Lily, improved, corrected, and explained with the etymological part of the common accidence. By W. T. Master of a boarding-school at Fulham, near London, for above two and twenty years. W. T. 1696 Approx. 398 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 93 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2009-03 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A48527 Wing L2263 ESTC R216720 99828442 99828442 32869 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A48527) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 32869) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 1913:7) Lily, improved, corrected, and explained with the etymological part of the common accidence. By W. T. Master of a boarding-school at Fulham, near London, for above two and twenty years. W. T. Lily, William, 1468?-1522. Shorte introduction of grammar. Colet, John, 1467?-1519. Robertson, Thomas, fl. 1520-1561. [6], 170 p. printed for R. Bentley, in Russel-street, in Covent-garden, London : MDCXCVI. [1696] By William Lily. Text in English and Latin. Reproduction of the original in the British Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. 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Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng English language -- Grammar -- Early modern, 1500-1799. Latin language -- Grammar -- Early works to 1800. 2007-07 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2007-08 Apex CoVantage Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2008-03 John Latta Sampled and proofread 2008-03 John Latta Text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-09 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion LILY , Improved , Corrected , and Explained ; WITH THE Etymological Part OF THE Common Accidence . By W. T. Master of a Boarding-School at Fulham , near London , for above Two and Twenty Years . Tota domus nititur fundamento . Sic in Grammaticae fundamenta fideliter jeceris , quicquid superstruxeris , facilè corruet : Sed multarum lues est Scholarum quòd Latinarum vocum Declinationes & Conjugationes vel omnino negligant vel festinantius & percurrant . Carpere sed noli nostra , sed ede tua . Quis gremio Enceladi doctique Palaemonis adfert Quantum Grammaticus meruit labor ? — — res nulla minoris Constabit patri quam filius . — — — sed culpa docentis Scilicet arguitur si in laevâ parte mamillae Nil salit Arcadico juveni . Juven . LONDON : Printed for B. Bentley , in Russel-street , in Covent-garden . MDCXCVI . Honoratissimis ac Dilectissimis Suis Discipulis optimae spei & indolis juvenibus , D no. Georgio Treby , D ni . Georgii Trebi , Equitis Aurati Communis Banci Primarii Justitiarii unico Filio ; D no. Thomae Powis , D ni . Thomae Powis , Equitis Aurati maximo natu Filio : Ceterisque ex suis Charissimis Discipulis gratitudinis & amoris ergo haec Collectanea & opusculum , qualia qualia sint ; Dicat , Dedicat Consecratque , W. T. THE INTRODUCTION OF The Eight Parts of Latin Speech , and a perfect succinct Explanation of the Royal and Authoriz'd , commonly call'd Lilly 's Grammar , with several Amendments , Supplements , and Animadversions . I. THE Eight Parts of Speech , with their Accidents , explained and examined out of the Common Accidence , with a supply of many Defects , and an Addition and Resolution of many things necessary for Youth to know . II. The Four Parts of Grammar discuss'd by Questions and Answers , the first being Orthographia , or rather Orthoepeia , carefully to be observ'd by those that learn the Latin and English Tongue , with an account of the Points or Pauses which are to be minded in Writing and Reading . The Second Part being Etymologia , ( to which all Words or Parts of Speech belong ) under which Propria quae Maribus , Quae genus , and As in Presenti are fully examin'd , the Defects supplied with many Additions , and the Mistakes amended . The Third Part of Grammar , being Syntaxis , is epitomiz'd and made shorter by two Thirds , with very small Alterations to the same Rules , and yet many things added ; to which is subjoin'd an Examination thereof by Questions and Answers , with a short account of the Figures of Grammar , and with some hints to a School-Boy how he should be examin'd his Lesson in Latin. And last of all , the Fourth Part of Grammar , viz. Prosodia , is fully explain'd after the same manner , with a supply of many Defects . The whole comprising whaever Brinsley , Dugard , Hool , Leech , or Walker , in his tedious Explanations and Quotations , &c. have attempted upon Grammar after this manner of Questions and Answers , which certainly ( as it is asserted by the greatest Judgments and Men of Learning ) must be the best Method of instructing Youth in all sort of Knowledge . What is contain'd under different Characters , may be omitted by Tyrocinians , till they come to be something more knowing . III. Observations concerning the Government of Words by Signs . IV. Rules to turn Latin into English , or English into Latin ; with Directions to place Latin Words : Lastly , short Instructions to Tyrocinians , for composing of Themes , Verses , Epistles , Orations and Declamations . THE Eight Parts of Speech Examin'd out of the Common Accidence BY Questions and Answers . Q. WHAT is the Accidence , and why is it so called ? A. It is a Book that teacheth the first Grounds of the Latin Tongue , so called because it chiefly teaches the Accidents ( i. e. ) the things belonging to the Eight Parts of Speech . Q. Into how many Parts is the Accidence divided ? A. Into two ; first , an Introduction of the Eight Parts of the Latin Tongue or Speech ; secondly , the Co●struction or joyning together of the Right Parts of Speech . Q. What do you mean by Construction ? A. A framing or setting together of the Eight Parts of Speech to make a Discourse , the examination of which part we omit in the common Accidence , because it is examin'd fully in the Latin Syntaxis . Q. How many Parts , or how many sorts of Words are there in the Latin Tongue or Speech ? A. Eight , and no more or less , viz. a Noun , a Pronoun , a Verb , a Participle , an Adverb , Conjunction , Preposition , Interjection ; for , every word whereof Speech is made is one of these Eight Parts , tho' there be many thousand words , yet each of them is one of these . Q. What things belong to all the Eight Parts of Speech ? A. Species and Figura , ( i. e. ) Form and Figure . For any of the Parts of Speech may be first Primitive or Derivative ; secondly , Simple or Compound . Q. How are these Eight Parts of Speech divided ? A. They are divided into Declined and Undeclined . Q. How many are declined ? A. The four first , viz. a Noun , Pronoun , Verb , Participle . Q. How many are undeclined ? A. The four last , viz. an Adverb , Conjunction , Preposition , and Interjection . Q. Why are the four first declined , and the four last undeclined ? A. Because the first four may change their ending or termination into divers other endings ; as , magister , magstri ; ego , mei ; amo , amas ; amatus , amata , amatum . The four last never change their ending ; as , Cras , at que , ad , heus . Q. How many of the Parts of Speech are declined with case , and how many without case ? A. Three with case , Noun , Pronoun , Participle , and one without case , viz. a Verb. Q. Are there not many Nouns and Verbs undeclined ? A. There are , but it is in regard of Use that they are not declined , not in regard of the Nature of Words . Q. What is Speech , of which you tell me there are eight parts ? A. Speech is properly the uttering or declaring of our Minds by Words . Q. Which and what is the first part of Speech ? A. It is a Noun , which signifies the name of any thing that may be seen , f●l● , heard , or understood , as the name of my Hand in Latin is manus , &c. Q. Is a Hand a Noun ? A. A Hand itself is not a Noun , but the word signifying a Hand is a Noun . Q. How comes nihil to be a Noun when it signifies nothing ? A. Tho' nihil signifies nothing , yet it is a Noun , because it is not meant properly nothing , but a thing of no value , having the name of hilum , the black in the top of a Bean ; as , nihil or nihi●um , not so much as the black in a Bean. In Grammar therefore we are to consider Words , not Things . Q. How many sorts of Nouns are there ? A. Two , a Noun Substantive and a Noun Adjective . Q. What is a Noun Substantive ? A. It is a Noun that standeth by it self , and requireth not another word to be joined with it to shew its signification ; and it may have the Signs A or The before it , and cannot have the word Man , or Thing , after it , as an Adjective hath . Q. With how many Articles is a Noun Substantive declin'd ? A. With one Article ; as , hic magister a Master ; or with two at the most , as , hic & haec Parens a Father or Mother . Q. How many fold is a Noun Substantive , according to its signification ? A. It is two-fold , either Proper , which is the proper name of a thing , as , Edvardus ; or Common , which is common to all of the same kind , as homo is a common Name to all Men. Q. What is a Noun Adjective ? A. A Noun Adjective is that cannot stand by it self in Reason or Signification , but requires to be join'd with another word , as Man or Thing ; as , bonus good , felix happy . Q. How many fold is a Noun Adjective from its manner of signifying ? A. It is two-fold , Proper , signifying an Affection peculiar to one , as Gradivus to Mars , Quirinus to Romulus ; and Common , which signifies an Affection common to many , as bonus , malus , solers , satur . Q. How many-fold is an Adjective , according to its declining ? A. It is two-fold , for it is declined either with three terminations , like bonus , or with three Articles , like felix and tristis . Q. How many things belong to a Noun ? A. Seven in all , Number , Case , Gender , Declension , Comparison , Form , and Figure ; but Comparison properly belongs to a Noun Adjective , and Form and Figure to all the Parts of Speech . Q. Why doth not Comparison belong to a Noun Substantive ? A. Because the signification of it cannot be encreased or diminished . Q. What is Number , being the first Accident belonging to a Noun ? A. Number is a separation or distinction of One from Many . Q. How many Numbers are there ? A. Two ; the Singular , that speaks but of one , as lapis a Stone ; and the Plural , that speaks of more than one , as lapides Stones . Q. Do all Nouns of the Singular Number speak but of One ? A. All Nouns speak but of One in the Singular Number , except the Nouns Collectives , such as populus , grex , turba , &c. which signifie many , or a multitude in the singular Number ; as , on the contrary , there are Nouns of the Plural Number that signifie but one thing , as Nuptiae , Gabii , Thebae , Athenae , &c. Q. Doth Number only belong to a Noun ? A. No , but it belongs to all the declined Parts of Speech . Q. What is Case , the next Accident of a Noun ? A. It is the diverse ending of a Noun , Pronoun , or Participle , in the declining of them . Q. How many Cases are there ? A. Six ; the Nominative , the Genitive , the Dative , the Accusative , the Vocative , and the Ablative . Q. How may the Cases be known one from the other ? A. Thus ; the Nominative and Accusative by their Places , the other by their Signs . Q. Which is the place of the Nominative ? A. Thus ; the Nominative is placed before the Verb in due order of Speech , and Answers to the Question Who or What ; as , magister docet , the Master teacheth ; and it is known by the Signs A or The. Q. Why is it call'd the Nominative ? A. Because we give Names to all things in this Case from nomino . Q. How know you the Genitive Case ? A. The Genitive is known by these Signs , Off or 'S , answering to the Question Whose or Whereof ; as , Doctrina magistri , the Learning of the Master ; and it is a Case governed . Q. Why is it called the Genitive Case ? A. From gigno , because it begets or produces all the following Cases ; for when I know the Genitive Case of any word , I may easily know all the following Cases of that Declension . Q. How know you the Dative Case ? A. By the Sign To , and sometimes by the Sign For , and it answers to the Question To whom , or To what ; as , Do librum magistro , I give a Book to the Master ; and it is likewise a Case govern'd . Q. Why is it called the Dative Case ? A. From Do , to give ; for if I speak , Deliver or Give to one any thing , I use this Case . Q. How know you the Accusative Case ? A. The Accusative followeth the Verb , and answereth to the Question Whom or What ; as , amo magistrum , I love the Master ; and it hath the same Signs as the Nominative , viz. A or The , which are common Signs to all the Cases , but more proper to the Nominative and Accusative . Q. Why is it called the Accusative Case ? A. From the Verb or Law-term Accuso , for this is the Case by which Judges do use to pronounce their Sentence . Q. How know you the Vocative Case ? and , why is it called so ? A. The Vocative Case is known by calling or speaking to ; as , O magister , O Master , and it is so called from the Verb Voco , to call or speak to any body . Q. How know you the Ablative Case ? and , why is it called so ? A. The Ablative Case is known either by Prepositions serving to it , or else by these Signs , In , with , through , for , from , by , and then , after the comparative degree . And it is called the Ablative Case from aufero to take away . Q. How are the Signs of the Cases delivered in short ? A. Thus ; A , The , Of or 'S ; To , and sometimes For ; A , The , O : From , &c. Q. What Case is that which is called Octavus Casus ? A. It is the Dative put instead of an Accusative with a Preposition ; as , it ●lamor coelo for ad coelum . Q. What Case , or where then is the Seventh Case ? A. The Seventh is the Ablative , uttered or used without a Preposition , as some will have it : tho' indeed there are but six Cases , according to the Declension to which every word belongs : so that the Septimus and Octavus Casus are Cases by Licentiâ Poeticâ . Q. What Case is that which is called the Rectus Casus ? A. It is the Nominative and Vocative that 's like to it , the other Cases being called oblique Cases . Q. Why is the Ablative called Latinus Casus ? A. Because it is pr●per to the Latines , for the Greeks have no Ablative . Q. What follows next after the Cases in the Accidence ? A. Articles , which are marks to know the Genders by in declining . Q. How many Articles are there , and whence are they borrowed ? A. There are three , viz. Hic , haec , h●c ; and they are borrowed of the Pronouns . Q. What do hic , haec , hoc signifie ? A. When hic , haec , hoc is a Pronoun it signifies this ; but when it is d●clined with a Noun it signifies nothing , only it points out the Gender . Q. How do you decline Articles together and severally with a Noun ? A. Thus :   Singul. Plur.   M. F. N. M. F. N. Nom. Hic , haec , hoc . Hi , hae , haec . Gen. Hujus , hujus , hujus . H●rum , harum , horum . Dat. Huic , huic , huic . His , his , his . Acc. Hunc , hanc , hoc . H●s , has , hae● . Voc. O , O , O. O , O , O. Abl. Hoc , hac , h●c . His , his , his . Q. Why are they set before the Genders and Declensions ? A. Because they serv● to note out the Genders , and also decline Nouns in every Gender . Q. What is a Gender ? A. It is the difference of Sex by Nature , as they are Male and Female ; but by Institution and Art Words may be of the Male and Female Gender , and yet have no relation to Sex ; as Musa , or Lapis , &c. Q. How many Genders are there ? A. We reckon Seven , tho' there are properly but Three , Masculine , Feminine , and Neuter ; the other four , viz. the Common of two , the Common of three ▪ the Doubtful , and the Epicene , are compounded of all or some of those three . Q. Which is the Article of the M. G. and what doth it belong to ? A. It is hic , and it belongs to Males or Hees , and such words as are used under the Names of Hees , either by Art or Institution . Q. What is the Article of the F. G. and what doth it belong to ? A. It is haec , and it belongs to Females or Shee s , or things going under the name of Shee s . Q. Which is the Article of the N. G. and what doth it belong to ? A. It is hoc , and it belongs to words which signifie aeither He or She. Q. What Articles hath the Common of two , and what belongs it to ? A. It hath hic and haec , and it belongs properly to words signifying both Male and Female , that is , both He and She. Q. What Articles hath the Common of three , and what doth it belong to ? A. It hath hic , haec , and hoc , and it belongs only to Nouns Adjectives . Q. What Article hath the Doubtful Gender , and what belongs it to ? A. It hath hic or haec , which of them you please , and it belongs to Creatures in which the kind is unknown , whether they be he or she ; as , a Snail , a Snake , also to lifeless things ; as , a Day , a Channel , &c. Q. What Article hath the Epicene Gender ? A. It hath only one Article , but under that Article both kinds , that is , both He and She are signified ; as hic Passer , the Cock or Hen Sparrow ; haec Aquila , the He or She Eagle . Q. How may the Genders of Nouns be known ? A. Either by their signification , termination , or more especially by the Rules to know the Genders of Nouns in Propria quae maribus . Q. Which is the fourth Accident belonging to a Noun ? A. It is Declension , which is the varying of the first ending of a word into diverse other endings called Cases . Q. How many Declensions of Nouns are there ? A. There are five Declensions of Nouns . Q. What Terminations hath the first Declension , what 's the Example , and whence proceeds it ? A. The first hath but one Latin Termination in A , the Example is Musa ; but it hath three Greek Terminations in As , Es , and E ; as , Thomas , Anchises , Phaebe , and it proceeds from the first Declension of the Greeks . Q. What Terminations hath the second Declension , what are the Examples , and whence proceeds it ? A. It hath five proper to the Latines , Er , ir , ur , us , um ; as , Aper , vir , satur , Dominus , Templum ; and three of the Greeks in os , on , eus ; as , Delos , Ilim , Orpheus : the Examples of it are Magister and Regman , and it comes from the third Declension of the Greeks . Q. What Terminations hath the third Declension , what are the Examples , and whence comes it● ? A. It hath all Terminations besides Vm and V ; the Examples are lapis and parens , and it comes from the fifth of the Greeks . Q. What Terminations hath the fourth Declension , which are the Examples of it , and whence proceeds it ? A. It hath two , Vs and V , and the Examples are Manus and Genu ; but those that end in U are ' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or invariable in the Singular Number , and in the Plural they are commonly declined after the third Declension , to which third Declension may be reduc'd the fourth and fifth . Q. What is the Example , and how many Terminations hath the fifth Declension ? A. It hath only one Termination in es ; the Example is meridies . Q. What Exceptions are there belonging to the first Declension ? A. Filia and Nata , which make the Dative and Ablative Cases plural in is or in abus , and anima , Dea , Mula , Equa , Famula , Liberta , which make the Dative and Ablative Cises plural in abus only . Q. What Exceptions are there under the second Declension ? A. The first is of Nouns that end in Vs , which make the Vocative in E ; as , Nominativo hic Dominus , Vecativo O Domine : 2. Proper Names of Men that end in ius , make their Vocative to end in i ; as , Nom. Hic Ge●gius , Voc. O Georgi : 3. These Common Names , viz. Agnus , Lucus , vulgus , populus , chorus , sluvius , which make their Vocative in E or in Vs . Q. What say you of Nouns of the Neuter Gender of the second declension ? A. They have three Cases alike , viz. the Nominative , Accusa●ive , and Vocative , which three Cases do end in the plural Number , always in ( a ) , except Amb● and Duo , that make the Neuter Gender in ( o ) . Q. How is Duo declin'd ? A. Like Ambo , thus : Plu. Duo , duae , duo , &c. Q. But how are the Declensions distinguish'd , and how may it be known of what Declension a Noun is of , besides by these Termi●ati●ns of the Declensions ? for hardly any of these Terminations are peculiar to any Declension ; for many words that end in A , As , Es , E , are of the third , as well as of the first Declension ; and so words that end in Us may be of the second , third , or fourth Declension , & c ? A. The Declensions are distinguish'd by the termination and ending of the Genitive Case singular of each Declension , which Genitive Case shews what Declension every Noun is of . Q. How then doth the Genitive Case of each Declension end , and how do all the rest of the Cases end that proceed from those Genitives ? A. They end thus , according to the following Table .   Singular .         Plural .         Gen. Dat. Acc. Vocat . Ab N Gen. Dat. Ac Abl Declensions 1 ae ae am Like the Nominative every where , except in the 2d Declension . a ae arum is as is 2 i o um o i orum is os is       em e   um       3 is i &   es   ibus es ibus       im i   ium       4 us ui um u us uum ibus us ibus 5 ei ei em e es erum ebus es ebus Q. Of what Gender are all Nouns of the fifth Declension ? A. They are of the Feminine , except meridies , of the M. G. and Dies , of the D. G. in the singular , and of the M. G. only in the plural . Q. How many Declensions may Adjectives be said to have ? A. Three . Q. Which is the first ? A. The first is of Adjectives in us , er , ur , with three terminations or endings ; the first ending or termination being of the M. G. as , Bonus , pulcher , satur ; the second being of the F. G. as , Bona , pulchra , satura ; the third ending being of the N. G. as , Bonum , pulchrum , saturum . Q. Which is the second Declension of Adjectives ? A. The second is of Adjectives ending in X or ns , and all others having one ending in the Nom. Case , which are of all the three Genders ; as , hic , haec , & hoc audax , - acis : hic , haec , & hoc vetus , eris , &c. Q Which is the third Declension of Adjectives ? A. It is of Adjectives that end in is , or the positive , and of those that end in or , of the comparative degree with two endings , the first ending being of the M. and F. G. the second ending being of the N. G. as , hic & haec Tristis & hoc Triste ; hic & haec durior & hoc durius , &c. Q. How is a Noun Adjective of three terminations declined ? A. After the first and second declension of Substantives ; as , Bonas after Dominus , Bona after Musa , Bonum after Regnum Q. What Adjectives are there besides of three terminations that are otherwise declin'd ? A. These , with their Compounds , unus , totus , solus , ullus , alius , alter , uter , newer , which make the Genitive Case in ius , and the Dative in i. Q. Can unus , signifying but one , have the Plural Number ? A. Vnus never hath the Plural Number , but when it is joined with a word that lacketh the Singular Number ; as , unae , literae , una maenia , where literae signisying an Epistle or Letter , cannot be of the Singular Number , nor Maenia . Q. What Case do ullus , alius , alter , uter , and neuter lack or want ; and how are they declined ? A. They want the Vocative , and are declined in all other cases like unus . Q. How are Adjectives of one ending , and Participles of the Present tense declined ? A. They are declined after the third Declension of Substantives , like felix . Q. How are Adjectives of two endings declined ? A. They are likewise declined after the third declension of Substantives , like tristls . Q. What is the next Accident of a Noun after Declension ? A. It is Comparison . Q. What is Comparison ? A. It is the altering the signification of a word into more or less by degrees . Q. D●es Comparison belong to all Nouns ? A. No , it belongs properly to Adjectives , tho' Substantives are compared 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , only by abuse , not properly ; a● also some Pronouns : but Adverbs coming of Adjectives , may be compared , and Participles , when they are changed into Nouns Adjectives , and some Prepositions when changed into Adverbs . Q. May all Adverbs be compared ? A. No , none but whose Signification may be increased or diminished . Q. What is it to have the Signification increased or diminished ? A. It is to be made more or less ; a● , hard , harder , hardest : and so back again ; as , hardest , harder , hard . Q. What mean you by a Degree of Comparison ? A. I mean , that every word that alters its signification by more or less , is a Degree . Q. How many Degrees of Comparison are there ? A. Three , the Positive , Comparative , and Superlative . Q. What is the Positive Degree ? A. It is a Degree that signifies a thing absolutely without Excess ( that is , without more or less , or without having respect to any other word ) ; as , Durus hard , without being compared . Q. What is the Comparative Degree ? A. It is a Degree which somewhat exceeds his Positive in Signification , ( i. e. ) when the signification of the Positive is somewhat encreased or made more . Q. What is the Sign of the Comparative Degree ? A. The Syllable ( more ) being set before , or the Syllable ( er ) being added to it ; as , more bard , or harder . Q. Of what is the Comparative Degree formed ? A. Of the first Case of its Positive that endeth in I , by putting to it ( or ) for the M. and F. G. and ( us ) for the N. G. Q. What is the Superlative Degree ? A. It is a Degree that exceeds i●s Positive in the highest , in signifying , so that one thing being compared with many , is said to be most of all this thing or that thing . Q. Whence is it formed , and what is the Sign thereof ? A. It is formed of the first Case of its Positive that endeth in I , by putting to it the Letter S , and Simus ; as , Duri Durissimus , the Sign of it is ( most ) put before its English ; as , most hard : or ( est ) added to its English ; as , hardest . Q. How do you compare the said three Degrees of Comparison ? A. By declining altogether in ea●h Cafe and Gender ; as , Nom. Durius , durior , durissimus ; dura , durior , durissima ; durum , durius , durissimum : Gen. Duri , durioris , durissimi : Dat. Duro , duriori , durissimo , &c. Q. How many Exceptions are there from these regular and general Rules of Comparison ? A. There are four , which make an irregular Comparison . Q. Which is the first irregular Comparison or Exception ? A. It is of these five Nouns , Bonus , melior , optimus ; Majus , pejor , pessimus ; Magnus , major , maximus ; ●arvus , minor , minimus ; Multus plurimus , multa plurima , multum plus plurimum ; with many more in the Latin Grammar . Q. Which is the second irregular Comparison or Exception ? A. It is of Positives that end in ( r ) which form their Superlatives of the Nominative Case , by putting to it rimus ; as , Pulcher , pulcherrimus ; Niger , nigerrimu● , &c. except Dexter , dexterrimus ; maturus , maturimus , or maturissimus . Q. Which is the third irregular Comparison or Exception ? A. It is of these six Nouns ending in lis , which make the Superlative by changing lis into limus ; as , Humilis , humillimus ; Similis , simillimus ; Facilis , fac●llimus ; Gracilis , gracillimus ; Docilis , docillimus ; agilis , agillimus . Q. How do all other Nouns in ( 〈◊〉 ) form their Superlative Degree ? A. They follow the general and regular Rule of Comparison . Q. Which is the fourth irregular Comparison or Exception ? A. It is of Adjectives having a Vowel before Vs , which then are compared by the two Adve●bs , magis before the Comparative , and maximè before the Superlative ; as , Pius , magis pius , maximè pius ; assiduus , magis assiduus , maximè assiduus . Q. Why are not Adjectives compared when a Vowel comes before Us ? A. Because the C●mparative ought to exceed the Positive by a Syllable ; as , doctus , doctior ; which cannot be in those Adjectives that have a Vowel before Us ; f●r I , between two Vowels becomes a Consonant : Or if it remain a Vowel , whereby it may exceed the Positive , from that co●course of Vowels would arise a Cacophaton or unpleasant sound . Q. What is the second Part of Speech , viz. a Pronoun ? A. It is a Part of Speech much like to a Noun , or put instead of a Noun ; and therefore called a Pronoun ; but not having the Sign A or The before it . Q. How many manner of ways is a Pronoun us'd ? A. Two manner of ways , in shewing or rehearsing . Q. How doth it d●ffer from a Noun ? A. Thus : a Pronoun first hath reference to a Noun , and after that signifies the thing ; but a Noun signifies the thing immediately . Q. Why was a Pronoun invented ? A. That it might be join'd to the first and second Person of a Verb , which a Noun wants . Q. How many Pronouns are there ? A. There are fisteen , Ego , tu , sui , ille , ipse , iste , hic , is , meus , tuus , suus , noster , vester , nostras , vestras . Q. What Case do Pronouns want ? A. They all want the Vocative Case , except tu , meus , noster , and nostras , and sui wants the Nom. and Vocative . Q. What Pronouns may be added to the fifteen ? A. 〈◊〉 , tute , idem , and also qui , quae , quod . Q. How many fold is a Pronoun ? A. Two-fold , either Substantive or Adjective . Q. How many Pronoun Substantives are there ? A. Three , Ego , tu , sui , with their Compounds . Q. How many Pronoun Adjectives ? A. Twelve ; I lle , ipse , iste , hic , is , meus , tuus , suus , noster , vester , nostras , vestras , and qui , that 's added to them . Q. How are Pronouns divided according to their Species ? A. They are divided into Primitives and Derivatives . Q. How many Pronoun-Primitives are there ? A. Eight ; Eg● , tu , sui , ille , ipse , iste , hic and is . Q. Why are they called Primitives , and what are they called besides ? A. They are called Primitives from Prima first and chiefest , and therefore they cannot be derived of others ; they are called also Demonstratives , because they commonly shew a thing not spoken of before . Q. How many of th●se Primitives may also be called Relatives ? A. Four , Hic , ille , iste , and is . Q. How many Pronoun Relatives are there ? A. Six , Hic , iile , iste , is , idem , and qui , which is the most special Relative . Q. But how can hic , ille , iste , and is be Demonstratives and Relatives too ? A. Because they serve both to shew and rehearse . Q. How many Pronoun Derivatives are there , and why are they so called ? A. There are Seven ; meus , tuus , suus , noster , vester , n●stras , vestras ; so called , because they are derived of mei , tui , sui , nostri , and vestri , being the Genitive Cases singular or plural of ego , ●u , sui ; for of mei and nostri , the genitive , singular and plural of ego , comes meus , noster , and nostras ; of tui and vest●i the gen . 〈◊〉 . and plur . of tu , comes tuus , vester , and vestras , and of sui comes suus . Q. How many sorts of Derivatives are there ? A. Two , Possessives ; as , meus , tuus , suus , noster , and vester , and Gentiles , as , nostras , vestras . Q. But what say you of the number of Pronouns , viz. Fifteen , for there are Eight Primitives , Six Relatives , and Seven Derivatives , which make them to be Twenty One , and withal quis , uter , qualis , and many others are accounted Pronouns by good Gramma●ians , for they may signifie instead of a Noun ? A. As for the number Twenty One. I have shewed already that some of the Pronouns were both Primitives and Relatives : as for other words that are reck●n'd Pronouns by some Grammarians , they signifie no certain or determinate thing , as the fifteen Pronouns do , and therefore they are not Pronouns , but Nouns Adjectives . Q. How many things belong to a Pronoun ? A. Five , according to the Accidence , Number , Case , and Gender , ( which belong also to a Noun ) Declension and Person , which it hath of its own ; it hath also the Accidents common to all the Parts of Speech , z●z . Form and Figure . Q. How may one know the Gend●r in Pronoun Substantives ? A. Thus : Pronoun Substantives are of the same Gender with the thing whereof they are properly spoken . The Gender of Pronouns-Adjectives is known like as in Nouns-Adjectives . Q. How many Declensions of Pronouns are there ? A. There are four declensions of Pronouns . Q. How may one know of what declension a Pronoun is ? A. By the ending of the Genitive Case singular , like as in Nouns . Q. How doth the Genitive Case singular of each of the declensions end ? A. They end thus : The First Second Third Fourth   i i●s i ae i atis   jus Q. What Pronouns be of the first Declension ? A. These three , ego , tu , sui , declined as in the Book , &c. Q. What Pronouns be of the second Declension ? A. These six , ille , ipse , iste , which three make the Genitive Case in ius , like unus ; and hic , is , and qui , which make the Genitive in jus . Q. How is iste declined ? A. Thus ▪ Sing . Iste , ista , istud ; as in the Book , &c. Q. How are ille and ipse declined ? A. Like iste , saving that ipse maketh ipsum in the N. G. of the Nom. and Acc. Case singular , and not ipsud . Q. How is hic declined ? A. Thus : Sing . Nom. Hic , haec h●c , Gen. Hujus , Dat. H●●c , &c. Q. How are is and qui declined ? A. Thus , as in the Book : Sing Nom. Is , ea , id , &c. Qui , quae , quod , &c. Q. Why do they say Quî in the Ablative Case ? A. 〈◊〉 Qui in the Ablative Case is of all Genders , and may be put for Quo , quà , or quo . Q. How are quis and quid declined ? A. Like qui. Q. How is Quisquis declined ? A. Thus : Sing . Nom. Quisquis Acc. Quicquid Abl. Quoqu● ,   Quaqu● , Qui●qui● Qu●quo . Q. What is the difference between Quid and Quod ? A. Quid is always a Substantive of the N. G. Qu●d requireth for the most part a Substantive or an Antecedent . Q. Which Pronouns are of the third Declension ? A. These five Possessives ; me●s , tu●s , su●s , n●ster , and vester . Q. How are they declined ? A. Like Nouns Adjectives of three terminations , except that meus makes mi in the M. G. of the Vocat . Case singular . Q. How is meus then declined ? A. Thus ; meus , mea , m●●n , &c. Q. How are noster , and tuus , suus , vester declined ? A. Like meus , saving that tuus , suus , vester want the Voc. Case . Q. What Pronouns are of the fourth Declension ? A. Nostros , vestras , and this Noun cujas . Q. How are they declined ? A. They , and many more such , as Londinos , Arpiu●● , Ravennas , Pelia● , are declined thus , and not as the Book directs : Sing . Nom. Hic , haec & h●● nost●as . Gen. Hujus nostratis . Dat. 