The grammar warre. Or The eight parts of speach, noune, pronoune. verbe, participle, aduerbe, coniunction, preposition, interiection, altogether by the eares Together with the lamentable burning of a petty schoole. Bellum grammaticale. English Guarna, Andrea. 1635 Approx. 92 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 37 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2008-09 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A72221 STC 12421 ESTC S122613 99899083 99899083 150627 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A72221) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 150627) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1475-1640 ; 1960:1) The grammar warre. Or The eight parts of speach, noune, pronoune. verbe, participle, aduerbe, coniunction, preposition, interiection, altogether by the eares Together with the lamentable burning of a petty schoole. Bellum grammaticale. English Guarna, Andrea. Spencer, John, d. 1680, attributed name. Hayward, William, fl. 1570-1576. I. S. [72] p. printed by Robert Raworth, for Thomas Spencer, London : 1635. A translation by William Hayward of: Guarna, Andrea. Bellum grammaticale. Editor's preface signed: I.S., i.e. John Spencer?. The words "noune, .. participle," and "aduerbe, .. interiection," are bracketed together on title page. Signatures: A⁴ B-C¹² D. "A lamentation upon the conflagration of the Muses habitation: or a discription of the burning of a pettie schoole", last leaf, is in verse. Reproduction of original in the Henry E. 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Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Latin language -- Grammar -- Humor -- Early works to 1800. 2007-04 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2007-04 Apex CoVantage Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2007-05 Emma (Leeson) Huber Sampled and proofread 2007-05 Emma (Leeson) Huber Text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-02 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion THE GRAMMAR WARRE . OR The eight Parts of SPEACH , Noune , Pronoune . Verbe , Participle , Aduerbe , Coniunction , Preposition , Interiection , altogether by the eares . Together with the lamentable burning of a Petty Schoole . LONDON , Printed by Robert Raworth , for Thomas Spencer . 1635. THE TRANSLATOR , To all Tyro's , or first admitted into the Grammar Squadron . COme hopefull young ones , and with fea●elesse fight , View the blyth turmoyle , of a Grammer Fight . It was a Romane field ; and higher straine : But now brought low , fought on an English plain : That every tender head , and Infant eye , May iudge and see , who gets the Victorie . And though the parts of speach in conflict are , Through wild combustion of Gramma●ick Warre ; Yet one thing Iolly Readers grant , that wee Like Subst●ntiues and Adictiues agree . The Preface vpon the Historicall discourse of the Grammar Warre . THe first and auncient Philosophers that wrote their Poesies couertly hidden vnder subtill and wylie matter , did constitute Pallas the daughter of Iupiter , to bee goddesse of Wisedome , called Mi●arua , and of Warre , called Enyo or Bellona . Giuing hereby to vnderstand , that of one and the same beginning , in one time altogether and in one substance are two principall things inseparately ioyned together : which two properties are so knit , that the one without the other is of no force , and the other without his fellow , of small or no account : Yea , they are the principles whereby men attaine to the height of Honour , aduancing meane men to Honour in their life-time , and immortall fame after death . They are Learning and Martiall discipline . Of these two together Noble Greece made separation in her two metropolitanes ; when the Citie of Athens flourished in learning , and the Citie of Sparta or Lacedemonia glorious in feates of Armes . The noble fame of the Romanes grew by the one , and by the other they did alwayes defend them , so that they did successiuely greatly set store by them . The worthie , valiant , and mighty Eloquent Caesar was decored with them both , and by them did eternise his renowne . These two which did so much ennoble Greece , so greatly honour the Romanes , and eternise the fame of the great Caesar , are in this present small volume comprised vnder an angry Argument , and Historicall narration of the Grammar Warre : Lucian an eloquent Greeke Authour made the first d●aughts in the battell of the Alphabet letters : But this Authour hath waded further , euen vnto Verbes and Nounes , being principall heads of Oration , and to the adherents of speach , as well to the congruate word , ( being the opener and the declaratiue of the sense ) as otherwise , wherein resteth all Arte and Knowledge , wherein also all the wisedome of man is comprised : shaping and forming these two heads , and the auxiliary ayding parties with such fained personages and pretie properties , so apt and to them so quicke in qualitie , that hee giueth life , body , weapon and armour to dead words , yea , and sounding voyce , to substances inanimate and without soule : so that the Reader in the lecture of this ( though fained ) narration and dreadfull discouerie , shall deeme them no mo●● to bee vocall wordes , but by a strong iudgement shall thin●e them dapperlie disguised , being transformed into liuely persons , going , speaking , and sharply reasoning with continuall terrours of martiall expedition and exploits , with allegoricall conflicts of bloody battell , not onely in hostile contention abroad , but also in ciuill , yea , and intestine Warres at home : so that in the discouerie hereof he is nothing obliuious of any thing that appertaineth to the deduction and safe guiding of so great affaires , euen from the first causes ●nd intermixed medlies of their aduentures , vnto the last end of their attemptes and endeauours , with all their circumstances , all their tumults and vproares , with their doubtfulnesse of victory among many martialists , how of bloody battell diuers losses and dangers doe follow , and how in the end finall peace ensueth . All which matters bee so properlie penned , and so cunningly compact in this tragedie , that the warres of the Poloponenses , and the ciuill warres of the Affricanes in Thucide , in Salust , and Lucan , are peradueuture more high and diffusedly described : But with more a●te , or more compendiously , I am sure they are not . Heere are placed the mighty , huge , and fearefull factes of armes vnder the figure of so small a thing as of the congruitie or discordance of words in Oration , ioyning letters with weapons , teaching the art Militarie with the art Litterarie , so well , and so exactly , that the Reader ( beside the delight and pleasure that hee shall haue in the reading of so pleasant an Allegorie ) shall receiue further benefit : For herein is represented in one conceit , two vnderstandings knit together , the one proper and naturall , the other tropique and figured . Beside this , hee shall comprehend in this same very substance , and by the only labour of one reading , those two so worthy things aboue mentioned , that doe eternise the fame of their fellowes , that is louers of learning , and prudent Martiallistes . The science litterarie , and militarie , that is to say , the art of G●amm●● , yea , the Grand mother of all arts and sciences , and the art militarie ( of deduced Warres , vnder pleasant Metaphoricall figure● , transported and turned , bereauin , the mind of the literall vnderstanding of small things Verball , to the consideration of greater , more royall & reall ) doth manifestly shew by example the ambitious mouings , the imperious desire of Princes to haue gouernment , the tumults and partiallities of peoples , the profitable and peruerse counsell of sundry Counsellers , the seemely sentences , and modest messages of the artificiall erands on both Partees , their enterprised attempts , and martiall orders , the summonning of Souldiers , the charts of defiance , the denouncing of Heraldes , the high and stātely stomackes of the aduerse parties to ioyne battell , the seeking of aliance in extremitie , the compact confederated of countrey-men , the flights , treasons , espies , ambushments , their suddaine entraps and skirmishes , the ordinances of armes , the placing of the campe , the pitching of the arrayes , the noble cheering of the Captaines to their Souldiers , the taking of Townes , the marching of their men , the cruell conflicts , and worthy feates of armes on all sides , the lammentable losse of Captaines , the cruell combate of the fighters , the great slaughters on both Partees , the fearefull flying on all sides , the doubtfull meetings of many , the indifferency of their victory , and the finall pernitious accidents that ensue through the warres to both sides , the robbing , the reauing , the rapine and disorder that is then in vre , the depopulating of inhabitate countreys , the desolate destruction that diuers are damnified by : the commodities and aduantages that one realme enioyeth through the detriment of another : and contrarily , the infinite vtillities that ensue through peace and con●ord , to all realmes and Republikes . It was first written in Latine , but now translated , whereby the simple and vnlearned English readers , as well as the learned Latinists , might enioy part of the pleasure that is had in the reaping of this so delectable discourse of the figured warre , and blood-lesse battell , without mortall shot , sweate , or noyse of Canon . For the vtilitie of our English Children , but especially beginning to studie the Latine tongue , who reading this pleasant fight in their owne tongue , might learne by way of mirth and m●rrie pastime , the principall points of the Grammar . Not to hold thee longer in that to which all this but introduceth ; If the Booke please thee , it will bee obuious in Pauls Church-vard and else where ; the Stationers may haue thy money , but thou shalt haue the profit , an I in the int●im ●est , Thine I. S. THE GRAMMAR WARRE . THere is none so simple ( as I thinke , ) that doubteth the soyle of Grammar to bee the fayrest and happiest of all the renowned parts and Prouinces of the World , as well for the