A06940	----	Markhams faithfull farrier wherein the depth of his skill is layd open in all those principall and approued secrets of horsemanship, which the author neuer published, but hath kept in his brest, and hath beene the glory of his practise. Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637. 1630 Approx. 97 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 63 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2005-12 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A06940 STC 17367 ESTC S1627 20240895 ocm 20240895 23895 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A06940) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 23895) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1475-1640 ; 1710:10) Markhams faithfull farrier wherein the depth of his skill is layd open in all those principall and approued secrets of horsemanship, which the author neuer published, but hath kept in his brest, and hath beene the glory of his practise. Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637. [14], 110 p. By T.C. for Michael Sparke, dwelling in Greene Arbor, and are to be sold by Rich. Royston, at his shop in I[...] Lane, Printed at London : 1630. T.p. contains woodcut illustration. Signatures: A⁸(-A1) B-G⁸ H⁷. Pages 19 and 37 misnumbered as 16 and 73 respectively. Imperfect: tightly bound with loss of print. Reproduction of original in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. 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Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor. The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines. Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Horses -- Diseases. Horsemanship -- Early works to 1800. 2005-06 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2005-06 Aptara Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2005-07 Jonathan Blaney Sampled and proofread 2005-07 Jonathan Blaney Text and markup reviewed and edited 2005-10 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion Markhams FAITHFVLL FARRIER . Wherein the depth of his Skill is layd open in all those principall and approued Secrets of Horsemanship , which the Author neuer published , but hath kept in his Brest , and hath beene the Glory of his Practise . Printed at London , by T. C. for Michael Sparke , dwelling in Greene Arbor , and are to be sold by RICH : ROYSTON , at his shop in Iuie Lane : 16●0 . To the Reader or Buyer of this Booke . IT is a true saying , Tempus omnia terminat . So I , Gentle Reader , hauing gained experience all my life to these present dayes wherein I am ready to creepe into the earth , willing now at the important request of my best Friends , haue yeelded myselfe to lay the Glorie of my Skill in Horsemanship open to the World : And hauing kept secret in the Cabinet of my Brest , these Secrets , by which I haue gained from many a Noble person many a fayre pound , I now bestow it vpon thee for the value of Foure Pence . It may bee some will account mee a Foole in print for disclosing my Secrets , but I euer regarded the life of a worthy Horse , before the Word of a Foole. For bee thou Noble , or what else , this here I doe is for thy Good. If you take pleasure either in an Horse to Hunt , or for the Warre , or for the Race , or for to Draw , or a Hackney , come hither , buy , see , and welcome . Take my opinion , and thou shalt finde in this my honest Faithfull Farryer , a Shoppe of Skill for thee to view : Let this bee thy Doctor , and thy Druggist : Let this be thy Instructer and Director . I hope that no good minded Farryer will be greeued with me because I giue insight to the Master of the Horse : For if thy House were on fire , why shouldest thou run to fetch thy Neighbours Water to quench it , when thine owne is neerer at hand ? So if the Horses Owner know by this Booke how to saue the life of his Horse , why should he either ride or run to the Farryer ? But it may bee euerie Owner of an Horse will not buy a Booke . It matters not if but euery Farryer haue one , and but that one in a Towne , I doubt not , but with making vse of that one , many a Man shall saue the life of his Beast . Come therefore and reade these Secrets , which cost me Paines , Studie , Practise , and Labour ; All which hath cost mee Trouble for thy Ease . This shall bee thy Pleasure which hath beene my Toyle . It shall bee thy Profit which hath beene my Trouble : And this shall bee thy Faithfull Farryer and Inctructer . For what Creature canst thou name more necessarie than the Horse , and what more helpefull at a time of need ? For were wee without Horse , in what a strait should wee bee in , hee being our best Seruant both in Warre and Peace , and of that inestimable value , that hee makes a Man proud of his seruice . Now if an Horse be such a profitable Seruant for Man , let vs then respect the meanes that God hath giuen vs for his Cure : For here is a Schoole of Skill for thy knowledge . First , How to make choyse of a good Horse : Secondly , what Countrey Horse is the most fit for thy vse : Either for seruice in Martiall or Warlike imployment , or for Swiftnesse , or for Long trauell , or for Draught , or for Coach , or for Cart , or for Packe , or any other Burthen . This shalt thou find here , in as ample manner , as if thou wert an old Master in Smithfield . And this shall bee my Glorie euen as long as I liue , that I haue liued to leaue this my last and best Worke to the World , and to them which will not liue to see it buried in Obliuion . But mee thinkes I here some Momus say , That the old Captaine was vnaduised to put this in print , which hee euer kept as a rare Secret , and it is true , Veritas odium parit . But I reply , Tempus omnia terminat . And though I had promised to my selfe , neuer to haue published this worke , yet being so continually importuned to print it , I was forced to yeeld , though I had promised the contrarie . And let this excuse mee to those Noble persons whose bountie I haue felt , that for them I was the willinger to publish it in print while I liued , fearing that after my death , my then Fatherlesse Child might get a new name . But now I leaue this , being begot in my old age , to all Noble , & Worthy Gentlemen , and when they looke not after him to the Faithfull Farryer to be cherished and to be knowne by the name of Captaine GERVAS MARKHAMS last and best Labours . The Contents of this BOOKE . OBseruations in the electing of Horses . and what Countrey Horse is for what vse . Folio 1 The occasions of inward Sicknesses , and Accidents , which happen vpon those occasions . 4 The signes of inward Sicknesses . 7 The curing of any Heart sicknesse , or Head sicknesse , or any ordinarie inward sicknesse . 21 To cure any violent Sicknesse , if the Horse be at the very poynt and doore of death . 41 The preuenting of all inward Sicknesses . 50 Two sorts of Bals to cure any violent Cold , or Glaunders , to preuent Heart sicknesse , to purge away all molten Grease , to recouer a lost Stomacke , and to keepe the Heart from fainting with exercise , and to make a leane Horse fat suddenly . 55 Another way how to fatten an Horse suddainly . 60 How to keepe an Horse , or Iade from tyring . 62 Another Receipt against tyring , or for any sore or dangerous Cold. 64 Another Receipt for any extraordinary Cold , dry Cough , or Pursicknesse in an Horse , which the weake Farriers call , Broken-winded . 66 An excellent Scowring after any sore Heate , or for any fat Horse after his exercise . 74 For any dangerous Bots , Mawwormes , or poysoned Red Wormes . 78 For Gourded , or foule sweld Legges , or other parts , by reason of melting the Grease , or other Accident . 80 To hoale or dry vp any old Vlcer , or cankerous Sore . 84 To cure the running Frush , or any Impostumation in the soale of the Foot , to dry vp Scratches , Paines , and the like cankerous Sores . 86 For any sore Eye of Horse , or Beast . 88 For a Backe-sinew strayne , or any other Strayne . 90 For any old Strayne , or lamenesse in loynts , Synewes , &c. 91 For any griefe , payne , numbnesse , weaknesse , or swelling in loynts , and commeth of a cold cause . 92 For any desperate and incurable straine in the Shoulder , or other hidden parts , for any Fistula , Polle-euill , or other Impostumation or swelling . 93 For Foundering , Frettizing , or any Imperfection in the Feet , or Hoofes of an Horse . 96 For hurts vpon the Crownets of the Hoofes , as Ouerreach , Stub , or Pricqe , &c. 99 How to helpe Surbating , or sorenesse in the Feet . 101 For any Bony excression arysing vpon any member of an Horse ; as Splint , Spanen , Curbe , Ringbone , &c. 102 Obseruations in giuing of Fire , or vsing of Corosines , which heale all sorts of Farcies , Cankers , Fislulas , Leprosies , Maungees , Scabs , &c. 103 How to defend a horse from flyes . 104 How to make a white Starre , or white Spot in an Horses face , or in any other part . 105 How to keepe your weollen Horse-clothes , Brest clothes , Rubbers , and the like from Moathes . 109 THE Faithfull Farier , OR A Catalogue of all those principall and approued Secrets in Horsmanship , which the Author neuer published , but hath kept Secret in his owne Brest , and which haue beene the Glory of all his practise . Obseruations in the electing of Horses , and what Countrie Horse is for what vse . THE first and principall thing which giueth the noblest Character to a good horseman , is the well electing of horses for that vse and purpose for which you intend to imploy them : And in this choise there is no better or readier a way then the knowledge of Races and Straynes from whence horses descend ; for it is certaine , that the Clymate , Heat , and Cold , are three excellent Elements , in an horses Composition . Touching the election of horses by their Shapes and proportions , by their Colours and Complextion , and by their Markes and other outward Semblances ; I haue written sufficiently in my former books , and intend to reiterate nothing : for nothing shall fall from my pen in this Treatise , but the very secrets of mine hart , things certaine and approued , things secret and vnpublished . To come then to the election of horses , according to their Races , Breedes , and Clymates : ●f you will elect an horse for seruice , or a Martiall or warlike imployment , then these are best , The Neapolitan . The Sardinian , &c. The Almaine . The French. Or any of these Bastardized in themselues , or with a faire well shaped and well mettalled English Mare . If you will elect for swiftnesse and seruice , then , The Arabian . The Barbarie . The Spanish . The Grecian . Or any of these Bastardized in themselues , or with our best English Mares . If you will chuse for long trauell and seruice , then , The English . The Hungarian . The Sweathland . The Poland . The Irish . If you will chuse for draught and for seruice , then ; The Flanders . The Freisland . Or any of the Netherlands , either Bastardized in themselues , or with our English Races , and these are excellent for Coatch , for Cart ; for Packe , or any burthen . The occasions of inward Sicknesses , and Accidents , which happen vpon those occasions . SIcknesses are of diuers kindes , and proceede from diuers causes , haue their diuers Signes , and their diuers Remedies , as I haue shewed in my bookes : But to come neerest to the marke of curing , let me perswade you to call to account these few obseruations . First , to remember that all sickenesses in horses come either , by Heares , in ouer violent exercise ; and then is the Grease melted , the heart ouer strained , the vitall blood expelled outward , and the large Pores and Oryfices of the heart , so stopped , that the spirits cannot returne back to their proper places , but confound and mortifie . Or else by Colds , in indiscreet keeping either before or after exercise , and then is the Head perplexed , the Eyes pained , the rootes of the Tongue swelled , the Lungs tickled and offended with rheumaticke moysture , occasioning coughing , and the nostrils still pouring out filthy and corrupt matter . Or else by Surfeit of Food , in either eating too much , or too little of that which is good ; or in giuing any thing at all of that which is vnwholesome . The first kils the stomacke , macke , oppresseth the heart , and sends vp those euill fumes into the head , by which is ingendred the Staggers , Frenzie , and other mortall diseases . The second putrefies the blood , and turnes all nourishment into corrup●ion , from whence proceedes the Yellowes , and other such like pestilent diseases , which suffocating the heart , spreads it selfe vniuersally ouer the whole body , and confounds euery faculty and member . Or lastly , by Accidents , as when a horse receiueth some grleuous and deepe wound , either in his body , or else in some other vitall and dangerous part , by which , nature is so offended , that instantly a generall sickenesse seazeth vpon the horse , and ( if not preuented ) death suddenly followeth ; and these sicknesses , are called Accidentall-Feauers ; for if you obserue it , you shall finde the horse sometimes trembling , sometimes sweating , sometimes cold , and sometimes burning . Thus you see there are foure occasions of sickenesses in horses , as Heates , Colds , Surfeits , and Accident . The signes of inward Sicknesses . NOw to know the signes of these sicknesses ; if it proceed from the first occasion , which is Heates ; then the signes are these . First , heauinesse of countenance , swelling of the limbes , scowring or loosenesse of body in the beginning of the sicknesse , and drinesse or costiuenesse , in the latter end ; short breath and hot , and a loathing or forsaking of his meate . It it proceed from the second occasion , which is Colds : then the signes are , heauinesse of countenance , and either dull or else closed up eyes , hard boyle or big pustules , betweene the Choppes and the roots of the tongue , and sometimes an hard swelling vp from the chops to the roots of the eares : A rotten and moyst cough , the horse euer chawing some loose , filthy , flegmatique matter in his mouth after his coughing : which in one respect is no euill signe , because it sheweth a rotten cold that is newly gotten , and soone to be clensed : whereas to cough cleare and hollow , and not to chaw after it , shewes a drie cold that is of long continuance , sore festred , and hard to be recouered : Lastly , his body will fall away , and when hee drinketh , the water will issue forth at his nostrilles ; and his eyes will bee euer mattery and running , and his haire rough and staring . If it proceed from the third occasion , which is Surfeit of Meats and Drinkes , either naturall or vnnaturall , then the sign●s are these ; First , heauinesse of head and countenance , in such a violent manner , that the horse can hardly lift his head from the maunger ; a dull and dead eye , a staggering and re●ling pace , and ( if the disease bee farre growne ) a franticke and mad behauiour , as biting the Racke and Maunger , and at such as shall come about him , sometimes biting at himselfe , and beating his head against the wals , boards , or ground , and other franticke passions : But if the disease bee lesse contagious in the braine , but more inwardly setled at the heart , then the signes are , yellowes in the whites of the eyes , and in the inside of both the vpper and nether lippes ; and ( if the disease be farre gone ) then a yellowes ouer all the skin , a continuall faint sweat , and a desire rather to lye downe , then to stand , besides a generall loathing and forsaking of his meat , which is the common signe of all sicknesses . Lastly , if it proceed from the forth occasion , which is Accident , then the signes are a perplexed and troubled body , sometimes sweating at the rootes of the eares , in the flanke , and behinde the foureshoulders against the heart , sometimes trembling ouer all the body , and somtimes glowing and burning in the vital parts , and on the Temples of the head , against the heart , on the inside of the fore-legs next of all to the body , and on the inside of the hinder thighes close to the body ; also his mouth will be hot and dry , and his tongue subiect to furring and to a white scalded complection ; lastly a generall loathing of his meate , but a great thirstinesse & desire of cold drinke , and when he can drinke no more , yet a desire still to hold his mouth in the water . Thus you haue the foure occasions of sicknesses , and the signes by which to know those occasions . Now for as much as sicknesses come many times suddenly and vnlookt for , and that not any man ( how skilful so euer ) but may sometimes bee ouertaken with the sudden sickenesse of his horse : And though hee can after vpon consideration , giue an account for such sicknesse when it is apparant , yet till nature haue thrust it forth , the disease was obscure to his knowledge ; therefore I will here shew those generall and most vsuall signes which doe attend and waite vpon euery sicknesse , by which you may bee enabled to know the approach or beginning of sicknesse before it take fast hold on the vitall parts , and so vse preuention ; or if it haue taken some small hold , then how to fortifie nature against it , and so to kill the Contagion , ere it come to any great height of danger ; or being at the highest , how to qualifie the extremitie , and to bring euery vitall part and spirit to its first moderate state and temper . Now that you may effect this the better , it is requisite that you acquaint your knowledge well with the complections , qualities , customes , and conditions of horses ; for whensoeuer you shall finde any alteration in any of these , bee sure there will follow alteration of health , as thus . First , in the complections of horses , which I draw from their colours and countenances : If your horse be a faire bright daplegray or a fleabitten , a white , a white-gray or the like ; if any of these colours , being naturally cleare and bright , shall grow duskish or cloudy , or the white hayres shall turne sandy and reddish , it is a signe of some vnnat urall distemperature in the horse , and that hee is euill affected , and either entreth into a consumption , or into some other inward disease of body . If the horse bee of a pure blacke colour , a bright bay , a browne bay , or a red sorrell without flexen Maine , or flexen Taile , a cleare chessenut or a mouse-dun ; if thse haires shall grow discoloured and contrary to their proper natures , that is to say , of a weaker and worse complection ; as if the black turne dunnish or yellow , the bright bay , cloudy , pale , & sandy ; the browne bay like the mouse-dunne ; the redsorrell , corrall or like the yellowdunne ; the chessenut , hoarie and grey ; and the mouse-dunne , of a more blacke and pale blue then is naturall , all these are signes of inward sickenesses . And as of these colours , so of any other colour whatsoeuer , if they shall alter from their proper and true natures , to a worse and more vncomely complection , that is to say , to a complection that is vnuaturall and vnproper for an horse , they are most pregnant signes of some inward sicknesse , which either lingereth vpon the horse , or else is sodainly in breaking forth ; and therefore by all meanes remember , that the alteration of colours bee vnnaturall . For you must vnderstand , that if the daple-grey , in processe of time , do turne to white ; the darke Iron-grey , to a bright grey ; the blacke , to an Iron grey , and such like ; that then this is a naturall , and no vnnaturall alteration , and so no signe of sicknesse ; and therefore not to bee deceiued , or to stand doubtfull at all , acquaint your selfe well with the true colour and complection of your horse , which you shall best discerne when hee is in the pride and height of lust , when hee is wanton , full of flesh and smooth , sleeke , and shining : and when you shal see this complection alter , in part , or all ; then euer expect some sicknesse , As you thus acquaint your selfe with the complection of your horse , which I include in his colour ; so you must also haue a settled knowledge in his countenance and gestures ; and to that end you shall be carefull to marke and note his countenance and behauiour in all his actions and motions , as well within doores as without , as well in his play , ●s in his rest , at his times of feeding , & at his times of exercise ; you shall note the cheerefulnesse of his eye , the cariage of his head and necke ; which be his angry Characters , and which bee his pleasant , when he biteth for wantonnesse or for offence ; and these you shall best finde out , in his feeding , in his exercise and playing , and in his dressing ; and if at any time you finde any of these Characters of fayle on the sudden , and that ●is gesture is more lumpish heauy ; then call your selfe to account what you haue done , eyther in exercise , feeding , ayring , or ordering : For there is no doubt but there is distemperature , and sicknesse is approaching , if it be not preuented . As you thus acquaint your selfe with the complection and countenance of your horse ; so you must also not be ignorant , but obserue diuerse other outward and inward quallities , for they are the greatest lights that can bee , both to health and sicknesse ; and to this end you shall especially marke his filling & his emptying , that is , his manner of feeding , and the manner of discharging his body . In his feeding , whether he eateth with a good appetite , or a weake stomacke ; the first is healthfull , the latter vnwholesome . If he eate with a good Appetite , he will Neigh and call for his meate before it come , when either he seeth his Keeper , or a preparation for feeding , as sifting of his Oates , chipping of his Bread , and the like ; hee will receiue it cheerefully , and greedyly , shaking his Head , and shewing other signes of alacritie and reioycing , which quallities after he hath vsed , if on the suddaine he refraine and so receiue his meate dully and vnpleasantly , it is a great signe of sicknesse . As his feeding , so you shall marke his quallities in emptying , as the Time , the Place , the Substance : the Time , as whether he emptieth in the Night-time better then in the Day ; the Place , as whether he emptieth better in the House or abroad , whether in the Hand or when you are mounted , whether before you begin exercise , or else after some gentle motion or stirrings , whether at the Stable doore or at some vsu●all places by the way , or in th● Ground where you giue him hi● Exercise ; lastly , for the Substance whether it be much or little , if i● be much , you must forbeare exercise and make him emptie the oftner ; if it be little , then you may fall to labour at pleasure , then whether it be good or bad , and tha● commonly falleth out according to the Food he eateth ; if it be cleere , firme , and pale , with white graines , and in complection like sweet sope , then it is wholsome ; if it be blacke it shewes heat in the body , if greasie then it shewes foulnesse , if red and hard , it shewes costiuenesse , if pale and loose , then inward coldnesse . And as thus you obserue his Ordure , so you must also obserue his Vrine : Of both which I haue written sufficiently in my former Bookes . As these quallities of feeding and emptying , so you shall note his quallities in Rest and Watching , that is , in his lying down and standing vp , what howres and time hee obserueth for either , and how long he perseuereth in them , and if at any time you find any suddaine or grosse alteration , then be assured of some sicknesse approaching . And thus of any other particular quallitie in your Horse ( which you shall obserue in his health ) for it is impossible to nominate all , if you find them suddainly to surprise , it is doubtlesse that there is some sicknesse following . As you thus obserue the Complection & quallities of the Horse , so you must obserue his naturall customes and conditions , and how in his liuelihood and best health he standeth affected , for to name them I cannot , because they proceed most from hidden inclinations , or else accidentall apprehensions , which by continuance of time grow to naturall habits . And any of these when they shall surcease or faile , are true progoastications of distemperature and sicknesse . Many other signes of sicknesse there are , as the not casting of the Coate in due time , Hyde-bound , continuall dislike and leannesse , where there is good feeding , beside many other : But they are so vulgar and commonly knowne , that I need not rehearse them ; and these signes already written , are sufficient for knowledge . The curing of any heart sicknesse , or head sicknesse , or any ordinarie inward sicknesse . I Will now descend to the cure of these inward sicknesses ; and although euery seuerall sicknesse haue a seuerall cure , as I haue shewed at large in my Bookes , yet I will draw all here , into one hidden , but certaine and most infallible approued Method , which I haue neuer found prosperous and fortunate . Whensoeuer , either by the signes before rehearsed , or other accident or knowledge you shall find your Horse grieuously payned with inward sicknesse , the first thing you doe you shall open his Neck-veine and receiue some of the first blood into a Pewter porrenger , which if you set it in cold water it will presently discouer the foulnesse and putrefaction ; so then you shall let the Horse bleed well till the blood change , neither must you be nice or tender in this action , because you must vnderstand , that all inward sicknesses in Horses , draw their effects from the putrefaction of the blood only : And this is the reason . It is certaine that the Horse ( of all other Creatures ) hath no Gall or naturall Vessell into which to receiue the skummy and putrefied matter which ariseth fom the corrupt and collericke blood , but it is either auoyded in excrements , humours , or moderate exercise and sweates , or else by immoderate exercise and violent labour . By too much repletion and fulnesse , by vnwholsome food and euill dyet , or by some other naturall defect , this chollericke corruption increasing and ouerflowing , it presently and in an instant ouer-spreads the whole body , hauing its course through euerie veine , and so discoloureth the skin , and makes all the outward partes yellow , especially the Eyes , and inside of the Lips ; also mixing with the better blood , and confounding the strength and vertue thereof , it brings a generall faintnesse ouer all the body , and in the end suffocating the heart , of force there must follow sodaine and certaine mortallitie , and hence proceedeth those sodaine deathes of Horses for which our weake Farriers can giue but an idle and foolish account . But to returne to my purpose , after you haue taken away good store of blood , and ( as you imagine ) all , or at least most part of that which is corrupt , you shall then set him vp in the Stable , tying his head to the emptic Racke gently and at lyberty , neither so high that he shall be compelled to rest his Head vpon the Bridle , nor yet so low that hee may thrust his Head into the Maunger , and thus ye shall let him and at least two howres . Now if the sicknesse be not very contagious , and dangerous , you shall not administer any potion vnto him that day , because the veine being opened , and all the humors , powers and faculties of the body disturbed , it will bee a double vexation to the spirits to haue the working of the Potion also ; therefore in this case , the sicknesse not being violent , you may forbeare further administration , and onely after the Horse hath fasted , as before said , you shall giue him such food as he will eate , whether it bee Hay , Bread or Corne , and alwayes prouided , that it be strong sauorie , sweet , dry , and cleane drest : as for the quantitie , it matters not , for a small pittance will maintaine life ; and humor is now to the Horse as food , besides , emptines is no great displeasure . At high Noone you shall giue him a sweete Mash of Malt and Water made in this manner . Take halfe a pecke of good Malt well ground , and put it into a payle by it selfe , then take a gallon of faire , cleere Water , and set it on the fire , then when it is come to the heighth that it is ready to boyle , put as much of it to the Malt as will moyst and couer the Malt all ouer , and stirre them exceedingly well together , crushing the Malt with a flat Rudder as much as you can , euer and anon tasting it with your finger , till it bee as sweet as any Honey , and then couer it ouer with Cloathes as close as you can , and so let it stand and stoone for two or three howres at the least ; then the howre being come in which the Horse is to receiue it , vncouer the Mash , and stirre it well about , but finding it too hot , then put to it some cleere cold Water that may temper and allay it , but in any wife not so much as may take away any part of the sweetnesse , and in this tempering , with your hand crush and squeeze the Malt as much as you can , then ( the Mash being luke warme ) giue it the Horse to drink , and if he will eat of the Malt , let him take thereof at his pleasure . This is the best manner of making an ordinarie Mash , or Horse-Caudle , for of that nature and quallitie it is , and to that purpose that a Caudle is administred to a Man , is this giuen to a Horse , for you must vnderstand , that in these contagious diseases nothing is more pes●ilent than cold Water , and especially when exercise cannot be vsed . The ruder Farriers and Horse-Groomes doe make the Mash another way , putting the Malt to the Water at the first , and so boyling them both together , but this is vnwholsome and naught , and that euerie good House-wife can witnesse , for this long boyling ouer-scaldes the Malt , takes away the strength and sweetnesse , and giues an harsh and vnsauorie taste , which is offensiue to the Horses nature . If your Horse be coy and refuse to take the Mash , as many are , partly for want of vse and custome , and partly through weaknesse of stomacke , then you shall straine the Water from the Malt exceeding hard , and so giue it him with an Horne to drinke , then take the Graines which you haue so strained and put them in the Manger before the Horse , on which whether he feed or no it matters not , for if he but smell and snuffell his nose vpon them , it is sufficient , and the fume thereof is wonderous wholsome for his head . After you haue thus giuen him his Mash , you shall see that he be very warmely cloathed , as namely , a good woollen Body-Cloath to come round about his heart , a large Cloath or two to come ouer it , and to be well wispt round about , with soft , thicke , and large wispes ; for the little , hard , and neat wispes , though they are comly to the eye , yet are they vnwholsome for the body , for their hardnesse and smalnesse makes an impression into the Horses sides , and causeth him forbeare to lye downe when Nature and rest requireth it . The Horse being thus warmely cloathed as aforesaid , and with a very warme Brest-cloath before his breast , for that is an especiall part to keepe warme , you shall then cause one or two to rub all his foure Legs from his Knees & Cambrels downward with very hard wispes , and to rub them so hard as may be , and whilst his limbes are thus in rubbing , you shall take a course rubber or two made of new harden or hempen Cloth , and warming one after another ouer a pan of Coales , with them rub the Horse exceeding much in the nape of the Necke , or the Polle iust betweene his Eares , and on the Temples of the Head ; for there is nothing more wholesome than these frictions and chafings , for they dissolue humours , reuiue all naturall heat , bring a cheerfull nimblenesse into the ●limbes , and purge the head of all grosse , cold , and tough matter , cleansing and purifying the Brayne , by which the members and other faculties are fortified , and the whole Body reduced backe to its first strength and abillitie . As soone as you haue ended this action of rubbing , you may then let the Horse take his rest for two or three howres , and onely leaue a locke or two of sweete Hay in his Racke , and no more , for the least quantitie of any things too much soone cloyeth a sicke Horse . In the Euening you shall come to the Horse againe , and hauing rubbed all his limbes and head , as was before shewed , you shall then perfume his head in this manner . Take of the best and purest Oli●anum an ounce , then as much Storax , and as much Beniamin , and bruise all them together , I doe not meane bruise them to small powder , but onely breake them into small lumpes , and mixe them well together , so that taking them vp betweene your fingers , you may not take vp one ingredient alone , but some of all . Then take a Chafing-dish , and if it be possible , a Chafing-dish after the manner of the perfuming Chafingdish , which is wide below where the fire is , and narrow at the top where the smoake auoydeth , and in this Chafingdish put well kindled Wood cole , or small Charcoale ; then take some of the aforesad perfume , and lay it vpon the Coales , but in any wise so as it may not flame but smoake , then hold the Chafingdish vnder the Horses nose , and let the smoake goe vp into his Nostrils , and thus perfume him well for the space of a quarter of an howre , or halfe an howre at the most . Now it may be the Horse may seeme coy to receiue this at the first , because it is strange vnto him , but doe you continue the action , and cherish him , for be you well assured , after he hath once receiued the smell into the head , hee will be as greedy to haue it , as you are willing to giue it , for there is nothing that delighteth an Horse more , or more reioyceth his spirits , than sweet sauors , and odoriferous smells , of which this perfume is one of the cheefest . The effect which this perfume worketh , is , that it purgeth the Brayne of all filthy and corrupt matter , and ( as you shall find by experience in the working ) it dissolues tough matter into water , and brings it away in such abundance , that it is sometimes ready to extinguish the fire as it falleth . It is the greatest comforter of the Braine that can be , and from thence sendeth such cheerefullnesse to the heart , that it reioyceth the whole body . There are diuers other perfumes which weake Farriers vse in this case , as namely , wet Hay , or rotten Litter , and putting a burning Coale therein , giue the smoake to the Horse : But this is a stinking sauor and no perfume , and although it make the Horse snoare and neese , and so you may imagin it auoydeth fowle matter , yet it is nothing so , but it offendeth both his Brayne and stomacke , and by the noysomenesse of the smell dulleth and weakeneth the spirits , and rather ingendereth infection , than any way abateth infirmitie ; for from rottennesse there can but rottennesse proceed . Next there is the Perfume of Brimstone , either simple of it selfe and put vpon the fire ; or else compound with another body , as Butter , Oyle , or the like , and so thrust vp into the Horses nostrils . This I must needes confesse is a sharpe Perfume , and euacuateth much foule matter , and dissolueth the thickest matter into thin water : But yet you must know , that there is in this Sulphure , or Brimstone a certaine earthy and poysonous quallity , which not onely doth offend the vitall parts , but is also most malignant and iniurious both to the eyes of Man and Beast , so that like Margery Goodcowe , if it haue one vertue , yet two vices attend it . Then there are the Perfumes of the Stalkes of Onions , Garlicke , Leekes , Mustard-seed , and the like , or the Perfume of the Fruits themselues either burnt or boyld ; Bu● these are also great enemies to the eyes of an Horse , so that I can by no meanes allow them , especially fo● this reason , becase that generally all these inward sicknesses in Horse● doe most of all afflict the head an● eyes , to which these things are enemies . Also there is the Perfume o● Wheat , Peniroyall , & Sage , boyld til● the Wheat burst , and so put it into a● Bagge fastened about the Horse● nose . This I must confesse is the best of many , yet it is much to● weake for a strong infirmitie , and the Penir●yall hath a bitternesse that is offensiue . As these , so I could nominate diuerse others , but none so excellent as the first of all prescribed , and therefore to it I referre you . After your Horse hath been wel● perfumed , as beforesaid , you shall let him rest for a quarter of an howre , and then giue him such food as he wil eat , either Bread or Oates , of which how little soeuer he eateth it skils not , for it is to be intended that his stomacke is now at the weakest . After he is fed you shall tosse vp his Litter , for you must know that he must stand vpon Litter Night and Day , and then ( if need be ) giue him more Litter , and but a locke or handfull of Hay , that you may be sure to haue him very fasting the next Morning , and so let him rest all the Night without disturbance . The next Morning early , you shall take halfe an ounce of the powder of Diapente , as the Greekes call it , because of the number Fiue , which Diapente is thus made & compounded . Take of round Aristoloch , of Gentian , of the best Mirrhe , of B●y-berries , and of the purest shauings of Iuory , of each one ounce , beat all but the Myrrhe together in a Morter in a fine pouder , and ●earse it through a fine Searse , then likewise beate the Myrr●e by it selfe , and fearce it also , and then mixe all well together in a Morter , and so keepe the pouder in a closse Gally-pot . When you haue taken halfe an ounce of this powder , you shall put it into a pint of the best Muskadine that you can get , and brew them very well together in two pots , tossing it well too and fro , because otherwise the Myrrhe will clotter and lumpe together : when it is well brewed ( after you haue made cleane your Stable , and righted your Horses Cloathes ) you shall with an& Horne giue him this Potion to drinke . Then if he haue any small strength , you shall mount his backe , and walke vp and downe in some warme or sunnie place for an hower , or thereabout ; then set him vp in the Stable warme and well littered , and tying him to the Racke in his Bridle , let him so stand and fast for another houre , or more , then offer him a little sweete Hay , or any other meat that he will eat , and so let him stand till betwixt twelue and one of the Clocke in the afternoone , at which time you shall first rub his Head and Legges well , as was formerly declared for the day before . Then you shall perfume him , as was beforesaid , and both those workes finished , you shall giue him a sweet Mash , as was also shewed before , and so let him rest till the Euening , at which time you shall offer him either Oates or Bread , but in little quantitie , as handfull by handfull and be sure it be sweet & cleane drest , sifted and dusted , and so let him rest till eight of the clocke at Night , at which time you shal againe perfume him . Then put sweet Hay in his Racke , tosse vp his Litter , and right his Cloathes , but in any wise bare not his body : then hauing made the Stable cleane , you may leaue him to his rest for that night . The next day being the third day ▪ you shall doe all things as you did the second day , already rehearsed . As first , you shall giue him his Potion of Diapente and sweete wine , then ayre him , at Noone his Mash , at Euening and Night his perfume , with all other obseruations that were before declared . The next day , which is the fourth day , there is no doubt ( with the helpe of God ) but you shall finde alteration and health approaching , which you shall know by his stomacke , by his more cheerefull countenance , and by other outward gestures , and finding that health is comming , you may then forbeare to giue him any more Potions , and onely attend him with good Food , good dressing , and moderate exercise , neither shall you giue him any more Mashes , for although they be wholsome in the extreamitie of sicknesse , yet being any thing too much vsed , they take away the Horses stomacke , and brings him to a loathing of other meat , and therefore in steade thereof , you shall in the Morning after your Horse is well rubd and drest , take a pottle of faire Water , and heat it scalding hot , then put it into a gallon , or two of cleere cold Water , that it may take away the extreame coldnesse thereof , and then being scarcely lukewarme , giue it the Horse to drinke : You may , if you please , throw an handfull of Bran , or an handfull of Wheat-Meale into the Water , for it is good , and not hurtfull . As soone as the Horse hath drunke , take his backe , and ride him forth gently for an howre , or two . At Noone perfume him , at Euening water him as you did in the Morning , and ride him in like manner . Feed him at vsuall howres as i● time of health , and thus doe for three or foure dayes more , then finding his strength increasing , you may be degrees abate his Cloathes , you may water him abroad at some cleare Riuer , or Spring , gallop him after his watering , and draw euerie thing to the same custome as you did in best health . Thus you see the manner how to cure an Horse that is sicke , but not violently sicke , and as it were at the very poynt and doore of death , which Cure is this which followeth . To cure any violent Sicknesse , if the Horse be at the very p●ynt and doore of death . IF you shall haue an Horse in this extreamitie , and desperate case then the first thing you doe , you shall open his Necke veine , and let him bleed very well : Then two howres after his bleeding , take two Ounces of the Powder of Di●pente , before rehearsed , and beat it in a Morter with as much clarified , pure life Hony , as will bring it to a substantiall Treackle , for this is an excellent Treackle , and of the Italians called Horse . Methridate , and is the same which our Physitians call Th●●iaca Diatessaron . When this Confection is made , you shall take a full halfe ounce thereof , or more , and dissolue it in a pint and an halfe of Muskadine , and so giue it the Horse to drinke with an Horne : Then if he haue so much abilitie of Body , walke him vp and downe for halfe an howre , or an howre , either in some sunny place , or some close Barne , or emptie House , then set him vp , and let him fast full another howre . At Noone giue him , if you can get it , a gallon , or neere there about of the first running of the strongest