Accedence commenc't grammar, supply'd with sufficient rules for the use of such (younger or elder) as are desirous, without more trouble than needs to attain the Latin tongue the elder sort especially, with little teaching and their own industry / by John Milton. Milton, John, 1608-1674. 1669 Approx. 120 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 35 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2003-01 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A50880 Wing M2088 ESTC R12835 12254685 ocm 12254685 57324 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A50880) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 57324) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 155:3) Accedence commenc't grammar, supply'd with sufficient rules for the use of such (younger or elder) as are desirous, without more trouble than needs to attain the Latin tongue the elder sort especially, with little teaching and their own industry / by John Milton. Milton, John, 1608-1674. [4], 65 p. Printed for S.S., and are to be sold by John Starkey ..., London : 1669. Errata on p. 65. Reproduction of original in Huntington Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. EEBO-TCP is a partnership between the Universities of Michigan and Oxford and the publisher ProQuest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by ProQuest via their Early English Books Online (EEBO) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). The general aim of EEBO-TCP is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic English-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in EEBO. EEBO-TCP aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the Text Encoding Initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). The EEBO-TCP project was divided into two phases. The 25,363 texts created during Phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 January 2015. Anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. Users should be aware of the process of creating the TCP texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. Text selection was based on the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (NCBEL). If an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in NCBEL, then their works are eligible for inclusion. Selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. In general, first editions of a works in English were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably Latin and Welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. Image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. Quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in Oxford and Michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet QA standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. After proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. Any remaining illegibles were encoded as s. Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor. The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines. Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Latin language -- Grammar. 2002-06 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2002-07 Apex CoVantage Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2002-08 Judith Siefring Sampled and proofread 2002-08 Judith Siefring Text and markup reviewed and edited 2002-10 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion ACCEDENCE Commenc't GRAMMAR , Supply'd with sufficient RULES , For the use of such ( Younger or Elder ) as are desirous , without more trouble than needs to attain the LATIN TONGUE ; The Elder sort especially , with little Teaching , and their own Industry . By JOHN MILTON . LONDON , Printed for S. S. and are to be sold by John Starkey at the Miter in Fleet-street , near Temple-bar . 1669. TO THE READER IT hath been long a general complaint not without cause , in the bringing up of Youth , and still is , that the tenth part of mans life , ordinarily extended , is taken up in learning , and that very scarcely , the Latin Tongue . Which ●…ardy proficience may be attributed to several causes ; In particular , the making two labours of one , by learning first the Accedence , then the Grammar in Latin , ere the Language of those Rules be understood . The only remedy of this , was to joyn both Books into one , and in the English Tongue ; whereby the long way is much abbreviated , and the labour of understanding much more easie : A work suppos'd not to have been done formerly , or if done , not without such difference here in brevity and alteration , as may be found of moment . That of Grammar , touching Letters and Syllables , is omitted , as learnt before , and little different from the English Spelling-book ; especially , since few will be perswaded to pronounce Latin otherwise then thir own English. What will not come under Rule , by reason of too much variety in Declension , Gender , or Construction , is also here omitted , least the course and clearness of method be clog'd with Catalogues instead of Rules , or too much interruption between Rule and Rule : Which Linaker setting down the various Idiomes of many verbs , was fore't to do by Alphabet ; and therefore , though very learned , not thought fit to be read in Schools . But in such words , a Dictionary stor'd with good Authorities will be found the readiest guide . Of figurate Construction what is usefull is digested into several Rules of Syntaxis : and Prosodie , after this Grammar well learnt , will not need to be Englisht for him who hath a mind to read it . Account might be now givn what addition or alteration from other Grammars hath been here made , and for what reason . But he who would be short in teaching , must not be long in Prefacing : The Book it self follows , and will declare sufficiently to them who can discern . J. M. ACCEDENCE Commenc't GRAMMAR . LAtin Grammar is the Art of right understanding , speaking , or writing Latine , observd from them who have spoken or written it best . Grammar hath two Parts : Right-wording , usually call'd Etymologie , and right-joyning of words , or Syntaxis . Etymologie , or Right-wording , teacheth what belongs to every single word or part of Speech . Of Latin SPEECH are Eight General Parts : Declin'd . Noun Pronoun Verb Participle Undeclin'd . Adverb Conjunction Preposition Interjection DEclin'd are those Words which have divers endings ; as Homo a man , hominis of a man ; Amo I love , amas thou lovest . Undeclin'd are those words which have but one ending , as bene well , cum when , tum then . Nounes , Pronounes , and Participles , are declin'd with Gender , Number , and Case ; Verbs , as hereafter in the Verb. Of Genders . GEnders are three , the Masculin , Feminin , and Neuter . The Masculin may be declin'd with this Article Hic , as hic Vir a Man ; The Feminin with this Article Haec , as haec Mulier a Woman ; The Neuter with this Article Hoc , as hoc S●…um a Stone . Of the Masculin are generally all Nounes belonging to the Male kind , as also the Names of Rivers , Months , and Winds . Of the Feminin , all Nounes belonging to the Female kind , as also the names of Countries , Cities , Trees , some few of the two latter excepted : Of Cities , as Agragas and Sulmo , Masculin ; Argos , Tibur , Praen●…ste , and such as end in um , Neuter ; Anxur both . Of Trees , Oleaster and Spinus , Masculin ; but Oleaster is read also Feminin , Cic. Verr. 4. Acer , siler , suber , thus , robur , Neuter . And of the Neuter are all Nouns , not being proper Names , ending in um , and many others . Some Nouns are of two Genders , as hic or haec dies a Day ; and all such as may be spoken both of Male and Female , as hic or haec Parens a Father or Mother ; some be of three , as hic haec and hoc Pelix Happy . Of Numbers . WOrds Declin'd have two Numbers , the Singular , and the Plural . The Singular speaketh but of one , as Lapis a Stone . The Plural of more then one , as Lapides Stones ; yet sometimes but of one , as Athenae the City Athens , Literae an Epistle , aedes aedium a House . Note that some Nounes have no Singular , and some no Plural , as the nature of thir signification requires . Some are of one Gender in the Singular ; of another , or of two Genders in the Plural , as reading will best teach . Of Cases . NOunes , Pronounes , and Participles are declin'd with six Endings , which are called Cases , both in the Singular and Plural Number . The Nominative , Genitive , Dative , Accusative , Vocative , and Ablative . The Nominative is the first Case , and properly nameth the thing , as Liber a Book . The Genitive is Englisht with this Sign of , 〈◊〉 Libri of a Book . The Dative with this Sign to , or for , as Libro to or for a Book . The Accusative hath no sign . The Vocative calleth or speaketh to , as O Liber O Book , and is commonly like the Nominative . But in the Neuter Gender the Nominative , Accusative , and Vocative , are like in both Numbers , and in the Plural end alwayes in a. The Ablative is Englisht with these Signs , in , with , of , for , from , by , and such like , as d●… Libro of or from the Book , pro Libro for the Book And the Ablative Plural is alwayes like the Dative . Note , that some Nouns have but one ending throughout all Cases , as Frugi , nequam , nihil ; and all words of number from three to a hundred , a●… quatuor four , quinque five , &c. Some have but one , some two , some three Cases only , in the Singular or Plural , as use will best teach . Of a Noune . A Noune is the Name of a thing , as Manus a Hand , Do●… a House , Bonus Good , Pulch●…r Fair. Nounes be Substantives or Adjectives . A Noun Substantive is understood by it self , as homo a man , domus a house . An Adjective , to be well understood , requireth a Substantive to be joyn'd with it , as bonus good , parvus little , which cannot be well understood unless somthing good or little be either nam'd , as bonus vir a good man , parvus puer a little boy ; or by use understood , as honestum an honest thing , boni good men . The Declining of Substantives . NOunes Substantive have five Declensions or forms of ending thir Cases , chiefly distinguisht by the different ending of thir Genitive Singular . The first Declension . THe first is when the Genitive and Dative singular end in ae , &c. as in the Example following . Singular . Plural . Nom. Voc. Abl. musa Nom. Voc. musae Gen. Dat. musae Gen. musar um Acc. musam Dat. Abl. mus●…s .   