〈◊〉 nostrati . Acc. Hunc & hanc nostratem , & hoc nostras , &c. Q. What are these of the fourth Declension called , and why so called ? A. They are called Gentiles , because they properly betoken pertaining to Countries or Nations , to Sects , Sides , or Factions . Q. What Auth●rity have you contrary to the B●ok , that these Adjectives Gentiles in ( As ) should be of all the three Genders , and n●t have the 〈◊〉 Gender in ( Ate ) ? A. I have the greatest Authors ; as , In quo ●lexus est ad iter Arpinas : Cicero . Capenas bellum liv . l. 5. & l. 8. Bellum Privernas initum est . Th●se Adjectives first of all had their N●minative in ( atis ) , and were declined like Tristis ; but since the Termination Atis hath been contracted in As , they are of all the three Genders , and they may all of them be declined as Felix . Q. What is the fifth thing belonging to a Pronoun ? A. It is Person , or any thing which speaketh of it self , or is spoken to , or spoken of . Q. How many Persons hath a Pronoun ? A. It hath Three . Q. What is the first Person ? A. The first Person speaketh of himself alone ; as , Ego , I ; or with others , as , Nos , We : and these two are properly all the words of this first Person . Q. What is the second Person ? A. It is the Person or Thing spoken to , either alone or with others ; as , Tu , Thou ; Vos , Ye : and these two are properly also all the words of this second Person . Q. What Case is of the second Person ? A. Every Vocative Case . Q. What is the third Person ? A. It is the Person or Thing that is spoken of ; as , Ille , He ; Illi , They : and of this Person are all Nouns , Pronouns and Participles , except the four words of the first and second Person , viz. Ego , Nos , Tu , and Vos . Q. Which are the more worthy Persons ? A. The first is more worthy than the second , and the second more worthy than the third . Q. Which is the Third Part of Speech ? A. It is a Verb. Q. What is a Verb ? A. It is a Part of Speech declined with Mood and Tense , and betokens or signifies doing ; as , Amo , I love : or suffering ; as , Amor , I am loved : or being ; as , Sum , I am . Q. What is the difference between a Noun and a Verb ? A. A Noun signifies the Name of a Thing ; a Verb signifies the manner of doing , suffering , or being of that Thing . Q. How many-fold is a Verb ? A. It is two-fold , Personal and Impersonal . Q. What is a Verb Personal ? A. A Verb Personal is that which is declined with three Persons in both Numbers , and such as hath a Nom. Case . Q. What is a Verb Impersonal ? A. A Verb Impersonal , according to the Book , is that which hath no Persons , or rather it is a Verb which is declined in the third Person singular only , and hath no Nom. Case . Q. How many kinds of Verbs Personals are there ? A. Five , according to the Book , Active , Passive , Neuter , Deponent , and Common , which is now grown out of use . Q. How do these five sorts of Verbs differ one from another ? A. They differ three ways ; 1. In Termination , for some end in O , as , Actives and Neuters ; some in Or , as Passives , Deponents , and Commons , and a few Neuters ending in M ▪ as sum , forem , inquam , possum . 2. They differ in signification . 3. In declining or forming . Q. How is a Verb Active known ? A. By its ending in O , and betokening or signifying to do ; as , Amo , I love . Q. What may a Verb Active be made ? A. It may be made a Verb Passive , by putting to it r ; as , Amo , Amor. Q. How is a Verb Passive known ? A. A Verb Passive endeth in ( or ) and betokeneth or signifieth to suffer ; as Amor , I am loved . Q. What may a Verb Passive be made ? A. It may be made an Active , by putting away r ; a● , Amor , Amo. Q. How doth a Verb Neuter end ? A. In O or M ; as , Curro , I run ; Sum , I am . Q. Cannot a Verb Neuter , seeing it ends in ( O ) as well as a Verb Active , take ( R ) to make it a Passive ? A. No ; for tho' I say , Curro , I run , yet I cannot say , Curror , I am run . Q. How doth a Verb Neuter signifie ? A. It signifies sometimes actively ; that is , like a Verb Active ; as , Curro , I run , and sometimes passively , or like a Verb Passive ; as , Aegroto , I am sick ; and sometimes it signifies being , as , Sum , I am . Q. How doth a Verb Deponent end ? A. It ends in ( R ) like a Passive . Q. How doth it signifie ? A. It signifies either like a Verb Active , as , Loquor Verbum , I speak a word ; or like a Verb Neuter , signifying actively ; as , Glorior , I boast . Q. How is a Verb Deponent declined ? A. Like a Verb Passive , but with Gerunds and Supines , especially the first Supine , and with Active Participles . Q. How doth a Verb Common end , which you say is out of use ? A. It ends in ( R ) like a Verb Passive . Q. How doth it signifie ? A. It signifies both as a Verb Active , and as a Verb Passive , and therefore it is called a Verb Common ; as Osculor , I kiss or am kissed . Q. May I take away ( R ) from a Verb Deponent or Common , whereby they may be made Actives , for they both end like a Verb Passive , and the one of them ( viz. ) a Verb Common , signifies also like a Verb Passive ? A. No , you cannot take away ( R ) , for Loquor cannot be made Loquo , nor Osculor Osculo . Q. Some Verbs are said to be Transitive , others Intransitive , how may I know which is which ? A. Thus : those are Transitive whose Action or Doing passeth into another thing , and have not a perfect sence in themselves ; as , when I say , Amo , I love , I must say I love something ; as , Amo Magistrum , I love the Master . Q. How may I know which are Intransitive Verbs ? A. Intransitives are those which have an absolute and perfect sence in their own Signification , without asking the Question whom or what ; ( which may be asked in Transitives ) as , Curro , I run ; agroto , I am sick ; after which I need not add or put any thing . Q. How many things belong to a Verb ? A. There belong to it properly these f●ur , viz. Kind , Mood , Time , and Conjugation , with ●●rm , Figure , Number , and Person , which are Accidents c●mm●n to the other declined parts of Speech as well as to a Verb. Q. What is Mood , for we ●ave sp●ke already of the kinds of Verbs ? A. Mood is an Accident that add●th to the signification of a Verb the manner of signifying . Q. How many Moods are there ? A. Four properly , and indeed ; tho' the Book saith six . Q. What is the Indicative Mood ? A. It is a Mood that shews a Reason true or false ; as Ego amo , I love ; or else asks a Question and doubteth , as , Amas tu , Dost thou love ? Q. What is the Imperative Mood ? A. It is a Mood that biddeth or commandeth , exhorteth or intreateth , and it hath often before it ( except in the second Person sing , and pl. ) this sign Let ; as , Amato , Let him love . Q. Why doth the Imperative Mood want the first Person singular ? A. Because the first Person , being the Person that speaketh , cannot be said to comm●nd himself . Q. But how can it be , that Passives have an Imperative Mood , seeing that a Passion cannot be commanded ? A. Because a disposition to do , bel●●gs to the Doer or Agent , and therefore he is justly commanded ; as , Amator ab hero , ( i. e. ) So order or behave your self that you may be beloved of your Master : So Docetor , Be thou taught , ( i. e. ) Reject not your Teacher , but mark well what he saith . Q. How know you the Subjunctive Mood ? A. The Subjunctive Mood dependeth on another Verb in the same Sentence , and hath evermore some Conjunction ( or an Adverb having the nature of a Conjunction ) joyned with it ; as , Ede ut vias : Cuma●tarem : or else it hath some Indefinite coming between ; as , Qui , quid , qualis , quo , &c. as , vide quid agas . Q. Why do you leave out the Optative and Potential Mood ? A. Because they d●ffer not from the Subjunctive , except in the manner of signifying ; so that the same Mood implying wishing , is called the Optative ; signifying a power , duty or desire the Potential ; with a Conjunction , or an Adverb having the nature of a Conjunction , it is called the Subjunctive . Q. But why do you chuse to call this Mood the Subjunctive , rather than either the Optative or Potential ? A. Because the Subjunctive is far more used ; and it is usual for things to have their denomination from the chief and principal . Q. Is not the Subjunctive used sometimes instead of the Imp●●ative ? A. It is s● ; as , Tuâ quod nihil resert percontari desinas , for desine , Ter. Nihil incommodo valetudinis tuae f●●●ris , for fac , Cicero . So in these Expressions , Ut vidiam , Let me see ; Cures , Have a care ; Fiat , Let it b●d●ne ; and in our Obligations , Noverint universi , f●r noscant . Q. How are the third Persons of the Imperative Mood Active and ●assive , ending in to , and tor , called by Grammarians ? A. They are called Modus Legitimus , The Lawyers Mood , according to Vossius ; because it is used by Lawyers most commonly ▪ Q. How know you the Infinitive Mood ? A. The Infinitive Mood signifies , to do , to suffer , or to be , and it hath neither Number , nor Person , to limit its signification , and therefore it is called Infinitive , and it hath ●o Nom. Case before him ; being no real Mood of it self , but as it may be resolved by Qu●d or ut , an , quin or ne non , &c. Q. What are peculiarly belonging to the Infinitive Mood ? A. Three Gerunds and two Supines . Q. Why do the Gerunds and Supines belong to the Infinitive Mood ? A. Because their signification ( like that of the Infinitive Mood ) is infinite , not making difference of Number or Person . Q. How do the three Gerunds end ? A. In di , do and dum . Q. What significations have Gerunds ? A. They have both the Active and Passive signification ; as , amandi , of loving or of being loved ; amando , in loving or in being loved ; amandum , to love or to be loved . Q. How do you decline Gerunds , and what are they , are they Verbs or Participles ? A. They are declined in the Verb , yet they are not Verbs , because they want Tenses , which a Verb must have ; nor are they Participles , ( tho' they are like those in dus ) for they denote no time , as a Participle doth , and withal , they have an Active and Passive signification , which a Participle hath not ; therefore , with Vossius and others , I leave th●m to be Nouns Verbal Substantives Pentaptots of the second Declension . Q. Why may they not be Verbs , seeing they retain their Construction ? A. That matter 's not , for that is common to Nouns ; as , Quod si est obtemperatio legibus scriptis , Cicero . So Plautus , Quid tibi hanc curatio est rem . Q. How do the two Supines end ? A. The first ends in um , and the latter in u. Q. Why is that which ends in um , called the first Supine ? A. Because it hath the signification of the Verb Active ; as , Eo ama●um , I go to love . Q. Why is that which ends in u , called the latter Supine ? A. Because it hath for the most part the signification Passive ; as , Difficilis amatu , Hard to be loved . Q. What are Supines ? A. They are Nouns Verbal Substantives ( as the Gerunds are ) Dipto●s of the fourth Decl●nsion . Q. Do they change their Gender ? A. No , for if they did , they could not be said to be Substamives ; for we say , Vitam ire perditum , not perditam . Q. What is the third Accident of a Verb , viz. Tense ? A. It is the difference of a Verb , according to the times past , present or to come . Q. How many Tenses or Times are there ? A. Five ; the Present Tense , the Preterimperfect Tense , the Preterperfect Tense , the Preterpluperfect Tense , and the Future Tense . Q. What Time doth the Present Tense speak of ? A. It speaks of the Time that is now present , known by the Signs , Do or Am ; as , Amo , I do love ; Am●t , I am loved . Q. What Time doth the Preterimperfect Tense speak of ? A. It speaks of the Time not perfectly past , but as it were still present , known by the Signs , Did or Was ; as , Amabam , I loved or did love ; Amabar , I was loved . Q. What Time doth the Preterperfect Tense speak of ? A. It speaks of the Time perfectly past , tho' lately ; with this Sign , Have or have been ; as , Amavi , I have loved ; Amatus sum vel fui , I have been loved . Q. What Time doth the Preterpluperfect Tense speak of ? A. It speaks of the Time more than perfectly past , or past a long while since , with this Sign , Had or had been ; as , Amaveram , I had loved ; Amatus eram vel fueram , I h●d been loved . Q. What Time doth the Future Tense speak of ? A. Of the Time to come , with this Sign , Shall or will , or shall or will be ; as , Amabo , I shall or will love ; Amabor , I shall or will be loved . Q. Which are the Root or Principal Tenses in Conjugating of a Verb Active or Neuter ? A. They are the Present Tense and Preterperfect Tense , from which all the other Tenses , called Cognat● Tempora , allied Tenses , are formed . Q. How may one come to know every kind of Verb , and what Tense it is of ? A. B● their Signs ; for every Verb that signifies Actively , is either a Verb Active or Neuter , signifying Actively , or else it is a Verb D●ponent : and every Verb , tha● signifies Passively , is either a Verb Passive or a Verb Neuter , signifying Passivel● : The Signs of which Verbs and their Tenses , this Table will make plain . The Signs of the Verbs and thei● Tenses are of the   Actives Neuters , signif●ing Actively and Dep●nents . Passives and N●uters , signifying Passively . Present Tense . Do , dost , doth . Am , is , are , art , and sometimes be was , were , wert . Preterimp . Did , didst . Preterpe●f . Have , hast , hath . Have been . Preterplup . Had , hadst . Had been . Future Tense , Shall or will and hereafter . Shall or will be . Q. What is Person in a Verb ? A. Every several word , in every 〈◊〉 and Tense , except the Infinitive , which hath no Person . Q. Why are these called Persons in a Verb ? A. Because one of the three Pe●sons of the Pr●n●un is understood in every one of them ; as , Amo , I l●ve , is as mu●h as Ego amo , I love ; Amas , thou lovest , is as much as Tu amas , thou lovest . Q. How many Persons are there in Verbs ? A. In Verbs Personals th●re are three Persons in both Numbers , like as in the Pronouns ; as , Sing . Ego 〈◊〉 , I love , tu amas , thou lovest , i●e amat , he loveth , Pl. Nos amamus , we love , v●s amatis , ye love , illi amant , they love . Q. Hatb every Mood and Tense three Persons in both Numbers ? A. Ye● in perfect Verbs , except that the Imperative Mood wants the first Person Singular , and the Infinitive hath no Persons at all . Q. How differ your Persons in Verbs from Persons in Nouns and P●●nouns ? A. The Persons in Nouns and Pr●nouns , signifie who or what Person it is that doth or suffereth any thing . The Persons in Verbs , signifie what it is that such a Person doth or suffereth ; as , Magister docet , the Master teacheth ; Magister is the Person of the Noun doing something , Docet the Person of the Verb signif●ing what he doth . Q. What is the next Accident of a Verb , viz. Conjugation ? A. It is the varying of a Verb by its final Terminations in both Numbers in every Person in each Mood and Tense . Q. How many Conjugations have Verbs ? A. They have four Conjugations . Q. How may the four Conjugations be known asunder ? A. By their several Vowels , which are the Marks or Characteristicks to know them by . Q. What Vowel is that by which we know the first Conjugation ? A. It is ( a ) long before , re , and , ris ; as , Amāre , amaris . Q. What Vowel is that by which we know the second Conjugation ? A. It is ( c ) long before , re , and , ris ; as , Docēre , decē●is . Q. What Vowel is that by which we know the third Conjugation ? A. It is ( e ) short before , re , and , ris ; as , Legĕre , legĕris . Q. What Vowel is that by which we know the fourth Conjugation ? A. It is ( i ) long before , re , and , ris ; as , Audīre , audīris . Q. Where shall one find this ( re ) and ( ris ) to know the Conjugation by ? A. You will find ( re ) in the Infinitive Active , and ( ris ) in the second Person Sing . Passive . Q. What is the Forming or Conjugating of a Verb ? A. It is the breaking or varying the first 〈◊〉 of the Verb into sundry other words coming of it by Persons , Tenses and Moods . Q. In declining and conjugating of Verbs , what am I chiefly to mind ? A. You are to mind in every Voice the first and second Person of the Present Tense , and the first Person of the Preterperfect Tense of the Indicative Mood , the Presen● Tense of the Infinitive Mood ; the Gerunds , Supines and Participles , if the Verb be Active , Neuter or Deponent ; if Passive , you must omit the Gerunds and Supines , which Passives have not . Q. How many Examples have you to decline and conjugate all perfect Verbs by ? A. I have four , according to the number of the Conjugations . Q. What are the four Examples of the four Conjugations ? A. They are , Amo , D●cco , Lego , and Audio . Q. How do you decline them ? A. Thus ; as in the Book , Amo , as , vi , re , &c. Doc●o , es , ui , c●re , &c. Lego , is , gi , ĕre , &c. Audio , is , ivi , i●e , &c. Q. Into how many Voices are these Examples formed ? A. Into ●wo , Active and Passive : for all regular Verbs in ( o ) are formed or declined like Amo , Docco , Lego , and Audio : And all regular Verbs in ( or ) like Amor , Doceor , Legor , and Audior . Q. What Method ought a Tyr●●in●an to observe for the perfect understanding and learning of Verbs , for I find that therein , and in the declining of Nouns , consists the chiefest business of a Master , and the greatest task of a young Stholar ? A. For the Verbs , I would have him always use this Method : First to learn them perfectly , as in the Book , with the Latin before the English ; after that with the English before the Latin , naming each Person Singular and Plural , that he may know which is the first , second or third : after this , let him say them backward with the Latin first before the English , and then the English before the Latin. This being done , he may joyn both the Active and Passive Voice together , and put first the Latine before the English , and then the English before the Latin. And lastly , Let him say both Voices backward , with the Latin before the English , and the English before the Latin , observing the Signs of the Verbs and Tenses in each Voice , according to the foregoing Table . I would have him also learn to form and run over the first Person Singular throughout each Mood and Tense , and to get perfectly the Terminations of the Tenses in every Person in each Voice , first in the Active , after that in the Passive ; last of all , let him get the Terminations Active and Passive both together . Q. Which are the Terminations Active and Passive in each Conjugation , Mood , Tense , Number , and Person . A. The Active and Passive are as followeth . Indicative Mood Active and Passive . Present Tense . Conjugations .   Pers . Sing . Persons Plural . Persons Singular . Persons Plural .   1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. o , as , at , amus , atis , ant . or , aris vel are , atur , amur , amini , antur . 2. eo , es , et , emus , etis , ent . eor , eris vel ere , etur , emur , emini , entur . 3. o , is , it , imus , itis , unt . or , eris vel ere , itur , imur , imini , untur . 4. io , is , it , imus , itis , iunt . ior , iris vel ire , itur , imur , imini , iuntur . Preterimperfect Tense . Conjugat . 1. abam ,                       2. ebam , bas , bat , bamus , batis , bant , bar , baris vel bare , batur , bamur , bamini , bantur . 3. ebam , 4. iebam ,                       Preterperfect Tense . Conjugat . 1.                         2. i , isti , it , imus , istis , erunt vel ere . us sum , us es , us est , ti sumus , ti estis , ti sunt . 3. 4.                         Preterpluperfect Tense . Conjugat . 1. eram , ra● , r●t , ●amus , ratis , rant . us eram , us era● , us erat , ti eramus , ti e●atis , ti erant . 2. 3. 4. Future Tense . Conjugat . 1. abo , bis , bit , bimus , bitis , bunt . bor , beris vel bere , bitur , bimur , bimini , bun●ur . 2 ●bo , 3. am , es , et , emus , etis , ent . a● , eris vel ere , etur , emur , emini , entur .     4. iam ,           iar , ieris vel iere , ietur , iemur , iemini , ientur . Imperative Mood Active and Passive . Present Tense . 1. a , et , emus , ate , ent . are , etur , emur , amini , e●tur . ato , ato , atote , anto . ator , ator , amin●r , antur . 2. e , eat , eamus , ete , eant . ere , eator , eamur , emini , eantur . eto , eto , etote , ento . etor , etor , eminor , entur . 3. e , at , amus , ite , anto . ere , atur , amur , imini , antur . ito , ito , itote , unto . itor , itor , iminor , untor . 4. i , iat , iamus , ite , iant . ire , iatur , iamur , imini , iantur . ito , ito , itote , iunto . itor , itor , iminor , iuntor . Subjunctive Mood . Present Tense . Conjugat . 1. em , es , et , emus , etis , ent . er , eris vel ere , etur , emur , emini , entur . 2. eam , as , at , amus , atis , ant . ar , aris vel are , atur , amur , amini , antur . 3. am , 4. iam , Preterimperfect Tense . Conjugations 1. arem , res , ret , remus , retis , rent . arer , reris vel rere , retur , remur , remini , rentur . 2. erem , erer ,       3. erem , erer , 4. ierem , ierer , Preterperfect Tense . Conjugat . 1. erim , ris , rit , rimus , ritis , rint . us sim , us sis , us sit , ti simus , ti sitis , ti sint . 2. 3. 4. Preterpluperfect Tense . Conjugat . 1. issem , isses , isset , issemus , issetis , issent . us essem , us esses , us esset , ti ess●mus , ti essetis . 2. ti essent . 3. 4. Future Tense . Conjugat . 1. ero , ris , rit , rimus , ritis , rint . us ero , us eris , us erit , ti erimus , ti eritis , ti erint . 2. 3. 4. Infinitive Mood . Present and Preterimperfect Tense . Conjugations   Active . Conjugations   Passive . 1. are . 1. ari . 2. ere . 2. eri . 3. ere . 3. i. 4. ire . 4. iri . Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect Tense . Conjugations   Active . Conjugations   Passive . 1. isse . 1. um esse vel fu●sse . 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. Future Tenses . Conjugat . 1. Active . Conjugat . 1. Passive . 2. urum esse . 2. um iri vel ndum esse . 3. 3. 4. 4. Gerunds . Conjugat . 1. andi , ando , andum . 2. endi , endo , endum . 3. endi , endo , endum . 4. iendi , iendo , iendum . Supines . Conjugat . 1. um , u. 2. 3. 4. Participles of the Present Tense . Conjugat . 1. ans . 2. ens . 3. ens . ● . iens . Participle of the Preter Tense . Conjugat . 1. us . 2. 3. 4. Participle of the Future in rus . Conjugat . 1. urus . 2. 3. 4. Participle in dus . Conjugat . 1. and●s . 2. endus . 3. endus . 4. iundus . Q. Do the two Future Tenses of the Infinitive Mood Active and Passive vary and change their Gender and Number according to the Substantives they are joyned to ? A. The Future Passive is not changed either in Gender or Number ; ●s , Repudiatum iri legem intelligebat , Cicero . And , Rumor venit non datum iri uxorem filio , Ter. The Infinitive Active was not varied amongst the Ancients ; as , Per omnes Deos & Deas dejeravit occisurum eum hàc nocte quicum c●baret , for occisuram ; for he means the Maid Cosnina , Pl. Quo te occisurum minatur , speaking of a Woman . But this is an Archaismus and grown obsolete ; as , Cicero , lib. 2. De Divin . An credis hanc anum tam deliram futuram esse ? Q. What must we do in th●se Verbs that want the Future in rus ? A. We must use in its stead fore or futurum ; as , Spero fore ut contingatid nobis . Q. Do the Periphrastical Tenses of the Passive Voice vary their Gender according to their N●minative and Substantive ? A. They do ; as , Cicero , Pub. Clodium meo consilio interfectum esse dixisti . Q. How are Verbs Deponents declined ? A. Like Passives , but with Gerunds and Supines , ( especially the first Supine , because they want Actives ) and with Active Participles as we●l as Passive . Q. What signification have their Participles ? A. Their Participles of the Present Te●se , and Future in rus , sig●ifie and g●vern the same Cases as their Verbs ; their Participles of the Pret. Tense have both Active and Passive Signification , because their Verbs were formerly common : Their Participles in dus signifie always pass●vel . Q. How and from whence do we form their Preterperfect Tense ? A. To form their Preterperfect Tense , we must fancy or feign a regular Active . Q. What kind of Verbs are sum , possum , volo , nolo , malo , edo , fio , fero , feror , for they are not declined as Regular Verbs ? A. They are Verbs Irregular , or Verbs g●ing out of Rule , which are declined and formed by themselves . Q. What say you of E● and Que● , what do they make in the Preterimper●ect Tense , and Future of the Indicative Mood , and how do they make their Gerunds ? A. They make Ibam and Quibam in the Preterimperfect Tense , and Ib● and Quibo in the Future Tense , and eundi , eundo , eundum , in their Gerunds . Q. What Tenses are formed of the Preterperfect Tense of the Indicative Mood ? A. The Preterpluperfect of the same Mood , and the three last Tenses of the Subjunctive , and the Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect of the Infinitive Mood . Q. How are these formed of the Preterperfect Tense of the Indicative Mood ? A. Those which end in ram , rim , ro , are formed of it , by changing I into E short . Those which end 〈◊〉 sem or se , are formed of it , by putting to s , with sem or se . Q. What is a Verb Impersonal : and how known in English ? A. It is a Verb deficient in Person , for it is declined only in the third Person Singular , in all Moods and Tenses , and it is known by the Sign , It , before its English , and sometimes by the Sign , There ; but V●ssius saith , that a Verb Imper●onal wants the Imperative Mood , for which is used the Present Tense of the Subjunctive . Q. Why is it called I●p●●sonal , is it because it wants the Persons ? A. Not so , but because i● wants the first and second Person , as being the m●●t wor●hy , f●r the third Person being Indefinite cannot be called a Person . Q. What is a Participle ? A. It is part of Speech derived of a Verb having Declension , Case , and Gender , like a Noun , and Tenses like a Verb , and Number and Figure like both . Q. Why is it called a Participle ? A. It is so called from taking part of a Noun and part of a Verb. Q. How many kind of Participles are there ? A. Four ; two Active and two Passive ; of which , two may signifie the time present , and two the time future , for the Preter Tense Passive may be also present . Q. How do you know the kinds of Participles ? A. Partly by their ending , partly by their signification . Q. How know you a Participle of the Present Tense ? A. By its Latin in Ans or Ens , and its English in Ing. Q. Is every w●rd ending in Ing , a Participle of the Present Tense ? A. N● , unless the Latin end in Ans or Ens , and have ●●e other properties of a Participle ; for a word ending in Ing , having A or The before it , is a Noun Substantive . Q. Whence is a Participle of the Present Tense formed ? A. From the Preterimperfect Tense of the Indicative Mood , by changing the last syllable into us . Q. How know you a Participle of the Future in Rus , and whence is it formed ? A. I know it by its Latin ending in Rus , and by its signifying , to do , like the Infinitive Mood Active , and it is formed from the latter Supine , by putting to it rus . Q. How know you a Participle of the Present or Preter Tense Passive , and whence is it formed ? A. I know it by its English ending in d , t , or n , and its Latin in tus , sus , xus , and it is formed from the latter Supine , by putting to s , except Mortuns ; this kind of Participle is englished sometimes by the Sign having ; as , l●cutus , having spoken . Q. How know you a Participle of the Future in dus , and whence is it formed ? A. This Participle signifies , to ●● , like the Infinitive Mood Passive , and it is formed of the Genitive Case of the Participle of the Present Tense , by changing t is into dus ; as , Amantis , Amandus . Q. What if Actives want the Supines ? A. Then the Fu●ure in rus is wanting , and the Participle of the Preter Passive , for both are formed from the latter Supine Active ; so if the Preterperfect Tense Active b● wanting , the Supines , the Future in rus , and Preterperfect Tense Passive must be wanting . Q. What , or how many Participles can a Verb Deponent have ? A. Three at the least , the Present Tense , the Future in rus , and Preter Tense , and if it govern an Accusative Case , it forms also a Participle in dus . Q. How are these four kinds of Participles dec●ined ? A. Those of the Present like Adjectives of three Articles , the rest like Adjectives of three endings . Q. Why was a Participle invented ? A. That is might supply what w●s wanting to a Verb , ( to wit ) Case and Gend●r . So that a Participle is nothing else but a Casual Verb. Q. What is an Adverb ? A. It is a Part of Speech underlined , joyned to a Verb , Noun , or Participle , to express and signifie some circumstance or quali●y thereof . Q. How many 〈◊〉 of Adverbs are th●re ? A. There a●e several 〈◊〉 of Adverbs , but all of them may be reduced to those of Quality or Quan●ity . Q. Which are the first 〈◊〉 in the A●●idence ? A. They a●● Adverbs of 〈◊〉 ; as , hodie , to day ; cras , to morrow ; heri , ●esterday ; perinde , the next day after to morrow ; olim , in time past , or in time to come , or once ; aliquand● , sometimes ; nup●r , lately , or of late ; cum quando , 〈◊〉 ; nun● , jam , now ; tunc , tum , then ; quoad , usque , dum , don●● , until ; quamdi● , as long as . Q. What are the next sort of Adverbs ? A. They are Ad●erbs of place ; ubi , where ; ibi , istie , illie , there ; hi● , 〈◊〉 ; intus , within ; foras , without , or abr●ad ; fo●is , from abr●ad ; unde , from whence ; procu● , a far ●ff ; ubicunque , ubi ubi , where soever ; ubi vis , quovis , whe●e you will ; quoquo versum , which way soever ; ●squ●m , any where ; nusquam , no where ; undique , utroque , utro●ique , on both sides ; ultro citroque , to and ag●in ; quà , which way ; quo , whither , to what place , &c. Q. What Adverbs 〈◊〉 there of Number ? A. T●es● : s●mel , once ; 〈◊〉 , twice ; ter , thrice ; quater , four times ; vi●ies , twenty times ; iterum , again . Q. What are the Adverbs of Order ? A. They are , inde , thence ; deinde , afterwards ; denique , lastly , to e●●clude ; postremo , last of all . Q. What are the Adverbs of Asking and Doubting ? A. They are , cur , quare , quamobrem , wherefore ; unde , from whence ; quo●sum , to what end ; num , nunquid , whether , &c. Q. What are those of Calling ? A. 〈◊〉 are , ●eus , h● , O 〈◊〉 ; ehodum , come hith●r a lit●le ; ho , 〈◊〉 , &c. Q. What are th●se of Affirming ? A. They are , c●rt● , certainly ; nae , profectò , truly ; sauè , ye● ind●●d ; scilicet , yes forso●r● ; licèt , esto , let it b● s● . Q. What are the Adverbs of D●nying ? A. They are , non , minimè , no ; neutiquam , at no hand , in no wise ; nequaquam , in no wise . Q. What are the Adverbs of Exhorting ? A. E●a , go to , well ; age , go to ; agite , go ye to ; agedum ; go to a little . Q. What are th●se of Flatte●ing ? A. They are , sod●s , if thou durst , in good fellowship , I pray the● ; amabo , of all love . Q. What is the forbidding Adverb ? A. N● , n● , not . Q. What are the Adverbs of W●shing ? A. They are , utinam , I wish , oh that , or I would to God ; si , if it might ; ofi , 〈◊〉 that . Q. What are the Adverbs of gathering together ? A. They are , simul , together ; unà , in me t●gether ; pariter , together , likewise ; non modo , non sol●m , 〈◊〉 only . Q. What are those of Pa●ting ? A. They are , scorsim , asunder ; sigilla●im , 〈◊〉 ; vicatim , street by street , ●r village by village ; v●●tim , man by man. Q. What are the Adverbs of Chusi●g ? A. They are , potiùs , rather ; in●ò , yea rather . Q. What are th●se 〈◊〉 a thing not fin●shed ? A. They are , penè , ferè , modo non , almost ; propè , nigh , near , or almost , vix . scarecly . Q. What are those of Sh●wing ? A. They are , en and ecce , lo , b●●old . Q. What are the Adverbs of 〈◊〉 ? A. They are , forsan , for●●tan , ●●radventur● ; forta●sis , it may be ; forta●●e , it may fall out . Q. What are th●se of Chance ? A. They are , fortè , as hap was , by chance ; ●●rtuit● , by chance , or at adventure . Q. What are those of Likeness ? A. They are , sic , s● ; s●u , sicut , v●lut , quem ●●modum , ut , tanquam , as ; quasi , ac●i , as if ; qu●m quommodo , how . Q. What are the Adverbs of Qu●lity ? A. They are , benè , well ; malè , id ; doct● , l●ar●edly ; fortiter , valiantly . Q. What are th●se of Quanti●y ? A. They are , mult●m , 〈◊〉 ; parùm , 〈◊〉 ; minimùm , the least of ad ; paululùm , 〈…〉 s●mewhat ; plurimùm , the mo●t ●f a● , 〈…〉 . Q. What are the Adverbs of C●mparis●n ? A. They are , tam , s● ; quam , as ; mag●s , m●re ; minus , l●●s ; maximè , m●st of all ; tum tum , cum tum , as well as . Q. Are n●t some Adverbs compared ? A. Yes ; as , doctè , learnedly ; doctiùs , more learnedl● ; doctissimè , m●st learnedly , fr●m doctus . Fortitèr , valiantly ; fortiùs , more valiantly ; fortissimè , most valiantly , from fortis . Propè , near ; propriùs , nearer ; proximè , the nearest of all , from prope . But Adverbs borrow these Degrees of Nouns Adjectives of the Comparative and Superlative Degree , for they have none of their own , neither do they f●rm any Comparison . Q. What are Prepositions when they are set alone , without any Case serving to them ? A. They are turned into Adverbs ; as , Qui antè non cavet post dolebit , He that doth not beware aforehand , shall be sorry afterward . Coram laudare & clam vituperare inhonestum est , In presence to commend , &c. Q. How may 〈◊〉 know Adverbs ? A. Our English Adverbs commonly end in ly ; the Latin ere 's in ● , ter , o , um , im ; as , certè , libentèr , crebrò , tantùm , viritim , statim , &c. Q. What is a Conjunction ? A. It is an undeclined part of Speech , that joyneth Words and Sentences together . Q. How many sorts of Conjunctions are there ? A. There are twelve sorts of Conjunctions , Copulatives , Disjunctives , ( to which all the rest may be reduced ) Discretives , Causals , Conditionals , Exceptives , Interrogatives , Illatives , Adversatives , Redditives , Electives , Diminitives . Q. Which are the Copulatives , ( viz. ) those that couple both Sence and Words ? A. They are , Et , que , ●c , atque , and ; qu●que , also ; nee , neque , neither . Q. Which are the Disjunctives , ( viz. ) those which part the Sence and not the Words ? A. They are , au● , ●e , s●u , ●el , either ; sive , whether . Q. Which are the Discretives , ( viz. ) those that imply a Difference ? A. They are , sed , aut●m , vero , at , ast , but ; quidem , truly . Q. Which are the Causals , ( viz. ) those which imply a Reason ? A. They are , nam , namque , enim , etenim , for ; quia , qu●d , quoniam and quando set for quoniam , 〈◊〉 ; ut , that ; quum , seeing that . Q. Which are the Conditionals , ( viz. ) those that imply a Condition ? A. They are , si , if ; sin , but if ; modo , dum , dummode , so that . Q. Which are the Exceptives , ( viz. ) those that imply an Exception ? A. They are , ni , unless ; nisi , ex●ept ; quin , but ; alioquin , otherwise ; pr●●erquam , save that . Q. Which are the Interrogatives , ( viz. ) those which ask a Question ? A. They are , an , ne , utrum , whether ; ne●ne , anne , whether or no ; nonne ▪ is it not so ? Q. Which are the Illati●●s , ( viz. ) such as make Inferenees ? A. They are , ergo , ideo , igitur , itaque , proin , therefore ; quare , wherefore . Q. Which are Adversatives , ( viz. ) such as grant somewhat to be said against ? A. They are , etsi , quamquam , quamvis , altho ; licet , altho , albeit ; esto , suppose 〈◊〉 be so . Q. Which are Redditives , ( viz. ) such as give an answer to the Adversatives ? A. They are , tamen , yet ; attamen , yet , notwithstanding . Q. Which are Electives , ( viz ) such as imply a choice ? A. They are , quam , a● atque , as . Q. Which are Diminit●ves , ( viz. ) such as lessen the meaning ? A. They are , saltem , at the least ; vel , even . Q. What of the foregoing Pa●ticles use to begin , and what use to follow ? A. Those that use to begin are , Et , vel , nam , sed ; th●se that fo●low a●e , que , ve , enim , autem , vero , quidem . Q. What is a Preposition ? A. It is an undeclined part of Speech most commonly set before other parts , either in Apposition , that is , when it is set before another word , and is no part of it , as , ad Patre● ; or else in Composition , that is , when it is made a part of the word which it is set before , as , Indectus . Q. Why say you most commonly ? A. because some Prepositions are set after their Case ; as , Versus , p●n●s , tenus , cum and usp●e ; others may be set also after their casual words by the Figure Anastrap●e ; as , 〈…〉 . Q. What use do Prepositions chiefly serve to ? A. They serve to govern Cases or to make Compound Word● . Q. What Cases do Prepositions serve to ? A. Some