME CXCVII . Never to be hampered with Fools . It is a perplexity not to know them , and much more for him that knows them not to rid his hands of them . It is dangerous to keep them Company , and pernicious to admit them to our Confidence . For though their own timerousness , and the Eye of another may for some time keep them in awe , yet their extravagance will break out at long-run , seeing they have onely deferred the shewing of it , that they might doe it with more solemnity . It is very difficult for him that cannot keep his own Credit , to maintain another Man's . Besides , Fools are extremely unhappy . For misery is fastened to impertinence , as the skin to the bone . They have onely one thing that is not so very bad . And that is , that as the Wisedom of others signifies nothing to them , so on the contrary , they are very usefull to the Wise , whom they instruct and caution at their own proper cost . MAXIME CXCVIII. To know how to transplant ones self . There are some , who , to set off their own value , are obliged to change Countries , especially if they aspire to great places . Ones Countrey is the Step-mother to eminent Qualities . Envy reigns there as in its Native Land. Men remember better the imperfections that one had in the beginning , than the merit , whereby he is advanced to grandeur . A Pin hath been esteemed a thing of value , when carried from one world into another : and sometimes a glass brought from a-far , hath made a Diamond to be undervalued . Every thing that is foreign , is esteemed , whether because it comes from a far Countrey ; or because it is found to be complete , and in its perfection . We have seen men who have been the refuse of a little Canton , and are now the honour of the World , being equally reverenced by their Countrey-men and Strangers ; by the one , because they are far off , and by the others , because they are come from a-far . He will never have great veneration for a Statue , who hath seen it the stump of a Tree in a Garden . MAXIME CXCIX . To be a Wise Man , and not an intrieguing Man. The shortest way to attain to Reputation , is the way of merit . If industry be founded on merit , it is the true way of obtaining it . Integrity alone is not sufficient ; and the onely Intrieguer deserves it not : inasmuch that matters are then so defective , that they infect the Reputation . It is then requisite both to have merit , and to know how to bring ones self into play . MAXIME CC. To have always something still to desire , that one may not be unhappy in his happiness . The body breaths , and the mind aspires . If one enjoyed all things , he would be disgusted with every thing . Nay , it is even necessary for the satisfaction of the understanding , that there remain always something to be known , for feeding Curiosity . Hope gives life , and the glut of pleasure makes the life a burthen . In matter of reward , it is prudent not to give it all at once . When there is no more to be desired , every thing is to be feared : and that is an unhappy felicity . Fear beginneth where desire endeth . MAXIME CCI. All who appear Fools , are so , and one half also of those who appear not to be . Folly hath taken possession of this World , and if there be the least wisedom in it , it is more folly in respect of the wisedom from above . But the greatest Fool is he that thinks himself wise , and accuses all others of folly . To be wise , it is not sufficient to seem so , and far less to seem so to ones self . He is so , that thinks not himself to be so : and he who perceives not , that others see , sees not himself . Though the world be so full of Fools and Blockheads , yet no body believes himself to be one , nor so much as suspects it . MAXIME CCII. Sayings and Actions render a Man accomplished . We must speak well , and act well . The one shews a good head , and the other a good heart : and both spring from a superiority of mind . ( Words are the shadow of actions . Saying is the Female , and doing the Male. It is better to be the subject of a Panegyrick , than the Panegyrist . It is better to receive praises , than to give them . To say is easie ; but to doe , difficult . Brave actions are the substance of life , and good sayings the ornament of it . The excellence of actions is permanent , that of words transient . ) Actions are the fruit of reslexions . Some are wise , others valiant . MAXIME CCIII . To know the Excellencies of ones Age. They are not very numerous . There is but one Phoenix in the world . Hardly is there to be found in an age a great General , a perfect Oratour , a Sage . And an excellent King is to be lookt for in many ages . Mediocrities are common , both for number , and for esteem : but Excellencies are every way rare , because they require an accomplished perfection : and the higher the form , the harder it is to get to be Captain of it . Many have usurped the Sirname of Great from Caesar and Alexander , but all in vain . For without the actions , the voice of the people is but a little air . There have been but few Seneca's , and Fame hath celebrated but one Apelles . MAXIME CCIV. What is easie ought to be set about , as if it were difficult ; and what is difficult as if it were easie . The one for fear of slackening through too much confidence ; and the other for fear of losing courage through too much apprehensiveness . The way to fail in doing of a thing , is to reckon it already done : on the contrary , diligence surmounts impossibility . As to great enterptizes , we must not stand reasoning , it is enough that we embrace them when they present , lest the consideration of their difficulty make us abandon the attempt . MAXIME CCV . To know how to make use of Contempt . The true secret for obtaining the things which one desires , is to undervalue them . Commonly they are not to be found when they are sought : whereas they offer themselves , when one cares not for them . As the things of this World are the shadow of those in Heaven , so have they that property of a shadow , that they fly from him that follows them , and pursue him who flies from them . Contempt also is the most politick revenge . It 's the general Maxime of the wise , never to defend themselves with the Pen , because it leaves tracts , that turn more to the glory of their Enemies , than to their humiliation . Besides that , that kind of defence gives more honour to envy , than mortification to insolence . It 's cunning in inconsiderable persons to vie with great men , that they may get themselves Credit by an indirect way , when they cannot have it by right . ( Many men had never been known , if excellent Adversaries had not taken notice of them . ) There is no higher revenge , than Oblivion . For it is the burying of these men under the dust of their own nullity . Rash blades imagine to purchase to themselves an eternal fame , by setting fire to the Wonders of the world , and ages . The art of repressing Calumny , is , not to mind it . To answer it , is , to doe prejudice to ones self . To be offended thereat , is , to discredit ones self , and to give envy ground of satisfaction . For there needs no more but that shadow of defect , if not for obscuring a perfect beauty entirely , at least for depriving it of its liveliest lustre . MAXIME CCVI. We must know that the vulgar humour is every where . Even at Corinth , and in the most accomplished Family . Every one hath the experience of it in his own house . There is not onely a vulgar , but a doubly vulgar humour , which is worse . This hath the same properties with the Rabble , just so as the pieces of a broken Looking-glass have all the same transparency : but it is far more dangerous . It speaks foolishly , and censures impertinently . It is the great Disciple of ignorance , the Godfather of silliness , and the near Cosin of quacking . ( We must not mind what it says , and far less what it thinks . It is convenient to know it , that we may get rid of it , so that we be neither it's companion nor object . For all silliness is of the nature of the Rabble , and the vulgar is onely made up of Fools . MAXIME CCVII. To use Retention . We ought to mind what we doe , especially on unexpected occasions . The eruptions of Passions are so many slippery places that make Prudence to slide . There lies the danger of being undone . A man engages farther in a minute of rage or pleasure , than in many hours of indifference . Sometimes a little pelting fret costs a repentance , that lasts as long as life . Other men's Malice lays ambushes for Prudence , that it may discover footing . It makes use of that kind of rack , for extorting the most hidden secret of the heart . Retention then must raise the counter-battery , and particularly on hot occasions . There needeth much reflexion to keep a Passion in order . He is a wise man that leads it by the Bridle . Who knows there is danger , counts his steps . A word seems as offensive to him that catches at it , and weighs it , as it appears of little consequence to him that spake it . MAXIME CCVIII . Not to die the death of a Fool. Wise Men die commonly poor in Wisedom : on the contrary , Fools die rich in Council . To die like a Fool , is to die of too much Logick . Some die , because they feel , and others live because they feel not . So that the one are Fools , because they die not of feeling , and the others because they die of it . That man is a fool , who dies of too much understanding . So that some die to be Vnderstanding Men , and other 's live , not to be understood . But though many die like Fools , yet very few Fools die . MAXIME CCIX. Not to imitate the folly of others . Is an effect of rare wisedome ; for whatever is introduced by example and custome , is of great force . Some who have guarded against particular ignorance , have not been able to avoid the general . It 's a common saying , that no man is content with his own condition , though it be the best : nor dissatisfied with his wit , though it be the worst . Every one envies the happiness of another , because he is not content with his own . Modern men praise ancient things , and those that are here , things that are there . All that 's past seems best , and all that 's remote is most esteemed . He is as great a Fool that laughs at all things , as he that vexes at every thing . MAXIME CCX . To know how to make use of truth . Truth is dangerous , but yet a good man cannot forbear to speak it . And in that there is need of art . The skilfull Physicians of the Soul have essayed all means to sweeten it . For when it touches to the quick , it is the quintessence of bitterness . Discretion in that particular unfolds all its address : with the same truth it flatters one , and kills another . We ought to speak to those that are present , under the name of the absent or dead . To the understanding , a sign is enough : and if that be not sufficient , the best expedient is to hold ones peace . Princes are not cured by bitter Medicines . It requires art to guild their Pill . In the third Critick of the third part of the Authours Criticon , he saith , That after many consultations about the means of recalling Truth into the world , from whence men had banished it , to put falshood in its place , it was resolved to make it up in a great quantity of Sugar , for qualifying the bitterness of it , and then to doe it over with the Powder of Amber , to take from it its strong and unpleasant smell . After that it should be given to men to drink in a Golden Cup , and not in a Glass , least it might be seen through it : telling them that it was an excellent liquour , brought from a-far , and more precious than Chocolate , Coffee or Sarbet . Then he adds . They began with Princes , to the end that in imitation of them all men might drink of it . But seeing they have a very delicate smelling , they smelt the bitterness of that drink at a Leagues distance , which began to turn their stomach , and force them to vomit , &c. And in his Discreet , in the Dialogue entituled , El Buen entendedor , he brings in a Doctour , saying ; to speak truth now a-days , is called brutishness and folly . And he makes answer . And therefore no body will speak it to those who are not accustomed to hear it . There remain onely now some scraps of it in the world , nor do these neither appear , but with mystery , ceremony , and circumspection . With Princes , ( replies the Doctour ) men always fetch a compass . It concerns them then to take good heed to that , ( answers Gracian ) inasmuch as the losing or gaining of all lies thereby at stake . ( Verity , adds the Doctour , is a Maid no less modest than