Ale , before it be put to Barme , and when it is cleere , strong , and carryeth a Royall on the top : But where this is not to be had , then giue him a sweet Mash , perfume him , r●b him , cloathe him , dyet , and order him in all respects as was shewed you in the former Cure , and thus you shall doe for three dayes together without all fayle , and then no doubt but you shall see health approaching . At the end of three dayes you shall forbeare all sorts of Mashes of both kindes , and follow all the prescriptions before declared . Now if during the Cure , either through the violence of the Medicine , or the foulnesse of the Horses Body , you shall finde any hard Pustules or Swellings to ryse vp betweene the Horses Chaps , and at the Root of the Tongue , then you shall first clip away the hayre as close as may be ; then you shall take a Waxe Candle , and therewith burne the swelling , till you may scarifie the Skinne , then take a peece of Leather , somewhat larger then the swelling , and hauing prickt it all ouer with the point of your Knife , spread thereupon in some thicke manner your blacke Shoomakers-Waxe , that is well seasoned and new ; then warming it ouer a few Coles , lay it vpon the swelling and remoue it not , till it either fall off by it selfe , or els the sore breake , then renew the Plaster , and with it onely heale vp the Sore . This Plaster for the cheapnesse , and meannesse will hardly win credite with those which are curious : But I dare assure you ( that are a louer of Truth ) that there is not a more exellent or soueraigne Plaster which belongs to an Horse , for it ripeneth and breaketh any Impostumation whatsoeuer , it asswageth any hard swelling or tumor , whether in Ioynts , or other Fleshy parts , and it healeth what it breaketh or ripeneth , and with its heat it dissolues all manner of humours that are knit together , and occasion paine or swelling . There is another accident which attendeth the sicknesse of Horses , and that is Costiuenesse , or Belly-binding , which maketh an Horse that he cannot Dung , or auoyd his Ordure . This accident when at any time it hapneth , it shall be good for you first to rake him , that is , you shall annoynt your hand all ouer with sweet Butter , or clarified Hogges grease : Some vse Oyle of Bays , but it is too sharpe , and too hot , and many times ( if the action be vsed too roughly , or vnaduisedly ) it breedeth exulceration and sorenesse in the Tuell , and inward parts . Therefore , as before I said , take either Butter , or Hogs grease , and your hand being all besmeared therewith , thrust it vp into his Tuell till you feele his Ordure , and then drawing out as much thereof ( if it be blacke and hard ) as conueniently you can , without doing iniury to the Horse , or striuing with your hand to goe too farre : And if you finde it to be very sore baked within , then after you haue raked & got what you can , you shall take a great Candle or Percher of three or foure in the pound at the most , and cutting off an inch or two of the vpper or smaller end , with your hand annoint as before , thrusting the great end forward , put it vp into his Tuell so farre as you can get it , then suddenly drawing out your hand , and leauing the Candle behind you , clap downe his Tayle close to his Tuell , and drawing it vp betweene his Legges , hold it with both your hands hard and constantly for the space of an houre , or more , in which time the Candle will dissolue in the Horse● body , and so separate and breake his Ordure , that vpon the letting loose of your hands , he will presently dung . This you may doe in euery case of extremity , but not otherwise : and beleeue it , you will finde this the most excellentest Suppositorie of all other , and that there is no● Glyster which can worke with greater efficacie , or more wholesomnesse . There is another accident which attendeth the sicknesse of Horses , and that is quite contrarie to this before rehearsed , and is called Lax , atiuenesse or Loosenesse of Body , which is expressed by a vehement and violent scowring : This , if at any time it shall happen , you shall at first note the violence therof , and the continuance thereof . The violence is knowne by the thinnesse , the sharpnesse , and the oft and speedy auoyding of the Excr●ments . The continuance is knowne by the vnchangeablenesse of the Infirmitie , and by the processe and long continuance of time , contrarie to all naturall and wholsome custome , for you are to obserue that an horse may haue a scowring for a day , or two , or a little more , and this is not vnwholsome , but natural and good , and if after it stay of it selfe , then it worketh no euill effect , but if it continue longer , and bring the Horse into any extraordinarie weakenesse of Body , then you shal● seeke to stop it in this manner . Take a quart of new Milke , and putting thereunto a good spoonfull or two of fine Beane flower , and as much Bolearmoniacke finely beate● to powder , boyle all together til● the Milke thicken , and then being made lukewarme , giue it the Horse with an horne , and doing thus 〈◊〉 morning or two ; no doubt but it will binde the horse ; which if it do● not , then you shall take a quart o● Red-Wine , and put thereunto 〈◊〉 handfull of the Hearbe called Shepheards Purse , and halfe so much of Tanners Barke , and boyl● all very well together till the Hearb and the Barke be soft , then strain●● it , and put thereunto two spoonfull of the powder of Cinamon , and being made lukewarme , giue it the Horse to drinke with an Horne , and this doe one morning , or two , or three if need require . For mine own part , I neuer found but it wrought good effect , and so I hope all men shall find that approue it . Now whereas in all my Cures heretofore in this Booke for Sicknesses of what extremitie soeuer , I make you onely rely vpon Diapente , or Horse Methridate , which is a kind of Diatessaron . And for as much as at any times , & in many places , these thinges cannot be had , then in such extremitie , and the Horse being at the poynt of death , in stead of the Powder of Meth●date aforesaid , you shall take halfe a pint of Dragon water , and dissolue into it , a good spoonfull or more of the best Treakle vpon a soft fire of embers , then being lukewarme , giue it the Horse to drinke with an Horne , aad thus doe for a morning , two , or three , till you see alteration and health approaching . This expelleth all infection and euill from the heart , comforts the spirits , and restores nature to its first best strength . And thus you haue the vttermost secrets of my heart concerning the curing and discerning of all manner of inward sicknesses in Horses , how desperate , mortall , or contagious soeuer . The preuenting of all inward Sicknesses . THE preuenting of inward sicknesses , consisteth in two speciall obseruations and considerations . The first , is to preuent it before 〈◊〉 come , so that it may not offend at● all . The second , is to take it at the rst appearance , and so preuent it that it arise not to any great danger or hazard . To preuent sickness that it offend not your Horse at all , it is an excellent course when you put your Horse to grasse , euer three or four● dayes before you turne him out , to take Blood from his Necke veine ; then the next day after to giue him a pint and an halfe of Muskadine , and halfe an ounce of the Powder , of Diapente , or three quarters of an ounce of the Horse Mithridate , or Treakle , before rehearsed ; and then by degree● to abate his Cloathes , if he haue been vsed to any , and to make his body familiar with cold . Also you shall obserue when you let your Horse blood , to proportion the quantitie which you take from him , according to the goodnesse or badnesse of the blood when you behold it , for the losse of good blood is vnholsome , and doth hurt , and to preserue ill blood , is both dangerous and noysom . Also if you obserue , when you take blood from your Horse , to rcceiue it into a vessell , and by stirring it about continually as the Horse bleedeth , to keepe it from clotting , then hauing bled , to take the blood , aud to besmeere it all ouer the Horses backe and body , you shall find it wonderfull wholsome , for it comforteth the body , cleareth the skin , and breedeth a reioycing in all the Horses vitall parts . Now if you haue no determination to put your horse to grasse , and yet you wold preuent inward sicknesse , then you shall obserue , once in two or three moneths , when you haue the best leasure to rest your Horse after it , not to fayle to giue your Horse Muskadine & Diapente , or Muskadine & horse Methridate , as was before shewed , and not to let blood at all , for this verie Potion is the greatest purger and purifier of the blood that can be , and auoideth all that yellow cholericke matter , and other euill and vndigested humors whrch corrupt the blood . Now you are to obserue here , that although I only prescribe Muskadine wherein you shall dissolue your Powder , or Methridate , yet know that when you cannot get Muskadine , or other sweet Wine , that then you may take strong Ale , or Beere , but in greater quantitie , for as you take but a pint & an halfe of Wine , you shall take of Beere or Ale a full Ale quart ; as for the pouder or Methridate you shal keep the first quantitie already prescribed , and if you warme your Beere or Ale a little on the fire , it will not be amisse , but better , yet that I referre to your owne discretion . Now to take sicknesse at the first approach , and to preuent it , that it arise not to any great danger , you shall by all meanes obserue to looke well into the occasions of sicknesses which are already shewed , and into the signes of those occasions , and if you finde your selfe guilty of any of those occasions , or that the Horse discouereth any of the former signs , then presently let the Horse blood , and three seuerall mornings after giue him the Drinke or Potion before prescribed , and vndoubtedly it will preuent all the force of sicknes , and restore the Horse to his former strength , and good estate of Body . And thus much of all inward sicknesses , and their preuen●●on . Two sorts of Bals to ●●re any violent Cold , or Glaunders , to preuent Heart-sicknesse , to purge away all molten Grease , to recouer a lost Stomacke , and to keepe the Heart from fainting with exercise , and to make a leane Horse fat suddenly . TAke of Aniseeds , of Cominseeds , of Fenegreekeseedes , of Canthamus seeds , of the Powder of Elicampane roots , of each 2. ounces , beate them , and ●earse them to a very fine Powder , then adde to them one ounce of the flower of B●imstone , then take an ounce of the best Iuice of Licoras , and dissolue it in halfe a pint of White wine , which done , take an ounce of the Oyle of Aniseeds , and as much of the Surrup of Coltsfoot , then of Sallet oile and of fine Life Hony , of each halfe a pint , then mixe all this with the former Powders , and with as much fine Wheat flower as will binde & knit them altogether , then worke them into a stiffe Paste , and make thereof Bals somewhat bigger then French walnuts , and so keepe them in a close Gally por , for they will last all the yeere : & when you haue occasion to vse them , take one , and anoynt it al ouer with sweet Butter , and so giue the Horse euerie morning one in the manner of a Pil , and ryde him a little after it , if you please , otherwise you may chuse ; then feed and water him , abroad or at home , according to your vsuall custome , and thus doe ( if it bee to preuent sickn●sse ) for three or foure mornings together , but if it bee to take away infirmity , then vse it at least a weeke , or more ; if it be to take away molten Grease , or foulnesse , then instantly after his heate , and in his heat onely ; but if it bee to fatten a Horse , then vse it at least a fortnight or more . Now if you find any difficulty in the giuing of it as Pils , you may then at your pleasure dissolue one of these Bals , either into sweete Wine , Beere , or Ale , and so giue it the Horse to drinke with an Horne . But if it be to fatten , and to take away infirmity , as the running Glanders , or such like ; then besides these Bals , you shall make you these second Bals. Take of Wheat flowre six pound or more , as shall suffice to make stiffe the Paste , then take of Aniseeds , of Cominseeds , of Canthumus , of Fenegreeke , of ordinary Brimstone , of each two ounces , of Salet Oyle a pint , of Honey a pound and a halfe , of White wine a pottel ; beat the hard simples to a fine powder , and ●earse them , then with the rest make them into a stiffe Past . Then of this Paste take a Ball as bigge as a Mans fist and dissolue it in two or three gallons of cleere cold running water , by washing and lauing the Paste therein , and so giue it the Horse to drinke at his ordinary watring times , or at any other time when he is disposed to drinke , for he cannot drinke too much of this water , then ride and warme him a little after it . Then when the water is spent , doe not cast away the bottome , but filling the Vessell vp againe with new fresh water , dissolue another Ball therein , and thus do foureteene dayes together at the least , and you shall see wonderfull effects arise thereof . This Water scowreth , cleanseth , and feedeth in admirable manner . And the other lesser Bals , first spoken of , purge the stomacke and intrayles of all foulnesse , auoydeth molten Grease , and fortifieth Nature so powerfully , that it leaues no euill in the Body . And this small Ball ( if it were for my life ) would I giue to an Horse immediately vpon his drawing forth , if hee went either to run , to hunt , or vse any violent or extreme labour . Annther way how to fatten a Horse suddainly . THere is another way to fatten an Horse suddainly , but not better then that before shewed , yet this I haue found both good and certaine , and therefore I refere it to your owne discretion . Take of Elicampane , of Comimseeds , of Turmericke , of Aniseeds , of each two ounces , of Groundsell an handfull , boyle all these verie well with three Heads of Garleeke cleansed and stamped , in a gallon of strong Ale , then strayne it well , and giue the Horse a quart to drinke lukewarme in the morning fasting , then ride him till he be warme , then ●et him vp warme , and thus doe for foure or fiue mornings , and then turne the Horse to grasse ( if the time of the yeere be sutable therefore ) and he will feed wonderfully and suddainly . But if the time of the yeere serue not for Grasse , then you shall keepe him in the House , and ouer and besides the drinke before shewed , you shall take the fine Powder of Elicampane , & the fine Powder of Cominseeds , of each a like quantitie , mixe them well together , then euerie time you giue your Horse Prouender , which would be at least thrice a day , as morning , noone , and night : Take halfe an ounce of this Powder , and sprinkle it by little and little into his prouender , for feare of offence , till all be eaten vp . And thus doe for fourteene dayes together at the least , and you shall see the Horse prosper in wonderfull and strange manner . How to keepe a Horse , or Iade from tyring . IF you ride on a tyring Iade , o● feare the perplexed crueltie of ● tyred Iadc , then be sure to carrie about you the fine searse powder of Elicampane , and when others bayt● their Horses ▪ or that you come to the place of Bayte for your Horse● the first thing you doe , set vp you● Horse warme , and doe not walke him . After he hath been well rubbed , take a quart of strong Ale , and put thereto halfe an ounce of th● Powder of Elicampane , and brew i● altogether , then giue it the Horse with an Horne , which done , tye hi● head to the Racke , for you need no● care for Prouendar till night , a● which time Prouendar him well and in the morning giue him Oate● or Bread , or both , in plentifull manner , and being ready to backe him , giue him the former quantitie of Ale , and the powder aforesaid , and doubtlesse you shall find him to trauell with great courage and spirit . Also if you take a bunch of penniroyall , and tye it to the mouth of your Bit , or Snaffell , you shall find it verie comfortable , & it will cause your Horse to trauell lustily . Now if your Horse , notwithstanding all this , do happen to tire , then you shall take off the Saddle , and with the Hearbe called Arsesmart , rub his back all ouer verie hard ; thē laying Arsesmart also vnder the Saddle , so ride him , and if there be any life in him , it wil make him go . For this is a notable torment , and the smart is almost vnsufferable , and therefore I would haue you vse it with great discretion , and but seldome , or when extremity requireth it . Another Receit against tyring , or for anysore or dangerous Cold. TAke of the best Indian Necotian ( which we call Tobacco ) and be sure it be not sophisticated , or by any other accidentall meanes adulterated . Dry this in the Sunne in a Gl●sse close lut●d , then pound it verie small , and mixe it with an equall quantitie of the Powder of Cockel-shels , then with the Oyle of Dill , and the Oyle of Cloues , make the Powder into a Paste , or solid body ; then make prettie round Bals thereof , as bigge as Walnuts , and dry them in the shadow , in the Canicular dayes , otherwise called the Dogge dayes , then keepe them close in a sweet Gally Pot , and giue them as Pils in the time of necessitie , that is to say , a Ball at a time whensoeuer your Horse shall faynt in trauell , or if your Horse haue taken any sore cold , or surfeit , then giue him the Ball in the morning fasting , and let him haue a little exercise after it , then cloathe warme , rub well , & be sure not to lay any cold water to the Horses heart , without moderate exercise after it , for of all dangers that is the greatest . Another Receipt for any extraordinary Cold , dry Cough , or pursicknesse in an Horse , which the weake Farriers call , Broken winded . BEcause the former Receipt i● curious in the making , and asketh the obseruation of times , an● Seasons , neither can be effected a● all times and howres , therefore●● will set you downe here , the secret of my knowlege , and those ready●● easie , and approued Receipts , whic● I neuer found to fayl● , but to work● that goodnesse which I haue eue● desired . Therefore whensoeuer you find your Horse taken with any extream● old Cold , dry Cough , or Pursickne● ( which ignorance Farriers call Bro●ken winded ) you shall take three● quarters of an ounce of the Conserue of Elicampane , and dissolue it in a pint and a halfe of the best Sac̄k and so giue it to the Horse with an Horne , in the morning fasting , and ryde him alittle after it . And this you shall doe diuers mornings together , till you see the infirmitie decrease , and wast away . Now because there is some curiositie in the making of this cōserue of Elicampane , and that diuers men doe compound according to their diuerse opinions , I will here shew you the seuerall compositions , their seuerall vses , and their seuerall vertues , together with mine owne opinion of the goodnes , as I haue found it in my practise , & so to leaue it to your owne iudgement . The conserue of Elicampane , is of two kindes , the one is Simple , the other is Compound . The Simple Conserue is made in this manner : Take of the purest Rootes of Elicampane , that are preserued in swee● Surrup , and beat those Roots an● the Surrup together in a Morter till you haue brought it to an entit● thin Substance , then with the fine● refined Sugar that can be got , thicken it vp , and bring it to the perfect body of a Conserue , then put it in 〈◊〉 Gally pot , and keepe it close , an● vse it in time of necessitie , as wa● before shewed . This Simple Conscrue is of excellent vse , and taketh away any ordinary Cold , or stopping ; it comforteth the Lungs , inlargeth th● Wind , purgeth the Head of all fil●thy matter , and dissolueth man● other obstructions ; yet is not th● the best Conserue , neither worket● the best effect , if the infirmitie b● old and dangerous , or if there b● any attainture in the Lungs or L●uer , therefore in that case you sha● flye to the Compound Conseru● which is made in this maner . Take the best candied Roots of Elicampane that can be gotten , and beat them in a Morter with the Sirrup of Coltsfoot till it be brought to a very thin substance , then with the finest refined Suger thicken it , as before shewed , till it be brought to the true body of a Conserue ; then keepe it close in a Gally pot , and vse it with Sacke , as was before declared . This is the true Conserue , and hath the greatest vertue ; for I haue knowne it in the continuance of a small time , and by the daily vse thereof , to take away diuers dry ( and supposed incurable ) Coughes , it hath taken away the heauing of the body , and so inlarged the wind that albeit the motion was before swift , like the broken winded , yet it hath come to a moderare and ●low temper , and the dry Cough which did accompanie it , hath been quite put awae . Now whereas I prescribe vnto you the taking of the candie● Roots of Elicampane , I thinke it no● amisse because the Apothicarie is not euer at your elbow , to shew yo● how you shall candye them you● selfe : As thus , Take of the finest refined Sugar , or the best white Sugar Candy , an● dissolue it in Rose water , then boil● it to an heighth , and when the Sirrup is cold , put in your Roots , being cleare and well clensed , and let them rest in the Sirrup a pretti● space , then take them out , and boil● the Sirrup ouer againe , and as before put in your Roots , then boyle the Sirrup ouer againe the third time to an hardnesse , putting i● more Sugar , but no Rose water then put in all your Roots , the Sirrup being cold , and so let the● stand till they candy . And in this wise you may candy all manner o● Roots , Flowers , or any thing else . Now if you find any difficultie either in the making , or the procuring of these Midicines before shewed , or that the Infirmitie not being great , or dangerous , you thinke a Medicine of lesse force , and easier to compasse , will accomplish it : Then you shall take of the Sirrup of Coltsfoot an ounce , of the fine Powder of Elicampane , of Aniseeds , and of Licoras , of each halfe an ounce , of browne Sugar Candy an ounce , deuided into two parts , then with as much sweet Butter as will suffice , worke all the former Powders , and one part , or halfe of the Sugar Candy , and all the Sirrup , into a stiffe Paste , then diuide it into two or three Bals , and role them into a round forme , or the fashion of an Egge , and after role them all ouer in the other halfe , or part of the Sugar Candy , and then giue this whole quantitie at one time to the Horse in the manner of a Pill , and giue them in the morning fasting , then ride the Horse halfe an houre after the giuing , and let him fast two howres at the least after he commeth in , and let him be warme cloathed , and stopt , and his Limbes , and Body well rubbed , especially his Head : Let him by no meanes drinke any cold Water , but so , as he may haue exercise after it , and let his exercise be moderate and not violent : let his Hay be a little sprinkled with Water , & his Oates with Beere or Ale ; as for bread , it is of it selfe moyst enough ; and let all his meat generally be well dusted , sifted , or chipped , for nothing is more offenciue then foulenesse , and drynesse , nor more comfortable then cleannesse , prouided that your Corne be not greene and vnsweet in the Mow or Reeke , your Bread new , nor your Hay vnsweete or rotten . Thus you shall doe , not for one morning , or two , but for diuerse , till you find amendment ; neither shall you spare any trauell or occasion ; but haue medicine about you , vse it in your iournying , for this doth not take away anything to weaken Nature , but addes to the force thereof , and makes the Body a great deale more able . An excellent Scowring after any sore Heate , or for any Horse after his exercise . TAke a quart of good Sacke , and set it on the fire in a Bason , or open Skillet , and when it is warme , take an ounce of the clearest Rosen and bruise it exceeding small , then by degrees little after a little put it into the Sacke , and stirre it fast about for feare of clotting , and when the Sacke and it is incorporated , then take it from the fire , and put thereto halfe a pint of the best Sallet Oyle , and in the cooling stirr them all well together , then lastly take an ounce of the browne Sugar Candy beaten to Powder , and put it in also , and being lukewarme giue it to the Horse in the height of his heat , as soone as you come home from exercise , then rub hard , cloath warme , and let him fast at least two howres after , but yet depart not your selfe , or some deputie for you out of the Stable , but stay and keepe the Horse stirring , and waking , partly by extraordinarie noyse and clamour , and partly by action about him , or making him moue vp and downe as he standeth , for there is nothing more hurtfull to the Horse , or the working of the Medicine , then sleepe , stilnesse and rest ; and nothing better or more auailable to the working of the Medicine then action or motion : for they make the spirits worke , and stirre vp those humours which should be remoued , when rest keepes the spirits dull , and the humours so inclosed and reserued , that Nature hath nothing to worke vpon . Whensoeuer you giue any scowring , be sure that day to giue no cold water after it , for it is binding , and knitteth , and detayneth that foulnes which the Scowring should take away . Thus you see how to giue a Scowring in the proper and due time : But if now either through Errour , Ignorance or Imagination that your Horse is so cleane that he needeth no Scowring ( as I know many of opinion , that Scowrings are idle vnnecessarie things , and not to be vsed at all ) yet your Horse , hauing his Grease molten , and no course taken for the auoyding therof , you find he droopeth , and languisheth , as of force the ●horse must doe , and experience daily shewes it vs. For the opinion that Scowrings are vnprofitable , is friuolous and idle . In this case , vpon the first apprehension of the euill , you shall giue the Horse a sweet Mash in the Euening , which is in the same nature , and of the same quallitie that a Preparatiue is before a Purgation : Then the next morning very early mount his back , and ●n some conuenient peece of ground giue your Horse a gentle heat : I doe not meane that you shal run him furiously , or violently , but to gallop him gently ; neither to heat him through the extremitie of sudden and sharpe labour , but to warme him kindly through the continuance of moderate exercise . Nor would I haue you , to melt his Grease anew , but only to loosen and stirre vp that which was before molten Your exercise being finished , doe not alight from his back suddenly , but rub him as you sit on his backe and so bring him home ; then presently hauing the Scowring ready , as soone as you are alighted , giue it him lukewarme , then rub him dry , cloathe and stop him very warme , and then in all other things do● as hath beene before declared . For any dangerous Bots , Maw wormes , or poysoned Red Wormes . TAke as much precipitate ( which is Mercury Calsoynd ) as will gently lye vpon a Siluer Twopence and lay it in a peece of sweete Butter almost as big as an Hens Egge , in the manner of a Pill , and then in the morning fasting , the Horse hauing stood all night on the Mussell , or at the emptie Rack , if it be possible , or otherwise ( if the extremity of the disease compell you ) at any other time , draw forth the Horses Tongue , and make him swallow downe the Pill , then chafe him a little vp and downe , and after set him vp warme , making him fast , full two howres after , and it will kill all manner of Wormes whatsoeuer : Yet in the administration hereof , you must be wondrous circumspect and carefull , for in the Precipitate there is a strong poysonous quality , so that by no meanes there must be taken more then is prescribed , except with good caution . Againe , if you mixe the Precipitate with a little sweet Butter , as much as an Hazell Nut , before you lap it vp in the great lumpe of Butter , it well not be worse but better , and it will allay much of the euill qualitie . But this I leaue to your owne discretion , assuring you that there is not any thing comparable to this , for this infirmitie . For Gourded , or foule sweld Legges , or other parts , by reason of melting the Grease , or other Accident . FIrst with a Fleame pricke the parts that are swelled , then take a pint of Wine lees , an ounce of Cominseeds , & an handfull of Wheat flower , and boyle them together till they be thicke , then apply this Pultus very hot to the sweld part , renewing it but once in foure and twentie howres , and if this in two or three dayes drawes it to an head , then launce it , and heale it either with a plaster of Shoomakers wax , or else with the yealke of an Egge , Wheat flowre and Honey beat●n together to a Salue . But if it doe not draw to any head , and yet the swelling continue , then take of Pitch a quarter of a pounds , and much Virgin Wax , of Rozen halfe a pound , of the Iuice of Isop halfe an ounce , of Galbanum halfe an ounce , of Myrrh secondary halfe a pound , of Bdelium Arabicum halfe an ounce , of Deeres Suet halfe a pound , of Populeon halfe an ounce , of the drops of Storax halfe an ounce : boyle all these together in an Earthen pot , and after it is cold , take of Bitumen halfe a pound , of Armoniacke an ounce and a halfe , and of Costus as much ; beate these into fine powder , and then incorporate them with the other , and boyle them all ouer againe very well , which done , poure the whole mixture into cold water , and then rolle it into seuen bigge Rolles plaister-wise , after spread this Plaister vpon a peece of Leather , and fould it about the sweld member , or lay it vpon the sweld part , & if any thing , then this will asswage it , and giue much strength to the Sinewes . You shall by no meanes remoue this Plaister , so long as it will sticke on . This Plaster I must confesse , is costly and curious to make , but it is wonderfull soueraine , and of singular vse . For the Horse that is continually kept with it ; I meane that hath it applyed to his Limbes euer when he commeth from trauell , he shall neuer be troubled with sweld Legges , nor yet euer put out Wind● gals . Now if you will neither goe to this cost , nor endure this trouble , yet would haue youre Horse cured of this Infirmitie , then assuredly● know not any thing better or more approued , then continually both before and after trauell , and in the House , nany times in the day to laue and wash your Horses limbes , or other sweld parts , with the coldest and clearest Fountain Water that you can get , and sometimes let the Horse stand in some cold cleare Riuer for the space of a quarter of an howre or more , vp to the knees , and cambrels , but no further . This Medicine , how poore soener it looke , is of infinite vertue , and though I write of cold Water , yet is the operation hot and fierie ; only this you must take to your remembrance , that this applycation appertaines not to Impostumations , but to Straines , and Swellings , which are without much anguish . To heale or dry vp any old Vlcer , or cankerous Sore . TAke Masticke , Frankensence , Clo●es , greene Copperas , and Brimstone , of each a like quantitie , of Myrrhe double so much as of any one of the other . Beate all to a fine Powder , then burne it on a chafingdish and Coales , but let it not flame . Then as the smoake ary seth take a good handfull of fine Lint , or Towe , and hold it ouer the smoake so that it may receiue all the perfume thereof into it . Then when i● is thorowly well perfumed , put the Lint into a very close Boxe , and s● keepe it . Then when you haue occasion to vse it , first wash the Sore with Vrine , then dry it , and lastly lay o● some of this Lint , or Towe ; and thus doe twice a day , and it is a speedy Cure. As this is soueraine for an Horse , so it is as soueraine for any man also . To cure the running Frush , or any Impostumation in the soale of the Foot , to dry vp Scratches , Paines , and the like cankerous Sores . TAke old Vrine , and boyle it with good stoore of Allome , and keepe it in a close Vessell by it selfe ; then take a good handfull or two of greene Nettles , strong and keene , and spread them on some Plate , or other vessell , and dry them either before the fire , or in an Ouen ( after the houshold bread is drawn ) then crush and bruse them into a very fine Powder , then looke what quantity of Powder there is , and take the like quantity of Pepper beaten to as fine a Powder , & mixe both very well together , then keepe this Powder in a close Bladder . Now when you haue occasion to vse it , first wash the sore place with the Vrine and Allome , made verie warme , and the sores thoroughly scowred ; after dry them with a fine Lawne , or Linnen ragge , and lastly strow or pounce of the Powder , so as it may couer all the sore : and thus doe euer after trauell , or once a day in the time of rest . For any sore Eye of Horse , or Beast . TAke the sh●ls of seuen or eight Egges , and cleanse away the inner slyme from them so cleane as may be ; then lay those shels betweene two cleane Tyles , and so lay them in hot glowing Embers , and couer thē all ouer , & on enery side and so let them lye a good space , till the shels be all dryed , then take them vp , and beat the shels to a verie fine searst Powder ; then with a Goose quill blow this Powder into the ▪ Horses eye that is offended with Pinne , Webbe , Filme , or any thicknesse , or fulnesse , and it is a certaine Cure : And thus doe Morning , Noone , and Night . But if it be for any watery or inflamed Eye , for any Bruse , Stripe , or descending humor , then take a spoonfull and an halfe of the fine searst Powder of white Sugar Candy , and being mixt together with as much May ▪ Butter ( if you can get it , or for want thereof , the best sweet Butter ) work both these Powders into a gentle Salue , and therewith annoint the Horses Eye Morning , Noone , and Night , for it cleanseth , purgeth , comforteth , and cooleth . For a backe-sinew straine , or any other Straine . TAke an ounce of Turpentine , and two or three spoonfuls of Aquauitae , and beate them together in a Bladder , or other Vessell , till they come to a perfect Salue ; then annoint the Straine very wel therewith , and heat it in , either with an hot Bricke , or else a Barre of Iron : and thus doing three or foure times , it will take away the Strayne . For any old Strayne , or lamenesse in Ioynts , Synewes , &c. TAke Boares Grease , Bolearmoniacke , blacke Sope , and Nerue Oyle , of each a like quantity , boyle them well together , and then apply it hot to the griefe , rubbing and chasing it in exceedingly , and also heating it in very well , either with an hot Brickbat , or hot Fire shouell , or an hot Barre of Iron ; and thus doe once a day vntill the paine doe depart away . For any griefe , payne , nambnesse , weaknesse , or swelling in Ioynts , that commeth of a cold cause . TAke Aquauitae , and heat it on the fire , and therewith bathe the grieued part or member verie well , and holding an hot Barre of Iron before it , make the Medicine to sinke in ; then take a Linnen cloth and wet it well in the same Aquauitae ; lastly take Pepper beaten and searst to a fine dust , and there with couer the wet Cloath all ouer verie thicke , and so fold it about the grieued part ; then take a dry Rouller and roule it about the wet , and so let the Horse rest : And thus doe once a day at the last , till you finde amendment . For any desperate and incureable straine in the Shoulder , or other hidden parts , for any Fistula , pole-euill or other Impostumation or Swelling . TAke a large earthen Vessell of a gallon , two , or three , & almost fill it with the Hearbe Arsesmart , and Brookelime , equall in quantity and equally mixt ; then put to them as much of the oldest and strongest Vrine that can be got , as will couer the Hearbes all ouer , and fill the Vessell full , then couer the pot close with a stone , board , or such like thing , and so let it stand , for this can neuer be too old . Now when you haue occasion to vse it for any griefe afore-said , you shall take an earthen Pipkin , and put there into both of the Vrine and the Hearbes so much as shall be conuenient for the greefe , and you shall boyle it well vpon the fire . Then if it be for a shoulder straine , you shall take an old Boot , and cut off the Foot , so that you may draw it ouer the Horses foot , and aboute his knee , almost to the elbow of his shoulder , keeping the neather part of the Boote as close and strayte about his Legge as may be , but the vpper part ( which couereth all the shoulders ) must be wide and spacious : Into this Boote thrust all your mixture as hot as the Horse can suffer it , and lay it fast and close about the shoulders , especially before and behinde ; then drawing vp the vpper part of the Boot , so fasten it to the Mayne of the Horse , that it may by no meanes slip down , but keepe constant and firme . And thus you must doe once or twice a day till the greefe depart . As for the effect thereof , you shall find it , for this is the violentest of all Midcines , so that if there be any foule matter that must come forth , this will in an instant bring it to an head , ripen , breake , and heale it : if there be no such thing , then in as short a time , it will driue away the offending humors , take away the swelling , and giue present ease . Yet would I haue you to vse this but in extremitie , because for the time , the torment is almost insuffe . rable , and indeed , for nothing but an Horse to endure . Now if it be for a Fistula , or any such like Impostumation , or Swelling , then you may spare the Boote , and only lay on the Medicine in the maner of a Pultus , and it will be altogether sufficient . For Foundering , Frettizing , or any Imperfection in the Feet , or Hoofes of an Horse . FIrst pare thinne , open the heeles wide , and Shoo large , strong and hollow ; then take a good quantitie of Cowes Dung , halfe so much Grease , or Kiching-fee , a like quantitie of Tarre , and a like quantitie of Soot ; boyle all these verie well together , and then boyling-hot as may be , see you stop your Horses Feet therewith dayly , and it will not only take away all anguish , but also strengthen the Hoofes , aud make them to endure any labour . But when you Iourney or trauell the Horse ( as exercise auayleth much for this Cure ) then put in the aforesaid Stopping cold , the first night after his labour , & adde vnto it the white of an Egge or two , for that will take away the heat and beating of the former dayes labour , and will keepe the F●ush strong and dry . But in time of rest , let it be boyling hot as aforesaid . Now if the Hoofe be naturally brickle or by accident broken , or by the former infirmitie dryed vp and straytned ; Then to inlarge it , to make it tough , and to make it to grow swiftly , take of Pigges grease or of Hogges grease , of Turpentine and of Mastick , of each a like quantitie , and halfe so much Lard as of all the rest ; melt all but the Turpentine on the fire , and being melted take it from the fire , and then put in the Turpentine , stirring it about , incorporate all very well together , then put it into a Gally-pot , and when it is cold , be sure you couer it close . With th● Salue , twice or thrice a day annoynt the crownets of the Horses Hoofes , close by the Hayre at the setting on of the Hoofe , and it will make it shoot fast , and grow tough and large . For hurts vpon the Crownets of the Hoofes , as Ouerreach , Stub , or prickes , &c. FIrst take of Sope and Salt , of each a like quantitie , and mixe them together like a Paste ; Then hauing cut out the ouerreach , or hurt , and layd it playne , first wash it with Vrine and Salt , or Beere and Salt , and with a Cloath dry it ; then bind on the mixt Sope and Salt , not renewing it in 24 houres , and thus doe ( if the wound be great ) for three or foure dayes together : then hauing drawne out all the venome as this Salue will quickly doe ) then take a spoonfull or two of Traine-Oyle , and as much Ceruse ( which we call white Lead ) and mixe it together to a thicke Salue , then spred that vpon the Sore morning and Euening till it be whole , which will be effected suddenly ; for nothing doth dry vp sooner , nor is more kindly and naturall for the breeding of a new Hoofe then this , as you shall find by experience . Ho to helpe Surbating , or ●●renesse in the Feet . WHen you finde your Horse to be surbated , presently clap into each of his fore-feet two new layd Egges , and crush them therein , th●n vpon the top of them lay good store of Cow-dung , thus stop him , and in foure howres he will recouer . For any Bony excression arysing vpon any member of an Horse ; as Splint , Spauen , Curbe , Ringbone , &c. TAke the Root of Elicampane well cleansed , and lap it in a paper , and rost it as you would rost a Warden in hot embers , then as hot as the Horse can suffer it ( for you must not scald ) after you haue rubd and chaft the excression , clap this thereunto and bind it on hard , and in once or twice dressing it wil consume the excression . Also if morning and euening you rub the excression with the Oyle of Origanum , it will consume away the hardnesse . Obseruations in giuing of Fire , or vsing of Corosiues , which heale all sorts of Farcies , Cankers , Fistulays , Leprosies , Maungees , Scabs , &c. THere are two wayes to giue Fire ; the one Actuall , and the other Potentiall : the first is done by Instrument or hot iron , the other by medicine , either Corosiue , Putrefactiue , or Causticke . The Actuall fire , stoppeth corruption of members , and stan●heth blood , prouided the Sinews , Cords and Ligaments be not toucht . The best Instruments to cauterize or seare with , are of Gold or Siluer ; the second best are of Copper , and the worst , but most vsuall are of Iron . The Potentiall fires are medecins Corosiue , Putr●factiue , or Caustick . Corosiues are simple or compound ; the simple Corosiues are Roch-Allome , burnt or vnburnt , Red Coral , Mercury sublimed , &c. The compound are Vnguentum Apostolorum , Vnguentum Aegyptiacum , and Vnguentum Coraceum , with others . Medecines Putrefactiue are your Arsenicke , Resalgar , Chrysocollo , and Aconitum . Medecines which are Causticke are strong Lye , Lime , Vitriol , Aq●a fortis , and the like . Corosiues ore weaker then Putrefactiues , and Putrefactiues are weaker then Causticks . Corosiues worke in the soft flesh , Puttefactiues in the hard , and Causticks breake the sound Skin . Thus you see the vse of these things , you may apply them at your pleasure , for these cure all sorts of Farcies , Cankers , Fistulaes , Leprosies , Maungees , Scabbes , and suc● like poysonous Infections . How to defend a Hor●●e from Flyes . THis is a noysome offence in the Summer time , therefore when you find the trouble thereof , take Arsesmart and streep it in running water , & make it exceeding strong of the Hearbe , and therewith sprinkell and wash the Horse all ouer , and no Fly will touch him a second time . The Iuy , or Rue , or Hearbe of Grace will doe the like . How to make a white Starre , or white Spot in an Horses face , or in any other part . TAke two or three Apples , the sowrest you can get , and rost them at a quicke fire , then being in the heighth of their heat , take one of them in a Cloath , or other defence , and hauing cut off the Skin , clap the hot Apple to the Horses Forehead , and hold it hard thereto till the heat be asswaged ; then try if the Hayre will come off , which if it will not , then take another hot Apple , and doe as before : then when the Hayre is come off as broad as you would haue it , take another hot Apple , and clap it to the scalded skin , holding it hard to , till all the skin blister , and come off as well as the Hayre , then anoynt the sore place twice or thrice a day with Honey , and the next Hayre which commeth will be white . How to keepe your woollen Horse-Cloathes , Brest ▪ Cloathes , Rubbers , and the like from Moath●● . WHen you turne your horse or Horses to Grasse , take al your Woollen Cloathes of what kind soeuer , and first wash them cleane , and dry them ; then hang them in the Sunne , dust them , and brush them ; then lay them on some Fleakes or other open things , a pretie distance from the ground , and spread all open ; then take the hoofs of Horse or Cattle , and chopping them in peeces , burne them vnder the Woollen things , so as the smoke may come to them in euerie part , then being thorowly smoked , fold them vp handsomly , and betweene euerie fold strow the powder of Wallnut-tree L●aues well dryed , and so lay them vp in a Chest , and you shall neuer care for the offence of Moathes , which is veri● vnholsome for the Horse , and breeds in him a dislike . Others vse to rub their Cloathes on the wrong sides all ouer with the tops and tender parts of Wormewood , and it hath the like effect . Thus you may also preserue any Arras , Tapistree , or other hangings , and any Linnen or Woollen Garments whatsoeuer . FINIS . 