serve to an Accusative and some to an Abl●tive , some both to an Accusative and Ablative . Q. How many serve to an Accusative ? A. Thirty two , viz. Ad , to ; apxd , at ; aute , before , &c. Q. How many serve to an Ablative ? A. Fifteen , viz. A , ab , abs , &c. Q. Do none of the Prepositions serve to a Genitive ? A. Yes , Tenus doth , when the casual word joyned with it is the Plural Number , for then the casual word is put in the Genitive Case and set before Tenus . Q. What Prepositions serve to an Accusative and Ablative ? A. In , super , sub , subter , and clam , as some will have it . Q. When doth in govern an Accusative Case ? A. When it hath the Sign in●● , or when it is put for erga , co●t●a , ad● , otherwise it serves to an Ablative . Q. When doth sub govern an Accusative ? A. When it is put for per , ad , or ante ; that is , when it signifies , unto , by , about or before , otherwise an Ablative . Q. When doth super govern an Accusative Case ? A. When it is put for ultra , beyond , else an Ablative ; subter we use as we please with either Case . Q. Have you no more Prepositions but those that serve to the aforesaid Cases ? A. Yes , these six , am , di , dis , re , se , con , which serve to no Case , for they are only found in Composition . Q. What is an Interjection ? A. It is an undeclined part of Speech which signifies some sudden Affection or Passion of the Mind in an imperfect Voice . Q. Are all Interjections imperfect V●ices ? A. All which are pr●perly Interjections , but masùm , with a mischief ; infandum , a thing not to be spoken of ● amabo , of all fell●wship ! perii , alas ! with several other perfect words of any part of Speech are not properly Interjections , tho' they may be so used to express a sudden Passion . Q. Which are the Interjections of Mirth ? A. They are , Evax , be brave ; vah , hey day . Q. Which are those of Sorrow ? A. They are , Heu , alas ; hei , alas , well-a-day . Q. Which are those of dread ? A. Atat , o● , out , alas , aha . Q. Which are the rest of th●m ? A. Some are of Marvelling ; as , Papae , O marvelous , O strange ! Some of Di●daining ; as , Hem , ob what ; vah , ab , away ! Some of Shunning ; as , Apage , get thee gone , Avant ! Some of Pra●sing ; as , Euge , well done ! Some of Sc●●ning ; as , hui , whoo ! Some of Exclamation ; as , Proh Deum atque hominum fidem , O the Faith of Gods and Men ! O strange ! Some of Cursing ; as , Vae , 〈◊〉 ; malùm , with a mischief . Some of Laughing ; as , Ha , ha , he ; ha , ha . Some of Calling ; as , Eho , oh ; ●o , ho Sirrah , avoy . Some of Silence ; as , Au , whist . Brief Examinations on the Four Parts of Grammar . Q. WHat is Grammar ? A. Grammar is an art of speaking well . Q. How many Parts of Grammar are there ? A. There are Four , Orthographia , Etymolegia , Syntaxis , 〈◊〉 , which last part most Grammarians make to be the Second . Q. What is Orthographia ? A. Orthographia is that part of Grammar which teacheth us the way to Write and Spell truly ; as , Lectio with 〈◊〉 , and not Lexio with an x. Q. How doth it differ from Orthoepia ? A. Orthographia , is a true writing of Letters ; Orthoepia , is a right pronunciation of them . Q. Seeing Orthographia teacheth us with what Letters every Syllable and Word are to be writ , what is a Letter ? A. It is the least part of a Word or an articulate Sound which cannot be divided . Q. How many Letters are there in the Latin Tongue ? A. There are twenty two , but K , Y , and Z , ( tho' they are in the number ) are not ●eckoned Latin Letters , and H is only a Note of Aspiration ; in the English there are twen●y four Letters . Q. How many fold is a Letter as to it s found ? A. It is two fold , Vowel and Consonant . Q. What is a Vowel ? A. It is a Letter that makes a perfect sound of it self ; as , A , E , I , O , V , and Y spelt like I , of which I and V become Consonants , when they are put either before other Vowels , or before themselves . Q. What if two Vowels joyned together make but one sound and are spelt at once ? A. They make a Dipthong . Q. How many Dipthongs are there ? A. The most usual in the Latin Tongue are five , ae , oe , au , ei , eu ; the less usual are , ai , oi , ui , and the Greek yi . In the English there are eight proper Vowels , ai , ei , oi , au , eu , ou , oo , ee , and six improper ones , to answer the first six proper ones , ay , ey , oy , aw , ew , ow. Q. What is a Consonant ? A. It is a letter that makes no sound of it self , but as it is joyned with a Vowel . Q. How many sold is a Consonant in Latin ? A. It is two sold , Mute and half Vowel . Q. What is a Mute ? A. It is a Letter which hath a very obscure sound , or rather none at all , unless what the Vowels do communicate . Q. How many Mutes are there ? A. Nine , according to the received Grammar , b , c , d , f , g , k , p , q , t , in all which the sound of the Vowel follows ; as , in be , ce , de , ge , pe , qu , te , except in f , where it goes before ; as , ef . Q. How many half Vowels are there , and what is a half Vowel ? A. It is a Letter which hath or makes some sound , and as it were half a sound of it self , of which there are seven , l , m , n , r , s , x , z , in which the sound goes before in the first six ; as , el , em , en , er , es , ex , but in z the sound follows . Q. How many fold are these half Vowels ? A. Two fold , either Liquids or Doubles , called Duplices in Latine . Q. What is a Liquid , and how many Liquids are there ? A. A Liquid is a Letter which being put after a Mute in the same syllable , melts away , ( i. e. ) loseth its force , of which there are four , l , m , n , r ; l and ● among the Latins only ; and m and n among the Greeks become Liquids , ( i. e. ) liquescunt . Q. May not s and u be added to Liquids ? A. Amongst the Ancients s in the end of a word became a Liquid ; as , Ennius in three places , Nunc seni● confectu ' quiescit pro confectus . Fa●it cur v●lito vivu ' per ora virûm , for vivus : Virgines nam sibi quisque domi Romanus habet sas , for suas . And so u , if g , q , or s , go before ; as , 1. Lingua , anguis . 2. Aequ●s , linquo . 3. Suadeo , suesco . Q. What is a Double , called in Latin Duplex , and how many of them ? A. A Duplex is that which is put for two Consonants , of which there are two , x and z , and sometimes i between two Vowels ; x is put for cs or gs ; as , dux , for dacs ; rex , for regs : z is put for ds ; as , Zephyrus , for Dsephyrus ; but the Latins use in the middle of a word to turn z into a double s ; as , patrish , for patrizo . Q. What do you mean when you say , S , est suae potestatis litera ? A. I mean , that s is neither a Liquid nor a Duplex . Q. What sort of Letters are r and y said to be ? A. R is said to be the canina litera , the doggish Letter , by reason of its snarlish or harsh sound : Y is called the Pythagorean Letter , because Pythagoras resembled Vertue to this Letter , spreading up its branches . Q. How many fold are Letters as to their shapes or as they are written . A. They are two fold , the Great and Capital Letters , and the Small Letters . Q. Where do we make use of great Letters ? A. 1. In the beginning of Periods . 2. In Proper Names . 3. In the Names of Arts , Dignities or Honours , Offices , Feasts , in the beginning of every Verse , Titles , and in words that have a great Emphasis , and also in the English Pronoun , I. Q. What do the Great or Capital Letters signifie , when they are writ alone ? A. They signifie , first , either a Praenomen , the first Name , ( or , as we term it , the Christian Name ) as , A. for Aulus ; C. for Caius ; D. for Decius ; or a Title ; as , L. for Lord ; LL. for Lords ; B. for Bishop ; BB. for Bishops : Or , secondly , the Great Letters signifie a Number ; as , I , for One ; V , for Five ; IX , for Nine ; X , for Ten ; XL , for Forty ; L , for Fifty ; XC , for Ninety ; C , for a Hundred ; D , for five Hundred ; M , for a Thousand . Q. Now we have done with single Letters , I pray , what must he do that will Spell right , and Write true Orthography ? A. He must readily learn to distinguish , or to part , and to joyn Syllables . Q. What is a Syllable ? A. It is a perfect sound , and distinct part of a word , being made up of as many Letters as we spell together : where note , that a Latin Syllable cannot exceed six Letters , and that an English Syllable may arise from one Letter to eight and no more ; and an English Word from one Syllable to seven and not above . Q. How many fold is a Syllable ? A. It is two fold ; Proper , consisting of one or more Consonants , with a Vowel or Dipthong ; or Improper , consisting of one only Vowel or Dipthong . Q. What Rule am I to observe concerning the right parting and joyning of Syllables ? A. A Consonant between two Vowels belongs to the latter ; as , in a-mor . 2. If a Consonant be doubled , the former belongs to the former Syllable , and the latter to the latter Syllable ; as , in an-nus . 3. Consonants which cannot be joyned in the beginning , are not to be joyned in the middle ; as , ar-duus . 4. Consonants which may be joyned in the beginning of a word , are joyned also in the middle ; as , no-ster , vo-lu-ptas . So bd , ct , ps , s● , tu , gm , gn , xi , do belong to the following Vowel ; as , in A-bdo-men , do-ctus , scri-psi , Ae-●●a , A-gmen , i-gnis , di-xi , &c. 5. In compound words , every part of syllable is to be separated from the other ; as , in-ers , abs-condo , juris-con-sultus . But observe , that in words compounded with a Preposition we must please the Ear , and a good and pleasing Sound ; as , o●●urro , rather than obcurro ; officio , rather than obsicio ; aufero , rather than abfero , &c. Between m and n we do not insert p ; no● do we commonly write s after x. Q. How is c pronounced or spelt before a , e , ae , oe i , y , o , u ? A. Before a , o , and u , like a k ; before the e , ae , oe , i , and y , like an s , with a hissing . Q. How is g spelt or pronounced before an e , or i , and how before a , o , and u ? A. Before e , and i , it sounds or is spelt softly , like gh , or like the Hebrew Jod , ( age egi ) before a , o , and u , hardly , like the Gre●k Gamma ; as , gaudium , gloria , gula . Q. What observation do you make of que and u , in spelling ? A. That q will have u after it , and u will have c before it and not k. Q. What observe you of the sound of ti ? A. I observe , that ti , when a Vowel follows , sounds or is spelt like si ; as , Orati● , patientia , &c. unless in Greek words ; as , Politia ; or in the beginning of a word ; as , T●ara ; or in the Infinitive Mood Paragogick ; as , mittier , for mitti : or if s , or x , goes before ; as , Quaestio , mixtio : or , lastly , in the Genitive Case Plural of vi●ium from vitis , to distinguish it from the Nominative vitium . Observe , That the syllable of any Latin or English word in the end of a line , is not to be disjoyned , but the word is to be continued by a Hyphen , called a Note of Continuation . Q. But have we not many English words in which several Letters are quiescent , or not pronounced ? A. Yes , for a is quiescent after the first a in Aaron , Canaan , Isaac ; after e in the same syllable ; as , conceal , b●stead ; and after o in the same syllable ; as , eneroach , hoary ; e is not sounded in George , heart , ●earken , M●neth , Tuesday , Atheism ; nor is ● sounded in the end of any English word , yet it alters the sound , and also it makes the syllable long in many words ; as , hau , have ; lou , love ; cau , cave ; sau , save ; mad , made ; tam , tame ; except that it is sounded in me , ye , be , he , we , and in certain words derived of other Languages ; as , Jesse , Penel●pe , C●ngè , Epitomè . Q. Are there any more of the Letters quiescent ? A. Yes , both Vowels and Consonants ; as , i and y , o and u , in Carriage , Attorney , People , buy , bu●ld , &c. b , in Lamb , Deb● ; c , in Pack , &c. g , in Ensign , Flegm , Reign , &c. h , in Ghost , John , &c. n , in Hymn , &c. p , in Psalm , Receipt , &c. s , in Isl● ; t , in catch , ditch , botch : with many such to be observed by Use and Reading . Q. How many are the Vices or Faults of Orth●●peia , sc . of Pronunciation ? A. They are tive ; Iotacismus , Lamdacismus , Ischnotes , Traulismus , Plateasmus , of which see the Grammar . Q. What are the Points and Stops used in Writing and observed in Reading ? A. They are these , 1. A Comma , marked thus , ( , ) which notes a small stay . 2. A Colon , with two pricks thus , ( : ) which notes a longer stay ; to which belongs a Semi-colon , marked thus , ( ; ) . 3. A Peri●d , marked thus , ( . ) which notes a full stay , as if we had ended . 4. A Note of Interr●gation , thus , ( ? ) used when we ask a Question . 5. A Parenth●s●● , marked thus , ( ) used when Words or a Sentence is added which might he left out , and yet the Sence whole ; as , Teach ●● , ( I pray you ) to read . 6. An Apostroph●● , which is a Comma writ over the place or top of a Vowel or Dip hong cut off ; as , lov'd , for loved ; 〈◊〉 , for Tantone . 7. A D●aeresis , which notes a Dipthong to be parted into two syllables , marked thus , ( ¨ ) as , Poeta , not Poeta . 8. A Point of Admiration or Exclamation , thus , ( ! ) 9. An Obelisk , thus , ( † ) and it is referred from the Matter to the Margent . 10. An Index , marked thus , ( ☞ ) which points from the Margent what is remarkable . 11. An Asterism , when any part of the Sentence is lost , marked thus , ( * ) . 12. A Paragraph , ( § ) . 13. A Parathesis notes an Adverb marked thus , ( ` ) . 14. A Note of a long quantity thus , ( ¯ ) ; and of a short quantity after this manner , ( ˘ ) . Q. What is the next Part of Grammar ? A. It is Etymologia , which teacheth the Proprieties and Difference of Words , especially in their Terminations , and it considereth and contains under it the Eight Parts of Speech , with their Accidents . Propria quae Maribus , Explained by QUESTION and ANSWER . Q. WHAT doth Propria quae Maribus contain , and to what part of Grammar doth it belong ? A. It contains General Rules for the Declining of Regular Nouns , and both it and Quae Genus belong to Etymologia , because they treat of Nouns which are the first part of Speech . Q. Into how many Parts may Propria quae Maribus be divided ? A. Into three ; viz. 1. Into Rules for the declining of Nouns Substan●ives Proper . 2. Into Rules for the declining of Nouns Substantives Common . 3. Into Rules for the declining of Nouns Adjectives . Q. How many General Rules are there for the declining of Nouns Substantives Proper ? A. Two ; Propria quae Maribus , that is , Proper Names of Males or He 's ; and Propia Fae●ineum , Proper Names of Females or She 's . Q. How many sorts of Proper Names are there of the Masculine Gender ? A. Five ; 1. Of Gods ; as , Mars , t is ; Bacchus , chi ; Apollo , inis . 2. Of Men ; as , Cato , onis ; Virgilius , lii . 3. Of Rivers ; as , Tybris , bris ; Acc. im ; Abl. i ; Orontes , t is . 4. Of Moneths ; as , October , bris ; Abl. i. 5. Of Winds ; as , Lybs , bis ; Notus , i ; Auster , i. Q. What Objections can you make against the foregoing Rule ? A. That the Names of Rivers are of that Gender which the Termination requires , for if they be Feminine or Neuters according to their Termination , and that nevertheless they be used in the Masculine Gender that happens by a Syllepsis , because the common Name Fluvius or Amnis is understood . 2. The Names of Moneths are Adjectives , used substantively , and Mensis is understood , which sometimes also is expressed . 3. In the Names of Winds there is a regard to the common word Ventus . Q. Grammarians averr , that Proper and Common Names , that signifie the Male-kind or He 's , are of the Masculine Gender ; how comes it to pass , that these Nouns of the Feminine Gender signifie Males or He 's , viz. Operae , Custodiae , Copiae , Vigiliae , Excubiae , Curae ? A. Because , first of all , and properly , they signifie Action , and by a Metonymia of the effect , they are spoken of Men , keeping the Gender of their proper signification : for the same reason , scortum , mancipium , and prostibulum , are Neuters . Q. How many sorts of Proper Names are there of the Feminine Gender ? A. Five ; 1. Of Heathenish Goddesses ; as , Juno , ōnis ; Venus , ●ris . 2. Of Women ; as , Anna , ae ; Philotis , ot●dis . 3. Of Cities ; as Elis , īdis ; Opus , untis . 4. Of Countries ; as , Graecia , ae ; Persis , īdis . 5. Of Islands ; as , Creta , ae ; Britannia , ae ; C●prus , i. Q. What Words are there excepted from this General Rule ? A. These Proper Names of Cities , viz. Sulmo , ōnis ; Agragas , gantis , are of the Masculine Gender ; Argos , gi ; Tibur , būris ; Praeneste , is , of the Neuter Gender ; and Anxur , u●is , of the Masculine and Neuter Gender . Q. What may be objected against the said Rule , that is , Propria Foemin●um ? A. That the Names of Cities , Countries , and Islands , do rather follow the Gender of their termination , and if they have an Adjective contrary to their termination , that 's by a Syllepsis ; and there is a regard to be had to the word Regio , Urbs , Terra , and the like . Q. Where doth the Second Part of Propria quae Maribus , that is , Rules for the declining of Substantives Common , begin ? A. It begins at Apellativa arborum . Q. How many things do you observe in this Second Part of Propria quae Maribus ? A. Three ▪ first , that those Substantives which are the Common Names of Trees have a General Rule by themselves for their declining , and are commonly according to their kind and nature of the Feminine Gender ; as Alnus , ni ; Cupressus , i ; Cedrus , i. Q. Are there any Exceptions to this Rule ? A. Yes , Pinaster , tri ; Oleaster , tri , of the Masculine Gender , and siler , eris ; suber , eris ; thus , uris ; ro●ur , oris ; ●cer , eris , of the Neuter Gender . Q. What is the Second Observation ? A. It is of Epicenes , that is , of Nouns which commonly and of their own nature under one Termination and one Gender signifie both kinds , ( i. e. ) the He and She ; yet not always ; as , in Gallus and Gallina ; Leo and Le●na . Q. How many kinds of Epicenes are there ? A. Three : 1. Of Birds ; as , Passer , ĕris , M. G. Hirando , inis , F. G. 2. Of ●easts ; as , Tygris , dis , F. Vulpes , is , F. 3 Of Fishes ; as , Ostrea , ae , F. Cetus ; ti , M. To Epicenes may be added Mancipium , sc●rtum , ●umentum , &c. Q. Of what Gender is every Noun that ●ndeth in um ? A. Of the Neuter ; as , Londinum , Latium , Brund●● sium , except Proper Names of Men and Women , according to the common exception , Omne quod exit in ●m , si ●ominum tu propria tollas , &c. Q. Of what Gender is every wor● that d●th not alter its Termination ? A. Of the N. G. if it be a Substantive ; as Nom. Nil , ●●n . Nil , Dat. Nil , &c. and whatever stands inst●ad of a Noun or Nom. Case : But Adjectives invariable , are of any Gender , according to the Substantive ▪ they agree wi●h ; as , 〈◊〉 homo , a good Husband ; Fr●gi 〈◊〉 , a good Housewife . So tot , quot , are of all Ge●ders . Q. How may the Genders of all other Nouns Substantives Common be known , which is the third thing observa●●● in this S●co●d Part of Propria quae Maribus ? A. Partly by the●r Signification , partly by their Termination , but principally by the G●nitive Case of ●ach 〈◊〉 according to the Special Rules with their ●xceptions . Q. How many Special Rules have you to know the Gender by the encrea●●ng or not encreasing of the G●ni●ive Case ? A. Three ; 1. N●men n●n crescens genitivo , &c. 2. Nom●n 〈◊〉 is p●nultima si genitivi syllaba acuta sonat . 3. Nom●n crescent is penultima si genitivi sit gravis , &c. Q. What is the meaning of the first Special Rule , Nomen non cr●s●ens ? A. That every Noun Su●stantive Common , that doth not encrease in the Genitive Case , ( i. e. ) that h●th no more syllables in the Genitive Case th●n in the Nominative , is of the Feminine Gender ; as , Caro , ca●nis ; Capra , ae ; Nubes , is . Q. How many Exceptions are there under this Rule ? A. Four ; Masculine , Neuter , Doubtful , and the Common of Two. Q. How many Rules of Masculine Exceptions not encreasing are there ? A. Four ; 1. Nouns ending in a , signifying the Offices of Men ; as , Scriba , assecla , scurra , rabula , Lixa , Lanista , ‑ ae . 2. Mascula Graecorum , ( i.e. ) Greek words that end in as and es , of the first Declension of the Greeks , and end in a , in the Latin , are of the M. G. as , satrapes , satrapa , athle●●s , athleta , ‑ ae ; ex ep● charta , margarita , cataracta , catapulta , &c. which are of the F. G. 3. These Mascusines , Ver●es , vatales , a●uales , ‑ is . 4. Nouns compounded of as , assis ; as , ●entussis , is . 5. These Nouns , Li●nis , ●●bis , callis , 〈◊〉 , follis , colli● , mensis , ensi , fustis , funis , panis , pen●s , crinis , ignis , caseis , fascis , 〈◊〉 , se●ti● , pis●is , 〈◊〉 , vermis , vectis , p●stis , axis , ‑ is . 6. All Nouns tha● end in er ; as , Venter , tris : in os ; as , 〈◊〉 , gi : in us ; as , Anmes , ni . Q. What kind of Rule is this , to wit , Faeminei generis sunt mat●r , humus , & c ? A. It is a Feminine Exception on the foregoing Rule , viz. on Mascula in er , &c. and no● on the first Special Rule ; for a Feminine Rule cannot have a Feminine Exception ; ●or M●ter , t●is , is an Exception of Nouns that end in er : And th●se Nouns , Humut , mi ; domus , mi , or ùs ; alvus , t ; colu● , i ; ficus ▪ ct , and cùs ; acus , porticus , ‑ cùs ; tribus , bùs ; 〈◊〉 , ●s ; nurus , ùs ; manùs , ùs : Pl. Idus , uum ; anu● , ùs ; vannus , ni . Likewise these Greek words that change o● in●o us ; as , Paprrus , ri ; antido●us , ●i ; costus , ti ; dipthongu● , gi ; byssus , abyssus , si ; crysta●lus , si ; s●n●dus , di ; sapphyrus , ri ; eremus , mi ; arctus , ti , are an Exception of Nouns that end in us . Q. What is the Neuter Exception of Nouns not increasing ? A. It is first of Nouns ending in e in the Nom. Case , and make is in the Gen. as , Mare , rete , is . 2. Of all Nouns in on and um ; as , 〈◊〉 , ti ; ovum , vi . 3. Of these Nouns , Hippomanes , 〈◊〉 ▪ is , Virus invariabile ; Pelag●s , ●i . And , last●y , this word Vulgus , i , is both of the M. and N. G. Q. What words of the Doubtful Gender are excepted under the first Special Rule ? A. They are , Talpa , dama , ae ; canalis , halcyonis , F. finis , clunis , restis , is ; penua , 〈◊〉 , or us ; amnis , is ; pampinus , ni ; corbis , is ; linter , tris ; torquis , is ; specus , ci , or ûs ; anguis , is ; Ficus , ci , F. phaselus , li ; lecythus , thi , F. atomus , mi ; grossus , si ; pharus , i , ● . paradisus , si . M. G. Q. What is the Common of two Exception under the first Sp●cial Rule ? A. It is of Nouns compounded of a Verb and end in a ; as , gra●●gena , ae . ●rom graius and gigno ; agricola , ae , from ager a●d colo ; and advena , ae , from ad and venio : Likewise these , Senex , is ; auriga , ae ; vernae , ae ; sodalis , is ; vates , is ; patiuelis , perduellis , affinis , ju●eni , testis , civis , canis , hostis , ‑ is . Q. Which is the second Special Rule for the Gender and declining of Nouns Substa●tives common ? A. Every Noun Substantive common which encreaseth long , and the last syllable save one is lifted up in the Gen. Case , is of the F. G. but every word that thus encreaseth is not of a long quantity ; as , in vir , vĭri ; mas , măris . Q. How many Exceptions are there under this second Special Rule ? A. Four : 1. Masculine Exceptions . 2. Neuter . 3. Doubtful . 4. Common of two . Q. How many Masculine Exceptions hath it ? A. 1. It hath these Monosyllables , or Nouns of one Syllable ; Sal , salis ; ren , splen , car , ser , ‑ is ; vir , ri ; vas , dis ; as , assis ; mas , ris ; bes , bessis ; cres , t is ; praes , dis ; pes , pedis ; glis , gliris ; mos , moris ; flos , floris ; ras , roris ; tros , trois ; mus , muris ; dens , dentis ; mont , t is ; pons , t is ; sons , t is ; seps , sepis ; gryphs , phis ; thrax , cis ; rex , regis ; grex , gregis ; phryx , gis . 2. These Pollysyllables , or Nouns of more than one Syllable ending in n ; as , 1. Acarnan , ānis ; lichen , ēnis ; delphin , inis . 2. Pollysyllables which end in o , signifying a body ; as , Le● , curculio , ‑ onis ; with these , Senio , ternio , sermo , ‑ onis . 3. Nouns ending in er ; as , Crater , ēris : in or ; as , Conditer , ōris : in os ; as , Heros , cis ▪ 4. These Nouns ending in ens ; as , Torrens , n●frens , oriens , bidens , t is . 5. These Nouns ending in as ; as , Gigas , elephat , adamas , garamas , ‑ antis . And these in es ; as , Tapes , lebes , cures , magnes , ‑ etis ; meridies , ●i . 6. Nouns compounded of as , assis ; as , Dodrans , antis ; semis , semissis . Likewise these Nouns ; Samnis , itis ; hydrops , ōpis : With these ending in x ; as , Nycticorax , acis ; thorax , acis ; vervex , ēcis ; Phxnix , īcis ; hombyx , bycis . And Spadix , volvox ; and esox , ‑ cis : But Syren , ēnis ; sor●r , ōris ; and uxor , ōris ; cos , t is ; d●s , t is ; cos , eois ; and glos , t is , are of the F. G. contrary to the f●regoing Exceptions ; and mulier , iĕris , b●longs ra●her to the Feminine Exception under the third Special Rule , because it increaseth short . Q. What Neut●rs are there excepted from the second Special Rule ? A. 1. Words of one syllable , Mel , mellis ; fel , fellis ; vas , vasis prim● ; vasorum vasa secundo ; os , ossis , and oris ; rus , thus , jus , crus , pu● , ‑ ris . 2. Nouns of many syllables in al ; as , Capital , lis ; and in ar ; as , laquear , āris , except sala● of the M. G. likewi●e halec , ēcis , of the N. and F. G. in the Sing . and of the F. only in the Plural . Q. What is the Doubtful Exception from this Special Rule ? A. Doubtfuls excepted are , Python , onis , M. scrobs , obis ; serpens , t is ; bubo , onis ; rudens , t is ; grus , gruis ; perdix , dī●is ; lynx , cis ; limax , ācis ; stirps , pis ; calx , cis ; dies , ei , which is only Masculine in the Plural . Q. What words of the Common of two are excepted under this Special Rule ? A. They are , Parens , ●ntis ; author , oris ; infans , t is ; adolescens , t is ; dux , cis ; ill●x , ●gis ; haeres , ēdis ; exl●x , lēgis : Also the Compounds of Frons ; as , bifrons , t is . Likewise these Nouns , Castos , odis ; bos , bovis ; fur , furis ; sus , suis ; sacerdos , dotis . Q. What is the meaning of the third Special Rule ? A. That every Noun Substantive common encreasing short in the Genitive Case , ( i. e. ) having the last syllable save one pressed down , is o● the Masculine Gender . Q. How many Exceptions are there under this third Special Rule ? A. Four : 1. Of Feminines . 2. Of Neuters . 3. Of Doubtsuls . And , 4. of the Common of two encreasing short . Q. What are the Feminines excepted ? A. They are , first , all Noun● of more than two syllables that end in do or go , making dinis and ginis in the Genitive Case ; as , Dulcedo , dinis ; compago , gīnis . 2 Virgo , gīnis ; grand● , dinis ; fides , ei ; compes , pēdis ; teg●s , gētis ; seges , gētis ; arb●r , ō●is ; hyems , ēmis ; bacchar , chāris ; syndon , s●ndōnis ; gorgon , gōnis ; icon , ōnis ; ‑ , ōnis . 3. Gre●k words which end either in as ; as , Lamp●s , p●dis , or in is ; as , jaspis , īdis , with the Latin words Cassis , īdis ; cuspis , īdis ; pecus , ●dis , when it signifies small Cattel . Forf●x , īcis ; pellex , īcis ; carex , īcis ; coxendix , īcis ; filix , ●cis , to which add tomex and for●ex ; and mulier , ēris , to be added according to this Verse : Hùc add is Mulier propriâ si classe locabis . Q. What Neuters of Nouns encreasing short are excepted under the third Spec●al Rule ? A. They are all Nouns that signifie a thing without life , ending either in a , as , Problema , atis . en , Omen , inis . ar , Jabar , aris . ur , Je●ur , oris . us , Onus , eris . put , Occiput , itis . Except Pecten , īnis , and furfur , ūris , which are of the M. G. tho' they end in en and ur . 2. Cadaver , ēris ; iter , tineris ; suber , tuber , uber , gingiber , laser , cicer , piper , papaver , siser , siler , ‑ ēris . Aequor , marmor , ador , ‑ oris , ( and pecus , pecoris , for great Cattel ) are of the N. G. Q. What words of the Doubtful Gender are excepted from the third Special Rule ? A. They are these , Card● , inis , M. margo , inis , D. G. cinis , eris ; obex , icis ; pulvis , eris ; adeps , dipis ; sorceps , cipis , F. pumex ▪ icis ; ramex , icis , M. anas , atis , F. imbrex , icis ; culex , icis , M. natrix , icis , M. onyx , ycis ; sardonyx , yeis ; silex , icis : To these doubtsuls add , Cortex , icis ; varix , icis , and ales , itis . Q. What words are there of the Common of two excepted from the third Special Rule ? A. These , Vigil , pugil , ‑ ilis , M. exul , praesul , ‑ ūlis , M. Homo , īnis ; nemo Gen. caret , Dat. nem●ni ; martyr , yris ; ligur , ūris , M. areas , ādis , M. antistes , ītis ; miles , ītis ; pedes , ītis ; interpres , ītis ; comes , hospes , ‑ ītis ; praeses , īdis , M. princeps , cīpis , M. ●uceps , cūpis , M. eques , ītis ; obses , īdis , with many other Nouns derived of Verbs ; as , Conjux , jūgis ; judex , opifex , aruspex , ‑ īcis , M. to which add municeps , cipis . Q. How many Rules are there for the declining of Nouns Adjectives ? A. Three . Q. Which is the first ? A. The first is , That Adjectives , having one only Termination , are of the Common of three Genders ; as , Hic , haec , & hoc faelix , īcis ; hic , haec , & hoc audax , ācis ; hic , haec , & hoc quadrupes , pēdis : to which Rule belong these undeclinable Adjectives , viz. Nequam , tot , quot , miile , &c. Q. Which is the second Rule for the declining of Adjectives ? A. The second is , That if an Adjective have two endings , the first ending must be of the M. and F. G. and the second of the N. as , Hic & haec omnis , & hoc omne , is . Q. Which is the third Rule for the declining of Adjectives ? A. The third Rule is , That if an Adjective have three endings , the first ending is of the M. G. the second of the F. and the third of the N. as , Sacer , sacra , sacrum . Q. What is the meaning of this Rule , At sunt quae flexu , & c ? A. The meaning , according to the Book , is , That there are some Adjectives declined with two Articles ( i. e , with hic & hae● ) like Substantives , yet in very deed are Adjectives , and are so used ; as , Pauper , puber , degener , uber , ‑ ēris . Yet most of them are found in the Neuter Gerder ; as , Hor. l. 1. Epist . 10. Sub paupere tecto . ●ikewise Ovid. Trist . l. 2. El. 1. Divitis ingenii est ingentia Caesaris acta scribere . — So Juven . Sat. 13. Depositum tibi sospes erit . — Ovid Amor. l. 3. El. 14. Post mea mansurum fata superstes opus . Tacit. Rari imbres ; puber solum : Comes in the Rule seems rather a Substantive of the C. G. Victrix and ultrix are of the Feminine Gender in the Singular Number , and of the Feminine and Neuter Gender in the Plural , being Adjectives defectives . Q. What is the meaning of this Rule , Haec proprium quendam sibi fle●um , & c ? A. The meaning is , That these Adjectives have a peculiar manner of declining , differing from the common form , viz. that they have three Endings , and three Articles ; as , Hic campester , haec campestris , hoc campestr● , or hic & haec campestris & hoc campestre , is . Hic volucer , haec volucris & hoc volucre , or hic & haec volucris & hoc volucre , is . Celeber , bris , bre . Celer , ris , re . Saluber , bris , bre . Pedester , tris , tre . Equester , tris , tre . Acer , cris , cre . Pal●ster , stris , stre . Alacer , cris , ●re . Sylvester , tris , tre . Of Nouns Heteroclites . Q. WHat doth Quae genus contain ? A. It contains Rules for the declining of Heteroclites or Irregular Nouns , as Propria quae maribus doth of Regular ; so that Quae genus is no more than an Exception on Propria quae maribus . Q. How many sorts of Heteroclites or Irregular Nouns are there ? A. Three : 1. Variantia genus aut slexum ; that is , such as vary or change their Gender or Declension . 2. Defectiva ; such as want some Case or Number . 3. Redundantia ; ( i. e. ) such as abound or have overmuch in declining . All which three sorts are mentioned in the first D●stick thus : 1. Quae genus aut flexum variant . 2. Quaecunque novato ritu deficiunt . 3. Superántve Heteroclita , sun●o . Q. How many sorts of Nouns Heteroclites are there that change their Gender and Declension ? A. There are six sorts . Q. What are the first sort of them , and which is the Rule ? A. They are these of the F. G. in the Sing . and N. in the Pl. as , Pergamus , . mi ; a , orum ; supellex , ctilis ; ilia , ium . The Rule is , Singula Foemine●s , neutris Pluralia gaudent . To this Rule may be added , Hierosolyma and Carbasus , being of the F. G. in the Sing . and of the N. in the Plural . Q. What are the second sort of Nouns that do change their Gender and Declension , and which is their Rule ? A. They are those of this Rule , Dat prior , &c. which are of the N. G. in the Sing . and of the M. and N. in the Plur. Rastrum , tri ; tri , tra , rorum . Fraenum , ni ; ni , na , n●rum . Filum , li ; li , la , lorum , N. Capistrum , tri ; tri , stra , strorum , N. Q. What words are of the third sort , and which is their Rule ? A They are these of the N. G. in the Sing . and only of the M. G. in the Plur. as , Coelum , li ; li , lorum . Argos , gi ; gi , orum . The Rule is , Moscula duntaxat , &c. Q. What words are of the sourth sort , and what is their Rule ? A. They are these of the N. G. in the Sing . and of the F. G. in the Plur. as , Nundinum , ni ; nae , arum . Balneum , ei ; ae , arum . Their Rule is , Neutra quidem primo , &c. Q. What words are of the fifth sort , and what is their Rule ? A. They are these of the M. G. in the Sing . and of the N. G. in the Plur. as , Maenalus , li ; la , lorum . Dyndimus , imi ; ma , morum . Ismarus , i ; a , orum . Tartarus , ri ; a , rorum . Taygetus , i ; a , orum . Taenarus , i ; a , orum . Massicus , i ; a , orum . Gargarus , i ; a , orum . The Rule is , Haec maribus dantur , &c. Q. What are the sixth and last sort of Variants , and which is their Rule ? A. They are these of the M. G. in the Sing . and of the M. and N. G. in the Plur. as , Sibilus , li ; li , la , orum . Jocus , ci ; ci , ca , corum , Locus , ci ; ci , ca , corum . Avernus , ni ; ni , na , orum . The Rule is , At numerus genus his dabit alter utrumque . Q. How many sorts are there of Deficient Heteroclites ? A. There may be said to be three sorts of these , tho' the Book speaks but of two ; the first sort are such as are deficient in declension or not at all declined , called Aptota in the Grammar , tho' more properly Aclita , viz. such as have no different Case , but are alike in all Cases ; for Apto●a ( as Priscian saith ) are those which are found in no other Case , besides the Nominative ; as , Expes , satias . 2. Such as are deficient in one of the Numbers . 3. Such as are deficient in some Case or Cases in either or both the Numbers . Q. Where doth the first sort of Nouns , called Defectives , begin , and what are they ? A. They begin at , Quae nullum variant ca●um , and they are such as vary not in any Case from their Nom. Q. What words are defective of the first , sc . of the undeclined sort ? A. They are these : 1. Nom. Gen. Da● . &c. Fas , nil , nihil , instar invariabile . 