pleasantnesse of the place wherein it is situate , being in good and wholsesome ayre , and aboundant in all fruits and other good things , without which this mortall life cannot easily be sustained : As also for that shee hath alwayes , and euer , beene the Nurse and bringer vp of all people of renowne . For euen as in this age , euen so long time heretofore , the custome and manner was in this land and countrie ( except among the rude & barbarous Nations ) where any were espied of prompt and ready nature , or hopefully inclined , they were sent thither to bee taught and instructed , whereby they might attayne the most holy and learned Sciences : For by this onely way and passage is the entry and accesse to the highest Countries , and Noble houses of Dialectica , that is Logike , Philosophie , that is learned Wisedome , and Theologie , that is the most high and excellent knowledge in Diuinitie . Insomuch that vnlesse they enter thorow the Prouince of Grammar , no soule were able to attaine to the worthy secrets of the other Prouinces . And albeit that the same regions abound in all pleasure , yet notwithstanding they are so enuironed about with high Mountaines , and such sharpe Rocks , right dificult and hard to bee got vp vpon , that hardly without a good-guide , any may euer attaine to the plaine and pleasant path of them . And therfore because mankind should not bee restrained from so necessary a benefit , the good and laudable custome euer was , and yet resteth to the Kings of the said land , to send abroad through euery part of the vniuersal world , some of their expert Knights and worthy Captaines of old bands properly called Pcdagoges , Schoole-masters , that they might ayde others , and surely conduct them of tender age to the Princely pallaces of the sayd Kings , ( for the mightie , and such as now draw toward age , hardly suffer to bee taught of any , ) to the end that the youth there being taught in the Sciences of the Greeke and Latine tongue , might the easier , and more lightly ascend and goe ouer the foresaid countries . There haue all learned Greekes and Latins made their apprentishippe , who by their worthy writings , or by the acte of others , are immortallized with renowned fame . Being there thus well taught and learned , they haue afterward so florishingly liued through the high praise of their illustrious and splendant actes , that liuing , they were vnto all men in their time setters forth of vertuous examples , and after they were dead ( yet as aliue ) shewed to those that suruiued them , as it were by pointing with the finger , the right path and ready way to attaine honourable life , and immortall fame . But although that this land of Grammar bee none other but indiuisible and without partition , yet neuerthelesse there are two mighty Kings , that there raigne and gouerne , that is to say , the Verbe and the Noune . The Verbe hath to name Amo , and the Noune Poeta , who a very long time raigned together in such concord and quietnesse , that to forme Oration perfect ( wherein the beautie of them both , the highest place of the one , and the chiefest seate of the other dependeth ) no dissention , displeasure or contention was euer heard betweene them : For in all their territorie there grew nothing more esteemed , more worthie , or more sound , then Oration , which being beautified with the most colours of sundry flowers , and decked with the most faire and fine figures , and most sweete and perfumed Buds of set Roses , was of such singular comlinesse and authoritie , that shee not onely drew vnto her m●nkind , ( when the same is right and aptly applied ) but may also withdraw any of the Gods which way shee will winde them . By reason whereof Euripides saith ▪ That which force could not gaine , That faire speech did soone attaine . Pyrrhus also vsed sometime to say that Cyneas did win more Townes with his tongue and comelie speech , then hee with his Warres . These two Kings then being in such concord , as all the affaires of Grammar were in good appearance and better estate , it happened that for a small thing , dissention sprang betweene them , whereby vpon a very sudaine , all was bewrapped in vprore and martiall displeasures : For what harme is that , that Wine and insaeiate eating cause not ? Thus that so great amitie and vnion betweene these two Princes was so ouerthrowne at one onely banquet , wherein they were both drunken ; and ebrietie set them in so great enmities one against another , that either of them , pricked forward with ambitious desire of regiment ( as wild Bulls stung of gadde flies ) almost vtterly ouerturned their owne realmes , and the noble Empire of Grammar . But now let vs shew how their debate happened , to the end that euery one may know , that there is no band or knot of amity so strong that desire of superiority may not breake , euery man louing rather to bee serued , then to serue other . As these two Kings on a time were at a banquet , in the midest of the hot Summer , neere to a pleasant and cleere spring , hauing the water bancke on the one side , and the other side most pleasant , and singulatly shaddowed with the branches of greene Willowes , and high Plane trees , after they had sufficiently banquetted , being warmed with Wine , and lightened with drinking , a question arose betweene them , whether of them two were greatest in authoritie , and of most importance to performe Oration ? Then the Verbe minding to hold the worthiest place , was sharply withstood of the Noune , affirming , that without him , Oration and speach might not bee , and that through him altogether , the same is vnderstood and of better grace : And what dost thou ( said hee ) without mee in Oration ? If I withhould me a part neuer so little , the hearers vnderstand thee no more then one were dumbe and spake not . Gather a while a small part of speach without mee , and doe that the hearers may vnderstand that which thou speakest . Doubtlesse , if I bee not there for an Interpreter , none may so much as guesse the least thing of thy meaning . Moreouer thou shouldest note , that in so much as I am elder then thou , so much more am I approoued worthiest . Who is hee that knoweth not the Noune , before the Verbe ? Or who is hee that is ignorant , how the beginning of the Noune is more ancient then the Verbe ? It is infallible , that God made all things , who if hee made all , then hee made also the Verbe . Now God is a Noune and not a Verbe , wherefore now of consequence , by the Noune were all things made , yea , Oration it selfe was made of God , and so of the Noune . As for thee , O thou Verbe ( that art so proud ) thou hast thy calling of mee : Hast thou neuer read , that among the Sonnes of Women , is not a greater then Iohn Baptist ? This is Gods sentence , it is not lawfull to goe against it . Wherfore if none be greater then Iohn , and Iohn being a Noune ; it is apparent to bee seene , that there is not , neither may any thing else bee greater then the Noune . I could alledge to this matter sixe hundred places , whereby it is proued clearer then the day , that as in worthinesse and antiquitie , euen so in authoritie and chiefe place the Noune is preferred before the Verbe . All which things I set and leaue apart , to the end that men thinke me not to proceede of the Verbe , more through much babling , then of iust cause . O Poeta ( answered the Verbe ) I maruailed before now , why that Diuine Plato had expulsed thee out of his common Weale : But now knowing how shamelesse and light thou art so to intermixe the holy Scripture among thy follies : I know well that the learned and wise Plato iudged rightly of thee . For had not hee exiled thee with many other , forth of the Republike that hee ordained , thou haddest by thy false coremonies , fearfull Gods , and other things , corrupted the ciuill manners of his citizens . For what pernitious thing durst not thy great pride and arrogancie , enterprize and attempte ? Yea seeing that by the deuised deceipts , and false writhed witnesses wrested by force from holy Scripture , thou labourest to cast me down from the dignitie of the chiefest place , which I haue long time in this land possessed . But certainely , for that it shall not seeme to thee , that thou alone art learned , I will easily alledge more manifest and plaine testimonies of the same holy Scripture , that maintaine mine authoritie . I will set here foremost the very beginning of that Euangelicall Scripture , where it is thus said : In the beginning was the word , and the word was with God , and God was the word . Open thine eares now , wherefore hidest thou thy face so ? God ( said hee ) was the Word , and moreouer , all things are made by him : And without him nothing was made . It is not therefore the Noune that made all things , but the Verbe . Againe , God was a Verbe , and not a Noune . Moreouer , by the Word the Heauens were made firme and sure , and all their powers . What wilt thou now say ? There is no meane to defend thee by holy allegations , but thou mayst perceiue them to make for mee , and not for thee . But let vs bend to those points that aptliest tend to our cause : Tell mee I pray thee , whence commeth to thee this folly and madnes ? And whence hast thou so sudainely taken such stomacke and hart of grace , that thou darest vsurpe vpon thee the worthiest place in Oration ▪ Knowest thou not that all comelinesse , beautie and sweetnesse commeth of mee alone ? And that the Noune is alwayes ruled of the Verbe , and not that the Verbe is ruled of the Noune . The comely featnesse of the Verbe is that , that beautifieth and enricheth Oration : And if I gouerne thee not therein , thou shalt bee halfe handed , and of no force . Knowest thou how to make a construction , wherein forthwith the chiefe place is not giuen mee ? Behold all men know , that I onely that hold the seigniorie ouer the Verbes , can without the ayd of any other make perfect Oration . Wherefore then speakest thou so impudently ? And ( as Horace saith ) why throwest thou so thy proud and disdainefull sixe cornered words ? Who art thou ? What art thou ? Of what force ? Or how great ? Not of such authoritie as thou boastest of , I am sure , that so goest puffed and swollen , that it is maruell thou