Acc. Musas This one word familia joyn'd with pater , mater , filius , or filia , endeth the Genitive in as , a●… pater familias , but somtimes familiae : Dea , mu●… , equa , liberta , make the Dative and Ab●…ative plural in abus ; filia and nata in is or abus . The first Declension endeth alwayes in a , unless in some words deriv'd of the Greek : and is always of the Feminin Gender , except in names attributed to men , according to the general Rule , or to Stars , as Cometo , Planeta . Nounes , and especially proper Names derived of the Greek , have here three endings , as , es , e , and are declin'd in some of thir Cases after the Greek form . Aeneas , acc . Aenean , voc Aene●… . Anchises , acc . Anchisen , voc Anchise or Anchisa , ●…bl . Anchise . Penelope , Penelopes , Penelope , Penelopen , voc . abl . Penelope . Somtimes following the Latin , as Marsya , Philocteta , for as and es ; Philoctetam , Eriphylam , for an and en . Cic. The second Declension . THe second is when the Genitive Singular endeth in i , the Dative in o , &c. Sing . Plur. Nom. Voc. Liber Nom. Voc. Libri Gen. libri Gen. librorum Dat. Abl. libr●… Dat. Abl. libr●… Acc. librum Acc. libros . Note that when the Nominative endeth in us , the Vocative shall end in e , as Dominus ô Domine , except Deus ô Deus . And those following , Ag●…us , lucus , vulgus , populus , chorus , f●…vius , e or us . When the Nominative endeth in ius , if it be the proper name of a man , the Vocative shall end in i , as Georgius ô Georgi ; hereto add filius ô fili , and genius ô geni . All Nounes of the Second Declension are of the Masculin or Neuter Gender ; of the Masculin , such as end in ir , or , or us , except some few , humus , domus , alvus , and others deriv'd of the Greek , as methodus , antidotus , and the like , which are of the Feminin , and some of them somtimes also Masculin , as atomus , phaselus ; to which add f●…us the name of a disease , grossus , pampinus , and rubus . Those of the Neuter , except virus , pelagus , and vulgus ( which last is sometimes Masculin ) end all in 〈◊〉 , and are declin'd as followeth : Sing . Plur. Nom. Ac. Voc. Studium Nom. Ac. Voc. Studia Gen. studii Gen. studiorum Dat. Abl. studio Dat. Abl. studiis . Some Nouns in this Declension are of the first Example Singular , of the second Plural , as Pergamus the City Troy , Plur. Haec Pergama ; and some names of hills , as Maenalus , Ismarus , haec Isma ra ; So also Tartarus , and the Lake Avernus ; others are of both , as sibilus , jocus , locus , hi lo●…i , or haec loca . Some are of the Second Example Singular , of the first Plural , as Argos , Caelum , Plur. hi Caeli ; others of both , as Rastrum , Capistrum , Filum , Fraenum ; Plur. fraeni or fraena . Nundinum , & Epulum , are of the first Declension Plural , Nundinae , Epulae ; Balneum of both , balneae or balnea . Greek proper names have here three endings , os , on , and us long from a Greek Diphthong . Haec Delos , hanc Delon . Hoc Ilion . The rest regular , Hic panthus , ô panthu , Virg. The third Declension . THe third is when the Genitive singular endeth in is , the Dative in i , the Accusative in om and somtimes in im , the Ablative in e , and somtimes in i , the Nom. Acc. Voc. Plural in es , the Genitive in um and somtimes in ium , &c. Sing . Plur. Nom. Gen. Voc. Panis Nom. Ac. Vo. panes Dat. pani Gen panum Acc. panem Dat. Abl. panibus . Abl. pane   Sing Plur. Nom. Voc. Parens No. Ac. Voc. parentes Gen. parentis Gen. parentum Dat. parenti Dat. Abl. parentibus . Acc. parentem   Abl. parente   This third Declension , with many endings , hath all Genders , best known by dividing all Nounes hereto belonging into such as either increase one syllable long or short in the Geni●…ive , or increase not at all . Such as increase not in the Genitive are generally Feminin , as Nubes nubis , Caro carnis . Except such as end in er , as hic venter ventris , and these in is following , natalis , aqualis , lienis , ●…rbis , callis , caulis , collis , follis , mensis , ensis , fustis , funis , panis , penis , crinis , ignis , cassis , fascis , to●…is , ●…iscis , unguis , vermis , vectis , postis , a●…is , and the Compounds of assis , as centussis . But Canalis , finis , clunis , restis , sentis , amnis , cor●…is , linter , torquis , anguis , hic or haec ; To these add ●…epres . Such as end in e are Neuters , as mare , rete , and two Greek in es , as hippomanes , cacoëthes . Nounes encreasing Long. Nounes encreasing one syllable long in the Genitive are generally Feminin , as haec pietas pietatis , virtus virtutis . Except such as end in ans Masculin , as dodrans , quadrans , sextans ; in ens , as oriens , torrens , bidens a pick-axe . In or , most commonly deriv'd of Verbs , as ●…or , clamor ; In o , not thence deriv'd , as ternio , senio , ser●…o , temo , and the like . And these of one syllable , sal , sol , ren , splen , as , bes , pes , mos , flos , ros , dens , mons , pons , sons , grex . And words deriv'd from the Greek in e●… , as lichen ; in er , as crater ; in as , as adamas ; in es , as lebes ; to these , hydrops , thorax , phaenix . But scrobs , rudens , stirps the body or root of a tree , and calx a heel , hic or haec . Neuter , these of one syllable , mel , sel , lac , sar , ver , cor , aes , vas vasis , os ossis , os oris , rus , thus , jus , crus , pus . And of more syllables in al and ar , as capital , laquear , but halec hoc or haec . Nounes encreasing Short. Nounes encreasing short in the Genitive are generally Masculin , as hic sanguis sanguinis , lapis lapidis . Except , Feminin all words of many syllables ending in do or go , as dulcedo , compago , arbor , hyems , cuspis , pecus , pecudis : These in ex , forfex , carex , tomex , supellex : In ix , appendix , histrix , co●…endix , filix . Greek Nounes in as and is , as lampas , iaspis : To these add chlamys , bacehar , syndon , icon . But margo , cinis , pulvis , adeps , forceps , pumex , vamex , imbrex , obex , silex , cortex , onix and sardonix , hic or haec . Neuters are all ending in a as problema , in en , except hic pecten , in ar as jubar , in er these , verber , iter , uber , cadaver , zinziber , laser , cicer , siser , piper , papaver ; somtimes in ur , except hic furfur , in us as onus , in ut as caput ; to these , marmor , aequor , ador . Greek proper names here end in as , an , is and eus , and may be declin'd some wholly after the Greek form , as Pollas pallados palladi pallada ; others in some Cases , as Atlas , acc . Atlanta , voc . Atla . Goramas , plur . garamantes , acc . garàmantas . Pan panos pana Phyllis phyllidos , voc phylli , plur . Phyll●…des , acc . phyllidas . Tethys , tethyos , acc . tethyn , voc . tethy . Neapolis , neapolios , acc . neapolin . Paris , paridos or parios , acc . parida or parin . Orpheus orpheos orphei orphea orpheu . But Names in eus borrow somtimes thir Genitive of the Second Declension , as Erechtheus , erech●…hei . Cic. Achilles or Achilleus , Achillei ; and somtimes their Accusative in on or um , as Orpheus Orpheon , Theseus Theseum , Perseus Perseum , which somtimes is formd after Greek words of the First Declension Latin , Perseus or Perses , Persae Persae Persen Persae Persa . The fourth Declension . THe fourth is when the Genitive Singular endeth in us , the Dative Singular in ui , and somtimes in u , Plural in ibus and sometimes in ubus . Sing . Plur. Nom. Gen. Vo. Sensus Nom. Ac Voc. Sensus Dat. sensui Gen. sensuum Acc. sensum Dat. Abl sensibus . Abl. sensu   The fourth Declension hath two endings , us and u ; us generally Masculin , except some few , as haec manus , ficus the fruit of a tree , acus , porticus , tribus : but penus and specus hic or haec . U of the Neuter , as gelu , genu , veru ; but in the Singular most part defective . Proper Names in os and o long pertaining to the Fourth Declension Greek , may belong best to the fourth in Latin , as Androgeos , Gen. Androgeo , Acc. Androgeon . Hic Athos , hunc Atho , Virg. Haec Sappho , Gen. Sapphus , Acc. Sappho . Better Authors follow the Latin form . as Dido didonis didonem . But Iesus Iesu Iesu Iesum Iesu Iesu. The fifth Declension . THe fifth is when the Genitive and Dative Singular end in ei , &c. Sing . Plur. Nom. Voc. Res Nom. Acc. Voc. res Gen. Dat. rei Gen. rerum Acc. rem Dat. Abl. rebus . Abl. re   All Nounes of the fifth Declension are of the Feminin Gender , except dies hic or haec , and his Compound meridies hic only . Some Nounes are of more Declensions then one , as vas vasis of the third in the Singular , of the second in the Plural vasa vasorum . Colus , laurus , and some others , of the second and fourth . Saturnalia saturnalium or saturnaliorum saturnalibus , and such other names of feasts , Poēmata poēmatum , Poëmatis or poëmatibus , of the second and third Plural . Plebs of the third and fifth , plebis or plebei . The declining of Adjectives . A Noun Adjective is declin'd with three Terminations , or with three Articles . An Adjective of three terminations is declin'd like the first and second Declension of Substantives joyn'd together after this manner . Sing . Plur. Nom. bonus bona bonum Nom. Vo. boni bonae bona Gen. boni bonae boni Gen. bonorum bonarum bonorum Dat. bono bonae bono Dat. Abl. bonis Ac. bonum bonam bonum Ac. bonos bonas bona . Voc. bone bona bonum   Abl. bono bona bono   In like manner those in er and ur , as sacer sacra sacrum , satur satura saturum : but unus , totus , solus , alius , alter , ullus , uter , ●…ith their compounds Neuter , uterque , and the like , make thir Genitive Singular in in s , the Dative in i , as Unus una unum , Gen. unius , Dat. uni , in all the rest like bonus , save that olius maketh in the Neuter Gender aliud , and in the Dative alii , and somtimes in the Genitive . Ambo and duo be thus declin'd in the plural only . Nom. Voc. Ambo ambae ambo . Gen. amborum ambarum amborum . Dat. Abl. Ambobus ambabus ambobus . Acc. ambos or ambo , ambas ambo . Adjectives of three Articles have in the Nominative either one ending , as hic , haec , & hoc felix ; or two , as hic & haec tristis , & hoc triste ; and are declin'd like the Third Declension of Substantives , as followeth . Sing . Plur. Nom. hic haec & hoc Felix Nom. hi & hae felices ; & haec felicia Gen. felicis Gen. felicium Dat. felici Dat. Abl. felicibus Acc. hunc & hanc felicem , & hoc felix Acc. hos & has felices , & haec felicia Voc. ô felix Voc. ô felices , & ô felicia . Abl. felice or felici   Sing . Plur. No. hic & haec tristis , & hoc triste Nom. hi & hae tristes ; & haec tristio Gen. tristis Gen. tristium Dat. Abl. tristi Dat. Abl. tristibus Acc. hunc & hanc trist●… , & hoc triste Acc. hos & has tristes , & haec tristia Voc. ô tristis , & ô triste Voc. ô tristes , & ô tristia . There be also another sort which have in the Nominative Case three Terminations and three Articles , as hic acer , hic & haec acris , hoc acre . In like manner be declined equester , volucer , and some few others , being in all other cases like the Examples beforegoing . Comparisons of Nounes . ADjectives , whose signification may increase or be diminish't , may form Comparison , whereof there be two degrees above the positive word it self , The Comparative , and Superlative . The Positive signifieth the thing it self without comparing , as durus hard . The Comparative exceedeth his Positive in signification , compar'd with some other , as durior harder ; and is formd of the first Case of his Positive that endeth in i , by putting thereto or and us , as of duri , hic & haec durior , & hoc durius ; of dulci , dulcior dulcius . The Superlative exceedeth his Positive in the highest degree , as durissimus hardest ; and it is formd of the first case of his Positive that endeth in is , by putting thereto simus , as of duris durissimus , dulcis dulcissimus . If the Positive end in er , the Superlative is formd of the Nominative case by putting to rimus , as pulcher pulcherrimus . Like to these are vetus veterrimus , maturus maturimus ; but dexter dextimus , and sinister sinisterior sinistimus . All these Nouns ending in lis make the Superlative by changing is into limus , as humilis , sunilis , facilis , gracilis , agilis , docilis docillimus . All other Nounes ending in lis do follow the general Rule , as utilis utilissimus . Of these Positives following are formd a different sort of Superlatives ; of superus , supremus and summus ; inferus , infimus and imus ; exterus , extimus and extremus ; posterus postremus . Some of these want the Positive , and are form'd from Adverbs ; of intra , interior intimus , ultra ulterior ultimus , citra citerior citimus , priden●… prior primus , prope propior proximus . Others from Positives without Case , as nequam nequior nequissimus . Some also from no Positive , as ocior ocissimus . Some want the Comparative , as novus novissimus , sacer sacerrimus . Some the Superlative , as senex senior , juvenis junior , adol●…scens adolescentior . Some ending in us , frame thir Comparative as if they ended in e●…s , benevolus , maledicus , magnificus magnificentior magnificentissimus . These following are without Rule , Bonus melior optimus , Malus pejor pessimus , Magnus major maxi●… , Porvus minor minimus ; Multus plurimus , multa plurima , multum plus plurimum . If a Vowel come before us , it is compared with magis and maximè , as pius , magis pius , maximè pius ; idoneus , magis and maximè idoneus . Yet some of these follow the general Rule , as Assiduus assiduissimus , strenuus strenuior , exiguus exiguissimus , tenuis tenuior tenuissimus . Of a Pronoun . A Pronoun is a part of Speech that standeth for a Noun Substantive , either at present or before spoken of , as ille he or that , hic this , qui who . There be Ten Pronounes , Ego , tu , su●… , ille , pse , iste , hic , is , qui and quis , besides their Co●…pounds , egomet , t●…e , hic●…e , idem , quisnam , aliq●… , and such others . The rest so call'd , a●… 〈◊〉 , ●…uus , suus , noster , vester , nostras , vestras , cuj●… and cujas , are not Pronouns , but Adjectives ●…hence deriv'd . Of Pronounes such as shew the thing present are called Demonstrotives , as ego , tu , hic ; and such as refer to a thing antecedent or spoken of before are called Relatives , as qui who or which . Quis , and often qui , because they ask a question , are called Interrogatives , with their Compounds ecquis , numquis . Declensions of Pronouns are three . Ego , tu , sui , be of the First Declension , and be thus declin'd . Sing . Plur. Nom. Ego Nom. Acc. Nos Gen. mei Gen. nostrum or nostri Dat. mihi Dat Abl. nobis Acc. Abl. me   Voc. Caret Voc. Caret . Sing . Plur. Nom. Voc. Tu Nom. Acc. Voc vos Gen. tui Gen. vestrum or vestri Dat. tibi Dat. Abl. vobis . Acc. Abl. te   Sing . Nom. Voc Caret Dat. sibi Plur. Gen. sui Acc. Abl. se. From these three be deriv'd meus , tuus , suus , noster , vestor , nostras , vestras , ( which are called Possessives ) whereof the former five be declin'd like Adjectives of three Terminations , except that meus in the Vocative Case maketh mi , m●… , meum ; Nostras , Vestras , with three Articles , as hic & haec nostras & hoc nostrate , vestrate . In other Case●… according to Rule . These three , ille , iste , ipse , be of the Second Declension , making thir Genitive singular in ius , their Dative in i ; and the former two be declin'd like the Adjective alius , and the Third like unus before spoken of . Sing . Nom. ille illa illud , Gen. illius , Dat. illi . Nom. iste ista istud , Gen istius , Dat. isti . Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum , Gen ipsius , Dat. ipsi . These four , hic , is , q●… and quis , be of the third Declension , making thir Genitive singular in jus , with j consonant , and be declin'd after this manner . Sing . Plur. Nom. hic haec hoc Nom. hi hae haec Gen. hujus Gen. horum harum horum Dat. huic Dat. Abl. his Acc. hunc hanc hoc Acc. hos has haec Voc. Caret Voc. Caret Abl. hoc hac hoc   Of iste and hic is compounded istic istaec , istoc or istuc . Acc. istunc istanc , istoc or istuc . Abl. istoc istac istoc . Plur. istaec only . Sing . Plur. Nom. is ea id Nom. ii eae ea Gen. ejus Gen. eorum earū eorum Dat. ei Dat. Abl. iis or eis Acc. eum eām id Acc. eos eas ea Voc. Caret Voc. Caret Abl. eo ea eo   Sing . Plur. Nom. qui quae quod Nom. qui quae quae Gen. cujus Gen. quorum quarum quorum ( queis Dat. cui Dat. Abl. quibus or Acc. quem quam quod Acc. quos quas quae Voc. Caret Voc. Caret Abl. quo qua , quo or qui   In like manner quivi●… , quilibet , and quicunque the Compounds . Sing . Nom. Quis , qua or quae , quid . Gen : &c. like qui. So quisquam , quisnam , Compounds . Of Quis are made these Pronoun Adjectives , Cujus cuja cujum , whose : and hic & haec cujas and hoc cujato , of what Nation . Quisquis is defective , and thus declin'd . No. Quisquis Quicquid Ac. Quicquid Ab. Quoquo Quaqua Quoquo Of a Verb. A Verb is a part of Speech , that betokeneth being , as Sum I am , or doing , as Laudo I praise : and is declin'd with Mood , Tense , Number and Person . Moods . THere be four Moods , which express the manner of doing : the Indicative , the Imperative , the Potential or Subjunctive , and the Infinitive . The Indicative Mood sheweth or declareth , as Laude I praise . The Imperative biddeth or exherteth , as Lauda praise thou . The Potential or Subjunctive is Englisht with these Signs , may , 〈◊〉 , might , would , could , should ; Or without 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Indicative , if a Conjunction go 〈◊〉 ●…llow . As Laudem . I may or ●…an prais●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when I praised . Ca●… , si prae●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bewar'd if I ha●… 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 is englisht with this sign To , a●… Laudare to praise . Tenses . THe●… be three Tenses which express th●… time of doing : The Present , the Preterit o●… past , and the Future . The Present Tense speaketh of the time tha●… now is , as Laudo I praise . The Preterit speaketh of the time past , and i●… 〈◊〉 by three degrees : the Preterimperfect , the Preterperfect , and the Preterpluperfect●… The Preterperfect speaketh of the time n●… perfectly past , as Laudabam I praised or did praise . The Preterperfect speaketh of the time perfectly past , as Laudavi I have praised . The Preterpluperfect speaketh of the time mor●… then perfectly past , as Laudaveram I had praised . The Future Tense speaketh of the time to come as Laudabo I shall or will praise . Persons . THrough all Moods , except the Infinitive , there be three Persons in both Numbers , as Sing . Laudo I praise , laudas thou praisest , lauda●… he praiseth ; Plur. Laudamus we praise , laudati●… ye praise , laudant they praise . Except some Verb●… which are declin'd or form'd in the Third Person only , and have before them this sign , It ; a●… Taedet it irketh , oportet it behoveth , and are called Impersonals . The Verb which betokeneth being , is properly this Verb Sum only , which is therefore call'd a Verb Substantive , and formd after this manner . Indicative . Pres. sing . I am . Sum , es , est , Plur. sumus , estis , sunt . Pret. imp . I was . Eram , eras , erat , Pl. eramus , eratis , erant . Pret. perfect I have been . Fui . fuisti , fuit , Plur. suimus , fuistis , fuerunt or fuere . Pret. plup . I had been . Fueram , fueras , fuerat , Pl. fueramus , fueratis , fuerant . Future . I shall or will be . Ero , eris , erit , Pl. erimus , eritis , erunt . Imperative . Be thou . Sing . Plur. Sis , es , esto . Sit , esto . Simus , Sitis , este , estote . Sint , sunto Potential . Pres. sing . I may O●… can be . Sim , sis , sit , Pl. simus , sitis , sint . Preter impers I might or could be . Essem or forem , es , et , Pl. essemus , esse tis , essent or sorent . Preterperfect I might or could have been . Fuerim , ris , rit , Pl. rimus , ritis , rint . Preterplup . with a conjunction . Si If I had been . Fuissem , es , et , Pl. emus , etis , ent . Future Si If I shall be or shall have been . Fuero , ris , rit , Pl. rimus , ritis , rint . Infinitive . Pres. and preterimperf Esse , to be . Preterperfect , & pret . pluper . Fuisse , to have or had been . Future Fore , to be hereafter . In like manner are form'd the Compounds : Absum , adsum , desum , obsum , praesum , prosum , possum ; but possum somthing varies after this manner . Indicat . Pres. Sing . Possum , potes , potest , Plur. possumus , potestis , possunt . The other are regular , pot●…ram , potui , potuer●…m , potero . Imperative it wants . Potent . Pres. Possim , &c. Preterimperfect , Possem . Infin . Pres. Posse . Preterit . Potuisse . Voices . IN Verbs that betoken doing are two Voices , the Active and the Possive . The Active signifieth to do , and always endeth in o , as Doceo , I teach . The Passive signifieth what is done to one by another , and always endeth in or , as Doceor I am taught . From these are to be excepted two sorts of Verbs . The first are called Neuters , and cannot take or in the Passive , as Curro I run , Sodeo I sit ; yet signifie somtimes passively , as Vapulo I am beaten . The second are call'd Deponents , and signifie actively , as Loquor I speak ; or Neuters , as Glorior I boast : but are form'd like Passives . Conjugations . VErbs both Active and Passive have four Conjugations , or forms of declining , known and distinguisht by thir Infinitive Mood Active , which alwayes endeth in re . In the first Conjugation , after a long , as Laudare to praise . In the second , after e long , as habere to have . In the third , after e short , as legere to read . In the fourth , after i long , as audire to hear In these four Conjugations , Verbs are declin'd or formd by Mood , ●…ense , Number , and Person , after these Examples . Indicative Mood , Present Tense Singular . Plural . I praise . Thou praisest . He praiseth We praise . Te praise . They praise . Laudo , laudas , laudat , laudamus , laudatis , laudant . Habeo , habes , habet , habemus , habetis , habent . Lego , legis , legit , legimus , legitis , legunt . Audio , audis , audit , audimus , auditis , au●…t . I praisd or did praise . Preterimperfect tens . sing . Laudabam , Habebam , Legebam , Audiebam , bas , bat , Plur. bamus , batis , bant . I have praisd . Preterperfect tens . sing . Laudavi Habui Legi Audivi isti , it , Plur. imus , istis , erunt or ere . I had praisd . Preterpluperfect tense sing . Laudaveram Habueram Legeram Audiveram ras , rat , Plur. ramus , ratis , rant . Future tense sing . I shall or will praise . Laudabo Habebo bis , bit , Plur. bimus , bitis , bunt . Legam Audiam es , et , Plu. emus , etis , ent . Imperative Mood . Pres. Sing .   Praise thou . Let him praise . Let us praise . Praise ye . Let them praise . Lauda , laudato . Laudet laudato . Pl. laudemus . Laudate , laudatote . Laudent , laudanto . Habe , habeto . Habeat habeto . Pl. habeamus , Habete , habetote . Habeant , habento . Lege , legito . Legat legito . Pl. legamus . Legite , legitote . Legant , legunto . Audi , audito . Audiat audito . Pl. audiamus . Audite , auditote . Audiant , audiunto . Potential Mood . I may or can praise . Present tense sing . Laudem , laudes , laudet , Pl. laudemus , laudetis , laudent . Habeam , Legam , Audiam , as , at , Pl. amus , atis , ant . I might or could praise . Preterimperfect t●…nse sing . Lauda●…em , Haberem , Legerem , Audirem , res , ret , Plur. remus , retis , rent . I might or should have praisd . Preterperfect tense sing . Laudaverim , Habuerim , Legerim , Audiverim , ris , rit , Pl. rimus , ritis , rint . If I had praisd . Preterplu . sing . with a Conjunction . Si Laudavissem , Habuissem , Legissem , Audivissem , ses , set , Pl. semus , setis , sent . If I shall praise or shall have praisd . Future tense sing . Si Laudavero , Habuero , Legero , Audivero , ris , rit , Plur. rimus , ritis , rint . Infinitive Mood . Present and Preterimperfect tense Laudare , Habere Legere , Audire , To Praise . Have . Read. Hear . Preterperfect & Preterpluperfect tense . Laudavisse , Habuisse , Legisse , Audivisse , To have or had Praised . Read. Heard . Verbs of the third Conjugation irregular in some Tenses of the Active Voice . Indicative Mood Present Tense singular . Volo , vis , vult , Plur. Volumus , vultis , volunt . Nolo , — Plur. Nolumus , — nolunt . The rest is wanting in this Tense . Malo , mavi●… , mavult Plur. Malumus , mavultis , malunt . Preterit . Volui . Nolui . Malui . Volo and Malo want the Imperative Mood . Imperative . Sing . Noli , Nolito . Plur. Nolite , Nolitote . Potential . Present tens . sing . Velim , Nolim , Malim , is , it , Plur. imus , itis , in t . Preterim perfect tens . sing . Vellem , Nollem , Mallem , es , et , Pl. emus , etis , ent . Infinitive . Present . Velle , Nolle , Malle . Indicat . Pres. Edo , edis or es , edit or est ; Plur. Editis or estis . Imper. Ede or es , edito or esto . Edat , edito or esto . Plur. Edite este editote estote . Poten . Preterimperfect Tense , Ederem or essem . Infinit . Edere or esse . Verbs of the fourth Conjugation irregular in some Tenses Active . EO and queo , with his Compound Nequeo , make ●…unt and qu●…unt in the Plural Indicative present , and in thir Preterimperfect ibam and quibam , thir Future i●…o and quibo . Imperat. I , ito . Eat , ito . Plur. Eamus . Ito , itote . Eant , eunto . Potent . Eam . Irem . &c. The forming of the Passive Voice . Indicative . I am praised . Pres. Sing . Laudor , aris or are , atur , Habeor , eris or ere , etur , Legor , eri●… or ere , itur , Audior , iris or ire , itur , Plur. amur , amini , antur . emur , emini , entur . imur , imini , untur . imur , imini , iuntur . I was praisd . Preterim . perfect ●…ens . sing . Laudabar , Habebar , Legebar , Audiebar , baris or bare , batur , Plur. bamur , bamini , bantur . Note that the Passive Voice hath no Preterperfect , nor the Tenses deriv'd from thence in any Mood . I shall or will be praisd . Future tense sing . Laudabor , Habebor , beris or bere , bitur , Plur. bimur , bimini , buntur . Legar , Audiar , eris or ere , etur , Plu. emur , emini , entur . Imperative . Prese●…t 〈◊〉   Be thou praisd . Let him be praisd . Let us be praisd . Be ye praisd . Let them be praisd . Laudare , laudator . laudetur , laudator . Pl. laudemur . laudamini , laudaminor . laudentur , laudantor Habere , habetor . habeatur , habetor . P. habeamur . habemini , habeminor . habeantur , habentor . L●…gere , legitor . legatur , legitor . Pl. legamur . legimini , legiminor . legantur , leguntor . Audire , auditor . audiatur , auditor . P. audiamur . audimini , audiminor . audiantur , audiuntor . Potential . I may or can be praisd . Present sing . Lauder , eris or ere , etur , Plur. emur , emini , entur . Habear , Legar , Audiar , aris or are , atur , Plu. amur , amini , antur . I might or should be praisd . Preterimperfect sing . Laudarer , Haberer , Legerer , Audirer , reris or rere , retur , Pl. remur , remini , rentur . Infinitive . Present & Preterimperfect Laudari Haberi Legi Audiri To be Praisd . Had. Read. Heard . Verbs irregular in some Tenses Passive . EDor , editur or estur : The test is Regular . The Verb Fio , is partly of the Third , and partly of the Fourth Conjugation , and hath only the Infinitive of the Passive Form. Indicat . Pres. Sing . Fio , fis , fit , Plur fim●…s , fitis , fiunt . Preterimperfect , Fieb●…m . Preterperfect it wants . Future Fiam , &c. Imperat. Fi , fito . Plur fite , fitot●… . Fiant , fi●…mo . Potent . Pres. Fiom , &c. Preterimperfect , 〈◊〉 . Infinit . Fieri . Also this Verb Fero , 〈◊〉 contracted or short'n'd in some Tenses , both Active and Passive , as F●…rs , ●…rt , for fer●… , ferit , &c. Indicat . Pres. Sing . Fero , fers , fert , Plur. — ●…ertis is , — Preterperfect , Tuli Imperat. ●…er ferto , &c. Plur. Forto ●…ertote . Potent . Preterimperfect , F●…rrem , &c. Infinit . Ferre . Passive . Indicat . Pres. Sing . Feror , ●…rris or ferre , f●…rtur , &c. Imperat. Sing . Forro , fertor , &c. Potent . Preterimperfect , Ferrer . Infinit . Ferri . Of Gerunds and Supines . THere be also belonging to the Infinitive Mood of all Verbs certain Voi●…es called G●…runds and Supines , both of the Active and Passive signification The first Gerund endeth in di , as Laudandi of praising or of bei●…g praisd . The second in do , as Laudando in praising or in being praisd . The third in dum , as Laud●…ndum to praise or to be praisd . Note that in the two latter Conjugation●… , the Gerunds end s●…ntimes in undi , do , dum , as dicendi or 〈◊〉 : But from Eo alwayes eundi , except in the Compound Ambiendi . Supines are two . The first signifieth Actively , a●… laudatum to praise ; the latter Passively , as laudatu to be praised . Note that most Neuters of the second Conjugation , and volo , nolo , malo , with many other Verbs , have no Supine . Verbs of the four Conjugations irregular in the Preterperfect Tense or Supines . VErbs of the first Conjugation form thir Preterperfect Tense in avi , Supine in atum , as Laudo laudavi laudatum . Except , Poto potavi potatum ox potu●… ; neco necavi necatum or nectum . Domo , tono , sono , crepo , veto , ●…ubo , form ui , itum , as cubui cubitum ; but secui sectum , fricui frictum , ●…ico micui : yet some of these are found Regular in the Preterperfect Tense or Supine , especially compounded , as increpavit , dis●…repavit , dimicavit , sonatum , dimicatum , intonatum , infricatum , and the like . Plico and his Compounds form ui or avi , as explicui explicavi explicitum or explicatum ; except supplico , and such as are compounded with a Noun , as Duplico Multiplico in avi only . But Lavo lavi lautum lotum or lavatum , juvo juvi , adjuvo adjuvi adiutum . Do dedi datum , Sto ●…eti statum , in the Compounds , s●…isi , stitum and somtimes stotum , as Presto prestiti prestitum and prestatum . VErbs of the second Conjugation form thir thir Preterperfect Tense in ui , thir Supine in itum , as habeo habui habitum . Some are Regular in thir Preferperfect Tense ; but not in thir Supines , as doceo docui doctum , misceo miscui mi●…um , teneo tenui , torreo tortui tostum , censeo censui censum , pateo patui passum , careo carui cassum and caritum . Others are Irregular both in Preterperfect Tense and Supines , as Jubeo jussi jussum , sorbeo sorbui sorpsi sorptum , mulceo mulsi mulsum , luceo luxi . Deo in di , as sedeo sedi sessum , video vidi visum , prandeo prondi pransum . And some in si , as suadeo suasi suasum , rideo risi risum , ardeo a●…si arsum . Four double thir first Letters , as Pondeo pependi pensum , mordeo momordi morsum , spondeo spopondi sponsum , tondeo totondi tonsum , but not in thir Compounds , as dependi depensum . Geo in si , and some in xi , as urgeo ursi , mulgeo mulsi mulxi mulctum , augeo auxi auctum , indulgeo indulsi indultum , frigeo frixi , lugeo luxi . ieo leo and neo nevi , vieo vievi vietum , But Cieo cievi citum , deleo delevi deletum , fleo flevi fletum , ●…mpleo complevi completum ; as also the Compounds of Oleo , except redoleo and suboleo ; but adolevi adul●…m , neo nevi netum , but maneo mansi , torqueo torsi tortum , haereo haesi . Veo in vi , as serveo servi , but deferveo deferbui , conniveo connivi and connioci , movi motum , vovi vo●…m , cavi cautum , savi saut●… . THe third Conjugation sormeth the Preterperfect Tense , by changing O of the Present Tense into I ; the Supine without certain Rule , as lego legi lectum bibo bibi bibitum , lambo lambi , scabo s●…abi , ico ici ictum , mando mandi mansum , pando pandi 〈◊〉 , edo edi esum or estum , in like manner comedo , the other compounds esum only ; rudo rudi , s●…lla salli salsum , psallo psalli , emo emi emptum , viso visi visum , verto verti versum , solvo solvi solutum , volvo volvi volutum , exuo exui exutum , but ruo rui ruitum , in compound rutum , as derui derutum ; ingruo , metuo metui . Others are irregular both in Preterperfect Tense and Supine . In bo , scribo scripsi scriptum , nubo nupsi nuptum , cumbo cubui cubitum . In co , vinco visi victum , dico dixi dictum , in like manner duco , parco peperci and parsi parsum and parcitum . In do , these three loos n , findo fidi fissum , s●…indo scidi scissum , fundo fudi fusum . These following , vado , rado , laedo , ludo , divido , trudo , claudo , plaudo , rodo , si and sum , as rosi rosum , but cedo cessi cessum . The rest double thir first Letter in the Preterperfect Tense , but not compounded , as tundo tu●…udi tunsum , contundo contudi contusum , and so in the other Compounds . Pendo pependi pensum , dependo dependi , tendo tetendi tensum and tentum , contendo contendi , pedo pepedi peditum , c●…do cecidi casum , occido , recido recidi recasum . The other Compounds have no Supine . Caedo cecidi caesum , occido occidi occisum . To these add all the compounds of do in this Conjugation , addo , credo , edo , dedo , reddo , perdo , ab●…lo , obdo , condo , indo , trado , prodo , vendo vendidi venditum , except the double Compound , abscondo abseondi . In go , ago egi actum , dego degi , satago sategi , frango fregi fractum , pango to joyn pegi pactum , pango to sing panxi , ango anxi , jungo junxi junctum ; but these five , fingo , mingo , pingo , stringo , ringo , loos n in their Supines , as finxi fictum , ningo ninxi , figo fixi fixum , ●…go ve●…i v●…ctum ; diligo , negligo , intelligo , le●…i lectum , spargo sparsisparsum . These double thir first Letter , tango tetigi tactum , but not in his Compounds , as contingo contigi , pango to bargain pepigi pactum , pungo and repungo pupugi and pun●…i punctum the other Compounds punxi only . Ho in xi , 〈◊〉 traxi tractum , veho vexi vectum . In lo , vello velli and vulfi vulsum , colo colui cul●… ; excello , precello , cellui celsum ; ●…lo alui alitum ●…ltum . The rest , not compounded , double thir first Letter , Fallo fefelli falsum , refello refelli , pello pepuli ●…ulsum , compello compuli , cello ceculi , percello perculi perculsi perculsum . In mo , vomo vomui vomitum , tremo tremui , premo pressi pressum , como , promo , demo , sumo , after the 〈◊〉 manner , as sumpsi , sumptum . In No , sino sivi s●…um , sterno stravi stratum , sp●…rno sprevi spretum , lino levi lini and livi litum , cerno 〈◊〉 cretum , tomno tempsi , contemno contempsi contemp●… , gigno genui genitum , pono posui positum , cano ●…ini ●…ntum , con●…ino concinui concentum . In Po , ●…umpo rupi ruptum , scalpo scalpsi scalptum , The rest in 〈◊〉 , as strepo strepui strepitum . In qu●… , linquo liqui , relinquo reliqui relictum , coque 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . In ●…o , verro verri and versi versum , sero to sow s●…vi satum , in compound situm , as insero insitum ; sero of another signification most us'd in his compounds , ●…ssero , consero , desero exero , serui ●…rium , 〈◊〉 ussi ust●…m , gero gessi gestum , quaero quaesivi quae●…um , tero trivi tri●…um , curro , excurro , prae●…urro , cucurri cursum , the other compounds double not , as concurro concurr●… . In So , accerso , arcesso , incesso , i●…cesso , ivi itum , ●…pesso both i and iv●… , pinso pinsui pistum and pin●… . In sco , pasco pavi pastum ; compesco , d●…spesco , u●… ; posco poposci , disco didici , quinisco quexi , nosco novi notum , but agnosco ognitum , cognosco cognitum . In to , sisto stiti statum , flecto flexi flexum , pecto pexui pexi pexum and pectitum , necto nexui nexi nexum , plecto plexi plexum , sterto stertui , meto messui messum , mitto misi missum , peto petivi petitum . In vo , vivo vi●… victum . In xo texo texui textum , nexo nexui nexum . In cio , fa●…io feci factum , jacio jeci jactum , lacio lexi lectum , specio spexi spectum , with thir Compounds , but elicio elicui elicitum . In dio , fodio fodi fossum . In gio , fugio fugi fugitum . In pio , capio cepi captum , ●…apio ●…epui ●…aptum , cupio cupivi ●…upitum , sapio sapui sapivi sapitum . In rio , pario peperi partum . In tio , quatio quassi quassum , concutio concussi concussum . In uo , pluo plui pluvi plutum , struo struxi structum , fluo fluxi fluxum . THe fourth Con●…ugation sormeth the Preterperfect Tense in ivi , the Supine in itum . Except , Venio vent ventum comperio , reperio , reperi reper●… , ●…ambio ●…ampsi ●…ampsum , sepio sepsi septum , sa●…cio sarsi sar●…um , ●…cio farsi fartum , fulceo fulsi ful●…um , se●…tio sensi 〈◊〉 , haur●… hausi haustum , sancio sa●… sanctum ●…itum vin●… , vin●… vin●… s●…lio ●…alui saltum , in Compound sultum , as desilio desilui d●…sultum , amicio amicui ●…ctum , aperio , ●…erio pe●…ui pe●…tum , ve eo v●…nivi venum , singultivi singultum , sepelivi sepultum . Of Verbs Compounded . THese Verbs Compounded change a into e throughout , Damno , lacto , sacro , fallo , arceo , tracto , partio , sarcio , carpo , patro , scando , spargo , as conspergo conspersi conspersum . These following change thir first vowel into i , and some of them thir Supines into e , habeo , lateo , salio , statuo , cado , laedo , cano , quaero , caedo , tango , egeo , teneo , taceo , sapio , rapio , placeo , displiceo , displicui displicitum ; Except complaceo , perplaceo , posthabeo . Scalpo , calco , salto , change a into u , as exculpo . Claudo , quatio , lavo loos a , as excludo , excutio , eluo. These following change thir first Vowel into i , but not in the Preterperfect Tense , and somtimes a into e in the Supine , emo , sedeo , rego , frango , capio , jacio , lacio , specio , premo , as comprimo compressi compressum , conjicio conjeci conjectum , pango in two only , compingo , impingo : Ago , in all but perago , satago , circumago , dego and cogo coegi : Facio with a Preposition only , not in other Compounds , as inficio , olfacio : Lego in these only , diligo , eligo , intelligo , negligo , seligo , in the rest not , as praelego , add to these supersedeo . Of Verbs Defective . VErbs called Inceptives ending in sco , borrow thir Preterperfect Tense from the Verb whereof they are deriv'd , as tepesco tepui from tepeo , ingemisco ingemui from ingemo ; as also these Verbs , cerno to see , vidi from video , sido sedi from sedeo , fero tuli from tulo out of use , in the Supine latum , tollo sussuli sublatum from suffero . These want the Preterperfect Tense . Verbs ending in asco , as puerasco ; in isco , as satisco ; in urio , except parturio , osurio : these also , vergo , ambigo , ferio , furo , polleo , nideo , have no Preterperfect Tense . Contrary , these four , Odi , caepi , novi , memini , are found in the Preterperfect Tense only , and the Tenses thence deriv'd , as odi , oderam , oderim , odissem , odero , odisse , except memini , which hath memento mementote in the Imperative . Others are defective both in Tense and Person , us Aio , ais , ait , Plur. aiunt . The Preterimperfect aiebam is intire . Imperative , ai . Potential , aia●… , aiat , Plur. ●…iamus , aiant . Ausim for ausus sim , ausis , ausit , Plur. ausint . Salveo , salvebis , salve salveto , salvete salvetote , salvere . Ave aveto , avete avetote . Faxo , faxis , faxit , faxint . Quaeso , Plur. quaesimus . Infit , infiunt Inquio or inquam , inquis inquit , Plur inquiunt . Inquibat , Cic Topic. inquisti , inquit . Future , inquies , inquiet Imperat. Inque inquito . Potent Inquia●… . Dor the first person Passive of do , and for before faris or fare in the Indicative , are not read , nor d●… or fer in the Potential . Of a Participle . A Participle is a part of Speech , partaking with the Verb from whence it is deriv'd in Voice , Tense , and signification , and with a Noun Adjective in manner of Declining . Participles are either of the Active or Passive Voice . Of the Active Two. One of the Present Tense ending in ans , or ens , as laudans praising , habens , legens , audiens , and is declin'd like faelix , as hic haec and ho●… habens , Gen. habentis , Dat habenti , &c. Docens docentis , &c. But from eo , euns , and in the compounds iens euntis , except ambiens ambientis . Note that some Verbs otherwise defective , have this Participle , as aiens , inquiens . The other of the Future Tense is most commonly formd of the first Supine , by changing m into rus , as of laudatum laudaturus to praise or about to praise , habiturus , lecturus , auditurus ; but some are not regularly formd , as of sectum secaturus , of jutum juvaturus , sonitum sonaturus , partum pariturus , argutum arguiturus , and such like ; of sum , futurus : This , as also the other two Participles following are declin'd like bonus . This Participle , with the Verb Sum , affordeth a second Future in the Active Voice , as laudaturus sum , es , est , &c. as also the Future of the Infinitive , as laudaturum esse to praise hereafter , futurum esse , &c. Participles of the Passive Voice are also two , one of the Preterperfect tense , another o●… the Future . A Participle of the Preterperfect Tense , is formd of the latter Supine , by putting thereto s , as of laudatu laud●…us praisd , of habitu habitus , lectu lectus , auditu audit●… . This Par●…iciple joyn'd with the Verb Sum , supplyeth the w●…nt of a Pre●…erperfect and Preterpluperfect ●…ense in the Indicative ●…od passive , and both them and the Future of the Potential ; as also the Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect of the Infinitive , and with ire or fore the Future ; as laudatus sum or sui I have been praisd , Plur. laudati sumus or suimus we have been praisd , laudatus eram or fueram , &c. Potential , laudatus sim or ●…uerim , laudatus essem or fuissem , laudatus ero or fuero , Infinit . laudatum esse or fuisse to have or had been praisd ; laudatum ire or fore to be praisd hereafter . Nor only Passives , but some Actives also or Neuters , besides thir own Preterperfect Tense , borrow another from this Participle ; Caeno Caenavi and Caenatus sum , Juravi and ●…uratus , Potavi and potus sum , Titubavi and tituba●…us , Car●… car●…i cassus sum , Prandeo prandi and pransus , Pateo p●…tui and passus sum , Pla●…eo placui pla●…tus , Sues●…o suevi suetus sum , Liber libuit and libitum est , Licet li●…uit licitum , Pudet puduit puditum , Piget piguit pigitum , Taedet teduit p●…rtaesum est , and this Deponent Me●…eor m●…rui and meritus sum These Neuters following , like Passives , have no other Preterperfect Tense , but by this Participle , Gaudeo g●…isus sum , fido fisus , audeo ausus , fio fact●… soleo solitus sum . These Deponents also form this Participle from Supines irregular ; Labor lapsus , patior passus , perpetior perpessus , fateor fassus , conf●…eor , diffiteor diffessus , gradior gressus , ingredior ingressus , fati●…or fessus , metior mensus , utor usus , ordior to spin orditus , to begin orsus , nitor nisus and nixus , ●…iscor ultus , irascor iratus , reorratus , obliviscor oblitus , fruor fructus or fruitus , miserior misertus , tuor and tueor tuitus , loquor locutus , sequor secutus , experior expertus , paciscor pactus , ●…anciscor nactus , apiscor aptus , adipiscor adeptus , queror questus , proficiscor profectus , expergiscor experrectus , comminiscor commentus , nascor natus , morior mortuus , orior ortus sum . A Participle of the Future Passive is formd of the Gerund in dum , by changing m into s , as of laudandum laudandus to be praisd , of habendum habendus , &c. And likewise of this Participle with the Verb Sum , may be formd the same Tenses in the Passive , which were form'd with the Participle of the Preterperfect Tense , as laudandus sum or fui , &c. Infinit . Laudandum esse , or fore . Of Verbs Deponent come Participles , both of the Active and Passive form , as loquor loquens locutus locuturus loquendus ; whereof the Participle of the Preter Tense signifieth somtimes both Actively and Passively , as dignatus , testatus , meditatus , and the like . Of an Adverb . AN Adverb is a part of Speech ioynd with some other to explain its signification , as valdè probus very honest , benè est it is well , valdè doctus very learned , benè mane early in the morning . Of Adverbs , some be of Time , as hodiè to day , Cras to morrow , &c. Some be of Place , as Ubi where , ibi there , &c. And of many other sorts needless to be here set down . Certain Adverbs also are compar'd , as Doct●… learnedly , doctiùs doctissimè , fortiter fortiùs fortissimè , saepe saepius saepissime , and the like . Of a Conjunction . A Conjunction is a part of Speech , that joyneth Words and Sentences together . Of conjunctions some be Copulative , as 〈◊〉 and , quoque also , nec neither . Some be Disjunctive , as aut or . Some be Causal , as nom for , quia because , and many such like . Adverbs when they Govern Mood and Tense , and joyn Sentences together , as cum , ubi , postquam , and the like , are rather to be call'd Conjunctions . Of a Preposition . A Preposition is a part of Speech most commonly , either set before Nouns in Apposition , as ad patrem , or joyn'd with any other words in Composition , as indoctus . These six , di , dis , re , se , am , con , are not read but in Composition . As Adverbs having Cases after them , may be call'd Prepositions , so Prepositions having none , may be counted Adverbs . Of an Interjection . AN Interjection is a part of Speech , expressing some passion of the mind . Some be of sorrow , as heu , hei . Some be of marvelling , as papae . Some of disdaining , as vah . Some of praising , as euge . Some of exclaiming , as ô , proh , and such like . Figures of Speech . WOrds are somtimes encreast or diminisht by a Letter or Syllable in the beginning , middle or ending , which are call'd Figures of Speech : Encreast In the beginning , as Gnatus for Natus , Tetuli for tuli . Prothesis . In the middle , as Rettulit for Retulit , Cinctutus for Cinctus . Epenthesis . In the end , as Dicier for dici . Paragoge . Diminisht In the beginning , as Ruit for Eruit . Apherisis . In the middle , as Audiit for Audivit , Dixti for dixisti , ●…amna for lamina . Syncope . In the end , as Cons●…i for consilii ; scin for scisne . Apocope . The second part of Grammar , commonly called Syntaxis , or Construction . HItherto the Eight Parts of speech Declin'd and Undeclin'd have been spoken of single , and each one by it self : Now followeth Syntaxis or Construction , which is the right joyning of these parts together in a Sentence Construction consisteth either in the agreement of words together in Number , Gender , Case , and Person , which is call'd Concord ; or the governing of one the other in such Case or Mood as is to follow . Of the Concords . THere be Three Concords or Agreements . The First is of the Adjective with his Substantive . The Second is of the Verb with his Nominative Case . The Third is of the Relative with his Antecedent . An Adjective ( under which is comprehended both Pronoun and Participle ) with his Substantive or Substantives , a Verb with his Nominative Case or Cases , and a Relative with his Antecedent or Antecedents , agree all in number , and the two latter in person also : as Amicus certus . Viri docti . Praeceptor praelegit , vos vero negligitis . Xenophon & Plato fuere aequales . Vir sapit , qui pauca loquitur . Pater & Praeceptor veniunt . Yea though the Conjunction be disjunctive , as Quos neque d●…sidia neque luxuria vitiarant . Celsus . Pater & Praeceptor , quos quaeritis . But if a Verb singular follow many Nominatives , it must be applyed to each of them apart , as Nisi foro & curiae officium ac verecundia sua constiterit . Val. max. An Adjective with his Substantive , and a Relative with his Antecedent agree in Gender and Case ; but the Relative not in case alwayes , being oft-times govern'd by other constructions : as Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur . Liber quem dedisti mihi . And if it be a Participle serving the Infinitive Mood future , it oft-times agrees not with the Substantive neither in Gender nor in Number , as Hanc sibi rem praesidio sperat futurum . Cic. Audierat non datum ire filio Uxorem . Terent. Omnia potius actum iri puto quam de provinciis . Cic. But when a Verb cometh between two Nominative cases not of