2. Wo●ds that end in u , and i ; as , Cornu , genu ; Gummi , frugi ; and haec tempe , and cete in the Plur. with hi , hae & haec tot , quot , invariabile . Likewise all Nouns from three , to a hundred ; as , Hi , hae & haec , quatuor , quinque , d●cem , viginti , triginta , and mille the Adjective , invariabile : Mille the Substantive is Hoc mille , invariabile in the Sing . as , Mille hominum occiditur , and , Mille hominum occiso . Cic. 6. Phil. In the Pl. N. Haec millia . Mille the Adjective takes to it self an Adverb ; as , Te● mille virorum : But Mille the Substantive requires an Adjective ; as , Hominum eo die caesa plus duo millia . To this Rule add , Nequam , volupe ; necesse , necessum : Also , Pondo and caepe , or cepe in the Singular and Plural . Likewise Hebrew Names in m ; as , Adam , A●h●m , Cheru●●m , &c. Also the N●mes of Letters ; as , Alpha , Beta , &c. And , la●●ly , the Names of Towns , that end in i and y ; as , Aixi , Ille●urgi , Aepy , D●ri . Q. Of what Number are these , viz. Fa● , nil , nihil , instar , cornu , genu , gummi , frugi ? A. The four first , with gummi , are of the Singular Number , undeclined ; cornu and genu , with others that end in u , except gelu , are commonly declined in the Plural , only veru makes verua , verubus , and not veruum : But frugi is of the Singular and Plural undeclined , and of all Genders . Q. What are the first sort of those that are deficient in Case called ? A. Monoptots ; being so called because they are found in one oblique Case only ; as , Abl. Hàc noctu . ( Ut , ●redo ego hâc noctu obdormivisse ebrium , Plant. Amph. ) Abl. Hoc natu , jussu , injussu , promptu , permissu , astu . Pl. Acc. Hos astus . Acc. Has inficias . Q. How are the second sort of Defectives in Case called ? A. Diptots . Q. Why are they so called ? A. Because they are said to have commonly but two Cases , yet we decline F●rs thus : Nom. Fo rs , Gen. Fortis , Dat. Forti , Acc. ●wtem . Voc. O Fo rs , Abl. Forte . Gen. Spontis , Abl. Sponte . Nom. Acc. Plus , Gen. Pluris , Gen. Repetundarum , Abl. Repetundis . Gen. Jugeris . Abl. Jugere . Gen. Verberis . Abl. Verbere . Nom. Suppetiae , Acc. Suppetias . Nom. Tantundem , Gen. Tantidem . Gen. Impetis , Abl. Impete . Acc. Vic●m , Abl. Vice. Of which Verberis , Vicem , Plus , and Jugeris , have the whole Plural Number , except that Vicium is not read in the Genitive Plural . The Cases here are to be understood of Cases of Termination , not of Cases of Signification . To this Rule , add , Dica , dicam ; Chaos , chao ; Melos , melo ; Tabi , tabo . Q. How are the third sort of Defectives in Case called ? A. Triptots ; tho' some of them may be called Tetraptots . Q Why so ? A. Because they have only three or four Cases ; as , Gen. Precis , Dat. Preci , Acc. precem , Abl. prece ▪ Opis , opem , ope . To which are added the Tetraptots Frugis , and ditionis , which only want the Nominative and the Vocative Case form'd from it . Also Vis that wants the Dative ; and likewise those Nouns that want the Vocative Case are Pentaptots . Q. What and how many are those Nouns Pentaptots that want the Vocative Case ? A. They are , 1. Relatives ; as , Qui , quae , quod , &c. 2. Interrogatives ; as , Ecquis , ecqua , ecquid . So Quis , numquis , uter , qualis , quantus , quotus , cujus , and cujas , are Interrogatives . 3. Distributives ; as , Nullus , a , um . Neuter , tra , trum . Omnis , ne . Likewise Vllus , solus , uter , alter , nemo , alius , aliquis , quidam , quispiam , quilibet , quisque , unusquisque , quotusquisque . 4. Indefinites ; as , Quilibet , quaelibet , quodlib●t . Alter , tera , terum , which is hardly an Indefinite . 5. All Pronouns , except these four , Noster , tra , trum . Nostras , t is . C. 3. Meus , a , um , and Tu , whereof some of them sometimes have a Vocative Case ; as , Aperite aliquis ostium , &c. Q. What are the next sort of Defectives ? A. They are those that are deficient in Number . Q. What is the first Rule of Deficients in Number ? A. It is Propria cuncta notes , &c. In which Rule there are six sorts of words that want the Plural Number . 1. All Proper Names , signifying one thing , whether of Gods ; as , Mars , t is . Of Men ; as , Cato , onis . Of Countries , Cities , Hills , Rivers , Dogs , Horses ; as , Gallia , ae , F. Roma , ae , F. Ida , ae , F. Tagus , gi , M. Laelaps , pis , M. Parnassies , si , M. Bucephalus , li , M. 2. The Names of Corn or Grain ; as , Triticum , ci , N. Siligo , ginis , F. Ador , oris , M. 3. Things that are weighed ; as , Piper , ēris . Saccharum , ri . Butyrum , ri . Resina , ae . 4. The Names of Herbs ; as , Ruta , ae . Salvia , ae . 5. Of moist or liquid things ; as , Lae , t is . Oleum , i. 6. Of Metals and Minerals ; as , Aurum , i , N. Argentum , i , N. Sulphur , ūris , N. Nitrum , i , N. Q. But may not some of them sometimes have the Plural Number ? A. Yes , as may apprear by the clause or ending of the Rule , Est ubi pluralem retinent haec , est ubi spernunt . For Proper Names , when they are taken for Substantives Common , or when there are more of the same Name , have the Plural Number ; as , when Catones are taken for Wise Men , as Cato was ; and Maeccnates , for Noble Men , as Maecenas was ; according to the Verse , Sint Maecenates , non decrunt , Flac●e , Marones . Q. What sort of Rule is this , viz. Hordea , farra , ●orum , & c ? A. The words of this Rule are a particular Exception on Propria cuncta notes ; and they have three like Cases in the Plural Number , viz. the Nominative , Accusative , and Vocative ; as , Hordeum , ei ; Far , farris ; Forum , ri ; Mel , mellis ; Mulsum , si ; Desrutum , ti ; Thus , thuris : To which you may add , Jus , mare , rus , vinum , aes ; ●s , oris , dans G●nitivo ; yet aeribus and oribus are read , tho' aerum and ●rum are not . Q. What are the second sort of those that are deficient in Number ? A. They are these Masculines that want the Plural Number : Hesperus , ri ; Vesper , eris ; Pontus , ti ; Limus ▪ i ; Fimus , i ; Penus , ni & ùs ; Sanguis , īnis ; Aether , ēris ; and Nemo , ini● , which commonly , they say , wants the Genitive , and Vocative Cases , and Plural Number , according to the usual Verse : Nemo caret genito , quinto numeroque secundo . To this Rule may be added , Pudor , sopor , muscus , &c. Q. What are the third sort of those that are deficient in Number ? A. They are these Feminines that want the Plural Number , viz. Pubes , is ; Salus , ūtis ; Talio , ō●is ; Indeles , is ; Tussis , is , Acc. tussim ; Pix , i●is ; Humu● , m● ; Lues , is ; Sitis , is , Acc. sitim ; Fuga , ae ; Quies , etis ; Cholera , ae ; Fames , is ; Bilis , is ; Senecta , ae ; Juventus , ūtis ; Soboles , is ; Labes , is . Q. What Cases will all Nouns of the fisth Declension have in the Plural Number , and what is the Rule ? A. They will have three like Cases in the Plural Number ; to wit , the Nominative , Accusative , and Vocative . The Rule is , Vt & omnia quintae tres similes casue , &c. Q. But what Nouns of the fifth Declension are excepted ? A. These : viz. Res , ei ; Species , ei ; Facies , ei ; Dies , ei , which have the whole Plural Number , by this Rule , Quas voces numero totas , &c. Q. Are there no other Feminines that want the Plural Number ? A. Yes these : Stultitia , ae ; invidia , ae ; sapientia , ae ; desidia , ae ; with many others which are to be found in reading Authors ; as , Castitas , elegantia , fides , ei , justitia , pietas , requies , ira , spes , fama , sanies , supellex , tabes , cum multis aliis . Q. What are the fourth sort of Defectives in Number ? A. They are these Neuters that want the Plural Number , viz. Delic●um , cii ; senium , nii ; l●thum , thi ; caenum , ni ; salum , li ; barathr●m , thri ; virus invariabile ; vitrum , tri ; viscum , sci ; penum , ni ; justitium , tii ; nihilum , li ; ver , veris ; lac , ctis ; gluten , ●nis ; hale● , ēcis ; gelu invariabile ; solium , ii ; jubar , āris . Q. Which is the fifth Rule , or fifth sort of Deficients in Number ? A. The fifth Rule , and the two next Rules following it , are of words that want the Singular Number , the four first being of words that wanted the Plural . Q. What is the fifth Rule of Deficients in Number , and what are the words ? A. The fifth Rule is of these Masculines that want the Singular Number ; as , Manes , ium ; majores , um ; cancelli , orum ; liberi , orum ; antes , ium ; menses , ium ; lemures , rum ; fasti , orum ; minores , um ; natales , ium ; penates , ium ; gabii , orum ; locri , orum ; to which add , caelites , codicilli , annales , fasces , carceres , indigetes , pugillares , quirites , primores , op●imates , ga●amantes , nomades , &c. Q. What words are of the sixth sort of Deficients in Number ? A. They are these of the Feminine Gender that want the Singular Number , viz. Exuviae , phalerae , ‑ arum ; grates in the Nom ▪ Acc. and Voc. manubiae , arum ; idus , ●●m ; antiae , ind●●iae , insidiae , minae , excubiae , nonae , nugae , fricae , calendae , quisquiliae , thermae , cunae , dirae , exequiae , feriae , inferiae , primitiae , plagae , valvae , divitiae , ●uptiae , ‑ arum ; lactes , ctium ; Thebae , Athenae , ‑ arum ; to which may be added , dapes , Dryades , Eumenides , fauces , minutiae , parcae , reliquiae , alpes , Symplegades , ambages , &c. Q. What is the last Rule of Desectives in Number ? A. The last is of these Neuters , that want the Singular Number ; as , Maenia , tesqua , praecordia , lustra , arma , mapalia , bellaria , munia , castra , justa , sponsalia , rostra , crepundia , cunabula , exta , effata , ‑ orum ; bacchanalia , ium , etorum : but mapalia makes orum and ibus ; so doth sponsalia , orum , ibus ; bacchanalia , orum , ium , ibus . Q. Where doth the Third Part of Quae genus begin , viz. of Nouns Irregular , called Redundants , or that have overmuch ? A. It begins at Haec quasi luxuriant , &c. Q. How many sorts o● Redundants are there ? A. There be two sorts of Redundant Nouns , viz. some Substantives and some Adjectives . Q. How many sorts of Redundant Substantives are there ? A. Two ; Redundants in the Nominative as well as in other Cases ; and Redundants only in the Oblique Cases . Q. How many sorts are redundant in the Nominative Case ? A. Two ; some according to different Terminations are of different Genders ; others under different Terminations are of the same Gender . Q. How many are of the first sort , that according to different Terminations are of different Genders ? A. There are two of these , for some under different Terminations are still Latin words ; others in which one differing Termination is Greek , from whose Accusative Case in a , is found a new Nominative in a , of a Latin Termination . Q. Which is the Rule for those Redundants , that , under divers Terminations , are of divers Genders , yet both the Terminations Latin , and what words are they ? A. The Rule is , Haec quasi luxuriant , &c. viz. of these Nouns agreeing in their signisication , tho' differing in their Gender , according to their divers Terminations ; and they are , Tonitrus , ùs , M. Tonitru invariabile , N. Clypeus , ei , M. Cl●peum , ei , N. Baculus , i , M. Baculum , i , N. Sensus , ùs , M. Sensum , i , N. Tygnus , ni , M. Tygnum , i , N. Tapetum , ti , N. Tapete , is , N. Tapes , ētis , M. Punctus , i , M. Punctum , ti , N. Sinapi invariabile , N. Sinapis , is , F. Sinus , ùs , M. Sinum , ni , N. Menda , ae , F. Mendum , di , N. Viscus , ci , M. Viscum , ci , N. Cornu indeclinabile , N. Cornum , ni , N. Cornus , ùs , M. Eventus , ùs , M. Eventum , ti , N. with many more that you may meet with in reading Authors . Q. Which is the Rule and the Words of the second sort of Redundant Substantives , which in their Nominative Cases have two Terminations , one originally Greek , the other ●atin , which comes from an Accusative Case in a of that Greek word . A. The Rule is , Sed tibi preterea , &c. as , Panther , ēris , M. Acc. Panthēra . Nom. Panthēra , ae , F. Crater , ēris , M. Acc. Cratera . Nom. Cratēra , ae , F. Cassis , idis , F. Acc. Cassida . Nom. Cassida , ae , F. Aether , eris , M. Acc. Aethera . Nom. Aethera , ae , F. Q. What are the third sort of Redundants , that , under different Terminations , are of the same Gender and Signification ? A. They are these , viz. Gibbus , bi , M. Gibber , ēris , M. Cucumis , is , M. Cucumer , ēris , M. Stipis , is , F. Stips , stipis , F. Cinis & ciner , ●ris , D. G. Vomer , ĕris , M. Vomis , ●ris , M. Scobis , is , F. Scobs , bis , F. Pulvis , ĕris , D. G. Pulver , ris , D. G. Pubes , is , F. Puber , ĕris . C. 2. Likewise word that end in or and os in the Nom. as , Honor , & honos , ōris , M. Labor , labos , ōris , M. Odor , odos , ōris , M. To which add Apes , apis , is , F. Plebs , is , F. Pl●bes , ei , F. with many Nouns borrowed from the Greeks , which admit of a double manner of declining ; as , Delphin , inis . Delphinus , ni , M. Elephas , antis . Elephantus , ti , M. Congrus , i. Conger , gri , M. Meleagrus , gri . Meleager , gri , M. Teu●rus , cri . Teucer , cri , M. Q. What are the next sort of Redundants , and the Rule for declining of them ? A. They are these , that are redundant in the Oblique Cases , being of the 2d and 4th Declension ; as , Laurus , ri & us , F. Quercus , ●i & ùs , F. Pinus , ni & ûs , F. Ficus , ci & ùs , F. Colus , li & lùs , F. Penus , ni & nûs , D. G. Cornus , ni & ùs , F. G. Lacus , ci & ùs , M. Domus mi & ûs , F. ( Sed Tolle me , mu , à Singulari , & mi atque mis à Plurali , si declinare domus vis ) The Rule of them is , Haec simul & quarti flexus sunt atque secundi . Q. Are there no Redundants of other Declensions , besides those of the second and fourth Declension ? A. Yes , for some are of the first and third ; as , Orestes , ae , is . Orontes , ae , is . La●bes , ae , t is . Thales , ae , t is . Calchas , ae , antis . Pascha , ae , a●is . And some are of the second and third ; as , Mulciber , beri , beris . Polypus , pi , podis . Glomus , mi , eris . Vesper , ri ris . Aedipus , i , podis . Sequester , tri , tris . Q. What is the Rule for Redundant Adjectives ? A. The Rule is this , Et quae luxuriant sunt , &c. that is there are many Redundant Adjectives , especially those derived of these Substa●tives , viz. Of Arma , jugum , nervus , somnus , clivus , animus , limus , cera , fraenum , bacillum ; which Adjectives may be either of three Terminations , or three Articles ; as , Of Arma , cometh inermus , a , um , and inermis , me ; but Hilarus is very seldom read , tho' Hilaris is very common . As in Praesenti , Explained by QUESTION and ANSWER . Q. WHat doth As in Praesenti contain ? A. It contains Rules for the Preterperfect Tenses and Supines of Simple and Compound Verbs . Q. Into how many Parts may it be divided ? A. Into Ten ; viz. 1. The Preterperfect Tenses of Simple Verbs in o. 2. The Preterperfect Tenses of Compound Verbs . 3. Supines of Simple Verbs . 4. Supines of Compound Verbs . 5. Preterperfect Tenses of Verbs in or . 6. Verbs having two Preterperfect Tenses . 7. Verbs Neuters Passive ( i. e. ) which end in o , and yet have a Passive Signification . 8. Verbs borrowing the Preterperfect Tense . 9. Verbs wanting the Preterperfect Tense . And , lastly , Verbs wanting the Supines , whereof the five first concern R●gular Verbs , the five last Irregular Verbs , which are either Redundant , Variant , or Defective . Q. What doth the first Part teach ? A. It teacheth to know the Preterfect Tense of Verbs in o , in all the four Conjugations . Q. What is to be observed in the forming of the Preterperfect Tense of Verbs in each Conjugation ? A. That the first , second and fourth have peculiar Terminations in their Preterperfect Tenses ; viz. the first in avi , the second in ui , the fourth in ivi ; but the third Conjugation forms its Preterperfect Tense variously , according to the T●rmination of Verbs in the Present Tense ; as , bo makes bi , co makes ci , &c. Q. What is the Rule for the Preterperfect Tense of all Simple Verbs in o , of the first Conjugation , declined like Amo ? A. The Rule is , As in Praesenti . Q. What is the meaning of the Rule ? A. That Verbs of the first Conjugation , having as in the second Person of the Present Ten●e will have avi in the first Person of the Preterperfect Tense ; as , No , nas , navi : Vocito , tus , ta●i . Q. What Verbs are excepted from this Rule ? A. These : Lavo , as , lavi , lotum , lautum , lavatum . Juvo , as , uvi , utum only in composition , nexo , as , xui , xum . Seco , as , cui , ctum . Neco , as , ui . Mico , as , ui . Plico , as , avi & cui . Frico , as , ui , ctum . Dom● , as , ui , itum . Tono , as , ui , itum . Sono , as , ui , itum . Crepo , as , ui , itum . Veto , as , ui , itum . Cubo , as , ui , itum . Do , das , dedi , datum . Sto , stas , steti , statum . Q. What is the Rule for the Preterperfect Tense of all Simple Verbs in eo , of the second Conjugation , declined like Doceo ? A. It is this , Es in praesenti perfectum format ui dans . Q. What is the meaning of this Rule ? A. That Verbs of the second Conjugation , having es in the second Person of the Present Tense , will have or make ui in the first Person of the Preterperfect Tense ; as , Nigreo , es , ui , &c. Q. How many Exceptions are there from this Rule ? A. There are six . Q. What is the first Exception ? A. The first is of these Verbs , viz. Jubeo , es , ssi , ssum . So●beo , es , ui , & psi p●um . Mulceo , es , si , sum . Luceo , es , xi — . Sedeo , es , di , ssum . Video , es , si , sum . Prandeo , es , si , sum . Strideo , es , di — . Suadeo , es , si , sum . Rideo , e● , si , sum . Ardeo , es , si , sum . Q. What is the second Exception ? A. Quatuor his infra , &c. viz. That the first syllable of the Preterperfect Tense is doubled in these four Verbs , Pendeo , es , pependi , sum . Mordeo , es , momordi , sum . Sp●ndeo , es , spo●●●ndi , sum . Tondeo , es , totondi , sum . Q. What is the third Exception ? A. The third is , If l or r come before ge● , in the Present Tense , the Preterperfect Tense shall end in si ; as , Vrgea , es , si , sum . Mulgeo , es , si & xi , ctum : And these ending in geo make xi ; as , Frigeo , es , xi — , Lugeo , es , xi , ctum . Augeo , es , xi , ctum . Q. What is the fourth Exception ? A. It is of these Verbs , Fleo , es , vi . Leo , es , vi . Deleo , es , vi . Pleo , es , vi . Neo , es , vi , ‑ tum . Q. What is the fifth Exception ? A. It is of these three Verbs that make si in the Preterperfect Tense , Maneo , es , si , sum . Torqueo , es , si , tum , & sum . Haereo , es , si , sum . Q. What is the last Exception ? A. It is , Veo fit vi , viz. Of Verbs in veo , which make vi in the Preterperfect Tense ; a , ●●rveo , es , vi — : Except Niveo , es , xi — . Conniveo , es , xi — . Cieo , es , vi , tum . Vieo , es , ēvi , tum . Q. Are all Verbs in ●o of the second Conjugation ? A. No , for beo , creo , screo , meo , calceo , laq●eo , nauseo , enu●leo , and the Compounds of any of them are of the first : and e● and queo , with their Compounds , are of the fourth Conjugation : and therefore es , in the second Person of the Present Ten●e , proves a Verb to be of the second Conjugation , and as proves a Verb to be of the first . Q. What is the Rule for the Preterperfect Tense of all Simple Verbs in o , of the third Conjugation , decli●ed like Lego ? A. It is , Tertia praeteritum formabit , &c. Q. What is the meaning of the Rule ? A. That Verbs of the th●rd Conjugation , having no common ending in 〈◊〉 Preterperfect Tense , as Verbs of the first and second Conjugation have , form their Preterperfect Tense according to the several Terminations of the first Person of the Present Tense . Q. What if the first Person of the Present Tense end in bo , in Verbs of the third Conjugation ? A. Then the Preterperfect Tense shall end in bi ; as , Lambo , is , bi — : Except Scribo , is , psi , ptum . Nubo , is , psi , ptum . Cuinbo , is , ui , itum . Q. What if the Present Tense end in co ? A. The Preterperfect Tense shall end in ci ; as , Vinco , is , vici , ctum : Except Parco , is , peperci , & parsi — . Dico , is , xi , ctum . Duco , is , xi , ctum . Q. What if the Present Tense end in do ? A. The Preterperfect Tense shall end in di ; as , Mando , is , di , sum : Yet these lose n out of the middle ; as , Scindo , is , scidi , ssum ; findo , is , fidi , ssum ; fundo , is , fudi , sum : And these admit a reduplication in the beginning ; as , Tundo , is , tutudi , tunsum ; pendo , is , pependi , pensum ; tendo , is , tetendi , tensum ; pedo , is , pepedi , peditum ; cado , is , cecidi , casum ; caedo , is , cecidi , caesum . Q. But how do Cedo , vado , rado , &c. make their Preterperfect Tense ? A. They make it in si , and their Supines in sum ; as , Cedo , is , ssi , ssum ; vado , is , si , sum ; laedo , is , si , sum ; ludo , is , si , sum ; divido , is , si sum ; trudo , is , si , sum ; claudo , is , si , sum ; plaudo , is , si — rodo , is , si , sum . Q. What if the Present Tense end in go ? A. The Preterperfect Tense shall end in xi ; as , Jungo , is , xi , ctum : But if there be an r before go , that Verb will make si ; as , Spargo , is , si , sum , &c. And these Verbs ending in go , make gi ; as , Lego , is , gi , ctum ; ago , is , egi , actum ; tango , is , tetigi , tactum ; pungo , is , xi , & pupugi , ctum ; frango , is , fregi , fractum ; pango , is , pepigi , pegi , & panxi , pactum . Q. What if the Present Tense end in ho ? A. The Preterperfect shall end in xi ; as , Traho , is , xi , ctum ; veho , is , xi , ctum . Q. What doth lo make in the Preterperfect Tense ? A. It makes ui ; as , Colo , is , ui , cultum : But Psallo & sallo , is , li , sum ; vello , is , li & vulsi , vulsum ; failo , is , fefelli , falsum ; cello , is , ceculi , & cellai , culsum , & celsum ; ( but percello , is , culi , culsum ; excell● , is , lui , celsum : ) pello , is , pepuli , pulsum . Q. What doth mo make in the Preterperfect Tense ? A. It makes ui ; as , Vomo , is , ui , itum : But Emo , is , mi , ptum ; como , is , compsi , ptum ; promo , is , prompsi , ptum ; demo , i● , dempsi , ptum ; sumo , is , sumpsi , ptum ; premo , is , pressi , ssum . Q. What doth no in the Present Tense , make in the Preterperfect Tense ? A. It makes vi ; as , Sino , is , vi , tum : But Temno , is , psi , ptum ; sterno , is , stravi , tum ; sperno , is , sprevi , tum ; lino , is , levi & lini , litum ; cerno , is , crevi , tum ; gigno , is , genui , genitum ; pono , is , posui , positum ; cano , is , cecini , cantum . Q. If the Present Tense end in po , how must the Preterperfect Tense end ? A. In psi ; as , Scalp● , is , psi , ptum : Except Rumpo , is , rupi , ruptum ; strepo , is , ui , itum ; crepo , is , ui , itum . Q. If the Present Tense end in quo , how doth the Preterperfect Tense end ? A. In qui ; as , Linquo , is , liqui : But Coquo , is , xi , ctum . Q. What if the Present Tense end in ro , how doth the Preterpersect end ? A. In vi ; as , Sero , is , vi , satum ; signifying , to plant or sow : But in another signification , Sero , is , ui , sertum : So Verro , is , ri , sum ; gero , is , ssi , stum ; quaero , is , sivi , itum ; tero , is , trivi , tum ▪ curro , is , cucurri , cursum ; uro , is , ssi , stum . Q. What if the Present Tense ends in so ? A. The Preterperfect Tense shall end in sivi ; as , Accerso , is , sivi , itum ; arcesso , is , sivi , itum ; incess● , is , si & sivi , situm ; lacesso , is , sivi , itum ; capesso , is , si & sivi , sum & situm ; facesso , is , si & sivi , sum & situm ; viso , is , si , sum ; pinso , is , ui , stum . Q. What if the Present Tense end in sco ? A. Then the Preterperfect Tense ends in vi ; as , Pasco , is , pavi , pastum : Except Po●co , is , poposci — ; disco , is , didici — ; quinisco , is , quexi — . Q. What if the Present Tense ends in to ? A. The Preterperfect shall end in ti ; as , Verto , is , ti , versum : Yet Sisto , is , stiti , statum ; mitto , is , si , ssum ; peto , is , petu , or petivi , itum ; sterto , is , ui — ; meto , is , ssui , ssum . Q What if the Present Tense ends in ecto ? A. The Preterperfect shall end in exi ; as , Flecto , is , xi , x●m : But Pecto , is , makes xi & xui ; and necto , is , xui & xi . Q. What if the Present Tense ends in vo ? A. The Preterperfect shall end in vi ; as , Volvo , is , vi , volutum : Except Vivo , is , xi , ctum . Q. What if the Present Tense ends in xo ? A. The Preterperfect shall end in ui ; as , Nexo , is , ui , ctum ; texo , is , ui , xtum . Q. What if the Present Tense ends in cio ? A. The Preterperfect shall end in ci ; as , Facio , is , feci , factum , jacio , is , jeci , jactum : Except the Old Verb Lacio , is , lexi , ctum ; specio , is , spexi , ctum . Q. What doth dio make in the Preterperfect ? A. It makes di ; as , Fodio , is , di , ssum . Q. What doth gio make in the Preterperfect ? A. It makes gi ; as , Fugio , is , gi , &c. Q. What doth pio make in the Preterperfect ? A. It makes pi ; as , Capio , is , cepi , captum : Except Cupio , is , pivi , itum ; rapio , is , ui , rap●um ; sapio , is , ui & ivi , itum . Q. What doth rio make in the Preterperfect ? A. It makes ri ; as , Pario , is , peperi , partum . Q. What doth tio make in the Preterperfect ? A. It makes ssi , with a double ss ; as , Quatio , is , ssi , ssum . Q What doth üo make in the Preterperfect ? A. It makes ui ; as , Statuo , is , ui , utum : But pluo , is , vi & ui , itum ; struo , is , xi , ctum ; fluo , is , xi , xum . Q. What is the Rule for the Preterperfect Tense of Simple Verbs in io , of the fourth Conjugation , declined like Audio ? A. It is , Quarta dat is , ivi , &c. Q. What is the meaning of the Rule ? A. That all Verbs of the fourth Conjugation , make their Preterperfect Tense in ivi ; as , Scio , is , seivi , tum : Except Venio , is , veni , tum ; cambio , is , psi , psum ; raucio , is , si , sum ; farcio , is , si , tum ; sarcio , is , si , tum ; sepio , is , psi , ptum ; sentio , is , si , sum ; fulcio , is , si , tum ; haurio , is , si , stum ; sancio , is , xi & ivi , ctum & citum ; vincio , is , xi , ctum ; salio , is , ui , tum ; amicio , is , ui , 〈◊〉 & amixi , ctum . Q. Do none of these that are excepted , ever make their Preterperfect Tense in ivi , according to the Rule of the fourth Conjugation ? A. Yes , Cambivi , haurivi , sepivi , sanxivi , sarcivi & salivi , are sometimes tho' seldom read . Q. Are there not many Verbs in io , which are not of the fourth Conjugation ? A. Yes , for these are of the first , tho' they end in io , viz. Glacio , emacio , socio , crucio , saucio , calcio , nuncio , fascio , catamidio , radio , hio , retalio , spolio , amplio , lani● , somnio , pio , strio , vario , decurio , centurio , succenturio , furio , basio , satio , vitio : But some that end in io , are of the third Conjugation , viz. Facio , jacio , lacio , specio , f●dio , fugio , cupio , rapio , sapio , pario , quatio . Q. What is the Rule for the Preterperfect Tense of Compound Verbs , being the Second Part of As in Praesenti ? A. It is , Prae●eritum dat idem Simplex & Composi●ivum . Q. What is the meaning thereof ? A. The meaning is , that the Compound Verb hath the same Preterperfect Tense as the Simple Verb ; for as deceo makes docui , so edoceo makes edocui . Q. Hath this Rule no Exceptions ? A. Yes , it hath several Exceptions , whereof the first is , Sed syllaba semper quam simplex geminat composto non geminatur ; that is , the syllable which is doubled in the Preterperfect of the Simple Verb is not doubled in the Preterperfect Tense of the same Verb being compounded ; for tho' tendo makes tetendi , yet extendo makes ex●endi : except in these three , praecurro , excurro , repungo , ●nd in the Compounds of do , disco , sto , posco , which double the syllable when they are compounded . Q. What is the second Exception on Praeteritum dat idem ? A. When plico is compounded with sub or a Noun , it will have avi in the Preterperfect Tense ; as , supplico , as , avi ; multiplico , as , avi : but applico , as ; complico , as ; replico , as ; explico , as , make ui or avi . Q. What is the third Exception ? A. That tho' the Simple Verb oleo makes olui in the Preterperfect Tense , yet its Compounds rather make olevi ; as , exoleo , es , levi : only redoleo , es , ui ; suboleo , es , ui . Q. What is the fourth Exception ? A. It is , that the Compounds of pungo make punxi , except repungo , is , repunxi , & repupugi . Q. What is the fifth Exception ? A. The fifth is , that the Compounds of do , being of the third Conjugation do make didi , and not dedi ; as , addo , is , didi ; credo , is , didi ; edo , is , didi ; dedo , is , didi ; reddo , is , didi ; perdo , is , didi ; abdo , is , didi ; obdo , is , didi ; condo , is , didi ; indo , is , didi ; trado , is , didi ; prodo , is , didi ; vendo , is , didi , itum ; except abscendo , is , di & didi , sum & itum : To which Rule is added the Compounds of sto , that make stiti . Q. What and how many other Exceptions are there wherein the Compound Verbs do differ from the Simple ? A. There are three general Exceptions , ( viz. ) 1. Verba haec simplicia , &c. 2. Haec habeo , lateo , &c. 3. Haec si componas , &c. Q. What is the meaning of the first Exception , ( viz. ) Verba haec simpli●ia ? A. That these Verbs following , ( viz. ) Damno , lacto , sacro , fallo , arceo , tracto , satiscor , partio , carpo , patro , scando , spargo , and pario , when they are compounded , change their first Vowel in all Tenses into e ; as , damno , condemno , lacto , oblecto , sacro , consecro : but two of the Compounds of pario , ( viz. ) Comperio , is , rii , and reperio , is , ri , make their Preterperfect Tense in ri , the rest of its Compounds make ui ; as , aperio , is , ui , apertum ; operio , is , ui , opertum : but all of them in general , except in the Preterperfect Tense , are declined like Verbs of the fourth Cunjugation , tho' the Simple Verb pario be of the third . Q. What say you of the Compounds of Pasco , belonging to this Rule , Verba haec simplicia ? A. That two of its Compounds change the first Vowel into e , and make their Preterperfect Tense in ui , viz. Compesco , is , ui ; dispesco , is , ui ; but all the rest of the Compounds of Pa●co do keep the Vowel and Preterperfect Tense of the Simple Verb ; as , Epasco , is , vi , stum . Q. What is the meaning of the second general Exception , ( viz. ) Haec habeo , lateo , &c. wherein Compound Verbs differ from the Simple ? A. That these Verbs , viz. Habeo , lateo , salio , statuo , cado , laedo , pango , pegi , cano , quaero , caedo , tango , egeo , teneo , taceo , sapio , rapio ; being compounded , change the first Vowel in all Tenses into i ; as , Habeo , cohibeo , rapio , eripio . Q. What is to be observed of the Compounds of Cano ? A. That they make their Preterperfect Tense in ui , ( tho' it self makes cecini ) as , Concinno , is , ui , tum . Q. What say you of the Compounds of Placeo ? A. They change the first Vowel into i ; as , displiceo , es , ui , itum : except complaceo and perplaceo , declined like the Simple Verb placeo . Q. What say you of the Compounds of Pango ? A. That these four , depango , oppango , circumpango , and repango do keep a like the Simple Verb : but all the rest of its Compounds change a into i ; as , impingo , is , pegi . Q. What say you of the Compounds of Maneo ? A. That these four Compounds of Maneo , viz. Praemineo , es , ui ; emineo , es , ui ; promineo , es , ui , and immineo , es , ui , do change the first Vowel of the Simple Verb into i , and do make their Preterperfect Tense in ui ; but all the rest of its Compounds keep the Vowel a , and are declined like Maneo . Q. What say you of the Compounds of scalpo , calco , salto ? A. They change a into u ; as , scalpo , exculpo ; calco , incul●o ; salto , resulto . Q. What say you of the Compounds of claudo , quatio , lavo ? A. They cast away a ; as , claudo , occludo , excludo , quatio , percutio , excutio ; lavo , proluo , diluo . Q. What is the meaning of , Haec si componas , &c. the third general Exception of Verbs Compounds that differ from their Simple ? A. That these Verbs , Ago , emo , sedeo , rego , frango , capio , jacio , lacio , specio , premo , when they are compounded , change the first Vowel of the Present Tense , and the Tenses form'd thereof into i ; but not of the Preterperfect Tense , nor of the Tenses form'd of it ; as , frango , refringo , is , fregi ; capio , incipio , is , cepi . Q. Are there no Exceptions from this Rule ? A. Yes , for perago and satago are declined like the Simple Verb ago : and these two Compounds of it , dego , cogo , with pergo , do cast away the middle syllable of the Present Tense ; for instead of deago , we say dego ; cogo instead of coago ; and pergo for perago ; so surgo for surrego . Q. What is the meaning of this Rule , Nil variat facio ? A. That the Compounds of facio , do not change the first Vowel into i ; as , olfacio , calfacio ; unless when facio is compounded with a Preposition ; as , inficio . Q. What is the meaning of , A lego nata , & c ? A. That lego being compounded with re , se , per , prae , sub , or trans , doth keep e , and not change it into i ; but when it is not compounded with re , se , &c. it doth change the Vowel into i ; as , intelligo , diligo , negligo , which three make the Preterperfect Tense lexi , all the rest of its Compounds legi . Q. How is the Sup●ne of a Simple Verb known , being the Third Part of As in praesenti ? A. It is known by the ending of the Preterperfect Tense . Q. What if the Preterperfect end in bi , how shall the Supine end ? A. It shall end in tum ; as , bibo , bibi , tum . Q. What is ci in the Preterperfect Tense made in the Supine ? A. It is made ctum ; as , vinco , vici ; ico , ci , ctum ; facio , feci , factum ; jacio , jeci , jactum . Q. What is di made in the Supine ? A. Sum ; as , video , vidi , sum : but these Verbs do double ss ; as , pando , pandi , passum ; sedeo , sedi , ssum ; scindo , scidi , ssum ; findo , sidi , ssum ; fodio , fodi , ssum : Observe that the syllable which is doubled in the Preterperfect Tense , is never doubled in the Supine ; as , tondeo , totondi , tonsum , and not totonsum ; cedo , cecīdi , caesum ; cado , cecĭdi , casum ; tendo , tetendi , tensum , & tentum ; tundo , tutudi , tunsum ; pedo , pepidi , peditum ; do , dedi , datum . Q. What is gi made in the Supine ? A. It makes ctum ; as , l●go , legi , lectum ; pango , pegi & pepigi , pactum ; frango , fregi , fractum ; tango , tetigi , tactum ; ago , egi , actum ; pungo , pupugi , punctum : but fugio , fugi , fugitum . Q. What is li made in the Supine ? A. Sum ; as , sallo , salli , salsum ; pello , pepuli , pulsum ; cello , ceculi , culsum ; fallo , fef●lli , falsum ; vello , velli & vulsi , vulsum : but fero , tuli , latum . Q. What are these Terminations of the Preterperfect Tense , mi , ni , pi , qui , made in the Supine ? A. Tum ; as , 1. Emo , emi , emptum . 2. Venio , veni , ventum ; cano , cecini , cantum . 