burstest not in the middest , I am ( thou wilt say the King of the Nounes : But what is thy name ? Thou wilt answere Poeta . And what is Poeta other then a pratler , a seller of gaudes , a deuiser of fables , a master of mischiefe , a brabler , a Lyar , a Drunkard , and a foolish dolte , that coloureth that which is trueth , and putteth foorth falshood , and such a one as by pratling fillest and perturbest all the World ? Which also by thy chat vsurpest so much authoritie among the common and simple sort , that thou darest striue for the dignitie against the renowned stocke of the Verbes . Foolishly doe those fathers that giue thee their children to bee taught of for what is in thee whereby that youth may bee encited to grace and vertuous encouragement , but the Stews of the adulterous Iupiter , the iealousie of Iuno , and the Whooredome of Venus , and of the Ruffian Mars , and such goodly devices imrgined of thine owne brayne , that hauing drunke a little more then well , thou , as filled with a diuine ghost , and ouerladen with wine , mad like or deuilishly , darest in a Poeticall furie mixe heauen with earth , and earth with heauen . At these words , Poeta the King , all fired in ire , not able to suffer the shame nor the iniury that was sayd to him , answered thus : O thou most mischieuous head of man , darest thou speake so boldly such contentious things of vs ? And there withall caught a Cupp in his hand , which had , violently hit him on the face , had not one of the standers by ( holding him by the arme ) turned the stroake aside . It is not to bee doubted now , that in the rage wherein both partyes were then , but that words were no blowes : But certainely of the elder sort and wisest came vpon the same and they beare away the sayd Kings all drunken into their Pallaces : And on the morrow after that the friends of the partyes were assembled , there was great enquirie and disputation of the contention happened the day before . Then of the part of the Nounes was sharply blamed , the open throat and vnseemely talke of the King of Verbes , and the most part of the Nounes , especially the younger of them maruellously muttered , saying that the tongue of King Amo ought to bee tamed , and to giue him to vnderstand , that the mighty maiestie of the Nounes was neuer subiect to such reproch and contumelie . But although the elders that were then there present , especially Terence , admonished them that nothing might bee vnaduisedly done , but that it was requisite rather first to take counsell then weapon , in that point following the wiser sort : yet notwithstanding all the Nounes with their King , were so fleshed to fight , that it was forthwith fully determined and accorded to offer battell to the Verbes : And thereupon was sent forth a Trumpet to the King Amo , assuredly to proclaime Warre against him . On the Verbes part was no wiser counsells held , for when all their Nobilitie were come together , there was nothing else treated of among them , then to defend the dignitie of the Verb●s , in the land of Grammar , and to depresse and throw down the pride of the Nounes . And behold , hereupon came the Herald of the King Poeta , who diligently declared the charge of his errand . They answered , that with good will they receiued the defiance , and from thence forward all their mindes were bent wholely toward martiall affaires . Afterward the King of Verbes , sent Trumpets and messengers to all Nations and lands that were vnder his seigniorie , commanding that all such as were able to beare weapon , should bee found ready in good order at the day assigned . First before all other , came Quando , the Duke of Aduerbes , with sixe of his Captaines , Vbi Quo , Vnde ? Qua ? Quorsum ? and Quosque ? Quorsum and Quosque were companied with their bandes , and vnder the first Ensigne were these renowned Champions . Hic , Illic Isthic , Intus , Foris , Ibi , Ibidem , Sicubi , Alicubi , Alias , Alibi vsquam , and Nusquam . Vnder the second , Huc , Illuc , Istue , Intro , Foras , Alio , Nequo , Aliquo , Siquo , Illo , Eo , and Eo●●● . Vnder the third , Hac , Illac , Istac , Alia , Nequa , Illa , and Eadem . Vnder the fourth , Horsum , Illorsum , Istorsum , Introrsum , Extorsum , Dextrorsum , Sinistrorsum , Aliorsum , Aliquorsum , and Deorsum . Vnder the fift , Hactenus , Hucusque , Eousque , Vsquemodo , and Vsque nunc . To the sixt band the Captaine himselfe beare the Ensigne , marching in the midst of his men , so that two of the said bandes were in the Van , and the other three in the Reere . Many other Aduerbes serued for forerunners , and these discouered the wayes and serued for Partisans , the rest couered the wings and kept that the bandes marched not out of array . The names of them are , Peregre , Pone , Super , Supra , Inter , Infra , Extra , Citra , and Vltra , with many other . After them came other Aduerbes , great of quallity , quantity , and number , among whom were those hideous swearing Aduerbs , as Aedipol , Enimuero , Ecastor , Medius fidius , and profecto . Also the calling Aduerbs , as Heus , &c. The answerers , as Hem. The laughers , as Ha , Ha , He. The denying Aduerbs , Minime and Nequaquam : which Nequaquam albeit hee were valliant , and greatly trained vp in the warres , was yet withstandinge the most vntrue and deceitfullest of them all , and would never say truth , but through constraint of danger . Now these Adverbs were armed with three kinds of Armor ; for they had kinde for a Buckler , Signification for an Head-pice , and Figure for a Sword. Many other Adverbs came to the aide of their King : as Indicatives , Frequentatives , Meditatives , Deminutives and Denominatives , with their bands , which were not to bee contemned . Anomales ( being Verbes out of rule , that beare great sway and lordshippe in the borders of Grammer ) were not last and hind most : doubtlesse worthy men of Warre , but yet not able to hold their array , they are called , Sum , Volo , Fero , and Edo , By reason wherof it was permitted them to pitch their Tents in any part of the Campe where they would , least they might raise vprore among the Souldiers . The nation of the Verbes Defectives came also thither very braue , & in goodly order , Memi●i , Novi , Caepi and Odi : Also Vale , Salve , Aio , Inquit , Faxo , and Cedo , being all armed point deuice ready to joyne battayle . After them followed all the Verbes Actiues , clothed in bone and brauerie , and also the Neuters , with the Deponents , Commons , and Impersonals : All of them in sundry fourms and strange languages , and were armed with Gende●● , Tences , Moodes , Kindes , Persons , and Numbers . The King Amo , after hee had thus assembled his hoste , pitched his campe in the wild plaines of Coniunctions , in a place called Copula , and encamped his host there , neere the riuer of Disiunctiues called Siuer , and deuided his Hoste into foure coniugations , giuing to euery of them a meete place ( except to certaine familiar Verbes , who were encharged to beare the Baggage of the Infinitiues ) Their names are , Incipit , Desinit , Debet , Vult , Rotest , Iubet , Audet , Nititur , Tentat , and Dignatur , with such like : This office was assigned them , for that they were willing thereto , and had sturdy strength and abilitie . Last of all came certaine Verbes extract from high place , and of great dignitie , as Pluit , Ningit , Fulgurat , Tonat , Eulminat , and Aduesperacit ; bringing with them certaine bands of their most worthy Champions : But the Gerundes , with the Supines , forsaking the Nounes , came and yeelded to the Verbes . When Poeta King of Nounes heard the great preparation of his aduersarie , fearing to bee suprised with some sudaine alarum , if hee abode the fury and force of his enemies without preparation to defend him , commanded all the subiects of his Realme that in the speediest manner they might , they should make themselues ready to be in the field armed , and so aptly equipped , as in best wise were possible for them . Then to the ayde of the King of Nnunes , First came the Dukes of the Pronounes , as the nearest kinsmen , who for the most part were oftentimes Princes , Ego , Tu , Tui , being of the Blood royall , and of the stocke of the Arsacides , with whom were , Meus , Tuus , Noster , and Vester , Nostras and Vestras , Ille , Ipse , Iste , Hic , and Hac . All the Pronounes were parted in many fourmes , and vnder sundry Ensignes . Some were Primatiues , other Deriuatiues , some Possessiues , and some Gentiles . After them came the right worthy Articles , who had a long time haunted the Warres , of which the first was , Hic , Haec , Hoc , The second , Hic , & Haec : The third , Hic & Haec & Hoc , armed with Genders , Numbers , Figures , Persons , and Cases . After them came the grand Captaines of Interrogatiues , Infinitiues , & Relatiues , Quia , qui , quae , quod vel quid : and these ioyned to the hoste . These were the generall referenders of all the land of the King of Nounes , with whom were all the Relatiues , and Demonstratiues deuided into two bandes ; that is to witt , in Idendity , and Diuersitie : In the first were Is , Suus , Ipse , Ille , Idem . In the second , Caeter , Alius , Reliquus and Alter . The Prince of the accidentall relatiues was Qualis , vnder whom fought Quartus , quot , quotuplex , quatenus , quotenus , quotifarium , cuias and euigena ; the queene of the Prepositions called Ad , came thither also with Ab , and In , the husbands of Nounes Casuals , and they brought with them three Ensignes of worthy Amazones ; Vnder the first were A , abs , cum , coram , clam , de , e ex , pro , prae , palam , sine , absque , tenus , which serued to the Ablatiue Cases , Vnder the second were Ad , apud , ante , aduersum , aduersus , cis , citra , circum , circa , contra , erga , extra , inter , intra , infra , iuxta , ob , pone , per , propter , prope , secundum , post , trans , vltra , praeter , supra , circiter , vsque secus , & penes , all seruing to the Acusatiue cases : But In , sub , supra , and subter , serued to both Cases , to the Ablatiues , as well as to the Accusatiues . Vnder the third were , Di , dis , re , se an , con , whose office was to puruey potation for the Souldiers , for it was then Lent. Who albeit they were