beautifull : and that 's the reason why she goes always veiled . But Princes then , ( replyed Gracian , ) ought gallantly to uncover her . ) It concerns them much to be good Diviners , and sharp-sighted Linxes , that they may dive in truth , and discern falshood . The more every one studies to mutter onely the truth to them between their teeth , the more they give it them ready chewed , and easie to be digested , to the end it may doe them the more good . At present undeception is politick , it goes commonly betwixt two lights , either that it may get out of the darkness of flattery , if it meet a Fop ; or that it may advance to the light of truth , if it meet with a Man of wit. MAXIME CCXI. In Heaven all is pleasure ; in Hell all pain . The world being in the middle , has a share of both . We are betwixt two extremes , and so we participate of both . There is an alternative of destiny , neither can all be happiness , nor all unhappiness . This world is a cypher , all alone it is of no value , joined to Heaven it is worth a great deal . It is wisedome to be indifferent as to all its changes , for Novelty moves not the wise . Our life is acted like a Play. The Catastrophy is in the last Act. The chief part then is , to end it well . MAXIME CCXII. Not to discover the mystery of ones Art. Great Masters use this Cunning , even when they teach their Trade . One must always preserve a Superiority , and continue to be Master . There is need of Art in communicating ones Art , the source of teaching , and that of giving must never be drained . That 's the means of preserving Reputation and Authority . To have always somewhat that may feed admiration , by advancing things still to greater perfection , is a great precept to be observed in the matter of pleasing and teaching . In all sorts of Professions , and particularly in the most sublime employments , not to be lavish of ones self , hath been a great rule for living and prevailing . MAXIME CCXIII. To know how to contradict . It is an excellent stratagem , when one can doe it , not to be engaged , but to engage . It is the onely Rack that can extort Passions . Slowness in believing is a Vomitive that brings up secrets , and a Key that can open the best lockt heart . To sound both the will and judgment , requires great dexterity . A slie contempt of some mysterious words of another's , hunts out the most impenetrable secrets , and pleasantly wheadles them to the point of the Tongue , that they may so be caught in the toils of artifice . ) The reservedness of him who stands upon his guard , makes his spy draw off to a distence : and so he discovers the thought of another , which otherwise was impenetrable . An affected Doubt is a false Key of a cunning contrivance , whereby Curiosity unlocks all that it hath a mind to know . ) In matter of learning it is a cunning fetch in the Schollar to contradict his Master , inasmuch as it lays an obligation upon him , to labour to explain the truth with greater perspicuity and solidity . ) So that moderate contradiction gives him that teaches occasion to teach thoroughly . MAXIME CCXIV. Of one Folly not to make two . Nothing more ordinary than after one hath committed one piece of foppery , to doe three or four more in making amends for it . One impertinence is excused by another greater . Foppishness is of the race of Lying , or this of the race of that : to make good one , there is need of a great many others . The defence of a bad Cause , hath always been worse than the Cause it self . Not to know how to cover the evil , is a greater evil than the evil it self . The revenue of imperfections is , to let out a great many others to Rent . The wisest man may very well fail once , but not twice ; transiently , and by inadvertency , but not deliberately . See the Maxime 261. MAXIME CCXV . To have an eye over him that looks one way , and rows another . It 's the stratagem of a man of business to amuse the will that he may attack it . For so soon as it is convinced it is over-come . He dissembles his intention , that he may attain to it : he puts himself in the second rank , that he may be the first in execution . He makes sure of his blow through the inadventency of his Adversary . Let not then thy attention sleep , since the intention of thine adversary is so vigilant . And if the intention be the second in dissimulation , the discerning ought to be the first in knowledge . It is an act of circumspection to find out the artifice that one makes use of , and to observe the aims he takes for hitting the ends of his intentions . Seeing he proposes one thing , and pretends another , and that he turns and winds , that he may slily reach his ends , we are to look well about us what we grant to such an one ; and sometimes it will not even be amiss to let him know that we have discovered his designs . MAXIME CCXVI . To speak clearly . That shews not onely a disengagedness , but also a vivacity of wit. Some conceive well , and bring forth ill . For without light the Children of the Soul , that 's to say , thoughts and expressions , cannot come into the World. There are some , much like to those pots , which hold much , and let little out : On the contraray , others say more than they know . What resolution is in the will , expression is in the understanding . They are too great perfections . Clear Wits are plausible ; confused heads have been admired , because not understood . Sometime obscurity is gracefull , to distinguish one from the Rabble . But how can others judge of what they hear , if those who speak , conceive not themselves what they say ? MAXIME CCXVII . We must neither love , nor hate for ever . Live to day with thy Friends , as with those who to morrow may be thy worst Enemies . ) Seeing that is found by experience , it is very reasonable to be upon ones guard . Have a care not to give Arms to the deserters of Friendship , inasmuch as they 'll fight with them more cruelly against thy self . On the contrary , in regard of thine Enemies , leave always a door open to reconciliation , to wit , that of Gallantry , which is the surest . Sometimes former revenge hath been the cause of future repentance , and the pleasure of doing evil , turns into the displeasure of having done it . MAXIME CCXVIII . To doe nothing whimsically , but every thing with circumspection . Every whimsey is an imposthume . It is the eldest son of passion , that does all things the backward way . There are some who turn every thing into a kind of skirmishing . They are Ruffians in Conversation ; and would make a triumph of every thing they doe . They know not what it is to be peacefull . In commanding and governing they are pernitious , because they turn Government into a league offensive , and form a party of Enemies of those whom they ought to look upon as Children . They 'll have all things go in their way , and carry every thing as the result of their Conduct . But so soon as men discover their paradoxical humour , they stand upon their guard against them ; their Chimera's are flung back to them again : and by consequent they are so far from gaining their point , that they heap up to themselves vexations , every one lending a hand to their mortification . These silly people have a crackt brain , and sometimes also an unsound heart . The way to get rid of such Monsters , is to flie to the Antipodes , the barbarity whereof will be more supportable than the fierce and haughty humour of these men . MAXIME CCXIX. Not to pass for a Crafty Man. The truth is , there is no living now adays without using it . But it is better to chuse to be prudent than cunning . An open humour is agreeable to all men , but a great many love not to have it . Sincerity ought not to degenerate into simplicity , nor Wisedom into Artifice . Better it is to be respected as Wise , than feared as Crafty . Sincere People are loved , but deceived . It is the greatest cunning to hide that which passes for cheating . Candour flourished in the golden Age , Malice has its turn in this age of Iron . The reputation of knowing what one hath to doe , is honourable , and procures confidence ; but that of being artificious , is sophistical , and begets distrust . MAXIME CCXX . To cover our selves with the Foxe's skin , when we cannot doe it with the Lyon's . [ To yield to the times , is to exceed . He that compasses his design , never loses his Reputation . ] Art ought to supply strength . If we cannot proceed in the King's high-way of open force , we must take the by-path of Artifice . Wiles are far more expeditious than strength . The wise have oftener got the better of the brave , than the brave of the wise . When an enterprize fails , the door is open to contempt . MAXIME CCXXI . Not to be too ready to engage , nor to engage another . There are some men cut out for blundering , and making others stumble against decency . They are always at the point of doing some foppery . They are very apt to jostle rudely , but they unhappily break to pieces . They don't come off for an hundred quarrels a day . Their humour being cross-grained , they contradict all men in all things . Having their judgment set the wrong way , they disapprove every thing . It belongs onely to these great free-booters of prudence to doe nothing right , and to censure every thing as wrong . What Monsters are there in the large Countrey of impertinence ! MAXIME CCXXII . A reserved man is apparently a prudent man. The Tongue is a wild Beast , very hard to be chained again , when once it is let loose . It is the pulse , whereby the wise know the disposition of the Soul. By that , intelligent men feel the motion of the heart . The mischief is , that he who ought to be the most discreet , is the least . The wise man avoids fretting and engaging , and thereby shews how much he is master of himself . He acts with circumspection . He is a Janus in counterpoising , and an Argus in discerning . Momus might have said with better reason , that the hands wanted eyes , than that the heart needed a little window . MAXIME CCXXIII. Not to be too singular , neither through affectation , nor inadvertency . Some make themselves remarkable by their singularity , that 's to say , by foolish actions , which are rather faults than differences : and as some are known to all men , by some deformity in the face ; so are these by I know not what excess , that appears in their countenance . To be singular is good for nothing , unless it be to make one pass for an original impertinent : which alternately provokes the scorn of some , and the bad humour of others . This Maxime being taken out of the Chapter of the Author 's Discreet , entituled , La Figureria , I have thought it pertinent to insert an extract of it here as a Commentary . There are , says he , many people , that serve as an object to be laughed at by others , and those are purposely so , who to distinguish themselves from other men , affect an extravagant singularity , which they observe in all their actions . You shall see a man that would give any thing he could speak from his poll , that he might not speak by the mouth , as others doe . But since that 's impossible , they transform their voice , affect a little accent , invent idiomes , and lisp it sweetingly , that they may be rare in every thing . They torture their palate , in depriving it of all that naturally it loves . Seeing it is common to them with the rest of Mankind and other Animals , they would change it by an excess of singularity , which is rather the punishment of their affectation , than the elevation of their grandeur . Sometimes they 'll be pleased to drink dregs , and say it's Nectar . They leave the generous King of Liquours for Waters , which are onely pretious in their fancies ; they smell of Physick , and they call them Ambrosia . Every day they invent Novelties , that they may always improve in singularity ; and the truth is , they succeed in it , since no body else finds either the goodness or relish in the Ragoes , which they so magnify . So that they remain all alone in their extravagancy , or as others call it , impertinence . And some lives after . In Heroick actions , singularity is becoming , and nothing gains more veneration to great employments . Grandeur consists in the sublimity of wit , and in elevated thoughts . There is no nobility like to that of the Heart . For it never stops to Artifice . Virtue is the Character of Heroism . Difference is becoming there : Princes ought to live with so great lustre and splendour , by means of their good qualities , and virtues , that , if the Stars descended from their Celestial Sphere , to