3. Capio , cepi , captum ; caepio , caepi , caeptum ; rumpo , rupi , ruptum ; linquo , liqui , dant pignora lictum . Q. What doth ri make in the Supine ? A. Sum ; as , verro , verri , versum : except pario , peperi , partum . Q. What doth si make in the Supine ? A. Sum ; as , viso , visi , visum : but mitto , misi , missum , with a double s . And these make tum , fulcto , fulsi , fultum ; haurio , hausi , haustum ; sarcio , sarci , sartum ; farcio , farsi , fartum ; uro , ussi , ustum ; gero , gessi , gestum ; torqueo , torsi , tortum & torsum ; indulgeo , indulsi , indulsum & indultum . Q. What doth psi make in the Supine ? A. It makes tum ; as , scribo , scripsi , scriptum : but campsi makes campsum . Q. What doth ti make in the Supine ? A. Tum ; as , sto , steti , and sisto , stiti , statum : but verto , verti , makes versum . Q. What doth vi make in the Supine ? A. It makes tum ; as , flo , flavi , flatum : except pasco , pavi , pastum ; lavo , lavi , lotum , lautum & lavatum ; poto , potavi , po●um & potatum ; caveo , cavi , cautum ; sero , sevi , satum ; lino , livi & lini , litum ; solvo , solvi , solutum ; volvo , volvi , volutum ; singultio , singultivi , singultum ; veneo , is , venivi & ii , venum ; sepelio , is , sepelivi , sepultum . Q. What doth ui make in the Supine ? A. It makes itum ; as , domo , as , ui , itum : but ui , of a Verb in uo , makes utum ; as , exuo , exui , exutum : except ruo , is , rui , ruitum ; seco , as , ui , sectum ; neco , as , necui , nectum ; frico , as , ui , frictum ; misceo , es , miscui , misium ; amicio , is , amicui , amictum ; torreo , es , torrui , tostum ; doceo , es , docui , doctum ; teneo , es , tenui , tentum ; consulo , is , consului , consultum ; alo , alui , altum & alitum ; salio , is , salui , saltum ; colo , is , colui , cultum ; pinso , is , pinsui , pistum , pinsitum and pinsum ; rapio , is , rapui , raptum ; sero , is , serui , sertum ; texo , is ▪ texui , textum . Q. But what is the meaning of this Rule , Haec sed ui mutant in sum ? A. That these Verbs turn the Preterperfect Tense ui , in sum ; as , Censeo , censui , censum ; cello , cellui , celsum ; meto , messui , messum : ( but nexo , nexui , n●xum ; pecto , pexui , pexum ) pateo , patui , passum ; careo , carui , cassum & caritum . Q. What doth xi in the Preterperfect Tense make in the Supine ? A. It makes ctum ; as , vincio , vinxi , vinctum : but these five Verbs in xi cast away n ; as , fingo , finxi , fictum ; mingo , minxi , mictum ; pingo , pinxi , pictum ; stringo , strinxi , strictum ; ringo , rinxi , rictum : and these four Verbs in xi make xum , not ctum ; as , flecto , flexi , flexum ; plecto , plexi , plexum ; figo , fixi , fixum ; fluo , fluxi , fluxum . Q. What is the Fourth Part of As in Praesenti ? A. It is , Compositum ut simplex formatur quodque supinum , viz. The Supines of the Compound Verbs are the same as the Supines of the Simple Verbs ; for as doceo makes doctum , so edoceo makes edoctum . Q. Is there no Exception on this Rule ? A. Yes , for sometimes the Compound Supine hath not the same syllable as the Supine of the Simple , for tho' tundo makes tunsum , pertundo makes pertusum , ruo makes ruitum ; yet corruo , corrutum ; salio , saltum ; resilio , resultum ; sero , satum ; insero , insitum : Also these Supines , Captum , factum , jactum , raptum , cantum , partum , sparsum , carptum , fartum , change a into e when they are compounded . Q. What will edo make when it is compounded ? A. It will make esum , and not estum ; as , exedo makes exesum ; only comedo make● comestum and con●sum . Q. What do the Compounds of nosco make in the Supines ? A. They make notum ; as , dignosco , dignotum : except cognosco , cognitum , and agnosco , agnitum . Q. What is the meaning of the Fifth Part of As in Praesenti , ( viz. ) Verba in or admittunt ex posteriore supino , &c. A. The meaning is , that all Passives do borrow their Preterperfect Tense of the latter Supine of the Active Voice , by changing the Termination u into us , and adding sum or fui ; as , of lectu is made lectus sum or fui : Which sum or fui differ thus : Amissus est qui adhuc desideratur : Amissus fuit qui jam inventus est . Q. What is the meaning of this Insertion , At horum nunc est Deponens ? A. The meaning is , that in Verbs deponent ( because they are not read in the Active Voice to have a latter Supine ) , we do feign a latter Supine whereby their Preterperfect Tense may be formed . Q. What Verbs of this sort are most to be observed ? A. They are those of the Book which seem to differ from the common way of declining ; as , Labor , eris , lapsus sum vel fui ; patior , eris , passus sum ; compatior , eris , compassus sum ; perpetior , eris , sus sum ; fateor , ēris , sus sum ; confiteor , ēris , ssus sum ; diffiteor , ēris , essus sum ; gradior , eris , gressus sum ; digredior , eris , essus sum ; satiscor , eris , fessus sum ; metior , īris , mensus sum ; utor , eris , usus sum ; ordior , īris , orsus & orditus sum ; nitor , eris , nixus , & nisus sum ; ulciscor , eris , ultus ; irascor , eris , atus sum ; reor , ēris , ratus sum ; obliviscor , eris , litus sum ; f●uor , eris , ctus & itus sum ; misereor , ēris , ertus sum ; tuor , eris , tuitus sum ; tueor , ēris , tuitus sum ; loquor , eris , locutus vel loquutus sum ; sequor , eris , ūtus sum ; experior , īris , ertus sum ; paciscor , eris , pactus sum ; nanciscor , eris , nactus sum ; apiscor , eris , aptus sum ; adipiscor , eris , adeptus sum ; queror , eris , stus , sum ; proficiscor , eris , ctus sum ; expergiscor , eris , rectus sum ; comminisc●r , eris , entus sum ; nascor , eris , natus sum ; morior , eris , mortuus sum ; orior , eris , ortus sum . Q. Which is the Sixth Part of As in Praesenti , and what doth it treat of ? A. The Sixth Part is , Praeteritum Activae & Passivae vocis habent haec ; and it treats of Verbs Irregular redundant . Q. What 's the meaning of the Rule it self ? A. The meaning is , that these Verbs Neuters redound and have a Preterperfect Tense of the Active and Passive Voice , viz. Coeno , as , coenavi & coenatus sum ; juro , as , juravi & juratus sum ; poto , as , potavi & potus ; titubo , as , titubavi , titubatus ; careo , es , carui & cassus sum ; prandeo , es , prandi & pransus ; pateo , es , patui & passus ; placeo , es , placui & placitus ; suesco , is , suevi & suetus ; veneo , is , venivi & venditus sum ; nubo , is , nupsi & nupta sum ; mereor , ēris , merui & meritus sum ; li●et , 2. libuit , libitum est ; licet , 2. licuit , licitum est ; taedet , 2. taeduit , pertaesum est ; pudet , 2. puduit , puditum est ; piget , 2. piguit , pigitum est : Yet few of these , except placeo , nubo , and the five last , have a Preterperfect Passive . Q. Which is the Seventh Part of As in Praesenti , and what doth it treat of ? A. It is this , Neutro-passivum sic Praeteritum tibi format , and this Part and the next Part treats of Irregular Variants . Q. What is the meaning of the first Rule of Variants ? A. That these Verbs Neuters , tho' they end like Verbs Actives , have an irregular Preterperfect Tense , ( i. e. ) are declined with a Preterperfect Tense of the Vassive Voice ; as , Gaudeo , es , gavisus sum ; fido , is , fisus sum ; audeo , es , ausus sum ; solco , es , solitus sum ; fio , fis , factus sum ; maereo , es , maestus sum . Q. What is the difference between Neutro-passiva , and Neutralia-passiva ? A. Neutro-passiva have a Preterperfect Tense after the manner of Passives , and commonly also a Passive Signification ; as , Audeo , aufus sum ; but Neutralia-passiva have only a Passive Signification , without any ending like a Passive ; as , Vapulo , veneo , exulo , &c. Q. Which is the Eighth Part of As in Praesenti , being the second Rule of Verbs Irregular Variant ? A. The Eighth Part is , Quaedam praeteritum verba accipiunt aliunde : ( i. e. ) These Verbs are declined with a Preterperfect Tense borrowed of the Primitives whereof they are derived , having none of their own ; as , 1. Verbs Inceptives in Sco , ( i. e. ) signifying , to begin to do a thing , or to wax more ; as , Tepesco , is , tepui , to begin to be warm , or to wax more warm ; from tepeo , to be warm ; and so fervesco , is , fervi , from ferveo . Q. What other Verbs of this Rule do borrow or vary their Preterperfect Tense ? A. These , Cerno , is , vidi , from video ; quatio , is , concussi , of concutio ; ferio , is , percussi , of percutio ; meio , is , ininxi , of mingo ; sido , is , sedi , of sedeo ; tollo , is , sustuli , of suffero ; sum , es , fui , of fuo ; fero , fers , tuli , of tulo ; sisto , is , stiri , of sto ; furo , is , insanivi , of insanio ; vescor , ēris , pastus sum , of pascor ; medeor , ēris , medicatus sum , of medicor ; liquor , ēris , liquefactus sum , of liquefio ; reminiscor , ēris , recordatus sum , of recordor . Q. Which is the Ninth Part of As in Praesenti , and what doth it treat of ? A. It is , Praeteritum fugiunt , &c. and its treats of these four sort of Verbs , which are desective in their Preterpersect Tense ; as , 1. Vergo , i● , ambigo , is ; glisco , is ; fatisco , is ; polleo , es ; nideo , es . 2. Verbs Inceptives ending in sco , signifying a beginning , ( which are neither put for nor have any Primitive Verbs ) want the Preterperfect ; as , Puerasco , is . 3. Such Passives whose Actives want the Supines , from which the Preterperfect Tense Passive is formed ; as , Metuor , ēris ; timeor , ēris . 4. All Meditatives , ( viz. ) such as signifie a meditation , or a desire to do , or to be about to do a thing ; as , Micturio , I have a desire to make Water ; scripturio , I am about to Write ; except parturio , is , ivi ; esurio , is , ivi . Q. What is the Last Part of As in Praesenti , and what doth it treat of ? A. It is , Haec rarò aut nunquam retinebunt Verba Supinum ; and it treats of these Verbs that commonly are defective in their Supines ; as , Lambo , is ; mico , as ; rado , is ; scabo , is ; parco , is ; dispesco , is ; posco , is ; disco , is ; compesco , is ; quinisco , is ; dego , is ; ango , is ; sugo , is ; lingo , is ; mingo , is ; satago , is ; psallo , is ; volo , vis ; nolo , nonvis ; malo , mavis ; tremo , is ; strideo , es ; strido , is ; annuo , is ; flaveo , es ; liveo , es ; aveo , es ; paveo , es ; conniveo , es ; ferveo , es ; with the Compounds of nuo , is ; and cado , is ; except occido , is , occasum ; and re●ido , is , recasum : Also these Verbs want the Supine , respuo , is ; linquo , is ; luo , is ; metuo , is ; cluo , is ; frigeo , es ; calvo , is ; sterto , is ; timeo , es ; luceo , es ; arceo , es ; but the Compounds of arceo do make ercitum : The Compounds of gruo want the Supines ; as , ingruo , is . Lastly , All Verbs Neuters of the second Conjugation , which have ui in the Preterperfect Tense , do want the Supines ; except oleo , es ; doleo , es ; placeo , es ; taceo , es ; pareo , es ; careo , es ; noceo , es ; pateo , es ; lateo , es ; valeo , es ; caleo , es , ‑ tum . SYntaxis Liliana in Compendium redacta : Nam tantam Regularum molem , quae à Lilio multiplicatae sunt , neutiquam necessariam esse sentio : Sed siquis quaerat quare tam pauca exempla eaque taris in locis hinc illinc sparsa in Syntacticas hasce Regulas citavi , sciat me consultò & ad imitationem doctissimarum Scholarum hoc fecisse . Insuper Specimina & Exempla in Lilianam Syntaxin à multis edita non desunt ; necnon Anglica argmenta quotidiè meis tyronibus Latinè vertenda dictare soleo : Et denique in Syntacticâ Verborum examinatione eorum constructionem , & quos casus plerumque regunt , non omnino perfunctoriè tractavi . Siquid novisti , siquid excogit●sti ( Quicunque es ) rectius aut melius istis , candidus imperti , si non , his utere mecum . GRammatica est rectè scribendi atque loquendi Ars. Grammaticae partes sunt quatuor : 1. Othographia , quae circa veram literarwn scripturam . 2. Etymologia , quae circa singulas partes orationis . 3. Syntaxis quae circa v●ces vel partes orationis conjunctas . 4. Prosiodia quae circa syllabas rectè pronuntiandas versatur . Syntaxis est congrita octo partium orationis inter se disp sitio . Syntaxis est duplex Perfecta seu Analoga , quae est regularis & Figurata seu Anomala quae non est regularis , sed re●●dit à communibus regulis , & tamen bonorum scriptorum autho●itate nititur . Perfecta seu Analoga item est duplex , Concordantia quae est dictionum inter se convenientia , & Regimen quod est dependentia unius dictionis ab aliâ . Concordantia vocum declinabitium est duplex , vulgà triplex ; prima Verbi cum Nominativo , secunda Adjectivi cum Substantivo ad quam tertia ( quae est Relativi cum Antecedente ▪ ) referri potest . De tribus Concordantiis & casu Relativi : de Interrogativo & Redditivo , & Substantivorum convenientia . VErbum personale cohaeret cum nomina●ivo , numero & perfo●â . Adjectiva ut & . participia & pronomina cum substantivis , genere , numero , & casu consentiunt , etiam cum Verbum intercesserit . Relativum Qui , cum Antecedente , genere , numero , & personâ , interdum etiam & casu concordat . Relativum aut erit Verbo nominativus , aut à Verbo aut ab aliâ dictione regitur . Interrogativa & Indefinita Relativorum regulam sequuntur . Interrogativum & ejus Redditivum ejûdem casus & temporis erunt , nisi Interrogatio fiat per dictionem variae Syntaxeos , vel per Cujus , ja , jum , aut Responsio per haec possessiva , Meus , tuus , suus , &c. Substantivum cum substantivo ejus rei aut personae convenient casu . Figurata Syntaxis . VErba Insiniti Medi pro Nominativo Accusativum ante se statuunt . Hic modus resolvi potest per , quòd & ut , aliquando per an , ne & quin , praecedente non ; post videor non resolvitur . Nomen multitudinis singul●re quandoque Verbo plurali jungitur . Nominativus primae vel secundae personae ( nisi discretionis & emphasis causâ ) & nominativus tertiae personae quando ejus significatio ad homines tantùm pertinet , rarò exprimitur . Discretio vocatur cum diversa studia significamus ; ut , tu nidum servas , ego l●udo ruris amaeni — rivos ▪ Hor. Emphasis est cum plùs significamus quàm expressè dicimus ; ut , tu audes ista loqui , cantando tu illum ? subaudi vicisti . Virg. Aliquando Verbum infinitum , aliquando oratio , aut membrum aliquando orationis , aliquando adverbium cum genitivo , aut dictio aliqua materialitèr sumpta , supplet locum nominativi , substantivi aut ante●edentis . Duo nominativi singulares , duo substantiva , & duo antecedentia singularia , intercedente conjunctione copulativâ , verbum , adjectivum , & relativum plurale requirunt , Quod quidem verbum , adjectivum & relativum , ●um nominativo , substantivo , & antecedente , dignioris personae & dignioris generis consentit , nisi quod in inanimatis neutrum genus dignius est . Verbum substantivum inter duos nominativ●s diversorum numerorum , & relativum inter duo antecedentia diversorum generum ●ollocatum cum alterutro convenire potest . Mobile fit fixum , si fixum mente suba●dis , ( i. e. ) Adjectiva substantivè usurpata , ejus sunt generis cujus est substantivum intellectum . Aliquando relativum , aliquando & nomen adjectivum respondet primitivo , quod in possessivo subintelligitur . De Regimine . REgimen est dependentia unius dictionis ab ali● : & est duplex , Casus & Modi . Omnes partes orationis regunt casus , exceptâ conjunctione . Substantivorum regimen seu Constructio . Posterius duorum substantivorum diversas res significantium , in genitivo plerumque ponitur , sed saepè in Adjectivum possessivum mutatur , & aliquando in dativum vertitur . Adjectivum aut pronomen adjectivum in neutro gener● absolutè positum , genitivum regit , & substantivum fit , ut è contrario substantivum praecipuè apud Graecos quandoque fit Adjectivum . Secundum hanc regulam , haec dictio ( Res ) cum sit juncta adjectivo potest omitti . Prius substantivum aliquando sub auditur . Laus & vituperium rei quae significatur alteri inesse aut adesse in ablativo vel genitivo post verbum aut nomen substantivum effertur . Opus & usus ablativum exigunt . Verbalia in io antiquè regebant casum verbi unde derivata erant ; ut , Quid tibi hanc curatio est rem ? Quid tibi nos mendice homo tactio est ? Plaut . Justitia est obtem peratio legibus scriptis . Traditio alteri . Cicero . Domum reditionis spe sublatâ . Caesar . de Eell . Gal. Sic adjectiva praesertim verbalia in , bundus ; ut , populabundus agros . Vitabundus castra hostium . Imaginabundus carnificem . Gratulabundus patriae . Studiosus adulterio sc . studere adulterio Plaut . Cumque sit ignis aquae pugnax . Adjectivorum regimen seu Constructio . GENITIVUS . ADjectiva desiderium , notitiam , memoriam , curam , metum significantia , atque iis contraria , &c. Item verbalia in ax ; item partitiva , comparativa , superlativa , distributiva , interrogativa & certa numeralia genitivum adsciscunt . Sed partitiva & quae partitivè significant , aliquando usurpantur cum his praepositionibus , Ab , de , e , ex , inter , ante . Compos , impos , consors , exors , particeps , p●tens , impotens , cum ingenti adjectivorum turbâ , nullis regulis obstricta casum patrium postulant . Reus , certior , & sollicitus , genitivo adhaerent aut ablativo cum de , sed conscius genitivo rei , interdum & dativo ●ungitur , at semper dativo personae . DATIVUS . Adjectiva quibus commodum , incommodum , amititiam , odium , aptitudo , ineptitudo , facilitas , difficultas , ( item plurimùm similitudo , dissimilitudo , & propinquitas ) voluptas , dolor , submissio , aut relatio , ad aliquid signi●icatu● . Item nomina ex con praepositione composita : Denique verbalia in bilis & participialia in dus , in dativum trantranseunt . Sed natus , commodus , incommodus , utilis , inutilis , vehemens , aptus , par , aequalis , interdum etiam Accusativo cum praepositicne adjunguntur . Communis , alienus , immunis , variis casibus inserviunt . ACCUSATIVUS . Magnitudinis mensura subjicitur adjectivis in accusativo , interdum & in ablativo vel genitivo . ABLATIVUS . Adjectiva quae ad copiam , egestatemve pertinent in ablativo vel genitivo rei gaudent . Comparativa cum exponuntur per quàm ; item dignus , indignus , praeditus , captus , contentus , extorris , fretus , vilis , carus , venalis . Denique nomina significantia causam , instrumentum , formam , aut modum rei , vel aliquid simile , uti adjunctum vel circumstantiam regunt ablativum . Nomina diversitatis Ablativum sibi cum praepositione subjiciunt , non unquam etiam Dativum . Tantò , quantò , multò , longè , eò , quò , paulò , nimiò , aetate , natu , & comparativis , & superlativis app●nuntur . Comparativum magnâ ex parte ad duo , superlativum ad plura refertur . Pronominum Constructio . CVm passio significatur primitiva , cum actio vel possessio possessiva usurpantur ( i. e. ) substantiva affectuum significant passionem , cum regunt hosce genitivos pronominum , mei , tui , sui , nostri , vestri , sed haec possessiva , meus , tuus , suus , noster , vester , activè explicantur . Ex pronominibus , ipse & idem , omnibus personis jungi possunt . Idem habet post se , qui , & , ac , atque . Hic proximitatem , Ille excellentiam , Iste contemptum , significant . Sui & suus reciproca sunt : hoc est , cum tertia persona redit vel transit in seipsam ; ut , Caesar recordatur sui , indulget sibi , amat se ; parcit erroribus suis , &c. sed in primâ & secundâ personâ , non fit reciprocatio , nam non dicimus , dixi sibi , sed ei : nec nosti suum fratrem , sed illius . Constructio seu Regimen Verborum . Nominativus post Verbum . VErba Substantiva ; ut , sum , forem , fio , exisio . 2. Passiva vocandi iisque similia ; ut , dicor , vocor , salutor , habeor , existimor , videor , &c. Et 3. Verba Neutra gestûs ; ut , eo , incedo , curro , sedeo , bibo , cubo , studeo , dormio , somnio , &c. utrinque nominativum aut cesdem casus expetunt . Genitivus post Verbum . SVm signisicans possessionem , proprietatem , aut officium Genitivum p●stulat . Excipiuntur hi Nominativi , Meum , tuum , suum , nostrum , vestrum , humanum , belluinum , & similia . Verba aestimandi cum Accusativ● admittunt hosce aestimationis genitivos , tanti , quanti , cum compositis , magni , maximi , pluris , plurimi , parvi , minoris , minimi , nihili , slocci , nauci , pili , assis , hujus , teruncii . Aestimo vel Genitivum vel Ablativum adsciscit , sed hos Ablativos , magno , permagno , parvo , nihilo , saepe recipit . Item Verba accusandi , damnandi , monendi , absolvendi & consimilia praeter Accusativum personae Genitivum postulant criminis & interdum paenae . Sed Genitivus horum Verborum vertitur aliquando in Ablativum cum vel absque praepositione ; praecipuè , si , uterque , nullus , alter , neuter , alius , ambo , & superlativus gradus sequantur id genus Verba . Satago , misereor , miseresco , Genitivum admittunt . Reminiscor , obliv●scor , recordor , & memini Genitivum aut Accusativum desiderant . Potior aut Genitivo aut Ablativo jungitur . Dativus post Verborum . OMnia Verba acquisitivè posita adsiscunt Dativum ejus r●i aut personae cui aliquid acquiritur , & cui aliquid usitatius ad●mitur . Haec regula omnia Verborum genera in se comprehendit , Activa , Passiva , Neutra & Deponentia , tam transitiva , quam intransitiva , & quoslibet Dativos tam reiquam p●rsonae . Hui● regulae appendent imprimis Verba significantia commodum , incommodum . 2. Verba comparandi . 3. Dandi & reddendi . 4. Promittendi , solvendi & debendi . 5. Imperandi & nunciandi . 6. Fidendi & iis contraria . 7. Obsequendi & repugnandi . 8. Minandi & irascendi . 9. Sum cum compositis . 10. Verba neutra & passiva composita cum his praepositionibus , prae , ad , con , sub , ante , post , ob , in , inter . 11. Verba composita cum his Adverhiis , satis , benè & malè . 12. Est & suppetit pro habeo . 13. Sum cum quibusdam aliis geminum adsciscit Dativum . Aliquando apponitur Verbis Dativus pro Accusativo cum praepositione ; ut , it clamor coelo pro ad coelum : Belloque animos accendit agrestes , pro ad bellum ; Me mea paupertas vitae tradueit inerti , pro ad inert●m vitam . Est aliquando Pleonasmus , ( sc . Redundantia vocabuli horum Dativoram ) mihi , tibi , sibi . Quaedam Verba variè construuntur ; ut , ausculto tibi & te . Sic dono , aspergo , impertio , interdico ; Tempero , moderor tibi & te ; refero tibi & ad te , & refero ad senatum ; do tibi & ad te . Item mitto & scribo tibi & ad te literas ; consulo tibi te & in te ; aequi boni consulo & facio , caveo tibi ; cavere periculum ; aemulor tibi , sc . invideo ; aemulor te sc . im●tor ; deficiunt mihi vel me vires ; conducit tuae laudi & in tuam laudem , &c. Accusativus post Verbum . VErba Transitiva seu potiùs Activa , & pleraque alia uti Deponentia , & Neutra actionem transeuntem significantia Accusativum regunt . Quaedam Intransitiva cognatae significationis Accusativum regunt ( ut , vivo vitam vel aetatem ; curro cursum ; longam eo viam ; duram servio servitutem , &c. alioqui non , nam secus est in neutris & deponentibus quae actionem habent absolutam , qualia sunt existo , sto , sedeo , venio , surgo , orior , morior , &c. Verba rogandi , vestiendi , celandi . Item doceo & moneo cum compositis , atque etiam hortor duplicem regunt Accusativum : Sed rogo , exoro , p●sco , doceo , edoceo , moneo , & admoneo , Accusativum rei retinent etiam in Passivo . Ablativus post Verbum . QVodvis Verbum admittit Ablativum significantem instrumentum , causam , Modum actionis aut partem , sed aliquando additur praepositio ablativo causae , Modi actionis & partis . Quibuslibet Verbis subjicitur nomen pretii in Ablativo casu . Excipiuntur hi Genitivi sine Substantivis positi , tanti , quanti , pluris , minoris , tantidem , quantivis , quantilibet , quanticunque , sin addantur Substantiva , hi Genitivi in Ablativo efferuntur . Sed vili , paulo , minimo , magno , nimio , plurimo , dimidio , duplo , adjiciuntur saepe sine Substantivis . Instrumentum quaestioni factae per quocum , causa per quare , modus actionis per quomodo , & pretium rei per quanti respondet . Valeo tum Accusativo tum Ablativo junctum reperitur . Verba abundandi , implendi , onerandi , & illis diversae Ablativo gaudent , interdum sed rarius Genitivo . Fungor , fruor , utor , vescor , epulor , dignor , gaudeo , laetor , glorior , sto , consto , creor , nascor , muto , numero , communico , afficio , prosequor , impertio , impertior , laboro , pro malè habeo , nitor , supersedeo , & vivo pro victito , & similia Ablativo junguntur . Mereor cum Adverbiis , benè , malè , meliùs , pejùs , optimè , pessimè Ablativo adhaerent cum praepositione De. Quaedam accipiendi , distandi , & auferendi Verba Ablativum cum praepositione optant , sed hic casus vertitur aliquando in Dativum . Verbis , quae vim comparationis obtinent , adjicitur Ablativus significans mensuram excessus . Aliquando additur Ablativus absolutè sumptus cum participio adjecto vel intellecto ; qui resolvi potest per hasce particulas , dum , cum quando , siquàm , postquam . Eidem Vero diversi casus diversae orationis apponi possunt . Passivorum Constructio . PAssiva habent Ablativum agentis cum Praepositione , a , ab vel abs , & i●●erdum Dativum . Caeteri casus , excepto Accusativo , manent in Passivis qui fuerint Activorum . Passivorum constructionem sequuntur Neutro-passiva , vapulo , vaeneo , liceo , exulo , fio . Verba Infiniti Modi vel aliis Verbis , vel Participiis , aut Adjectivis subjiciuntur . Verba Infiniti Modi interdum figuratè & absolutè ponuntur . Quatuor sunt Verborum genera quae solùm post se Infinitivum habere perhibentur . 1. Quae significant sensum ; ut , audio , sentio , intelligo , docco , disco . 2. Quae significant voluntatem ; ut , cupio , posco , libet , placet . 3. Quae potentiam ; ut , possum , queo , valeo : Et 4. Quae s●quuntur , Licet , liberum est , par est , aequum est , contingit , &c. De Gerundiis . GErundia & Supina activè significantia regunt casum suorum Verborum . Gerundia in di , pendent , a quibusdam tum Substantivis tum Adjectivis Genitivum regentibus . Sed Poeticè Infinitivus Modus hujus Gerundii loco ponitur ; ut , studium quibus arva tueri , &c. Gerundia in di , pro casu sui verbi quem debent regere habent aliquando genitivum pluralem , ( i. e. ) Accusativus pluralis vetitur aliq . in genitivum pluralem ; ut , novarum qui spectandi copiam faciunt ; causa est quia Gerund●a sunt substantiva utriusque numeri , uti plerique vosunt . Gerundia in do , pendent ab his Praepositionibus , a , ab , abs , de , e , ex , cum , in , pr● , aut ponuntur absque Praepositione cum ●●gnificatur causa vel modus ; ut , nihil est quin malé narrando p●ssit depravariēr , Ter. Omnia conando docilis solertia vincit , Mart. Alitur vitium crescitque tegendo , &c. Gerundia in dum , pendent ab his Praepositionibus , inter , ante , ad , ob , propter , aut ponuntur absolutè cum Dativo expresso vel inrellecto quando significatur necessitas . Quandoque Gerundia significant passivè ; ut , Athenas erudiendi grati● missus . Gerundia vertuntur eleganter in Adjectiva & cum Substantivis , genere , numero , & casu conveniunt ; ut , ad discendas literas . De Supinis . PRius Supinum sequitur verba aut participia significantia motum ad locum . Posterius Supinum sequitur nomina adjectiva au● verba significantia motum de loco ; ut , obsonatu redeo , Plaut . Primus cubitu surgat . Postremus cubitum eat , Cat. de re rust . Constructio Temporis & Loci . TErminus temporis respondens ad quaestionem factam per Quando , quid sit factum ? in Ablativo effertur . Spatium temporis respondens ad quaestionem factam per Quamdiu ? & spatium loci respondens ad quaestionem factam per Quantum ? in Accusativo frequentiùs , interdum & in Ablativo efferuntur . Locorum Constructio . NOmina majorum locorum , nempè regionum , insularum & provinciarum , ut & appellativa locorum adduntur plerumque cum Praepositione . Propria Urbium & Oppidorum . PRopria urbium & oppidorum quae in loco significant , & respondent ad quaestionem , Vbi ? Si sint numeri singularis , & primae vel secundae declinationis in Genitivo efferuntur , sin pluralis , tantùm numeri aut tertiae declinationis fuerint in Dativo aut Ablativo efferuntur . Humi , domi , militiae , belli , ruri vel rure , propriorum sequuntur formam . Propria urbium & oppidorum ubi motus ad locum significatur , & ad quaestionem Quo ? respondetur , in Accusativo citra Praepositionem efferuntur . Sic Domum & Rus usurpamus . Propria urbium & ●ppidorum à loco aut per locum significantia & ad quaestionem , unde aut Quâ ? respondentia , in Ablativo sine Praepositione efferuntur . Sic Domo & rure utimur . Domi non alios Genitivos adjectivorum patitur quam Meae , tuae , suae , nostrae , vestrae , alienae . Si alia addas Adjectiva in Ablativo cum domo efferuntur . Impersonalium Constructio . GENITIVUS . HAeC Impersonalia interest & refert Genitivum sibi personae plurimùm subjiciunt , nisi quòd pro genitivis pronominum primitivorum regunt hos ablativos foemininos , Meâ , tuâ , suâ , nostrâ , vestrâ & cujâ . Regunt & hos genitivos quantitatis , tanti , quanti , magni , parvi , pluris . DATIVUS . In Dativum feruntur haec Impersonalia , accidit , certum est , contingit , constat , confert , competit , conducit , convenit , placet , displicet , dolet , expedit , evenit , liquet , libet , licet , nocet , obest , prodest , praestat , patet , stat , restat , benefit , ●●lefit , satisfit , superest , sufficit , vacat pro otium est . ACCUSATIVUS . Haec Impersonalia Accusandi casum exigunt , juvat , decet , cum compositis , item delectat & oportet . His vero attinet , pertinet , spectat , propriè additur Praepositio Ad. His Impersonalibus subjicitur Accusativus cum Genitivo , poenitet , taedet , miseret , miserescit , pudet , piget . Impersonalia praecedentem Nominativum non habent . Nonnulla Impersonalia aliquando remigrant in personalia . Impersonalia vel ponuntur absolutè , vel post se verborum personalium ●asum regunt . Verbum Impersonale passivae vo●is pro singulis personis utriusque numeri indifferenter accipi potest . Participiorum Constructio . PArticipia regunt casus suorum Verborum , cum facta sint nomina genitivum regunt . Praeter haec , Natus , prognatus , satus , cretus , creatus , ortus , editus , oriundus , Ablativum regentia . Participia passiva plurimùm Dativis , Participia activè significantia magnâ ex parte Accusativis gaudent . Exosus , perosus , pertaesus , activè significantia Accusativum , exosus & perosus passivè significantia Dativum regunt . Adverbii Constructio . EN & Ecce demonstrandi Adverbia Nominativo frequentiùs , sed exprobrandi Accusativo nectuntur . Quaedam Adverbia loci , temporis & quantitatis ut & ergô & instar Genitivum post se vecipiunt . Sed instar aliquando usurpatur cum praepositione ad . Quaedam Adverbia Dativum admittunt nominum undè deducta sunt . Hi Dativi sunt Adverbiales , Tempori , Luci , Vesperi . Quaedam etiam Accusandi casum admittunt praepositionis unde sunt profecta . Accusativos Adjectivorum in neutro genere utriusque numeri absolutè ponunt Poètae pro Adverbiis ; ut , Torvùmque repentè clamat , Virg. Aen. 7. Horrendum strident , Aen. 6. Immane spirans , Aen. 7. Turbidum laetatur : Perfidum ridens . Hor. Acerba sonans , 3. Georg. Transversa tuentibus hireis , Virg. 3. Ecl. Adverbia Comparativi & Superlativi gradùs eandem cum nominibus constructionem habent . Plùs , ampliùs , minùs , Nominativo , Accusativo , Ablativo junguntur , subauditâ conjunctione quàm ; ut , Minùs quindecim dies sunt . Plùs quingentos colaphos infregit , horâ ampliùs , minùs nihilo . Abhinc etiam jungitur Accusativo vel Ablativo ; ut , Abhinc sexaginta annos & annis . Constructio Conjunctionum . COnjunctiones copulativae & disjunctivae , cum his sex , quàm , nisi , praeterquam , an , cum & tum geminatum similes casus nectunt , nisi casualis dictionis ratio aliqua privata repugnet . Aliquoties similes modos & tempora nectunt & aliquoties similes modos sed diversa tempora . Quae Particulae modis inserviant . Subjunctivum regunt , 1. Voces Indesinieae , quis , qualis , quantus . 2. Causales , quin , qui , ut , uti , quo , dummodi , & dum pro dummodo & frequentiùs quomvis , etsi , ta●ets● , e●iamsi , & licet . 3. Dubitativae , an , ne , num . 4. Oprativae , utinam , Osi . 5. Dissimulativae seu simulationis , perinde , aesi , quasi , ceuvero , pro quasi vero , tanquam , sed cum sunt semilitudinis Adverbia , Indicativum amant : quippequi , utpote qui , ubi , cum , ni , nisi , si , quòd , quia , postquam , &c. utrumque ; modum amant : at si , pro quamvis subjunctivo tantùm . Ne prohibendi vel Imperativis vel Subjunctivis praeponitur . Sed ne , an , num , Interrogandi particulae , quando , quandoquidem , quoniam , quippe , dum & donec , pro quamdiu ; ut , pro postquam , quolnodo , sicut , Indicativo gaudent . Quòd & ut , ne consundantur , sic distingui possunt . Quòd idem valet ac quia , & plurimùm de re gestâ sive praete●itâ usurpatur : Ut valet , eo , fine , & potissimùm in Fu●uris hoc utimur ; velut , gaudeo quòd veneris : scripsi ut venires . Post has voces , adeò , ideò , ita , sic , tam , talis , tantus , tot , tantùm abest , &c. nunquam ponitur , quòd , sed ut , cum subjunctivo ; ut , non sum ita hebes ut ista dicam : Ut habet quoque ; locum post verba petendi , jubendi , timendi , &c. Item post verba quae voluntatem ac studium significant : velut , volo , curo , laboro , &c. & post haec verba quae indicant eventum , fit , evenit , accidit , contingir . Caetera de particulis Authorum sedula lectio curiósos doceat . Praepositionum Constructio . PRaepositio aliquando subauditur . Aliquando Verbum Compositum regit casum v● Praepositionis , aliquando repetit candem Praepositionem cum suo casu e●rra compositionem . Quaedam Praepositiones Accusativis , quaedam Ablativis inserviunt : de quibus in Rudimentis . Tenus gaudet Ablativo tum Singulari tum Plurali & Genitivo tantùm Plurali . Quaedam ut●ique casui inserviunt ; ut , In , super , sub , subter , casum subnectito utrumque . Quartum cum motùs sextum cum voce quiet is . His quoque clam jungas quod casu ga●det utroque . In , pro , erga , contra , & ad , Accusativum ha●er . Am , di , dis , re , se , con , sunt Praepositiones quae nunquàm extra compositionem inveniuntur . Praepositiones cum casus amiti ant , migrant in Adverbia . Interjectionum Constructio . OExclamantis Nominativo , Accusativo & Vocativo jungitur , cum vocandi est particula Vocativo tantùm ; ut , huc ades O Galataea . Heu Nominativo , Dativo & Accusativo ; ut , Heu pieta● . Heu misero mihi . Heu stirpem invisam . Hei & Vae Dativo solùm ; ut , Hei mihi qualis erat . Vae tibi causidice . Proh , ah , & vah , regunt Accusativum & Vocativum ; Ah me miserum . Ah virgo in feli● . Ah inconstantiam . Heus & Ohe tantum Vocativo ! Heus Syve ! Ohe libette ! Ter. & M●rt . Apage & hem Accusativo ▪ ut , Hem astutias ! Apage istiusmodi salutem quae cum cruciatu advenit . Plaut . in Merc. The foregoing SYNTAXIS Examin'd and Explain'd by QUESTION and ANSWER . Q. WHat Part of Grammar is that which teacheth us to make and speak Latin ? A. It is the Third Part of Grammar , called Syntaxis in Greek , in Latin Constructio . Q. What is Syntaxis ? A. It is a right and due joyning of the Parts of Speech together in speaking or writing Latin according to the Natural Manner and Rules of Grammar , and this is the plain , simple and analogous Syntaxis ; as , Magna pars vulnerata . But the Syntaxis which differs from the same is called the Figurative Syntaxis ; as , Magna pars vulnerati : Whence Syntaxis is two-fold , 1. Perfecta , called Analoga , viz. the Regular Syntaxis . 2. Figurata , called also Anomala , viz. Irregular . Q. How many fold is the plain or analogous Syntaxis ? A. In general , this plain analogous , perfect or simple Syntaxis is twofold , 1. Concord of Words . 2. Government of Words , ( i. e. ) Construction in the Agreement of Words , and Construction in the Government of Words . Q. Under how many Heads may Syntaxis thus divided he considered ? A. Syntaxis , for the greater ease of Tyrocinians in making and parsing of Latin , may be considered and reduced into Twelve Heads or Parts . Q. Which are those Twelve Parts or Heads ? A. They are first the Concords . 2. The Case of the Relative . 3. The Construction of Nouns Substantives . 4. The Construction of Adjectives . 5. The Construction of Pronouns . 6. The Construction of Verbs Actives , Neuters , or Deponents . 7. The Construction of Verbs Passives . 8. The Construction of Gerunds and Supines . 9. Of Time and Place . 10. Of Impersonals . 11. Of the Participles . 