by composition inseperable , least they should at any time bee voyd of that was enioyned them , were yet inconstant , that sundry times they claue to the Nounes , and somewhile to the Verbes , and therefore they were accounted by the common rogues of the campe . Now the Nounes thus deuided by bandes , marched in goodly array , that is to weete , the Substantiues , likewise the Adiectiues , Nounes proper , Appellatiues , and Participles : After whom were the braue and rich Comparatiues , Superlatiues , Possessiues , Patronymiques , Gentiles , ( which were noble ) Numerals , and Multiplying , which gouerned the outward borders . Euery of them were deuided by fiue Declinations , to weete , by the first , the second , the third , the fourth and fift , and they were all armed with Kinds , Genders , Numbers , Figures , and Cases . All the said bands reduced in one , Poeta the King of the Nounes carried his hoste into the same playne of Coniunctions , and pitched his campe on the other side of the said riuer Siue : So that betweene both the hostes was nothing but the Riuer : By reason whereof , sundry times there happened sharpe skirmishes , betweene those that went there to the water , notwithstanding yet without open battell , for that had both the Kings forbidden , because all needfull necessaries for the Warres , were not yet very ready . Now either of these Kings conueied to ●nduce to his part the Participle ; a man doubtlesse of very great authoritie tho●ow all the land of Grammar , yea , in ●uissance and dignitie , altogether next and neerest the King : Who without doubt was able also to cause victory to whether side hee would wind him . By reason of this , as well the Verbe as the Noune , left nothing vnassayed , either of them , hoping to haue him on their side : Poeta the King of Nounes putting forth foremest , wrote to him in this manner : I doubt not ( O my brother ) but that thou knowest with what pride and puffed stomacke Amo the King of the Verbes is risen against mee , and against the dignitie of Nounes , and by what law I minde to occupie the chiefest seates to construe Oration : for which thing , seeing that the fame doth so much moue and displease mee ; I am forced to take armes , and set Souldiers in the field , that his pride being beaten downe , wee may keepe our seigniorie in his right , vncorrupted . And s●hens thou knowest how much thou art bounden to the nation of the Nounes , and what great benefit thou hast receiued of vs , as Genders and Cases , Numbers , and Figures : Thou shalt therefore doe a worke worthy of thy faithfulnesse and friendship , if with thy men of warre and thy Souldiers , thou come to ioyne with vs to defend our common Titles , our common riches , and common hope . For if the dignitie and lordship of Nounes bee destroyed , thinke not thou to find any sure place in all the land of Grammar , And so farewell : Beseeching thee to set forward thy comming in the speediest wise thou mayest . On the other side , Amo the King of Verbes , wrote to the said Participle in this wise : I know very well ( O deare brother ) how thou art by our enemies very instantly solicited to bee on their part , to warre against vs : And albeit that wee haue hope , that by thy singular wisedome thou wilt not doe any thing so rash or vnaduisedly , yet neuerthelesse it seemtth good vnto vs , to admonish and aduertise thee , that thou consider in thy selfe what commodities thou hast receiued of vs , and what increase of dignitie the Verbes haue made thee , in making thee partaker of their Tenses and Significations , Numbers , and Figures . And if thou hast any small benefit of the Nounes , those that thou receiuest of vs are much more , yea , and also greater . Thou shalt therefore doe best if thou repayre ●● our happy folde , not alone to keepe and defend vs , and the lordship of the Verbes , but also thou thy selfe , and thine . For thus thinke with thy selfe , that if I haue the worst , mine enemies will not withhold them from running 〈◊〉 thy lordship , and turne thy victorious armes against thee : That they all alone may with their mad will runne in and spoile all the land of Grammar . Farewell . The Participle after that hee had read the said letters of the two Kings , thought now of the one , then of the other , and had sundry thoughts in his head , considering with himselfe that he could not part with neither of them , without great and evident losse of his owne goods . Contra●ily if hee should seeme to minister , hee might not only enjoy the favour of them both , but also that he rather wished to see them lowe brought thorough the hazard of the warres , that they being destroyed , he might afterwards alone without resistance possesse the said land of Grammer : and therfore thought good to dissemble , ●eeding them with faire words , vntill hee knew who should haue the better : therfore he wrote to them in this manner . I haue most puissant Kings , received you● letters , and I haue read them with great sorrow and trouble of minde , knowing that betweene two such Princes so knit , is fall●● such discord , that you cannot withold yo● from ouerthrowing thorough cruell warre● your owne lordships , and that renowned Empire . But wherewith are you vexed ? O● what harme holdeth you ? And whence commeth this madnesse ? I beseech you consider ● little whither you goe . How will our commo● enemies ( those beast-like citizens of Ignorance , and that slouen-like people of Barbarie ) reioyce , vnderstanding the strength o● two such Princes to bee so wasted throug● their owne contentious quarrelling ? I adiur● you by the high Gods aboue and beneath , tha● yee would withhold you , and forbeare such deadly , mortall , and abominable battells , lea● that through damnable desire of superioritie you bewrap in vproares & slanders the good liest Prouince of all the world . But if destim● will haue it so , & that you be so fully purpose● to debate your quarrell by the sword , I purpose to take part with neither of you , seein● my lordship dependeth in part of the Verb● and in part of the Noune . And for that I am greatly bound to you both , with what I can I will ayde you both with Victualls , Munitions , and other necessary things : But as touching facts of armes , I will withholde mee , and I will cause my Souldiers to bee assembled in armes , to keepe in at home , that through incourses no iniury bee done by any , on the frontiers of mine own● land : Fare yee well . And albeit that he had thus written to them , this subtill and wylie Fox neuerthelesse , through all possible meanes hee might , maintained the quarrell , and by his privy letters incited the mindes of both nations eagerly to itch against othē , hoping thereby ( as I haue said ) that hee should attaine to the seigniorie of the whole Grammar after their totall destruction . Then hauing assigned a day for his subiects to bee assembled in , was in a most trim and braue Company . First the Terminats in Ans , ens , dus , rus , tus , sus , ●us , were therewith the Nounes verball in Tox , trix , and such like , which were neighbours of the Verbes and Nounes , and ioyned with the Párticiples . Likewise the Gerundes and Supines , to auoid these ciuill warres , withdrew them also from the Verbes , and fled to the Participles . These things thus appointed , the Participle sent great gifts to both sides , to bee always and still in their fauor : and first he sent to the Verbe these vndernamed Neuter Passiues , to weere , Gaudeo , soleo , audeo , fio , prandeo , Coeno , iuro , titubo , placeo , nubo , careo , moereo , poto , taceo , and quiesco . To the King of Nounes hee gaue the ending in Tor and trix . Hee sent also for wages to the hoste of Verbes an hundreth Waggons of Preter Tences , of Present and Future Tences . Item , a thousand Camels laden with Figures , Simples , Composites , and Decomposites : And to the Noune , he sent by the riuer Siue , ten shippes laden with Nominatiue and Genitiue Cases , with as many Singular and Plurall Numbers , and a great number of other , Masculine Genders , Feminines , Neuters , Commons and all . This done , hee held him in his countrey with his men of warre , awayting to whether side forture would turne her . In the meane while , these two warre-like Kings hauing very well made prouision of all things necessary to giue battell , awaited nothingelse then some fit occasion to co●mence the Warre . But it chanced that two of the worthiest townes of Grammar , ( to weete ) A , and V , were taken vnappointed by the King of Verbes , albeit that then all townes were indiffe●ently subiect , and payed equall tribute ●o both the said kings , as much to the one , as to the other , being moreouer , in no thing more in seruice to the one King , then to the other . When Poeta the king heard this , hee tooke by the like policie three other Towns , E , I , O : The other hearing this , kept them to their strongest watch , and keeping their libertie , were common to both parts , whose names are , B , C , D , E , G , L , M , N , P , Q , R , S , T , X , Z , and of ●hem doubtlesse commeth all the force of Grammer . To either of the Kings were giuen two Dipthongs to bee their trum●ets , for they were taught by sound of ●rump , to moue the spirit of all the Soul●iers for to fight , ae , and oe , serued ▪ to the ●ing of Nounes : Au , and Eu , to the Verbes . Beside this , certaine ieasting or ●ibing Women followed both the hosts , ●hat moued the mindes of the Souldiers ●● sundry affections : For some wept and ●ewailed the slaughter that should bee among them of Grammar , yea , and that they felt the same neere them already , ● Oh , ah , he , heu , and hei : Other were displeased , and reproued the contention ● these Kings , as Vah , va , and atat . Othe● wondered at such dissention fallen betweene so great friends , as Papae , vah● and vah : Other as fooles incited and encouraged the Souldiers to fight , as Ei● and Euax. Moreouer all the men of W● and Souldiers being well appointed , an● ready to enter into the battell , in seem● good to the King of Verbes that on hi● part gladly with all his heart , hee woul● withdraw to commence ciuill Warres And to cloake his doing in , or with som● honest manner , wrote a letter to the ki● of Nounes , in