the same number , or a Relative between two Substantives not of the same Gender , the Verb in Number , and the Relative in Gender may agree with either of them ; as Amantium irae amoris integratio est . Quid enim nisi vota supersunt . Tuentur illum globum qui terra dicitur . Animal plenum rationis , qu●…m vocamus hominem . Lutetia est quam nos Parisios dicimus . And if the Nominative cases be of several persons , or the Substantives and Antecedents of several Genders , the Verb shall agree with the second person before the third , and with the first before either ; And so shall the Adjective or Relative in thir Gender ; as Ego & tu sumus in tuto . Tu & Pater periclitamini . Pater & Mater mortui sunt . Frater & Soror quos vidisti . But in things that have not life , an Adjective or Relative of the Neuter Gender , may agree with Substantives or Antecedents , Masculin or Feminin , or both together ; as Arcus & calami sunt bona . Arcus & calami quae fregisti . Pulcritudinem , constantiam , ordinem in Consiliis factisque conservanda putàt . Cic. Off. 1. Ira & aegritudo permista sunt . Sal. Note that the Infinitive Mood , or any part of a Sentence may be instead of a Nominative Case to the Verb , or of a Substantive to the Adjective , or of an Antecedent to the Relative , and then the Adjective or Relative shall be of the Neuter Gender ; And if there be more parts of a Sentence then one , the Verb shall be in the plural number ; Diluculo sur●…ere saluberrimum est . Virtutem sequi , vita est honestissima . Audito proconsulem in Ciliciam tendere . In tempore veni , quod omnium rerum est primum . Tu multum dormis & saepe potas , quae duo sunt corpori inimica . Somtimes also an Adverb is put for the Nominative Case to a Verb , and for a Substantive to an Adjective ; as Partim signorum sunt combust●… . Propè centies & vicies erogatum est . Cic. verr . 4. Somtimes also agreement , whether it be in Gender or Number , is grounded on the sense , not on the words ; as Illum senium for illum senem . Iste scelus for iste scelestus . Ter. Transtulit in Eunuchum suam , meaning Comaediam . Ter. Pars magna obligati , meaning Homines . Liv. Impliciti laqueis nudus uterque for Ambo. Ov. Alter in alterius jactantes lumina vultus , Ovid. that is , Alter & alter . Insperanti ipsa refers te nobis , for mihi . Catul. Disco omn●… . Virg. Aen. 2. for tu quisquis es . Duo importuna prodigia , quos egestas tribuno plebis constrictos addix●…rat . Cic. pro Sest Pars mersi tenuere ratem . Rhemus cum fratre Quirino jura dab●…nt . Virg. that is , Rhemus & frat●… Quirinus . Divillimur inde Iphitus & Pelias 〈◊〉 . Virg. Construction of Substantives . HItherto of Concord or agreement ; the other part followeth , which is Governing , whereby one part of Speech is govern'd by another , that is to say , is put in such Case or Mood as the word that governeth or goeth before in construction requireth . When two Substantives come together , betokening divers things , whereof the former may be an Adjective in the Neuter Gender taken for a Substantive ; the latter ( which also may be a Pronoun ) shall be in the Genitive Case ; as Facundia Ciceronis . Amator studiorum . Ferimur per opaca locorum . Corruptus vanis rerum . Hor. Desiderium tui . Pater ejus . Somtimes the former Substantive , as this word Officium or Mos , is understood ; as Oratoris est , It is the part of an Oratour . Extremae est dementiae , It is the manner of extream madness . Ignavi est , It is the quality of a sloathful man. Ubi ad Dianae veneris ; Templum is understood . Justitiaene prius mirer belline laborum . Virg. Understand Causâ . Neque illi sepositi Ciceris , neque longae invidit avenae . Hor. Supply partem . But if both the Substantives be spoken of one thing , which is call'd apposition , they shall be both of the same case ; as P●…ter meus vir , amat me puerum . Words that signifie Quality , following the Substantive whereof they are spoken , may be put ●…n the Genitive or Ablative Case ; as Puer bonae indolis , or bona indole . Some have a Genitive only ; as Ingentis Rex nominis . Liv. Decem annorum puer . Hujusmodi pax . Hujus generis animal . But genus is sometimes in the Accusative : as Si hoc genus rebus non proficitur . Varr. de re rust . And the cause or manner of a thing in the Ablative only ; as Sum tibi natura parens , preceptor consiliis . Opus and Usus when they signifie Need , require an Ablative ; as Opus est mihi tuo judicio . Vigint●… minis usus est filio . But Opus is somtimes taken for an Adjective undeclin'd , and signifieth Needful ; as Dux nobis & Author opus est . Alia quae opus sunt para . Construction of Adjectives , Governing a Genitive . ADjectives that signifie Desire , Knowledge , Ignorance , Remembrance , Forgetfulness , and such like ; as also certain others deriv'd from Verbs , and ending in ax , require a Genitive ; as Cupidus auri . Peritus belli . Ignarus omnium . M●…mor praeteriti . Reus surti . Tenax propositi . Tempus edax rerum . Adjectives call'd Nouns Partitive , because they signifie part of some whole quantity or number , govern the word that signifieth the thing parted or divided , in the Genitive ; as Aliquis nost●…um . Primus omnium . Aurium mollior est sinistra . Oratorum eloquentissimus . And oft in the Neuter Gender ; as Multum lucri . Id negotii . Hoc noctis . Sometimes , though seldom , a word signifying the whole is read in the same Case with the Partitive , as Habet duos gladios quibus altero te occisurum minatur , altero villicum , Plaut . For Quorum altero . Magnum opus habeo in manibus ; quod jampridem ad hunc ipsum ( me autem dicebat ) quaedam institui . Cic. Acad. 1. Quod quaedam for cujus quaedam . A Dative . ADjectives that betoken Profit or Disprofit , Likeness or Unlikeness , Fitness , Pleasure , Submitting , or Belonging to any thing , require a Dative ; as Labor est utilis corpori . Aequalis Hectori . Idoneus bello . Jucundus omnibus . Parenti supplex . Mihiproprium . But such as betoken Profit or Disprofit have somtimes an Accusative with a Preposition ; as Homo ad nullam partem utilis . Cic. Inter se aequales . And some Adjectives signifying Likeness , Unlikeness , or Relation , may have a Genitive . Par hujus . Ejus culpae affines . Domini similis es . Commune onimantium est conjunctionis appetitus . Alienum dignitatis ejus . Cic. Fin. 1. Fuit hoc quondam proprium populi Romani longè a domo bollare . But propior and proximus admit somtimes an Accusative ; as proximus Pompeium sedebam . Cic. An Accusative . NOuns of Measure are put after Adjectives of like signification in the Accusative , and somtimes in the Ablative ; as Turris alta centum pedes . Arbor lata tres digitos . Liber crassus tres pollices , or tribus pollicibus . Somtimes in the Genitive ; as Areas latas pedum denûm facito . All words expressing part or Parts of a thing , may be put in the Accusative , or somtimes in the Ablative ; as Saucius frontem or fronte . Excepto quòd non simul esses caetera laetus . Hor. Nudapedom . Ov. Os humerosque deo similis . Virg. Somtimes in the Genitive , as Dubius mentis . An Ablative . ADjectives of the Comparative degree , englisht with this sign then or by , as also Dignus , Indignus , Praeditus , Contentus , and these words of Price , Carus , vilis , require an Ablative ; as Frigidior glacie . Multo doctior . Uno pede altior . Dignus honore . Virtute praeditus . Sorte sua contentus . Asse charum . But of Comparatives , plus , amplius , and minus , may govern a Genitive , also a Nominative , or an Accusative ; as Plus quinquaginta hominum . Amplius duorum millium . Ne plus tertia pars eximatur mellis . Varro . Paulo plus quingentos passus . Ut ex sua cujusque parte n●… minus dimidium ad fratrem perveniret . Cic. Verr. 4. And Dignus , Indignus , have somtimes a Genitive after them ; as Militia est operis altera dign●…tui . Indignus avorum . Virg. Adjectives betokening Plenty or Want , will have an Ablative , and somtimes a Genitive ; as Vacuus ira , or irae . Nulla Epistola inanis re aliqua . Ditissimus agri . Stultorum plena sunt omnia Integer vitae , scelerisque purus . Expers omnium . Vobis immunibus hujus esse mali dabitur . Words also betokening the cause , or form , or manner of a thing , are pu●… after Adjectives in the Ablative Case ; as Pallidus i●…a . Trepidus morte futura . Nomine Grammaticus , re Ba●…s . Of Pronouns . PRonouns differ not in Construction from Nouns , except that Possessives , Meus , tuus , suus , noster , vester , by a certain manner of speech , are sometimes joyn'd to a Substantive , which governs thir Primitive understood with a Noun or Participle in a Genitive Case ; as Di●…o mea unius opera 〈◊〉 esse liberatam Cic. For Mei unius o●…era . In like manner Nostra , duorum , trium , pau●…um , omnium virtute , for nostrum duorum , &c. Meum solius peccatum , Cic Ex tuo ipsius animo , For ●…ui ipsius . Ex sua cujusque parte , Id. Verr. 2●… . Ne tua quidem recentia proximi Praetoris vestigia persequi po●…erat . Cic. verr . 4. Si meas presentis preces non pu●…as profuisse , id . Pro Planc . Nostros vidisti slentis ocellos . Ovid. Also a Relative , as qui or is , somtimes answers to an Antecedent Noun or Pronoun Primitive understood in the Possessive ; as Omnes laudare fortunas meas qui fi●…ium haberem tali ingenio praeditum . Terent. Construction of Verbs . VErbs for the most part govern either one case after them , or more then one in a different manner of Construction . Of the Verb Substantive Sum , and such like , with a Nominative , and other oblique Cases . VErbs that signifie Being , as Sum , existo , fio ; and certain Passives , as dicor , vocor , salutor , appellor , habeor , existimor , videor ; also Verbs of motion or rest , as incedo , discedo , sed●…o , with such like , will have a Nominative Case after them as they have before them , because both Cases belo●…g to the same person or thing , and the latter is rather in apposition with the former , then govern'd by the Verb ; as Temperantia est virtus . Horatius silutatur Poeta . Ast ego quae divum incedo regina . And if est be an impersonal , it may sometimes govern a Genitive , as Usus Poetae , ut moris est , licentia , Phaedrus l. 4. Neg●…vit moris esse Graecorum , ut &c Cic. verr . 