come and dwell with us , they should not be more luminous than they . There are others who are not men ; they affect to distinguish themselves by modes , and to singularize themselves by an extraordinary air . They abhor all that is in practice . They shew an antipathy against custome . They affect Antiquity , and to revive old fashions . Others in Spain wear the French habit , and in France the Spanish . Nay , there are some that go into the Countrey with a Gorget , and to court with a Band , playing so the Puppits , as if Derision needed a Ragoe . Men ought never to give occasion of laughter to People of sense ; nay , not so much as to Children ; and nevertheless there are a great many who seem to place their whole study and care in making themselves ridiculous , and to be talked of by others . They 'd think the day ill spent , if they signalized it not by some ridiculous singularity . But how could the mirth of some be entertained without the extravagance of others ? Some Vices serve as matter for others . And thus Foppishness is the food of Calumny . But if frivolous singularity in the bark , that 's to say , in the outside , be a subject of laughter , what will the internal , I mean , that of the mind be ? There are some men , in whom , one would say , that Nature had placed all things , Wit , Judgement and all , the wrong way . They affect to appear so , for fear of conforming to Custome . Unintelligible in their Reasoning , depraved in their Opinion , and irregular in all . For the greatest singularity , without doubt , is that of the Understanding . Others cloath their capriciousness with a vain Pride , lined with foppishness and folly . With that they affect in all things and all places , a starched gravity . They would seem to doe honour with a look , and favour with a word of their mouth . MAXIME CCXXIV. Never to take things against the hair , though they come that way . Every thing hath a right side and a wrong : The best thing hurts , if we take it the wrong way . On the contrary the most unfitting fits , if it be taken by the handle . Many things have given trouble that would have been pleasant , if one had known the good of them . In all things there is good and bad . The skill lies in knowing how to find out the good . One and the same thing , hath its good day , and its bad . Examine it on the fairest side . We must not give the contrary reines to good and evil . Hence it is that some take pleasure in all things , and others in nothing . A good expedient against the reverse of fortune , and for living in any time , and in any employment that happens to men . MAXIME CCXXV. To know ones prevailing fault . Every one hath one , that makes a counterpoise to his predominant perfection . And if it be backt by inclination , it rules like a Tyrant . Let one begin to to make War against it then , by declaring it : and let that be by a manifesto . For if it be known , it will be overcome ; and especially if he that hath it , judge it to be as great , as it appears to others . To be master of ones self , there is need of reflecting upon ones self . If once that root of imperfections be pluckt out , we 'll soon be able to master the rest . MAXIME CCXXVI . Attention to engage . Most part of men neither speak nor act according to what themselves are , but according to the impression of others . There is no body , but is more than sufficient for persuading evil , because evil is most easily believed , even sometimes when it is incredible . The best thing we can pretend to , depends on the fancy of others . Some are satisfied to have reason on their side : but that is not enough , and by consequent , it needs to be pursued . Sometime the care of engaging costs but very little , and is worth a great deal . With words we purchase good deeds . In this great Inn of the World , there is no utencil so small , but that it may happen to be usefull once in a year : and , for all it is of so little worth , it will be very inconvenient to be without it . Every one speaks of the object according to his passion . MAXIME CCXXVII . Not to be a man of the first impression . Some espouse the first information , so that all others are but Concubines . And as falshood goes always first , so truth finds no place after . Neither the mind , nor the will , ought ever to be filled neither with the first proposition , nor the first object : which is the sign of a poor stock . Some resemble a new pot that retains always the smell of the first liquour good or bad , that hath been put into it . When that weakness comes to be known it is pernicious , because it gives advantage to the artifices of malice . They who have bad intentions , hasten to give their tincture to credulity . A void space must be left then for revision . Let Alexander keep the other ear for the adverse party . Let a door be open for a second and third information . It 's a sign of incapacity to stick to the first , nay , and a fault that borders upon head-strongness . MAXIME CCXXVIII . To have neither the report , nor reputation of being a bad Tongue . For that 's to be reckoned a general scourge . Be not ingenious at the cost of another : which is more odious than painfull . All men revenge themselves of an evil Speaker , by speaking evil of him : and seeing he is alone , he 'll be sooner overcome than the others , who are numerous , can be convicted . Evil ought never to be the subject of contentment nor commentary . A detractor is eternally hated , and if sometimes great men converse with him , it is more out os pleasure to hear his Satyres , than for any esteem they have of him . He that speaks ill , causes always more to be said of himself . MAXIME CCXXIX . To know how to divide ones life , like a man of Parts . Not according as occasions present , but by foresight and choice . A life that hath no intermission , is painfull , like a long way , where there is no Inn. Variety well understood makes it happy . The first period ought to be spent in speaking with the dead . We are born to know , and to know our selves : and it is by Books that we truly learn that , and become complete men . The second station is to be allotted for the living , that 's to say , that we ought to see what is best in the World , and keep a register of it . [ All is not to be found in one place . The universal Father hath distributed his gifts , and sometimes it hath pleased him to give a largess to the most miserable Countrey . The third pause ought to be all for our selves . ] The chief happiness is to Philosophize . This Maxime is taken out of the last Chapter of his Discreet , an abstract whereof it is fit to subjoin as a Commentary to it . The Wise Man , says he , measures his life , as one that hath little and much to live . A life without rests is a long way without Inns. Nature hath proportioned the life of man according to the course of the Sun ; and the four ages of life according to the four seasons of the year . The Spring of man begins in his Infancy . The flowers of it are tender , and the hopes frail . It is followed by the hot and excessive Summer of Youth , every way dangerous , because of the boyling bloud , and the frequent eruptions of passions . The Autumn of Manly Age comes next , crowned with the ripe fruits of mind and will : and then at length the Winter of old Age , wherein the leaves of vigour fall ; when the rivulets of the veins freeze ; Snow covers the Head , when the Hair and Teeth are gone ; and when life trembles at the approaches of death . And a page after . It was a piece of celebrated wit in that gallant Person , who divided the Comedy into three days , and the voyage of life into three stations . The first he employed in speaking with the dead ; the second in conversing with the living ; and the third in entertaining ones self . Let us explain the riddle . I say , he gave the first term of life to Books . He read them , and that was rather a pleasure than a toil . For if one be the more a man , the more he knows , the noblest employment will be to learn. He devoured Books , which are the food of the Soul , and the delights of the mind . It 's great happiness to meet with the best on every subject . He learn't the two universal Languages , Latine and Spanish , which are now a-days the Keys of the World ; and the five particular , to wit , the Greek , the Italian , the French , the English , and the Dutch ; that he might make his profit of all the good that is celebrated in them . After that , he bequeathed himself to that Grand-mother of life , the Wife of the Mind , and the Daughter of Experience , plausible History , I mean that which delights and instructs most . He began with the Ancients , and ended with the Modern , though others take the contrary course , chusing his Authours , and distinguishing the Times , the Dates , Centuries , and Ages ; searching into the causes of the growth , fall , and revolution of Monarchies , and Re-publicks ; the number , order , and qualities of their Princes , their Actions in Peace and War. He walked in the delicious Gardens of Poetry , not so much to exercise himself as to play there . Yet he was not so ignorant , but that he knew how to make a verse ; nor so unadvised , as to make two . Amongst all the Poets he gave his heart to sententious Horace , and his hand to subtile Martial : which was to give him the Laurel . To Poesie he joined savoury Humanity . Then he proceeded to Philosophy , and beginning with Natural , he acquired the structure of the Universe , of the marvellous being of Man , of the properties of Animals , and Plants , and in fine , of the qualities of pretious Stones . But he took more pleasure in Moral Philosophy , which is the food of real men , as that which gives life to Prudence : and he studied it in the Books of the Wise and Philosophers , who have compiled it to us in Sentences , Apophthegms , Emblems and Apologues . He knew both Cosmographies , the material and formal , measuring the Earth and the Sea ; distinguishing the Elevations and Climates , the four parts of the world , and in them , Provinces and Nations : that he might not be one of those Ignorants and half Beasts , who have never known what it is they tread upon . Of Astrology he knew as much as Wisedom suffers to be known , &c. In fine , he crowned his Studies by a long and serious application to the reading of Holy Scriptures , which is the most usefull , universal and pleasant study for men of judgment . So that Moral Philosophy rendred him Prudent ; Natural , Knowing ; History , Discreet ; Poetry , Ingenious ; Rhetorick , Eloquent ; Humanity , Polite ; Cosmography , Intelligent ; and the study of Holy Scripture , Pious and Devote . He employed the second part of his life in Travelling , which is the second happiness of a man that 's curious , and capable of making good use of it . He sought and found all that was best in the world . For when we see not things , we enjoy them not fully . There is a great deal to be said betwixt what one imagines , and what he sees . He takes more pleasure in objects who sees them but once , than he that sees them often . The first time one is contented , at all others he is tired . The first day , a pretty thing is the pleasure of him who is the master of it ; but after that , it affects him no more than that of a stranger . He saw the Courts of greatest Princes , and by consequent the Prodigies of Nature and Art in Picture , Sculpture , Tapestry , Jewels , &c. He conversed with the excellentest men of the World , either in learning , or any thing else , whereby he had the means of observing , censuring , confronting , and putting the just value upon all things . He spent the third part of so fine a life in meditating upon the much which he had read ; and the more which he had seen . All that enters by the door of the senses into this Haven of the Soul , is unloaded at the Custom-house of the mind , where every thing is Registred . There it is that things are weighed , judged , examined , and the quintessences of truths drawn . Ripe age is designed for contemplation . For the more strength the Body loses , the more the Soul acquires . The balance of the superiour part rises as much , as that of the inferiour falls . At that time men judge of things in a far different manner . Maturity of age seasons Reason , and tempers the Passions . From seeing , one becomes intelligent ; from contemplating wise . The Crown of a Prudent Man is to be a Philosopher , by drawing from all things , in imitation of the laborious Bee , either the honey of pleasant profit , or the wax that may serve to make a Torch to undeceive him . Philosophy is nothing else but a meditation on death . It is good to think on it many times before , that one may succeed in it at the last . MAXIME CCXXX . To open ones Eyes when it is time . All who see , have not their Eyes open ; nor do all that look see . To reflect too late , is not a remedy , but a vexation . Some begin to see when there is no more to be seen . They have undone their houses , and squandered away their fortunes , before they made any thing of themselves . It 's hard to give understanding to him that has no mind to have it ; and harder still to give the will to him that has no understanding . They who are about them , play with them , as with blind men , and they are a diversion for all the company . And seeing they are deaf to hear , they never open their Eyes to see . Nevertheless there are some who foment that insensibility , because their well-being consists in procuring others to be nothing . Unhappy the Horse , whose Master has no Eyes ! He will hardly ever be fat . MAXIME CCXXXI . Never to shew things before they be finished . All beginnings are defective , and the imagination is always prejudiced . The remembring to have seen a thing imperfect , takes from one the liberty of thinking it pretty when it is finished . To have a full view at once of a great object , is a hindrance to judge of every part of it ; but it is also a pleasure that fills the whole imagination . A thing is nothing , till it be all : and when a thing begins to be , it is farther from being any thing . To see the most exquisite Dishes drest , provokes more disgust than Appetite . Let every skilfull Master then , have a care not to let his works be seen in embrio . Let him learn of Nature not to expose them , till they be in a condition of appearing . MAXIME CCXXXII . To understand the Commerce of life a little . All must not be Theory , let there be some Practice also . The wisest are easily deceived . For though they understand the extraordinary , yet they are ignorant of the ordinary way of living ; which is the most necessary . The contemplation of high things , suffers them not to think of those which are common : and seeing they are ignorant of what they ought first to know , that 's to say , of what every one doth , they are lookt upon with wonder , or esteemed ignorant by the vulgar , who consider onely the surface . Let a wise man then take care to know as much of the Commerce of life , as may serve to keep him from being the fop , or laughing stock of others . Let him be a man of management . For though that be not the highest point of life , it is nevertheless the most usefull . What is knowledge good for , if it be not put into practice ? To know how to live , is now a days the true knowledge . MAXIME CCXXXIII . To find out the palate of others . Else you 'll displease , instead of pleasing . Some for want of understanding the tempers of people , vex when they thought to oblige . There are actions that are flattery for some , and an offence for others : and many times that which was believed to be a good Office , hath proved a disservice . It hath sometimes cost more to doe a displeasure , than to doe a pleasure . How can we please other men , if we know not their humour ? Hence it is that some have censured , thinking they praised : a punishment which they well deserved . Others think to divert by their Eloquence , and cloy the mindby their babling . MAXIME CCXXXIV . Never to engage ones Reputation without good assurances of the honour and integrity of others . To follow the way of silence , is the way to profit : but to lose , facility will doe the work . As to the concerns of Honour , it is good always to make one in company : so that ones own Reputation be obliged to take care of the Reputation of another . One must never be surety : but if that sometimes happen , let it be done so discreetly , that Prudence may yield to Circumspection . Let the risque be common , and the Cause reciprocal , to the end that he who is the Accomplice , may not set up for an Evidence . MAXIME CCXXXV . To know how to ask . There is nothing easier for some , nor more difficult for others . Some there are , who cannot refuse , and by consequent there 's no need of a hook to draw from them what one would have . There are others again , whose first word is always no : with those there is need of cunning . But of whomsoever we have any thing to ask , we ought to nick our time ; as , for instance , at the conclusion of a good Meal , or of some other refreshment , that hath put them in a good humour : in case the Prudence of him that is addressed to , prevent not the Artifice of him who desires . Days of rejoycing are the days of favour , because the joy within spreads it self abroad . We are not to present our selves , when we see another denied , seeing then the fear of saying no , is surmounted . When there is melancholly within doors , nothing is to be done . To oblige before hand , is a bill of Exchange , when the Correspondent is a civil man. MAXIME CCXXXVI . To make that a favour , which would have been afterwards but a reward . That 's the art of greatest Politicians . Favours , which go before Merits , are the touch-stone of Gentlemen . An anticipated favour hath two perfections : one is , the promptitude , which obliges the receiver to greater gratitude : and the other , because the same gift , which coming later would be a debt , by anticipation is a pure favour . A cunning way of transforming obligations , since he , who would have deserved to be rewarded , is obliged to a thankfull acknowledgment . I speak of men of honour . For , as to others , it would rather be a curb than a spur , to give them an honourary before hand . MAXIME CCXXXVII . Never to be privy to the secrets of Superiours . You may think to share in the Plums , but it is onely in the Stones . To have been confidents , hath been the undoing of many . It is with confidents , as with the crust of bread , that is used instead of a spoon , which runs the risque of being swallowed down with the broth . Confidence is not the favour , but the impost of the Prince . Many break their Looking-glass , because it shews them their ugliness . A Prince cannot abide to see the man , who may have seen him : and the witness of an ill act , is always ill lookt upon . One ought never to be too much obliged to any body , and far less to great men . Services rendred , stand better with them than favours received . But above all things , the confidences of Friendship are dangerous . He that hath entrusted his secret to another , hath made himself his slave : and in Sovereigns , it is a violence that cannot last long . For they are impatient to redeem their lost liberty : and for succeeding in that , they 'll overturn every thing , nay , and reason it self . It 's a Maxime for secrets , Neither to hear them , nor tell them . MAXIME CCXXXVIII . To know the piece that we want . Several men would be great , if they wanted not a somewhat , without which they never attain to the height of perfection . It 's to be observed in some , that they might be worth much , if they would supply a little defect . To some , seriousness is wanting , for fault of which great qualities have no lustre in them . To others , sweetness of carriage : a defect , which those that frequent their company , soon discover , and especially in dignified persons . In some more briskness is desired ; and in others more reservedness . It were easie to supply all these defects , if one minded them . For reflexion may turn Custome into a second Nature . MAXIME CCXXXIX . Not to be too-quaint . It 's better to be reserved . To know more than is needfull , is to blunt the edge of wit , seeing subtilties , commonly , are easily crackt . Truth well authorized is surer . It is good to have understanding , but not a flux at the mouth . Too much reasoning looks like jangling . A solid judgment that reasons no more than what is fit , is much better . MAXIME CCXL . To know how to play the Ignorant . The ablest man sometimes acts this part : and there are occasions , when the best knowledge is to pretend not to know . One must not be ignorant , but onely pretend to be so . It signifies little to be knowing with Fops , and Prudent with Fools . We are to speak to every man according to his Character . He is not the ignorant who pretends to be such , but he that is catch'd by such . Not he that counterfeits , but he that really is so . The onely way to be beloved , is to put on the skin of the silliest of Animals . MAXIME CCXLI. To suffer raissery , but not to use it . The one is a kind of Gallantry ; the other a sort of Engagement . He that is off of the hinges when people are rejoycing , has much , and shews still more of the nature of a Beast . Jocoseness is diverting . He that can suffer it , passes for a man of great stock : whereas he that is netled at it , provokes others to nettle him the more . The best way is to let it pass without making too much on 't . The greatest truths have always come from raillery . There is nothing that demands more circumspection nor skill . Before one begin , he ought to know the reach of him , with whom he intends to make himself merry . MAXIME CCXLII. To pursue ones point . There are some onely good for beginning , who never bring any thing to an end . They invent , but they prosecute not , so inconstant is their mind . They never acquire Reputation , because they never proceed to a period . These always end by stopping short . In others , that comes from impatience , and it is the fault of the Spaniards , as patience is the vertue of the Flemings . These see the end of affairs , and affairs see the end of those . They sweat till they have overcome the difficulty , and then rest content that they have weathered it . They know not how to make the best of their victory . They shew that they can , but that they will not . But after all , it is still a fault either of inability , or levity . If the design be good , why should it not be accomplished ? if it be bad , why begun ? let a man of parts then , kill his game , and let him not stop at starting of it . MAXIME CCXLIII . Not to be a Dove in all things . Let the cunning of the Serpent go in course with the simplicity of the Dove . There is nothing easier than to deceive a good man. He that neverlies , easily believes ; and he that never deceives , confides much . To be deceived is not always a sign of brutishness : For goodness is sometimes the cause of it . There are two sorts of people that well knew how to prevent a mischief , the one , because they have learnt what it is at their own cost ; and the others , because they have learnt it at the expence of others . Prudence ought then to be as carefull to caution it self , as cunning is to cheat . Have a care not to be so good a man , that others may take occasion from it of being bad . Be a composition of the Dove and Serpent ; not a Monster , but a Prodigy . MAXIME CCXLIV . To know how to oblige . Some so well metamorphose favours , that it seems they doe them , even when they receive them . There are men of such parts , that they oblige by asking , because they transform their own interest into anothers honour . ) They so adjust matters , that one would say , others discharged their duty , when they grant them what they ask , so dextrous they are in inverting the order of obligations by a singular knack of Policy . At least they make it doubtfull who it is that obliges . They buy the best thing with praises : and when they insinuate a desire to have it , it is thought an honour to bestow it . For they ingage Civility by making that a debt , which ought to be the cause of their thankfulness . Thus they change the obligation from passive to active , being better Politicians than Grammarians . That , in reality , is a great dexterity : but it would be a greater still to see into it , and to baulk such a foolish bargain , by giving them back their Civilities , and every one re-taking his own . MAXIME CCXLV . To reason sometimes quite contrary to the mobile . That shews a high mind . A great Genius ought not to esteem those who never contradict him . For that 's no mark of their affection to him , but of their love to themselves . Let him have a care of being the fop to flattery by answering it any otherwise , than with the contempt which it deserves . Let him even take it for an honour to be censured by some people , and particularly by those , who speak ill of all good men . Let it vex him , if his actions please all sorts of men , seeing that 's a sign that they are not such as they ought to be : what is perfect being observed but of a very few . MAXIME CCXLVI . Never to give satisfaction to those who demand none . To give even too much to those who demand it , is a blameable action . To make an excuse before it be time , is to accuse ones self . To be let bloud , when one is in health , is a signal for a sickness to come . An anticipated excuse awakens a discontent that slept . A Prudent Man ought not to seem sensible of another's suspicion , because that is to court his resentment . He ought onely endeavour to cure that suspicion by a sincere and civil deportment . MAXIME CCXLVII. To know a little more , and to live a little less . Others on the contrary say , that honest leisure is better than much business . Nothing is ours , but time , which even they , who have no fixt habitation enjoy . It is an equal misfortune to employ the pretious time of life in mechanical exercises , or in the hurry of great affairs . One is not to load himself neither with business , nor envy . That 's to live , and yet be choak't in a Croud . Some extend this precept even to Sciences . But not to know , is not to live . See Maxime 4. MAXIME CCXLVIII . Not to put off to the last . There are men of a last impression , ( for impertinence runs always upon extremes . ) They have a mind and a will of wax . The last applies the Seal , and effaces all the others . These men are never gained , because with the same facility they are lost . Every body gives them a tincture . They are the worst confidents in the world . They are Children as long as they live : and as such , they onely flote in the ebb and flood of their opinions and passions , always lame both in will and judgment , because they toss themselves now to one side , and by and by again to the other . MAXIME CCXLIX . Not to begin to live , where we should leave off . Some take their ease in the beginning , and leave the pains to the latter end . What is substantial ought to go first , and the accessory after , if there be place for that . Others would triumph , before they fight . Some again begin their knowledge by what least concerns them , delaying the study of things that might prove usefull and honourable unto them , till life is like to fail . Hardly hath such a man begun to make his fortune , but he is gone , or going . The method is equally necessary both for knowing and living . MAXIME CCL . When must one reason the contrary way . When men speak to us with a design to surprize us . With some people every thing ought to be taken in a contrary sense . The yea is the no , and the no the yea . To undervalue a thing is a sign one esteems it : seeing he that would have it for himself , depretiates it to others . To praise is not always to speak good : for some , that they may not praise the good , affect to commend the bad . He that thinks no body bad , will think no man good . MAXIME CCLI . We are to use Humane means , as if there were none Divine ; and Divine means , as if there were none Humane . It is the precept of a great Master , and needs no Commentary . MAXIME CCLII . Not altogether for thy self , nor altogether for others neither . Both the one and the other is an insupportable Tyranny . To be altogether for ones self , infers necessarily , that one would have all to himself . These men cannot part with an ace of any thing that 's convenient for them . They oblige little , they trust to their Fortune , but commonly that support fails them . It is good sometimes to forsake our selves for the sake of others , to the end others may doe so for us . Whoever is in publick place , is by duty a publick Servant . Otherwise it will be said to him , what the old Woman said once to Adrian the Emperour : Renounce then thy place , as thou dost thy duty . On the contrary , others are altogether for others . For folly runs always to excess , and is very unlucky in that particular . They have not a day , nor so much as an hour for themselves , and they are so little their own men , that there was one who was called Every bodies man. They are not themselves even in the understanding . For they know for all , and are ignorant for themselves . Let a man of sense consider , that it is not he who is courted , but an interest that is in him , or depends upon him . MAXIME CCLIII . Not to be too intelligible . Most part do not esteem what they conceive , but admire what they understand not . Things must cost somewhat , that they may be valued . One will pass for an able man , when he is not understood . He is to appear always more prudent , and intelligent than is needfull , with him to whom he speaks ; but with proportion rather than excess . And though good sense be of great weight amongst knowing men , yet sublimity is necessary to please the most part . We must take from them the means of censuring , by busying their minds in conceiving . Many praise that which they can give no reason for , when it is asked them : because they reverence as a mystery all that is hard to be comprehended , and extoll it , by reason they hear it extolled . MAXIME CCLIV . Not to slight the evil , because it is little . For an evil never comes all alone . Evils , as well as blessings hang together as by links . Happiness and misery attend those commonly who have most of either : and thence it is , that all avoid the unhappy , and court the fortunate . Doves themselves , for all their simplicity , rest on the fairest Pidgeon House . Every thing goes wrong with the unfortunate man , he is wanting to himself , in losing the favourable gale . Misfortune , when asleep , is not to be awakened . A slippery step is no great matter , and yet it hath occasioned a fatal fall , from which one could not tell how to recover . For as no good is perfect , so is there no evil neither at its highest pitch . That which proceeds from Heaven above , requires patience ; and that which arises from the world below , Prudence . MAXIME CCLV. To doe small kindnesses at a time , but often . Engagement should never exceed Ability . Whoever gives much , does not give but sell . Gratitude is not to be overloaded ▪ For he that finds himself in an impossibility to make satisfaction , will break off the Correspondence . The way to lose many Friends , is excessively to oblige them . Being unable to re-pay , they withdraw , and from being obliged , turn Enemies . A statue would be willing never to see its maker , nor the obliged his benefactour . The best method in giving , is to order things so , that it cost but little , and that that little be earnestly desired , to the end it may be the more esteemed . MAXIME CCLVI. To be always in a readiness to ward the blows of Clowns , Opiniatours , proud Persons , and of all other Impertinents . There are a great many such to be met with , and it is Prudence never to come to a brush with them : Let a wise man dayly look in the glass of reflexion , that he may see the need he hath of arming himself with resolution , and by that means he will disappoint all the jirks of folly . If he think seriously on that , he 'll never expose himself to the ordinary risques that men run into , by engaging with Fools . A man armed with Prudence , will never be baffled by impertinence . The Navigation of civil life is dangerous , because it is full of Rocks , on which Reputation splits . The surest way is to turn aside , taking lessons of cunning from Vlysses . Here an artificious defeat does great service . But above all , save thy self by thy wit. For that 's the shortest way of making the best of a bad bargain . MAXIME CCLVII . Never to come to a Rupture . For Reputation by so doing comes always off shattered . Any man is sufficient to be an Enemy , but not a Friend . Few are in a condition of doing good , but all almost can doe mischief . The Eagle is not secure in the armes of Jupiter himself , if it offend the Beetle . Secret Enemies that lie upon the watch , blow the fire , when they see the War declared . Friends that quarrel , become the worst Enemies . They reckon their own choice amongst other mens faults . Spectatours of the rupture speak severally of it , as they think , and think what they desire . They condemn both parties either for want of foresight in the beginning , or of patience in the end , but always of Prudence . If the rupture be inevitable , it ought at least to be excusable . An indifference would doe better than a violent declaration . On this occasion , a handsome retreat is honourable . MAXIME CCLVIII. To look out for one that may help to carry the burthen of adversity . Be never alone , especially in dangers . Else thou wilt charge thy self with all the hatred . Some think to raise themselves by taking upon them the whole oversight of businesses , and they attract to themselves all the envy : whereas with a companion one secures himself against the evil , or at least bears but part of it . Neither fortune nor the whimsey of the people can play so easily upon two . The skilfull Physician , who hath not succeeded in the cure of his Patient , never fails to take the assistence of another , who under the name of consultation , helps him to bear up the Pall. Divide then the office and trouble of it : for it is intolerable to suffer alone . MAXIME CCLIX . To prevent offences , and turn them into favours . There is more dexterity in shunning , than in revenging them . It is great address to make a confident of him , who might have been an Adversary ; and to transform those into butteresses of Reputation , who threatned to ruine the same . It is of great use to know how to oblige . To prevent an injury by a favour , is to intercept its course : and it is great skill in living , to change that which was like to cause nothing but discontent into pleasure . Place then thy confidence in malevolence it self . MAXIME CCLX . Thou shalt never be wholly at the devotion of any one , nor any one at thine . Neither is bloud , friendship , nor the strictest obligation sufficient for that . For it must be another-guess interest that can oblige one to abandon his heart and will. The greatest union admits of exception , and without prejudice too to the laws of most intimate Friendship . The Friend always reserves some secret , and the Son conceals somewhat even from the Father . Some things are made mysteries to some , and yet communicated to others ; and contrariwise : so that a man resigns or refuses himself wholly , according to the distinction he makes of those of his Correspondence . MAXIME CCLXI . Not to continue a Foppery . Some make an engagement of their mistakes : when they have once begun to fail , they think they are concerned in honour to continue . Their heart accuses their fault , and their mouth defends it . Whence it happens , that if they have been taxed for inadvertency , when they began the foppery , they pass for fools , when they continue it . An imprudent proneness , and a rash resolution , impose no obligation . Thus , some continue their first foolery , and make their silliness the more remarkable , by a vanity in appearing constant impertinents . See the Maxime 214. MAXIME CCLXII . To know how to forget . That 's a happiness rather than an art . Those things are best remembred which ought most to be forgotten . The memory hath not onely the incivility to fail one in time of need , but also the impertinence , to be unseasonably officious . In all that 's like to be troublesome , it is prodigal ; and barren in every thing that might give pleasure . Sometimes the remedy of the evil consists in forgetting it , and we forget the remedy . Memory then must be accustomed to take another course , because it is it that can give us either a Paradise or a Hell. I except those who live contentedly . For in their state of Innocence they enjoy the felicity of Idiots . MAXIME CCLXIII . Many things that serve for pleasure , ought not to be peculiar . One enjoys more of what is another's , than of what belongs to himself . The first day is for the Master , and all the rest for Strangers . One doubly enjoys what belongs to others , that 's to say , not onely without fear of loss , but also with the pleasure of Novelty . Privation makes every thing better . The water of another man 's Well is as delicious as Nectar . Besides that possession lessens the pleasure of enjoyment , it augments the trouble , whether in lending , or in not lending . It serves onely to preserve things for another : and over and above , the number of the discontented is always greater , than of the thankfull . MAXIME CCLXIV . To be at no time careless . Lot takes pleasure in surprize . It will let slip a thousand occasions to take its men one