A64864	----	The young horse-man, or, The honest plain-dealing cavalier Wherein is plainly demonstrated, by figures and other-wise, the exercise and discipline of the horse, very usefull for all those that desire the knowledge of warlike horse-man-ship. By John Vernon. Vernon, John, 17th cent. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A64864 of text R210025 in the English Short Title Catalog (Wing V253). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread Approx. 70 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 27 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. EarlyPrint Project Evanston,IL, Notre Dame, IN, St. Louis, MO 2017 A64864 Wing V253 STC 24675 ESTC R210025 99835820 99835820 45 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A64864) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 45) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1475-1640 ; 1012:18) The young horse-man, or, The honest plain-dealing cavalier Wherein is plainly demonstrated, by figures and other-wise, the exercise and discipline of the horse, very usefull for all those that desire the knowledge of warlike horse-man-ship. By John Vernon. Vernon, John, 17th cent. [4], 44, [4] p. : ill. (woodcuts) printed by Andrew Coe, London : 1644. With an appendix and a final errata leaf. Annotation on Thomason copy: "May 28". Included in error in STC first edition on the basis of the Huntington copy, which has imprint cropped. Reproductions of the originals in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery (Early English books, 1475-1640) and the British Library (Early English books, 1641-1700 and Thomason Tracts). eng Cavalry drill and tactics -- Early works to 1800. Horsemanship -- Early works to 1800. A64864 R210025 (Wing V253). civilwar no The young horse-man, or, The honest plain-dealing cavalier. Wherein is plainly demonstrated, by figures and other-wise, the exercise and dis Vernon, John 1644 13501 115 0 0 0 0 0 85 D The rate of 85 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the D category of texts with between 35 and 100 defects per 10,000 words. 2004-02 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2004-03 SPi Global Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2004-05 Rachel Losh Sampled and proofread 2004-05 Rachel Losh Text and markup reviewed and edited 2004-07 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion The young Horse-man OR , The honest plain-dealing CAVALIER . Wherein is plainly demonstrated , by figures and otherwise , the Exercise and Discipline of the horse , very usefull for all those that desire the knowledge of warlike Horse-man-ship . By JOHN VERNON . PSAL. 20.7 . Some trust in Chariots , and some in Horses , but we will remember the name of the Lord our God . PRO . 21.31 . The horse is prepared against the day of battail , but safety is of the Lord . To the courteous Reader , AND Desirous Practitioner , OF Martiall Discipline . Fellow Souldiers , THe Wars being a matter that concerns a Souldiers life , it behoveth every Souldier to arme himselfe with the best advantage that hee can : You know what IOB saith , skin for skin , and all that a man hath will hee give for his life , and a man in some kinde becomes his own murtherer , if he doth not use the best means hee can to preserve his own life , as well as when hee commits the act of murther on himselfe . I have therefore thought fit ( having some small experience of my own ) to give thee these few directions both how to Accoutre and how to Annure thy selfe for the meanes of thy safety I have purposely omitted many things I could have inserted , because I would not prove tedious and write a tract larger then every ordinary Souldier might easily purchase with his money 〈…〉 in his pocket to be his continuall advisor , and prove no hinderance unto him in the expedyating of his service , to this end I have but briefely toucht upon each particular that is materiall , & compared my own experience with the iudgement of those that have lately written of this subiect , and have in some places inserted the breviats of the notes in this tract. My request therefore unto thee is to make a favourable construction of this my endeavour . And I shall continue thine in what I am able , John Vernon . Now if thou beest a man that doest intend to se● forth thy selfe for this good and warrantabl●CAUSE , which now invites thee to use the most of thy might , let these briefe rules be thy direction . FIrst make choise of a nimble and able Horse of a convenient Stature , of 15 handfuls high , sac● coloured , as black , brown , cheasnut , dun , bay , socet , fox , Iron grey , Roe , and the like , for a white horse is not so necessary for thy use , nor so convenient for thy safety , as when thou shalt bee commanded forth on a party , in a dark night thou wilt the easilier be discerned by the Enemy , so that if they chance to give fire on you , they will have the greater aime at thee , in regard thou wilt be so visible a marke unto them , it is not save for a Sentinell to have a white Horse in a pitcht field , a file leader being mounted on a white Horse is commonly aimed at by the Enemies Gunners or Musktiers , & so sometimes becomes the overthrow of himself and the rest of the file , some other reasons I could rēder , but I forbear , let not the neck of your spurs be overlōg , if they be they are subject in your close order when you troop on , to ●atch hold on your next right or left hand mans stirrop , and so by that means be likely to unhorse you , or spraine your leg , let your sword be of a middle length , sharpe pointed and stiffe , for there is no great advantage in the length of swords on horsbacke , and a short sword 〈◊〉 a better command then a long , use a flask rather then a horn● or cartheages for your charge is quicker provided , and if you pro●●ed Cartheages , they are subject with the trotting of your Horse to lose il the powder out of them , a Poll Axe is very nccessarie for a ●rooper , for if you should chance to encounter a Troop of Cur●ssiers where your sword can do no good but little execution , your ●oll axe may be an advantage unto you to offend your enemie , and 〈◊〉 by that meanes defend your selves , provide for your Horse an iron or brasse chain for false Reines covered over with leather , for 〈◊〉 your other Reins should chance to be cut , those will then stand ●ou in good stead to gird your Horse withall , be always carefull to ●eep thy Arms fixt and clean , for by that means thou maist chance ●o kill thy Enemie ; and so preserve thy own life , but if thy arms be ●ot fixt , and so thou missest firing thine enemie , may chance to kill thee before thou shalt be able to offend him , be always well provided of powder and shot , that so thou maist alwaies be in a readinesse either to passe upon dutie , or goe upon service , which is the Character of a good Souldier , and this will worke for thy honour and good report , let thy Horse be well kept and well provendred , that so he may be the abler instrumentally in time of danger to preserve thy life when thou art in the midst of thine Enemies skirmaging , or if thou shalt be forced to retreat to carrie thee off couragiously , when thou encountrest thy Enemie in the field , if thou beest furnished with one Ca●bine and two Pistols , fire thy Carbine , and one of thy Pistols at thine Enemies , but alwaies reserve one of thy Pistols readie charged , primed , stand and cocked in thy houlster , so that if thou shouldst be fo●ced to retreat , and thine Enemie pursue thee , thou maist be able to reward him with that Messenger in thy Houlster , and so thou maist haply kill him , and by that means save thine own life . Now to show you the ordering and disciplining of a Regiment of Horse , it behoves I should first acquaint you with the Commanders and Officers belonging unto a Regiment of Horse , and these particular parts properly belonging unto them : & first for the Colonell who is appointed Comander in Chief over his own Regiment , he ought to be a Souldier of extraordinarie experience , & valour , as having the comand of a little army , somtimes singled from the greater ; on him dependeth the good successe of many brave designes & actions , therefore he must be well skilled in inbattailing of the Cavalrie for sometimes the good ordering of charging the Enemie , causeth the victorie , and the contrarie sometime causeth the destruction of the whole bodie , he must take particular notice of all the Captains under his command , which are most usually five , and a Serjeant Major , hee is likewise to take care that the Troope under his command be well accommodated with good Equipage , as good and serviceable Horse and Armes , and all other necessaries requisite or belonging unto the Cavalrie , hee is not to suffer his Captains to make Officers , nor to absent themselves from their Troops without his leave . In the March his own Troop marches first , and is first quartered , in time of fight his place is in the Battalia , if there be only his own Regiment , or if he command in Chiefe , that so hee may be able to give order and command upon all occasions , hee should not resolve upon any Enterprize , but first advise with one or more of his faithfullest and most experienced Captains . The second Commander belonging unto a Regiment of Horse is , the Serjeant Major whose Experience and Valour had need be answerable unto his place , which is of great concernment , for hee is most usually a man of the most practice in the Regiment , in marching he ought to be well acquainted with the ways . that so he may with best advantage encounter the Enemy , if it hapneth they met , if the Regiment marches in high ways . In the Enemies Countrie or where the people do most affect their Enemie : it is his dutie in all places or fields convenient , to cause all the Regiment to be drawn up into Battalia , which will both annew the Souldiers to this kinde of Exercise , and cause them to be more Expert and Readie at all times to Encounter these Enemies , at this time , and so at all other times in their marching , hee should send forth Scouts before the Bodie of the best and ablest Horse , with an able an expert Officer to discover , if haply they may , where the Enemie is quartered , how the Countrie stands affected , and if they can to take some of the Enemies Scouts or stragling Souldiers , that so by faire promises of Reward or threatnings of great punishment you may get out of them , how strong your Enemie is , how well provided of Ammunition , what Enterprize he intends next , and the like , hee must also if he can with secrecie procure to have Spies , not onely in the Enemies Armie , but also upon their Frontiers , that so you may have continuall notice of the Enemies moving , and which way and of all the Designes in hand , and the like , he is likewise to take care that the Captaines doe not wrong their Souldiers , and that they keepe the Troops in a good state and well armed , and that themselves and their Officers do frequently Exercise and Discipline their Troops , and cause them to observe good order , it is his dutie likewise when he hath received the Word and Orders how the Guard shall be commanded that night from the Colonell , the Corporals reparing unto him to give out these Orders and Word unto them , and they to acquaint the Pistolers Captaines therewith . The next Commander in a Regiment of Horse is a Captain , who should be a man of Wsdome and Policy , as being one of the Colonels counsel , and wel exercised in Arms that so he may be the better able to Dicipline his own Troop , hee hath need have good Experience and Valour , in regard that many times it hapneth , that being at a distance from the grosse body with his troop , he must without order or counsell of others , sometimes when he shall see advantageable occasions , execute service of great consequence ▪ ●e should always in all things shew a good example to his souldiers , he must diligently and punctually observe these orders which shall either be given or sent him from his superiour Officers , and be at the place at the appointed houre with his Troop , others under his command on all occasions , hee must be first on horse back ●s a good example to his Souldiers , hee must be carefull to keep his owne Troope find and compleat , he must endevour to know every one of his souldiers by their names , that so he may distinctly name them upon all occasions of employment , hee must never be daunted whatsoever , disadvantage befall him for feare of discouraging his Souldiers , hee must cherish his well deserving Souldiers , and cashiere the contrarie , it must be his care to have one or more of his Souldiers well acquainted with the ways of that Countrie he marches in , to serve him as Guides , to that end he must if he can get one or more of the Country inhabitants to enter themselves as Souldiers under his command . The Lievtenant of a Troop of horse ought to be a man of known experience , nursed and well educated in Cavalrie , it properly belongs unto his care and office to exercise and discipline the Troope in the Captains absence , he commands the Troope , his name signifieth so much in the French Lievtenant , that is one which supplieth the place of another upon him , usually all difficulties doe rest , because oftimes the Troops are given unto young Gentlemen which want experience , he must see that the Souldiers keep their horse and arms well , he always marches in the Reare , causing the Souldiers to follow their Captaine and Colours ; in time of fight his place is in the Reare with his sword drawne in his hand , encouraging the Souldiers , and killing any that shall offer to flie from their Colours or disband themselves , but if the Captain be absent , then hee shall take tht Captaines place , appointing another able Officer in the Reare , in the ordinary marching of the Troope , the Lieutenant must not take the Captains place though he be absent , but the Cornet must lead the Troop , and the Lievtenant must bring up the Reare , hee must be able to write and read , because hee must keep a List of the Troopers names , and likewise be able himselfe to read those Orders and Letters that shall be sent him from his Superiour Officers , and not communicating it to others , hee must take notice of the sufficiencie of every souldier , and make use of them accordingly , when the Troop goeth to manage any Guard , the Lievtenant is to go a little before unto that Lievtenant he is to relieve , and by him to acquaint himself of the place for the Sentinels for day and night , and must himselfe place the Sentinels when the Troope lodgeth in a Village , he must cause the Billits assigned to be distributed before the Cornets lodging , so that in case of an Alarm , the Souldiers may know where to repaire to their Colours , when the Troop is to march : he must be first on horseback , giving the souldiers a good example , he must endeavour to acquaint himself with the ways of the Country , because hee is often sent forth upon exploits , when the Troop in marching is charged by the Enemy , hee must keep some distance behind , with some of the best mounted Souldiers for a reserve , that so the first having done their dutie , they may second them , giving the other oportunitie to resemble behind them , and time to make ready again . The Cornet must be a man of courage , who in the absence of the Captain and Lievtenant commands the Troope , in the ordinary marching of the Troop , he marches in the first division betweene the first and second squadron , the Colours are then carried by his man . In the first rank of the second squadron next the right hand man , but in fight the Cornet takes the Colours himselfe and marches in the middle of the Front , when the Lord Generall passes by he is to doe oba●ience , by inclining the Cornet or Colours towards the ground . The Quartermaster must be a souldier of good experience , as being many times sent forth upon parties , and sometimes leads on the forlorne hope , he had need bee well acquainted with the wayes , because he alwayes goeth before the Troop to provide quarter for them , he is to take two or more of the nimblest mounted Troopers along with him , and having provided quarter , sends them back to direct the Troop to their quarters , there is likewise much fidelity required of them that are Quartermasters , by reason that they distribute the word and the billi●s in the absence of the Cornet and superiour Officers ; he commands the troop , in the time of the troops ordinary marching , his place is in the second division , between the second and third squadron . The Corporals which are commonly three belonging unto a Troop of horse are very usefull , it is requisite they should have good experience in the Cavalry , being commonly sent forth with a party of horse to scout , and scoure the high wayes before the body , and to guard some passages of danger , and to assist the Lievtenant in placing the Sentinels when the particular squadrons are to perform that service ; their places of marching is after this manner , the eldest Corporall marches on the right hand of the Front , the second Corporall marches on the right hand of the second squadron , the youngest Corporall marches on the right hand of the last squadron . The Trumpeters which are usuall too belonging unto a Troop of horse , ought to be men of a pregnant wit and very industrious , fit to deliver Embassages when they are sent , they are to observe if they can have so much liberty the enemies workes and guards , and what they can further gather or espy in the enemies quarters , and so report it unto his commander in chiefe ; he must prescisely at the time appointed him by his superiours , sound the Boutezselle , that is clap on your saddles , the next is the Chevall , that is mount on horseback , the next sound of the Trumpet is the standard , that is repaire to your standard ; therefore it is requisite that the Troop be distinctly taught to know the severall sounds of the Trumpet , as when to saddle , when to mount , when to repaire to their standard ; when to troop on , when to give the charge , when to retreat , when to attend the watch , and the like . All which they must punctually obey , as being the loud voice of the Commander , the Trumpeter must alwaies have his Trumpet with him , because it being the more ready to sound an Alarme when occasion shall require the same . It is requisite for a Trooper to be of a sound and active body , of a fitting age , as from twenty to forty yeares of age , of a resolute spirit , as befitting a horseman , who is to meet the enemy and not to stay his comming , he ought to be of an ingenious mind to learn the perfection of a souldier , to ow obedience to his superiour Officers , one that loveth and knoweth what belongeth to a horse ▪ he must be carefull to keep his horse well , & his arms fixt upon , which many times dependeth the safety of his life , every horseman must weare a skarfe of his Generalls Colours , and not leave it off neither in his quarters nor out of his quarters , it being an ornament unto him : besides it will cause him to forbeare many unfitting actions , as being therby distinguished from the vulgar or common souldiour , it is likewise a good and visible mark in time of battell to know one another , but above all hee must have the true feare of God before his eyes , which will direct him in all his actions to imbrace vertue , and abhorre vice . The next thing we are to treat of is , the arming of the Cavalrie which is of two sorts , chiefly defensive , and offensive . The arming of the Currasseer is chiefly defensive , as with a close caske or head-peece , gorget , brest-plate , pistoll proofe , and placket to make it carbine-proofe . Poulderons , and Vambraces , Gantlets , Tassets , Cassets , and Garderans , to arme him fitly downe to the knee before , and so loe as the calves behind with a Buffe Coate under his arms , a good sword stiffe and sharp pointed , two good fire-locks , Pistols , In hou●sters at his Saddle , with a good Poleaxe , a good strong horse of fifteen handfuls high , his Saddle and Bitt must be strong and usefull , hee must weare a Scarfe on his Headpiece , hee must have false Reines to his bridle made of an Iron or brasse chain , covered over with leather , that if his other Reins should be cut , he may have them to guide his Horse with all as before . The Harquebuses and Carbines arming is chiefly offensive , his defensive Arms , as only an open Caske or Head-peece , a back and brest with buffe coat under his armes ; his offensive armes are a good Harquebus , a Carbine hanging on his right side in a belt by a sweble , a flask and Carthareg case , and spannes , and good fire-lock pistols in houlsters . At his saddle a good stiffe sword sharp pointed , and a good poll-axe in his hand , a good tall horse of fifteen handfulls high , strong and nimble , with false raines to your bridle made of an Iron Chain as the former . The Dragoones arming is only offensive , having a good fire and cock musket somthing , a wider bore , then ordinary hanging in a belt by a sweble at his side , with a good sword and ordinary horse , it being only to expediate his march , for he must perform his service on foot , the ordinary marching is usually ten a brest , and when they come in service , nine of them alight casting the bridle over the next sidemans horse necke , and for one in ten serves to keepe their horses , the rest performe the service ; it is a good and speciall principle , to have our souldiers both horse and foot well chosen , well armed , and well disciplined . The next thing wee have to treat on , is to teach the Cavalrie the use of the horse and armes , concerning your horse , you must be carefull to observe these few following directions , that is to have him alwayes ready at command , as to pace , trot , gallop , or run in full carreers , also to advance , stop suddenly , retire and turn readily to either hand , to teach him to turne readily , you must use him often to ride the Ring , and the figure eight , first in the greater compasse , and afterwards in a lesser , by degrees : first on his pace , then on his trot , and so to his gallop ; and lastly , in full careere , you may teach him this by using him unto your hand , legge , and voice , for the using him unto your hand you must observe not to move your arme at all , but your rist only ; this is excellent for facings , as if you would have him turn to the left , a little motion of the left little finger on that raine , and a touch of the left leg not using the spurre doth it , if you would have him face about to the left , you must use the same motion a little harder , for the use of the leg if you would have him trot , you must move both your legs a little forward if gallops move them more forward , and if you would have him run in full careere , you must move them most of all forward , and your bodie a little forward with them , it were good after ever motion to keepe him a little while in that motion , as when you bid him stand , to stand a while when you face to either hand to stand in that posture , a while giving him sometimes as a reward when hee hath well done , a piece of bread or the like : for the voice you must use him to these words , as advance , hold , turn , stand , or the like , but it were farre better to use him chiefly to the motions of the hand and legs , because the voice cannot always be heard as in the time of fight or the like , now to teach him to go side-ways which is very usefull for closing of your Files , you must lay his provender at a distance from him in the Manger , keeping him from turning his head towards it , you must use him to the smell of Gunpowder , a sight of fire and armour , hearing of Drums and Trumpets , and shouting of Guns but by degrees , when he is eating of his Oats you may fire a little traine of Gunpowder in the Manger , at a little distance from him , and so neerer by degrees . In like manner you may fire a Pistoll at a little distance from him in the stable , and so neerer by degrees , and so likewise a Drum , or Trumpet may be used to him in the stable , the Groom may sometimes dresse him in armour , using him sometimes to eat his Oats on the Drum head , In the fields when you are on his back cause a Musquet and your selfe to fire on each other at a convenient distance , thereupon riding up unto him with speed , making a sodain stand , also you may use to ride him up against a compleat armour set on a stack a purpose , that hee may overthrow it , and so trample it under his feet , so that by these meanes , the horse finding that hee receiveth no harme , may become bold to approach any object ; you must use him to ride one Mountaines and on even ways , and to be exercised to leap , swim , run , and stop sodainly , and the like . The next thing in order to teach the Cavalier is the use of the Armie , now , for brevity sake I shall purposely omit the postures of the horseman , it being of little use in service , and only acquaint you with those things that are materiall . Now if you use Cartrages , you shall finde in your Crattreg case a turned wooden pin which you must take , having cut lengths of white paper something broader then the pin is in length , and roule the paper on the pin , then twist one end of the paper , and fill it almost full of powder , then put the bullet on the top of the powder , twisting that end also , then put it into your Carttreg case , now when you come to lade your Carbine or Pistols with these Cartreges , you must bite off that end of the paper where the powder is , powring it into your Carbine or Pistol , then put in that bullet , and some of that paper will serve for a wad after it , and Ram home , but alwayes observe that your bullet be not too big , but that it may roule home to the Powder , for if there be any distance between the bullet and the powder , it is likely to breake the barrell of your Carbine or Pistoll : But if you use a flaske , which , in my judgement , is far better then Carttreges , because that many times , the trotting of your horse in long march , shaketh out all the powder out of your Carttrages , and thereby causes you to bee unprovided for the sodain charge of the enemie , you must gage your flaske , and so lade your Carbine or Pistol with powder and bullet as before , but never prime before you have spand , and never span before you have just need , because many times the firelock pistols will nor goe off if they have stood long spand . Now the quantity of powder usually required , for the lading of either Carbine or Pistol is halfe the weight of the bullet , but to avoid the cariage of either Cartrage case or flaske , there is a new invented spanner which contains some sixe charges with priming powder , which is more many times then is used in our skirmiges . The next thing in order is to shew you the exercise of the horse , in their motions , wherein is to be understood the true distance betweene Horse and Horse , which is to be six foot at their open order , and three foot at their close order , the distance being taken from the head and tail of the Horses ; in the File and the like distance , in rank now the Motions for the Cavalrie are of foure kinds , as Facings , Doublings , Countermarchings , and Wheelings : the use of Facings is to make the Troop perfect , to be sodainly prepared for a Charge on either Flank or Reare , Doublings of Ranks or by half Files , or by Bringers up , serveth to strengthen the Front , Doubling the Files serveth to strengthen the Flanks , Countermarching serveth to reduce the File-leaders into the place of the Bringers up , that so the best men may be ready to receive the charge of the Enemy in the Reare : the use of Wheelings is to bring the Front which commonly consists of best and ablest men to receive the charge of the Enemy in the Reare , the use of Wheelings is to bring the Front , which commonly consists of best and ablest men to receive the Charge of the Enemy on either Flank or Reare , and also unexpected to Charge the Enemy on either Flanke or Reare , these motions for the more easier apprehending of them as represented in Figures by a Troop of Horse consisting of 72 Horsmen , the Fileleaders and Bringers up are distinguished by a different Letter , but because it may be profitable unto some , I shall first give you the proper words of Command together that belong unto the Excercising of a Troop of Horse , and afterward insert the Figures with the words of Command , and the Reasons of a very Motion . First , march into the field foure in Rank when you come into the Field command to double their Ranke , which make eight in Ranke , then command to open to the right and left , as they they march to their open Order of six foot distance , then command to stand and silently hearken unto the word of Command . 1 To the right hand face , To the left hand as you were . 2 To the left hand face , To the right hand as you were . Silence , and even your Ranks . 3 To the right hand about face , To the left hand about as you were . 4 To the left hand about face , To the right hand about as you were . Silence , and straighten your Files . 5 Ranks to the right hand double , Ranks to the left hand as you were . 6 Ranks to the left hand double , Ranks to the right hand as you were . Silence , and even your Ranks . 7 Files to the right hand double , Files to the left hand as you were . 8 Files to the left hand double , Files to the right hand as you were . Silence , and straighten your Files . 9 Files to right and left outward double , Files to right and left as you were . 10 Files to the right and left inward double , Files to the right and left as you were . 11 Halfe Files to the right hand double the Front Halfe Files to the left hand as you were . 12 Halfe Files to the left hand double the Front , Halfe Files to the right hand as you were . Gentlemen take notice of this Rule , Always observe your right hand man , And your leader . 13 Bringers up to the right hand double the Front , Bringers up to the right hand as you were . 14 Bringers up to the left hand double the Front , Bringers up to the right hand as you were . Silence , and even your Ranks . 15 Files to the right hand countermarch , Files to the left hand as you were . 16 Files to the left hand countermarch , Files to the right hand as you were . Silence , and straighten your Files . Gentlemen always in your countermarches observe this rule , to come up to your Leaders ground , before you wheele . Silence , and observe the word of command . 17 Files close to the right and left to your close order . 18 Ranks close forwards to your close order . 19 Half Files to the right and left double the Front by division . Half Files to the right and left as you were . 20 Half Files to the left hand , double the Front entire , Half Files to the right hand as you were . Silence . 21 Close your Files with your right knee fast lockt , Under your right hand mans left hamme . Silence . 22 To the right hand wheele close your Files to the Right hand men move easily , and let Your left hand men come about To the left hand wheele close your Files to the right , 23 Left hand men move easily , and let your Right hand men come about : Troop on and close your Files . 24 Ranks , File , Rank : as you were . March e●sily , Troop on , Stand . Now when the Troop lieth in Garrison or continueth long in any Town , it should be their constant course if neither they nor their horses , be overburthened with going forth upon parties to exercise twice a weeke at the least , I shall therefore now according to my promise , give you a plain demonstration by Figures , with the reasons of each motion , of the manner of exercising the Horse , as for the common marching of a Troop through a Town or high way , or straight passage or the like : the first Figure sheweth how , the second Figure sheweth the manner of their marching when they come into an open Field or Common , or the like convenient place , when the Troop is commanded forth to exercise marching into the field after that manner , as is demonstrated by the two former Figures , when they come into the field , the Officers are to march forth from between the Divisions , then they are to close the Divisions and stand at their open order of six foot distance as is represented by the third Figure . It is proper in all commands to begin with the right first , which is presented by this fourth Figure , the first command in Facings is to the right hand face , which serveth to receive the Charge of the Enemy comming on one the right Flank , the Command to Reduc● them is to the left hand as you were ▪ Fig. 1. Fig. 2. If any shall seem to remain unsatisfied in the placing of my Officers , as it seemeth some already have , I shall presume to render them these reasons for it , submitting my selfe unto the judgement of the learned . 1 Each Officer in these figures , assumeth no other then their proper places of honour or dignity , peculiar unto each of them . 2 Each Corporall is therefore appointed to march on the right of his perticular Squadron , that they might with the more facility sometimes suffering the Troop to advance , discerne any disorder or disproportion of the troops marching , and thereby the eas●ier cause them to march in good order . 3 It hath been the most ancient and moderne custom of the Netherlands thus to place the Quartermaster as in this figure , during the time of his residing with the Troop , and then in his absence the youngest Corporall assumeth the place as substitute . Fig 3 Fig 4. Fig. 5. The next command is to the left hand face which is here presented by this fift Figure , and differeth nothing from the 4 Figure , but by the hand being usefull , as the former to reduce them , the command is to the right hand as you were . Fig. 6. Now if the enemie come on the Reere , som●●thing inclining to the Right , you are to co●●mand to the right hand about face , or if the ●●nemie come on the Reere , something inclini●● to the left , you are to command to the left 〈◊〉 about face , which is both demonstrated by the sixth figure , to reduce them , you are to command to the right or left as you were . Alway● note this , that when they performe any motio● to the right , you must reduce them by the lef● or to the left , you must reduce them by the right , reducing them alwayes by the contrarie hand they perfor●med that motion by . Fig. 7. Rank to the right hand double to performe this Motion , every ●n Rank passeth into the odde upon the right hand of his Leader , the second Rank into the first , and so all the rest successively , as ●his seventh Figure is plainly demonstrated to reduce them , the per word of Command is Ranks to the left hand as you were , 〈◊〉 may be done the best way for the Horse , by causing those 〈◊〉 that doubled to stand , and those that stood to advance to the ●●per place and distance : this Motion and likewise all the rest con●●●ning doubling of Ranks , doubling by halfe Files , and doubling Bringers up , is usefull for the strengthening of the Front : now ●●cause this Troope consists of 72 Horsmen , which is an equall ●●mber to be divided into three equall Squadrons , of 24 men a 〈◊〉 , there will remain in all these doublings of Ranks on odde 〈◊〉 in the Reere , which always is to stand in their proper places , 〈◊〉 this Figure sheweth ; you may observe also the places from ●●ich , the way by which those Ranks that double , doe advance by 〈◊〉 round oes , and small pricks . ●●g . 8. This Motion differeth nothing from the former , but by the do●●bling one the contary hand , being commanded , Ranks to the 〈◊〉 hand double , and is usefull as the former , the proper word of co●mand to reduce them is Ranks to the right hand as you were , the eighth Figure plainly sheweth the manner how to perform it . Fig. 9. Doubling of Files is usefull for the strenthening of the Flanks the first Command by way of Exercise , in doubling of Files 〈◊〉 Files to the right hand double , which is plainly demonstrated by this ninth Figure to reduce them : the Command is Files to the lef● hand as you were , note this that 〈◊〉 man that moves must giv● place to him that stands . ●ig . 10. This motion differeth nothing from the former , but by the doubling to the contrary hand , it being of the same use as the other , the proper word of Command is Files to the left hand Double : and to Reduce them , the Command is Files to the right hand as you were , and a plain description how to performe this Motion is seene by this tenth Figure , every even number passeth into the odd as the eighth into the seventh , the sixt into the fifth , and so all the rest successively . Fig. 11. This motion is very usefull for the avoyding of Canon-shot , or sometimes for the suffering of the enemy , when he charges with full career to passe in between , and so h●ve you the greater advantage of the enemie , it is performed by commanding , files to the right and left outwards double , to reduce them the command is , files to the right and left as you were : The speculation of this 11 figure will shew you the usefulnesse of this motion , and likewise how to performe it . Fig. 12. This motion is usefull for the drawing of the Troope into a closer sentor then the former , and is performed by commanding , files to the right and left inwards double ; to reduce them , the command is , files to the right and left as you were , let this 12 figure be your guid , for the attaining of the usefulnesse and manner of performing of this motion . Fig. 13. This motion , as hath been formerly shown , is usefull for the strengthening of the Front , but performed differently from the o●ther , the proper word of command is , halfe files to the ri●●t han● double the front , to reduce them , the command is , halfe files to the left hand as you were , The best way to performe it for the hor●● is , as hath beene formerly shown , to command those halfe fil●● that stood to advance , and those that advanced to stand , this 〈◊〉 teenth figure will shew you how to performe it . Fig. 14. The difference betwenne this and the former motion is only by advansing on the contrary hand , the command being halfe files to the left hand double the front , it being of the like use as the former : to reduce them , the word is , halfe files to the right hand as you were , all which is plainly shown by this 14 figure . Fig. 15. This motion is of the same use as the former , but performed differently from it , here the bringers up advance into the front , and the next ranke after them , and so all the rest successively as the reere ranke figure one , into the front ranke , figure one , and so likewise all the rest , The command being , bringers up to the right hand double the front , reducing them as is formerly shown , this 15 figure plainly demonstrates the manner how to performe it . Fig. 16. This motion and the former is of one use , all the difference being , the advancing on the contrary hand , being commanded , bringers up to the left hand , double the Front , reduceing them as before , let this 16 figure be your guid , Fig. 17. The use of countermarching as hath been shown before is , 〈◊〉 the sodain reducing of the file-leaders , into the place of the bringers up , so that by that means , the best and ablest men , which ought to be frontiers , may be ready to receive the charge of the enemie in the reere , the proper command being files to the right hand countermarch , as is plainly demonstrated by this 17 figure , to reduce them , the command is , files to the left hand countermarch as you were . ●ig . 