12. Of the undeclined Parts of Speech . Q. What ease and benefit doth the considering and reducing of Syntaxis under these particulars produce ? A. The ease and benefit is this : Consider first , that every word is governed most commonly of that which goes before it in Construction ; for in the Construction of that foregoing word you shall find the Rule for the government of that word you last construed : for if you have a word in the Genitive Case coming next after a Verb in construction , I conclude that the Rule for that word is to be found in the Construction of Verbs with a Genitive Case . Q. What is Concord , the first of the twelve Parts ? A. It is the agreement of words together in some special Accidents or Qualities ; as , in one Number , Person , Case , or Gender . Q. How many Concords or Agreements are there ? A. There are really but two , though commonly reckon'd three : the first between the Nominative Case and the Verb ; the second between the Substantive and Adjective ; the third between the Antecedent and Relative , which may be referred to the second . Q. Why must these six so agree together ? A. It is because the three latter , viz. the Verb , Adjective , and Relative , are weak and cannot be placed orderly in Speech , except they be guided and holden up by the three stronger , ( i. e. ) by the Nominative Case , Substantive and Antecedent . Q. Now , before I proceed farther in Syntaxis , which teacheth me to make Latin , let me know when an English is given to be made in Latin what I must do . A. You must look out for the Principal Verb. Q. What Verb is that you call the Principal Verb ? A. It is the first Verb , or ought to be the first Verb , in a Sentence . Q. Is the first Verb always the Principal Verb ? A. No : For , 1. if there comes an Infinitive Mood before it ; or , 2. if it hath before it a Relative ; as , that , whom , which ; or , 3. a Conjunction ; as , ut , that ; cum , when ; si , is , and such others , then the first Verb is not the Principal Verb. Q. Why cannot the Infinitive Mood , or the Verb that follows the Relative or Conjunction , be the Principal Verb ? A. Because they do most commonly depend upon some other Verb going before them in natural or due order of Speech . Q. Must not the same Way and Method be used when a Latin is to be construed or turned into English , as when an English is given to be made into Latin ? A. Yes , the very same ; for then the Principal Verb must be sought and mark'd carefully , because that will point out the right Nominative Case that agrees with that Verb in Number and Person . Q. After one hath found out the Principal Verb , what must he then do ? A. He must seek out its Nominative Case , by asking the Question , who or what in the Verb ; for the word that answers to the Question will be the Nominative Case . Q. Must one always thus seek out the Nominative Case ? A. Yes , in Verbs Personals ; for a Verb Impersonal will have no Nominative Case . Q. How shall the Nominative Case be set in Making or Construing Latin ? A. It shall be set before the Verb. Q. Is it always set before the Verb ? A. No : For , 1. if a Question be asked ; as , Am●stu ? Dost thou love ? 2. If the Verb be of the Imperative Mood ; as , Ama●tu , Love thou . 3. If this Sign , It or There , comes before the English of the Verb ; as , Est liber meus , It is my Book . Venit ad me quidam , There came one to me ; for them it is placed most commonly after the Verb , or after the Sign of the Verb. Q. What Case shall the casual word be , which comes next after the Verb , and answers to the Question , Whom or What , made by the Verb ? A. It shall commonly be the Accusative Case . Q. Why do you say commonly , Is there any exception ? A. Yes ; for sometimes , and that pretty often , a Verb may properly govern another Case after it to be construed withal ; as , Si cupis placere Magistro utere diligentiâ , nec sis tantus cessator ut calcaribus indigens . If you cover to please thy Master , use disigence , and be not so great a Truant , or so slack , that thou shall need Spurrs ; where placere goverus properly a Dative , and utere and indigeas Ablatives . Q. Before you examine the following Parts of the Syntaxis , be pleased to tell me , to how many Heads the examination of any declined word may be reduced ? A. It may be reduced to these ●our : 1. The Knowledge of it . 2. The Declining of 〈◊〉 3. The Accidents of it . And , 4. The Government of it . The three first belong to E●●mologia , and the last to Syntaxis . Q. That we may return to the Examination of the twelve Heads of Syntax●s , let me know how the first Concord , viz. a Verb Personal agrees with its Nominative Case ? A. It agrees with it in Number and Person . Q. What mean you by this ? A. That the same Number and Person that the Nominative Case is , the same the Verb must be of . Q. What say you of the second Concord , wherein is the Agreement ? A. That Nouns Adjectives and also Participles and Pronouns agree with their Substantives , in Case , Gender and Number , yea , tho' a Verb comes between . Q. What say you of the third Concord , which may be referred to the second ? A. That the Relative , Qui , agrees with its antecedent in Gender , Number and Person , and sometimes in Case . Q. What say you of the Case or Rule of the Relative ? A. The Relative is either the Nominative Case to the Verb , or it is governed of the Verb , ( i. e. ) it will be of such a Case as the Verb will have after it ; or if it is not governed of the Verb , it must be governed of another word ; but observe , that it is construed alway before the Verb. Q. What sort of Nouns are those that follow the Rule of Relatives in Construing and Covernment ? A. Nouns Interrogatives and Indefinites ; as , Quis , ecquis , quisnam , &c. Q. What say you of the Question and Answer to it ? A. I say , that when a Question is asked , the Answer in Latin must be made by the same Case of a Noun , Pronoun or Participle , and by the same Tense of a Verb , that the Question is asked by ; as , Whose Ground is this ? My Neighbours , What do Boys do in the School ? They ply their Books . Q. How many Exceptions have you from this Rule ? A. Three ; 1. When a Question is asked by a word that may govern divers cases ; as , For how much have you bought this Book ? For little . Do you accuse me of Theft , or Murther , or both ? Of neither , &c. 2. If a Question be asked by Cujus , ●a , jum ; as , Whose Saying is this ? Cicero's . 3. When an Answer is made by one of these Possessives , Meus , tuus , suus noster , vester ▪ as , Whose House is that ? Not yours , but Ours . Whose Book is this ? It is my Book . Q. How comes it to pass that one Substantive oftentimes agrees with another Substantive in the same Case ? A. It is because it signifies or belongs to the same thing or person ; as , I have protected a Thousand Sail with my Courage , the hope of your return . My Father a Man , loveth me a Child . Q. Which is the first Rule of the Figurative Syntaxis , and what 's the meaning thereof ? A. It is Verba Infiniti Modi , ( i. e. ) Verbs of the Infinitive Mood set an Accusative Case before them , instead of a Nominative ; as , I am glad that you are returned safe . I will have you act a Comedy . I bid yo● be gone . Q. How may this Mood , or Figurative Way of Speaking be resolved ? A. Sometime● by Quòd , which commonly renders a Reason , and is for the most part spoken of the thing gone or past ; as , I am glad that you returned safe . And sometimes by Vt , which is spoken of the final cause or thing to come ; as , I bid you be gone : Also sometimes it is resolved by an , ne , and quin , non going before ; as , I doubt whether your Father bid you . I fear that the Stranger will not abide it , &c. After videor it cannot be resolved ; for we do not say , Videor quod terram video , tho' I may say , Videor terram videre . Q. Which is the second Rule of the Figurative Syntaxi● ? A. It is Nomen multitudinis singulare , &c. viz. A Noun of Multitude , being singular , will have a Verb Plural ; as , Part are gone . Somebody open the Door . Both are mocked with deceit . We the People are overcome by one . Q. Which is the third Rule of the Figurative Syntaxis ? A. It is Nominativus primae vel secundae personae , &c. ( i. e. ) the Nominative of the first or second person , ( unless it be for difference sake , or the better expressing the thing to be spoken ) and the Nominative Case of the third Person when its signification only belongs to Men is seldom expressed . Q. Which is the fourth Rule or thing to be observed in the Figurative Syntaxis ? A. That sometimes an Infinitive Mood , sometimes a Sentence , or some part of a Sentence , sometimes an Adverb with a Genitive Case or a word taken 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or mater●aliter , ( i. e. ) for it self , may supply the place of a Nominative Case , Substantive , or Antecedent ; as , To lye is not our property . To rise betimes in the Morning is the most wholesome thing in the World. Add , That to have learnt the Liberal Sciences faithfully , makes Men to be of a better deportment , and suffers them not be Clowns and Brutes . To love one's Parents is just . Part of the Men were slain . Homo is a word of two syllables , and Fur is a word of three letters , &c. Q. Which is the fifth Rule observable in the Figurative Syntaxis ? A. Two Nominative Cases , two Substantives , and two Antecedents Singular , with a Conjunction Copulative coming between them , will have a Verb , Adjective , and Relative Plural , which Verb , Adjective , and Relative agrees with the Nominative Case , Substantive , and Antecedent of the more worthy Person and more worthy Gender : except that in things without life the Neuter Gender is more worthy . I and you , who live in the Fields here , are contented . You and your Daughter , who live at London , do see fine Shews . Both Mars and Venus were taken by Vul●an's Wiles . Mulciberis capti Marsque Venusque dolis . The Rule and Dignity which thou hast required . You sleep much and drink often , both which things are nought for the Body . The Bow and Arrows which thou hast broken . Q. Which is the sixth Observation or Rule in the Figurative Syntaxis ? A. A Verb Substantive placed between two Nominative Cases of divers Numbers , and a Relative between two Antecedents of divers Genders , may agree with either of them . The falling out of Lovers is the renewing of Love. A living Creature full of Reason , ( animal plen . rationis ) which we call a Man , quem or quod vocamus hominem . There is a place in Prison called the Dungeon . There was one shape of Nature in the World called Chaos . Q. What is the meaning of this Verse in the Figurative Syntaxis , Mobile fit fixum si fixum menie subaudis ? A. That Adjectives taken substantively , are of the same Gender as the Substantive understood is ; as , Few are good . Q. What is the meaning of this Rule , Aliquando Relativum , aliquando & nomen Adjectivum ? A. That sometimes a Relative , and sometimes a Noun Adjective or Participle answers to , or agreeth with its ▪ Primitive understood in the Possessive ; as , I have seen your Hand-writing . All Men spoke well , or did say all good things , and did praise my good hap , who had a Son endued with so good a Nature . You have seen the Eyes of me weeping . Seeing that no body readeth the Writing of me , fearing to recite them to the Common People . Q. What Parts of Syntaxis are we next to examine ? A. We are to examine those Parts of Syntaxie concerning the Government of Words . Q. What is Government in Syntaxis ? A. It is the depending of one word upon another● and most commonly every word depends or is governed of that word which goes before it in con●●●●ction , except in the Relative Qui : In Nouns Interrogatives and Indefinites , which with their Substantives joyned with them , are governed of the word following ; as , Coelestis ira quos premit miseros facit , humana nullos , &c. Q. How many fold is Government ? A. It is twofold , the Government of Cases , and the Government of Moods . Q. What Parts of Speech govern Cases ? A. All Parts of Speech except a Conjunction . Q. What is the first Part in the government of Cases ? A. It is the government of Nouns Substantives . Q. What Cases do Substantives govern ? A. They govern commonly a Genitive , some a Dative , or an Ablative , and some of old did govern an Accusative . Q. What is the Rule for those that govern a Genitive ? A. It is , Posterius ●●orum Substantivorum , &c. That is the latter of two Substantives , signifying divers things , shall be the Genitive Case ; as , The Love of Money increaseth as much as the Money it self . Which Genitive is often changed into an Adjective Possessive , and put to agree with the former Substantive in Case , Gender and Number ; as , The House of my Father . My Father's House . Sometimes this Genitive also is turned into a Dative , He is a Father to me , or my Father . Q. What is the second Rule in the Construction of Substantives ? A. It is this , A Noun or a Pronoun Adjective being put absolutely in the Neuter Gender , becomes a Substantive and governs a Genitive Case ; ●s , on the contrary , a Substantive sometimes , especially amongst the Greeks , becomes an Adjective . By this Rule also the English of the word Res , being joyned to an Adjective , may be omitted , for an Adjective in the Neuter Gender may signifie for Res and it self too . Q. Which is die third Rule in the Construction of Substantives ? A. It is , Prius Substantivum aliquando subauditur , ( i. e. ) The former Substantive is sometimes understood . Q. Which is the fourth Rule in the Construction of Substantives ? A. La●● & vituperium , &c. Words that denote any quality or property inhering or adhering to the praise or dispraise of a thing , are commonly used in the Genitive or Ablative Case , after a Noun or Verb Substantive . Q. What follows next ? A. Opus and usus require an Ablative Case ; but opus governs also a Dative of the Person , and sometimes it hath a Nominative . Q. What say you of Nouns derived of Verbs , or Verbals in i● ? A. Of old they were wont to govern the same Case as the Verb whence they were derived ; as , Quid tibi hanc curatio est rem ? Plant. Quid tibi nos mendice homo tactio est ? Plant. Justitia est obtemperaetio legibus scriptis , Cicero . Traditio alteri , Idem . Domum reditioni● spe sublatâ , Caesar . l. 1. de Bello Gallico . So Adjectives , especially Verbalia in bundus ; ut , 〈◊〉 agros , vitabundus castra hostium . Imaginabundus Carnisicem . G●atulabundus Patriae . Studiosus adulcerio s● . studere adulterio , Plant. 〈◊〉 sit ignis aquae pugnax . Q. What comes next , or what is the second Part of Syntaxis in the Gorvernment of Words ? A. It is the Government or Construction of Nouns Adjectives with a Genitive , Dative , Accusative , or Ablative Case . Q. What sort of Adjectives govern a Genitive Case ? A. Adjectives signifying desire , knowledge , remembrance , care , fear , and Adjectives contrary to them ; likewise Verbals in ax ; also Partitives , Comparatives , Superlatives , Distributives , Interrogatives , and certain Nouns of Number . Q. Do all these always govern a Genitive Case ? A. Not always , for Nouns Partitives , and those that are put partitively , are sometimes used with these Prepositions , Ab , de , è , ex , inter , ante . Q. What say you of Compos , impos , consors , exors , particeps , potens , impotens , & c ? A. They govern a Genitive Case . Q. What say you of Reus , certior , sollicitus , and conscius ? A. The three first govern a Genitive or an Ablative with de , but conscius is joyned to a Genitive of the thing , and sometimes to a Dative , but always to a Dative of the Person . Q. What sort of Adjectives govern a Dative Case ? A. Adjectives that signifie , Profit , disprofit , friendship , hatred , aptitude , ineptitude , &c. Likewise Adjectives compounded with the Preposition con ; and lastly , Verbals in hilis , and Participials in dus . Q. But what say you of Natus , commodus , incommodus , utilis , inutilis , vehemens , par , aequalis ? A. They are sometimes joyned to an A●c●sative with a Preposition Q. What say you of Communis , alienus , immunis ? A. They serve to divers Cases , but most commonly to a Genitive or Dative ; but immunis and alienus are used sometimes with a Preposition . Q. What Adjectives govern an Accusative and sometimes a Genitive or Ablative ? A. Adjectives of Quantity ; as , Longus , long ; latus , broad ; altus , deep or high ; crassus , thick : for the word signifying the measure of length , breadth , or thickness of any thing , is put after Adjectives in the Accusative Case , and sometimes in the Ablative , and sometimes , tho' seldom , in the Genitive . Q. What Adjectives govern an Ablative Case , or a Genitive of the thing ? A. Adjective which signifie Plenty or Want. Q. What other Adjectives govern an Ablative Case ? A. Adjectives of the Comparative Degree havin By or Then after them ; likewise , Dignus , indignus , praeditus , captus , contentus , extorris , fretus , vilis , charus , venalis . Lastly , Nouns signifying the cause , instrument , form or manner , or some such thing ; as , the Adjunct or Circumstance . Q. What Case will Nouns of Diversity govern ? A. An Ablative with a Preposition , and sometimes a Dative . Q. What sort of Words are used to be added to Comparatives and Superlatives ? A. Tantò , quantò , mult● , longè , eô , quò , paulò , nimiô , aetate , natu . Q. What say you of the Construction of Pronouns ? A. When Passion or Suffering is signified , these Primitives , Mei , tui , sui , nostri and vestri are used ; but when Possession is signified , Meus , tuus , suus , noster and vester are used , signifying actively , as the other signifie passively . Q. What Pronouns are they that may be of any Person ? A. Ipse and idem , which idem hath after it , qui , & , ●c , or atque . Q. What say you of Hic , ille and iste , how are they distinguished ? A. Hic shews proximity , ille shews excellency , and iste contempt . Iste also shews him who is next unto you , and ille one remote from both . Hic also is referred to the latter and nearer of two Antecedents . I lle to the farther off , or that which is first spoken of , &c. Yet it happens sometimes otherwise . Q. Which is the next Part of Construction or Syntaxis ? A. The next is the Construction of Verbs with a Nominative Case after them ; with a Genitive and Dative governed of them ; with an Accusative following Verbs , signifying actively , and with an Ablative governed of them . Q. What Verbs a●e 〈◊〉 that will have a Nominative or the ●ame Case 〈◊〉 them , as they have before them ▪ A. They are , 1. Verbs Substantives , Sam , forem , 〈◊〉 , ●xista , ( so called because they signifie a Substance or Being . ) 2. Certain Verbs Passives of Calli●g ; as , Dicor , vocor , 〈◊〉 , ap●llor , haboor , existim●r , videor . 3. Verbs Neu●ers of Gesture , ( so called because they signifie some Gesture or Posture of Body ; ) as , Sodeo , 〈◊〉 , ●●bo , eo , incedo , c●●ro . Q. What if Verbs Substantive● and Passives have an Acc●sative or Dutive Case before them ? A. Then they have an Accusative or Dative Case after them , as Infinitive Moods commonly have . Q. But will they always have a Nominative after them when they have it before them ? A. Yes , because they must have such after them , as they have before them . Q. Which is your Rule for Verbs governing a Genitive , and what sorts of Verbs are they ? A. The Rule is , Sum significans Possessionem , &c. That is , when Sum signifies Possession , Owing , Property or Duty ; or when you say , It is one's Part or Duty to do such a thing , it governs a Genitive Case . Q. Is there no exception ? A. Yes ; for Meus , tuus , suus , noster , vester , must be the Nominative Case agreeing with the Substantive going before , expressed , or understood , because they are Pronouns Adjectives . Q. What 〈◊〉 Verbs govern a Genitive Case ? A. Verbs that be●oken , to esteem ; viz. signifying the value , require a Genitive Case with an Accusative , signifying the thing valued . Q. What Genitives are those ? A. They are these , Ta●●i , qu●nti , with their Compounds ; likewise Magni , maximi , pluris , plurimi , parvi , mi●oris , mi●imi , nihili , ●●ooci , nanci , pili , ass●s , hujus , teruntii . Q. Which are the common Verbs of Esteeming ? A. They are , Aestimo , pendo , facio , hab●o , duco , puto , to which add consulo , &c. Q. What Cases else may aestimo govern ? A. These Ablatives , Magno , permagno , parvo , nihilo . Q. What other Verbs require a Genitive Case ? A. Verbs of Accusing , Condemning , Warning , Purging , Quitting , or Assoiling , will govern ( besides an Accusative of the Person ) a Genitive of the Crime , and sometimes of the Punishment . Q. Which are those Verbs that signifie , 1. To Accuse . 2. Condemn . 3. Warn . 4. Purge , Quit , or Assoil ? A. Of the first sort are , Accuso , incuso , adstringo , &c. Of the second , Datnno , condemno , judico , noto . Of the third , Admoneo , commoneo , commonefacio . Of the fourth , Absolv● , libero , purgo , solvo , &c. Q. May these Verbs have no other Case of the Crime ? A. Yes , an Ablative , with , and most commonly without , a Preposition , especially if Vterque , nullus , alter , neuter , alius , ambe , or a Superlative Degree follow . Q. What other Verbs require a Genitive Case ? A. Satago , misereor , miseresco . Q. What Case do Reminiscor , obliviscor , recordor , and memini govern ? A. A Genitive , and sometimes an Accusative ; but memini signifying , I make mention , may have an Ablative with a Preposition ; as , Memini de te . Q. What Case doth Poti●r govern ? A. A Genitive or Ablative ; as , Potior urbis , potior voto . Q. What Verbs govern a Dative Case ? A. All sort of Verbs put acquisitively , ( i. e. ) having To or For after them , govern a Dative Case of the Thing or Person , to whom any thing is gotten , and commonly from whom any thing is taken . Q. What sort of Verbs belong to this Rule ? A. All sort of Verbs , Actives , Passives , Neu●ers , and Deponents , as well Transitives , as Intransitives . Q. What are the first sort of Verbs that belong to this Rule ? A. They are Verbs signifying Profit or Disprofit . Q. What Verbs are there of this sort ? A They are , Plaoeo , displiceo , commodo , incomm●d● , proficio , noceo , officio , ( except juvo , laedo , offende , and d●leo , of the thing ; as , Tu tua damna dole ? Doleo vicem tuam . ) Also , Auxil●or , opitulor , opem fero , subvenio , patrocinor , medeor , faeveo , grator , gratulor , gratificor , pa●co , indulgeo , consulo , prospicio , studeo . Q. What are the second sort of Verbs that belong to this Rule ? A. They are Verbs of Comparing ; as , Comparo , compono , consero , aequo , adaequo , aequiparo , contendo , and certo pro comparo , which sometimes are governed of Prepositions with their Cases . Q. What are the third sort of Verbs governing a Dative ? A. Verbs of Giving and Restoring ; as , Dono , concedo , trado , reddo , confero , tribuo , attribuo , largior , elarglor , ministro , restituo , suppedito , repono , &c. Q. Which are the fourth sort of Verbs that govern a Dative Case ? A. They are Verbs of Promising , Paying , and Owing ; as , Promitto , polliceor , spŏn̄deo , debeo , solvo , appendo , numero , &c. Q. Which are the fifth sort of Verbs governing a Dative Case ? A. They are Verbs that signifie , to command , shew , or declare ; as , Impero , praecipio , dominor , mando , ( and sometimes jubeo ) nuncio , renuncio , dico , declaro , aperio , expone , explico , monstro , indico , significo , narro , patefacio , ●stendo , &c. Q. Which are the sixth sort of Verbs that govern a Dative Case ? A. They are Verbs of trusting , and Verbs contrary to them ; as , Credo , sido , sidem habeo , dissido , &c. Q. What are the seventh sort of Verbs , that govern a Dative Case ? A. They are Verbs of complying with , or obeying , and Verbs of resisting or thwarting ; as , Obedio , pareo , obsequer , obtempero , moremgero , cedo , morigeror , servio , famulor , ancillor , velisicor , blandior , adulor , assentior , palpo , p●gno , repugno , resisto , adversor , luctor , reluctor , recla●o , certo ; but adulor , assentior , adversor , and palp● , are read also with an Accusative Case . Q. Which are the ninth sort of them ? A. They are Verbs of threatning , or being angry with ; as , Minor , indignor , iraescor , succenseo , minitor , intermino● , offendor . Q. Which are the tenth sort of Verbs , that govern a Dative Case ? A. They are Verbs of meeting with ; as , Occurr● , obvenio , obviant eo , obviam fis , or habeo . Q. Which are the eleventh sort ? A. They are Sum and his Compounds ; as , Adsum , praesum , prosum , intersum , supersum , desum , &c. except possum , and also absum ; as , absint inani sunere neniae . Q. Which is the twelfth sort of them ? A. They are Verbs Neuters and Passives , compounded with these Prepositions , Prae , ad , con , sub , ante , post , ●b , in , inter ; but 〈◊〉 , anteeo , anteoede , anteste , anteverto , praevenio , praevinco , praecedo , praecurro , praeverto , pr●vertor , are joyned to an Accusative ; so are invideo , insulto , occumbo , subeo , sufficio , illudo , attendo . Q. Which are the thirteenth sort of these Verbs , that govern a Dative Case ? A. They are Verbs compounded with these Adverbs , Satis , benè , & malè ; as , satisfacio , benefacio , malesacio , benedico , maledico . Q. What other Verbs place will govern a Dative Case ? A. The Verb Est and Suppetit , when they signifie for habeo , to have . Q. What observe you of Sum ; and some other Verbs ? A. That it and some others govern a double Dative Case . Q. What more have you to say of this Rule , Omnia Verba acqulsitivè ? A. That the Poets put a Dative Case sometimes to Verbs , instead of an Accusative , with a Proposition , and also sometimes there is added a Dative Case overmuch , not for necessity sake , but rather for pleasure . There are also certain Verbs that govern divers Cases in different respects ; as , Ausculto tibi & te . Consulo tibi , te , & in te , &c. Q. What Verbs govern an Accusative Case ? A. Verbs Transitives , or rather Actives , and most others ; as , Deponents and Neuters having a transient action ( i. e. ) passing their significatio● into another word making no perfect sense without it . Q. What other sort of Verbs may govern an Accusative Case ? A. Verbs Neuters Intransitives , ( i. e. ) which do not transfer or pass over their signification to another word , may and do often govern an Accusative of their own or a near signification ; as , vivo vitam , &c. otherwise they do not ; for it is otherwise in Neuters and Deponents , which have an absolute action or signification in them , such as are sto , 〈◊〉 , sedeo , venio , surgo , orior , morior , &c. Q. What Verbs are those that will govern two Accusative Cases after them ? A. They are Verbs of asking , teaching , arraying , concealing ; as , Doceo , edoceo , moneo , rogo , exoro , posco , hortor , induo , exuo , celo . Of which rogo , exoro , posco , doceo , edoceo , moneo , & admoneo , do retain or govern an Accusative of the thing even in the Passive Voice . Q. What Verbs govern an Ablative Case ? A. All manner of Verbs signifying the instrument , ( put with this sign with before it ) or of the cause , manner of doing , or part ; but sometimes a Preposition is added to the Ablative of the cause , manner of doing , and of the part . Q. What other Verbs govern an Ablative Case ? A. Verbs wherein the word of Price ( i. e. buying or selling , letting or hiring ) is mentioned . Q. Are there no Exceptions from this Rule ? A. Yes , these Genitives being put alone without Substantives , Tanti , quanti , pluris , minoris , tantidem , quantidem , quantivis , quantilibet , quanticunque , are excepted : but if Substantives be added to these , they and their Substantives are put in the Ablative Case ; yet vili , paulo , minimo , magno , nimio , plurimo , dimidio , duplo , are often added ( tho' they be Ablatives ) without Substantives . Q. What words are those by which the Question of the instrument , cause , or manner of doing , are answered by ? A. The instrument answers to the Question made , by Quocum , With what ? The cause , by Quare , Wherefore , for what cause or reason ? The manner of doing , by Quomodo , How or by what means ? The price of the thing answers to Quanti , For how much , or how great a price ? Q. Doth Valeo always govern an Ablative Case of the price ? A. No ; for it governs sometimes an Accusative ? Q. What other Verbs govern an Ablative Case ? A. Verbs of abounding , ( i. e. of plenty ) filling , loading , and those that signifie contrary to them , sc . Verbs of scarceness and want , emptying and unloading , some of which sometimes , tho' seldom , govern a Genitive Case . Q. What other Verbs govern an Ablative Case ? A. Fungor ; fruor , utor , ves●or , epulor , dignor , gaude● , glorior , laetor , muto , numero , communico , afficio , prosequor , impertio , impertior , consto , creor , nascor , laboro for mal● habeo , to be ill . Nitor , supersedeo , & vivo pro victito , to live upon . Q. What say you of Mereor ? A. Mereor , with the Adverbs benè , malè , meliùs , pej●s , optimè , pessimè , governs an Ablative Case with the Preposition De. Q. Are there any other Verbs that govern an Ablative ? A. Yes ▪ some Verbs of receiving , of being distant , and of taking away , will have an Ablative with a Preposition , which Ablative is turned sometimes into a Dative . Q. What say you of Verbs which have the force of comparison , or signifie exceeding ? A. They govern an Ablative Case of the word that signifies the measure of exceeding . Q. Is there no other Rule for an Ablative Case ? A. Yes , an Ablative Case absolute , with a Participle expressed or understood , being put in a Comma by it self ; which Ablative may be resolved by any of these words , Dum , cum , quando , siquam , postquam ; as , Imperante Augusto ( i. e. ) cum or quando imperabat . Q. May there not divers cases be put to the same Verb ? A. Yes , there may divers Cases of divers Reasons ; as , Dedit mihi vestem pign●ri , te praesente , propriâ 〈◊〉 . Q. What part of government follows next ? A. The Construction or Government of Verbs Passives . Q. What Case do they govern ? A. An Ablative of the Doer , with the Prepositions , A , ab , or abs , and sometimes a Dative . Q. What say you of the other Cases of Verbs Passives ? A. As for other Cases they are the same that their Actives govern , except an Accusative , which ought never to follow a Verb or Participle Passive , except in those afore-mentioned , sc . R●go , ex●ro , pos●o , doceo , edoceo , moneo , admoneo , which retain an Accusative of a thing in the Passive Voice . Q. What say you of these Neuter Passives , sc . Vapulo , vaeneo , liceo , exulo , fio ? A. They have a Passive Construction , or govern Cases as Passives do , according to our Grammar , tho' controverted by some . Q. What is the Rule of Verbs of the Infinitive Mood , and of what are they governed ? A. Verbs of the Infinitive Mood are governed , or depend , either on Verbs , Participles , or Adjectives . Q. Can all Verbs govern an Infinitive Mood after them ? A. No ; for we cannot say , curro ludere , o● viva ●dere , &c. There are only four sorts of Verbs which govern an Infinitive Mood , viz. 1. Those that signifie sense ; as , Audio , sentio , intelligo , doceo , disco . 2. Those that signifie will or desire ; as , Cupio , posco , libet , placet . 3. Which signifie power , or ability ; as , Possum , queo , valeo , &c. And , 4. these , viz. Lic●t , liberum est , aequum est , par est , contingit , &c. Q. Are not Verbs of the Infinitive sometimes put absolutely and figuratively ? A. Yes ; as , Haeccine fieri flagitia ? Criminibus terrer● novis . Q. What part of Government comes next ? A. The Construction of Gerunds and Supines . Q. What Case do Gerunds and Supines govern ? A. Gerunds and Supines , signifying actively , govern the Case of their Verbs . Q. What do Gerunds in di depend upon ? A. They depend upon certain Substantives and Adjectives governing a Genitive Case . Q. What Case have Gerunds in di sometimes , instead of the Case of their Verbs ? A. A Genitive Plural , ( i. e. ) an Accusative Case is sometimes turned into a Genitive ; Novarum qui spectandi copiam faciunt , pro novas . Ratio scribendi literarum pro literas . Q. Of what are Gerunds in do governed ? A. Of the Prepositions , A , ab , abs , de , è , ex , cum , in , pro , or else they are put without a Preposition , when the cause or manner is signified ; as , Nihil est quin malè narrando , &c. Q. Of what are Gerunds in dum governed ? A. Of these Prepositions , Inter , ante , ad , ob , propter , or else they are put absolutely with a Dative , expressed or understood when necessity ( i. e. when must or ought ) is signified . Q. May not Gerunds elegantly be turned into Nouns Adjectives ? A. Yes , and then they must agree with their Substantives in Case , Gender , and Number . Q. What is the first Supine governed of ? A. The first Supine follows Verbs ▪ or Participles , signifying moving to a place . Q. What part of Government falls under the ninth place ? A. The Construction of Time and Place . Q. In what Case is the Term or Word of Time put , answering to the Question When ? A. In the Ablative . Q. In what Case is it put answering to the Question , How long ? And in what Case is the space of a place put answering to Quantum , How much or how far ? A. In the Accusative commonly , and sometimes in the Ablative . Q. How are the Proper Names of great Places used , to wit , of Countries , Islands , and Provinces ? And how are the Common Names of Places ( i. e ▪ Nouns Substantives common , denoting place ) uttered ? A. They are commonly uttered or used with Prepositions . Q. In what Case are the Proper Names of Towns and Cities put , when they signifie , in , or at , a City or To●n , and answer to the Question , V●i , Where ? A. If they be of the first or second Declension and Singular Number , they are put in the Genitive Case ; but if they be of the Plural Number or third Declension , they are commonly put in the Ablative , and , as some say , in the Dative . Q. What Words follow the Rule of Proper Names ? A. 〈◊〉 , domi , militiae , belli , r●●i vel rure . Q. In what Case are the Proper Names of Cities and Towns put in , when they signifie moving to a place , and answer to the Question Quo , Whither ? A. They are put in the Accusative Case without a Preposition , and so are Domum and Rus used . Q. In what Case are the Proper Names of Cities and Towns put in , when they signifie From or By a place , and answering to the Question Vnde or Quâ , from whence or which way ? A. They are put in the Ablative Case without a Preposition , so are Domo and Rure . Q. What Genitives of Nouns Adjectives will Domus only admit of ? A. None but these , Meae , tuae , suae , nostrae , vestrae , alienae , for if other Adjectives be used with Domi , they must be put with it in the Ablative Case . Q. What part of Government comes next ? A. The Construction of Verbs Impersonals . Q. What Impersonals govern a Genitive Case ? A. Interest and Refert most commonly govern a Genitive of the Person , save that instead of the Genitive Cases of the Pronoun Primitives , they govern these Ablatives Feminines of the Pronouns Possessives , Meâ , tuâ , suâ , nostrâ , vestrâ , cuj● . Interest and Refert govern also these Genitives of the thing , viz. Tanti , quanti , magni , parvi , pluris , and sometimes other Cases ; as , Interest ad laudem meam , It makes to my praise . Q. What Impersonals govern a Dative Case ? A. Accidit , certum est , contingit , constat , confert , competit , conducit , convenit , placet , displicet , dolet , expedit , evenit , liquet , libet , licet , nocet , obest , prodest , praestat , patet , stat , restat , benefit , malefit , satisfit , superest , sufficit , vocat forotium est , &c. Q. What Impersonals govern an Accusative Case ? A. Juvat , decet , with their Compounds ; likewise delectat and oportet . Q. To what Impersonals is the Preposition ad properly added ? A. To these , Attinet , pertinet , spectat . Q. What Cases will Paenitet , taedet , miseret , miserescit , pudet , piget , govern ? A. An Accusat●ve with a Genitive . Q. But may not some Impersonals become Personals ? A. Yes ; as , Namque decent animos mollia regna tuos . Q. Have Impersonals a Nominative Case before them ? A. No ; for they are called Impersonals , because they have no Person , nor Number , nor Nominative Case : And Vossius saith they want also the Imperative Mood , instead of which we use the Present Tense of the Subiunctive . Q. How are Impersonals put ? A. Either absolutely ( i. e. ) by themselves , or they govern after them the Case of Verbs Personals ; as , Non nocebitur ei nocturnis roribus , The Dew shall not hurt it by night . Q. How may a Verb Impersonal of the Passive Voice signifie ? A. It may signifie indifferently , for every Person of both Numbers with the Preposition , a or ab , understood , and the Ablative Cases Singular or Plural of ego , tu , ille ; as , statur , I stand , thou standest , he standeth ; we stand , ye stand , they stand . Q. What Part of Government doth next follow ? A. The Construction of Participles . Q. What Case will Participles govern ? A. They govern the Cases of their Verbs . Q. What Case do Participles of Verbs Passives commonly govern ? A. They govern for the most part a Dative , and Participles , signifying actively , for the most part govern an Accusative Case . Q. What Case do Participles govern when they are changed into Nouns ? A. They govern a Genitive . Q. But how many ways are Participles changed into Nouns ? A. Four ; 1. When a Participle is construed with a different Case , then the Verb that it comes of is construed with it . 