day napping . Wit , Prudence and Courage ought to be upon the guard , and in like manner beauty , inasmuch as the day of its confidence , will be that of the loss of its credit . The Who thought on 't is the trip that turns up the heels . Besides , it is an ordinary trick of others malice to lay a snare for good qualities , that they may be more rigorously sifted . The days of ostentation are well known , and cunning pretends not to mind it : but it chuses the day when one least expects , to make a tryal of what one is able to doe . MAXIME CCLXV. To know how to engage ones Dependents . A pat engagement hath put a great many men in credit , just as a ship wreck makes good swimmers . By that , many have displayed their industry and ability , which would have lain buried in their retirement , if occasion had not presented . Difficulties and dangers are the causes and spurs of Reputation . A great courage , in the occasions of honour , does as much service as a thousand others . Queen Isabelle of Castile , knew eminently that lesson of engaging , as well as all others : and the great Captain Gonsalvo owed all his Reputation to that politick Address , which was the cause also , that many others became great men . MAXIME CCLXVI. To be too good , is to be naught . He is so , who is never angry . Insensible men are scarcely men . That quality proceeds not always from indolency , but often from incapacity . To resent when it is proper , is the action of a complete man. Birds at first sight scorn your carved figures . To mingle the sharp with the sweet , is the sign of a good relish . Sweetness alone is onely for Children and Idiots . It 's a great misfortune to fall into that insensibility , by being too good natured . That man , says he , in the seventh Critick of the third part of his Criticon , is one of those who are called insensible ; of those people , whom nothing can alter , and who are not concerned at any thing ; not so much as at the greatest reverse of fortune , nor the imperfection of their own nature , nor yet the home-thrusts of malice . The whole world may conspire against them , it 's all one to them ; it will neither spoil their Appetite , nor break their sleep . And that they call indolence , nay , great courage too . MAXIME CCLXVII . Silken words . Arrows pierce the body , and bad words the soul . A good humour makes a good tongue . It 's a great art in life to know how to sell air . Words answer almost every thing , and nothing is impossible for them . Men negotiate in the air , and with the air : and a strong breath lasts long . The mouth must always be full of sugar to sweeten the words . For Enemies themselves can then relish them . The onely way to be amiable is to be affable . See the end of the Commentary of the Maxime 14. MAXIME CCLXVIII . The Wise Man ought to doe in the beginning , what the Fool does in the end . Both doe the same thing : the difference is that the one does it in season , and the other out of season . He , who in the beginning has his mind wrong set , continues to be so in all the rest . He draws with his foot what he should carry on his head ; he makes his right hand his left : so that he is left-handed in all his Conduct . After all , it always happens , that they doe by force what they might have done of their own accord : whereas the wise man sees what is to be done timely and at leisure , and puts it in execution with pleasure and Reputation . MAXIME CCLXIX . To make the best of ones being new . So long as it lasts , one will be esteemed . It generally takes because of variety , which pleases the palate . An ordinary thing , but spick and span new , is more valued , than a rarity that is seen often . Excellences wear out and soon grow old . That glory of Novelty will not last long , it 's but a nine days wonder . Make use then of the first fruits of Esteem , by gaining speedily all that thou can'st pretend to from a transient complaisance . For if once the fresh gloss be gone , the passion will cool , and that which pleased as being new , will cloy as being common . Every thing hath had its time , and then been slighted . MAXIME CCLXX. Not to condemn singly what pleaseth many . For there must be some good in it , when so many are content with it : and though it be not told what it is , yet it is known and enjoyed . Singularity is always odious , and when ill grounded , ridiculous . It disgraces rather the person than the object . So that one will be left alone with his whimsical palate . Let him that is not able to discern the good conceal the weakness of his judgment , and not meddle in condemning at random . For a bad discerning springs from ignorance . What all men say , is , or would be so . MAXIME CCLXXI. Let him that knows but little in his profession , stick to what he knows best . For if he be not reckoned quaint , at least he 'll be reckoned solid . He that knows , may engage , and doe at his pleasure : but to know little , and to run a risque , is a voluntary precipice . Hold always to the surer side . What is authorized cannot fail . For a weak knowledge a beaten path : and besides , security is better than singularity , not onely for the knowing , but also for the ignorant . MAXIME CCLXXII . To sell things as Courtesie thinks fit to value them . That 's the way to oblige the more . The selfish demand of the interested man will never equal the good grace of a generous obliged heart in giving . Courtesie does not give , but engage ; and the gallant way of it renders the obligation the greater . Nothing costs an honest man dearer , than what is frankly given him . It is to sell it to him twice , and at two different rates , the one at the worth of the thing , and the other at the value of the Generosity . It 's true , however , that Gallantry is not a Commodity for the use of sneaking beggarly fellows , because they know not what it is to live like men . MAXIME CCLXXIII . Thoroughly to know the temper of those with whom we have to doe . The effect is soon known , when once the cause is known . It is known first in it self , and then its motive . The melancholy person always , presages misfortunes , and the back-biter faults . The worst runs always in their heads ; and as they see not the present good , so they denounce future evils that may or may not happen . A man prepossessed with passion , speaks always in a style different to what things are . Passion and not reason speaks in him ; every one judges according to his caprice or humour , and no body according to truth . Learn then to unmask a counterfeit shew , and to spell out the characters of the heart . Study with thy self to know him that always laughs without reason ; and him that never laughs but when he should . Distrust an asker of many questions as an impertinent , or a spy . Seldom expect good from those who have any natural deformity in body . For it is usual with them to be revenged of Nature in doing her as little honour as she hath done to them . Commonly silliness bears proportion to beauty . MAXIME CCLXXIV . To have the gift of pleasing . Civility is a strong political magick . It is a gentile hook , to be used rather for attracting hearts , than drawing in of profit ; or rather , indeed , for all things . Merit will not doe the work , if it be not seconded by agreeableness , on which depends all the plausibility of actions . This agreeableness is the most efficacious instrument of Sovereignty . There is a luck in 't to put others into appetite : yet Artifice contributes to that also . In all things where there is much of Nature , Art always succeeds best . From thence springs that unaccountable somewhat , which gains universal favour . MAXIME CCLXXV . To conform to common Custome , but not to common Folly. Be not always starched in thy gravity , it 's part of Gallantry to dispence with a little decorum for gaining the common good will. Sometimes we may doe as others have done , and still without indecency . He that is taken for a fool in publick , will never be reckoned a Wise Man in private . There is more lost in one day of liberty , than gained by a long course of seriousness . But one must not always be for exception neither . To be singular is to condemn others . And it 's worse still to affect sanctified looks . That 's to be left to the Women . Nay , sometimes your Godly render themselves ridiculous . It is the best of a man to appear like a man. A Woman may with gracefullness affect a manly air , but a Man cannot without disparagement take upon him that of a Woman . MAXIME CCLXXVI . To be able to retrieve ones Genius by Nature and by Art. Man , they say , changes his temper once in seven years . In a good time , if it be for the better . In the first seven years reason comes to him . Let him so order things , that at every change he may acquire some new perfection . He ought to observe that natural revolution , that he may second it , and advance still farther and farther in the sequel . Thus many have changed their Conduct , as well in their condition , as employment . And sometimes it is not perceived , till the greatness of the alteration be observed . At twenty years of age a Peacock ; at thirty a Lion ; at fourty a Camel ; at fifty a Serpent ; at sixty a Dog ; at seventy an Ape ; at fourscore nothing at all . This Allegory is explained in the discourse 56 of the Authour 's Agudeza , in these terms . Man , because of the dignity of his Nature , thinking that he ought to be immortal , ask't Jupiter , how long he was to live , Jupiter made answer , That when he resolved to create all Animals , and then man , he had proposed to allow every one of them thirty years of life . Man was surprized to hear that so wonderfull a piece of Workmanship , as he was , had been made to last so short a time , and that his life must pass like a slower . He thought it strange , that being scarcely come out of his Mother's Womb , he was to enter into that of the Earth , without enjoying the pleasant state , wherein he was created . I beseech thee then , said he , O Jupiter , ( if it be so that my desire be not contrary to thy Decrees ) that since all the Animals unworthy of thy favours , have refused twenty years of the term of life , which thou hast given them , being ignorant of the good thou didst them , as being destitute of reason : it would please thee to grant them to me , that I may live them in their stead , and that thou mayst be better served by me . Jupiter finding the desire reasonable , allowed it : so that having lived his own thirty years , he should begin to live , first , the twenty years , that the Ass yielded , on condition that he should perform all its duties , in labouring , carting , drawing , and carrying to the House all that was necessary for Husbandry . That from fifty to seventy years of age he should live the twenty years of the Dog , barking , and growling , as having many troubles , and no pleasure in any thing . And that at length from seventy to ninety he should accomplish the years of the Ape , in imitating the defects of Nature . So we see that they who come to that age , are accustomed , as old as they are , to affect to seem young , to dress and spruce up themselves , and to use the exercises of Youth , that they may seem to be what they are not ; as also to play with Children , as Apes doe . He says the very same thing almost in the last Chapter of his Discreet . Thirty years , says he , were given to man for enjoyment and rejoycing ; twenty were lent him upon his word , for labouring ; twenty more of the Dog for barking ; and the last twenty to play and fool with little Children , like Apes . MAXIME CCLXXVII . The man of true Ostentation . That Talent gives luster to all others , every thing hath its time , and that time is to be watched . For every day is not a day of triumph . There are some men of a particular Character , in whom little appears to be much , and the much makes them admired . When excellence concurs with stallage , it passes for a Prodigy . There are ostentative Nations , and the Spanish with the first . The shew stands in stead of much , and particularly , if reality vouch for it . Heaven , which gives perfection , bespeaks ostentation ; for without it all perfection would be under constraint . Art must goe along with Ostentation . The excellentest things depend on circumstances , and by consequent are not always in season . Whenever Ostentation comes unseasonably , it succeeds ill . Nothing admits less of affectation , and that 's the rock that Ostentation always splits upon , because it borders near upon vanity , and vanity is very subject to contempt . It