18. he difference of this motion from the former , as hath beene shown in all , the left hand motions is only changeing of hands , being of the same use as the former , the manner of performing it is described by this 18 figure , the command being files to the left hand countermarch , reducing them by the right , into their proper places as before . Fig. 19. This motion is usefull for the drawing of the files into their close Order , every mans right knee being close locked under his right-hand-mans left ham , the command is , files to the right and left close inwards to your close Order , you may see the manner of performing it by this 19. figure . Fig. 20 This motion is useful for the drawing up of the Rankes into their close Order , the command being , Rankes close forward to your close Order , as is demonstrated by this 20 figure , Fig. 21. These two motions differ from any of the former , and is usefull for the drawing up of the Troop into the lesser batalia of 16 , for there is the battalia consisting of 24 and three deep , now when it shall fall out that this Troop shall be just in the midst between other two Troops , it may be usefull to draw them up on either flanke , as this 21 figure sheweth ; how , the comand being , half files to the right and left , double the front by division , and it may be performed by commanding , reare halfe files to the right and left face outward , the● command , rear halfe files , march cleere of either flanke , then command , rear halfe files advance even with the front ; to reduce them , command , Rear halfe files , to the right and left as you were . Fig. 22. This motion differeth from the former , but is of the same use : now if it shall fall out that this Troop shall bee placed on the left wing of the grosse body , or that there be a scarcitie of ground on the right flanke , it will be proper to command halfe files to the left hand double the front intire , the manner of performing it being plainly shown by this 22 figure , and it may be performed after the same manner as the former , you may reduce them the best way by commanding , front halfe files march off , and rear halfe files , fall into your places . Fig. 23. The use of wheeling , as hath been formerly shown ▪ is for the spedy bringing of the front , which should always consist of the ablest souldiers to receive the charge of the enemie on either flanke , or else sodainly to give the charge to the enemie on the Reare , this motion is performed by commanding to the right hand wheele , and close your files to the left , right-hand-men move easily , and let your left-hand-men come about , all which is plainly demonstrated by this 23 figure . Fig. 24 Now if it shall happen that the enemie shall come on the left , it will be proper to command to the left hand wheele , and close your files to the right , left hand men move easily , and let your right hand men come about , this 24 figure sheweth the manner how to performe it . The 〈◊〉 motion which may ●ometimes prove very usefull , ●as the commander shall see fit occasion is to command Ranks , File ; which is performed after this manner , when the Troop is wheeling , command to Troop on , then sodainly comma●d Rankes file , that is ▪ the right hand man of the Troope marches off , his next left hand man marches after him , and so all the rest of the Troop successively , the whole Troope making but one entire file , to reduce them command Rankes as you were . This motion is usefull to fire all at once on a company of foot , but it must be performed with much speed and agility . The last motion is ro draw up into batalia , now it is to be supposed that the Troop stands in its marching posture , with each Officer in his particular place , as in the first figure , and coming into a convenient field or place , you are to command them to double their Rankes , which is answerable to figure 2 , then command the second Corporall to advance into the front with the second squadren , which makes 16 in front , then command the youngest Cotporall to advance into the Front with the youngest Squadren , which makes a fair front in Batalia of 24 men and 3 deepe , besides the Cornet and three Corporals , to reduce them the command is , March off eldest Squadren . Every Troop of horse must be furnished with a Captain , a Lievtenant , a Cornet , a Quartermaster , three Corporals , two Trumpeters , a Clarke , a sadler , a Chirurgeon , and a Farriar . The next thing we are to treat of is , the order of a horse Regiments marching ; which is after this manner , the Colonels Troop marches first , next them marches the eldest Captains Troop , and so all the rest of the Troops in their degree , the Serjetnt Major with his Troope brings up the Reere , The Harquebuier and Carabiner in their ordinary marching , is to cary their Carabines hanging at their backs , in a belt by their right side , as hath been shown before : but when the Troop marcheth through a Town or City , they must order their Carbines upon their right thigh . In the day marches there ought to be a convenient distance between Troop and Troop , but in the night , they ought to march neer together , behaving themselves very silently ( In all convenient places as they march ) the Serjeant Major ought to cause all the Troops to be drawn up into Battalia , and likewise at the same time , and at other times of there marching to send forth Scouts before the bodie , and those of the nimblest horse to discover if haply they may either the Enemies Quarters , the scituaion of the Countrey and ways whether straight or open passages either over Bridges , or else thorow narrow Lanes , or the like , for the more convenient marching of the Waggons or other baggage , which must be so litle as may conveniently serve turne : the Waggons must not march amongst the Troops , but in a convenient place by themselves , being always guarded with a Squadron of horse ( if the Enemie be on your Front , the Waggons must march in the Reere . It is likewise requisite to have good and able Guides that are well acquainted with the Countrie wherein you march , which you may take up of that Country Inhabitants ; and if you can entertain them into pay as Souldiers under your command , if not for the better preventing of their running away , which they will oftentimes do , if they may have oportunitie , are to ride between two Troopers of fidelitie and trust , ( when the bodie is to march over a Bridge or narrow passage , the first Troop being passed over is to make alto , that is stand , leaving a Souldier on the Bridge or passage , that may give notice to the Commander and Leader in the Front , when the Reere of the whole bodie is passed over . When the bodie is within some four or six miles of the place where they should be quartered that night all the Quartermasters of the Regiment are to march speedily before the bodie to provide Quarter for all there Regiment , each Quartermaster taking with him three or four of the nimblest horst troopers in his own troop , who are to be sent back again when the Quarters are made , to conduct each troop to its Quarters . The Colonels troop ●s first to be provided of Quarter , then the Serjeant Major next , and so all the rest of the Troops in their degrees . When the Troops come to the place where they should be quartered , the Quartermasters are to cause each Troope to march alto , before their particular Cornets lodging , and there to deliver out to each Corporall each Squadrons billets , so that the Troop may the better know if occasion happen of an Alarm , and the like whereto repaired to their Standard or Colours . It is likewise very requisite that the Quarters be very well and sufficiently guarded , and that the Sentinels be placed in the most convenient places or passages , the Officer shall thinke most advantagious for that purpose . Now because it may prove sometimes very advantagious to take some of the Enemies Scouts , or stragling Souldiers for the better gaining Intelligence ▪ a cunning stratagem might be very usefull for this purpose , which may be performed after this manner or the like , an Officer of good experience may be sent forth with a p●r●i● of some twentie of the best and nimblest mounted Souldiers wi●h one Trumpetter , who are in the day time to repaire unto some Wood neere the Enemies Quarter , placing some Sentinels on Trees , and endevour to take if haply they can some of the Enemies stragling or disbauded souldiers , & in the night to approch the enemies sentinels surprising one or more of them ( now because it may so fall out that after the taking of a Sentinell or the like , the Troope may be charged by the Enemie , the Officer is to leave some four of these twentie with the Trumpetter neer the aforesaid Wood , who are to have the nimblest horses : giving them order , that when they shall , see the other sixteen coming charged by the Enemy , they shew themselves to the Enemie , and that the Trumpetter shall then sound : now the Enemy preserving this usually will make a stand for feare of some Ambuscado , which will give the more opportunitie for the sixteen to further their retreat , the other foure with the Trumpetter may afterwards safely retreat , either severally or together , by reason of the speed of their Horses . A Quartermaster usually performs this service after he hath provided Quarter , having well refreshed both themselves and there hor●es ; that assist him in this stratagem . If the Cavalrie lodgeth or incampeth in the fields , there must be speciall care taken that it be in a convenient place for water , and under som● shelter , ( for one cold or rainy night doth more hurt unto the horses then any other thing , and now if it so happen , ( as it 〈◊〉 sometimes ) that the Cavalrey come late to their Quarters , so that conv●●●ent places for the Sentinels cannot bee made choise of some Commanders will cause the Boutezelle to be sounded at midnight , an● s●metimes make false Alarmes , as though the enemie 〈…〉 to keep their Souldiers waking , but the often using of , 〈◊〉 ●●●●diers to this proves verie evill ( causing them to be secure an● carelesse ) it were far better in such a case to cause all the troops after two or three houres refreshment to goe forth into the Champaig●e , every Trooper taking with him some Oates and other refreshment both for himself and his horse , placing the Corps de Guard where it shall be thought fitting ( but if the weather be rainie and tempestuous , which requires the Cavalrie to be under some shelter ) every Officer by turns shal visit the houses where the troops are quartered , causing them to saddle their horses , calling and Knocking aloud : and so by that means keeping them waking and in readinesse , if that the Enemy shall chance to give an Alarm . Sentinels are used for no other purpose but to give the rest of the body the more opportunitie to provide themselves , when the enemy shall make any approch , and are usually placed two together , the one standing whilst the other goes and acquaints the Corpes de Guard of all the Occurrences that they shall discerne : the Cavalrie never performs this service , but when the whole bodie is in the field , and are for the most part placed at a great distance from the bodie , as the Officer shall think fit neer the meeting of divers high ways , or the like . And in unwalled Towns when there is no Infantrie there , but if there be Infantrie there , they are to performe this service . In the day time , they are to be placed on high hils , that are most cōvenient to descry all the Country round : In the night they are to be placed in the Vallies or lower ground , being convenient for the discerning of any approches from the Hils , they are not to stirre from their places where they are set , although invited by any opportunitie of advantage , as they may conjecture , which are sometimes stratagems of the Enemie on purpose to surprize them , till the Officer that placed them come , or cause them to be relieved on paine of death , because that many times the suprizall of the Sentinels proves the defeat of the whole bodie , they are silently but vigilantly to observe all fires , or the more then ordinary barking of Dogs , or firing of peeces , or trampling of Horses , or hearing of voices or the like , all which they are to give speedie notice of unto the Commander in Chief , in the Corps de Guard , No Sentinell is to alight off his Horse unlesse it be for naturall necessitie , and then but on at once . The Round ought to be gone foure times in a night , who are to see that the Sentinels be vigilant and watchfull , if the Sentinels be placed in the fields or Champagne : foure of the Round ought to be sent twice so far beyond the Sentinels , as the Sentinels are from thee . Corps de Guard for to discry all Occurrences as before . If the bodie lie incamped or in Garrison , or neere the Enemies Quarters , the placing of Sentinels will not be sufficient , but you must also send forth Scouts to the number of twelve or more , who are all to be very well horsed and commanded by an able Souldier , they are very silently to advance towards the Enemies Quarters , some three or foure houres march by severall high wayes foure or five to a way as occasion shal require , they ought not to alight upon any occasion whatsoever , but to listen if they can heare any noise or rumour , or the trampling of horses , or the like , which if they can descry not being discerned themselves , shall send word s●cretly by one of the Souldiers to their Quarters of the Enemies approach , afterward sending a second to confirme the mess●ge of the f●●st , and so by little and little retreating themselves , but if they be discried by the Enemy , and that the Enemy consists of a great bodie : the Officer that commands in chief shall cause some house to be set on fire neer his Quarters , they of the Quarter knowing before the reason , that it is to give notice of the Enemies neer approach and great number , and comming within hearing of Carbine shot , shall case some three or foure Carbines to be discharged , to gi●e them in the Quarter , the more opportunity to provide for the Enemy , b●t if it fall out that your Scouts or discoveries abroad , or your Sentinels at home be so hard charged by the Enemy , that they have no opportunity to send word , but that the Enemy will enter the Quarter with them , the said Scouts and Sentinels shall enter the Quarters by unusuall ways , which will give the Enemy occasion of suspence not knowing whether they may be drawne into some unexpected great danger , and by firing of their Carbines with loud cryings out arme , arme , cause the body to be the more active , and speedilie● to provide for the ch●rge of the Enemy . It is the policie of an enemy many times to give false alarms for two reasons , first , to weary out your men by continuall night watches : and secondly , to cause your men by continuall false alarms to grow secure and carelesse , that so by that means they may have the greater advantage by comming on them unawares , therefore it should be the wisdome of the Commanders to give the alarm secretly without noise from one to another , that so the Enemy may not boast of his putting you to trouble , but only weary out himself . The fittest place for the Cavalrie to lie in Garrison , is in the Frontier Towns towards the Enemy , that thereby the incursions of the Enemy may be hindred , and your own friend the better secured , besides it gives courage to brave sou●diers to be thus quartered , it were very good to appoint them ordinary setled Garrisons , that so they may when occasion shall require , leave their baggage behind them , and go into the field with lesse incumbrance , and likewise be better acquainted with the Countrey and ways therebouts , at the opening of the gates . Each morning it were fit that the horsmen should be sent forth to discover round about whether the Enemy hath planted any Embuscadoe neer , and for the better securing of those Scouts that shall be sen● forth , some peeces of Ordnance ought always to be kept ready at the Gates or other places that may command round about . There ought none to be suffered to goe forth of the gates till the Scouts shall returne , sometimes the enemie in policie to invite you forth of your Garrison , having planted severall Emb●shcadoes , or other the like disadvanageable stratagems , wil send forth a party of horse neere your Quarters to surprise ca●tail or the like , by that means to draw you forth to regain this boo●y ▪ therefore there must be great and c●●tilus diligence used for this purpose , i● your scouts se●t forth and returned , having not met with any of the countrey people , it is a signe that the enemie hath planted some Emb●shcadoe not far off ; but if the Scouts doe not returne at th usuall time , it is an argument that they are su●prised by the enemies ambushcadoe or the like . It is necssary for a politique Commander , for the better atchieving of many worthy designes to accommodate himselfe with severall trusty spies ; who faining discontent for want of pay or the like , are to enter themselves in the enemies service of the Cavalerie , who for the most part are best acquainted with the sudain designes of the enemie , and to agree with these spies of the place under what tree or the like ; where they may convey their letters of intelligence , giving them order when their advice is of greatest importance to come themselves , these spies ought to bee trusty , witty , and well rewarded , which will cause them to expose themselves unto all hazards and dangers to give intelligence . The next thing considerable is the embatteling of a Regiment of horse , which is to be considered two wayes , that is , first by way of offence to assail a Quarter , or to give the charge in fight : Secondly by way of defence , meeting the enemie in marching or the like ordering of the Troops in battalia by single combate , or else united in a grosse body together . The best and most advantageable way for the surprising of a Quarter , is to be secretly and sodainly assailed , which may be performed after this manner , or the like . The Regiment of horse consisting for the most part of seven Troops , who are to be divided severally , the first Troop marching secretly without any forerunner , coming neer the enemies Quarters , and perceiving themselves to be discovered by the enemies Sentinels shall sodainly without losing any time charge the Sentinels , and enter the Quarters with them immediately surprising the Corps de gard , the second Troop immediately following , shall possesse themselves of the Alarme place , the third Troop shall strait ways possesse themselves of the Market place , the fourth Troop shall with speede run throvgh each street , keeping the souldiers , in and thereby hinder them from mounting on horseback , or uniting of themselves together , the fist Troop being entred , and hearing where the greatest noise is , shall immediately repair thither and alight ▪ entring the houses , either put to the sword or take prisoners all whom they shall find to be enemies . The rest of the body may place themselvs in the most convenient places on either side of the Town , for the better surprising of those Souldiers that shall indeavour to escape through the gardens or other back waies , by reason of the horses running through the Streets within the Town , hindering them either to mount on horseback , or unite themselves together . Now although your enemie consists of twice so much strength as your selves , which sometimes will cause them to be the more secure and negligent in their watches , yet will they not be able by reason of this secret and sodain surprize to stand against you . The next thing considerable is , to charge the enemie in the field in a united or grosse body , or else by single Troops , In fighting with the enemie in a pitcht field , with all your Forces united into one intire bodie , these things are considerable , as the place , whether it be hilly or lev●l , as also that there be sufficient rome behind you for a retreating place , so that you be not straitned of ground , which manie times proves a great disadvantage , likewise you must always appoint troops of Reserve , which are not by any means to engage themselves in fight till the first Troops have given the charge , and are reasembled behind them to make readie again for the second charge , your Curriassers if you have any are fit for Troopes of reserve which gives a great deal of courage unto the other Cavalrie , this must always be observed either in grosse bodies or in single Troops . In grosse bodies if you have field room enough , all the Troops are to be drawn up into battalia , each being not above three deepe , likewise each troop must be at least a hundred paces distance behind each other for the better avoiding of disorder , those troops that are to give the first charge being drawn up into battail as before , are to be at their close order , every left hand mans right knee must be close locked under his right hand mans left ha●● , as hath bin shown before . In this order they are to advance toward the Enemy with an easie pace , firing their Carbines at a convenient distance , always aiming at their Enemies brest or lower , because that pouder is of an elevating nature , then drawing neere the Enemy , they are with their right hands to take forth one of their Pistols out of their houlsters , and holding the lock up are most firing as before , always reserving on Pistoll ready charged , spann'd and primed in your houlsters , in case of a retreat as I have shown before , having thus fired the troops are to charge the Enemy in a full career , but in good order with their swords fastned with a Riband or the like unto their wrists , for feare of losing out of their hand , if they should chance to misse their blow , placing the pomel● on their thigh , keeping still in their close order , close locked as before . Each single Troope or partie meeting an equall number of the Enemy , are to use the ●ame method and order as before , always appointing some of their horse for a partie of Reserve for the use as before , but if the Enemy exceed in strength , and you also being not farre from your grosse bodie , it will ●e both save and honorable to retreat , but if it be a great distance from your grosse body , you must then resolve to charge the enemy with good courage couragious actions being oftentimes seconded with good successe . If one single Troop met another , your Enemy charging you in full career , you are sodainly to divide your Troop in the middle : on Flank from the other , and so the Enemie being in his full career , must either passe through and effect little , or else stopping sodainly disorder his Troops , and thereby give you a fit occasion to wheel both your Flanks inward , to charge him in the Reer . In full career , and then in all probabilitie , you will utterly ●out him . If one sing●e Troop and the like are to encounter one Company of Foot , the p●ace of encounter is chiefly to be marked , that is , that it be Champaigne ground , cleere of Trees , Hedges , Ditches or the like , and that there be roome enough for the ●ncounter , or else the Cavalrie are by no meanes to encounter the Infantrie , now if the foot be drawn up into compleat order , it will be very necessary for the Cavalry to have some pretty stratageme , in the charging of the Foote : or else it will be very difficult rou●ing of the foot , which may be performed after this manner or the like , you are to divide your Troop or partie into three Squadrons , each Squadron having an able souldier to lead them , who are to charge in ful career all at one instant upon the Front Reer and Flank of the Foot . The Officer that leads on the Squadron , that charges the Front ; is to charg as the others in ful career , til he comes close unto the Pikes heads , and then sodainly stopping is sodainly to comand with an elevated voice , close your file or the like , which sodain command being loud will sometimes cause those Pikes that stand charged against the other two Squadrons , either in the Flank or Reer , to extend their bodies towards the Front , which will give a fit advantage unto one of the Squadrons to slip in between , and so make way for the other two Squadrons to charge in , and utterly rout the Front , but you must always observe that this stratagem must always be p●rformed sodainly & altogether as at one intire motion . Thus having shewn what an ordinarie horsman needs to know , for I will not presume to instruct Commanders , though there be some that make great brags need instructions in martiall Discipline , but I shal forbear to be larger for the Reasons I have alreadie shewn . FNIS. An Appendix . COurteous Friend , Whosoever thou art , unto whose view these my unpolisht lines of young Horsmanship shall come , let me beg this favour at thy hand , that thou make the most favourable construstruction of those things which thou shalt suppose , although weakly to be erronius in this ensuing Tract , and if there be any that shall prove positive errours , impute it rather to the unskilfulnesse of me the unworthy Authour , then unto the unwillingnesse of him whose onely aime for the publike good hath invited , to set forth this ensuing Discourse of Horsmanship . I am very unwilling to be of the judgment of those men , whose pri●ate positions themselves esteem to be infallible or unerring , but my self , shall rather desire to submit unto the judgment of the judicious , I have for the most part tendred a reason of each particular throughout the whole Tract if then they shall seem emptie and of no value , unto them who have bee● more anciently educated or longer inured unto the Discipline of Forreign States then my selfe . I shall presume also to intreat this favour at their hands , that they would in love as aiming at the publike good , subscribe their contradictory Reasons , which if authentick , I shall be willing to acknowledge mine errour , and crave their pardon , if not , let mee friendly prevail withall men , who are inclinable to finde faults , though very unwilling to amend what is amisse , to suspend their censure of him , who had rather be profitable to the State , then iniurious to any . Thy loving Friend , IOHN VERNON . THE AUTHORS APOLOGIE . KInde Reader , I am forced to acquaint thee with one thing more , which is , that having passed the copie out of my hand , the Printer without my privity , caused the impressions of the severall figures inserted , to be cut in wood , my selfe having no knowledge thereof , was thereby disinabled of the giving directions for their better , and more sircumspect cutting . In the curious survey of these figures , thou maist , finde many mistakes , as in the 3 , 4 , 5 , 6. figures , not placed at their open Orders as they should have beene , in the doubling of Rankes by halfe files , or by bringers up , the file leaders and bringers up should have been distinguished , by these two different letters . ( h·● ) or the like , as I have leneally incerted in the copie . In the 14 figure , the omitting of the figures on the right flanke , as in figure the 13 , the misplacing of the Rear piece in fig. 18. turning the heads of the a●hes the contrary way ( ● ) and some other mistakes both in the copie and figures , weich I was not able to correct , by reason that the whole number of shects were printed off before I had a view of them . All which mistakes , both in the copie and figures , I humbly intreat thee to correct with thy pen as thou shalt come at them , supplying each defect by thine own industery , and thou shalt always command me , to the utmost of my power , to serve thee in what I am able . Thine , Iohn Vernon . ERRATA . To the Reader , line 22 for lately read largely l. 23 for the r. there . Pag. 1. l. 4. for socet , fox , roe , r. sorell , Rone . l. 14 for the , r. that , p. 2. l. 1. put in at . l. 6 , put out no good . l , 8. for selves , r. selfe l. 11 for gird , r. guid . l. 16. for shot r. ball , l. 26· for stand , r spand . l. 27. for foced , r. forced , l. 32 for behoves , r. behoveth , l. 33 for these r. their . p. 3. l , 1 for p●rts , r. places . l. 27 put in the . l. 31 for annew , r. annuer . l , 32 put in the , l. 33. for these r. there . p. 4. l. 18 for these r. those . l. 19 for the Pistolers , r. their particuiar . l. 29. for these r. those , l. 31 put in and . p. 5 , l. 31 for conmmunicating r. communicate· p. 6 l. 1. for place r. places . l. 12. for resemble , r. re-assemble . p. 7. l. 6. for the r. there . l. 26. for loud r. louder . l. 27. for it r. of its p. 8. l. 8. put in by . l. 16. for cassets r. cussets . l. 17. for calves r. R●yns . l. 25. for har qubeses . r. harbuy●sers . l. 26. for as r. arc , l. 27. put in A , l. 28. put in or , l. 29 put out and . l. 29. for and spans , r. spanner , l. 29 . ●ut in to . l. 34 for and cock r. lock . p. 9. l. 3 for the r. there , l. 6. for for r. soe . l. 10. for the , r. there , l. 16. for the r. a. l. 29. for ever . r. every . p. 10. l. 14. for Mu●qu●t r. musuetteir , l. 22. for the r. there . l. 23. for Armie r. Armes , p 11. l. 1 for that r. the . l. 19. for our , r. one , l. 33 put out the use of wheeling , two lines unto the word Reere , p. 12. l. 2. put in the , l. 5. for as r. are . p. 13. l 6.7 put in the , l· 18. for right r. left , p. 14. l. 5. put in left . p. 15. l. 3 , for render r. tender . p. 17. l. 1. for further , r. something , p. 20 l. 2 , for and r it . l 5 put out and ▪ 
A06911	----	The complete farriar, or The kings high-way to horsmanship Experimentally unfolding 1. The dyeting and governing of the running horse. 2. How to order, feed, and keep any horse for war, pleasure, hunting, or travell. 3. How to know the age of any horse. Lastly, certaine rare and approved secrets for the cure of the worst infirmities in horses. By G. Markam. Discource of horsmanshippe. Abridgments Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637. 1639 Approx. 143 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 95 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2005-12 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A06911 STC 17341 ESTC S121248 99856433 99856433 21982 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A06911) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 21982) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1475-1640 ; 813:08) The complete farriar, or The kings high-way to horsmanship Experimentally unfolding 1. The dyeting and governing of the running horse. 2. How to order, feed, and keep any horse for war, pleasure, hunting, or travell. 3. How to know the age of any horse. Lastly, certaine rare and approved secrets for the cure of the worst infirmities in horses. By G. Markam. Discource of horsmanshippe. Abridgments Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637. [8], 170 [i.e. 172] p. Printed by I. D[awson] for R. Young, and are sold by P. Nevill in Ivie-lane, London : 1639. Printer's name from STC. An abridgment of STC 17350, "How to chuse, ride, trayne, and dyet, both hunting-horses and running horses" which is an enlarged edition of "Discourse of horsmanshippe". Page 172 misnumbered 170. Reproduction of the original in the British Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. EEBO-TCP is a partnership between the Universities of Michigan and Oxford and the publisher ProQuest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by ProQuest via their Early English Books Online (EEBO) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). 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Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Horsemanship -- Early works to 1800. 2005-06 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2005-06 Apex CoVantage Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2005-07 Judith Siefring Sampled and proofread 2005-07 Judith Siefring Text and markup reviewed and edited 2005-10 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion THE COMPLETE FARRIAR , OR THE KINGS HIGH-WAY TO HORSMANSHIP . Experimentally unfolding 1. The dyeting and governing of the Running HORSE . 2. How to order , feed , and keep any Horse for War , Pleasure , Hunting , or Travell . 3. How to know the age of any Horse . Lastly , Certaine rare and approved secrets for the Cure of the worst infirmities in Horses . By G. Markam . LONDON , Printed by J. D. for R. Young , and are sold by P. Nevill in Ivie-lane , 1639. To all courteous Readers , and lovers of good Horses . THis my ensuing Book ( which I have stiled , The complete Farriar , or the Kings High-way to Horsemanship ) was some yeares since collected for my own private benefit , and now , by the request of many friends , sent to the view of the World : It being the last of all my labours , I will not commend it ; yet so far I will allow of it , that it is not inferiour , if not equall to any of my former Bookes . For my bosome receipts , which I practised daily , not knowne to any but my selfe , ( and being now aged ) I was willing to impart to the benefit of all well-wishers and lovers of Horses , to their posteritie : for these will revive my memorie , when time hath almost raz'd out the remembrance of me . And so wishing you all good successe in your experiments , I heartily take leave , and rest , Yours G. M. A Table of the things handled in the first Booke . AN Introduction to the Worke , or ● giving of satisfaction to all reasonable practicers , & confuting the wilfull selfe-conceited , touching the limitation of time , for preparing of the Running Horse . 1 The first ordering of the Running Horse , according to the severall estates of their bodies . 11 How to diet an Horse ( for a match ) that is fat , foule , and either newly taken from grass or soyle , being the first fortnight . 15 Foure principall considerations touching heates . 30 The second fortnight . 32 The first bread . 34 The first scowring . 46 The ordering of the Horse after his scow●ing . 48 The third fortnight . 54 The second Bread. 55 The fourth and last fortnight . 56 The last Bread. 57 Certain necessary observations and advantages for every Keeper to observe in sundry accidents . 67 How to order , feed , and keep any Horse for warre , pleasure , hunting , or travell . 84 Generall observations , helpes , and advertisements for any man when he goeth to buy an Horse . 92 An uncontroulable way how to know the age of any Horse . 119 A Table of the second Booke . OF sicknesse in generall . 123 The true manner of making the true Diahexaple . 126 The vertues of the Diahexaple . 127 The making of the Cordiall balls . 129 For the Botts , and all manner of wormes , & ●● 133 Another for the Bots , &c. 134 An excellent purgation when a Horse is sick● of grease , &c. 135 For laxativenesse , &c. 136 An help for the stone , &c. 13● T●cure and breake an old festered cold , & ● 138 Another for a violent cold , &c. 139 An excellent cordiall powder . 14● An excellent medicine against scowring , &c. 141 A●ater for sore eyes , &c. 142 Another for sore eyes . 143 For a bruise on the eye , pearle , or pinne , &c. 144 An excellent medicine for a backe sinew straine , &c. 145 Saint Anthonies cure for a straine . 146 Another for a desperate old straine . 147 An excellent medicine for a new straine , &c. 148 A perfect cure for a new straine . 149 My owne Balme for straines , &c. and sinewes that are extended . 150 , 151 To help a sinew straine in twenty foure houres . 152 An unguent to take away aches , &c. 153 For swell'd or gourded legges , &c. 154 Another for gourdings , &c. 157 Another for scratches , &c. 158 For any splent , spaven , &c. 159 Another for a splent , spaven , &c. 160 A cure for the swiftcut , &c. 161 To cure saddle bruises , &c. 162 For any maunge , scab , &c. 163 For the ●oulest and most desperate farcie that may be . 164 For any founder , frettize , &c. 165 To make hoofes grow quickly , &c. 166 A generall salve for any sore occasioned by a pricke , &c. 168 An excellent remedy for decayed rotten lungs , which we call broken winded , or any old dry cough , &c. 170 How to make Balsamum sulphuris . 171 An approved cure for the swiftcut , or any hewing on the legges . 172 AN Introduction to the worke , or a giving of satisfaction to all reasonable practisers , and confuting the wilfull self-conceited . CHAPTER I. I will not dispute the severall opinions of men in this kingdome touching the keeping of the running Horse , because I know many are idle and frivolous , some uncertaine , and a few in the right way : onely ( in this worke ) I would clear one paradox which is strongly maintained , and infinitely pursued by many of our best professors , and that is the limitation or length of time for the preparing or making ready of an horse for a match or great wager . There be divers , nay some which I know , carry the goddesse Isis on their backs , that affirme an horse which is exceeding fat , full , newly taken from grasse , soyle , or lofty , liberall and unbounded feeding , cannot be brought to the performance of his best labour , under six moneths ; five is too little , and four an act of impossibilitie : by which they rob their noble masters of half a years pleasure , thrust upon them a tyring charge to make the sport loathsome , and get nothing but a cloak for ignorance , and a few false-got crowns , that melt as they are possessed : yet as hereticks cite Scriptures , so these finde reasons to defend want of knowledge ; as the danger of too early exercise , the offence of grease too sodainly broken , the moving of evill humours too hastily ( which leads to mortall sicknesse ) and the moderation or helping of all these by a slow proceeding and bringing of the horse into order by degrees and time , or ( as I may say ) by an ignorant sufferance . These reasons I know have the shew of a good ground ; for too early exercise is dangerous , but not , if free from violence . To break grease too sodainly is an offence unsufferable , for it puts both the limbs and life in hazard , but not if it be purg'd away by wholsome scouring ; the hasty stirring up of humors in a body where they superabound , and are generally dispersed and not setled , cannot but breed sicknesse , but not where discretion and judgement eva●uateth them in wholsome sweats and moderate ayrings ; and for the moderation of all these by the teadiousnesse of time , as two moneths for the first , two moneths for the second , and as much for the last , t is like the curing of the Gangreen in an old man , better to dye then be dismembred , better loose the prize then bear the charge . For I dare appeale to any noble judgement ( whose purse hath experience in these actions ) if 6 moneths preparation , and the dependences belonging to it and his person , do not devoure up an hundred pound wager . But you will demand of mee what limitation of time I will allow for this purpose of preparation , and I answer , that two moneths is sufficient at any time of the year whatsoever , the horse having years , strength , and former trayning , for I speak not of Colts , and he that cannot do it in two moneths , shall never do it truly in fifteen . But ( reply they ) no scouring is to be allowed ; for they are physicall , then unnaturall , they force nature , and so hurt nature , they make sicknesse , and so empaire health , and that indeed nothing is comparable to the length of time , because Nature works every thing her self , though she be longer , yet she hath lesse danger ; I confesse , that slibbersauce scowrings which are stuft with poysonous ingredients , cannot choose but bring forth infirmity , but wholesome scowrings that are composed of beneficiall and nourishing simples , neither occasion sicknesse nor any manner of infirmity , but bring away grease and all manner of foulnesse in that kindly and abundant sort , that one week shall effect and cleanse away more , then two moneths of dilatorie and doubtfull forbearance ; I call it dilatorie and doubtfull , because no man in this lingering course can certainly tell which way the grease and other foulnesses will avoyd , as whether into his ordure , which is the safest ; into sweat , which is hazardous ; into his limbs , which is mischievous ; or remain and putrifie in his body , which is mortally dangerous ; since the issue of any , or al of these , fall out according to the strength of the horses body , and the diligence of the keeper ; and if either the one fayl in power , or the other in care , farwell horse for that year . All this envie cannot chuse but confesse , onely they have one broken crutch to support them , which is , they know no scowring , therefore they will allow of no scowring ( for thus they have argued with me ) Against Barbarisme I will not dispute , onely I appeal to Art and discretion , whether purgation or sufferance ( when nature is offended ) bee the better doers . To conclude , two moneths I allow for preparation , and according to that time I have layd my directions : my humble suite is , out of a sincere opinion to truth & justice , so to allow or disallow , to refraine or imitate . But they reply ( by a figure called Absurdity ) that whatsoever is given to an horse more then his naturall food , and that which hee will naturally and with all willingnesse receive of his own accord , is both unproper & unwholsome , and therefore he ought not to be forced with any thing against his appetite : this I have heard them affirme , and to this I thus reply ; The naturall food of man is Bread onely , other things ( according to the Philosopher ) are but superfluities and so to be refrained ▪ The naturall food of an horse is Grasse onely , and so all things else to be eschewed : at this argument both humanity & divinity laughs . For other helps , as physick , divers meats and divers means are ordained for both , even by the power of the Almightie : himselfe tels the contemners thereof , how grosly they erre in this foolish opinion . Nay allow them a little shadow of truth , that things most naturall are most beneficiall , then it must follow that Grasse is most naturall , and so most beneficiall : now Grasse is physicall , for in it is contained all manner of simples of all manner of natures , hot , cold , moist , drie , of all qualities , all quantities , all mixtures ; so that whatsoever I give ( that is good ) is but that which he hath formerly gathered out of his own nature , onely with this difference , that what he gathereth , is in a confused manner , clapping contraries together so abundantly , that we are not able to judge where the : predominant