this tenor : O Poeta , thou hast well vnderstood ● what appointment and ready strength I ● come downe to shew my selfe in the field giue the battell : And againe thou may know that there are not in thee sufficient f●ces able to abide , and withstand the viol● rushing in of the legions of my men of War● Therefore thou shalt doe wisely , if in leau● mee in my estate , thou withdraw vnto t● territories . But if thou bee so senselesse , that it must bee had by the edge of the sword , then know thou that three dayes hence , I will beeready with mine hoste in the plaine field to fight , there to receiue thee . When the Trumpets Au and Eu had giuen their letters to the king of Nounes ; Hee answered them according to his Councell , in this wise : O Amo , thou euer hast too many words , but it is now no time to amase the eares of the hearers with thy much babling : Thou boastest thy valiant host , & thy fearefull prepared ordinance , as if on our side wee had none but Dwarfes and Grashoppers . Thy possession hath euer beene very little in Oration : But yet thy folly leadeth thee thither , from whenc thou mayest not flie , vntill with that part of Lordship ( by thee wrongfully wonne , worse gouerned , and naughtily retained ) thou bee by iust warre chased out . And for that thou shalt know how little , not I onely , but mine , doe waeye thee , and how smally wee feare thy threatnings ; our Heraldes ae and oe shall shew thee , their bare buttockes if thou wilt , Farewell , such as I wish thee : Adew to the deuill for euer and aye . By these letters the hearts of them poysoned one against another , did all awai● with fiery stomacks the last assigned day of battell . In the meane while , by occasion of such troubleous time , there arose ( as commonly doth in such businesse ) ● licence of most mischieuous deeds , and there went forth a company of priuie pilferers through the whole Prouince ●● Grammar , seeking their prey , and especially in Wooddie places , and from the hills espied the passengers , and spoiled th● Victuallers that went to the Campes Whereby great dearth and scarcitie ●● Victualls daily encreased in both th● hostes . By reason whereof , certaine wo●thy Captaines , with sufficient number o● Souldiers were by the consent and decree of both Kings , sent out to slay the● robbers , or else to driue them farre out ●● the land of Grammar . They being com● thither , the Souldiers did inclose a ver● thicke wood , where they had vnderstoo● that there were a great number hidden : S● they beset them , that one escaped not vn taken . Among whom was a certain fello● called Catholicon that draue a great A●●laden with Greeke & Latine words boun● vp together , and carried them into Italie● Item , an old Dunse called Ignoramits , with a young yonker surnamed Dulman which also with a great one-eyed Mule , draue a Waggon laden with false and broaken Rules , and fowle Fourmes , not onely of ould Phrases , but also of Latine termes , wherewith hee hoped to bee enriched in the burroughes and townes , selling them as pretious things set in glasse , to make latine of glasse , which might haue day seene through it . Moreouer this yonker Dulman was found puffed full of false pieces of money , and counterfait coyne , being base bullion , which hee caused to bee taken for good , being of an vntrue stampe which hee had , forged , and of the said money hee had filled all the land of Grammar . Likewise there was taken a great and greasie lasie lordane , that made himselfe bee called Grecismus , that had made leane all the Victuallers that went to the campe , to stuffe a great , foule , rancke , stinking , and rotten calues panch with . There was also taken one Pylades , that had robbed all the wayes hee went in , and bodily punished as they had merrited , some quartered and cut in pieces , some burnt in the fire , other cast into the dongeons of perpetuall and stinking prisons . He that tooke and punished Grecismus , was a right worthy Captaine called Toussan or Tusan : The robberrie of Pylades was discouered and debarred by a noble captaine , very well acquainted in the Warres , which was called Iohn of Cuvella , that so swelled that hee was in perill of the dropsie , but one gaue him a short glister , that did bring him in slender forme , and more leane & easie to be borne then he was . All the rest of his robberous rabble were destroyed , slaine and buried in a great and darke dungeon . Catholicon that among them was called the great , was brought to the campe with his Asse , who confessed on the racke ( albeit it were a thing manifest ) that he had stolen all these words in the land of Grammar : Then when hee was asked ought in Greeke , hee answered that hee vnderstood not the Greeke , and of the Latine but a very little . Then said the Iudges , wherefore carriest thou with thee Greeke words , seeing that thou vnderstandest not ? Then hee answered : there is so great ignorance of learning with vs ( saith hee ) that albeit I speak grossely , yet can I easily make them beleeue that I am through lined in euery corner with all the eloquence of Attica . All they which were there , hearing this , fell in a great laughter , and said : By Saint George , seeing that thou hast such hearers as thou hast , that which wee know not the due owners of , thou shalt carry with safe conduct to thy people and nation : But that which wee shall know to belong to any , that wee thinke good to bee rendered to the due owners . Then after they had made diligent search , all the Greeke words almost were giuen Isydore , whose they were , and the remnant of the Latines ; to which businesse was appointed the master of the Trench-men , called Calapine , with the courteous Captaine , Anthonie of Nebrisse . The intermixed , rotten , and secret hidden words were giuen him , and so they permitted him to goe his way with his Asse lighter laden then before : Neuerthelesse they forbade him at any time euer after , to bee so hardy as to call himselfe a Grammarian , except among the rude and barbarous people . In these businesse , one Priscian , a very renowned man , and of great honour in the land of Grammer , for that hee could not suffer the said land to runne into totall ruine through ciuill war and contention , hasted toward the campe in post to make an agreement , and being taken , was spoiled and sore beaten of the felonish fellowship of Catholicon , and was so wounded on the head , that there was no salue able to heale him . Shortly after , among these fellowes was taken one , who falsely and shamefull said that hee was an Historiographer , and had gathered together a great bundell of Ieasting foolish gaudes in a great volume , called Supplementum Chronicharum , who forced thorow question , confessed that all they were stollen things : And so hee was exiled for euer into the land of Ignorance . As these things were doing , certaine of the Verbes anomales , as Sum , voto , fero , with three companies of their hand-maides , made an assault and tooke away a prisoner of the captaines of the Nounes named Caeter , which was of the race of Relatiues , and they tooke him hidden with his fellowes in an ambush , in what caue I know not , neere to the by-pathway of the Coniu●ctions , Quod and Quam , and him they slew , with all his Singulars . His Plurals seeing the danger they were in , made a vow to Iupiter , to sacrifice him the remnant of their goods , and so they escaped whole and sound miraculously . When tidings hereof were told to King Poeta , hee was maruailously moued , and it greatly greeued him to loose such a Captaine : For this Caeter was very stout and full of stomacke euen to the vttermost , and in feates of warre hee had no peere . The king of Nounes therefore feeling himselfe greately endamaged with the losse of Caeter and his Singulars , diligently awaited occasion , whereby hee might render double the like to his enemies . But fortune , who can in all things doe very much , and chiefely in warre , gaue him shortly after the way to reuenge him of the wrong . For in those dayes many legions of Verbes of no small authoritie were taken prisoners by certain light horsmen of the Nounes . Among whom was Dice , face , fore , and duce of the bande of the Imperatiues and commanders . From whom through great ignomie was cut a-away by the Kings commandement , the hinder skirts of their garments , so that they shewed their buttocks , and so sent them away againe , so that euer since they were called onely Dic , duc , fac and fer . Afterward hee commanded that the prisoners should bee slaine , namely Fuo , specio , leo and pleo , whose goods were by the king of Verbes giuen to their lawfull children , descending of them in line , as Fui , fueram , fuissem , fuisse , and futurus : And the children of specio , who were a great number , as Aspicio , conspicio , and such like : And also to them of Leo , and pleo , as Doleo , impleo , compleo , suppleo , repleo , expleo , opleo . At the very same season was bewrayed a great treason to the hoste of the Verbes , how certaine horrible hooresons of the stocke of Preterperfectes , being souldiers , to cloake their treason , and not to bee knowne , were disguised after the manner of the Greekes , though they were of the Latine tongue , and beeing taken , had two heads . These had conspired and laid waite for the king of Verbes : but being taken and conuict of the fact , were declared traytours , and condemned of trespasse against the King : They were called Momordi , cecidi , cucurri , pependi , spospondi , pepigi , didici , poposci , tetuli , cecini , peperi , tutudi , pepuli , fefelli , memini , pugugi , and tetigi , from whom was cut off one head at that present : So that whereas they were before time called , Momordeo , cecido , cucurro , they bee now called , Mordeo , cedo , curro , and so of the rest . From Tetuli were cut off both heads , as well of the Preter , as of the Present-tence : Albeit that Terrence through pitie thought to simon the same againe of the Preter tence with Baulme , but it held not . Now as the time of fighting drew neere , the said kings set vp in the highest place of their hoste , a red cloake , to aduertise the Souldiers that they should shortly ioyne together in fight , that they might prepare and