hath need of great moderation , that it may not be offensive . For the too much of it hath already discredited it amongst men of parts . Sometimes it consists in a dumb Eloquence , and in shewing perfection without design . For a wise dissimulation makes a plausible Parade ; the same privation exciting curiosity the more . It s greatest art is , not to shew all its perfection at once , but by degrees , and as if one were a-painting of it , to discover it the more . A lovely pattern ought to oblige men to shew somewhat still more lovely , and the applause given to the first piece , makes the Spectatours impatient to see the rest . This Maxime is taken from the Authour's Apologue , entituled , Hombre de Ostentation , the Abstract whereof shall serve for a Commentary . What is not seen , saith he , is as if it were not in being . All knowledge is nothing , if others are ignorant of that thou knowest , said a great Satyrist . Scire tuum nihil est , nisi te scire hoc sciat alter . Pers . Things go not for what they are , but for what they appear to be . There are many more fops than men of wit. Those are satisfied with appearance ; and though these stick to the substance , yet deceit prevails , and makes all things to be valued according to the outside . And a page after . Know , said the Ambassadours of the other Birds , to the Peacock , that all our Re-publick is offended at thy insupportable Pride . For it is an odious piece of singularity in thee , that thou alone must spread thy vain tail before the Sun , which no other Bird dares to doe , though there be many that have better right to doe it than thou hast . And therefore thou art commanded by an irrevocable sentence , to abstain for the future from signalizing thy self , &c. To which the Peacock made answer : Why do you condemn in me the Ostentation , and not the Beauty ? Heaven that hath bestowed this upon me , hath in like manner complemented me with the other . What would reality signifie to me without shew ? Politicians now a-days moot nothing else , but that the greatest Wisedom consists in making it appear . To know , and to know how to set it off , is doubly to know . For my own part , I would say of Ostentation , what others say of good fortune , that an ounce of Ostentation is better than pounds of capacity without it . What signifies it , though a thing be excellent , if it appear not ? And two pages after . It is a politick Probleme , whether or not reality be better than appearance . There are things great in themselves , which appear not , and others that are inconsiderable , which appear much . So great effect produces the having or wanting Ostentation . There are men in whom the little makes a great shew , and whose much is a subject of admiration . These are men of Parade ; for when excellence and appearance concur , they form a Prodigy . On the contrary , we have seen eminent persons , who have not appeared to be one half of what they were , for want of the dexterity of Ostentation . It is not long since , that a great Man , who in the field drove all before him , being called to a Council of War , was afraid of every body . He , that was so proper for action , was not at all for speaking . Ostentation gives a true lustre to Heroick Qualities , and , as it were , a second being to all things : that 's to say , if reality vouch for it . For without merit , it is but a vulgar cheat : it serves onely to manifest defects , and by consequent to beget contempt instead of applause . Some make a great bustle to get out and appear upon the Theatre of the World , and all they doe is to publish the ignorance , which retirement civily concealed . But that is not to make Ostentation of Talents , but foppishly to declare ones faults . MAXIME CCLXXVIII . In all things to avoid being remarkable . By being so too much , perfections themselves will be defects . This comes of singularity , and singularity hath always been censured , . Whoever affects to be singular , must live by himself . Politeness it self is ridiculous , if it be excessive ; it offends , when it glares too much to the Eye . Upon much stronger reason ought extravagant singularities to be nauseous . Nevertheless some would be known even by their vices to that degree , that they seek out Novelty in wickedness , and glory in having so bad a Reputation . Nay , in the matter of ability it self , the too much degenerates into quacking . MAXIME CCLXXIX . To suffer Contradiction without Gain-saying . It is to be distinguished when Contradiction proceeds from Cunning or Clownishness . For it is not always an Opinionativeness , sometimes it is Artifice . Take heed then not to engage into the one , nor to stumble into the other . There is no pains better bestowed than in spying : nor no better counter-battery against those , who would pick the lock of the heart , than to put the key of reserve in the inside . See the Maxime 179. MAXIME CCLXXX . The man of good stuff . Honesty and integrity are gone : obligations are forgotten . There are but few good Correspondences . The best service has the worst reward . This is the guise of the World now a days . There are whole Nations enclined to evil . Of the one , the treachery is always to be feared ; of others the inconstancy ; and of some the cheating . Make use then of the bad Correspondence of others , not as an example to be imitated ; but as a warning to be upon thy guard . Integrity runs a risque of being warped at the sight of a dishonest procedure ; but a good man never forgets what he himself is , because of what others are . MAXIME CCLXXXI . The approbation of knowing Men. An indifferent yea of a great man is more to be valued than the applause of a multitude . When there is a bone in the wind-pipe , to snuffle is not to breath . The wise speak with judgment , and by consequent , their approbation gives complete satisfaction . Prudent Antigonus placed his whole Renown in the single testimony of Zeno. And Plato called Aristotle his whole School . Some mind onely the filling of their Bellies , without minding that the Commons are but ordinary . Sovereigns themselves stand in need of good Writers , whose Pens are more to be feared by them , than a Picture to the life , by the ugly . MAXIME CCLXXXII . To make absence an expedient , for being respected , or esteemed . If presence lessen Reputation , absence encreases it . He who being absent is taken for a Lion , appears but a Mouse , when present . Perfections lose their lustre , if they be lookt upon at too near distance : because men look more upon the back of the outside , than the substance and inside of the mind . Imagination goes much farther than the sight : and the mistake that commonly enters by the Ears , goes out by the Eyes . He that rests in the centre of the good Opinion , that People have of him , preserves his Reputation . The Phoenix it self makes use of retirement and desire , to make it self to be the more esteemed and regrated . MAXIME CCLXXXIII . The Man of good invention . Invention marks a fruitfulness of wit. But where is it to be found without a grain of folly ? Invention is the share of quick wits , and the good choice that of solid judgments . The former is rarer , and more esteemed , inasmuch as many have succeeded in chusing well , and very few in inventing well , and in having the precedency of excellence , as well as that of time . Novelty is insinuant , and if it be happy , it sets a double value upon what is good . In matters that concern judgment , it is dangerous , because it runs upon Paradoxes ; in knacks of subtilty it is laudable : and if Novelty and invention jump well together , they are plaufible . MAXIME CCLXXXIV . Meddle not in other mens business , and thine own will go well . Esteem thy self , if thou wouldst be esteemed . Be rather covetous than prodigal of thy self . Make thy self to be desired , and thou shalt be well received . Never come till thou be called , and never go till thou be sent . He that engages of his own head , incurs all the hatred , if he succeed not ; and though he succeed , he is not liked the better for it . A man that is too intrigueing , is the But of contempt : and as he introduces himself without shame , he is repulsed with confusion . MAXIME CCLXXXV . Not to lose ones self with another . Know , that he who is in the mire , calls thee not , but to comfort himself at thy cost , when thou art bemired with him . The unfortunate look out for some body , to help them to bear their affliction . He who in prosperity turned his back , will in adversity stretch forth his hand . Consider well that thou mayst not be drowned , by endeavouring to help those who are a-drowning . MAXIME CCLXXXVI . Suffer not thy self to be obliged , nor by all sorts of People . For that would be to become a common slave . Some are born to be more happy than others ; the first for doing of good , and the others for receiving it . Liberty is more pretious than all gifts : and to receive , is to lose it . It is better to keep others in dependance , than to depend upon one alone . The onely advantage of Sovereignty is , that it can doe more good . Above all , have a care not to reckon any obligation as a favour . Be persuaded , that men most commonly seek to oblige , that they may engage . MAXIME CCLXXXVII . Never to act in passion . Otherwise , all will be spoil'd . Let him that is not himself , have a care not to doe any thing by himself . For passion always banishes reason . Let him then substitute a prudent Mediatour , who will be so , if he be without passion . Standers-by judge better than the Gamesters , because they fall not into passion . When one finds himself moved , retentiveness should beat the retreat , lest the choler may be more heated . For then every thing would be done violently , and by some minutes of fury , one would prepare to himself a subject of long repentance , and great repining . MAXIME CCLXXXVIII . To live according to occasion . Whether it be action , or discourse , all ought to be squared according to the time . We must resolve ; when we can , for Time and Tide stays for no man. Regulate not thy life by general Maximes , unless it be in favour of Vertue . Prescribe no positive laws to thy will : for thou wilt be forced next day to drink of the same water which thou despisest to day . Some mens impertinence is so whimsical , that they would have all the circumstances of a project quadrate to their madness , instead of accommodating themselves to circumstances . But a Wise Man knoweth that to conform to the times , is the North Star of Prudence . MAXIME CCLXXXIX . What most discredits a Man , is to shew that he is man. He is no longer reckoned Divine , so soon as he is known to have much in him of man. Levity is the greatest counterpoise of Reputation . As a grave man passes for more than man , so a light shittlecock is hardly reckoned a man. No vice discredits so much as levity , inasmuch as it is diametrically opposed to gravity . A light man cannot be substantial , and especially if he be old , seeing his age requires more Prudence . And though this fault be very common , yet it is strangely derived in every particular person that has it . MAXIME CCXC. It 's a happiness to join esteem with affection . To be respected , there is no need to be too much beloved . Love is bolder than hatred . ( Affection and veneration seldom agree together . And though it is not fit to be too much feared , yet neither is it good to be too much beloved . Love begets familiarity , and as fast as this comes in , esteem goes out . It is better to be loved with respect , than with tenderness . That is the love which great men require . MAXIME CCXCI. To know how to make an essay . Let the address of a Judicious man counterbalance the reservedness of a cunning man. A great judgment is required to measure the capacity of another . It 's far better to know the character of minds , than the virtue of herbs and stones . That is one of the greatest secrets of life . Metals are known by their sound , and Men by their talk . Integrity is known by words , but much more ●y deeds . In this , much penetration , circumspection and caution is required . MAXIME CCXCII . To be above , and not below ones Employment . How great soever the station be , he who holds it , should shew himself still to be greater . A man that hath wherewith , is still growing , and signalizes himself more and more in his employments : whereas he that hath a narrow heart , is soon at a stand , and is at length reduced to an inability of performing his obligations , and maintaining his Reputation . Augustus made it