quality lyeth ; and that which we compound is so governed by Art and Reason , that we know how it should work , and we expect the event , if it be not cro●● by some greater disaster . But will they binde themselves to keep the Running-horse onely with grasse , they know then the end of their labour will be losse . No , they will allow Corn , nay divers corns , some nourishing and loosening , as Oats and Rye , some astringent and binding , as Beans , and some fatning and breeding both bloud and sperm , as Wheat ; nay they will allow Bread of divers compositions and divers mixtures , some before heats , some after , some quick of digestion , and some slow , and if this be not as physicall as any scowring a good horseman gives , I report me to him that shall read the mixtures : nay these contemners of scowrings will allow an egge , nay an egge mixt with other ingredients , and for butter and garlick they will use it , though it be never so fulsome ; the reason is , because their knowledge can rise to no higher a stayre in physick , and authorized ignorance will ever wage battell with the best understanding ; like foolish Gallants on Saint Georges day , who neither having ability to buy , nor credite to borrow a gold chain , scorn at them which wear them , or Martine Marprelatt , that not having learning worthy of a Deacon , found no felicity but in rayling against divine Fathers . CHAP. II. The first ordering of the Running-horse according to the severall states of their Bodies . WHen a horse is matcht ( or to bee matcht ) for a runing course , you are principally to regard the state of Bodie in which the Horse is at the time of his matching ; and this state of Bodie I divide into three severall kindes . The first is if he be very fat , foule , and either newly taken from Grasse or soyle . The second , if he be extream leane and poore , either through over-riding , disorder , or other Infirmitie . And the third ; if he be in a good and well-liking estate , having had good usage and moderate exercise . If your Horse be in the first estate of bodie , you shall take longer time for his keeping and bringing into order , as two moneths at the least , or more , as you can conclude your wager . If he be in the second estate of Bodie , that is , very poore ; then you shall also take as long time as you may , yet you need not so much as in the former : Grasse cannot much hurt , and exercise may go hand in hand with feeding . If he be in the third estate of Bodie ( which is a meane betwixt the other extreams ) then a moneth or six weeks , may be time sufficient to dyet him for his match . Now as you regard these generall estates of Bodies , so you must have an eye to certain particular estates of Bodies ; As if an Horse be fat and foule , yet of a free and spending Nature , apt quickly to consume and loose his flesh , this Horse must not have so strickt an hand , neither can he endure so violent exercise , as he that is of an hard and keltie disposition , and will feed and be fat upon all meats and all exercises ▪ Again , if your Horse be in extream poverty through disorder and misusage , yet is by nature verie hard , and apt both soon to recover his flesh , and long to hold it ; Then , over this Horse you shall by no means hold so liberall and tender an hand , nor forbear that exercise which otherwise you would do to the Horse which is of a tender nature , a weak stomack and a free spirit ; provided alwaies you have regard to his limbs , and the imperfection of lamenesse . Thus you see how to look into the estates of Horses bodies , and what time to take for your matchings , I will now descend to their severall orderings and dietings : and because in the fat Horse is contained both the leane Horse , and the Horse in reasonable estate of Bodie , I will in him shew all the secrets and observations which are to bee employed in the dyeting and ordering of all three , without any omission or reservation whatsoever ; for truth , Sir , I have vowed unto you , and truth I will present you . CHAP. III. How to dyet an Horse for a match , that is fat , foule , and either newly taken from Grasse , or Soyle , being the first Fortnight . IF you match an Horse that is foule and fat , either by running at Grasse , or standing at Soyle , or by any other means of rest , or too high keeping , you shall for the first fortnight ( at least ) rise earlie in the Morning before day , or at the spring of day ( according to the time of the year ) and having put on his bridle washt in Beere , and tyed him to the Rack , take away his dung and other foulnesse of the Stable ; then you shall dresse the Horse exceeding well , that is to say ; you shall first currie him all over with the Iron combe , from the head to the tayle , from the top of the shoulder to the knee , and from the top of the B●r●ock to the hinder Cambrell , then dust him all over , either with a clean dusting cloth , or with an Horse tayle , or such like thing made fast to an handle ; Then Currie or ●●● him all over with the F●●●●● Brush , beginning with his Forehead , temples , and cheeks , so down his neck , shoulders , and fore-leg● , even to the setting on of the hoof● , so along his sides , and under his bellie , and lastly all about his buttocks and hinder leggs even to the ground : Then you shall go over all those parts ( which the Brush hath toucht ) with your wet hands and not leave ( as neer as you can ) one loose hair about him , nor one wet hair ; for what your hands did wet , your hands must rub drie again : you shall also with your wet hands cleanse his sheath , his yard , his stones , or cod , and his Tuell , and indeed not leave any secret place uncleansed , as ears , nostrills , fore-bowels , and between his hinder thighes ; Then you shall take an hayrie-cloath , and with it rubbe the Horse all over in everie part , but especially , his face , eies , cheeks , between the chaps , on the top of the forehead , in the nape of the neck , down his legs , feetlocks , and about his pasterns ; Lastly , you shall take a clean woollen-cloath , and with it rub the Horse all over , beginning with his head , and face , and so passing through every part of the Horses bodie or limbs , which hath been before mentioned ; then take a wet Main-combe , and combe down his main , and tayle ; when this work is finished , take a faire large body-cloath , of thick warm huswives Caresey ( if it be in the winter season ) or of fine Cotton , or other light stuffe ( if it be in the Sommer season ) and fold it round about the Horses bodie , then clappe on his Saddle , and girt the formost girt pretty straight , but the other girt somewhat slack , and wisp it on each side the Horses heart , that both the girts may bee of equall straightnesse ; Then put before his brest , a warm breast-cloath sutable to the bodie-cloath , and let it cover both his shoulders : when the Horse is thus accoutered and made readie , you shall take a little beere into your mouth , and spirt it into the Horses mouth , and so draw him out of the Stable , and take his back , leaving some ordinarie Groom behind you to trim up your Stable , to carry forth the dung , and to shake and tosse up your Litter , for you are to understand , and it is a generall principle , that your Horse must stand upon good store of fresh , drie litter , continually both night and day ; and it must ever be of Wheat straw if possible , or Oat-straw , if forc't by necessity ; as for Barlie-straw , and Rye-straw , they are both unwholsome and dangerous , the one doth heart-burn , the other causeth scouring . When you are thus mounted , you shall walke forth your Horse a foot pace ( which we call Racking , for you must neither Amble , nor Trott ) at least a myle ortwo , or more , upon smooth & sound ground , and as near as you can to the steepest hills you can finde ; there gallop your Horse very gently up those steep hills , and Racke , or walke him softly down , that he may coole as much one way , as he warmeth another , and when you have thus exercised him a pretty space , then seeing the Sunne begin to rise , or pre●●ily risen , you shall walk your Horse either to some River , or cleare Pond that is fed with a sweet Spring , and there let him drinke at his pleasure ; After hee hath drunk , walk him gently from the water a pretty space , to avoyd evill qualities , which custome will gather , as fearfulnesse to drinke for fear of sodain gallopping , or furious running away , knowing he must gallop ( which may indanger his winde ) then after calme usage , you shall gallop and exercise him moderatly as you did before , then walk him a pretty space , and after offer him more water : if he drink , then do as before ; if he refuse , then gallop him to occasion thirst , and thus alwaies give him exercise , both before and after his water ; when he hath drunke ( as you think ) sufficiently , then bring him home gently , without a wet haire about him ; when you are come to the Stable doore ( before which your Groome shall ever throw his foule litter continually and from time to time ) there alight from his back , and by whistling , stretching the Horse upon the straw , and raising up the straw under him , see if you can make him pisse , which if at first he doe not , yet with a little custome hee will soon be brought unto it , and it is an wholsome action , both for the Horses health , and for the cleanly keeping of your Stable . When these things are performed , you shall then bring the Horse into his stall , and first tye his head up to the Rack in the bridle , then with hard dry wisps rub all his foure leggs downe with as great strength as you can , then unloose his breast cloth , rub his head , neck , and breast exceeding much with a dry cloth , then take off his saddle , and hang it by , after take off his body-cloth , then rub over all his Bodie and limbs , especially his back where the Saddle stood , aad then clothe him up , first with a linnen sheet , then over it a good strong housing-cloth , and above it his woollen bodiecloth , which in the winter it is not amisse to have it lined with some thin Cotton , or other woollen stuffe ; but in the heate of Sommer , the Carsey it selfe is sufficient : when you have girt these clothes about him , stop his sirsingle round with reasonable big , soft , and thicke wisps , for with them he will lie at best ease , because small hard wisps are ever hurtfull . After your horse is thus clothed up , you shall then picke his feet , and stop them up with Cowdung , and then throw into his Racke a little bundle of Hay , so much as an halfe-penny bottle in a deare Inne , well dusted , chosen , and hard bound together , and this he shall teare out as he standeth on his Bridle . After the Horse hath stood on his bridle an houre , you shall come to him , and first rubbe his head , face , and the nape of his neck with a clean Rubber made of new rough hempen cloth , for this is excellent for the head , and dissolveth all grosse and filthy humours ; and then you shall draw his Bridle , and with a very clean cloth make the Maunger so cleane as may be , and if he have scattered any Hay therin , gather it up , and throw it back in to his Rack ; then you shall take the quantity of a quart or better , of sweet , drie , old and cleane drest Oats , of which the heaviest , and the whitest are the best , or those which we call the Poland Oats , or the cut Oats , for those onely are wholsome , the other which are unsweet , breed infirmity , those which are moyst cause swelling in the bodie , those which are new breed worms and paine in the belly , and they which are halfe drest deceive the Stomacke , and bring the Horse to ruine ; as for the blacke Oats , though they are tolerable in the time of necessity , yet they make foule dung , and hinder a mans knowledge in the state of the Horses bodie ; this quart of Oats you shall put into a Sive that is lesse then a Riddle , and a thought bigger than a Reeing sive , such an one as will let a light Oat thorow , but keepe a full Oat from scattering ; In this Sive you shall Ree , dresse , and tosse your Oats very much , that there may be neither dust , nor any other foule thing in them , and so give them to the Horse to eate , and if he eat them with a good stomack , you may then sift and give him as much more , and so let him rest till it be neere eleven a Clock : at eleven , come to the Stable againe , and having rubd the Horses head , neck , and face , you shall then take another quart , or better , of Oats , and ( as before ) tosse and Ree them through your Sive , and so give them the Horse ; then closing up your windows , that the Horse may remaine so darke as is possible , leave him till one a clock : and here you are to understand , that the darker you keepe your Horse in your absence , the better it is , and it will occasion him to feed , lye down , and take his rest , when otherwise he would not ; and therefore wee commonly use to arme the stalls wherein these Horses stand , round about , and aloft , and over the Racke with strong Canvase , both for darknesse , warmth , and that no filth may come near the Horse . At one a Clocke or thereabouts , come to the Horse , and sift him another● quart of Oats , and give them him ▪ after you have rubd well his face , head , and nape of the neck , then putting away his dung , & making the stable cleane and sweet , give him a little knob of Hay , and so leave him till Foure a clock in the evening if it be in the Sommer , o● after three , if it be in the winter and short season . At foure a clock , come againe to the stable , and having made all things cleane , then bridle up the Horse ( having we● the snaffle with Beere ) and tye him up to the Rack , then take off his cloaths , and dresse him in al points and every way , as was shewed you for the morning ; after he is drest , then cloath and saddle him , as was also shewed for the morning ; then bring him forth , and do your best to make him pisse and dung upon the foule litter before the Stable doore , then mount his back , and ride him forth as you did in the morning , but not to the hills , if possible you can finde any other plain and levell ground , as Meadow , pasture , or any other earth , especially if it lie along by the River , but in this case you can bee no chooser , but must take the most convenient ground you can find , making a vertue of necessity ; here ayre your Horse in all points in the evening , as you did in the morning , galloping him both before , and after his water , then Racking him gently up and down , and in your Racking you must observe , even from the Stable doore , in all your passages , especially when you would have your Horse to empty himselfe ( if your Horse be stoned ) to let him smell upon every old and new dung you meet withall , for this will make him emptie his bodie , and repaire his stomack ; After you have watred your Horse , and spent the evening in ayring till within night , ( for nothing is more wholsome , or sooner consumeth foulnesse , then early and late ayrings , ) you shall then Rack him home to the stable doore , there alight , and whatsoever you did in the morning , either within doors , or without , do the same also now at night , and so leave the horse on his bridle for an hour or more , then come to him again , & as you did in the forenoon so do now , rub him well , draw his bridle , cleanse the Maunger , put up his scattered Hay , sift him a quart and better of Oats , and give them him , and so let him rest till nine a clock at night . At nine a clock at night , which is bed time both for your horse & your selfe , come unto him , and first rub down his legs hard , with hard wisps , then with a clean cloth rub his face , head , chaps , nape of the neck , and foreparts , then turne up his cloaths , and rub over his Buttocks and hinder parts , then put down his cloaths , and sift him a quart of oats and give them him , then put into his Rack a little bundle of Hay , tosse up his litter , and make his bed soft , and so betake both him and your selfe to your rests till the next morning . The next morning ( as the morning before ) come to the Horse and doe every thing without the omission of any one particle , as hath been formerly declared ; and thus you shall keepe your Horse constantly for the first fortnight , in which , by this double daily exercise , you shall so harden his flesh , and consume his foulnesse , that the next fortnight ( if you bee a temperate man ) you may adventure to give him gentle heats . CHAP. IIII. Foure principall considerations touching Heats . NOw touching Heats , which is the violent exercise of an Horse , you are to take to your self these foure considerations , First , that two heats in the week is a sufficient proportion , for any Horse of what condition , or state of bodie soever . Secondly , that one heate should ever be given , upon that day in the weeek on which he is to runne his match , as thus , If your match is to be run upon the Monday , then your fittest heating dayes , are Mondaies , and Frydaies , and the Mondaies to be ever the sharpe● heat , both because it is the day of his match , and there is three daies respite betwixt it , and the other heate . If the match day be on the Tuesday , then the heating dayes are Tuesdaies , and Saturdaies : if it be on the Wednesday , then the heating dayes are , Wednesdaies , and Saturdaies , by reason of the Sabboth : if on the Thursday , then Thursdaies , and Mondaies , and so of the rest . Thirdly , you shall give no heat ( except in case of extremitie ) in very rainy and foule weather , but rather deferre houres , and change times , for it is unwholsome and dangerous , and therefore in case of showers and uncertaine weather , you shall be sure to provide for your Horse a warm lined hood , with lined ears , and the nape of the neck lined , to keep out Raine , for nothing is more dangerous then cold wet , falling into the ears , and upon the nape of the neck , and the E●llets . Lastly , observe to give you● heats , the weather being seasonable , as early in the morning as you can , that is by the spring of day , but by no means in the dark , for it is to the horse unwholsome and unpleasant , to the man a great testimony of folly , and to both an act of danger and precipitation . CHAP. V. The second fortnights keeping . NOw to descend to the second fortnights keeping , touching your first approach to the Stable , and other by respects , as cleansing , shaking up of litter , and the like , you shall do all things as in the first fortnight , onely before you put on his bridle , you shall give him a quart or better , of clea● fifted Oats , which as soon as h●● hath eaten , you shall then bridle him up , and dresse him in all points as was declared in the first fortnight ; you shall cloath him , saddle him , ayre , water , and bring him home as in the first fortnight , onely you shall not put any Hay in his Rack to teare out , but onely draw with your hand as much fine sweet Hay ( which you shall tosse and dust well , ( as you can gripe , and let him as he standeth on the bridle , teare it out of your hand , which if he do greedily , and earnestly , then you may give him another , and another , and so let him stand on the bridle an houre or more after ; then come to him and after rubbing , and other ceremonies before declared performed , sift and dust up a quart of Oats , and set them by , then take a ●oafe of bread that is at least three ●aies old , made after this manner . CHAP. VI. The First Bread. TAke three pecks of clean Beans , and one peck of fine Wheat , and mix them together , and grinde them to pure Meale , then boult it through a reasonable fine Raunge , and knead it up with great store of Barme , and lightning , but with as little water as may be ; labour it in the trough with all painfulnesse , tread it , break it , and after cover it warm , and let it ●● a pretty space in the trough ●● swell , then knead it over againe , and mould it up into bigge loaves like twelvepenny houshold loaves and so bake them well , and ●● them soake soundly : after th●● are drawn from the Oven , tur●● t●● bottomes upward , and let them coole ; at three daies old you may adventure to give this bread , b●● hardly sooner , for nothing doth occasion Surfet , or is more dangerous then new bread ; yet if necessity compell you sooner to give it , or that the bread be dan● and clammie , so as the Horse taketh distaste thereat , then cut the loafe into thin Shives , and lay it abroad in a Sive to drie , and then crumbling it small amongst his Oats , you may give it without danger . But to returne to my purpose where I left , when you have taken a loafe of this bread of three dayes old , you shall chip it very well , then cut it into thinne slices , and breake three or foure Shives thereof ( which may countervaile the quantity of the Oats ) very small , and mix it with the Oats you had before fifted , and so give them to the Horse . About eleven of the clock you shall come to the Horse , and having performed your by ceremonies before spoke of , you shall give him the same quantity of Bread and Oats , as you did in the morning , and so let him rest till the afternoone . At one of the clock in the afternoone , or after , if you intend not to give him an heate the next day , you shall feed him with bread and Oats , as you did in the forenoone , and so consequently every meale following , for the day , observing every action and motion as hath been before declared ; But if you intend the next day to give him an heat ( to which I now bend mine ayme ) you shall then onely give him a quart of Oats carefully sifted , but no Hay , and so let him rest till foure of clock in the evening . At foure a clock , before you put on his Bridle , give him a quart of clean sifted Oats , and assoone as they are eaten , put on his Bridle , and tye up his head , not forgetting all by-ceremonies before declared , then dresse him , cloath him , saddle him , ayre and water him as before shewed ; also bring him home , and order him as before shewed , onely give no Hay at all . After hee hath stood an houre on the Bridle , give him ( as before ) a quart of cleane sifted Oats ; when he hath eaten them , you shall then put on his head a sweet clean washt moosell , and so let him rest till nine of the clocke at night . Now touching the use of this moosell , and which is the best , you shall understand that as they are most usefull , being good and rightly made , so they are dangerous and hurtfull being abused , or falsly made ; The true use of them is to keepe the Horse from eating up his litter , from gnawing upon boords and mud walls , and indeed to keep him from eating any thing but what he receiveth from your own hands . These moosells are sometimes made of leather , and stampt full of holes , or else close , but they are unsavoury and unwholsome ; for if it be Allomd leather , the Allome is offensive : if it be liquored leather , the grease and Tanners ●uze are full as unpleasant , besides they are too close , and too hot , and both make an horse sick , cause him to forbeare rest , and retaine his dung longer in his bodie then otherwise he would do ; The best Sommer moosell , is the net moosell , made of strong packthred , and knit exceeding thick , and with small mashes in the bottome , and so enlarged wider and wider up to the middle of the Horses head , and then bound about the top with strong tape , and upon the neer side a loop , and on the farre side a long string of tape to fasten it unto the Horses head . The best winter moosell is that which is made of strong double Canvase , with a round bottome , and a square latisse window of small tape before both his nostrils down to the very bottome of the moosell , and upward more then an handfull , this must also have a loop , and a string to fasten it about the horses head . At nine of the clocke at night , comming to the Horse ( after your by-ceremonies before taught are performed ) give him a quart of clean sifted Oats , and assoone as hee hath eaten them , put on his moosell , tosse up his litter , and leave him to his rest . The next day early in the morning before day , come to the horse ( if he be standing on his feet , but if he be layd , by no means disturb him ) now whilst he is lying , or if he be standing , take a quart of cleane Oats well sifted and rubd betweene your hands , and wash them in a little strong Ale or beer , and let them not be too moyst , for fear of offence , and so give them to the Horse : assoone as he hath eaten them , bridle him up , and hang by his moosell in some sweet place , then uncloath him , & dresse him as hath beene before shewed , after put on his body-cloth and brest-cloth , and saddle him , then being readie to go forth with him ▪ take his bridle reine , and draw it over the top of the rack , so as you may raise his head also , then take a new layd egge washt clean , and breaking it in his mouth , make him to swallow it down , then wash his tongue and mouth with a little Beere , and so leade him forth of the Stable : at the doore see if hee will pisse , or dung , then take his back , and Rack him gently to the Course , ever and anon making him smel upon other horses dungs whereby he may emptie himselfe the better ; when you are come within a myle or thereabout of the starting-post , you shall alight from the Horses back , and take off his body-cloth , and brest-cloth , and then girt on the saddle againe ; then sending away your Groome both with those clothes , and other cleane drie rubbing-clothes , let him stay at the last end of the Race till you come , then yourself Rack your Horse gently up to the starting-post and beyond , making him smell to that post , as you should also doe to the first post ( which wee call the waighing post ) that he may thereby take notice of the beginning and ending of his course , and there start your horse roundly and sharply , at neer a three quarters speed , and according to his strength of body , ability of mind , and cheerfulnesse of spirit , run him the whole Course through , but by no means do any thing in extremity , or above his winde and strength , but when you finde him a little yeeld , then give him a little ease , so that all he doth may be done with pleasure , and not with anguish , for this manner of trayning will make him take delight in his labour , and so increase it , the contrary will breed discomfort , and make exercise irksome . Also during the time you thus course your horse , yet shall with all carefulnesse note upon what grounds he runneth best ▪ as whethe up the hill , or down the hill , whether on the smooth earth , or on the rough , whether on the wet , or on the drie , or whether on the level , or the earth that is somewhat rising ; and according as you finde his nature and disposition , so maintaine him for your owne advantage . When you have thus courst the course over strongly & swiftly , and after a little slightly gallopt him up and down the field to ●ake his winde , and cheare his spirits , you shall then ( your Groom being ready with your cloaths and other necessaries ) ride into some warme place , as under the covert of some Hedge , Bushes , or Trees , into some hollow drie ditch , pit , or other defence from the ayre , and there alight from his back , and first with a Glasing-knife , or a scraping knife as some call it , made either of some broken sword-blade , some old broken Sithe , or for want of them , of a thinne peece of old hard Oaken wood , and fashioned like a broad long knife , with a sharp edge ; and using this with both your hands , scrape off all the sweat from your Horse in every part wheresoever you finde any wet , excepting his Buttocks , which must not bee touched ; and thus do till you find there will no more sweat arise , and ever an anon move and stirre the horse up and down , and then with dry cloaths rub him all over exceedingly , his buttocks still excepted , then take off the saddle , and having glazed , and rubb'd his backe , put on his body-cloth and brest-cloth , and then set on the saddle again , and girt it , then gallop the Horse gently forth againe a little space , ever and anon rubbing his head , neck , and bodie , as you sit on his back , then walk him about the fields , or downs to cool him , and when you finde that he drieth apace , then Racke him gently homeward , sometimes Racking , and sometime gallopping , but by no means bring him to the Stable , ●ill you finde he have not one wet ●aire about him : when you have brought him to the Stable doore ●rie , there dismount , and having ●ntic'd him to pisse , and emptie himselfe , then lead him into his Stall , and there tye his head gent●y up to the Racke , with his bri●le , which done , presently ( as having prepared it before ) give the Horse this scowring made in his manner . CHAP. VII . The First Scowring . TAke a pinte of the best sweet Sac●●● and put the●●● an ounce of the clearest and p●● rest Rozen ●●● sed to a very fine dust , and jumbl● and brew them together exceeding much , then when the Sack● and it is incorporated together , put thereto halfe a pinte of the best Sallet-oyle , and brew the● also well together : Then lastly ▪ take an ounce and an halfe of browne Suger-candie beaten to● to powder , and a spoonefull of London Treacle , and put them in also , then mull all upon the fire , and being luke-warme , take of the Syrrop of Roses a pinte , and dissolve into it of Casfi● , of Agarike , and of Myrrhe , of each a quarter of an ounce ; then being onely warmed against the Fire , and the Horse newly come in from his heat , as before I shewed you , draw his head up to the Racke , and with an horne give him this Scowring , for it is a strong one , and this taketh away and avoydeth all manner of molten grease , and foulnesse whatsoever . CHAP. VIII . Ordering of the Horse after his scowring . ASsoone as you have given your Horse this scowring , presently let your Groom fall to rubbing of his legs , and do your selfe take off his saddle and cloaths ▪ and finding his bodie drie , runne slightly over it with your Curry-combe , after with the brush , then dust well , and lastly , rub all his bodie over exceeding well with drie cloaths , especially his head , nape of the neck , and about his heart , then cloath him up warme as at his other ordinary times , and wisp him round with great warm wisps , and if you throw over him a light loose blanket , it will not bee amisse in these extraordinary times , especially if the season bee cold ; keepe him fasting two hours after the receipt of his scowring , and waking , and stirring three or four , for rest is hurtfull to the medicine , and motion a benefit . After your Horse hath fasted upon the bridle full two houres or more , then you shall take an handful of wheat ears , being your Pollard wheate , that is without Annes or rough beards , and comming to the Horse , first handle the roots of his eares , then put your hands under his cloathes against his heart , upon his flanks , and on the nether part of his thighes , and if you finde any nesh sweat to arise , or any coldnesse of sweat , or if you see his bodie beate , or his breath move fast , then forbeare to give him any thing , for it is a pregnant signe that there is much foulnesse stirred up , on which the medicine working with a conquering qualitie , the Horse is brought to a little heart-sicknesse , therefore in this case , you shall onely take off his bridle , and put on his collar , then tosse up his litter that he may lye down , and so absent your selfe ( having made the stable darke and still ) for two houres more , which is the utmost end of that sicknesse . But if you finde no such offence , then you shall pr●ffer him the eares of wheat by three or foure together , and if he ●●●e this handfull , then give him another . After he hath eaten the wh●●● ears , you shal then give him a little bundle of Hay , such as hath been before declared , and draw his bridle , rubbing his head well . An houre or better after he hath had his Hay , you shall sift him ▪ quart of Oats , and to them you shall put two or three handfulls of Spelted beanes , which you shall cause to be Reed and drest so clean as is possible from all manner of hulls , dust , and filth whatsoever , so as there may be nothing but the clean spelted Beanes themselves ▪ to these Oats and Beans , you shall break two or three shives of bread cleane chipt , and give all unto the Horse , and so leave him to his rest , for neare three houres , or thereabout . At evening before you dresse the Horse , give the like quantity of Oats , spelt-beans , and bread , and when hee hath eaten them , then bridle him up and dresse him as before declared , and after hee is drest , then cloath him up , ●on you shall neither saddle him , nor ride him foorth : for you shall understand that this evening , after his heate , the horse being inwardly ▪ foule , and the scowring yet working in his bodie , he may not receive any water at all . After the Horse is drest , and hath stood an houre and an halfe upon his bridle , you shall then take three pintes of cleane sifted Oats , and wash them in strong Ale , or Beere , and so give them to the Horse , for this will inwardly coole and refresh him , as if hee had drunke water . After he hath eaten this washe meat , and rested upon it a little space , you shall then at his feeding times ( which have been spoken of before ) with Oats and spelt beans , or Oats and bread , or all together , or each severall and simple of it selfe , excepting Beanes ( as you shall find the stomack of the horse best adicted to receive it ) feed him that night in plentifull manner , and leave a knob of Hay in the Rack when you go to bed . The next day very early as may be , first feed , then dresse , after cloath and saddle , then ayre him abroad , and water him as hath been before shewed , after bring him home , and feed him with oats , spelt beans , and bread , as was last of all declared , onely very little Hay , and keep your heating daies , and the preparation the day before in such wise as hath been also formerly declared , without any omission or addition . Thus you shall spend the second fortnight , in which your Horse having received four heats soundly given unto him , and four scowrings , there is no doubt but his body will bee drawne inwardly cleane , you shall then the third fortnight order him according to those rules , which hereafter follow . CHAP. IX . The third Fortnights keeping . The second Bread. THis third fortnight you shall make his bread finer then it was formerly , as thus . You shall take two pecks of cleane Beanes , and two pecks of fine wheate , grinde them on the black stones , searse them through a fine raunge , and knead it up with Barm , and great store of lightning , working it in all points , and baking it in the same sort , as was shewed you in the former bread . With this Bread ( having the crust cut cleane away , and being old as before shewed ) with cleane sifted Oats , and with clean drest spelt-beanes you shall feed your Horse this fortnight , as you did the fortnight before , you shall observe his dressings , agreeings , and howers of feeding , as in the former fortnight , also you shall observe his heating dayes , and the day before his heat , as in the former fortnight , onely with these differences ; First you shall not give his heats so violently as before , but with a little more pleasure , that is to say , if the first heate bee of force , and violence , the second heat shall be of pleasure and ease , and indeed none at all to overstrain the horse , or to make his body sore . Next you shall not after his heat ( when hee commeth home ) give him any more of the former scowring , but instead thereof , you shall instantly upon the end of your heat , after the horse is a little cooled and clothed up , and in the same place where you rub him , by drawing his head up aloft as you sit in the saddle , or raising it up otherwise , give him a ball somewhat bigger then a French walnut hull and all , of that which is mentioned in the fourth Chapter of the booke of cures , and goeth by this Title . And thus you shall spend the third Fortnight . CHAP. VIII . The fourth and last Fortnights keeping . HAving thus spent the three first Fortnights , you shall the fourth and last Fortnight , make your Horses Bread much fine● then either of the former , as thus The last Bread. Take three pecks of fine wheat , and but one peck of cleane Beans , grinde them together on the black stones , and boult them through the finest boulter you can get , then knead it up with very sweet Ale , Barme , and new strong Ale , and the Barme beaten together , and also the whites of at least twenty eggs , but in any wise no water at all , but instead therof , some small quantity of new milke , then work it up , and labour it with all painfulnesse that may be , as was shewed in the first batch , then bake it and order it as was declared in the other . With this Bread ( having the crust cut cleane away ) and with Oats well sunned , beaten and rubb'd over with your hands , then new winnowed , sifted , and most finely drest , that there may bee neither light ones , nor foule ones , nor any false grain amongst them ; and with the purest spelted Beans that can be tryed out , feed your Horse at his ordinary feeding times , in such wise as you did in the fortnight last mētioned before ▪ You shall keepe his heating daies , the first weeke of this last fortnight , in such wise as you did in the former fortnight , but the last week you shall forbeare one heat , and not give him any heat five daies before his match at the lea●t , onely you shall give him long and strong ayerings to keepe him in winde . You shall not need this Fortnight to give him any scowring at all . If this fortnight , morning , and evening , you burne ( upon a c●●●ingdish and coals ) in your Stable of the purest Oliba●●m , or Fr●●●incens● , mixt with Storax , and Benjamine , to perfume and sweeten the Roome , you shall finde it exceeding wholsome for the Horse , and he will take wonderfull delight therein . In this fortnight when you give your horse any washt meat , wash it not in Ale , or Beere , but in the whites of eggs , or muskadine , for that is more wholsome and lesse pursey . This fortnight give your horse no Hay at all , but what he taketh out of your hand after heats and ayrings , and that must be in little quantity , and cleane dusted and drest , unlesse he be an exceeding evill feeder , marvailous tender , and a great belly-looser . The last week of this fortnight , if your Horse bee a foule feeder , you must use the muzell continually ; but if he be a cleane feeder , and will touch no litter , then three daies before your match , is a convenient time for the use of the muzell . The morning , the day before your match , feed well both before and after ayring , and water as at other times , before noone , and after noone , scant his proportion of meat a little before and after evening ayrings , feed as at noone , water as at other times ; but be sure to come home before sunne set . This day you shall cool your Horse , shooe him , and doe all extraordinary things of ornament about him , provided there be nothing to give him offence , or to hinder him in resting , in emptying , or any other naturall or beneficiall action . It is true , I have heard some horsmen say , that when they had put on the muzell , shod their horses with light shooes , and done other actions of ornament about them , the night before the course , that their Horses have taken such speciall notice thereof , that they have refused both to eat , and lye downe ; But I feare there is a great mistake in this conceit , for it is not the thing ( as the muzell , the shooes , and other trifles ) which drawes on these apprehensions , but the abuse , and misuse of them , as when the muzel is too close , unsavoury , or suffocats and over-heats the Horse ( which the netmuzell never doth ) when the shooes stand uneasie , or any other toy of curiosity that gives offence , then no question but these accidents happen ; for mine own part , touching the nice and straight pla●ing up of horses tailes in the manner of Sackers , or docks ( which is now in generall use ) howsoever the ornament may appeare great to the eie , yet I do not much affect it , because I know if an ignorant hand have the workmanship thereof , he may many waies give offence to the Horse , and in avoyding cumbersomnesse , breed a great deale more cumber : therefore I wish every one rather to avoyd curiosity ( which we call necessary ornament ) then by these false graces to doe injury to the Horse . Now for the necessary and indifferent things which are to be done to the Horse , I would rather have them done the day before , then on the morning of the course , because I would have the Horse that morning to finde no trouble or vexation . Late at night you shall feed as you did in the morning . Now I do not set you down exactly what meat to feed withall , because you must bee ruled according to the Horses stomack , and what meat hee best liketh , of that give him most , either of the simple , or with any other compounded , yet observing that the meate which is lightest of digestion , is fittest for this purpose , and the more ( at this time ) you forbeare Beanes , and bread , the better it is . The next morning ( which is the match day ) come to your horse before day , take off his muzzle , rub his head well , and give him a pretty quantity of Oats washt in muskadine , if he will eat them , or in the whites of eggs , or if hee refuse both , then trie him with fine drest Oats mixt with a little wheat , or with your lightest bread ; as for beans forbear them . Of any of these foods give him such a quantity as may keepe life and soule together ; then if hee be an evill emptier , and will retaine meat long , you may walke him abroad and in the places where he used to emptie , there entice him to emptie , which assoone as hee hath done , bring him home , put on his muzzle , let him rest till you have warning to make ready and leade forth , but if hee be a good and free emptying Horse , then you need not stirre him , but let him lie quiet . When you have warning to prepare for leading out , come to your Horse , and having washt his navell in a little Muskadine , take off his muzzle , and bridle him up , but before you bridle , if you think your Horse too emptie , you may give him three or foure mouthes full of the washt meat last