propose themselues thereto , taking their repast , and whetting their weapons , might make their munitions ready , with all other things pertaining to such affaires . In the morning , after the Souldiers had dined on both sides without any noyse making , the whole hoste assembled to the said place . Then when they had all ranged in battell aray with displayed ancients , the said Kings besought and required their souldiers earnestly to behaue themselues well and worthily : But it was no neede , seeing that they of themselues were already fired enough . For all as mad-men shooke their Pikes with so great and stout a stomacke , that they cared for nothing but to strike , and awaighted nought but the signe of the onset and alarme : And hereupon hehold , the Trumpets blew the onset , on both sides . On the other part the earth resounded and rang againe , and in both hostes were made great shoutes and cries , the heads of both hostes made great vowes , and euery of them stomacked and cheered vp their souldiers : Then euery one did what hee could and knew to bee done , they stroake together with great handy stroakes of Swords , brake their Pikes , that the aire rang againe of the crie of the fighters . In the aire was nothing seene but clouds of smoake and brimstone : On both sides were great stoare wounded , and of dead corpeses plentie . O there was a goodly sight to see the Verbes Defectiues ( among the rest ) fighting against the Nounes Heteroclites . These Nounes accompanied with their Nominatiue Cases , with their Genders , also with their Genitiues , and Plurall Numbers , did fie●cely lay vpon their enemies . The Verbes Defectiues did stoutly and couragiously withstand and put apart these Nounes Heteroclites , with their Indicatiues accompanied with their preter-perfect-tenses , so that by their Coniugations they breake through force , the Numbers and Genders of the other . Ofthese Verbes , there was one called Aio , who vsing singular hardinesse , did for a long space resist two Nounes Heteroclites so long , that in the end being no more able to withstand their furious forces , lost diuers of his Persons , Modes , Tenses , and Numbers , and then rested onely vnto him , Ais , ait , aiunt , aiebam , aiebas , aiebat , and aiebant : The rest passed thorow the sword . The ayre was obscured and made dark with the arrowes that the Numbers Singulars and Pluralls shot . The shot of the Figures Composite and Decomposite , flew whistling so round , and rightly into the eares of euery one , that they were all as deafe . A great number were hurt by the dartes of the kindes of Primatiues , and Deriuatiues . The Trumpets likewise that went on euery side , sounded a fearefull Taratantara ; so that the sound thereof encouraged the fighters maruailous full of stomacke and hardie , to beare the blowes and sturdie stripes of their enemies . And in the midest of these , troublous rayling Women , the Interiections that went about the arayes , vexed and sore troubled them all , through their mouing and fickle affections : Among whom for the most part were often heard these pitifull and dolorous cries , Heu , and hei : oh , ah , eh . Notwithstanding this warre was more fierce and cruell then long in fighting , and had it not beene for great aboundance of raine , that through a suddaine storme and tempest which fell from the clouds , euen at that present made the medly to depart and breake off , then doubtlesse had there beene an end of all the forces of Grammar . Such and so great was the furious rage that they had euery one of them , one against another , yea vntill that point , that albeit the Trumpets sounded the retreate on both sides , and they al greatly encombred with the water , neuerthelesse could they be vnmingled and separate asunder one from another , to returne againe to their colours : The victory abroad doubtfull and vncertaine , neither was it knowne of any , whether had the better or the worse , for on both sides there was a maruailous many , as well of sore wounded as of slaine , not onely of common Souldiers , but also of high and chiefe Captaines . It is not possible for any to tell the great losses that were there on both sides : Notwithstanding I will endeauour to shew plainely and manifestly , and in the onliest manner I can , that which some did win or lose there ( though I cannot say of euery one in particular ) this will I doe , to this end , that they that come after may bee better aduised . First the part of the Verbes Defectiues , Infit , lost all them that were descendent from him , all his Genders , Tenses , Moodes , Persons and Numbers , that were of the fourth Coniugation , of Figure Composite , and of the Singular number . He himselfe escaped safe , for seeling himselfe in perill , hee made a vow , that of no kind of religion , godly , or otherwise , hee would after any more beare the liuerie : And therefore hee was at that brunt so sore affrighted , that since hee hath beene very seldome seene publikely in the land of Grammar . Fore was berest and robbed of all his goods , except Fores , foret , and fore , which are of the third Coniugation , Vale , aue , salue , of the kindred and stocke of the Imparatiues ( lost a great many of their fellowes ) which are yet liuing , the rest were lost . Faxo , of the same stocke of Actiues , escaped only with three of his , all the rest of his band after him were slaine , except faxis , faxit , and faxint , who saued themselues with him by flight . Inquio , of the stocke of the Neuters , kept Inquis , inquit , inquiunt , inquam , inquies , inquiet , inquient , inque , and inquam : The rest perished in the Warres . Inquiens at that time was with the Participles , and so escaped . Apage , and apagite , when they had lost all their fellowes , escaped alone . Diet , lost also all his fellowes , except diescit . Facio was put from his sonne factor , who notwithstanding before hee died , did constitute by knightly testament an heire , Fio : posco , disco , metuo , timeo , renuo , respuo , compesco , vrgeo , linquo , and all they of the race of the Actiues , lost their Supines . Some Verbes lost their Preter-tenses of the third Coniugation , and in place of them they after recouered the Preter-tenses of the fourth Coniugation ; among whom was Cupio , peto , quaero , arcesso , facesso , and fero . Some Verbes , hauing lost their Future in am , to the end that they would not hence forth wholly lose the hope that was to come , bought other Futures in Bo , at the Fayers of Recanetum , as Eo , queo , and vaeneo : But Horace by his authoritie gaue to Lenio , lenibo . All Verbes belonging to beautie lost all their Supines , among whom was Luceo , fulgeo , splendeo , polleo , and such like . Fulcio vsing a singular hardinesse escaped out of perill , and held his fultum : But seeing wee haue recounted and told of them that receiued losse , it is not meete to hold of no account these Verbes , that behauing themselues well and worthily , had both spoiles and dignities , which they receiued of their King , beside these others that they first had and enioyed , among other were eleuate and set vp in great honour , Cano , curo , careo , moereo , nubo , and prandeo , for beside their owne Preter-tenses , they receiued also the Preter-tenses of the Passiue voice . Redimo was enriched in his Fiue Tenses of nature , and at that present obtained foure Significations , as to deliuer , to leade and gouerne , to decke and ornate , and to take to ferme . Solor wonne three significations , as to bee alone , and to comfort and exhort . Explicat , beside his owne sense , which is , to explicat and shew forth plainely , receiued , that he might declare , shew , that he might draw , that he might represent and deliuer . Valco , beside his owne sense , which is to bee in health and whole , wan so much , that when hee said vale , that hee might salute also and sometime curse too . Presto had foure significations , as , to lend , and to be aloft , to doe good , and hold promise , with diuers other significations . Haurio was as much inriched , for he had foure significations , as to draw out , to wound , to heare , and see , and diuers other such like : and all they when need is , are reduced into one . Pasco receiued two vnderstandings , to feed and bring vp . Vaco , albeit he medled not much among the fighters ( for as Socia saith in Plautus , the fiercer they fought , the faster he fled ) neuerthelesse , fortune that oftentimes giueth reward to the slothfull , would enrich his cowardise with the best of the spoiles : for as he espyed certaine of his enemies that were fled and gone away , he crept out of his Cabin and cloaked them in his fist : who after bought them againe with a great summe of siluer , and he wan beside his owne former sense , seuen other , to weete , to vnderstand , to leaue of , to serue , to be superfluous , to be lawfull , not to haue , and to be empty . Studeo wan three significations , as to solicite , to desire earnestly and to bee very painefully busied . Pango receiued three senses , as to sing , and hath giuen him panxi in his preter-tense to make truces , and hath giuen to pepigi to fasten and ioyne together . Sapio from that day had two senses , to weete , to giue knowledge , and to be wise . Fero , one of the foure annomales gained three senses , as to vphold , to desire , and to beare . Confiteor had three senses , to praise , to purge , and to make manifest . Supero receiued seuen senses , by reason of the great authority that hee had among the Verbes : as to remaine in part , to ouercome , to bee neere , to goe further , to escape , to ouerliue and exceed . Some Verbes there were , which hauing lost their owne preter-tenses , had of their king the goods of other Verbes Passiues which were slaine at the battell : as Audeo , Fido , Gaudeo , Soleo , and Fio. These pestiferous and perillous perillous lying Verbes , which always haue in their heart and minde , other then in the mouth , albeit they had no part of the prey , yet ought not they and their names to bee left in obliuion , but spoken of , to the end that euery one might know them , and so beware : Seeing that alwayes vnder the colour of a cloake of the actiue , they beare the passiue voice : They are