his honour to be a greater Man than Prince . A great heart , and a reasonable confidence in ones self are of great use here . MAXIME CCXCIII . Of Maturity . It 's conspicuous in the garb , but much more in the manners . Material gravity makes Gold pretious , and Moral the Man. That gravity is the ornament of Qualities , through the veneration that it attracts to them . The outside of Man is the frontispiece of the Soul. Maturity is not a dull look , nor an affectation of demure gestures , as Dunces say ; but a well weighed Authority . It speaks by sentences , and acts always to the purpose . It supposes a complete man , that 's to say , who is as much a great person , as a mature man. So soon as a man ceases to be a Child , he begins to be grave , and to shew his value . MAXIME CCXCIV. To be moderate in ones Opinions . All judge according to their interests , and abound in their own sense . Most men make reason give way to passion . Let two be of a contradictory Opinion , yet each presumes to have reason on his side . But reason that hath always been faithfull , hath never had two faces . A Wise Man is to reflect upon so nice a point : and thereby , his doubting will correct the head-strongness of others . Let him sometimes go to his adversaries side , that he may examine what he grounds upon , and that will hinder him from condemning him , and so easily arrogating to himself the victory . MAXIME CCXCV. To be , and not seem to be a man of business . Those who have least to doe , would appear to be loaded with affairs . They make a mystery of every thing , and that with the greatest silliness imaginable . These are Cameleons of applause , but are heartily laughed at by every body . Vanity is insupportable every where , but here it is flouted at . These little Pismires of honour go a-begging the glory of great exploits . Shew as little as thou canst thy most eminent qualities . Rest satisfied to doe , and leave it to others to talk of it . Give thy good actions , but sell them not . Golden Pens must never be hired to write upon dirt ; which is an Eye-sore to all men of sense . Strive rather to be a Heroe , than to shew it . Those , ( says he in the Chapter of his Discreet , entituled Hazasleria ) pretend to most business , who have least , because they go a-hunting after occasions , and magnifie them . They set a great value upon things that are worth less than nothing . They make a mystery of every thing , and the smallest matter is to them a Prodigy . All their affairs are the prime transactions of the world , and all their actions exploits . Their whole life is a train of Miracles , to be published by the Trumpet of Fame . They have nothing that 's common , every thing is singular in them , whether it be Valour , Knowledge , or Fortune . All vanity is justly reckoned foppish , but bragging is intolerable . Wise Men make it more their honour to be great , than to appear so . But these men rest satisfied with the bare appearance . To love to appear is so far from being a mark of sublimity in them , that on the contrary it is a demonstration of a low mind , since the least thing appears as much to them as the greatest . Pride is offensive every where , but chiefly here . They meet with contempt where they look for esteem . When they fansie to themselves that they will be admired , they find themselves exposed to the derision of all men . Their vanity proceeds not at all from the greatness of Soul , but from the lowness of Heart , seeing they aspire not to true honour , but onely to shews ; not to real exploits , but to brag of them , without doing them . There are others , who would seem to be mighty Ministers , great men for magnifying objects , there is no business small as to them , of Atomes they make a great dust , and of a little a great noise . They give themselves out for men overwhelmed in business , and by consequent , desirous of repose and leisure . They speak onely by mystery , their least gesture is a subject of Divination . They make great exclamations , and then , that they may the more surprize , stop short , like to the Machines of Gianello della Torre , of as great noise , and as little profit . There is a great deal of difference , nay , and contrariety betwixt great Doers , and great Talkers . For the more brave actions the former doe , the less they affect to speak of them . They are satisfied to doe , and leave it to others to tell what they have done ; and though others should be silent , yet the things themselves would sufficiently speak . The second sell at a dear rate , what others give gratis . They publish it with sound of Trumpet : and for want of Pens enough amongst those of Fame , they hire golden Pens , ( that 's to say mercenary Pens ) to make them write dirty Characters . And then he concludes in these terms . The Pens of Fame are not of Gold , because they are neither to be sold nor hired : but they have a better sound than the finest Silver ; they are of no value ; but they bestow it upon merit . To this may be added what Diogenes said one day to a young bragadocio , who alledged to him the multitude of his business : That it became him well to ape the Woman . MAXIME CCXCVI. The man of value , and majestick qualities . The great qualities make the great men . One of these alone is equivalent to all the indifferent put together . Heretofore a man made it his honour to have nothing but what was great in his house , even to the most common utensils . By much stronger reason ought a great man to endeavour that all the qualities of his mind be great . As every thing is immense and infinite in God , so ought all things to be great and majestick in a Heroe . So that all his actions , nay , and all his words should be cloathed with a transcendent majesty . MAXIME CCXCVII. To doe all things , as in the presence of witnesses . That is a man worthy of consideration , who considers that men behold him , or will behold him . He knows that the walls hear , and that wicked actions would rather burst than not get out . Even then when he is alone , he acts as if he were in the presence of all men , because he knows that all things will be known . He looks upon these as present witnesses , who by their discovery will be so afterwards . That man was not afraid that his Neighbours should keep a Register of all he did in his house , who desired that all men might see it . MAXIME CCXCVIII . The ready Wit , the profound Judgment , and the quaint Discerning . These three things make a Prodigy , and are the greatest gift of Divine bounty . It is a great advantage to conceive well , a greater to reason well , and above all to have a good understanding . Wit ought not to be in the back-bone , which would render it more painfull than sharp . To think well is the fruit of being rational . At twenty years of age the Will reigns ; at thirty the Wit ; at fourty , the Judgment . There are Wits , which , like the eyes of the Lynx , of themselves send forth light , and are most intelligent , when the obscurity is greatest . There are others , who are extemporary , and hit always upon that which is pattest to the purpose . They are always ready furnished , and with what is good too . A most happy fecundity . But a discerning judgment seasons the whole life . MAXIME CCXCIX . To leave with an Appetite . Men are to be left with the Nectar upon their lips . Desire is the standard of esteem . Even in bodily thirst , it is a skilfull management to provoke it , and not to satisfie it wholly . The good is doubly good , when there is but little of it . The abatement is great at the second bout . Too full an enjoyment is dangerous . For it causes the highest perfection to be despised . The onely rule to please is to find an appetite left with a desire . If it be to be provoked , let it rather be by the impatience of longing , than the glut of enjoyment . A felicity that costs pains , gives double contentment . MAXIME CCC . In a word , to be Holy. That is to say all at once . Vertue is the chain of all perfections , and the centre of all felicity . It renders a man prudent , attentive , circumspect , wise , valiant , reserved , sincere , fortunate , plausible , true , and a Heroe in all things . Three things make him happy , Health , Wisedom , and Holiness . Vertue is the Sun of the Microcosme , and a good Conscience is its Hemisphere . It is so lovely , that it gains the favour both of Heaven and Earth . Nothing but it is amiable , and nothing hatefull but Vice. Vertue is a thing in good earnest , every thing else is but mockery . Capacity and Grandure are to be measured by Vertue , and not by fortune . Vertue stands in need of nothing but it self . It renders man amiable in this life , and memorable after death . Principibus placuisse viris non ultima laus est . Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum . Hor. Ep. 17. lib. 1. Epist . THE END . Books Sold by Abel Swalle , at the Unicorn , at the West-end of St. Paul ' s. A Companion to the Temple , or a Help to Devotion , in the Use of the Common Prayer : divided into four Parts . Part 1. Of Morning and Evening Prayer . Part 2. Of the Litany , with the Occasional Prayers and Thanksgivings . Part 3. Of the Communion-office , with the Offices of Baptism , and Catechism , and Confirmation . Part 4. Of the Occasional-Offices , viz. Matrimony , Visitation of the Sick , &c. the whole being carefully corrected , and now put in one Volume , by Tho. Comber , D. D. Folio . Forty Sermons , whereof Twenty one are now first published ; the greatest part of them Preached before the King , and on Solemn Occasions ; by Rich. Allestree , D. D. with an Account of the Authour's Life , in Folio . The Works of Mr. Abraham Cowley , consisting of those which were formerly printed , and those designed for the Press , and now published out of the Authour 's Original Papers . The Eighth Edition : Folio . The second Part of the Works of Mr. Abraham Cowley ; being what was written in his younger years , and now reprinted together : The fifth Edition . The Case of Resistance of the Supreme Powers , Stated and Resolved , according to the Doctrine of the Holy Scripture . By William Sherlock , D. D. in Octavo . A Vindication of the Rights of Ecclesiastical Authority : being an Answer to the First Part of the Protestant Reconciler , by William Sherlock , D. D. and Master of the Temple , in Octavo . Pet. Dan. Nuetii de interpretatione Libri 2. duo quarum prior est , de optimo Genere interpretandi : alter de claris interpret . &c. in Octavo . The Case of Compelling Men to the Holy Sacrament of the Lord's Supper considered , and Authority Vindicated in it , by the Rules of the Gospel , and from the Common and Popular Objections against it , by the Authour of the Charge of Scandal , omitted in the late Collection , L. Coelii Lactantii Firmiani Opera quae extant , ad fidem M SS . recognita & Commentariis illustrata . Tho. Spark , A. M. Oxonii è Theatro Sheldoniano . A Sermon Preached before the King at White-hall , Novemb. 23. 1684. by Gilb. Ironside , D. D. Warden of Wadham College in Oxon , &c. A Sermon preached at St. Margarets Westminster , May the 29th . 1685. before the Honourable House of Commons ; by William Sherlock , D. D. Master of the Temple , and Chaplain in Ordinary to his Majesty . Elenchus Motuum nuperorum in Anglia , or a short Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the late Troubles in England : In two Parts . Written in Latine by Dr. George Bates , Principal Physician to King Charles the First , and King Charles the Second . Motus Compositi , or the History of the Composing the Affairs of England , by the Restauration of King Charles the Second , and the Punishment of the Regicides and other Principal Occurrents , to the year 1669. Written in Latine by Tho. Skinner , M. D. Made English : To which is added a Preface , by a Person of Quality ; and in the Body , on the Work , several choice Original Papers ; an Account of which is given in the end of the Preface . Some Discourses lately published against the Papists . A Discourse about the Charge of Novelty , Quarto . — About Tradition , Quarto . A Discourse concerning a Guide in Matters of Faith , Quarto . A Discourse concerning the Invocation of Saints , Quarto . A Discourse concerning the Unity of the Catholick Church , maintained in the Church of England , Quarto . A Discourse concerning Auricular Confession , Quarto . A Discourse against Transubstantiation , Quarto . A Discourse against Purgatory , Quarto . A Discourse concerning the Object of Religious Worship , Quarto . A Discourse concerning the Adoration of the Host , Quarto .