spoke of , then bridle him up and dresse him , after having pircht your saddle and girthes with shoomakers waxe , set it on his backe , and girt it as gently as may be , so as he may have a feeling , but no straightnesse ; then lay a very white sheet over the saddle next his skinne , and over it his ordinary cloathes , then his body-cloth , and brest-cloth , and wispe them round about with soft wisps , then if you have a countepoint or cloth of state for bravery sake , let it bee fastned above all : when this is done , and you are ready to draw out , then take halfe a pinte of the best muskadine , and give it him with an horne , and so lead him away . In your leading upon the course , use gentle and calme motion , suffering the Horse to smell upon every dung , that thereby hee may emptie himselfe . And in especiall places of advantage , as where you finde Rushes , long Grasse , Lyng , Heath , or the like , walke your Horse , and entice him to pisse , but if you finde no such help , then in especiall places , upon the course , and chiefly towards the latter end , and having used the same meanes before , breake some of your wispes under the Horses bellie , and so make him pisse . Also in your leading , if any white or thick foame , or froth arise about the horses mouth , you shall with a cleane handkerchiefe wipe it away , and carrying a small bottle of cleere water about you , wash your horses mouth now and then therewith . When you come to the place of start , before you turle or uncloath the horse , rub and chafe his legs with hard wisps , then pick his feet , then wash his mouth with water , then uncloath him , mount his Rider ; start faire , and then refer all the rest , to Gods good will and pleasure . CHAP. XI . Certaine necessary observations and advantages , for every Keeper to observe in sundry accidents . THere is no unreasonable creature of pleasure , subject to so many disasterous chaunces of fortune , as the Horse ; and especially the Running horse , both by reason of the multiplicity of diseases belonging unto them , as also the violence of their exercise , and the nice tendernesse of their keeping , and therefore it behooveth every Keeper to be armed with such observations , as may discerne mischiefes , and those helpes , which may amend them when they happen . The first observation therefore that I would arm our keeper withall , is , to discerne sicknesse from health , as thus , Observations for sicknesse and health . If you finde in your Horses heavinesse of countenance , extreame loosnesse , or extream costivenesse , shortnesse of breath , loathing of meate , dull and imperfect eyes , rotten or dry cough , staring haire , or haire unnaturally discolloured , a staggering pace , franticke behaviour , yellownesse of the eyes and skin , faint or cold sweat , extraordinary lying down , or beating or looking backe at the body , alteration of qualities , and gestures , not casting of his coate , leannesse , hydebound , and the like , all these are apparent signes of distem perature or sicknesse . Observations from the dung . It is necessary that our Keeper observe his Horses dung , for it is the best tell-troth of a horses inward parts , yet he must not judge it by a generall opinion , but by a private discourse with himselfe , how the Horse hath beene fed , because food is the onely thing that breeds alteration , as thus . If the dung becleere , crisp , and of a pale and whitish yellow complexion , hanging together without separation , more then as the waight breaks it in the falling , being neither so thin that it will runne , nor so thick , but it will a little flat on the ground , and indeed both in savour , and substance , somewhat resembling a sound mans ordure ; then is the Horse cleane , well fed , and without imperfection ; If it be well colloured , yet fall from him in round knots , or pellets , so it be but the first or second dung onely , and the rest good as beforesayd , it matters not much , for it onely shewes that he did eate Hay lately , and that will ever come away first of all ; but if all his dungs be alike , then it is a signe of foule feeding , and hee hath either too much Hay , or eats too much litter , and too little corne ; If his dung bee in round pellets , and blackish , or browne , it shewes inward heate in the body ; if it bee greasie , it shewes foulnesse , and that grease is molten , but cannot come away ; If he do avoyd grease in grosse substance with his dung , if the grease be white , and cleere , then it comes away kindly , and there is no danger , but if it be yellow or putrified , then the grease hath layne long in his bodie , and sicknesse may follow , if not prevented ; if his dung bee red and hard , then the Horse hath had too strong heats , and costivenesse will follow ; if it be pale and loose , it shewes inward coldnesse of body , or too moyst feeding . Observations from the Vrine . As the keeper hath thus a principall respect to the horses dung , so hee shall take some little note from his Vrine also ; and though they be not altogether so materiall as the other , because according to the opinion of Physitians , Vrina est meretrix , Urine is a deceiver , chiefly in the horse , because hee neither eats , drinks , nor labours according to his owne minde , but his Masters pleasure : yet it hath some true faces , as thus : that Vrine which is of a pale yellowish collour , rather thicke then thin , of a strong smell , and a peircing condition , is a healthfull , sound , and good Vrine ; but if you finde any note or complexion contrary to these , then in the horse is some imperfection , as thus : If the Vrine be of an high ruddie complexion , either like blood , or inclining to blood , then hath the Horse either had too sore heats , beene over-ridden , or ridden too earlie after winter grasse ; if the Vrine be of an high complexion , cleere and transparent , like old March beere , then the Horse is inflamed in his bodie , and hath taken some surfeit ; if the Vrine carry a white cream on the top , it shews a weak backe , and consumption of seed , a greene Vrine shewes a consumption of blood , an Urine with bloody streakes , shewes an ulcer in the kidnies , and a blacke thick cloudy Vrine , shewes death and mortality . Observations in Feeding . Againe our keeper must observe that if there bee any meate , drink , or other nourishment which hee knoweth good for the Horse , yet the Horse refuseth to take it , in this case , hee shall not violently thrust it upon the Horse , or by force cramme him therewith , but by gentile degrees , and cunning enticements , and by processe of time win him therunto , tempting him when hee is most hungry , or most thirsty , and if hee get but a bit at a time , or a sup at a time , it will soone increase to a greater quantity , and ever let him have lesse than he desireth ; and that he may the sooner bee brought unto it , mixe the meat hee loveth best , with that hee loveth worst , the drinke hee loveth best , with that hee loveth worst , till both bee made alike familiar , and so shall the Horse be a stranger to nothing that is good or wholsome . Observations in case of lamenesse . Againe our keeper must observe if his Horse bee subject to lamenesse , or stiffenesse of joynts or sinewes , to surbating or tendernesse of feet , first to give him his heats upon soft and smooth carpet earth , and to forbeare stony ground , hard high-waies , crosse cuts and furrowes , till extremity , or the match day compell him . Observations from the state of the Horses body . It is good for our keeper to observe , that the strongest estate of body , which I account the highest and fullest of flesh , so it bee good , hard , and without inward foulenesse , to bee the best and ablest for the performance of these wagers : yet hee must herein take to himselfe two considerations , the one the shape of the Horses body , the other , his inclination and manner of feeding . For the shape of bodie , there bee some Horses that are round , plump , and close knit together , so that they will appeare fat , and well-shaped , when they are leane and in povertie , others are raw-boned , slender and loose knit together , and will appeare leane , deformed , and in poverty when they are fat , foule , and full of grosse humours . So likewise for their inclinations , some Horses ( as the first before named ) will feed outwardly , and will carry a thick rib , when they are inwardly as leane as may bee , and without all manner of fulnesse ; There bee others ( as the latter ) that will appeare leane to the eye , and shew nothing but skin and bone , when they are full of inward fatnesse , and have guts as foule as may bee . In this case the keeper hath two helps to advantage his knowledge , the one outward , the other inward . The outward helpe , is the outward handling and feeling of the Horses body generally all over , all his ribs , but particularly upon his short and hindmost ribbes , if his flesh generally handle soft , and loose , and your fingers sinck into it , as into down , then is the horse foule without question , but if generally it be hard and firme , onely upon the hindmost rib it handleth soft and downy , then it is a pregnant signe there is grease , and foule matter within the Horse which must bee avoyded , how leane or poore so ever hee appeare in outward speculation . The inward help is onely sharp exercise , and strong scowring , the first will dissolve and melt the foulenesse , the latter will bring it away in abundance . If your Horse be fat , and thick , and as it were closed up betweene the chaps , or if his jawes handle fleshie and full , it is a sign of much foulnesse both in the head , and bodie ; But if hee handle thinne , and cleane , onely with some small kirnells , or lumps between his chaps , then it is only a signe of some cold or pose newly taken . Observations from the privi● parts . It is good for our keeper to observe his Horses stones if hee bee stoned ) for if they hang downe side , or long from his body , then is the Horse out of lust , and heart , and is either sicke of grease , or other foule humors , but if they be close couched up , and hid in a small roome , then is the Horse healthfull , and in good plighte , if his yard befoule , stained , rough or skalie , then feare no foule play , but if it be cleere , bright , and as it were new scowred , then looke to your Groome , for he hath covered a Mare lately . Observations for the limbes . It is good for our keeper to observe , ever the night before hee runnes either match , or heate , to bathe his Horses legs well from above the knees , and above the cambrells downward , with either dogsgrease , which is the best , or trotters oyle , which is the second , or the purest clarified hogsgrease that can be got , which is most tolerable , and to work it in with the labour of his hands , and not with melting at the fire , and what hee gets not in the first night , will be got in the next morning , and what he gets not in the next morning , will be got in , when he comes to uncloath at the end of the course , so that you shall need to use the oyntment but once , but the fricasse or rubbing , as oft as you finde opportunity . Observations for the giving of water . Our keeper shall observe , that albeit I give no directions for the watering of his Horse , in the evening after his heate , yet hee may in any of the two latter fortnights ( finding his Horse cleer , and that his grease is consumed and come away ) somewhat late at night , as about sixe a clocke , give his horse water in reasonable quantity , being luke-warme , and fasting an houre after it ; Also if through the unseasonablenesse of the weather , you cannot water abroad , then you shall at your watering hours , water in the house with warme water ( as aforesaid ) nor need you in this case to heate all your water , but making a little quantity very hot , put it into a greater , and so make all luke-warm , if you throw an handfull of wheate meale , or barm , or oat-meale finly pounded ( but Oat-meale is the best ) into the water , it is not amisse , but wholsome , and comfortable . Observations in the choise of ground to runne on . Our keeper shall observe , that if the ground wheron he is to run his match be dangerous , and ap● for mischievous accidents , a● straines , slips , bearings , over-reaches , and the like , that then he is not bound to give all his hea●s therin , but having made his horse acquainted with the nature thereof , then either to take part of the course , as a mile , two or three ( according to the goodnesse of the ground , ) and so to runne his Horse fourth , and backe againe , which we call turning heats , provided alwaies , that he end his heat at the weighing post , and that he make not his course lesse , but more in quantity , then that hee must runne , but if for some especiall occasions hee liketh no part of the course , then he may many times ( but not ever ) give his heats upon any other good ground ; either forth right , or turning , or round about any spatious & large field , where the Horse may lay downe his body , and run at pleasure . Observations from sweating . Our keeper shall observe in all his ayrings , heatings , and all manner of exercise , and motions whatsoever , to the sweating of his Horse , and to the occasions of his sweating , as if an Horse sweat upon little or no occasion , as walking footpace , standing still in the stable , or the like , it is then aparent that the Horse is faint , foule fed , and wanteth exercise . If upon good occasion , as strong heats , and the like he sweat , yet his sweat is white , frothy , and like soap ●●●s , then is the Horse inwardly foule , and wanteth also exercise , but ●● the sweate bee blacke , and as ●● were onely water throwne upon him , then is the Horse in good lust and good case . Observations from the Horses haire . Our keeper shall observe well his Horses haire in generall , but especially his necke , and those parts which are uncovered , and if they lie sleeke , smooth , and close , then is the Horse in good ease , but if they be rough , and staring , or any way unnaturally discoloured , then is the Horse inwardly cold at the heart , and wanteth both cloathes , and warme keeping , or else there is some sicknesse creeping upon him . Many other observations there be , but these are most materiall , and I hope sufficient for any reasonable understanding . CHAP. XII . How to order ▪ feed , and keep ▪ any Horse for pleasure , hunting , or travell . T would have our keeper of these ordinary Horses , to rise early in the morning by the spring of day , or before , ( according to the season of the yeare ) and to sift the horse the quantity of three pintes of good old , and drie Oats , and to put to them an handfull o● two of spelted-beanes , hulls and all , and so give them to the horse ▪ After hee hath eaten them , ●● him dresse him according to the order of good hors-manship , that is , first currie with the Combe , then dust , then currie with the brush , then dust , then rub with wet hands , after with an hairy cloth , then with a cleane woollen cloth , after with a cleane linnen cloth , then picke all obscure and secret places , lastly combe down the mayne , and tayle , then saddle him and ride him forth to water , warme him both before and after water , very moderately , and so bring him home drie without sweat . Then cloath him up ( after you have rubbed his head , body , and legs , ) and let him stand on his bridle more than an houre , then give him the former quantity of provender , and the same in kinde . After he hath eaten his provender , give him into his Rack a pretty bundle of Hay , and so let him rest till after dinner . When you have dined , give him the former quantity of provender , and the same in kinde , and so let him rest till evening , onely receiving his Hay , if there bee occasion . At evening dresse him well as in the morning , then ride him forth to water , and do as you did in the morning . When you come home and have cloathed him up , let him stand on his bridle as before , then give him the former quantity of provender , and so let him rest till nine a clock at night , at which time give him the former quantity of provender , and a pretty bundle of Hay , and so let him rest till morning . Thus you shall doe concerning his ordinary keeping at home , where the Horse hath rest , and that you may dispose of houres as you please ; but if you be either in travell , in sport , or other occasion , so that you cannot observe these particular times , then you must divide the maine and whole quantity of meate into foure parts , and greater quantities , and so give them at the best coveniency , ever observing , to give the least quantitie before exercise , as a third part before mounture , and the two other , after you come to rest : nor would I have you to distract your minde with any doubt or amazement , because I prescribe you five severall times of feeding in one day , as if it should either over-charge you , or over-feed your Horse ; questionlesse there is no such matter , when you looke into the true proportion ; for it cannot be denied , but whosoever is worthy of a good Horse , or good means to keep a good Horse , cannot allow him lesse then one peck a day ; nay the Carrier , Carter , Poulter , and Packhorse , will allow halfe a pecke at a watering , and this allowance which I set downe comes to no more ; for fifteene pintes of Oats , and one pinte ofspelt ▪ beanes up-heaped , makes two gallons , and that is one pecke Winchester measure : now to give it at twice , fills the stomack more , makes the digestion worse , and the appetite weake , whereas to give lesse , but more oft , the stomacke is ever craving , the digestion alwaies ready , and the appetite never wanting ; so that health ( without disorder ) can never be a stranger , therefore once againe , thus much for ordinary keeping . But if you intend to give the Horse an heate , as to hunt , gallop , travell , or the like , which I would wish you to doe once , twice , or thrice a weeke , then observe your former observations , onely the night before , give him little , or no Hay at all . In the morning before his heate , very early and before his dressing , give him three or foure handfulls of cleane sifted Oats , washt either in strong beere , or Ale , then dresse him , saddle him , and give him his heate , but if it be soddaine , and violent , then let it bee when the Horse hath emptied himselfe very well . After his heat rub him soundly , and bring him drie into the stable . Then after hee is cloathed up warme , let him stand on his bridle at least two houres , then give him a little bundle of Hay to teare out upon his bridle , and an houre after , feed him as hath beene before shewed ; onely with his first Oats , give him an handfull or better of hempseed well dusted and mixed . At night , warme him a little water , and give it him luke-warm ; then an houre after , give him his provender , and a pretty bundle of Hay , and so let him rest till the next morning . The next morning do all things as in his ordinary keeping . Let him stand on litter both night and day , yet change of● , and keepe the plaunchers clean . If you intend to travell or journey in the morning , then give no Hay ( or but little ) in the morning . In journying ride moderately the first houre or two , but after , according to your occasions . Water before you come to your Innne ( if possible ) but if you cannot , then give warme water in the Inne , after the Horse is fully cooled . Trotters oyle is an excellent oyntment , being applied very warme , and well chafed in , to keepe your Horses limbes , and ●inewes nimble , and to helpe stiffenesse , and lamenesse . Neither wash your Horse , nor walke your horse , for the first endangereth foundering in the body or feet , and breedeth all surfeits , the latter is the ground of all strong colds , which turne to glaunders , and rottennesse , but if necessity compell you to either , as foule wayes , or long stayes , then rather wash your horses legs with pales of water at the stable doore , then to endanger him in Pond , or River . And for walking , rather set one on your horses backe to keepe his spirits stirring , then to lead him in his hand , and with dull spirits , to receive all manner of mischiefes . This I thinke sufficient for clean and ordinary keeping . CHAP. XIII . Generall observations , helps , and advertisements for any man when hee goeth about to buy an Horse . THere is nothing more difficult or intricate in all the Art of horsmanship , then to set downe constant and uncontrolable resolutions , by which to binde every mans minde to an unity of consent , in the buying of an horse : for ( according to the old adage ) what is one mans meat , is another mans poyson ; what one affects , another dislikes . But to proceed according to the rule of reason , the precepts of the ancients , and the moderne practise of our present conceived opinions , I will , as briefly as I can , shew you those observations , and advertisements which may strengthen you in any difficult election . First therefore you are to observe , that if you will elect an Horse for your hearts contentment , you are to take to your self this principall consideration , namely , the end and purpose for which you elect him , as whether for the Wars , for running , hunting , travell , draught , or burthen , every one having their severall characters , and their severall faces both of beauty and uncomelynesse . But because there is but one truth , and one perfection , I will under the description of the perfect and untainted Horse , shew all the imperfections , and attainttures , that either nature , or mischance can put upon the horse of greatest deformity . Let me then advise you that intend to buy an horse , to acquaine your selfe well , with all the true shapes and excellencies , which belong to an horse , whether it be in his naturall and true proportion , or in any accidentall ; or outward increase or decrease of any limbe or member , and from their contraries , to gather all things that may give dislike , or off●h●● . To begin therfore with the first principles of election , you shall understand , that they are divided into two especiall heads , the one generall , the other particular . The generall rule of election is , first the end for which you buy , then his breed , or generation , his colour , his pace , and his s●atuity and these are sayd to bee generall● because the first ( which is the end for which you buy ) is a thing shut up onely in your owne ●●●●● The other which is breed , you must either take it from faithfull report , your owne knowledge , or from some knowne and certaine characters , by which one strain or one Country is distringuished from another , as the Neapolitan is knowne by his hauk-nose , the Spanyard , by his small limbe , the Barbarie , by his fine head , the Dutch by his rough legs , the English , by his generall strong and cleane knittings together , and so forth of divers other . As for his colour , although there is no colour exempt utterly from goodnesse ( for I have seene good of all ) yet there are some better reputed then others , as the Dapple-gray for beauty , the brown-bay for service , the black with silver haires for courage , and the Lyard , or true mixt Roan for continuance ; as for the Sorrel , the black without white , and the unchangeable Iron-gray , they are reputed cholericke ; the bright-bay , the fleabitten , and the black with white marks , are sanguinists ; the blankwhite , the yellow dun , the kiteglewed , and the pyebald are flegmatick , and the chesnut , the mousedunne , the redbay , and the blewgray , are melancholy . Now for his pace , which is either Trot , Amble , Rack , or Gallop , you must referre it to the end also , for which you buy , as if i● be for the warres , hunting , running , or your owne private disposition , then the trot is most tolerable , and this motion you shall know by a crosse moving of the Horses limbes , as when the fa●●● foreleg , and the neere hinde●●Spand●● or the neere foreleg , and the far●● hinder leg move and go forw●●● in one instant , and in this moti●● the neater the Horse taketh 〈◊〉 limbs from the ground , the ●p●ner , the evener , and the shorter he treadeth , the better is his pace ; for to take up his feet slovenly , shewes stumbling , and lamenesse ; to tread narrow , or crosse , shewes enterfering , or falling ; to step uneven , shewes toyle , and wearinesse , and to tread long , shewes over-reaching . Now if you elect for ease , great persons seats , or long travell , then ambling is required , and this motion is contrary to trotting , for now both the feet on one side must move equally together , that is , his far foreleg , and his far hinder-leg , or the neere foreleg , and the neere hinder-leg , and this motion must go just , large , smooth , and nimble , for to tread false takes away all ease , to tread short , rids ●o ground , to tread rough , shewes ●olling , and to ●read unnimbly ●hewes a false pace that never con●inueth ▪ as also lamenesse . If you elect for buck-hunting , for galloping on the high way , for post , hackney , or the likes , then a racking pace is required , and this motion is the same that Ambling is , onely it is in a swifter time , and a shorter tread , and though it rid not so much ground , yet it is a little more easie . Now to all these paces , must be joyned a good gallop , 〈…〉 naturally every trotting and racking horse hath , the ambler is a little unapt thereunto , because the motions are both one , so that being put to a greater swi●●nesse of pace then naturally he 〈…〉 acquainted with all , hee 〈…〉 his legs confusedly , and 〈…〉 der , but being trayned 〈◊〉 , and made to understand the motion , he will as well undert●k● in as any trotting horse what 〈…〉 Now in a good gallop , you ●●●●● observe these vertues , First ●●●● the horse which taketh his 〈◊〉 nimbly from the ground , but doth not raise them high , that neither rolleth nor beateth himselfe , that stretcheth out his forelegs , follows nimbly with his hinder ; and neither cutteth under the kn●● ( which is called the swift-cut ) nor crosseth , nor claps one foot upon another , and ever leadeth with his farre forefoot , and not with the neere , this horse is sayd ever to gallop most comely , and most true , and is the fittest for speed , or any other like employment . If he gallop round and raise his fore-feet , hee is then sayd to gallop strongly , but not swiftly , and is fittest for the great saddle , the warres , and strong encounters , if he gallop slow , yet sure , hee will serve for the highway , but if hee labour confusedly , and gallop painfully , then is he good for no gallopping service , besides it shews some hidden & obscure lamenesse . Lastly touching his stature , it must bee referred to your owne judgment , and the end for which you buy him , ever observing that the biggest and strongest , are fittest for strong occasions , as great burthens , strong draughts , and double carriage , the middle size for pleasure , and generall imployments , the least for ease , street walkes , and Sommer hackney . Now touching the particular rule of election , it is contained in the discovery of naturall deformities , accidentall outward sorro●gances , or inward hidden mischieft , which are so many , and so inf●●● that it is a world of worke to ●●plaine them , yet for satisfaction sake , I will in as meth●dicall manner as I can , and the rather because it is a labour I never undertood in this manner before , briefly , and and according to the best conceived opinions , shew what you ●●● to observe in this occasion . First therefore , when an horse is brought unto you to buy , being satisfied for his breed , colour , and stature , then see him stand naked before you , and placing your selfe before his face , take a strict view of his countenance , and the cheerfulnesse thereof , for it is an excellent glasse wherein to see his goodnesse , as thus . If his eare be small , thin , sharp , pricked , and moving , or if they be long , yet well set on , and well carried , it is a marke of beauty , goodnesse , and mettall , but if they be thicke , laved , or lolling , wide set on , and unmoving , then are they signes of dulnesse , doggednesse , and ill nature . If his face bee cleane , his forehead swelling outward , the mark or feather in his face set high , as above his eies , or at the top of his eies , if he have a white starre , or white rache of an indifferent size , and even placed , or a white ship on his nose , all are marks of beautie and goodnesse , but if his face be fat , cloudie , or scawling , his forehead flat as a trencher ( which we call marefaced ) the marke of his forehead stand low , as under his eies , if his starre or rache stand worse or in an evill posture , or instead of a ship , his nose bee ●a● and unhairy , or his face generally balld , all are signes of deformity . If his eies be round , big , black , shining , staring , or starting from his head , if the blacke of the ey● fill the pit or outward circumference , so that in the moving none of the white appeareth , all are signes of beauty , goodnesse , and metall : but if his eies be uneven , and of a wrinckled proportion , if they be little ( which wee call pig-eied ) both are uncomely signes of weaknesse : if they be ●●● and fiery , take heed of moon eies , which is next doote to blindnesse , if white , and walled , it shewes a weake sight , and unnecessarie starting or finding of boggards , if with white specks , take heede of the pearle , pinne and web , if they water or shew bloudy , it shewes bruises , and if they matter , they shew old over-riding , and festered rhumes , or violent straines and colds , if they looke dead or dull , or are hollow and much sunke , take heed of blindnesse , at the best the beast is of an old decrepid generation , if the black fill not the pit , but the white is alwaies appearing , or if in moving the white and black be seene in equall quantity , it is a signe of weaknesse , and an aged disposition . If handling of his cheekes or chaps , you finde the bones leane and thin , the space wide between them , the throppell or winde pipe big as you can gripe , and the void place without knots or kirnells , and generally the jawes so open , that the neck beseemeth to couch within them , they are all excellent signs of great winde , courage , and soundnesse of head and body , but if the chaps bee fat and thicke , the space betweene them closed up with grosse substance , and the throppell little , all are signes of short winde , and much inward foulnesse , if the voyd place be full of knots and kernells , take heede of the strangle , or glaunders , at the best , the horse is not without a foule cold , if his jawes bee so straight that his necke swelleth above them , if it bee no more but naturall , it is onely an uncomely signe of straight winde , and pursinesse or grossnesse , but if the swelling bee long , and close by his chaps like a whetstone , then take heed of the veines , or some other unnaturall impostume . If his nostrills bee open , drie , wide , and large , so as upon any strayning , the very inward rednesse is discovered , and if his muzle bee small , his mouth deep , and his lips equally meeting , they are all good signes of winde , health , and courage , but if his nostrills be straight , his winde is little , if his muzle bee grosse , his spirit is dull , if his mouth bee shallow hee will never carry a bit well , and if his upper lip wil not reach his neather , old age , or infirmitie hath marked him for carrion , and if his nose bee moyst and dropping ; if it bee cleere water , it is a cold , if foule matter , beware the glaunders ; if both nostrills runne , it is hurtfull , but if one , then most dangerous . Touching his teeth , and their vertues , they are at large set down in a former chapter touching the horses age , onely remember you never buy an horse that wanteth any , for as good loose all as one . From his head looke downe to his brest , and see that it be bread , out-swelling , and adorned with many feathers , for that shewes strength , and endurance , the little brest is uncomely , and shewes weaknesse , the narrow brest , is apt to stumble , fall , and enterfarre before , and the brest that is hidden inward , and wanteth the beauty , and division of many feathers , shewes a weak armed heart , and a brest that is unwilling , and unfit for any toyle , or strong labour . Next looke downe from his elbow , to his knee , and see that th●●● forethighes be rush growne , ●●l horned within , sinowed , 〈◊〉 & out-swelling , for they are good signes of strength , the 〈◊〉 shew weaknes , and are unnaturall . Then looke on his knees that they carry an equall , and an even ●vall proportion , be lean , sinowie , and close knit , for they are good and comely , if one be bigger , or ●ounder then another , the Horse hath received mischiefe , if they ●ee grosse , the horse is gouty , and if they have scarres , or haire broken , it is a true marke of a stumb●ing jade , and a perpetuall faller . From his knees , looke downe his legs to his pasterns , and if you ●inde them cleane , leane , flat , and ●●nowie , and the inward bought of his knee without a seam , or hair broken , then he shewes good shape and soundnesse , but if on the in●de of the leg you find hard knots , ●hey are splints , if on the outside , ●hey are serewes , or excressions , ●f under his knee bee scabs on the ●●side , it is the swiftcut , and hee will ill endure gallopping , if above ●is pasterns on the inside you find scabs , it shewes enterfayring , b● if the scabs be generally over ●● legs , it is either extreame fo●● keeping , or a spice of the maun●● if his legs be fat , round , and flesh●● hee will never endure labour , a● if on the inward bought of ● knees you finde seames , scabs , ● haire broken , it shews a malland● which is a cankerous ulcer . Looke then on his pastern jo● and on his pasterne , the first ●● be cleane and well knit togeth●● the other must be short , strong●● upright standing , for if the fir●● big or swelled , take heed of ●in●● straines , and gurding , if the o●● be long , weake , or bending , ●● limbes will hardly carry the b●● without tyering . For the hoofes in generall th● would be black , smooth , toug● rather a little long , then ro●g● they must bee hollow , and ●● sounding , for a white hoo●●● tender , and carries a shooe ill , a ●oughe , grosse seamed hoof , shews ●ld age , or over-heating , a brittle ●oofe will carry no shooe at all , an ●xtraordinary round hoofe is ill ●●r foule wayes , or deepe hunting , ● flat hoofe that is pummifsed , ●ewes foundering , and an hoofe ●at is emptie and hollow sound●g , shewes a decayed inward part , ● reason of some wound , or drie ●under , as for the crownet of ●e hoofe , if the hair lie smooth & ●ose , and the flesh flat and even , ● is perfect , but if the hair be sta●●g , the skin scabbed , & the flesh ●●ng , then looke for a Ringbone , ●●owne scab , or like mischiefe . ● After this , stand by the side of ●●horse , and first look to the set●●g on of his head , and see that stand neither too high , nor too 〈◊〉 , but in a direct line , and that ● necke bee small at the setting ● , and long , growing deeper , and deeper , till it come to hi● shoulders , with an high , strong and thin crest , and his 〈…〉 long , soft , and somewhat curling for these are beautifull characte●● whereas to have the head ill 〈◊〉 on , is the greatest deformity , 〈◊〉 have any bignesse , or swelling 〈◊〉 the nape of the necke , shewes 〈◊〉 pole ▪ evill , or beginning of 〈…〉 , to have a short think necke 〈◊〉 a bull , to have it falling at the 〈◊〉 others , to have a low , a weake ● thicke , or a falling crest , shew 〈◊〉 want both of strength , and a tall , to have much haire 〈◊〉 mane , shews intolerable 〈…〉 to have it too thinne , she 〈…〉 and to have none , or to 〈…〉 the worme in the mawe , 〈◊〉 or else maunginesse . Looke then to the 〈…〉 backe that it bee broad , 〈…〉 straight , his ribs well 〈…〉 and bending outward , 〈…〉 upright , strong , and short , and not above 4 fingers between his last rib and his huckle bone , let his body be well let downe , yet hidden within his ribs , & let his stones be close trust upto his body , for al these are marks of good perfection , wheras to have his chyne narrow , he will never carry a saddle without wounding , and to have it bendig nor saddle backed , shewes weakenesse , to have it ●ammell backed , it may shew strength , but ●is uncomely , to have his ribs flat , ●here is no liberty for the winde , ●o have his filled hanging long , or weake , hee will never climbe an ●ill well , nor carry burthen , and ●o have his bellie clung up , and gaunt , or his stones hanging down , ●oose or side , they are both signes of sicknesse , tendernesse , founde●ing in the bodie , and unaptnesse ●or labour . Then looke upon his bu●tocke , Then looke upon his buttock● , and see that it bee round , plumpe , full , and in an even levell with his bodie , or if long , that it be● well raysed behinde , and spread forth at the setting on of the tayle , for these are comely and beautifull , the narrow prime buttocke , the hog , or swine ru●●● , and the falling or downe ▪ let buttocke , are full of deformity , and shew both an injury in nature , and that they are neither fit or bee●●● ming for pad , foot-cloath , ●● pillion . Then look to his hinder-thigh● or gascoynes , that they bee ●●ll let downe even to the midle 〈◊〉 thick , brawnie , full , and swelling ▪ for that is a grea● argument● o● strength and goodnesse , whereof the leane , lanke slender th●●● shewes disability and weak 〈…〉 Then looke upon the 〈…〉 joynt behinde , and if it be nothing but skin and bone , veines , sinews , and rather a little bending , then too straight , then it is perfect as it should bee , but if it have chaps or sores on the inward bought or bending , then that is a sellander ; if the joynt bee swell'd generally all over , then hee hath got a blow or bruise ; if the swelling be particular , as in the pot , or hollow part , or on the inside , and the veine full and proud , if the swelling be soft , it is a blood spaven , if hard , it is a bone spaven , but if the swelling be just behinde , below the knuckle , then it is a curb . Then looke to his hinder-legs , and if they bee leane , cleane , flat , and sinowie , then all is well , but if they bee fat they will not endure labour , if they bee swell'd , the the grease is molten into them , if they bee scabbed above the pasterne , hee hath the scratches , if he have chaps under his pasternes , he hath the paines , or males , and none of these but are dangerous , and noysome . Lastly , for the setting on of his tayle , where there is a good buttocke , the tayle can never stand ill ; and where there is an evil buttock , there the tayle can never stand well ; for it ought to stand broad , high , flat , and couched a little inward . Thus I have shewed you ●●●● shapes , and true deformities ; yo● may in your choice please your owne fancie . CHAP. XIIII . An uncontroulable way how to know the age of any Horse . THere are seven outward characters by which to know the age of every Horse . As namely , his teeth , his hoofes , his tayle , his eies , his skinne , his haire , and the barres in his mouth . If you will know his age by his teeth , you must understand , that an Horse hath in his head just forty teeth , that is to say , sixe great wonge teeth above , and sixe below on one side , and as many on the other , which makes twenty foure , and are called his grinders , then sixe above , and sixe below in the fore part of his mouth which are called gatherers , and make 36 then foure tushes one above , and one below of one side , and one above , and one below on the otherside , which is just forty : now the first yeare he hath his foales teeth , which are onely grinders and gatherers , but no tushes , and they be small , white , and bright to look upon . The second yeare hee changeth the foure foremost teeth in his head , that is , two above , and two below in the midst of the ●owes , and they will appeare browner , and bigger then the other . At three yeares old he changeth the teeth next unto them , and leaveth no apparent foales teeth before , but two of each side above and below ; which are also bright and small . At foure yeares old he changeth the teeth next unto them , and leaveth no more foales teeth but one on each side , both above and below . At five yeares old his form ost teeth will be all changed , but then hee hath his tushes on each side compleat , and the last foales teeth which he cast ; those which come up in their place , will be hollow , and have a little black speck in the midst , which is called the marke ●n the horses mouth , and conti●ueth till he be eight yeares old . At sixe yeares old he putteth up ●is new tushes , neere about which ●ou shall see most apparently growing a little circuit of new and young flesh at the bottome of the ●oth , besides the tush will bee ●hite , small , short , and sharpe . At seven yeares old , all his teeth ●ill have their perfect growth , ●●d the marke in the horses mouth before spoken of ) will be plain● seene , although decaying . At eight yeares old , all his teeth will be full , smooth , and plain● , the blacke speck or marke being hardly to bee discerned , and his tushes will bee more yellow then ordinarily . At nine yeares old , his formost teeth will shew longer , broader , yellower , and fouler , then a younger yeares , and his tushes will be bluntish . At ten yeares old , in the inside of his upper tushes will be no holes at all to bee felt with your fingers end , which till that age you shall ever most perfectly feele , besid● the temples of his head will begi● to be crooked , and hollow . At eleven yeares old , his teeth will be exceeding long , very ●●● low , blacke , and foule , onely ●● will cut even , and his teeth will stand directly opposite one again● another . At twelve yeares old , his 〈◊〉 will be long , yellow , blacke , and foule , but then his upper teeth will over-reach , and hang over his neather teeth . At thirteen yeares old , his tushes will be worne some what close to his chaps ( if he bee a much ridden horse ) otherwise they will be blacke , foule , and long like the tuskes of a Boare . If a horses hoofs be rugged , and as it were seamed , one seame over another , and many ; If