2. But if the following Noun be of another person , or not directly spoken of the former , both after Sum and all his Compounds , except possum , it shall be put in the Dative ; as Est mihi do●…i pater . Multa petentibus desunt multa . And if a thing be spoken of , relating to the person , it may be also in the Dative ; as Sum tibi praesidio . Haecres est mihi voluptati . Qu●…rum alteri Capitoni cogn men fuit . Cic. Pastori nomen 〈◊〉 fuisse serunt . Liv. Of Verbs Transitives with an Accusitive , and the Exceptions thereto belonging . VErbs Active or Deponent , call'd Transitive , because thir action passeth forth on some person or thing , will have an Accusative after them of the person or thing to whom the action is done ; as Amo te . Vitium fuge . Deu●… venerare . Usus promptos facit . Juvat me . Oporte●… te . Also Verbs call'd Neuters , may have an Accusative of thir own signification ; as Duram servit servitutem . Longam ire viam . Endimion●… somnum dormis . Pastillos Rufillus olet . Ne●… vox hominem sonat . Cum Glaucum saltasset . Paterc . Agit laetum convivam . Horat. Hoc me latet . But these Verbs , though Transitive , Misereor and Miseresco , pass into a Genitive ; as Miserer●… mei . Somtimes into a Dative . Huic misereor . Sen. Dilige bonos , miseresce malis . Boet. Reminiscor , Obliviscor , Recordor , and Memini , somtimes also require a Genitive ; as Datae fidei veminis●…itur . Memini tai . Obliviscor carminis . Somtime retain the Accusative ; as Recordor pueritiam . Omnia quae curant senes meminerunt . Plaut . These Impersonals also , interest and resert , signifying to concern , require a Genitive , except in these Ablatives Feminine , Moa , tua , sua , nostra , vestra , c●…ja . And the measure of concernment is often added in these Genitives , magni , parvi , tanti , quanti , with thir Compounds ; as Interest omnium rectè agere . Tua resert teipsum nosse . Vestra parvi interest . But Verbs of Profiting or Disprofiting , Believing , Pleasing , Obeying , Opposing , or being angry with , pass into a Dative ; as non potes mihi commodare nec incommodare . Placeo omnibus . Crede mihi . Nimium ne crede colori . Pareo parentibus . Tibi repugno . Adolescenti nihil est quod succenseat . But of the first and third sort , Juvo , adjuvo , laedo , offendo , retain an Accusative . Lastly , these Transitives , fungor , fruor , utor , potior , and Verbs betokening want , pass direct into an Ablative . Fungitur officio . Aliena frui insania . Utere sorte tua . But fungor , fruor , utor , had antiently an Accusative . Verbs of want , and potior , may have also a Genitive . Pecuniae indiget . Quasi ●…u hujus indigeas patris . Potior Urbe , or Urbis . Somtimes a phrase of the same signification with a single Verb , may have the Case of the Verb after it ; as Id operam do , that is to say , id ago . Idne estis authores mihi ? for id suadetis . Quid mo vobis tactio est ? for tangitis . Plaut . Quid tibi hanc curatio est rem ? Id. The Accusative with a Genitive . HItherto of Transitives governing thir Accusative , or other Case , in single and direct Construction : Now of such as may have after them more Cases then one in Construction direct and oblique , that is to say , with an Accusative , a Genitive , Dative , other Accusative , or Ablative . Verbs of Esteeming , Buying or Selling , besides thir Accusative , will have a Genitive betokening the value of price , flocci , nihili , pili , hujus , and the like after Verbs of Esteeming : Tanti , quanti , pluris , minoris , and such like , put without a Substantive , after Verbs of Buying or Selling ; as Non hujus te aestimo . Ego illum flocci pendo . Aequi boni hoc facio or consulo . Quanti mercatus es hunc equum ? Pluris quam vellem . But the word of Value is somtimes in the Ablative ; as Parvi or parvo aestimas probitatem . And the word of Price most usually ; As Teruncio eum non emerim . And particularly in these Adjectives , Vili , paulo , minimo , magno , nimio , plurimo , dimidio , duplo , put without a Substantive , as Vili vendo triticum . Redimete captum quàm queas mini●…o . And somtimes minore for minoris . Nam a Caelio propinqui minore centessimis nummum movere non possunt . Cic. Att. l. 1. E●…t Verbs Neuter or Parsive have only the oblique Cases after them ; as Tanti eris aliis , quanti ribi 〈◊〉 . Pudor parvi penditur . Which is also to be observ'd in the following Rules . And this Neuter Valeo governeth the word of value in the Accusative●… ; as Denarii dicti quod denes aeris valebant . Varr. Verbs of admonishing , accusing , condemning , acquitting , will have , besides thir Acc●…sative , a Genitive of the Crime , or 〈◊〉 , or Thing ; a●… Admonuit me errati . Accusas me 〈◊〉 ●…em sc●…leris damnat . Furem d●…pli 〈◊〉 . And somtimes an Ablative with a preposition , or without ; ●…s Condemnsbo eodem ego to 〈◊〉 . Accusas furti , an stu●…ri , an utroque ? De repetundis accusavit , or d●…mnavit . Cic. Also these impersonals , poenitet , taedet , miseret , miserescit , pudet , piget , to thir Accusative will have a Genitive , either of the person , or of the thing ; as Nostri no●…met poenitet . Urbis me taedet . Miseret ●…e tui . Pudet me negligentiae . An Accusative with a Dative . VErbs of Giving or Restoring , Promising or Paying , Commanding or Shewing , Trusting or Threatning , add to thir Accusative a Dative of the person ; as Fortuna multis nimium d●… dit . Haec tibi promitto . Aes alienum mihi numeravit . Frumentum imperat civitatibus . Q●…id & cui dicas , videto . Hoc tibi suadeo . Tibi or ad te s●…ribo . Pecuniam omnem tibi credo . Utrique mortem minatu●… est . To these add Verbs Active compounded with hese prepositions , prae , ad , ab , con , de , ex , ante , sub , post , ob , in and inter ; as Praecipio hoc tibi . Admovit urbi 〈◊〉 . Collegae suo imperium abrogavit . Sic parvis componere magna solebam . Neuters have a dative only ; as Meis majoribus virtute praeluxi . But some compounded with prae and ante may have an accusative ; as Praestat ingenio alius alium . Multos anteit sapientia . O●…hers with a Preposition ; as Quae ad ventris victum conducunt . In haec studia incumbite . Cic. Also all Verbs Active , betokening acquisition , likening , or relation , commonly englisht with to or for , have to thir accusative a dative of the person ; as Magnam laudem sibi peperit . Huic habeo non tibi . Se illis aequarunt . Expedi mihi hoc negotium : but mihi , tibi , sibi , somtimes are added for El●…gance , the sense not requiring ; as Suo hunc sibi iugul●…t gladio . Terent Neuters a dative only ; as Non omnibus dormio . Libet mihi . Tibi licet Somtimes a Verb Transitive will have to his accusative a double dative , one of the person , another of the thing ; as Do tibi vestem pignori . Verto hoc tibi vitio . Hoc tu tibi laudi du●… . A double Accusative . VErbs of asking , teaching , arraying , and concealing , will have two accusatives , one of the person , another of the thing ; as Rogo is pecuniam . Doceo te literas . Quod te jamdudum h●…rtor . Induit se calceos . Hoc me cel●…bas . And being Passives , they retain one accusative of the thing , as Sumptumque recingitur anguem , Ovid. Met. 4. Induitur togam . Mart. But Verbs of arraying somtimes change the one accusative into an ablative or dative ; as Induo to tunica , or tibi tunicam . Instravit equum penula , o●… eque penulam . An Accusative with an Ablative . VErbs Transitives may have to thir accusative an ablative of the instrument or cause , matter , or manner of doing ; and Neuters the ablative only ; As Ferit eum gladio . Taceo metu . Ma●…is gaud●… alienis . Summa eloquentia causam egit . Capitolium sa●…o quadrato substructum est . Tuo consilio ni●… . 〈◊〉 pan●… . Affluis opibus . Amore abundas . Somtimes with a Preposition of the manner ; as Summa ●…um humanitate me tractavit . Verbs of endowing , imparting , depriving , discharging , filling , emptying , and the like , will have an ablative , and somtimes a genitive ; as Dono te ●…oc 〈◊〉 . Plurima salute ●…e impertit . Aliquem 〈◊〉 suo sermone participavit . Paternum servum ●…ui participavit consilii . Interdico tibi aqua & igni , ●…ibero ●…e hoc metu . Impl●…ntur veteris Bacchi . Also Verbs of comparing , or exceeding , will have an ablative of the excess ; as Praefero hunc ●…ultis gradibus . Magno intervallo eum superat . After all manner of Verbs , the word signifying any part of a thing , may be put in the gènitive , accusative , or ablative ; as Absurdè facis qui angas 〈◊〉 animi . P●…et animi . Dis●…rucior animi . Desipit ●…entis . Conde●… dentes . Rubet capillos . Aegrot●…t ani●… , magu quàm corpors . Nouns of Time and Place after Verbs . NOuns betokening part of time , be put after Verbs in the ablative , and somtimes in the accusative ; as Nocte vigilas , luce dormis . Nullam partem noctis requiescit . Cic. Abhinc triennium ex Andro comigravit . Tit. Respondit triduo illum , ad summum quatriduo periturum , Cic. Or if continuance of time , in the accusative , somtimes in the Ablative : as Sexaginta annos natus . Hyemem totam stertis . Imperium deponere maluerunt , quam id tenere punctum temporis contra Religionem . Cic. Imperavit triennio , & decem mensibus . Suet. Somtimes with a Preposition ; as Ferè in diebus paucis , quibus haec acta sunt . Ter. Rarely with a genitive ; as Temporis angusti mansit concordia discors . Lucan . Also Nouns betokening Space between places are put in the accusative , and somtimes in the ablative ; as Pedem hinc ne discesseris . Abest ab Uybe quingentis milibus passuum . Terra marique gentibus imperavit . Nouns that signifie Place , and also proper Names of greater places , as Countries , be put after Verbs of moving or remaining , with a Preposition , signifying to , from , in , or by , in such case as the Preposition requireth ; as Proficiscor ab Urbo . Vivit in Anglia . Veni per Galliam in Italiam . But if it be the Proper Name of a Lesser Place , as of a City , Town , or Lesser Island , or any of these four , Humus , Domus , Militia , Bellum , with these signs , on , in , or at before them , being of the first or second Declension , and singular number , they shall be put in the genitive ; if of the third Declension , or Plural Number , or this word rus , in the dative or ablative ; as Vixit Romae , Londini . Ea habitabat ●…hodi . Conon plurimum Cypri vixit . Cor. Nep. pro●…bit 〈◊〉 bos . Domi bellique simul viximus . Militavit Carthagini or Carthagine . S●…duit Athenis . Ruri or rure educatus est . If the Verb of moving be to a Place , it shall be put in the accusative ; as Eo Romam , Domum , Ru●… . If from a Place , in the ablative ; as Discessie Londino . Abii●… Domo . Rure est reversui . Somtimes with a Preposition : as A Brundisio profectus est . Cic. Manil. Ut ab Athenis in Boeotian●… trem . Sulpit. apud . Cic. Fam. l. 4. Cum te profectum ab domoscirem . Liv. l. 8. Construction of Passives . A Verb Passive will have after it an ablative of the doer , with the Preposition a or ab before it , somtimes without , and more often a dative : as Virgilius legitur a me . Fortes creantur sortibus . Hor. Tibi sama petatur . And Neutropassives , as Vapulo , veneo , liceo , exulo , 〈◊〉 , may have the same Construction ; as Ab hoste ●…enire . Somtimes an accusative of the thing is found after a Passive ; as Coronari Olympia . Hor. Epist. I. Cycl●… movetur . Hor. for salta●… or agit . Purgor ●…ilem . Id. Construction of Gerunds and Supines . GErunds and Supines will have such cases as the Verb from whence they come ; as Otium scrib●…ndi literas . Eo ●…uditum Poe●…s . Ad consulendum tibi . A Gerund in di is commonly govern'd both of Substantives and Adjectives in manner of a genitive ; as Causa videndi . Amor habendi . Cupidus visendi . Certus eundi . And sometimes governeth a genitive Plural ; as Illorum videndi gratia . Ter. Gerunds in do are us'd after Verbs in manner of an ablative , according to former Rules , with or without a preposition ; as Defessus sum ambulando . A discendo facile deterretur . Caesar dando , sublevando , ignoscendo , gloriam adeptus est . In apparando consumunt diem . A Gerund in dum is us'd in manner of an accusative after prepositions governing that case ; as Ad capiendum hostes . Ante domandum ingentes tollent animos . Virg. Ob redimendum captivos . Inter ●…nandum . Gerunds in signification are o●…t-times us'd as Participles in dus ; Tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa . Cic. Orationem Latinam legendis nost is 〈◊〉 pleniorem . Cic. Ad accusandos homines praemio ducitur . A Gerund in dum joyn'd with thè Impersonal est , and implying some necessity or duty to do a thing , may have both the Active and Passive construction of the Verb from whence it is deriv'd ; as Utendum est aetate . Ov. Pacem Trojano a rege pe●…endum . Virg. Iterandum eadem ista mihi . Cic Serviendum est mihi amicis . Plura dixi quam di●…endum suit . Cic. pro Sest . Construction of Verb with Verb. WHen two Verbs come together without a nominative case between them , the latter shall be in the Infinitive Mood ; as Cupio discere . Or in the first Supine after Verbs of moving ; a●… Eo cubitum , spectatum . Or in the latter with an adjective ; as Turpe est dictu . Facile sactu opus scitu . But if a Case come between , not govern'd of the former Verb , it shall alwayes be an accusative before the Infinitive Mood ; as Te rediisse incolumem gaudeo . 