called exulo , veneo , nubo , liceo , and vapulo , This last of all is the most wylie and subtillest : and therefore so much wiser as the boy is , so much the more heede will hee haue to decline his wylie ambushes , If hee haue good care to keepe his posteriors . Now seeing wee haue already shewed as well as wee are able , that which happened to the Verbes , it seemeth good in our accompt that wee speake also of Nounes . Ouersight was made in and thorow the hoste of the Nounes , and it was found how fortune had beene as much diuerse to one part as to another , and to the end that wee begin by the positiues , there was certaine of them , that being hurt in their Comparatiues , receiued dressing and cure through the diligence of certaine expert Phisitians , as melior , minor , dexterior , sinisterior , plus , magnificentior , and muneficentior , all Irregular , and descending of the second Declension . But Pius , arduus , egregius , tenuis , and such-like , lost their owne Comparatiues . The Nounes ending in er , lost imus , in their Suparlatiues : And for the same they had rimus , as tener and saluber . To others for that they had lost simus was giuen limus , as Humilis , facilis , gra●dis , similis , agilis , and to vetus , was giuen veterrimus . Among Trees were certaine Nounes , that quitting themselues manfully , by a suddaine myracle changed altogether at once their kinds , becomming of females , males , every one astonied at the suddaine case , demanded whence came such transformation to them : Of them were rubus and oleaster , which Liuius saith were euill and vnluckie tokens , and therefore affirmed hee that they ought to bee cast into the botome of the Sea , or else to bee exiled out of the land of Grammar . But the King Poeta ieasting at the fond superstition that they had in the miracles , did pro●ibite all and euery of them , to harme , or any way to hurt them , saying that it was not an euill signe or vnhappie accident to bee changed from women into men : saying that out of a naughtie and crooked kind ▪ they were turned into a good and better . From certaine Nounes Hetroclites , fighting against the Verbes Defectiues , were cut away both cods and cullion in the Plurall number , so that afterward there was in that Number neither man nor woman but chast Neuters : which doubtlesse is a thing greatly to bee pittied . Their names were Sibilus , Auernus , Infernus , Menalus , Supparus , Baltheus , Tartarus , Dindymus : Other had better chance , for when in the same Number they were Neuters , were glad forthwith to see them become males : as Porrum , rastrum , frenum , and coelum . But the said porrum and rastrum , as they went thorow Rome , found in the markets of Agon● their Neuter Pluralls , and there the● bought them againe with a great summ● of money , and giuing leaue to the males , loued better to hold them to them there , Balsamum among all Nounes and trees abode onely a Neuter : By reason whereof seeing that hee could not beget nor bring forth young , is in so great scarcitie , th●● hee is no where seene , but in the land o● Iuda , which is the cause ( as sorrowfull ) he yeeldeth his fruite all in teares : As for other Nounes that were bereft of their Plurall Neuter , receiued the Feminine for amends , as Epulum , ostreum , vesper , and cepe . But trueth is , of all creatures , the Oysters only were Neuters : But aboue all authours , Plinie , and the Poets hold them for Neuters : Wherefore Ouia saith thus : Ostreaque in co●chis tuta fuere suis , so that afterward they gaired so , that they became as much Feminine as Nenters : others that were of the Doubtfull gender , receiued the Masculine in their Plurall number , as Cardo , bubo , and such like : Other that were spoiled of all their Cases Plurall , abode euer since dismembered and maymed ; among whom were Fumus , imus , fimus , puluis , sanguis , mundus , pontus , sol , sal , and vnus , all of the Masculine gender . Hardly is seene any time more then one Sun in the firmament , but when it happeneth so , it is not naturall , but rather wonderfull : likewise also certaine Femi●ines lost their Plurall Cases , as Lux , sitis , ●●bes , mors . vita , fames , tabes , gloria , fama , ●alus , pax , humus , lues , tellus , senecta , sobo●es , inventa , indolis , and proles . These fought so feebly in the host , That all their Pluralls there they lost . Other Feminines lost at the said conflict their Singular Number , as Argutiae , habenae , bigae , blanditiae , cimae , delitiae , exequiae , excubiae , exuviae , phalerae , facetiae , g●nae , gades , insidiae , induciae , calendae , lachrymae , latebrae , minae , and many other . Other Neuters were spoiled of all their Pluralls , as Coenum , foenum , aeuvm , solum , pus , and virus : Furthermore , other were put from all their Singular numbers ; as Arma , castra , exta , cunabula , crepundia , pascua , moenia , mapalia , magnalia , ilia , seriaprae , coma , precordia , and sponsalia , yea and also all the names of Feasts , as Saturnalia , Dionisia , Aphrodysia , Bacchanalia , Floralia , and Neptunalia . These vaine Nounes , which alwayes doe say many , and signifie one onely , hauing lost all their Singulars , saued themselues by flight , as Venetiae , Pisae , Cuinae , Athenae , and Thebae . All the names of Mettalls , especially Aurum , and Argentum , which euery one laboureth to take Prisoner , Auricalcum , plumbum , ferrum , and stannum lost their Pluralls . A● hadly retained hibaera . In like mann●● for the greate heate and alteration of the combat , the measures were spoiled of the Plurallitie of their liquors , except of Wines and Honies , which in the Plurall Cases were spared , to the end that they might doe king Poeta seruice with new Wines , for that hee loued them well . Oleum , and frumentum , by like misfortune were so gluttonous , that thorow the great scarcitie that was in the hoste , they were not found in Plurallitie . Other abroad , shortened in the end of their Genitiues , and Datiues plurall , as Iura , thura , aera , maria , and fora . Yet neuerthelesse all Nounes had not the worse part ; for di●ers of them had of the spoile of their enemies : by reason whereof they were of greater authoritie then before : so that some receiued other Nominatiue cases beside their former : As Arber , which also ●ath arbos : Honor , which hath honos : O●●● , which hath odos : Cucumer which hath ●●eumis : Ciner which hath cinis ; and Pul●er , which hath puluis . Notwithstanding ●●ey occupie not the●e alwayes , but keepe ●is share for high Feasts , as for trim and ●●ce dressing for honours sake . Plaga , al●●it through hurting hee bled , yet wonne ●●e foure other sences without account of the first ( that signifieth a Wound or hurt ) as when you would say , the Arming coard of a nett , also a great space of the Heauen and earth ( called Clima ) also a great kind of Linnen , such as the old matrons of Rome weare when they goe in the Citie , and also for a bed , or any part of a bed ; Opus the same day wonne other thre senses : for Opus signifieth earth : Vnder Ope hee giueth Ayde , vnder Opibus , Riches . The The Gerundes and Supines , because they were so often fled to the enemie , were amerced to fine , after peace was made betweene both the said Kings , through the earnest complaint and supplication of Demosthenes , who alledged the lawes of Solon , by which it was commanded , that such were to bee put apart from all honour , and Offices , that in any sedition had not held that part of the one nor the other : For that such a one thinketh altogether of his owne businesse , and reckoneth not of the Common wealth : The greatest part of them in the land of Grammar liued after the lawes of Athens . Afterward therefore the King of the Nounes left to the Gerunds no more but onely three cases , taking away from them for the trespasse of their default all their other Cases . To the Supines , onely were reserued but two : which greatly greeued all the inhabitants of Grammar , sharpely blaming such a sort of foolish precepts of Solons lawes , as much as the fond reasons of Demostenes , whom they ieasted at , saying , that he had left his cunning at home , his distaffes , bands and wool , and that he had not fained the disease of the throate in vaine , to haue yeerely reueneues and preferrement : be●ause hee hoped not to haue so mu●h money of the Gerundes and Supines , as be sometime had of Harpalus . Surely if I would describe foorth all the losses and misfortunes orderly as they ought to be , and also all the conquests of the worthinesse of euery one that changed in that day , my matter would bee too long : and therefore I will heere make an end : And this may suffice , that whatsoeuer is found lost , wasted , or ioyned to , and growne vp through all the land of Grammar and his borders and vtter limmits , is wholy proceeded through the same hard , hideous , and mortall sight among them . In the same time of the Warres , sprang vp many new words , and sundry old were put apart & reiected . And had not three honest persons been chosen for arbitrators ( of whom wee shall speake by and by ) which by their power and abillitie withstood the naughtinesse of certaine Grammatistes , or slender Grammarians , so great Barberousnesse had then beene so mixed through the Latine tongue , and the same then bin so mingled with foolish wordes , that all hope had beene lost euer to restore the same againe to his honour , and comely beautie . Therefore after that the Retreate was sounded of both the hostes , and that they had numbred as well the wounded as the slaine , and knowne the great losse that was of both the hostes , they all began to fall on sighing : and the sight of such a slaughter of their people greatly grieued them , through desire of superioritie . Wherefore euery of them repenting , sought now nothing else then to make peace . And first of all Poeta King of Nounes , after hee had called his Souldiers together ( but not without teares ) said these words : I thinke well that you know ( O my fellow Souldiers ) how dolefully , and against my will , I haue taken armes to defend and vphold the honour ( as I thought then ) and the authoritie of the Nounes , against our brethren the Souldiers of the Verbes , and by how many