they bee drie , full , and crusty , it is a signe of very old age , as on the contrary part , a smooth , moist , hollow , and well sounding hoofe , is a sign of young yeares . If you take your Horse with your singer and your thumbe by the sterne of the tayle , close at the setting on by his buttock , and fee●ing there hard , if you feele of each side his tayle a joynt stick out more then any other joynt , by the bignesse of an hazle nut , then you may presume the horse is ten years old or above , but if his joynts be all plaine , and no such thing to be felt , then he is under ten , and may be much younger . If an horses eies be round , full , and staring , or starting from his head , if the pits over them be filled smooth & even with his temples , and no wrinckles either about his brow , or under his eies , then the horse is young ; If otherwise you see the contrary characters , it is a signe of old age . If you take up a horses skin on any part of his body , betwixt your finger and your thumb , and pluck it from his flesh , then letting it go againe , if it sodainly returne to the place from whence it came , and be smooth & plain without wrinckle , then the horse is young and full of strength , but if being pulled up , it stand and not returne to his former place , then hee is very old and wasted . If a horse that is of any darke colour shall grow gryssell onely about his eye browes , or underneath his mayne , or any horse of a whitish collour shall grow meanelld , with either blacke or red meanells universally over his bodie , then both are infallible signs of extreame old age . Lastly , if the bars in his mouth be great , deep , and handle rough , and hard , then is the horse very old , but if they be soft , shallow , and handle gently and tenderly , then is the horse young , and in lust . And thus much of the age of an horse . THE BOOKE OF CVRES . Containing certain infallible helps and cures , for those infirmities which are most dangerous , and doe commonly attend all Horses , especially , the Running - Horse . CHAP. I. Of sicknesse in generall . WHensoever upon any occasion you shall finde your horse to droope in countenance , to forsake his meate , or to shew any other apparent signe of sicknesse ; if they be not great , you may forbeare to let blood , because where blood is spent , the spirits are spent also , and they are not easily recovered . But if the signes be great and dangerous , then by al means let blood instantly , and for three mornings together ( the horse being fasting ) give him halfe an ounce of the powder called Diahexaple , brewed either in a pinte of muskadine , or malmsey , or a pinte of the syrrope of sugar , being two degrees above the ordinary mollosses , or for want thereof , Mollosses will serve the turne , or where all are wanting , you may take a pinte either of carduus water , or dragon water , or a quart of the sweetest , and strongest Alewort , or in extremity , take a quart of strong ale or beere , but then warme it a little on the fire , and this must be given with an horne ; and if the Horse have ability of body , ride him in some warme place after it , and let him fast neere two houres after riding . At noone give him a sweet mash , cloath warme , and let him touch no cold water . Now for the exact and true making of this rare powder , which I call Diahexaple , because no man ●hat I know , either Apothecary or other , doth at this day make it truely , partly because it is an experiment lately come to my knowledge by conference with learned Physitians , and partly because our medicine-makers are in horse physicke lesse curious then they should bee ; through which errors , there is produced to the world an abundance of false mixtures , which both deceiveth the honest horse-master , kills the harmlesse horse , and disgraceth the well meaning Farrier : To repayre all which , I will here set downe at large , the true manner of making this admirable powder ; together with the vertue● and operations thereof . CHAP. II. The manner of making the true Diahexaple . TAke the roots of round Aris●●●gia , and the r●●● of Gentian , ●●● them , scrape th●● and purifie the● as cleane as may be , then take ●● niper-berries unexcorticated , ●●● Bay-berries excorticated , take the purest and best drops of Myrthe and the finest shavings of ●●●ri● of each an equall quantity , I ●ea● all but the Myrrhe together in ● morter , and searce them through a fine searce , lastly bear the mirrhe , and searce it also , then mixe and incorporate all together , presse it hard into a gally-pot , and keepe it , and use it as you have occasion . CHAP. III. The vertues of this rare powder Diahexaple . THis powder ( or indeed Methridate ) called Diahexaple , is most excellent and soveraigne against all manner of poyson , either inward or outward , cureth the biting of venemous beasts , and helpeth short winde , and pursicknesse . Dodoneus . It mundifieth , and cleanseth , ●uppleth , and maketh thinne all grosse humours , it healeth all diseases of the Liver , and stomacke , helps digestion , and being given in a pinte of sacke , it cureth all manner of colds , is good against consumptions , breakes ●leame , helps the staggers , and all diseases in the head . Garrets Herb. It recovers tyering and wearinesse , takes away cramps , and convulsions , dries up the skirvie , breaks the stone , opens all inward obstructions , and helps the yellowes , the Gargill , and the Dro● sie . Dioscorides . It cures all diseases of the 〈…〉 as Glaunders , and Rotten●●●● gives ease to all gripings , and ●●Spam●● dinesse of the belly , provoketh 〈◊〉 rine , takes away infection , and 〈…〉 wormes . Gallen . CHAP. IIII. The true manner of making these Cordiall balls , which cure any violent cold , or glaunders , which prevent heart-sicknesse , which purge away all molten grease , which recover a lost stomacke , which keepe the herat from fainting with exercise , and make a leane horse fat sodainly . ●ide Chap. 9 or 4 in the cures . TAke of Anniseeds , of Commin-seedes , of Fenegreeke-seeds , of Carthamus-seeds , of Ely campane roots , and of Coltsfoot , of each two ounces beatenand feare 't to a very fine dust , then ●dde to them two ounces of the lower of Brimstone , then take an ●unce of the juyce of Liqu●rice , ●nd dissolve it ▪ on the fire in halfe a pinte of white wine , which done , take an ounce of the Chimicall oyle of Anniseeds , then of sallet-oyle , of life honie , and of the syrrop of sugar , or for want thereof , then of mollosses , of each halfe a pinte , then mixe all this with the former powders , and with as much fine wheate flower , as will binde and knit them altogether ▪ worke them into a stiffe paste , an● make thereof balls somewhat bigger then French walnuts , huls and all , and so keepe them in a close gally-pot , for they will last ●● the yeare . Yet I doe not meane 〈…〉 shall keep them in the pot in balls , for so , because they cannot ●● close , the ayre may get in and ●● hurt , as also the strength of the oyles will sweate outward , and weaken the substance , therefore knead the whole ●●mp of paste in to the gally-pot , and make 〈…〉 balls , as you have occasion to use them . Now for the use of these balls , because they are cordial , and have divers excellent vertues , you shall understand that if you use them to prevent sicknesse , then you shall take one of these balls , and anoynt it over with sweet butter , and so give it the horse in the morning , in the manner of a pill , then ride him a little after it if you please , otherwise you may chuse , and feed and water him at home or abroad , according to your usuall custome , and thus doe three or foure mornings together . If you use them to cure either cold , or glaunders , then use them in the same manner for a weeke together . If you use them to fatten an horse , then give them for a fortnight together . But if you use them in the nature of a scowring , to take away molten grease or foulenesse ( of which I spake in a former chapter ) . then instantly after his heate , and in his heate to use ( as I shewed before also . ) Againe , if you finde your horse at any time hath taken a little cold ▪ as you shal perceive by his inward ratlings , if then you take one of these balls , and dissolve it in a pinte of sacke , and so give it the horse , it is a present remedy . Also to dissolve the ball in his ordinary water , being made milke warme , it worketh the like effect , and fatneth exceedingly . To give one of these balls before travell , it prevents tyering , to give it in the height of travel , it re●t●●●eth wearinesse , and to give it after , it saves an horse from all su●fens and inward sicknesse . And thu● you shall spend this third ●o●night . CHAP. V. An approved cure for the Botts , and all manner of wormes of what nature soever . TAke a quart of new milke , and as much clarified honey as wil make it extraordinary sweet , then being luke-warm , give it the horse early in the morning , he having fasted all the night before ; which done , bridle him up , and let him stand tyed to the emptie racke for more then two houres , then take halfe a pinte of white-wine , and dissolve into it a good spoonfull or more of black soape , then the horse having stood two houres as aforesaid , give it him to drinke , then ride and chafe him a little , and let him fast other two houres , and the wormes will avoyd in great abundance . CHAP. VI. Another most excellent receipt for the Botts , or any wormes , which is most easie , most safe , and mo●● certaine . TAke the soft downy hair which growes in the ear of an horse , and which you clip away when you coule him , and the little short ●●● which growes on the top of his forehead , underneath his ●oretop , and having a pretty quantity of them , mixe them well with a pottle of sweet oats , and so give the● to the horse , and there is not any thing will kill wormes more ●●●●redly . CHAP. VII . An excellent purgation when a Horse is dangerously sicke of his grease , or of costivenesse . TAke a pinte of old white wine , and set it on the fire , then dissolve into it a lump , halfe as much as an Hens-egge , of castle-soape , and stirre them well together , then take it off , and put into it two good spoonfulls of hemp-seed beaten , and an ounce and an halfe of sugar-candie beaten to powder , and brew all well together , then having warmed the horse to stirre up his grease , and other foule humours , give him this to drinke , and walke him up and downe a little after it , to make the potion worke , then set him up warme , & after a little stirring up & down in his stall , if he grow sickish , give him liberty to lye downe . After two or three houres fasting , give him a sweet mash , then feed as at other times . CHAP. VIII . For laxativenesse , or extreame loosenesse . TAke a quart of red-wine , and set it on the fire , then put into it ●● ounce and an halfe of Bolearmonie in powder , and two ounces and an halfe of the Conserve of sloes , then stirre and ●●●● them well together , after take it ▪ from the fire , and put to it a spoonfull or two of the powder of Cinamon , and brewing all well together , give it the horse . Let him fast two houres after it , and let him eat no washt meat : Hay is wholsome , so is bread and oats , if they bee well mixt with beanes , or wheat , but not otherwise . CHAP. IX . An infallible helpe for the stone or paine of urine by winde , causing sicknesse . MAke a strong ●ecoction ( that is to say boyle your first quantity of water , to an halfe part 3-times over ) of keene onions clean ●ill'd , and chopt , and parcelie ; then take a quart thereof , and put ●o it a great spoonfull of London●reackle , as much of the powder of egge-shells , and give it the horse to drinke , and thus doe divers mornings , if the in fir mitie be great , otherwise when you see the horse offended . CHAP. X. An approved medicine to cure and breake any old festered cold , and to drie up a foule running glaunders . TAke a pinte of verjuyce , and put to it so much strong mustard ●●●●● with wine vineger , ●● will make the verjuyce strong and keene thereof , then take an ounce and more of roach-allome , and beate it to powder , then when you give this to the horse , as y●● fill your horne , so with a knife or spoone , put some of the allome into the horne , and so give it the horse , part at the mouth , and part at both his nostrills , but especially at the nostrill which runneth most , then ride and chafe him a little after it , then set up warme ; at noone give him a warme mash , and at all times give no cold water , but when hee may have exercise after it . And thus drench the horse three daies together , and it will be sufficient . CHAP. XI . Another for a violent cold . TAke of white wine vinegar halfe a pinte , and as much sallet-oyle , brew them well together , and then put to it an ounce and a halfe of sugar-candie in powder , and so give it the horse , and stir him a little after it ; This is exceeding good but it will occasion sicknesse for a small time . CHAP. XII . An excellent Cordiall powder for any ordinary cold , and to prepare an Horse before travell , to refresh him in travell , and to preserve him from mischiefe after travell . TAke of English liquorice , and of elicampaneroots of each one ounce , of sugar-candy an ounce and an halfe , beate them to fine powder , and searce them , keepe the powder in a boxe , and when you have occasion to use it , if it be for a cold , then give it in sweet wine , or strong ale , but if in ale , then take a quart , and so give it both before travell , at your haire in travell , and in your Inne , or at home , immediately after travell . CHAP. XIII . An excellent scowring , when other scowrings will not worke . TAke of sweet butter a quarter of a pound , half so much Castle-soape , beate them well together , then ad to them two spoonfulls of hempseed bruised , of Anniseed , a spoonfull bruised , of sugar-candie an ounce , of Rozzen bruise halfe a spoonfull , worke all these into a paste , and give it the horse in the manner of pills , immediately after his heate , or when you have warmed him and stirred up the grease and foulenesse within him . CHAP. XIIII . An admirable water for any sore eye , or to cleare any dimme sight , at moone-eies , and the like . TAke the stone Lap●●● laminarius , and 〈◊〉 red hot in the fire , th●● quench it in a pinte 〈◊〉 white wine , and thus doe 〈◊〉 times together , then adde 〈◊〉 the quantity of wine , half so much of the juyce of housleeke , and with this water bathe the eie twice or thrice a day , and it is excellent against any imperfection therein CHAP. XV. Another water for any sore eye , no lesse precious then the former . TAke a pinte of Snow-water , and dissolve into it 3 or foure drams of white Vitrioll , and with it wash the Horses eyes three or foure times a day , and the effect is great . CHAP. XVI . For any extreme blow or bruiseon the eye , for any pearle , pinne , web , or unnaturall filme , or foulenesse . TAke of womans 〈…〉 ( if it can be got ) o● f●● want of it , new 〈◊〉 from the Cow , 〈…〉 three spoonfulls , and halfe 〈◊〉 much of the juyce of Sella●●●● , mix them well together , and with a quill drop it into the eye ; t●●●● take the whites of a couple of 〈◊〉 and beat them to an oyle , and mi● with it halfe so much of the juyc● of housleeke , and the like quantity of Rose-water , and beat all together , then make round plediants of flaxe , and dip them therein , and lay it over the eye , and binde 〈…〉 thereon , then as you finde it dries , so renew it . CHAP. XVII . The master medicine of all medicines for a back-sinew straine , or any grease , straightnesse , shrinking , or numbnesse of sinewes . TAke a fat sucking 〈◊〉 whelpe , slay it , and boyle it , then stop the bodie as full as it can hold of gray snayles , and blacke snayles , then rost it at a reasonable fire , when it begins to warme , baste it with six ounces of the oyle of spike made yellow with saffron , and six ounces of the oyle of wax ; then save the drippings , and what moysture so ever falls from it , whilst any drop will fall , and keep it in a gally-pot , with this oyntment anoint the grieved part , and work it in very hot , holding an hot ●ar of Iron before it , and thus doe both morning and evening , till the cure be finished . CHAP. XVIII . Saint Anthony , his onely excellent cure , for any strain , or swelling ▪ TAke Commin-seede and bruise it grosse , and boyle it with the oyle of camomile , then adde to it so much yellow waxe as will bring it to the bodie of a Cerrot or plaster , and spread it on either cloth or leather , and very hot apply it to the griefe . It is a wonderfull soveraigne for any man also . CHAP. XIX . Another , for any desperate old strain , whether it be in the shoulder , joynts , hips , or back-sinewes . TAke of Aquavitae a pinte , of oyle-de-bay , of oyle of swallowes , and of black soap , of each halfe a pinte , work and labour all these together , till they come to a thin oyntment , then take of camomile , and of red sage an handfull , of rew , and of misseldine an handfull , dry them and bring them to a fine powder , then mixe it with the former oyntment , and bring all to a gentle salve ; with some of this salve made as hot as the horse can suffer it , anoynt the strain , and hold an hot barre of Iron before it , chafing it with your hand as much as may bee , and thus doe once a day , and in nine daies the cure hath been effected . CHAP. XX. An excellent charge for any new straine or offence on the sinewes , or any griefe proceeding from heate . TAke the whites of half a dozen of egges , and beate them well with a pinte of wine-vinegar ▪ and an ounce of the oyle of Roses ▪ and as much of the oyle of Myrtills , then take foure ounces of Bolearmonie , and as much Sanguis draconis , and with as much beane floure , or wheat floure ( but beane flour is the best ) as will thicken it , bring it to a stiffe salve , the● spreading it upon hurds , lap it about the grieved place , and renew it as it drieth . CHAP. XXI . A perfect cure for a new sinew-straine . TAke a live Cat either wilde or tame , and cut off her head and tail , then cleave her downe the chine , and clap her hot the bowells and all to the strayne , and remove it not for forty eight houres ▪ and the ●ffect is great . CHAP. XXII . Markhams one Balm , which hath never failed him for any strain in the shoulder , or other part , hid or apparent , or for any windgall , paine or swelling whatsoever . TAke ten ounces of the ●●● and purest peece-grease , a●● melt it upon the fire , then 〈…〉 off , and put into it foure ounces of the oyle of spike , one ounce of the oyle of Origanum , and an ounce and an half of the oyle of Exceter , stir them well together , then put● up into a gally-pot . With this oyntment ( or indeed precious Balme ) anoynt the grieved part , the oyntment being made exceeding hot , and rub an● chafe it in with all painfulness● holding an hot barre of Iron before it . And thus anoynt it one in two daies , but rub and chafe it in twice or thrice a day at the least , and give the horse moderate exercise . This is approved and infallible . CHAP. XXIII . For synewes that are extended , over-strained , and so weakened , that the member is uselesse . TAke of Cantharides , of mercurie , and of Euforbium , of each a like quantity , and of oyle-de-bay double as much as of all the rest , bring the hard simples to powder , and beate all together to a salve , apply this to the griefe , so there be no scab or wound , and it will give strength and straightnesse to the sinewes . CHAP. XXIIII . For a sinew-straine newly done , to help it in twenty foure houres . TAke of the grounds of Ale or Beere a quart , and put into it as much parsley chopt grosse , as you can hold in your hand , boyle them till the hearb be soft , then put to it a quarter of a pound of sweet butter , and when it is molten , take it from the fire , and put into it a pinte of wine-vineger , and if it be too thin , thicken it with a little wheat-bran , then lay it upon hurds , and poultus-wise apply it to the griefe , as hot as the Horse can suffer it . CHAP. XXV . An admirable unguent to take away all aches , and hid pains , strains and sinew straines . TAke of Deere-suet , or for want of it , sweete butter halfe a pound , of Aquavitae a gill , of saffron halfe a dram , of pepper finely beaten and searc't three drams , of Garlicke bruised three heads , mixe all together , and let them stew on the fire , and not boyle , till it come to a salve ; With this very warme chafe the griefe , then anoynt a brown paper therewith , and hot , apply it to the place also , and so roule it up : do thus morning and evening . CHAP. XXVI . For swell'd or gourded legs , whether it be by reason of grease falling into them , or other accident , as scratches , paines , mules , &c. IF your Horses legs be ●●ell'd onely because the gr●●se is fallen into them , and that there is no other outward ●lcer , neither will the bathing with cold fountaine water , and other ordinay helps asswage them , then you shall take a peece of strong course woollen cloth , and ther●ot make him an hose , a pretty deale larger then his leg , to reach fro● the lower part of his pastern , up ●● the Cambrell , or the knee , an● make it close and straight at th● pasterne , and wide above . The● take a pottle of wine lees ( if yo● can get them ) or else the ground● or lees of strong ale or beere , and set them on the fire , and boyle them well , then put to it a pound of hogsgrease , and when it is molten and stirred well together , take as much wheat-bran as will thicken it , and bring it to the body of a poultus . With this poultus ( as hot as the horse can suffer it , onely you must not scald ) fill the hose , or hoses , and then close the hose at the top . With this poultus let the Horse stand two daies , then the third day open the hose at the top , but stirre not the poultus , onely take molten hogsgrease , hot as the Horse can suffer it , and with a spoone lade it unto the poultus on every side , till it will receive no more , for this wil renew the strength of the poultus , then close up the top of the hose , and so let the horse stand other 2. daies , or 3. then you may open the leg , and rub it downe , and if strong occasion , you may apply another new poultus , if not , your cure is wrought . Now if besides the swelling of his legs , your horse hath ulcers , and chaps , as scratches , paines , mules , or the like , then you shall first apply the former poultus in al respects as aforesayd , then after five or six daies application ( when you take the poultus away ) you shall take a quart of old urine , and put to it an handful of salt , as m●ch Allome , halfe an ounce of whi●● copporice , and boyle all well t● gether , then with this water ( very hot ) wash the sores once or twice a day , and after a little drying ▪ ●noint them with the ointment called Aegyptiacum , and is made o●wi● neger , 8 ounces ; of honey , 12 ounces , of verdigrease , two ounce● of Allome one ounce and an halfe boyled to that height , till it come to a red salve . And it will both kill the malignant humours , and also heale and dry up the sores . CHAP. XXVII . For gourdings , swellings , and paine in the joynts . MAke a very strong brine of water and salt , and to a quart thereof , put two or three handfulls of Rew , and boyle it till the hearb be soft , then with this water very hot , bathe the grieved part well ; Then take a flat bagge filled with salt , and he ated hot at the fire , and lap it about the griefe also , then roule it up , and thus doe once or twice a day , and it is a good cure . CHAP. XXVIII . Another approved cure for the scratches , or any disease of that nature , as Mallander , sellander , &c. TAke of hogsgrease , and blacke-soape , of ●●●● eight ounces , of 〈…〉 stone , of lime , of ●●Spand●● powder , of each three ounces ; ●●● of soote , as much as will suffic● to bring the rest to a salve ; boyle the hogsgrease and soap together , and bring the other hard simples to a fine powder , and so mixe all together , and make a blacke oyntment , with this anoynt the so●● once a day , after they are clea●●ed and made raw . CHAP. XXIX . For any splente , spaven , curbe , ●ing-bone , or any hard knot , or ex●rescion . FIrst having taken viewe of the excrescion , clip away the haire as far as the excrescion go●th , and a little thought more , then ●ake a peece of Allomd-leather , ●ade as bigge just as the place you ●ave bared , and fitted to the same ●roportion , then take a little shoo●akers waxe , and spread it round ●bout the very edge , or verge of ●he same , leaving all the inward or ●iddle part empty , and not toucht ▪ with the waxe , according to this ●igure . O Then take of the hearb Spear-grasse , which hath the ver●ue to raise blisters , and bruising it in a morter , lay some thereof upon the leather , in the voyd and emptie place , which ought to containe the just quantity , of the kne● or excression , and binde it fa● thereon , suffering it to lie ( if i●● in the spring or summer time whe● the hearbe hath its full strength and vertue ) about halfe a 〈…〉 if it bee in the winter , 〈◊〉 hearb hath lesse vertue ; 〈◊〉 if to renew the strength of t●● hearb , you ad to it a drop or t● of the oyle of Origanum , and ● it lie halfe a day fully . And ●● sure to tye up the horses head tw● or three houres , for feare of ●●ting it away . When you have taken off t●● plaster , anoynt the place wi● Trayn-oyle warme , and you sh● finde no excression . CHAP. XXX . Another cure for splent , spaven , &c. and to drie up windgalls , or swellings . FIrst hea●e the Sarrance with an hot pressing Iron , then vent it in severall places with your ●leame , then take a spoonfull of ●alt , halfe a spoonfull of Nerve●yle , a penny waight of verdi●rease , and the white of an egge , ●eate all to a salve , and dipping ●ax hurds therein , apply it to the ●riefe , and it helpeth . CHAP. XXXI . An approved cure for the swift . cut , or any hewing on the leg , and 〈◊〉 heale any wound . TAke a pinte of 〈…〉 wine , and put 〈…〉 or three 〈…〉 honey , and stirre the● well together , then boy 〈◊〉 till they come to the body of an oyntment , then take it from the fire , and put to it halfe so 〈◊〉 turpentine as there was honey ; and stirre all well together , then ●tra● it , and with this salve 〈…〉 hot , anoynt the sores twice or thrice a day , and it is a most speedy healer . CHAP. XXXII . To heal saddle bruises , hard swellings , and all sorts of Impostumations . FInst ●ipen it with rotten Litter , or wet Hay , then when it is soft , open it to let out the corruption , then fill the hollownesse with the powder of Rozen , and lay a plaster of shooemakers waxe over it , and thus doe once in twenty foure houres , till it be whole . If it be slow in skinning or drying up , take a spoonfull or two of thick creame , and mix it with soot till it be a salve , and anoynt it therwith , and it will drie and skinne presently . CHAP. XXXIII . For any maunge , scab , or ●●pr●sie wheresoever . FIrst let blood ; then take a quart of old urine , o●●ineger , and breake 〈◊〉 it a quarter of a pound or better of the best Tobacco , then set it on a fire of embers , where it may simmer , and not boyle , and so let it stew all an whole night ▪ then with this water wash the infected places wheresoever they be , and it is a certaine remedy . CHAP. XXXIIII . For the foulest and most desperate Farcie that may be . TAke hearb of grace , and the hearbe Cley-Cleys which is a weed growing by the water-side , having a great broad , round leafe , and is green on the upper side , and white on the nether ; of each of them take an equall quantity , beat them in a morter , and strain them , then to a pinte of this juyce , put halfe a pinte of the juyce of housleek , and half a pinte of Aquavitae , and two good spoonfulls of pepper beaten and finely searc't , of this liquor take a pinte , and give it the horse to drink , then with round plediants of flax dipt in the same , stop both his eares , then with the strained bruisings of all the hearbs , rub the sores , and stop the holes if there bee any hollownesse , doe thus twice at the least , and oftner if you finde occasion . CHAP. XXXV . For any founder , f●eltize , su●●ait , or any imperfection in the feet FIrst pare thin , open the heels wide , and take good st●r● of blood from the toes , then 〈◊〉 on a shooe somewhat hollow , after take of the best frankincen●e , and rouling it in a little fine cotten wooll , or bumbast , with an hot Iron melt it into the foot , betwin the shooe and the toe , till the o●●fice where the blood was taken be filled up ; then take halfe a pound of hogsgrease , and melt it on the fire , then mix it with wheat - 〈◊〉 ▪ till it be as thick as a poultus , then boyling it hot as is possible , stop up the horse foot there with , then cover it with a peece of an ould shooe , and splent it up , and so let the horse stand for three or foure dayes , then if occasion serve you may renew it , otherwise the cure is wrought . CHAP. XXXVI . To make hoofes grow quickly , and to be tough and strong . TAke of Allome beaten , and of the juyce of garlick , of each seven ounces , of hearbe of grace three handfulls , of old hogsgrease two pound , of Asses dung , or for want of it , Cow dung an handfull ; mingle them , and boyle them all well together , then with this both stop the horses feeet , and anoynt the crownets of the hoofes , the medicine being hot , and the effect is great . CHAP. XXXVII . A generall salve for any s●re or swelling , prick , cloynige , or treade . TAke Turpentine , blacksoape , hogsgrease , green Treate , and Pitch , of each like quantity , mix and boyle them all well together , and apply it warme to the griefe , either plaster wise , or tent wise . The best of Secrets . CHAP. XXXVIII . For decayed , rotten , or over strained lungs , which wee call broken-winded , or for any old drie cough , of long continuance . TAke halfe a pinte of the water of Colts-foot , and put unto it ten drops or , at the utmost , not above a dram of Balsamum sulphuris , and give it the horse in the morning fasting , then ride him a little gently after it ; bee sure to keepe warme , and give no cold water without exercise ; Do thus every other morning till you find amendment . CHAP. XXXIX . How to make Balsamum sulphuris . TAke an ounce of the oyl of Turpentine , and an ounce of the flower of brimstone , and put them into a violl , then set it on a fire of embers or hot ashes , and th●●e let it stew till the brimstone be dissolved , and incorporate with the oyl , and become a red unguent ▪ Of this take a full dramme at the least . CHAP. XL. Another of Saint Anthonies cures for any straine or swelling . TAke Commin-seede and bruise it grosse , and boyle it with the oyle of camomile , then adde to it so much yellow waxe as will bring it to the bodie of a Cer●ot or gentle plaster , and spread it on either cloth or leather , and very hot apply it to the griefe , and renew it not above once in two or three dayes . It is a wonderfull soveraigne for any straine in a man also . CHAP. XLI . An approved cure for the swiftcut , or any hewing on the legs . TAke a pinte of white-wine , and put to it two or three spoonfulls of honey , and boylethem till they bee well incorporated together , then straine it , and with this water some what hot , bathe the sores twice or thrice a day , and it is a most speedy heale● ▪ FINIS . Notes, typically marginal, from the original text Notes for div A06911-e810 The three estates of Horses bodies . Times for matching . Particular estates of Bodies . Matching of a foule Horse . Of dro●● sing . 
A49535	----	The hunter a discourse of horsemanship directing the right way to breed, keep, and train a horse, for ordinary hunting and plates. Langbaine, Gerard, 1656-1692. 1685 Approx. 208 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 51 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2003-01 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A49535 Wing L374 ESTC R1219 12496934 ocm 12496934 62532 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A49535) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 62532) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 638:11) The hunter a discourse of horsemanship directing the right way to breed, keep, and train a horse, for ordinary hunting and plates. Langbaine, Gerard, 1656-1692. [2], 98 p. Printed by L. Lichfield ..., for Nicholas Cox, Oxford [Oxfordshire] : 1685. Errata: p. 98. Reproduction of original in Bodleian Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. 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Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Horses -- Breeding. Horsemanship. 2002-01 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2002-02 SPi Global Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2002-03 TCP Staff (Michigan) Sampled and proofread 2002-03 Olivia Bottum Text and markup reviewed and edited 2002-04 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion The Hunter . A DISCOVRSE of HORSEMANSHIP : Directing The right way to breed , keep , and train a HORSE , for ordinary Hunting and Plates . OXFORD , Printed by L. Lichfield , Printer to the University , for Nicholas Cox. 1685. The HUNTER . CHAP. I. Of Hunting-Horses in general , their Excellency , and the necessity and benefit of the Art of Keeping . I Shall omit to speak in praise of Hunting in general , since I would avoid ( as much as might be ) Repetitions , and that it is already done at the Begining of the foregoing Book , with more Address than I am Master of . But since that Author hath spoken nothing of the Hunting-Horse , which is a principal Instrument of that Excellent Recreation , I desire leave to speak a word in his Behalf . In Behalf , I say , of this noble Creature , to whom all that are Followers of Hunting are oblig'd : since it is by his Strength and Vigour that we grati●ie at ease our Eyes and Ears with all the Pleasures that Hunting affords ; and without whose Assistance , a great part of us could enjoy it a little more than in Imagination . But t is not to us only , that are Huntsmen , but to all M●nkind , that the Hunter is ( or may be ) serviceable . Has our Prince , or Country occasion for our Service in the Field : on what Horse can we venture our Lives more sec●rely , than on the Hunter ? His Readiness to obey the Hand and Heel , equals him to the Mannag'd Horse . His being us'd to gallop on all sorts of Grounds , as well steep places as deep Earths , has so steel'd his Courage , that he declines no Military service you can put him on . Are there Ambuscado's to be laid , Discoveries to be made , speedy and long Marches to be perform'd ; or any other Service , wherein Strength of Body , Purity of Wind , or Swiftness , are requir'd● The General may in any of these cases rely on the Hunter , with as much Con●idence , as on the Horse that is dress'd in the Mannage . In times of Peace he is equally Useful , not only for Pleasure , but also for Necessity , and Profit . How diverting to the Eyes , is a Beautiful Horse after a Pack of Dogs ? and with how much ease to our Bodies , and delight to our Minds , are we carried vp to them ; with so much Vigour and Pride to be discern'd in his Countenance , as if he emulated the Hounds in their Speed , and was desirous to excell them , in his Obedience to their common Lord. How Necessary is the Hunter beyond all other Horses , if his Masters urgent Affairs ( where either Life or Fortune are in hazard , ) exact the performance of a long Iourney in a short Time. If his Master , in hopes of Advantage , has match'd him against any other Horse ; how ready and willing is he , to perform the Vtmost that Nature is capable of , or his Master can reasonably expect from Him● and having Art joyn'd to his natural Abilities , will not only excell all other Horses , but accomplish things beyond his Masters Hopes , or Expectations ; for without its Assistance in Dieting and Exercise , no Horse can follow the Hounds , or indeed undergo any other extreme Labour , without hazarding the melting his Grease , the breaking of his Wind , or foundring him either in Feet , or Body : all which are consequences of immoderate Labour , and Ignorance in this Art. That I may therefore give you some Light into its Mysteries , I shall first direct you how to breed such Horses that may be for Training ; or else instruct you , how otherwise to procure them . Secondly , how to know by Shapes , Marks , and other Tokens , what Horse may be most convenient for your purpose . Thirdly , how to diet him so , that he may perform all things within his Power , without Danger . Lastly , what manner of Exercise is most conducive to this Design : and on these Heads I intend to inlarge in my following Discourse . But before I enter upon my Subject propos'd , I think it necessary to answer Four Objections , that may be made against this Art of Dieting and Training Horses , that I may remove all prejudice from the minds of those , who think they may have Reason to oppose it ; and that I may vindicate ( with Truth ) this Art , and clear it from all Aspersions . The first Objection I shall mention , is made by de Grey in his Epistle to the Reader , ( Edit . 