〈◊〉 me divitem esse , quam haberi . And this Infinitive esse , will have alwayes after it an accusative , or the same case which the former Verb governs ; as Expedit bonos esse vobis . Quo mihi commisso , non licet esse piam . But this accusative agreeth with another understood before the Infinitive ; as Expedit vobis vos esse bonos . Natura be●…tis omnibus esse dedit . Nobis non licet esse tam di ortis . The same Construction may be us'd after other Infinitives Neuter or Passive like to esse in signification ; as Maximo tibi post●…a & civi , & duci 〈◊〉 con●… . Val. Max. L. 6. Somtimes a Noun ●…ctive or Substantive governs an Infinitive ; as Audax omnia perpeti . Dignus amari . Consilium ceperunt ex oppido profugere . Caes. Minari divisoribus ratio non erat . Cic. verr . 1. Somtimes the Infinitive is put absolute for the preterimperfect or preterperfect Tense ; as Ego ●…lud sedulo negare factum . Ter. Galba autem mul●…as similitudines afferre . Cic. Ille contra haec omnia ●…uere , agere vitam . Ter. Construction of Participles . PArticiples govern such cases as the Verb from whence they come , according to their Active or Passive signification ; as Fruiturus amicis . Nunquam audita mihi . Diligendus ab omnibus . Sate sanguine divûm . Yelamone creatus . Corpore mortali cretus . Lucret. Note deâ . Edite regibus . Laevo suspensi loculos tabulasq●…e locerto . Hor. Census eque strem summam . Id. Abeundum est mihi . Venus orta mari . Exosus Bella. Virg. Exosus diis . Gell. Ar●…a Perosus . Ovid. But Pertaesus hath an accusative otherwise then the Verb ; as Pertaesus ●…gnaviam . Semet ipse portaesus . Suet. To these add participia●… adjectives ending in bilis of the Passive signification , and requiring like case after them ; as Nulli penetrabilis astro lucus erat . Participles chang'd into Adjectives have thir Construction by the Rules of Adjectives ; as Appetens vini , Fugitans litium . Fidens animi . An Ablative put absolute . TWo Nouns together , or a Noun and Pronoun with a Participle express or understood , put absolutely , that is to say , neither governing nor govern'd of a Verb , shall be put in the ablative ; as Authore Sena●…u bellum geritur . Me duce vinces . Caesare veniente hostes fugerunt . Sublato clamore praelium committitur . Construction of Adverbs . EN and ecce will have a Nominative , or an accusative , and somtimes with a dative ; as En Priamus . Ecce tibi status noster . En habitum . Ecce au●…em alterum . Adverbs of quantity , time , and place require a genitive ; as Satis loquentiae , sapientiae parum Sa●… also compounded with a Verb ; as Is rerum suarum satagit . Tunc temporis . Ubique gentium . Ed impudentiae processit . Quoad ejus fieri poterit . To these add Ergo signifying the cause ; as Illius ergo Virg. Virtutis ergo . Fugae atque formidinis ergo non abiturus Liv. Others will have such case as the Nouns from whence they come ; as Minime gentium . Optime omnium . Venit ob●…iam illi . Canit similiter huic . Albanum , sive Falernum te magis appositis delectat . Hor. Adverbs are joyn'd in a Sentence to several Moods of Verbs . Of Time , Ubi , postquam , cum or quum , to an Indicative or Subjunctive ; as Haec ubi dicta de●…it . Ubi nos laverimus . Postquam excessit ex Ephebis . Cum faciam vitula Virg. Cum canerem reges . Id. Donec while , to an Indicative . Donec er is feliae . Donec untill , to an Indicative or Subjunctive ; Cogere donec oves jussit . Virg. Donec ea aqua decocta sit . Colum. Dum while , to an Indicative . Dum apparatur Virgo . Dum untill , to an Indicative or Subjunctive ; as Dum redeo . Tertia dum Latio regnante●… viderit aestas . Dum for dummodo so as , or , so that , to a Subjunctive . Dum prosim tibi . Quoad while , to an Indicative . Quoad expectas contubernalem . Quoad untill , to a Subjunctive . Omnia integra servabo , quoad exercitus huc mittatur . Simulac , simulatque to an Indicative or Subj●…ctive ; a●… Simulac belli patiens erat simulatque adoleverit atas . Ut as , to the same Moods . Ut salutabis , ita resalutaberis . Ut sementem feceris , ita & metes . Hor. Ut so soon as , to an Indicative only : as Ut ventum est in Urbem . Quasi , tanquam , perinde , ac si , to a Subjunctive only ; as Quasi non nori●…us nos inter nos . Tanquam feceris ipse aliquid . Ne of forbidding , to an Imperative or Subjunctive ; as Ne saevi . Ne metuas . Certain Adverbs of quantity , quality , or cause ; as Quam , quoties , cur , quare , &c. Thence also qui , quis , quantus , qualis , and the like , coming in a sentence after the principal Verb , govern the Verb following in a Subjunctive ; as vide●…e quàm valdè mal●…tiae suae considat . Cic. Quid est cur tu in isto loco sedeas ? Cic pro Cluent . Subsideo mihi diligentiam comparavi quae quanta sit intelligi non potest , nisi &c. Cic. pro Quint. Nam quid hoc iniquius dici potest , Quam me qui caput alterius fortunasque defendam , Priore loco dicere . Ibid. Nullum est Officium tam sanctum atque solenne , quod non avaritia violare s●…leat . Ibid. Non me fallit , si consulamini quid sitis responsuri . Ibid. Dici vix potest quam multa sint quae respondeatis ante fieri oportere . Ibid. Docui quo die hunc fibi promisisse dicat , eo die ne Romae quidem eum fuisse . Ibid. Conturbatus discedit neque mirum , cui haec optio tam misera daretur , Ibid. Narrat quo in loco viderit Quintium . Ibid. Recte majores eum qui socium fefellisse●… in virorum bonorum numero non putarunt haberi oportere . Cic. pro Rosc. Am. Quae concursatio percontantium 〈◊〉 Praetor edixisset , ubi caenaret , quid enuntiasset . Cic. Agrar. 1. Of Conjunctions . COnjunctions Copulative and Disjunctive , and these four , Quam , nisi , ●…raeterquam , an , couple like cases ; as Socrates docuit Xenophontem & Platonem . Aut dies est , aut nox . Nescio albus an ater sit . Est minor natu quàmtu . Nemini placet praeterquam sibi . Except when some particular construction requireth otherwise ; as Studui Romae & Athenis . Emi fundum centum nummis & pluris . Accusas furti , on stupri , an utroque ? They also couple for the most part like Moods and Tenses ; as Recto stat corpore , despicitque terras . But not alwayes like Tenses ; as Nisi mo lactasses , & vana spe produceres . Et habetur , & referetur tibi a me gratia . Of other Conjunctions , some govern an Indicative , some a Subjunctive , according to thir several significations . Etsi , tametsi , etiamsi , quanquam an Indicative ; quamvis and licet most commonly a Subjunctive ; as Etsi nihil novi afferrebatur . Quanquam animus meminisse horret . Quamvis Elysios miretur Graecia campos . Ipse li●…et venias . Ni , nisi , si , siquidem , quod , quia , postquam , posteaquam , antequam , priusquam an Indicative or Subjunctive ; as Nisivi mavis eripi . Ni faciat . Cas●…go te , non quòd odeo habeam , sed quòd amem . Antequam dicam . Si for quamvis a Subjunctive onely . Redeam ? Non si me obsecret . Si also conditional may somtimes govern both Verbs of the sentence in a Subjunctive ; as Respiraro , si te videro . Cic ad Attic. Quando , quandoquidem , quoniam , an Indicative ; as Dicite quandoquidem in molli consedimus herba . Quoniam convenimus ambo Cum seeing that , a Subjunctive ; as Cum sis officiis Gradive virilibus aptus . Ne , an , num , of doubting , a Subjunctive ; as Nihil resert , fecerisne , an persuaseris . Vise num redierit . Interrogatives also of disdain or reproach understood govern a Subjunctive ; as tantum dem , quantum ille poposcerit ? Cic. verr . 4. Sylvam tu Scantiam vendas ? Cic. Agrar. Hunc tu non ames ? Cic. ad Attic. ●…urem aliquem aut rapacem accusaris ? Vitanda semper erit omnis avaritiae suspicio . Cic. verr . 4. Sometimes an Infinitive ; as Méne incaepto desistere victam ? Virg. Ut that , lest not , or although , a Subjunctive ; as Te aro , ut redeat jam in viam . Metuo ut substes hospes . Ut omnia contingant quae volo . Of Prepositions . OF Prepositions , some will have an accusative after them , some an ablative , some both , according to thir different signification . An accusative these following , Ad , apud , ante , adversus adversum , cis citra , circum circa , circiter , contra , erga , extra , inter , intra , infra , juxta , ob , ponè , per , propè , propter , post , penes , praeter , secundùm , supra , secùs , trans , ultra , usque , versus ; But versus is most commonly set after the case it governs , as Londinum versus . And for an accusative after ad , a dative somtimes is us'd in Poets ; as It clamor coel●… . Virg. Coelo si gloria tollit Aeneadum . Sil. for ad coelum . An ablative these , A , ab , abs , absque , cum , coram , de , e , ex , pro , prae , palàm , sine , tenus , which last is also put after his case , being most usually a genitive , if it be Plural ; as Capulo tenus . Aurium tenus . These , both cases , In , sub , super , subter , clam , procul . In , signifying to , towards , into , or against , requires an accusative ; as Pisces emptos obolo in coenam seni . Animus in Teu●…ros benignus . Versa est in cineres Troja . In te committere tantum quid Troes potuere ? lastly , when it signifies future time or for ; as Bellum in triges●…um diem indixerunt . Designati consules in annum sequentem . Alii pretia faciunt in singula capita canum . Var. Otherwise in will have an ablative ; as In Urbe . In Te●…ris . Sub , when it signifies to , or in time , about , or a little before , requires an accusative ; as sub umbram properemus . Sub id tempus . Sub noctem . Otherwise an Ablative . Sub pedibus . Sub umbra . Super signifying beyond , or present time , an accusative ; as Super Garamantas & Indos . Super coenam . ●…uet . at supper time . Of or con●…erning , an ablat●…ve ; as Multa super Priamo rogitans . Super hac re . Super , over or upon , may have either case ; as Super ripas Tiberis effusus , Saeva s●…dens super arma . Fronde super viridi . So also may subter ; as pugnatum est super subterque terras . Subter densa testudine . Virg. Clam patrem or patre . Procul muros . Liv. Patria pr●…ul . Prepositions in composition govern the same cases as before in apposition . Adibo hominem . Petrudunt n●…ves scopulo . And the Preposition is somtimes repeated ; as Detrahere de tua f●…ma nunquam ●…ogitovi . And somtimes understood , governeth his usuall case ; as Habeo te loco parentis . Apparuit humana specie . Cumis erant oriundi . Liv. Liberis parentibus oriundus . Colum Muta●… quadrotarotundis . Hor. Pridie Compitalia . Pridie nonas or calendas . Postridie Idus . Postridie ludos . Before which accusatives ante or post is to be understood , Filii id aetatis . Cic. Hoc noctis . Liv. Understand Secundum . Or refer to part of time . Omnia Mercurio similis . Virg. Understand per. Of Interjections . CErtain Interjections have several cases after them . O , a Nominative , Accusative or Vocative ; as O sestus d●…es hominis . O ego l●…vus . Hor. O fortunatos . O formose puer . Others a Nominative , or an Accusative ; as Heu prisca fides ! Heu stirpem invisam ! Proh sancte Jupiter ! Proh deum atque hominum fidem ! Hem tibi davum ! Yea , though the Interjection be understood ; as Me miserum ! Me coecum , qui haec ante non viderim ! Others will have a Dative ; as Hei mihi . Vae misero mihi . Terent. FINIS . ERRATA . PAge 16. Line 5. for hoc nostrate Read hoc nostras or nostrate . P. 31. L. 11. f. visi r. vici . P. 35. l. 21 : f. Quaesimus r. Quaesumus . P. 54. l. 8. f. Transitives r. Transitive . P. 55. l. 8. f. Tit. r. Ter.