2. When it is compounded with a Preposition , with which the Verb it comes from , cannot be compounded . 3. When it forms all the Degrees of Comparison . 4. When it hath no respect or express difference of Time. Q. How are such Participles as are changed into Nouns called ? A. Nouns Participials . Q. Do all other Nouns Participials require a Genitive Case ? A. No ; Exosus , pertaesus , perosus , are excepted ; for when perosus and exosus signifie passively , they govern a Dative Case , and when they signifie actively , all the three govern an Accusative : And natus , prognatus , satus , cretus , creatus , ortus , editus , oriundus , govern an Ablative . Q. What part of Construction comes in the twelfth and last place ? A. The Construction of the Undeclined Parts of Speech . Q. Which of them comes first ? A. An Adverb , according to order . Q. What Case do Adverbs govern ? A. Some a Nominative and an Accusative ; as , En and Ecce , when they are Adverbs of shewing , govern most commonly a Nominative Case , seldom an Accusative ; but when they signifie upbraiding , reproaching , or disgracing , they have only an Accusative . Q. What Adverbs require a Genitive Case ? A. Adverbs of Quantity , Time and Place , and the Adverbs Instar and Ergo ; but Instar , with the Preposition Ad before it , is a Noun invariable . Q. What Adverbs govern a Dative Case ? A. Certain Adverbs derived of Nouns Adjectives which govern a Dative Case ; as , obvi●m derived of obvius , and similiter of similis . Q. Are there not some Datives of Nouns Substantives used adverbially ? A. Yes , Tempori , luci , vesperi . Q. What Adverbs derived an Accusative Case ? A. Certain Adverbs derived of Prepositions , serving to an Accusative ; as , propriùs and proximè , of the Preposition prope , and clanculùm of clam ; as Clanculùm Patres , Plaut . Q. How many ways may Prepositions be changed into Adverbs ? A. Two ; 1. When they are set alone without their Case . 2. When they do form all the Degrees of Comparison . Q. What Case will Adverbs of the Comparative and Superlative Degree have ? A. The same as the Nouns Adjectives of those Degrees of which they come . Q. What Case are plùs , ampliùs , and minùs , joyned to ? A. To a Nominative , Accusative , and Ablative , the Conjunction quàm being understood . Q. What is the Adverb abhinc joyned to ? A. To an Accusative or Ablative . Q. But do not Poets often use the Accusative Cases of Nouns Adjectives of the Neuter Gender in both Numbers for Adverbs ? A. Yes ; as , Torvùmque repentè clamat . Horrendùm stridens . Immanè spirans . Turbidùm laetatur . Perfidùm ridens , Hor. Transversà tuentibus hircis . Acerbà sonans . Crebrà fremit ; multà gemens , Virg. The manner of these Expressions are in imitation of the Greeks . Q. What Cases do Conjunctions govern , being the next in order ? A. They govern none ; but they couple like Cases , and sometimes like Moods , and Tenses , and sometimes like Moods , but divers Tenses . Q. What Conjunctions do couple like Cases ? A. All Conjunctions Copulatives , and Disjunctives , with these six , quam , nifi , praeterquam , an , cum , tum & tum doubled . Q. But may they not couple sometimes divers Cases ? A. Yes , in regard of some private reason , as in words that are of divers Constructions . Q. What Particles are there that govern Moods ? A. These following govern a Subjunctive Mood : 1. Indefinite words , ( i. e. ) words used in a general , not in a particular sense ; as , Quis , qualis , quantiss . 2. Causals , ( i. e. that give a reason or shew a cause ; ) as , Quin , quippe , qui , ut , uti , quo , dummodo , and dum for dummodo , and most an end quamvis , ersi , tametsi , etiamsi , and licet . 3. Dubitatives , ( i. e. when a Doubt is made ; ) as , An , ne , num . 4. Optatives , ( i. e. Particles or Words of Wishing ; ) as , V●inam , si , osi , ô. 5. These of Simulation , Perinde , a●si , quasi , selt vero , for quasi vero , tanquam ; but when they are Adverbs of Similitude , they govern an Indicative . Q. What Particles govern both Moods , sc . an Indicative and a Subjunctive ? A. Quippe qui , and utpote qui , ubi , cum , ni , nisi , si , quòd , quià , postquam ; but si for quamvis , governs a Subjunctive only . Q. What say you of the Adverb ne , of forbidding ? A. It governs an Imperative or Subjunctive . Q. What Participles govern an Indicative Mood ? A. Ne , an , num , being Particles of Interrogation , likewise quando , quandoq●idem , quoniam , quippe , dum and donec , put for quamdiu ; ut put for postquam , quomodo , sicut . Q. How are quòd and ut distinguished in making Latin , for both signifie that ? A. Quòd most commonly signifies the same as Quià , because , or it signifies , that , noting the efficient cause ; as , Quòd tu rediisti , Because you have returned ; and for the most part it is used concerning a thing done and past . Ut signifies to the end that , noting the final cause or effect ; as , Ut tu fabulam agas Volo ; and we use it chiefly for the future , and in things to come ; of both thus ; Gaudeo quod veneris scripsi ut venīres . Q. Which do you put , Quòd or Ut , after these words , viz. Adeò , ideò , ità , sic , tam , talis , tantus , tot , tantum abest , & c ? A. We never put Quòd after them , but Ut , with a Subjunctive M●od . Q. After what Verbs may Ut be also used ? A. After Verbs of seeking , bidding , fearing , and after Verbs that signifie a will , or study , or endeavour ; as , after volo , curo , laboro , and Verbs that signifie an event ; as , fit , evenit , accidit , contingit , &c. He that would know more concerning Particles , and the Government of Moods , let him read and consult Authors . Q. What say you of the Government of Prepositions ? A. That the Preposition In is often understood and sometimes others . Q. What comes next concerning the Government of Prepositions ? A. That a Verb compound sometimes governs a Case by the sorce of the Preposition it is compounded with . And sometimes the same Preposition is compounded or joyned with the Verb , and put before the casual word also ; as , Amicos ad vocabo ad hanc rem , where ad is put to vocabo , and put before hanc rem besides . Q. What Cases do Prepositions govern ? A. Either an Accusative or Ablative , some govern both , only Tenus governs an Ablative both Singular and Plural , and a Genitive Case Plural , but not Singular . Q. Which are those Prepositions that serve to both the Accusative and Ablative ? A. They are , In , super , sub , subter and clam ; in used for erga , contra , and ad serves to an Accusative . Officers are elegantly express'd in Latin by the Preposition A , with the Verb Est , and a Dative of the Possessor , or Master ; as , Est Regi à consiliis , He is one of the King's Counsel , or Privy Counsel . A pedibus , A Foot-man . A manibus , a Secretary or Manuensis . Q. But are there not some Prepositions , that are never found but when they are compounded with Verbs ? A. Yes these , Am , di , dis , re , se , con Q. What become of Prepositions when they govern no Case ? A. They are turned into Adverbs . Q. The Construction of which , of the undeclined Parts of Speech , doth now remain ? A. The Construction of Interjections . Q. What Cases do Interjections govern ? A. O , a Particle of Exclaiming , governs a Nominative and Vocative ; but when it is a Particle of Calling , only a Vocative ; as , O Melibaee Deus nobis haec otia fecit . Hue ades O Galatea , Virg. Eclog. 9. Heu governs a Nominative , Dative , or Accusative ; as , Heu Pietas ; Heu mifero mihi ; Heu stirpem invisam . Hei and Vae only a Dative ; as , Hei mihi ; Vae tibi Causidice . Q. What Cases do Proh , ah and vah govern ? A. They govern an Accusative and Vocative ; as , Proh Sancte Jupiter ! Proh Deûm atque hominum fidem ! Ah Virgo inselix ! Virg. Eclog. 6. Ah me miserum ! Ter. Vah mea Antiphila ! Vah inconstantiam ! Ter. Q. What Case do Heus and Ohe govern ? A. Only a Vocative ; as , Heus Syre ! Ohe Libelle ! Ter. and Mart. Q. What Case do Hem and Apage govern ? A. An Accusative ; as , Hem astutias ! Ter. Apage istiusmodi salutem quae cum cruciatu venit , Plaut . Observations for the Government of Words by Signs . A Sign is a word which of it self-signifieth nothing , but sheweth how another word signifies . A , An , The , be signs of a Nominative Case which goes before the Verb. These are also the signs of a Noun Substantive , to which you cannot put the word Man or Y●ing , as you can to an Adjective . The Accusacive hath the same signs , and it follows the Verb. O is the sign of the Vocative , and it is known by calling or speaking to any body O , is the sign of a Genitive when a Noun goes before it . Except , 1. Of after Adjectives , signifying fulness or emptiness , and before a word signifying the praise or dispraise of a thing , then it is a sign of a Genitive or Ablative . Except , 2. Of after dignus , indignus , natus , prognatus , sutus , cretus , creatus , ortus , editus , and most commonly after opus and usus , signifying need , notes an Ablative . But of after a Verb is made by one of these Prepositions , A , ab , e , ex , except after Verbs of accusing , condemning , warning and acquitting , a Genitive or an Ablative , with or without a Preposition . Also of after paenitet , pudet , taedet , piget , miseret , miserescit , and after the Verb Sum , signifying a Property or Duty , notes a Genitive . Of after Verbs of filling , easing , emptying , depriving , ridding , spoiling , unburthening , notes an Ablative without any Preposition . Of signifying concerning , is made by De. Of after Verbals in bilis , Participles of the Preterperfect Tense and Futures in dus , is a sign of a Dative ; yet sometimes it is made by a Preposition . To before a Noun is a sign of the Dative Case : but after aptus , pa●atas , tardur , and after a Substantive not governing a Genitive Case , which signisies the matter of a thing or person , it 's made by the Gerund in dum , or Participle in dus , with ad . But To , after a Substantive or Adjective , governing a Genitive Case , is made by a Gerund in di . To before a Verb is a sign of an Infinitive Mood ; but after attinet , pertinet , spectat , loquor , h●r●o , invito , provoco , addo , voco , and Verbs of motion is made by ad . To also after Verbs and Participles , signifying moving to a place , is usually made by the first Supine or Gerund in dum with ad , or by the Participle in rus . About to , to intend , or to purpose , is also made by the Fu●ure in rus . To be is a sign of the Infinitive Mood Passive ; but to be after the Verb sum , or a Substantive , is made by the Participle in dus . To be after these Adjectives , facilis , difficilis , dignus , indignus , is m●de by the latter Supine . For is sometimes the sign of a Dative Case ; but sometimes it 's made by a Preposition : But for the cause is always the Ablative ; and for the price , except after tanti , quanti , pluris , minoris , standing without Substantives , then it notes a Genitive . With , the cause or manner , is a sign of an Ablative . Except when it signifies Society , it is made by cum . Except also after Verbs of comparing , being angry with , or at ; to meet with , it is a sign of a Dati●e Case . From is an Ablative , except after Verbs of taking away , then it 's a Dative commonly . By , and then , after an Adjective of the Comparative Degree , be signs of an Ablative Case . That , when it is joined with man or thing , is made by is , ille , or iste ; otherwise ( if it cannot be turned into which ) it's a Conjunctio● to be made by qu●d or ut . How , before an Adjective is to be made by quàm ; before a Verb by qu●medo . More , most , and very , before an Adjective , are signs of the Comparative and Superlative Degree . It , or there , before a Verb , are signs of a Verb Imperson●l , or of a Nominative Case set after a Verb. A Par●iciple of the Present Tense having a sign of the Geni●iv● C●se , is made by a Gerund in di ; having the sign of an Ablative , is made by a Gerund in do : but the P●r●iciple in ing , having a or the before it , is a Substantive . About , concerning , is made by de ; afore a Noun of ●ime , or Number , with ad , circi●er , or circa ; otherwise with cir●a , circum . Afore , or before with a Noun or alone , is made by an●e ; af●r● that , before that , afore , before , with a Verb antequam . After , with a Noun is post , after that , after , with a Verb postquam ; afterwards , postea ; with the wo●ds mann●r , or f●shion , ad . All , viz. whole , is made by totus ; otherwise by omnis . Along , before a Substantive is per ; along with , ●nd cum . At , ut ; As , being repeated , or so-as , when a comparis●n , is made by tam-quam , tum-tum , cum-tum , ae●ue , perinde●a● , tam-ac , adco ut ; as much as , as great as , tantus , quanius ; as many as , so many as , tot-quot ; as like as , such as , taelis qualis ; as far , as to , as concerning , as much as belongs to , quantum ad , quod ad , quo ad . But , sed ; on●● , tantùm ; unless , nisi , praeterquam ; after cannot , non ; after nothing else , quam ; after I doubt not , quin. Over , ab●ve , is made by supra , beyond by ul●ra , through by per or trans . That , for this ; the , is made by ille ; for which , by qui. The , being thus repeated , the more the more ; the first is to be made by quo , quanto ; the latter by tanto , eo , boe . Till , aso●e a Verb is made by dum , or don̄●c ; afore a Noun , by ad , usque , ad . Very , afore a Substantive is made by ipse , otherwise by valde . Vnder , above , over , after a Noun of Number are made by minus , plus ; otherwise by subter , supta . Worth , before a Verb is made by valeo , being a Noun by dignitas ; but worth the pains , operae pretium ; otherwise it is a sign , &c. Too he be never so learned or rich , is not to be made by quamvis nunquam sit tam Doctus or Dives , but t●us , Doctissimus vel ditissimus , licet sit , &c. The signs , on , at , before a Nown of Time , Age ; also on after nitor to lean , and vescor to eat , notes an Ablative : Likewise at in such words , at table , at first sight , at first coming . &c. Also at School , at Church , by i● , with an Ablative and not by ad or apud . Of the rest of the Particles , co●sult Walker . Observe what follows for making elegant Latine . When this English That , may be formed into this English Which , it is a Relative ; otherwise it is a Conjunction , which is called in Latine quod or ut ; and in making Latine it may elegantly be put aw●y , by turning the Nominative into the Accusative , and the Verb into the Infinitive Mood . The English must or ought , that seems to be made by oportet or de●eo , may be put in the Gerund in dum , with the Verb est set impersonaily turning the Nominative into the Dative . The Verb have may be made by est in Latine , if you turn the Nominative into the Dative , and the Accusative into the Nominative . A Verb Neuter may be changed into the third Person Passive with an Ablative , and a Preposition express'd or understood . If a Verb Active be changed into a Passive you must turn the Nominative into the Dative or Ablative with a Preposition , and the Accusative into the Nominative . A Substantive with a Participle standing within a Comma by it self , and that is neither the Nominative Case to the Verb , nor governed of any other word , is put in the Ablative Case absolute , which Ablative may be resolved by one of these words , dum , cum , quando , si , quanquam , postquàm . Rules to turn English into Latin , or Latin into English . BEfore you construe , read the Sentence to a period , observing the Proper Names , ( that begin with great Letters ) and the Hard Words , with the meaning of what you are to construe . After that , 1. Take the Vocative Case ( if there be any ) with its Interjection , and whatsoever depends upon it . 2. Take the Nominative , or whatsoever is put instead of it , and joyn with it whatsoever depends upon it . 3. Take the Principal Verb , and whatsoever depends on it . 4. Take the Case following the Verb , by asking whom , or what ? and after it all the other Cases in order : first the Genitive , then the Dative and Ablative , known by their signs ; but Relatives and Nouns that follow the Rule of the Relative , together with their Substantives , ( if they have any express'd ) are commonly taken before the Verb , or any other word whereof they are governed ; and so are Conjunctions and Adverbs of likeness ; as , quemadmodum , ut , sicut , having sic or ita to answer them , in the second part of the Sentence . 5. Take the Substantive and Adjective together , unless the Adjective pass over its signification unto some other word which it governs . 6. Observe the Indeclinables , and the Case ( if they require it ) that follows them . 7. The Substantive ( with its Participle , &c. ) which neither agrees with the Verb , nor is govern'd of any word , ( i. e. ) the Ablative Case absolute , which is put in a Comma by it self . Lastly , All the Circumstances comprehended in this following Verse are to be well weighed : Quis , cui , causa , locus , quo tempore , prima sequela . That is , 1. Who speaks in that place ; what he speaks . 2. To whom he speaks . 3. Upon what occasion he speaks , or to what end . 4. Where he speaks . 5. At what time it was . 6. What went before in the Sentence next . 7. What follows next after . If any thing be against Sence or Grammar , cast it off till you have sound out the right . Short Rules for the placing of Latine , Words . 1. THe Oblique Cases , ( that is , all besides the Nominative and Vocative ) are to be placed in the beginning , unless they be Negatives , then they may elegantly be put in the end ; so may Adjectives or Par●iciples , that contain the chief point of the sence . 2. The Nominative Case is to be placed in the middle before the Verb , except a Question be asked , and then the Nominative is set after the Verb , or after the sign of the Verb , as Amas tu ? 2. When the Verb is of the Imperative Mood , as Ama tu . Or , 3. when this sign it or there cometh before the English of the Verb , as Est liber mens , Venit ad me quidam . 4. The Adjective may be placed before the Substantive , and between them may be fitly placed the Genitive of the latter of two Substantives : Also between the Adjective and the Substantive of the Genitive Case , the word governing the Genitive Case may be elegantly put . Adverbs and Participles may be placed where they seem most to please the ear : But the word governed is most commonly placed before the word governing , contrary to Grammatical order . De Figuris . Q. QVid est Figura ? R. Est novâ vel novatâ are aliquâ dicondi form● . Q. Quot ●plices sunt Figurae Grammaticae ? R. Sunt quadruplices , Orthogràphiae , Etymologiae , Syntaxis , Pr●s●diae . Q. Quot sunt Figurae Orthographi● ? R. Sunt novent ; 1. Prothesis . 2. Amphaeresis . 3. Epenthesis . 4. Syncope . 5. Paragoge . 6. Apocope . 7. Antistoicon , se● A●ith●sis , 8. Metathesis . 9. T●●esis . Sed haec omnesque Figurae Grammaticales ad Pleonasmum , Ellipsin , & Enallagen reduci possunt , Q. Quid est Prothesis ? R. Est appositio literae vel syllabae ad principium dictionis ; ut , Gnatus pro Natus : tetuli pro tuli . Q. Quid est Aphaeresis ? R. Est ablatio literae vel syllabae à principio dictionis ; ut , ●uit pro eruit : teninere pro conte●●ere . Q. Quid est Epenthesis ? R. Est interpositio literae vel syllabae in medio dictionis ; ut , relliquias , relligio , additâ L : Induperatorem pro Imperarorem . Q. Quid est S●noope ? R. Est ablatio literae ●el syllabae è medio dictionis ; ut , 〈◊〉 pro abivit : dixti pro dix sti : repostum pro repositum . Q. Quid est Parag●ge ? R. Est appositio literae vel syllabae ad finem dictionis ; ut , dicier pro dici : mittier pro mitti . Q. Quid est Apocope ? R. Est ablatio literae vel syllabae à sine dictionis ; ut , Pe●uli pro peculii : dixtin ' pro dixtine : ingeni pro ingenii . Q. Quid est Antistolcon , s●● Ant●thesis ? R. Est literae pro literâ positio ; ut , Ol●i , servos , pro illi & servus . Q. Quid est Metathesis ? R. Est literae alicujus ex propriâ sede in aliam transpositio ; ut , Thymbre pro Thymber : I prae pro praei . Q. Quid est ●●esis ? R. Est v●cis compo●●tae intersectio per u●am pluresve dictiones interpositas ; ut , Quae meo cunque animo libitum est sucere . Per mihi , inquam , gratum seceris . Q. Quo●●unt Figurae Etymslogiae ? R. Sunt tres , 1. Enallage . 2. Hellenisinus : Et , 3. Archaismas . Q. Quid est Enallage in Etymologiâ ? R. Est quando vel ipsae pattes ●rar●onis vel earum accidentia , ita inter se permutantur , ut nihil in leges constructionis five Synta●eos peccetur ; ut , Sic vita erat , pro talis . Hostis habet muros , pro hostes habent Q. Quid est Hellen●sinus in Et●mologiâ ? R. Est cum dictiones Latinae Graecorum sequantur flexionem , non propriam ; ut , Nec aurâs nec sonitus memor , pro aurae , Virg. E● mullos illic Hectoras ess puto ; pro Hectores , Ovid. Q. Quid est Archaismus in Etymologiâ ? R. Est dictio pr●seis ●sitara , sed praesenti sae●ulo ol●sole●a ; ut , Magnai relpublicai gratiâ , pro magnae republicae . Q. Quot up●●ces sunt Figurae Syntaxeos ? R. Sunt du●●●ces , quae fiunt vel spectantur . 1. Ratione Convenientiae : Et , 2. ratione Regiminis . Q. Quomodo spectatur Figura Syntaxeos ratione Convenientiae ? R. Spectatur vel in partibus declinabilibus vel indeclinabili●●s . Q. Quen●●● Figurae 〈◊〉 vel spectantur ratione Con●●nientiae in partibus declinabilibus ? R. Syllepsis , Prolepsis , Ze●gm● , Synthesis . Q. Quid est Syllepsis seu Conceptio Laetine dicta ? R. Est cum Verbum aut Adjecti●um pluribus suppos●●is additum cum digniore convenit non cum vicini●●e ; 〈◊〉 ▪ Si ●● exercitusque valetis . Pater & Mater m●tu● . Q. Quotuplex est Conceptio seu Syllepsis ? R. Est duplex , directa quae fit per Conjunctionem Copulativam ; ut , Quid tu & soror facitis ; vel indirecta quae fit per praepositionem Copulativam ; ut , Ipse cum fratre adesse jussi sumus . Q. Quotuplex est directa Conceptio ? R. Est duplex , 1. Personarum ; ut , Neque ego neque tu fecimus , Ter. 2. Generum ; ut , Rex & Regina beati . Q. Quid est Prolepsis seu Praesumptio ? R. Est pronunciatio quaedam rerum summaria , vel est cum praecessit vox aliqua totum significans , quae in partibus max non explicatur , sed intelligitur : sive vel cum toti subj●ciuntur partes , numeris aut personis diversae ; ut , Duae volabant aquilae , una ab ortu , altera ab occasu , &c. Q. Quid est Zeugma ? R. Est unius Verbi vel Adjectivi vicinicri respondentis ad diversa supposita reductio ; ad utum expressè , ad alterum per supplementum , estque 1. Vel Generis ; ut , Vtinam aut hic surdus aut haec muta facta sit , Ter. Vel , 2. Numeri ; ut , Hic illius arma , hic curris fuit . Vel , 3. Personae , ut , ille timore , ego risu corrui . Q. Quid est Synthesis ? R. Est structura seu praetio sensu , non voce congruens ; ut , Pars in srustra secant . Gens armati . Estque triplex , 1. Generis tantùm ; ut , Centauro in●ebitur magnâ , se . Navi , Virg. Scelus postquam iudificatus est virginem pro scelestus , Ter. Samnitum caesi duo millia , Liv. 2. Numeri tantùm ; ut , Pars volucres factae , Ovid. Turba ruunt , Virg. 3. Generis & Numeri simul ; ut , Pars iersi tenuere rate● , Virg. Q. Quomodo & quibus Figuris figuratur Syntaxis ratione Convenientiae in partibus indeclimibilibus ? R. Figuratur vel additione ; ut , In Polysindeto , vel detractione ; ut , In A●●ndeto : vel trajectione ; ut , In Andstrophe & Synchysi sive Hyperbato . Q. Quid est Polysindeton ? R. Est Conjunctionum in oratione redundantia ; ut , Hunc & Tarentini & Rhegini & Neopolitani , civitate , praemiis ; donarunt . Q. Quid est Asyndeton ? R. Est Conjunctionis in oratione defectus ; ut , Aequi boni consulo . Debelitant vires balnea , Bacchus , amor . Velis nolis fiet , pro velis seu nolis fiet . Q. Quid est Anastrophe ? R. Est cum Praepositio suo casui postponitur ; ut , His accensa super , Virg. Q. Quid est Synchisis seu Hyperbaton ? R. Est confusus ordo dictionum , quae ita miscentur in oratione , ut tota oratio inde fiat obscura & confusa ; ut , Namque pilâ lippis inimicum & ludere crudis : sc . Ludere pilâ est inimicum lippis & crudis , Hor. Q. Quaenam sunt Syntaxeos Figurae quae in Regimine inveniuntu● ? R. Sunt , Qu● , 1. Vel in additione fiunt ; ut , Pleonasinus ▪ Vel , 2. detractione ; ut , Ellipsis . Vel , 3. immutatione ; ut , Enallage . Q. Quid est Pleonasmus ? R. Est cum una pluresve dictiones supra necessiatem in oratione redundant ; ut , Sic ore locuta est , Ter. Hisce o●ulis egomet vidi , Virg. Vocemque his auribus hausi , Idem . Q. Quid est Ellypsis quae dicitur Figura Syntaxeos in detractione ? R. Est dictionis ad legitimam Constructionem necessariae in sensu defectus ; ut , Aberat bidui , sc . vi● . Decies sestertium ( i. e. ) decies centena millia . Proh Deûm immortaliùm , sc . fidem : Non est oneri solvendo ( i. e. ) aptus . Ego continuò mecum , supple cogitabam . Omnes ad unum occidit pro usque ad unum . Tertio nonas , pro ante nonas . Invenitur haec figura in omnibus orationis partibus . Q. Quid est Enallage , quae est Figura Syntaxeos in immutatione ? R. Est quâ voces , dut earum accidentia contra usitatae Constructionis leges permutantur . Q. Quomodo vocis immutatio dicitur ? R. Dicitur Antimeria ; ut , Scire tuum , Pers . Sole retens orto , Virg. Q. Quomodo Accident is immutatio dici solet ? R. Heterosis aut Alloiosis , ac fit in omnibus partibus declinabilibus : In iis quae per casus variantur , fit , 1. In genere ; ut , Et mammae putres , aequina quales ubera , pro qualia , Hor. 2. Numero ; ut , Et flesti & nostros vidisti flentis ocellos , pro meos flentis . 3. Casu , quae species Aenallages vocatur propriè Antiptosis , quae est positio casùs pro casu ; ut , Adsis laetitiae Bacchus dator , pro Bacche . Haeret pede pes , dens usque viro vir , pro pedi , Virg. Occurrunt animae , quales neque candidiores terra tulit , pro qualibus , Hor. Hanc pius Aeneas eripuisse ferunt , pro pium Aeneam , Ovid. Vrbem quam statuo vestra est . Q. Quid est Synecdoche quae ad Hypallagen referri potest ? R. Est , cum Ablativus partis vel Adjuncti mutatur in Accusativum : Partis ; ut , Explerimentem nequit . Deiphobum vidi laceratum crudeliter ora : Adjuncti ; ut , Omnia mercurio similis vocemque coloremque . Flores inscripti nomina regum , Virg. Q : Quid est Hypallage quae est altera species Aenallages ? R. Est mutua Casuum permutatio ; ut , In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas ; pro in novas formas , Ovid. Dare classibus Austros , pro classes austris seu ventis . Q. Quid est Hendiadis ? R. Est cum unum p●r duo exprimitur ; ut , Pateris bibamus & auro , pro aureis pateris . Q. Quid est Hysteron Proteron sive Hysterologia ? R. Est , cum id quod secundo loco poni debet , ponitur priore ; ut , Moriamur , & in media arma ruamus ; pro in media arma ruamus & moriamur , Virg. Q. Quid est Hellenismus seu Graecismus in Syntaxi ? R. Est , cum à Latinâ consuetudine recedentes , imitamur Graecos ; ut , Desine mollium tandem querelarum , Hor. Os humerosque Deo similis , Virg. Abstinet irarum . Q. Quid est Archai●mus ? R. Est structurae ratio veteribus in usu , quae jam exolevit ; ut , Quid tibi hanc rem curatio est . Q. Quaenam dicuntur vitia vocis & orationis & quomodo distinguuntu● ? R. Dicuntur , Barbarismus & Solaecismus , & distinguuntur ut in ho● disticho . Barbarismus erit si vox corrumpitur una ; Esto Solaecismus vitiosa oratio quaevis . Est etiam sermo quem vocant , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , sc . Inconsequens , cum sequentia prioribus non cohaerent . De Prosodiae Figuris in ipsa tractabimus Prosodiâ . Modus examinandi Lectionem . Q. PRopositâ voce quid faciendum est ? R. Dicendum est , quae & qualis sit pars orationis , an sit declinabilis vel indeclinabilis . Q. Si sit nomen vel Verbum , ( nam hae sunt principales partes orationis ) quid faciendum est ? R. Inflectendum est nomen per casus , & genera ; & Verbum per Tempora & Modos . Q. Si sit nomen quale nomen est ? R. Est Substantivum vel Adjectivum ; Proprium vel Apellativum , quod dicitur Commune . Q. Quid est Substantivum ? R. Est quod nihil addi postulat ad suam significationem exprimendam . Q. Quid est Substantivum Proprium . R. Est quod rem uni individuo propriam significat , & est triplex , Praenomen , Nomen , Cognomen . Q. Quid est Substantivum Communes seu Apellativum ? R. Est quòd rem multis communem significat . Q. Quot accidunt nomini ? R. Septem , declinatio , genus , numerus , casus ; comparatio quae propriè est Adjectivi : Species & Figura quae duo omnibus orationis partibus sunt communia . Q. Quale Nomen est quoad Speciem & Figuram ? R. Est Primitivum vel Derivativum , Simplex vel Compositum . Q. Cujus vel quotae declinationis ? R. Primae , secundae , &c. Q. Vnde dignoscitur declinatio ? R. Ex Genitivo Singulari . Q. Quomodo inflectis ? R. Inflecto sic , &c. Q. Ad quam regulam specialem pertinet ? R. Ad primam , secundam , tertiam , &c. Q. Quomodo s●is ? R. Quia non crescit , acutè crescit , vel gravitèr crescit in Genitivo . Q. Cujus Generis est ? R. ●st M. F. N. C. D. G. Q. Si sit Substantivum Proprium , Quale est Proprium ? R. Est Proprium Nomen . M. G. sc . Dei , Viri , Fluvii , Mensis , Venti : vel F. G. sc . Deae , Feminae , Vrbis , Regionis , Insulae . Q. Cujus Casûs , Numeri & Personae est haec dictio ? R. Nominativi , Gen. &c. Singularis vel Pl. Numeri , & primae , secundae , tertiae Personae . Q. Quare est talis Casûs ? R. Praecedit Verbum ( si sit Nom. ) sequitur Verbum ( si sit Acc. ) Vocativus est quoniam alloquitur . Regitur● Verbo , Adjectivo , &c. Est posterius duorum Substantivorum , diversae , ejusdem significationis . Significat laudem , vel vituperium rei . Significat instrumentum , causam , modum rei . Significat spatium l●ci : Ponitur absolutè in Ablativo . Significat speciem temporis . Est Nomen pretii . spatium Loci in quo .     ad quem .     à quo , per quem .     Per quam regulam ? Recita regulam . Q. Quale Adjectivum est hoc quoad significationem ? R. Est proprium , quod affectionem uni individuo peculiarem significat . Est Commune quod affectionem multis communem significat . Q. Quale Adjectivum est quoad inflexionem ? R. Est trium articulorum vel trium terminationum . Q. Cujus Casus , generis & numeri est ? R. Est , &c. Q. Quare ? R. Consentit cum Substantivo . Q. Cujus gradus Comparationis est ? R. Est Positivi , Comparativi , Superlativ● . Q. Quomodo comparatur ? R. Sic , durus , durior , durissimus . Q. Quotuplex est gradus Comparationis ? R. Est duplex , Regularis & Irregularis . Q. Quid est Pronomen ? R. Est pars orationis declinabilis vicem nominis supplens , quâ in demonstrandâ aut repetendâ re aliquâ utimur . Q. Quotuplex est Pronomen ? R. Est duplex Substantivum & Adjectivum . Q. Quaenam & quot sunt Pronomen Substantiva & Adjectiva ? R. Substantiva sunt quatuor , Ego , tu , sui & quid ; reliqua sunt Adjectiva . Q. Quot sunt species Pronominum ? R. Sunt tres , 1. Primitiva , quae & alio respectu demonstrativa vocantur . 2. Relativa , quae referuntur ad vocem antecedentem . 3. Derivativa quae Possessiva dicta sunt , excipe Nostras & Vestras , quae sunt Gentilia , & Cujas quod est nomen Gentile . Q. Quale pronomen est hoc in praelectione tuâ ? R. Est Primitivum , Derivativum , vel Relativum : concordat cum Antecedente , Genere , Numero , & Personâ . Q. Cujus generis sunt omnia pronomina ? R. Sunt omnis generis . Q. Quale genus Verbi est hoc ? R. Est Activum , Passivum , Neutrum , Deponens . Q. Quomodo inflectis ? R. Inflecto sic . Q. Cujus Modi est & Temporis ? R. Indicativi , Imperativi , Subjunctivi , Infinitivi ; Et Praesentis , Imperfecti , Perfecti , Plusquam perfecti , vel Futuri temporis . Q. Quare est Subjunctivi Modi ? R. Regitura Conjunctione : & cohaereret cum Nominativo , &c. Q. Quare est Infinitivi ? R. Posterius duorum Verborum ponitur in Infinitivo ; uti Posterius duorum Substantivorum in Genitivo . Q. Quaenam aliae responsiones aliquando redduntur ? R. Hae sc . Imperativus deest . Imperativus caret primâ personâ , quia non imperamus nobis metipsis . Caret praeterito . Caret supinis . Caetera desunt . Q. Vnde formatur ? Vnde derivatur ? Vnde componitur ? Quare mutatur Consonans vel Vocalis ? R. Euphoniae gratiâ . Q. Quae pars orationis est proxima sc ? R. Est Participium . Q. Quid est Participium ? R. Est pars orationis inflexa casu , quae à nomine genera , casus , & declinationem ; à Verbo tempus & significationem , & ab utroque Numerum & Figuram accipit . Q. Quot accidunt Participio ? R. Septem , Casus , genus , declinatio , tempus , significatio , Numerus Figura , & aliq . Comparatio . Q. Quot sunt species Participiorum ? R. Quatuor , 1. Participium praesentis quod exit in , ans , ens , & iens . 2. Futuri in rus , significationem habens Infinitivi Modi Activae vocis . 3. Praeteriti quod exit in , tus , sus , xus . 4. Futuri in , dus , semper significans passivè . Q. Quot sunt tempora Participiorum ? R. Tria , 1 Praesens , quod formatur à Praeterito , Imperfecto , ultimâ syllibâ mutatâ in ns . 2. Praeteritum quod formatur à posteriore supino addito S. 3. Futurum , quod duplex est , 1. In , rus , & formatur à posteriore supino . 