wayes I haue assayed to deferre and put off long betweene vs the warres , that they might leaue vs quiet in our estate . But when I thinke not onely of our owne losse , but also of theirs : Againe when I behold the dead corpses on both sides , I haue greater desire to lament then to speake . Therefore it behoueth vs to remember that , which some of our good old Citizens and Burgeses wrote of the discord and ciuill Warres , as well of the Romanes as the Greekes , and how with great reproaches they blame and detest the ambition of them . In trueth if wee had thought of this at the first , wee neuer had gone to so great folly , neither had wee also ( as blinded with anger and rage , frantickely and as void of reason ) torne our propper flesh so with our owne hands as wee haue : That which is done and past , is easier to bee reproued then amended : Neuerthelesse it is better to stay thus , then to follow on a naughty beginning : For if wee will bee so mad as to continue fighting amongst our selues , doubtlesse then is the principalitie of Grammar vtterly come to confusion , and then shall bee made so great an excesse and entrie into the same , to the Barbarous and ignorant people , that they onely will rule all , there being none to resist them , or preuent them . By reason whereof ( O my fellow souldiers ) for the commoditie of both Realmes , I am willingly determined to make peace with the King of Verbes , and of mine owne free will , will goe toward him , and giue him mine hand . Notwithstanding , thinke not that I speake thus because I haue lost stomacke , or that I am timorous ; but because there is nothing more sure , that the affaires of the Nounes and Verbes can continue , vnlesse they bee friends tigether , knit and quiet in one : Of my selfe I doe mine office , not doubting but that I teach you that ; which serueth to the continuing benefit and commoditie of euery one in generall , being ready willingly to doe what your will is . This profitable Oration , and no lesse necessary saying of the King , greatly pleased all the assembly , and all the crew of the Souldiers cried aloud , desiring that that which the King had so wisely spoken , might bee as diligently done . So there was sent into the campe of the Verbes for Ambassadours certaine of the wisest and chiefest of the Nounes : who hauing first made without much difficulty a truce , finally came in such agrement with the king of Verbes , and his greatest Lords , that three personages should bee chosen , which should bee exactly seene , and haue vnderstanding in all customes , rules and termes of Grammar : and that to their award and arbitrament ( by solemne oath being sworne thereto ) both parties should hold them , and their rest ; without any contradiction . Great was the difficultie , and much more was the disputation , to whom the charge should bee giuen to make the treatie of the peace . Many procured meanes to haue the same office on them , and to diuers was the voice giuen , and other againe tooke it from them : In the end it was agreed by Priscian , Linacrus , and Despauterius , that Lilius should haue the charge and authority to knit and make sure the Articles of the peace : who being sent for , came to the campe , and hauing there heard the reasons on both sides , and diligently waighed all the businesse ; In the end pronounced this sentence . To the Kings of Grammar , to their Gentlemen , to their Citizens , and all Students good happe and commoditie bee that which now is discussed . Whereas wee were deputed to take away the contentious disorders , to put apart all the slanders , wrongs and domages that heretofore haue come vpon the Kings of Grammar , and their souldiers , all which wee reuoke , take away , and blot out : which if they may not bee forgotten , at the least our decree is , that they bee neuer hereafter more spoken of . Item , That henceforth when a solemne Oration commeth to bee made , that both the Kings of Grammar in good agreement with their subiects come together , as Verbe , Noune , Pronoune , Participle , Aduerbe , Coniunction , Preposition , Interiection . Item , Wee appoint that in common and familiar speach , the Noune and the Verbe only doe beare the burden , taking for their helpe whether of them they will , but to leaue the other by , to the end that being put too often in worke , they bee not molested . Item , Wee ordaine that the Noune serue to the Verbe , and when hee goeth formest as touching the case , ought also to be gouerned of the Verbe , but in speach that the Noune bee before the Verbe , and the same being after , ought therefore to gouerne the Noune touching his Case : but concerning his Persons and Numbers , the Verbe ought to giue● place to the Noune , Pronoune , or Participle . Item , Wee appoint the Participle beare remembrance of the Nounes and the Verbe , and haue the gouernment of the Verbe before him first , and that of the Noune after him last . Furthermore we permit the Verbe , where neede is to make an O●ation himselfe alone , in the first and second Person , and also in the third Person in certaine Verbes of action always notwithsta●ding vnder the authoritie of the Noune , but not expressing the sa●e . This sentence was giuen and published in the presence of both parties , and it pleased very well all the assembly , and hath since euer beene obserued of all the inhabitants of Grammar . Also the Vniuersities haue approued it : The Vniuersitie of Paris obseruing the rest , craued then for her Students , that they might pronounce Nounes and Verbes at their pleasure , and that without any regard of the quantitie of sillables . But because betweene the Relatiues and Antecedents , betweene the Adiectiues and the Substantiues , betweene the word gouerning , and gouerned , betweene the determined , and also betweene perfect speach and imperfect was an old quarrell , striuing whether of them were chiese and greatest : It was also concluded to ioyne them in vnitie , that the Relatiue of substance identitiall , should agree in Gender , Number , and Person , with his Antecedent . Item , That the Adiectiue should obey to his Substantiue in Case , Gender , and Number : and that the gouerned word should follow the gouerning : and that the Relatiue of the accident should onely represent the Antecedent in such accident or propertie , in what manner the referred , and the referrent agreed by rule of diuersitie with the Anticedent : and that the speach imperfect should depend vpon the perfect ; and the specifying , of the specified , and betweene two Adiectiues , two substantiues , two Verbes of the Infinitiue mode , two perfect speaches , and betweene two imperfects to bee no bond of seruice . Furthermore the said William Lillie would , that betweene sayings and doings might bee made a peace and agreement : but the aduice was , that if that discord were once taken away , the Barbor-surgeons and Tauerne-keepers would haue little to doe : wherefore they left that thing euen as they found it . All students of Ignorance , with these bussards of Barbary , Ignoramus and Dulman his Clearke , were by commandement exiled for euer out of all Grammar ; and all false Latine was euer after confiscated to their vse . The Barbarous were chased bayond the Alpes into their Cities and Borrough-townes : But the Ignorant through the fauour of some Princes , are bred not onely in and thorow Italie , but also in Rome , the mother of good letters : and there whether shee will or no , doe they continue , among whom there are some being purueied of fatt Prebends are obserued so dull-headed and doltish , that if yee aske them Amo quae pars ? They will say , parlate Italiano chio vt intenda , so much in assery they surpasse in ignorance the great Mules whereon they are so highly got vp . Moreouer there was giuen irrecouerable power to the deputed by the strong and firme counsell of them all to search out , to punnish , and exile ( as monsters of nature ) all euill-fauoured corrupters of Grammar , as halfe Latins , halfe Greekes , and they to doe all things that they thought to bee profitable to the honor and aduancement of all good letters . And to the end that they might the easier and more lightly execute their charge , there were commanded forthwith certain Rules to be drawne vp , which were accordingly done ; and now there is peace on both sides , euery one knowes his place , as you may more at large perceiue by the Orders established ; where I leaue you : FAREWELL . A Lamentation vpon the Con●lagration of the Muses Habitation : Or a Discription of the burning of a Pettie Schoole . VVHat heat of learning kindl'd your desire , You Muses sons to set your house on fire ? What loue of Honor in your breast did turne , Those sparkes of Vertue into flames to burne ? Or wa' st some higher cause , were the hot God's ●hoebus and Vulcan , ( old friends ) now at ods ? What ere the cause was , sure ill was th' intent : Which all the Muses iustly may lament . ●ut aboue all ●or name sake Polaehimney , ●ewayles the downefall , of this learned Chimney . Where you might see , without or speech or sence : ●ay the sad ashes , of an Accedence . What Numbers heere of Nounes to wracke did goe ? ●s Domus Liber , and a many moe . ●woefull Case , no Sex the flames did spare , ●ach Gender , in this losse had Common share , ●●ere might you see the rufull Declinations , ●fifteene Pronounes and foure Coniugations . Some Gerunds , Di , but some Do over come , And some with heate & smoke , are quite strook Dum. Supines , lay gasping vpward , voyd of sences . The Moodes were mad to see Imperfect Tences . Aduerbes of Place , threw downe their lofty stories : As Vbi , Ibi , Illic , Intus , Foris . Coniunctions , so disioyn'd , as you would wonder : Noe cupling scarse , but it was burnt asunder . The Praepositi●ns , knew not where to bee . Each Interiection , cry'd Heu woe is mee . FOr the Due ioyning of the thinges againe , A Neighbour called Qui mihi , came amaine . Else sure the Fire , had into flames so turn'd : Gods , Men , Months , Rivers , Winds , and all had burn't Now gan the flames the Hetroclites to cumber : And poore Supellex , lost his Plurall number . Of Verbs , scarce had escaped one of twenty : Had there not bin by chance As in presenti . FINIS .