2. In , dus , quod à participio praesenti formatur , inserto du , ante●s final●m ; ut , amans , amandus . Q. Quot Participia veniunt ab Activis & Neutris . R. Duo , Praesens & Futurum in rus . Q. Quot participia veniunt à Verbis Passivis ? R. Duo , Praeteritum & Futurum in dus . Q. Quot participia veniunt à Verbis Deponentibus ? R. Tria , Praesens , Praeteritum , Futurum in rus , & multis accedit quartum sc . Futurum in dus . Q. Quid sunt participia omnia ? R. Sunt Adjectiva : ac quaedam , eorum instar comparantur ; ut , exspectatior , exspecta●issimus : optatior , optatissimus , &c. Q. Qualis est haec dictio sc ? R. Est prius vel posterius Supinum . Q. Quid est haec particula sc ? R. Est Adverbium quod est pars orationis indeclinabilis , adjecta Nomini vel Verbo ad explicandam ejus significationem . Q. Quale Adverbium est ? R. Est Adverbium , Temporis , Loci , Quantitatis , Qualitatis , Numeri , Negandi , Affirmandi , Demonstrandi , Ordinis , &c. Q. Quot sunt accidentia Adverbio ? R. Quatuor , significatio , Comparatio , species & Figura ? Q. Quae particula est haec ? R. Est Conjunctio , quae est pars orationis invariabilis dictiones & sententias conjungens . Copulat similes Ca●us , Modos , Tempora . Accidunt ei Figura , Potestas , & Ordo . Q. Quae particula est haec quoque ? R. Est Praepositio , quae est pars orationis indeclinabilis aliis partibus , vel in compositione vel appositione praeposita . Ex quo fit , ut praepositiones sunt vel seperabiles vel inseperabiles . Q. Qualis est haec Praepositio ? R. Est seperabilis Praepositio . Q. Quibus casibus inserviunt Praepositiones ? R. Quaedam Accusativo , quaedam Ablativo , & quaedam utrique casui inserviunt . Q. Quid sunt Inseperabiles Praep●sitiones ? R. Sunt quae extra Compositionem , non sunt in 〈◊〉 . Q. Quae est haec particula ? R. Est Interjectio , quae est pars orationis indeclinabili● , per se sententiam perficiens , serviens vel Nom. Dat. Acc. aut Vocativo . Q. Quaenam aliae responsiones aliq . reddi solent inter examinandum . R. Variae ; ut , Est Figurata Syntaxis vel Constructio . Est Graecismus . Est Archaismus . Est Error Typographi . PROSODIA Examin'd and Explain'd by QUESTION and ANSWER . Q. WHat is Prosodia ? A. Prosodia is that part of Grammar which teacheth the true Pronunciation , Quantity , or Accent , of words . Q. How is Prosodia divided ? A. 1. Into Tone or Tune . 2. Breathing ( in Pronunciation . ) 3. Time ( for the Pronunciation of a long or short syllable . ) Q. What is an Accent properly ? A. It is a way , law , mark , or manner of pronouncing , whereby a syllable is either lifted up , or pressed down . Q. How many fold is a Tone or an Accent ? A. It is three-fold ; 1. Acute , which acutes a syllable and lifts it up , and the Acute Accent is mark'd with a little oblique , or overthwart stroke , or a little line ascending towards the right-hand thus ' ; as , in Dómus . 2. Grave Accent , which makes grave , and presseth down a syllable , and is mark'd with an overthwart or little oblique line , descending towards the right-hand thus ▪ ; as , in Doctè . 3. A Circumflex Accent , which utters a syllable with a somewhat longer note than a Grave Accent ; it is made of both the Acute and Grave after this fashion ▪ ; as , in Amâre . Q. What is an Apostrophus , which may be added to the Accents ? A. It is a Comma , or a certain part of a Circle p●t to the top of a Letter , which shews , that the last Vowel of a word is wanting ; as , Tanton ' , for Tantone ; lov'd , for loved . Q. How many Breathings or Spirits are there ? A. Two ; the rough or harsh Breathing , called Asper Spiritus , when a word begins with H , and the mild or smooth Breathing , called Lenis Spiritus , when a word begins with a Vowel without H. Q. What Rules am I principally to observe concerning the Accents ? A. 1. That Monosyllables being either of a short or long ending by position are acuted ; as , Mél , fél , párs , páx ; or being by nature long are circumflected ; as , Môs , spès . 2. Dissyllables having the former long by nature and the last short are circumflected ; as , Mûsa ; but when the last is made long , the Penultima is acuted ; as , Músae : in all others there is an Acute ; as , Citus , látus , solers , sátur , &c. 3. Polysyllables having their Penultima long by position are acuted ; as , Camillus : but having it long by nature and the last short , they are circumflected ; as , Românus , amâre : except the Compounds of fit , whose Vltima is acuted ; as , Malefit , calefit , benefit , satisfit . The Penultima being short , the Ante penultima is acuted ; as , Dóminus , dicere : except the Compounds of Facio ; as , Benefácis , malefácis , calefácis , frigefácit . The Vltima being long , the Penultima is acuted ; as , Sacérdos , amplecti : all others are grave . Q. But may there not be same Exceptions made on these Rules of the Accents ? A. Yes ; For , 1. there are some for difference sake , that transpose the Accent ; as , the Adverb ●Iná , acutes the last , lest it might be taken for a Noun . So in eó , alió , aliquó , putá for sicut , poné for post . Ergó the Conjunction , and Ergô pro causâ , &c. 2. Encliticks transfer their Accent unto the precedent syllable ; as , lumináque . So do the Parelca , dum , si , nam . But where there is a manifest composition the Accent is not varied ; as , Dénique , útique , itaque , úndique , húccine , quisque ; for in these the que is not an Enclitick : but ubique and ubivis keep the accent . 3. Some are circumflected in the Vltima for difference sake ; as , Ablatives , Poetâ , gloriâ , with these , nostrâs , vestrâs , cujâs , Arpinâs , Ravennâs , &c. Some in the Penultima ; as , in such syncopated words , Amâsse , decrêsse , Deûm pro deorum . Q. What is Time or Quantity , being the third part of Prosodiâ ? A. It is the measure , which is as it were the while we take in pronouncing a syllable , for a short syllable is pronounced quietly , and is but of one time , and it is marked thus ● : and a long syllable is pronounced more leisurely , and is of two times , that is , it takes twice as much to be pronounced as the short syllable doth , and it is marked thus . Q. Of what do Feet consist ? A. Of syllables disposed or placed in a just or right order . Q. What is a Foot ? A. It is the setting or placing together of two syllables or more , according to the certain observation of the times , or measures of the syllables . Q. How many sorts of Feet are there ? A. Two sorts , Feet of two and Feet of three syllables ; there are also Feet of four syllables , which may be omitted as needless . Q. Which are the Feet of two syllables ? A. They are , 1. A Spondee , which consists of two long syllables . 2. Pyrrichius , which consists of two short ones . 3. A Trochce , which consists of the first long , and the last short : And , lastly , an lambus , which consists of the first short and the second long . Q. Which are the Feet of three syllables ? A. They are a Tribrachus , which consists of three short syllables . 2. A Dactile , which consists of the first long and the two last short . 3. An Anapest , which consists of the first short and the last long . The rest may be omitted . Q. Of what doth a Verse consist , or what is it made up of . A. Of Feet trimm'd or well compos'd in a just and lawful number and order . Q. What is a Verse ? A. It is a Speech bound to a just and lawful number of Feet . Q. What must he first learn that is to make a Verse ? A. He must learn to measure it rightly by Feet , called Scanning . Q. What is Scanning ? A. It is the lawful measuring of a Verse into several Feet . Q. How many are the Figures of Prosodia or Meter that belong to Scanning . A. They are , Synalaepha , Eclipsis , Synaeresis , Diaeresis , Caesura , Systole , Diastole . Q. What is Synalaepha ? A. It is a certain striking out of a Vowel or Dipthong in the end of a word , when the next word begins with a Vowel or Dipthong : but heu , and o , ah , in , proh , vah , hei , are never cut off or taken away ; as , Et bis io , Arethusa , io Arethusa vocabit , Ovid. But sometimes the Synalaepha is neglected ; as , Et succus pecori & lac subducitur agnis , Virg. Post habita coluisse samo , Hic illius arma . But when Vowels and Dipthongs are not taken away , they are common ; as , first , short , Victor apud rapidum Simoenta sub Ilio alto . Insulae Ionio in magno quas dira Caelaeno . Long ; as , Lament is gemituque & foemineo ululatu . Ante tibi Eoae Atlantides absconduntur . Long and short in this Verse : Ter sunt conati imponere Pelio ossam . Q. What is Eclipsis ? A. It is a Figure when m in the end of a word with the Vowel going before it is cut off , by reason of the Vowel following ; formerly also s was cut off ; as , A●boribus veteres decidere falcibu ' 〈◊〉 . Q. What is Synaeresis , called also Synecphonesis and Syn●zesis ? A. It is the contraction or drawing together of two syllables into one ; as , Seu lento fuerint alvaria vimina te●ta . This Figure happens often in the Genitive Cases of Nouns in Eus ; as , Thesei , Achillei , Vlyssei , for Thesei , Ach●llei , Vlyss●i . And when the Vowels i● and u are chan●ed into j and v Consonants ; as , parjete and tenvis , for pariete and tenuis . So likewise in all these words that belong rather to Synaeresis than to a Syna●aepha ; as , Dii , Diis , iidem , iisdem , deinde , deinceps , proinde , deell , deero , decrit , antea●●bulo , anteit , antehac , &c. Q. What is the Figure Diae●esis or Dialysis ? A. It is when two syllables are made of one , cut nsunder or parted ; as , Stamina non ulli dissoluenda Deo , Tioull . Q. What is Caesura ? A. It is when a short syllable in the end of a word and in the beginning of the foot is made long . Q. What is Sy●tole ? A. It is the ma●ing short of a long syllable ; as , Matri longa dec●m tulērunt sastidia Menses . Obstupui steterunque c●mae , &c. Q. What is Diastole or Ectasis ? A. It is the making long of a syllable short by nature ; as , Atque hic Priamidem laniatum corpore toto , Virg. Exercet Diana choros . Q. Which are the kinds of Diastole in Caesura ? A. They are , 1. Triemimeris , which after one foot doth make a short syllable long ; as , Pectoribus inhians , &c. 2. Penthemimeris , which after two feet makes a short syllable long ; as , Omnia vincit amor , &c. 3. H●p●hemimeris , which after three feet makes a short syllable long ; as , Ostentans artem pariter arcumque &c. 4. An Enemimeris , which after four feet makes a short syllable long ; as , Ille latus niveum molli fultus hyacintho . A Diastole happens often in a Penthemimer , and Hepthemīmer seldom in the rest . Q. What is the difference between Carmen and Versus ? A. Carmen implies the whole , whither an Epigram , an Eclogue , Satyr , or Ode , &c. and Charisius interprets it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Versus signifies but one ; as , Versibus ex multis carmen componitur unum . But Carmen , or a Poem , may be finished in one Verse ; as , Mart. in two places ; Omnia Cast●r e●●is , sic siet , ut emnia vendas . Pauper videri 〈…〉 , & est pauper . Q. Which are the most usual sort of Verses ? A. They are , 1. An Hexameter , or Heroick , wherein the deeds done by Noble-men , or Heroes , are let down with praise ; and it consists of two sorts of feet , ( i. e. ) Dactiles and Spondees , and of six of these feet in number , of which the fifth place must be a Dactile , and the sixth a Spendee . Q. What is the next more usual sort of Verse ? A. It is a Pentameter or El●giack , wherein lamentable Matters were at first used to be set forth , and it consists of five f●et , being Dactiles and Spondees , of four whole ones , and two long syllables in the third and sixth place , which make up the fifth foot , but the fourth and fifth places must always be two Dactiles . Q. Which is the third usual so●● of Verse ? A. It is an 〈◊〉 , of which 〈◊〉 was the first Author , and this consists of a Dactile , Spondee , and a long syllable and two Dactiles at last . Q. Which is the fourth usual sort of Verse ? A. It is a Saphick , which consists of a Trochee , a Spondee , a Dactile , and at list of two Trochees , to which an Adonick , consisting of a 〈◊〉 and Spondee , is added after three Verses . Q. Which is the fifth usual sort of Verse ? A. It is a 〈◊〉 , whereof 〈◊〉 w●s the first Author , or a Verse of eleven syllables , c●●sisting of a Spondee , Dactile , and of three Trochees . Q. Which is the sixth sort of Verse ? A. It is an Iambick , consisting of six Iambicks alone . Q. Are these all the more usual sort of Verse ? A. Some add a Glyconick , which consists of a Spondee , and two Dactiles ; as , Sic te Diva potens Cypri . And some an A●chilochius Versus , which consists of two Dactiles and a Syllable ; but this and an Adonick are invented for the sake of Tyrocinians , that , being exercised in them , they may proceed to Elegiacks . Q. How is the quantity of syllables known , and by how many manner of ways ? A. The quantity of syllables is known two ways , ( i. e. ) first , by Rules , secondly , by Authority or Examples . Q. How many fold are the Rules ? A. They are two-fold , 1. General , which may be observed in every syllable . 2. Special , of , or concerning the last syllables . Q. Which and how many are the General Rules ? A. They are these : 1. A Vowel before two Consonants , or a double Consonant in the same word , and before one Consonant in the end of one word , and before another in the beginning of another , is every-where long by position . Q. What do you mean by double Consonants , and how many are there of them ? A. I mean by a double Consonant , that which stands for two Let●ers or Consonants ; as , X , and Z , the first standing for , Cs , or , Gs ; as , in Dux , Ducs , Rex , Regs ; the second , sc . Z , standing for Ds ; as , Zephyrus , D●ephyrus : Some also reckon J between two Vowels a double Consonant , as in Major and Pejor , &c. except in the Compounds of Jugum ; as , Bijuges , Quad●ijuges , Mul●ijuges , which are short . Q. Is a Vowel before two Consonants in the same word always long ? A. No ; for if a Mute , and the Liquids L or R , are put in the same syllable after a short Vowel , that Vowel in a Verse becomes common ; as , in Patris , Volucris , Locuples , Tenebrae , reflo , repleo , poples , &c. But the Vowel being long , it is not chang'd ; as , aratrum , simulacrum . Q. What if the former word end in a short Vowel , the word following beginning with two Consonants ? A. It is sometimes , tho' seldom , made long ; as , Occult● spolia & plures de pa●e triumphos . Quid gladium demens ●omana stringis in ora ? Mart. Q. What is the third general Rule for knowing the first syllables ? A. A Vowel before another in divers syllables of the same word , is every-where made short amongst the Latins ; as , Deus , meus , &c. but among the Greeks it is ever now and then made long . Q. What other Exceptions have you , besides this Greek one ? A. The Genitive Cases in ius of the second declension of the Pronouns ; as , Vnius , illius , &c. where the Letter i is found common ; but in alterius it is always short , and in alius always long . Q. What other Exceptions have you of a Vowel , not being short , before another in the same word ? A. The Genitive and Dative Cases of the fifth declension , where e between the double i is made long ; as , faciēi ; otherwise not ; as , rēi , spēi , fidēi ; except also fi in fio , which is long ; as , Omnia jam fient , fieri quae posse negabam ; but if e and r follow together , fi is short ; as , fierem , fieri : Di in Diana is doubtful , but the syllable contracted of two is made long ; as , exit for exiit , petit for petiit ; so obit , abit , of obiit and abiit . Q. What is the fourth general Rule ? A. Every Dipthong among the Latins is long ; as , aurum , neuter , musae , but prae in composition , when a Vowel follows , is often made short ; as , sudibusque praeustis̄ . Q. Which is the fifth general Rule ? A. Derivatives , or words derived of others , are allotted or have the same quantity with their Primitives ; as , a in amator , amicus , amabilis , is short , because a in amo is short . Q. Are there no Exceptions on this Rule ? A. Yes ; for some few words , being derived of short ones , are made long ; as , vox vōcis of voco ; lex lēgis of lēgo , &c. and there are some , on the contrary , which being derived of long words are made short ; as , Dux dŭcis of dūco , dicax of dico , fides of fīo , &c. Q. Which is the sixth general Rule ? A. The quantity of compound words is known by the simple , and likewise the quantity of simple words by the compounds ; as , Sōl●r , consōlor , lēgo , perlēgo , &c. except Innŭba , pronūba , of nūbo , and degēro , pejēro , of jūro ; persidus , persidia , of sīdus ; semisopit●s of sōpio , and vidēsis of vidē , siquidem of sī . Ambītus the Participle , makes the last save one long ; the Noun makes it short . Idem of the Masculine Gender is long , of the Neuter Gender short . These Compounds are also long , tho' their Simples are common , ubīque , ubīlibet , ibīdem , quandōque , quandōcunque , except quandoquidem . Q. Which is the seventh general Rule ? A. A Preposition in composition retains its quantity , unless a Vowel following , or position hinder . A , de , prae , se è , are long Prepositions , and di , unless in dirimo and disertus , and also the Latin pro ; unless in these , procella , prosugus , protervus , &c. and pro in procurro , prosundo , &c. but in the Greek pro , it is always short . Re in r●sert , for interest , from the Ablative re , of res , is long ; but re , in resert , from the Preposition , is short . The rest of the Prepositions , besides d , de , prae , se , è , di , and pro , are short , if position doth not hinder . Q. Which is the eighth general Rule ? A. Every Preterperfect Tense of two syllables makes the first syllable long ; as , lēgi , ēmi ; except in fidi of findo , bibi , dedi , seidi , steti , tūli , and every Supine of two syllables is long ; as , mōtum , lātum , lōtum , crētum ; except these , quitum , situm , litum , itum , rŭtum , rătum , dătum , sătum , & citum of cieo , es : but cītum of cio , of the fourth Conjugation , hath the first long . Q. But what say you of Verbs doubling the Preterperfect Tense ? A. They have the first syllable short ; as , pependi , tetendi . Preterperfect Tenses and Supines of many syllables , have the same quantity in the first syllable , as they had in the first of the Present Tense ; as , vocavi , vocatum , of voco ; clāmavi , clāmatum , of clamo : except posui , of pōno ; solutum , of sōlvo . Q. Which is the last general Rule of knowing the first syllables ? A. It is the Authority and Examples of Poets , which we are to bring when the quantity of words do not sall under none of these foregoing Rules . Q. How may one know the quantity of the middle syllables , and what syllables are reckoned to be the middle syllables ? A. Every syllable , besides the first and last , is a middle syllable ; as , in Fortitudine , For is the first syllable , and ne the last : the rest are middle syllables . The middle syllables are known partly the same way as the first , and partly by the Analogy of the Declensions and Conjugations ; to wit , a , o , and e , in the last syllable save one of the Genitive Case Plural , are made long ; as , musārum , dominōrum , diērum . Likewise the last syllable sa●e one in words of many syllables , increasing long , is made long ; and in words increasing short , is made short , according to the second and third special Rule . So a and o , in the last syllables save one , in Dative and Ablative Cases Plural , are long , i and u short in them ; as , duābus , dūobus , dapibus , arcŭbus . So also a , the sign of the first ; e , the sign of the second ; and i , of the fourth Conjugation ; are made long ; e , of the third , short . Q. Are there no Exceptions , but that a , of the first Conjugation must be long ? A. Yes ; for do , and its Compounds , being of the first Conjugation , doth make a short ; as , dămus , circumdămus , dăbis , &c. And rimus and ritis in the Preterperfect Tense of the Subjunctive Mood , are every-where short , but in the Future Tense they are long in Prose , in Verse common . Q. What say you of a and e , before the Tenses in bam and bo ? A. They are made long ; but e , before ram , rim , ro , is short ; as , legeram , legerim , legero ; e , in the third Person Plural of the Preterperfect Tense of the Indicative , in every Conjugation , is long ; as , legērunt vel legēre , &c. Q. What say you of the Preterperfect Tenses in vi and si ? A. They produce the last syllable save one ; as , amāvi , quiēvi , quae●īvi , divīsi , audīvi . Q. What say you of the last syllable save one of Adjectives in inus ? A. They make it long ; as , Clandestīnus , matutīnus , vespertīnus , &c. except diutinus , cras●●̄nus , pristinus , &c. Q. What say you of the Penultima of Adjectives in anus , arus , orus , osus , and of Adverbs in atim and itim ? A. They are all long ; as , M●ntānus , avārus , canōrus , ●di●sus ●sti●tim , virītim : except affatim , perp●tim , and stàtim , which are short . Q. Which are the special Rules of the last syllables ? A. The first is of words that end in a , which are long ; as , amā , contr● , ergā ; except quiă , ită , eiă , posteă , and the Adverb pută for videlice● ; but not putā from puto , putas . But Nominative , Accusative , and Vocative Cases in a , are short , except Vocatives from Greek Nominatives in as , which are long ; as , Aenea : but Vocatives in a , from Nominatives in es , are short ; as , Thyestă , Orestă . Q. But of what quantity are Ablatives in a , and Numerals of Nouns of Number in ginta ? A. The Ablatives in a , are long ; as , Musā : but the Nouns of Number in ginta , are common , and for the most part long . Q. What quantity are words that end in b , d , t ? A. They are short ; as , ab , ad , caput ; but words in d ; as , David , Bagud , and in like words of strange Languages are rather produced . Q. What quantity are words ending in c ? A. They are long ; as , ac , sic , and the Adverb hic : but three in c are always made short ; to wit , lac , nec , donec ; two are common , sac , and the Pronoun hic , and the Neuter h●c , if it be not the Ablative Case . Q. What quantity are words ending in e ? A. They are short ; as , Mare , pen● , legē , scribē , except all words of the fifth Declension in e , together with Adverbs derived thereof ; and also the second Persons Singular of the Imperative Mood Active of the second Conjugation ; likewise words of one syllable in e , are made long ; except que , ve , with these syllabical additions , ce , ●e , pt● , and ne , the Interrogative : but ne , the Adverb , is long . Adverbs also in e , derived of Adjectives of three Terminations , are long , except benē and male ; but Adverbs derived of Adjectives of three Articles are short ; as , facilē , dulcē , suavĕ . Lastly , Words that are writ in Greek with the long e , called Eta , are long in every Case , Gender , and Number ; and e in Fame , being of old a word of the fifth Declension , is long ; as also e in fermè , serè , and ohe . Q. Of what quantity are words that end in i ? A. They are long , except the last i in mihi , tibi , sibi , ubi , ibi , with their Compounds ; as , sicubi , a ibi , veluti , which are common ; i in ibīdem and ubīque , are always long ; in utique short ; in ubicunque doubtful : but nisi and quasi are short , and all the Dative and Vocative Cases of the Greeks , whose Genitive Case Singular ends in os ; as , Phillis , Phillidos , Phillidi ; Pallas , Pallados , Palladi , &c. Q. What quantity are words that end in l ? A. They are short , except nil contracted of Nihil , and Sol , and certain Hebrew words in l ; as , Michael , &c. Q. What quantity are words that end in n ? A. They are long ; as , Paean , &c. except forsăn , sorsităn , ăn , tamèn , attamēn , ve●untamèn ; except also in , with its Compounds ; as , exi● , subin , dein , pro●n ; and these words which are cut off by the Figure Apocope ; as , men , vidin ' , nostn ' , audin , nemon ' . Also words in n , that increase short in the G●nitive Case ; as , Carmen , and Greek words in on , by the little o , and some that end in in ; as Alexin , and in yn , by y ; as , I●yn . And , lastly , Words that end in an , of Nominatives in a ; as , Iphyge●ia , Iphygenian , &c. but words that end in an , of Nominatives in as , are made long ; as , Aeneas , Aenean , &c. Q. What quantity are words that end in o ? A. They are common ; as , amo , virgo , &c. except Oblique Cases , ( i. e. ) Datives and Ablatives in o , which are always long ; as , ●●ic Domino , ab hoc templo , &c. also Adverbs derived of Adjectives are long ; as , tanto , quanto ▪ &c. besides sedulo , mutuo , crebro , sero , which are common . M●d● , dummodo , postmodo , and quomodo , are always short . Cito , illico , ambo , duo , ego , nomo , scio , nescio , cedo for dic , are scarce read long : Words of one syllable in o , are long ; as , do , sto , ergo , for the cause , and words writ by the Greek Omega ; as , Sapph● , &c. Q. What quantity are words that end in r ? A. They are short ; as , Caesar , torcular , per , vir , &c. but cor is read long in Ovid. Far , lar , nar , ver , sur , cur , and also par with his Compounds are long ; as , Compar , impar , dispar , and words that end in Greek in er , with eta ; as , Aēr , cratēr , charactēr , &c. are long ; except Pater and Mater , whose last syllable the Latins make short . Q. How know you the quantity of words that end in s ? A. Words that end in s , have as many Terminations as there are Vowels , to wit , as , es , is , os , us , and ys . Q. What quantity are words that end in as ? A. They are long ; as , amas , musas , majesta● , bonitas , foras , &c. except Greek Nominatives whose Genitives ends in adis vel ados ; as , Ilias , Pallas , Ar●as , to which add Anas ; and except also Accusatives Plural of Greek Nouns of the third Declension increasing ; as , Crateras , Heroas , Phyllidas , Cyclopas , Troas , all which are short . Q. What quantity are words that end in es ? A. Long ; as , Anchises , sedes , doces , patres ; except Nouns in es of the third Declension increasing short ; as , Milēs , segēs , divēs ; but aries , abies , paries , ceres , and pes , with its Compounds ; as , Bipes , tripes , quadrupes , are long . Es of the Verb sum , with its Compounds ; as , potes , ades , prodes , obes , to which joyn penes , and Greek Neuters Singular in es ; as , Hippomanes , Cacoethes , and also Greek Nominatives Plural , whose Nominatives Singular increaseth in the Obliques , sc . in the Gen. and Dat. as , Arcades , Clyclopes , Na●ades , Troades , Thraces , are short . Q. What quantity are words that end in is ? A. They are short ; as , Paris , panis , tristis , hilaris : except Dat. and Abl. Plu. which are long ; as , musis , mensis , dominis , templis ; as also quis for quibus , with words in is , that make long the last syllable save one of the Genitive Case increasing ; as , sa●●is , salamis , and also Greek and Latin words that end in the Dipthong eis ; as , Sim●eis , Pyroeis , Parteis , Omneis , with all words of one syllable ; as , Vis , lis , except the Nominatives Is and Quis , and Bis in Ovid. Lastly , The second Person Singular of the Present Tense of the Indicative Mood in the fourth Conjugation ; as , audis , dormis ; also sis and velis , with the Compounds of both ; as , praesis , malis , 〈◊〉 , are long . Futures of the Subjunctive Mood in ris are common , tho' the Grammar saith they are long . Q. What quantity are words that end in os ? A. They are long ; as , h●●os , nepos , dominos , servos , except compos , impos , and os ●ssis , and Greek words by the little o ; as , Delos , Chaos , ●allados , Phyllidos , which are short . Q. What quantity are words that end in us ? A. They are short ; as , Famulus , regius , tempus , amamus ; except words that end in us , making long the last syllable save one of the Genitive Case ; as , salus , tellus ; also all Nouns of the fourth Declension are long , except the Nominative and Vocative Cases Singular and Dative and Ablative Case Plural of that D●clension ; likewise words of one syllable in us are long : and lastly , Greek words by the Dipthong ous , are long ; as , Amanthus , Supphus , Clius , Panthus , except the Compounds of p●us ; as , Oed pus , P●lypus , which are short ; but Melampus and Tripus are long , as also us in Jesus . Q. What quantity are words that end in u ? A. They are all long ; as , Ma●u , genu , amatu , diu . Q. What qu●ntity are words that end in ys and y ? A. They are short ; as , Chelys , Tiphys , Capys , Libys , T●phy , M●ly . Instructions to Tyrocinians for the Composing of a Theme . THemes , or the Wise Savings of Learned Men , which are used to be given to School boys , for the exercising of their Faculties , are two fold : 1. Chreiae , wherein the bare knowledge of a thing , without either injunction or perswasion to it , ( yet useful ) is proposed ; as , Death is common to all . Life is short , but A●t long , if we make use of our Time. 2. Gnomae , wherein are enjoyned things either to be performed , or omitted and avoided ; as , Do all thi●gs with deliberation . Go not too far in any thing ; or too much of one thing is good for nothing . Meddle not with Edge-tools . Halt before a Cripple . Cut your Cloak according to your Cloth , &c. In these two parts , ( to wit ) Chreiae and Gnomae , four things especially are to be observed : 1. The Propositio , which plainly contains in clear words the sum of that we are about to speak of . 2. The Ratio , or state of the matter in hand , whereby we prove the Proposition to be true by some Argument . 3. The Confirmatio , whereby we further back that Reason with sufficient Arguments . In these two parts , we use these or the like Forms of Speech : Nam , Enim , Erenim , Quippe , Nimirum , quid enim ? &c. In the Consirmatio we make use of Similies , Examples , and Testimonies . 4. The Epil●gus or Conclusion , that consists of two parts : 1. An Anacephalaeosis , or brief Repetition of what was spo●en . 2. A pathetick Conclusion , urging the Truth and Necessity of what we affirmed , with the praise of the Author of the Saying . The Forms of Speech used in the conclusion are , 〈…〉 , Quare , Quamobrem , Quae cum ita sint , &c. To these four parts some add an Exordium , or Preface , before the Preposition ; also a Confutation , or Answering of Objections after the Confirmation and Amplification before the Conclusion : But a due observation of the pre-mentioned will prove a Task hard enough to a School-boy , the rest are needless Niceties . For the Composing of Verses . IN the Composing of Verses , we are first to observe , that every kind of Verse will run better and more smooth , if the Feet ( of which a Verse consists ) be link'd together , as in this of Virgil : Infandum regina jubes renovare dolorem . But the Verse which altogether wants a Caesura , at least after the second or third Foot , ( especially an Iambick Senarius , Asclepiadick , Saphick , and an Heroick , ) yields a very unpleasant harmony ; as , Aurea carmina , Juli scribi maxime vatum . But two Monosyllables coming together , may be accounted as a Dissyllable ; as , Qui scit quam quis amet qui per convivia currit . Yet the last of the Monosyllables , or a word of two short syllables , must be reckon'd as part of the Polysyllables ; as , Vinea quod primis fioret cum cana rocemis . Cursorem sext● tibi Rufe remisimus horâ . An Hexameter runs more pleasant , and carries a better sound with it , which begins with a Penthimimer , and ends in a word of two or three syllables ; as , In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas . Omnia vincit amor , & nos cedamus amori . But let there be as few breaches and cuttings off by the Figures , Synelepha and Eclipsis , as possible you can . A Pentamete● should end with a word of two syllables , and that either with a Verb , as a Key shutting or concluding the Sentence , or with an Adjective ; neither is any Adjective to be placed here , unless meo , tuo , suo , but by no means an impertinent Epithet . We must also have a care that a Penthimimer ends a word ; for , if otherwise , it will be a great fault , tho' we have in Catellus some of this sort ; as , Nec speraret linguam esse nec auriculam . An Adonick runs smoother , and carries a greater grace with it , which consists of two words , of which if the one be a Substantive , whose Adjective is expressed in the precedent Verse , it seems the better , because the whole series , as it were one body , is annex'd . Also , a single monosyllable is seldom used in the end of an Adonick , unless que , ne , ve , the enclitical Conjunctions , besides one or two Examples in Horace ; sometimes the first syllable in an Adonick is cut off with the end of the preceding Verse , sometimes it belongs to it without a Synalepha ; as Hor. Labitur ripà jove non probante uxorius amnis . Grospe non gemmis neque purpura venale nec auro . But the●e are not to be imitated , polysyllables are commendable in the end of a Phaleusick ; as Horace , Vitam quae faciunt beatiorem . Versus ●●enini are to be avoided , viz. those that have the same sound repeated in the middle and in the end , which the best Poets are branded with ; as Virgil , Trajicit , i , verbis virtutem illude super●is . Si ●rojae fatis aliquid restare putatis , Lastly , Words that are too long or too short , too often , unp●easant , or harsh Synalepha's , are not to be made use of ; as in these , C●●turbabantur , Constantinopolitani ; Tu in me ita es , h●m ! in te ut ego sum , ac tu ●e ●bi ama , ut te eg● 〈◊〉 hic jam . A Brief Advice touching Epistles , Orations and Declamations . Of Epistles . AN Epistle is a Writing wherein we talk with an a●●ent Friend as tho pr●s●nt . All Epistles consist of th●se ●●ur Accidents or Parts : 1. Compellation . 2. A Sub●●●iption . 3. A Date . 4. A Supers●●ipt●●n . All Epistles ought to be written in ● Plain , Brief and Pithy Stile , without A●ectation , or Per●phra●s ; and Tautologies a o●ded , by varying the Phrase when the same Expression is to be used . Epist●●s are either , 1. Demonstrative , consisting of the pra●●e or di●praise of a thing . 2. Deliberative , which ●end to pers●●ade or disswade . 3. Judicial , in which we accuse or def●nd . Demonstrative Epistles are either , 1. Narratary , consisting of Relations . 2. Congratul●tory , expressing our joy for the good befallen our Friends . 3. Lamentory , expressing our grief for our own or Friends Calamity . 4. Eucha●istical , praising the Courtesie received . 5. Officious , when we offer our service to our Friend in any business unrequested . 6. Disputatory , propounding the Question , Occas●on , Opinion or Judgment of o●hers or our own . 7. Deprecatory , when we confess our Faults . Deliberative Epistles are , 1. Swasory , or Hortatory , when we perswade , or earnestly ●xhort our Friend . 2. Cons●latory and Monit●●y , which consist of Comfort and Advice to our Friend . 3. Commendatory , containing the Recommendation of some Friend and his Worth. And , 4. 〈◊〉 , when we inf●●uate our selves into one's favour , t●ll●ng our request . Judicial Epistles are , 1. 〈◊〉 , or Objurga●ory , consisting of Repr●hensions . 2. 〈◊〉 , when we apologize for a ●rime imputed . 3. 〈◊〉 , when we upbra●d the ingrat●●ue of a Friend . Of Orations . An Oration is a Discourse wherein we praise or dispraise , perswade or disswa●● , prove or disprove . Orations ( like Epistles ) are ei●●er D●monstrative , D●l●berative , or Judicial ; for which let the Philologer consult Demosthenes , Ta●ly , or Liv●'s Orations . Of Declamations . There be four kind of Declamations : 1. 〈◊〉 , when we enquire , whether or by whom a Fact was committed ; as , An Clodius occide●i● 〈◊〉 ? 2. Finitive . when we enquire whether the Cr●me imputed be such , as , if a Pers●●n be slain , whether the Fact be Murth●r , Manslaughter , Chance medley , or Se defenden●o . 3. Qualitative , when we enquire concerning the quality of an Action , whether profitable or unprofitable , just or unjust . This is either , 1. Negotial , wherein we deliberate concerning Matters publick or private . 2. Judicial , wherein we , plead the lawfulness o● justice of a past Action . 3. Legal , wherein the state or case especially consists in the meaning of a Law. 4. Quantitative , wherein we enquire of the hainousness of an offence ; 〈◊〉 ▪ wh●ther of the two Crimes be the great●r . Those that will dive farther into this sort of Exercise , let them read Quinti●ian's Decla●●tions , and Seneca's Controversies . FINIS .