4 th . ) where under the Vmbrage of his Love to Horses and in pity of the Hardships they undergo in Hunting , he extreamly inveighs against it , as the Sourse of all their Miseries . But that I may not be tax'd of Prevarication by my Reader , and for his satisfaction I shall set down his Words , which are these . If the Nobility and Gentry of this our Isle of Great Britain , did truly know how honourable , and how commendable Horsemanship were , and how much they are esteem●d and admir'd , who are the true Professors thereof , they would labour more than they now do , to breed and to have good Horses ; but it much troubleth me to see , how little Esteem Gentlemen have thereof . Some Horses they have , though not for Mannage , yet for Hunting : but what manner of Hunting ? Fox-hunting forsooth , or Harriers , which ●e as fleet as petty Grey-hounds , wherewith they do so much over-strain the strength of these poor Horses , ( forcing them over deep Fallows , tough Clays , and wet and rough Sands , ) that albeit those Horses be strong and able , yet are they so toil'd out therewith , as that when they come home at night they would pity the Heart of him that loveth an Horse to see them so bemired , blooded , spurred , lamentably spent , and tyred out ; whereas if such Horses had been ridden to the Great-Saddle and Cannon , they would infinitely have delighted all men that should have beheld them . To this I answer , that for my own part I am not very fond of Fox hunting ; but I can see no Reason why Persons of Honour should not gratifie their Fancies with this Recreation , since from the beginning Horses were made for the service of Man ; and doubtless for their Recreation , as well as more necessary Uses . And I am very confident , that if Horses be train'd , dieted , and ridden according to Art , there will be left no ground for this Objection . For by good Feeding Faintness would be prevented ; and by Airing , and due Exercise , the Horses Wind would be so improv'd , that no moderate Labour would hurt him ; nay , though a Horse by immoderate Riding , were reduc'd to such Tragical Exigencies , as De Grey mentions , yet by the Assistance of Art Nature may be in Twenty ●our hou●●s space so reliev'd , that all those dangerous Symptoms shall be remov'd , and all the Natural Faculties act as ●ormerly . Now as to the last part of his Argument , I appeal to all the greatest Masters of Academi●s here , or in Foreign Parts ; whether in the Mannage , the Spurs are not as much us'd , ( not to say more , ) as in Hunting ; and the Duke of Newcastle in his Methode Nouvelle in 8 0. p. 85. says , il n'y a point d' Exercise si violent pour l●s Chevaux que celuy de Manege ; that is , There is no Exercise so violent for Horses as the Mannage ; so that you see Hunting is not the only violent Exercise : and Salomon de la Brove goes further in his Cavalarise Fran●oise , telling us , that Mannag'd Horses should sometimes be us'd to the Chase , since hunting assists his wind , and brings him to a civil Acquaintance with other Horses : inferring from hence , that hunting procures to an Horse two Benefits , viz. Speed and Strength , and reforms in him two Vices , Salvageness and Restiveness . Secondly , there are others , that though they may approve of keeping their Horses clean , yet are not reconcil'd to hunting ; but being either Admirers of Coursing , or else keeping Horses only for the benefit of their health , and the taking the Air ; will not be perswaded , but that they can bring their Horses to the same Perfection without hunting , as with it . To answer the first of these , I mean Coursers ; I affirm , 't is impossible to attain the end of this Art by that Means : for being oblig'd in search of their Game to toil their Horses all day , over deep Fallows , in a foot-pace only , they are likelier to bring their Horses to Weariness than Perfection . And the same Answer may serve the Others likewise : for Riding a Horse up and down the Field after nothing , brings a Weariness and Dislike to an Horse in his Exercise , through his Ignorance of the Time , when his Labour shall cease ; whether , or to what End he is so labour'd . Whereas on the contrary , an Horse naturally takes delight in following the Dogs , and seems pleas'd with their Musick , as is evident by his pricking up his Ears , gazing on them , and pressing to gallop towards them , when ever he hears them in full cry , ( though at a distance . ) Nay further , I have been Master of a Stonehorse , that so entirely lov'd the Hounds , that when at any time ( through eagerness of Sport , and desire to save the Hare from being eaten ) I have rid in amongst the Dogs , he would so carefully avoid treading on them , that he has more than once hazarded my Limbs ( by making a false step ) to save theirs . From hence I infer , that doubtless Horses extreamly delight in hunting , and consequently , that it is a fit Exercise for them . Thirdly , Others Object , That what soever Pleasure there may be in Hunting , they had rather deny themselves that satisfaction than hazard the Laming their Horses , which , ( as they are told ) few , or no Hunters escape . That Hunters are sometimes Lame , I do not deny : but cannot allow , that it proceeds alwaies from this Exercise . For 't is the Indiscretion of the Riders , in overstraining their Horses at Leaps ; and by that meanes , sometimes clapping them on the back-sinews , catching in their shoos , and such like , and not the Sport , that is the cause of Lameness . But on the contrary , I will undertake to shew any man Twenty other Horses lame ( which never knew what belong'd to Hunting ) for One Hunter . There are several other Reasons be●ides Hunting to be given for Lameness ; as for Instance . Much Travel though but moderate , if care be wanting ) will produce Wind-galls , and Splints , which are the fore-runners of Lameness . Want of Exercise will straiten the Hoofs , and dry up the sinews ; and too much negligence in Travail occa●ions Surbating , Foundring , and Gravailing . Horses on the Road oftentimes stumble , and now and then fall , and so become Lame . Na● , a Slip , or an Over-reach are as incident to the Pad , as to the Hunter . And to conclude , the Horse that is Dress●d , is more liable to a Strain in the Back , and ●illets , than the Hunter ; by meanes of his short●t●rns : so that you may perceive that Lameness is Epidemical , and therefore no more to be objected against Hunting-Horses , than the rest of that Species . Fourthly , Some again are Enemies to this Art of Dyeting Horses in particular : affirming , that such exact Diet makes them tender , sickly , and takes them off their Stomach : and that the Charges are not only great , but likewise unnecessary . To the First part of this Obiection , I answer , that an Horse is so far from being made tender , or losing his Appetite , by such extream and several Feedings , if he have proportionate Exercise , that it rather inures him to hardship . For much Labour ( if not too violent ) either in Man or Beast , instead of weakning the Stomack , and causing Sickness , does rather advance the Appetite and preserve his Health ; and it may be observed , that it doth oftner heighten than decay the Stomack . In like manner moderate Airings purify his Wind , and both together render him Healthy , and fit for Service . As to the several sorts of Food , we shall prove in the sequel , that every part of it is both nourishing , and natural to all Horses Constitutions ; so that consequently , t is not only allowable , but necessary : And to prove this , needs no more ; than to ride an ordinary Horse drawn clean , a days Hunting or three Hea●s , and a Course , against the best of those Horses , which are kept by such Persons who think that half a Peck a Day , and fetching his water at the next Spring is Horsemanship sufficient ; and they will find by keeping and Exercise , the Ordinary Horse will become long winded , and stick at Mark ● when the other that is Foul-fed , and fat , will soon give out , for want of Wind ; ●r otherwise if he be hardy will dy under the Spur ; whereas if the untrained Horse had been rightly ordered he would have worsted Twenty such Horses . Now to the Charges of Keeping , Fifty Shillings a Y●ar disburs'd for Bread , besides Hay , Straw , Corn and Physick , ( which all Horses of Value must be allowed ) is all that will be requisite , to keep an Horse in as good State for Ordinary Hunting , as any Horse whatsoever . Lastly by being Skilful in the Art of Keeping , this Advantage will insue ; that no Dist●mper relating either to the Head or Body can conceal themselves from his keepers knowledge , whose Skill will inform him , how to put a stop to them , before they have made any considerable Advances to the Horses Prejudice . And he that grudges so small an Expence on so noble and useful a Creature as an Horse is , deserves never to come on the back of one . CHAP. II. Of Breeding , the Choice of a Stallion , and Mares , with some general Remarks on Marks and Colours . SInce Creation and Generation preceeded the Art of Riding , and that the first thing which is of Course to be treated of , is the Choice of an Horse ●it for this exercise of Hunting . I shall speak somthing cursorily of the Art of Breeding , before I treat of the Hunter ready for service . To them therefore that have grounds convenient for Breed , I shall direct this part of my discourse : and lay them down some few Rules that may be serviceable to them , though I shall be as brief as possible , and refer them to Markham , de Grey , Morgan , Almond , and Farring Compleated , ( which is collected from the forementioned Authors Markham and de Grey ) all which have treated of the Art of Breeding more at large . First therefore I wonld advise you to buy either an Arabian Horse ( if you can procure him , ) a Spaniard , a Turk , or a Barb , for your Stallion , that is well shap'd , of a good Colour to beautify your Race , and well mark'd , to agree with most mens Opinions ; though otherwise they are not so significative as Mr. Blundevile , and his Italian Author Frederigo Grissone , would have us believe . To begin with the Arabian ; Merchants , and other Gentlemen that have travell'd those parts , report , that the right Arabians are valu'd at an incredible , as well as an intolerable Rate ; being priz'd at Five hundred , others say at one , two , and three thousand Pounds an Horse ; that the Arabs are as careful of keeping the Genealogies of their Horses , as Princes in keeping their Pedigrees ; that they keep them with Medals ; and that each Son's Portion is usually two Suits of Arms , two Cymeters , and one of these Horses . The Arabs boast , that they will ride fourscore miles a day , without drawing Bitt : which has been perform'd by several of our English Horses . But much more was atchiev'd by an High●way-man's Horse ; who having taken a B●oty , on the same day rode him from London to York , being One hundred and Fifty Miles . Notwithstanding their great value , and the difficulty in bringing them from Scanderoon to England by Sea ; yet by the care , and at the charge of some Breeders in the North , the Arabian Horse is no st●anger to those parts ; where Persons who have the curiosity , may ( as I presume ) at this Day see some of the Race , if not a true Arabian Stallion . The Spanish Horse ( according to the Duke of Newcastle ) is the Noblest Horse in the world , and the most Beautiful thát can be ; no Horse is so curiously shap'd all over from H ●ad to Croup , and he ●s absolutely the best Stallion in the world , whether you design your Breed for the Mannage , the War , the Pad , Hunting , or for Running Horses . But as he is excellent , so he wants not for price , Three or Four hundred Pistol● being a common Rate for a Spanish Horse . Several have been sold for Seven hundred , Eight hundred , and a Thousand Pistols a piece ; and One particular Horse , called el Bravo , that was sent to the Arch-Duke Leopold , was held worth as much as a Mannour of a Thousand Crowns a year . The best Spanish Horses are bred in Andalouzia , and particularly at Cordova , where the King has many Studds of Mares , and so have several of the Spanish Nobility and Gentry . Now besides the great price at first , the Charges of the Journey from Spain to England will be very considerable : for first , he must travel from Andalouzia to Bilbo , or St Sebastien , the neerest Ports to England , and is at least Four hundred Miles : and in that hot Country you cannot with safety travel your Horse above twenty Miles a day , then there is the Expence of your Groom and Farrier , besides the casualty of Lameness , Sickness , and Death : so that though he do prove an Extraordinary good Horse , by that time he arrives at your own home he will likewise be an Extraordinary dear one . The Turk is little inferior to the Spanish Horse in Beauty , but somewhat odd-shap'd , his head being somewhat like that of a Camel : He hath excellent Eyes , a thin Neck excellently risen , and somewhat large of body : his Croup is like that of a Mule ; his Legs not so underlimb'd as those of the Barb , but very sinewy , good Pasterns , and good Hoofs : They never amble , but trot very well : and are accounted at this present better Stallions for Gallopers than Barbs , as ●when I com● to speak of them ) I shall shew . Some Merchants affirm , that there cannot be a more noble and divertive sight to a Lover of Horses , than to walk into the Pastures near Constantinople , about Soyling-time , where he may see many hundred gallant Horses tethred , and every Hor●e has his Attendant or Keeper , with his little Tent ( plac'd near him ) to lie in , that he may look to him , and take care to shift him to fresh Grass , as occasion requires . The Price of a Turk is commonly One hundred or One hundred and Fifty Pounds a Horse , and when bought t is difficult to get a Pass ; the Grand Segnior being so very strict , that He seldom ( but upon extraordinary occasions ) permits any of his Horses to be exported his Dominions . But if ( when obtain'd ) you travel by Land , without a Turk or two for your Convoy , you will be sure to have them seiz'd on by the way . Then , as in the former , so here , you will find the same difficulties of a long Journey , ( for you must come through Germany , which is a long way , ) and the same charges attending it , I mean your Groom and Farrier ● who must be careful that they entrust no Persons whatsoever with the care of him , but themselves , especially in shooing of him : For t is the common practice beyond Sea , ( as well as here ) where they discover a fine Horse , to hire a Farrier to prick him , that they may buy him for a Stallion . But some People chuse to buy Horses at Smyrna in Anatolia , and from thence , as likewise from Constantinople , transport them to England by Sea ; which , if the Wind serve right , arrive in England in a month , though generally the Merchants make their Voyages little less than a Quarter of a year . The Barb is little inferior to any of the former in beauty , only he is accounted by our Modern Breeders too slender and Lady-like to breed on : and therefore in the North , at th●s instant , they prefer the Spanish Horse and Turk before him . He is so lazy and negligent in his walk , that he will stumble on Carpet-ground . His Trot is like that of a Cow , his Gallop low , and with much ease to himself . But he is for the most part sinewy , and nervous , excellently winded , and good for a Course , i● he be not over-weighted . The Mountain-Barbs are accounted the best , because they are the strongest and largest . They belong to the Allarbes , who value them as much themselves , as they are priz'd by any other Nations , and therefore they will not part with them to any Persons except to the Prince of the Band to which they belong ; who can at any time , at his pleasure , command them for his own use . But for the other more ordinary sort , they are to be met with pretty common , in the hands of several of our Nobility and Gentry ; or if you send into Languedoc and Provence in France , they may be there bought for forty or fifty Pistols a Horse . Or if you will send into Barbary , you may have one for Thirty Pounds , or thereabouts● But here too the charges and journey will be great ; for though from Tunis to Marselles in France be no great Voyage , yet from Marselles to Callais by Land measures the length of all France , and from thence they are shipt for England . The next thing of course to be treated of , is the choice of your Mares , and the fittest Mare to breed out of , according to the Duke of Newcastle's opinion , is one that has been bred of an English Mare , and a Stallion of either of these Races ; but if such a Mare be not to be got , then make choice of a right bred English Mare by Sire and Dam , that is well fore-handed , well underlaid , and strong put together in general ; and in particular , see that she have a lean Head , wide Nostrils , open Chaul , a big Weasand , and the Windpipe straight and loose , and chuse her about five or six year old , and be sure that the Stallion be not too old . Now for the Food of the Stallion , I would have you keep him as high as possible for four or five months before the time of Covering , with old clean Oats , and split Beans , well hull'd ● to which you may add , if you please , Bread , ( such as in this Book shall be hereafter directed ) and now and then , for variety , you may give him an handful of clean Wheat , or Oats washt in strong Ale ; but as for Bay-salt , and Anniseeds , which Mr. Morgan , in his Perfection of Horsemanship , advises should be scatter'd amongst his Provender , I hold them superfluous whilst the Horse is in health , but be sure let him have plenty of good old sweet Hay , well cleansed from Dust , and good Wheat-straw to ●se on ; and let him be watred twice every day at some fair running Spring , or else a clear standing Pond-water ( where the other is not to be had ) near some Meadow or level piece of Ground , where you may gallop him after he hath drunk . When you have brought him to the water , do not suffer him to drink his Fill at the first , but after he has taken his ●irst draught , gallop and scope him up and down a little to warm it , and then bring him to the water ag●in , and let him drink what he please , and after that gallop him as you did before , never leaving the Water till you find he will drink no more . By this means you will prevent raw Crudities , which the Coldness of the Water would produce to the detrimen● of the Stomach , if you had permitted him to drink his fill at first ; whereas you allowing him his fill● ( though by degrees ) at last , you keep his Body from drying too fast . And this I take to be much better for your Horses than ( according to the forecited Morgan ) to incourage his Water with Whitewine , to qualifie the cold quality thereof : for Nature it self is the best Directress for the expulsion of her Enemies , especially in Brutes , where usually she can command the Appetite : and therefore I esteem his own natural heat , for warming his water , to be better than that which proceeds from any other . Now as to Morgan's Direction of Sweating him every day early in the Morning , which he says will not only perfect disgestion , and exhaust the moisture from his Seed , but also strengthen and cleanse his Blood and Body from all raw and imperfect humors ; I am of opinion t will both dry up the radical Moisture too fast , and likewise instead of heightning his Pride and Lust , ( which he alledges , weaken him too much . Other Rules might be given as to the ordering of them after Water , and the Hours of Feeding , with the quantity &c. but these will be fitter to be handled in another place , and therefore no more of them here . Now when your Stallion is in Lust , and the Time for Covering is come , which is best to be in May , that the Foles may fall in April following , otherwise they will have little or no Grass , if they should be put together ( according to Markham's opinion ) in the middle of March , tho he holds that one Fole falling in March is worth two falling in May , because ( saith he ) he possesseth , as it were , two Winters in a year , and is thereby so hardened , that nothing can almost after impair him . The time I say being come to put your Stallion and Mares together , pull off his hinder Shoes , and lead him to the place where the Stud of Mares are , which you intend for covering , which place ought to be close , well fenc'd , and in it a little ●●utt for a Man to lie in , and a larger Shed with a Manger to feed your Stallion with Bread and Corn , during his Abode with the Mares , and to shelter him in the heat of the Day and in Rainy weather , and this Close ought to be of sufficient largeness to keep your Mares well for two months . Before you pull off his Bridle , let him cover a Mare or two in hand , then turn him loose amongst them , and put all your Mares to him , as well those which are with Foale , as those which are not , for there is no danger in it ; and by that means they will all be serv'd in their height of Lust , and according to the intention of Nature . When your Stallion has cover'd them once , he tries them all over again , and those which will admit him he serves ; and when his business is finish'd , he beats the Pale , and attempts to be at Liberty ; which when your Man finds , ( who is Night and Day to observe them , and to take care that no other Mares are put to your Horse , and to give you an Account , which take the horse , and which not , &c. ) let him be taken up , and let him be well kept as before ; only you may at the first give him a good Mash or two , to help to restore Nature , for you will find him nothing but Skin and Bones , and his Ma●e and Tail will rot off . Be sure give him never above Ten or Twelve Mares in a Season , at most ; otherwise you will scarce recover him against the next Years Covering-time . When your Stallion is past this use , then buy ano●ther ; but be sure never make use of a Horse of your own Breed , for by so doing the Best Kind would in time degenerate : but you cannot do better ( the Duke of Newcastle says ) than to let your own Mares be cover'd by their Sire , for ( according to his own words and opinion ) there is no Incest in Horses : and by this means they are nearer one degree to the Purity and H ead of the Fountain , from which they are deriv'd , since a fine Horse got them , and the same fine Horse covers them again . Now though the Duke of Newcastle affirms this to be the true way for covering Mares , alledging that Nature is wiser than Art in the Act of Generation , and that by this way , of a dozen Mares he dare affirm that two shall not fail : yet it may not correspond with the Interest of some private Gentlemen who turn Breeders for Profit as well as Pleasure ; for a good Stallion bearing such an extraordinary rate , and they having but One , have reason to be cautions , to avoid as much as can be all hazardous Experiments ; which ( with submission to the Duke's Judgment ) this in some cases may prove . For first , there have been Horses of great spirit , that have kill'd themselves through excess of Lust , being left to range at their liberty ; and those that have been confin'd to an Enclosure , & a select number of Mares , have yet in one Weeks space so weaken'd Nature , that not above half the Mares have held . Secondly , some Mares are of so hot a constitution of Nature , and their Lust so violent , that if they are permitted to run long with the Horse , after they have conceived , will ( if they be high in flesh and lusty ) desire the Horse again , which generally hazards the Loss of the Embrio they go with . To prevent therefore these Inconveniences , I shall lay you down an other Method ( as briefly as may be , ) which is called covering in hand , as the former is generally term'd out of hand , and the way is this : viz. when you have brought both your Horse and Mare to as proper condition for Breed by Art and good feeding , then set some ordinary Ston'd-Nag by her for a day or two to wooe her , and by that means she will be so prone to Lust , that she will readily receive your Stallion ; which you should present to her either early in a Morning , or late in an Evening , for a day or two together , and let him cover her in hand once , or twice if you please , at each time , observing always to give the Horse the advantage of Ground , and that you have some one ready with a Pucket of cold water to throw on the Mare 's Shape , immediately on the dismounting of the Horse , which will make her retain the Seed received the better , especially if you get on her back , and trot her about a quarter of an Hours space , but in any case have a ●are of heating , or straining her : and it will not be amiss , if after every such act you let them fast two Ho●rs , and then give each of them a warm Mash ; and t is odds but this way your Mares may be as well serv'd as the other , and yet your Stallion will last you much longer . I shall say no more as to the keeping the Mares during the time of their being with Foale , nor of their foaling ; only this , that if you take care to house them all the Winter , and to keep them well , their Colts will prove the better . When they are foaled , let them run with their Dams till Martin-mass , then wean them , and keep them in a convenient House , with a low Rack and Manger on purpose ; litter them well , and feed them with good Hay , and Oats and Wheat-bran mix'd , which will make them drink , and belly well . The first year you may put them all together , but afterwards they must be separated , the Stone-Colts from the Fillies ; and if you have choice of Houses , you may put Yearings together , Two years old together , and so Three years old together , for their better satisfaction and agreement ; as little Children best agree together . In a warm fair Day you may grant them liberty to run and scope in some enclosed Court or Back-●ide , but be sure to take care to put them up again carefully , that they be not hurt . When Summer is come , and there is plenty of Grass , put them out in some dry Ground , that hath convenient watring , and so let them run till Mar●inmass again : then house them as before , and order them in all points as older Horses , till they are full Five years old , then take them up for good and all , and let your Groom back them if he have skill , or else some skilful Rider . You may if you please just break your Fillies at Two years and half old , and let them be cover'd at Three ; and by that means they will be so tame and gentle , as not to injure themselves or their Foals . But in case of sickness , or any accidental calamity , as Lameness , &c. you must then commit them to the Farrier's Care. The reason why I propose the Housing of them every Winter , with dry Feeding and Lodging , is , that they may be the liker their Sire in Beauty and Shape . For the primary Cause of the fineness of Shape and Beauty in Horses is Heat , and dry Feeding . And this is prov'd from the several Races we have already mentioned , viz. the Spanish Horse , Barb , and Turkish Horse , all which Countreys are under an Hot Climate , and by consequence afford little Grass : Therefore in our more moderate and cold Countries we are to assist Nature by Art , and to supply the want of Heat by warm Housing , and dry Feeding . This is easily made evident by Example . For take two Colts begot by the same Sire , on Mares of equal Beauty , and house the one every Winter , and feed him as directed , and expose the Other , till they are Four years old , and fit to be back'd ; and you shall find the former like his Sire in all respects , and the other fitter for the Cart than Hunting , as being a dull , heavy , flabby , scarce animated ●lod ; and all this proceeds from the Humidity of the Air and Earth . From hence you may infer , that t is not only Generation , but , as I may term it , Education , that makes a compleat Horse ; and such yours will be , if you order them according to the former Directions ; for yon may with ease break the Colt that is by such good management made gentle , and half-back'd to your hand . But I have dwelt longer on this Subject than I intended , my business being chiefly to inform the Groom ( not the Master ) what belong'd to his Office ; and therefore I will wander no further from my purpose , but leave it to the Rider to follow his own Method in rendring Colts fit for his Masters Service : whilst I give some few Directions to those Gentlemen who will not bestow either trouble or charges on Breeding ● or have the Will but not the Convenience to do it , how to elect an Horse fit for this Exercise . The way for a Gentleman to furnish himself with an Horse , that may be worth training for Hunting , is e●ther to enquire out some noted Breeder ( of which there are many in the North , ) or else to go to some famous Fair , as Malton and Rippon Fairs in Yorkshire , the former held on the 23. day of September yearly , and the latter on May day : Or to Richmonds in the same Shire , ( which , as I am inform'd , does now of late years exceed both the fore-mention'd , being scituate in the middle of the most celebrated part of the breeding Country ; ) its Fairs are held in Easter week , and at Rood tyde . Northampton has several Fairs in the year likewise , as on the 23. day of April , the 8 th . of September , 17 th . of November , with several others . There are several other Fairs , as Lenton-Fair in Notinghamshire , Pank ridg-Fair in Staffordshire , &c. which for brevities sake I omit . At any of these places he may make choice of a Horse , which as near as can be ought to have these following Shapes : viz. His Head ought to be lean , large , and long ; his Chaul thin , and open ; his Ears small , and pricked , or if they be somewhat long , provided they stand upright like those of a Fox , it is usually a sign of Mettle and Toughness His Forehead long and broad , not flat , and as we term it Mare-fac'd , but rising in the midst like that of a Hare , the Feather being plac'd above the Top of his Eye , the contrary being thought by some to betoken blindness . His Eyes full , large , and bright ; his Nostrils wide , and red within , for an open Nostril betokens a good Win● ; his Mouth large , deep in the ●●kes , and hairy ; His Thropple , Weasand , or Windpipe , big , loose , and streight when he is rein'd in by the Bridle ; for if , when he bridles , it bends in like a Bow ( which is called Cock-throppled ● it very much hinders the free passage of his Wind. His Head must be so set on to his Neck , that there must be a space felt between his Neck and his ●haul ; for to be Bull-neck'd is uncomely to sight , and prejudicial to the Horses wind , as aforesaid . His Crest should be firm , thin , and well risen ; his Neck long , and straight , yet not loose , and pliant , which the Northern-men term Withy-cragg'd ; his Breast strong , and broad ; his Chest deep , his Chine short , his Body large , and close shut up to the ●●cklebone ; his Ribbs round like a Barrel , his Belly being hid within them . His Fillets large , his Buttocks rather oval than broad being well let down to the Gascoins . His Cambrels upright , and not bending , which is called by some sickle-hough'd , though some hold it a sign of Toughness and Speed. His Legs clean , flat , and streight . His Ioynts short , well knit , and upright , especially betwixt the Past-●orns and the Hoof , having but little Hair on his Fetlocks . His Hoofs black , strong , and hollow , and rather long and narrow , than big and flat . And lastly , his Main and Tail should be long , and thin rather than thick , which is counted by some a mark of Dulness . As to his Colour and Marks , I rather incline to believe them grateful to the Eye , than any infallible Indexes of Goodness ; for as the Goodness or Badness of a Man does not consist in his Complexion , but in his inward Vertues , so neither do Colour or Marks certainly demonstrate the Goodness or Badness of an Horse , because his Qualifications proceed from his inward Disposition . But yet I wholly dissent from the opinion of Mr. Morgan , p. 31 ; who holds , That Colour and Marks are no more assurance of a good Horse ; than the having a Feather in a Mans Hat does prove him a good Man or a bad ; inferring that inherent Colours are of no greater Eminency or Value , than those external ones are which may be taken or laid aside at a man 's own will and pleasure . Now I say , that altho Marks and Colour do not absolutely give testimony unto us of a Horses goodness , yet they as well as his shape do intimate to us in some part his Disposition and Qualities . For Nature , not being defective , frames every part of the same matter whereof the whole is formed , and therefore the Foe●●● being formed of the copulative Seed of its Sire and Dam , does from them derive as well the accidental as the more essential Qualities of its temperament and composition . And for this Reason Hair it self may often times receive the variation of its Colour from the different temperature of the Subject out of which it is produced . And to confirm this , I dare pass my word , that wherever you shall meet with an Horse that hath no White about him , especially in his Fore-head , though he be otherwise of the best reputed Colours , as Bay , Black , Sorrel &c. That Horse I dare affirm to be of a dogged and sullen disposition ; especially if he have a small pink Eye , and a narrow Face , with a Nose bending like a Hawks Bill . But yet I am not positive , that Horses even of the most celebrated Colours , and Marks answerable , do always prove the best ; because I have seen those Horses worsted by Others , whose Marks and Colour have been esteemed the worst ; as bright Sorrel , and Mouse-black with bald Faces , and all the Leggs white above the ●nee . But I rather attribute the ●ause thereof ●o the Ignorance of the Rider , that had the training of those best marked Horses , than to any defec● in Nature ; for Nature is no Counterfeit , as Ar● often is , to make a thing shew to the Eye , contrary to what it is in reality . And therefor● as I would not have men put too great Confidence in Marks and Colours ; so I would not have them esteemed of so lightly , as the former comparison of Mr. Morgans would make them ; for it is a constant and inseparable quality for Horses to produce Hair , which is given them by Nature as a Tegument and Defence against the Cold : and if it be shaved off , gall'd , or any waies else removed or taken away , yet it will grow again● but a Feather may be put to , or taken from a Mans Hat at his pleasure . Therefore since Colour seemeth to set forth the Beauty of an Horse , you may for Ornament sake and to please your Eye , make choice of an Horse that is either a Brown-Bay , Dapple-Bay , Black , Sad-Chessnut with Flaxen Main and Tail , so that they have either a White Star , Blaze , or Snip , with a White Foot ; Dapple-Grey , or White Lyard with Black Muzzle , Eye , and Ear. Any of these are reputed by most men to give a Grace to shape ; tho in themselves they are no perfect signs of Goodness . But for his internal Endowments , they are more material , and therefore take care that he by Nature be of a Gentle Disposition , to his Keeper tractable and docile free from those ill Qualities o● Biting , Striking , Restiffness , Lying down in the Water , Starting , Running away with his Rider , Plunging , Leaping , &c. Not but that most , if not all these ill habits may be rectified by Art ; For Experience has shewn us , that Horses which h●●e ●ot been of such a perfect Natural Composition , as might be desired , have yet been tempered by Art , and have not only been reclaimed from their vicious Habits , but have been likewise brought to great performance in Heats , as well as Hunting , as I could Instance in several if it were necessary . And therefore since Art was invented to perfect Nature ; if ( notwithstanding your care ) you have met with a Horse subject to any of these ill Qualities aforesaid , you must search into the causes of it , which Art will help you to discover and remove : and then the Cause being taken away , the Effect will cease . So that probably , contrary to most peoples Opinions a Vicious Horse , by good management and Government may be brought to excell an Horse that has a better Reputation and Fame in the judgment of the generality of Hors●men . CHAP. III. Of the Age a Hunter should be of before he be put to Hunting ; of the Stable , and Groom , and of the Horse's first taking up from Grass , in order to his further Dieting . HAving gotten a Horse answerable either to the former Descriptions , or your own Satisfaction at least , I am to suppose that by a skilful Rider he is already grounded in the Fundamentals of this Art ● by being taught such Obedience , as that he will readily answer to the Horseman's Helps and Corrections both of the Bridle , the Hand , the Voice , the calf of the Leg , and the Spur ; that he can tell how to take his way forward , and hath gained a true temper of Mouth , and a right placing of his Head , and that he hath learn'd to stop and turn readily ; for without these things are perfectly taught , and as it were laid for a Foundation , he can never proceed effectually . I had thoughts of enlarging upon this particular Subject , but I find my Discourse is like to swell beyond its bounds , so that I am forced to omit it , and therefore I shall refer you to the Directions and Prudence of your Rider , and only tell you that t is convenient , your Horse should be Five years old , and well way'd before you begin to Hunt him . For though it be a general Custom amongst noted Horsemen to train their Horses up to Hunting at Four years old , and some sooner , yet at that Age his Joynts not being full k●it , nor he come to his best strength and courage , he is disabled from performing any matter of speed and toughness : and indeed being put to sore Labour and Toil ●o young , he runs a very great hazard of strains , and the putting out of Splents , Spavins , Curbs and Windgalls , besides the daunting of his Spirit , and abating his natural Courage , insomuch that he will become melancholly , stiff , and rheumatick , and have all the distempers of old Age , when it might be expected he should be in his Prime . Your Horse then being full Five , you may if you please put him to grass from the middle of May till Bartholmew-tide , or at least from the middle of Summer till that time ; for then the Season being so violently hot , it will not be convenient to work him : where whilst he is sporting himself at liberty in his Past●re , we will if you please take care to provide a good Stable for his Reception at his taking up , and a good Groom to look after him ; both which are more essentially necessary to the Hunter than to other Horses , which require not that exact care in keeping . First then as to the Stable , I could wish every Gentleman would be careful to scituate it in a good Air , and upon hard dry and firm ground , that in the Winter the Horse may go and come clean in and out : and if possible let it be seated on an Ascent , that the Urine , Foul Water , or any Wet , may be convey'd away by Trenches , or Sinks cut out for that purpose . Be sure to suffer no Hen-houses , Hog-styes , or Houses of Easment , or any other filthy Smells to be near it ; for Hen-dung , or Feathers swallow'd , oftentimes prove mortal , and the ill Air of a Jakes as often is the cause of Blindness : likewise the very smell of Swine will frequently breed the Far●y , and no Animal whatsoever more delights in cleanliness , or is more offended at unwholesome savours than the Horse . Let ●our Stable be built of Brick , rather than Stone , since the latter is subject to sweating in wet weather : which Dampness and Moisture is the Original of Rheums , and Catarrhs . Let your Wall be of a good convenient thickness , as about Eighteen or Twenty Inches thick , both for safety and warmth in Winter , and to keep the Sun from annoying him in Summer , which would hinder Concoction . You may ( if you please ) make Windows both on the East and North sides , that you may have the benefit of the Air during Summer , from the North , and of the Morning Sun during Winter from the East . And I would advise you to Glaze your Windows , and make them with Sashes , to let in Air at pleasure , and to keep out Poultry , for the reasons afore recited ; and likewise to make close Wooden shutters , that during the middle time of the Day the Stable may be dark , which will cause him to take his Rest as well in the Day as the Night . Let your Floor , ( I mean that part on which he is alwaies to stand , or lye down on , be made of Oaken Planks , and not pitch'd , for t is easier and warmer for the Horse to ly on Boards than Stones . be sure to lay them level ; for if they are laid higher before than behind ( as they generally are in Inns and Horse-coursers Stables , that their Horses may appear to more advantage in Stature , ) his hinder-leggs will swell , and he can never lye at ease , because his Hinder parts will be still slipping down . Lay your Planks cross-way , & not at length ; and underneath them sink a good Trench , which receiving the Vrine thro holes bor'd on purpose in the Planks , may convey it into some common receptacle . Let the ground behind him be raised even with the Planks , that he may continually stand on a L●vell . Let the Floor behind him be pitcht with small Pebble : and be sure let that part of your Stable where the Rack stands be well Wainscoted . I would have two Rings placed at each side of his Stall , for his Halter to run through ; which must have a light wooden Logger at the bottom of it , to pois● it perpendicularly ; but not so heavy as to tire the Horse , or to hinder him from eating . Instead of a fix'd Manger , I would have you have a Locker , or Drawer , made in the Wainscote partition , for him to eat his Corn out of , which you may take in and out to cleanse at pleasure . And whereas some may object the narrowness of the Room , you may remedy that at your pleasure , by allowing it to be the Larger : tho considering the small Quantity of Provender , you are to put in at a time , ( as you see hereafter ) you need not make it very large . I would not advise you to make any Rack , but instead thereof ( according to the Italian fashion ) to give your Horse his Hay on the ground , upon the Litter ; or else you may ( if you please ) nail some Boards in the form of a Trough , in which you may put his Hay , and the Boards will prevent him from trampling and spoiling it . Some possibly may object , that this way of Feeding him , may spoil his Crest , and that the blowing upon his Hay will soon make it nauseous to his Palate . For the spoiling his Crest , it rather strengthens it , and makes it firm , whereas , on the contrary , to lift up his Head high to the Rack will make him withy-cragged : but the way forementioned , he will ●eed as he lyes , which will be for his ease and satisfaction . As to the quantity of his Hay , you are to give it him in such small Proportions , ( tho the oft●ner ) that it may be eaten before his Preath can in the least have tainted it . But the chief● Reason why I advise you to this way is this , because the receiving his Hay down upon the Ground , will help to cleanse his Head from any Rheum or Dose , which he may have gotten by negligence and over-exercise , and induce him by sn●●zing to throw out all manner of watry humors that may annoy his Head. If your Stable will allow , you may build several Partitions of Boards , and at the Head towards the Manger let them be advanc'd to that height that one Horse may not molest or smell to another ; and so divide the Whole into as many equal Stands or Staulls as it will admit of ; allowing to each , Room enough to turn about in , and lie down at pleasure . You may make one of your Staulls close , which may serve for your Groom to lie in , in case of a Match , Sickness , &c. and where he may burn Candle without the Horse's discerning of it . Behind the Horses I would have a Range of Presses made with Peggs in them to hang up Saddles , Bridles , Housing-cloaths , &c. as likewise Shelves to place your Curry-combs , Brushes , Dusting-cloaths , Oyntments , Waters , or any other Necessaries upon . Now that you may not cumber your Stable with Oat-Binns , I think it necessary to tell you , that the best way is to make use of the Invention of Mr. Farmer of Tusmore in Oxford-shire . Which is done ( according as it is described by the Ingenuous Dr. Plot , in his Natural History of Oxford-shire ) by letting the Oats down from a Loft above , out of a Vessel like the Hopper of a Mill , whence they fall into a square Pipe let into the wall , of about four Inches Diagonal , which comes down into a Cupboard also set into the wall , but with its end so near the bottom that there shall never be above a Gallon , or other desireable Quantity in the Cupboard at a time , which being taken away and given to the Horses , another Gallon presently succ●eds ; so that in the lower part of the Stable , where the Horses stand , there is not one Inch of room taken up for the whole provision of Oats : which Contrivance hath also this further Convenience , that by this Motion the Oats are kept constantly sweet , ( the taking away one Gallon moving the whole Mass above , ) which laid up any otherwise in great quantities , grow frequently musty . Now I would have you have two made , the one for the Oats , the other for your split Beans , and both let into your Range of Presses ; the Partitions may easily be made over head , to separate your Oats from your Beans . Or if you like not this way , you may convert it into an Hay-loft , or Chambers for your Grooms , which you fancy ; but whatever you make choice of , let the Floor overhead be seil'd , that no Dust from above fall upon your Horses . But if you have the convenience of a Rick-yard , so that you keep your Hay abroad , it is the opinion of some knowing Horsemen , that to tuck it out of the Rick by little and little , as you have occasion to use it , makes it spend much better than it would otherwise do out of the Hay-Tallet . As to the rest of its Perquisites , a Dung●yard , a Pump , or a Conduit , are necessary ; and if yo● can have that convenience , some Pond or running River near hand . But be sure , never let the Front of your Stable be without Litter , that by frequent practice your Horse may learn to empty his Bladder when he is come from Airing , which will be both healthful for your Horse , and profitable for your Land Having thus laid down a Modell for a Stable , my next business is to tell the Groom his Duty ; I mean not those which generally appertain to all Servants , such as are Obedience , Fidelity , Patience , Diligence &c. but those more ●ssentially belonging to this Office. First then he must love his Horse in the next degree to his Master , and to endeavour by fair Usage to acquire a reciprocal Love from him again , and an exact Obedience , which if he know how to pay it to his Master , he will the better be able to teach it his Horse ; and both the one and the other are to be obtain'd by fair means , rather than by Passion and Outrage . For those who are so irrational themselves , as not to be able to command their own Passions , are not fit to undertake the reclaiming of an Horse , ( who by nature is an irrational Creature ) from his . He must then put in practice that Patience , which I would have him Master of , at all times , and by that and fair means he shall attain his End : For nothing is more tractable than an Horse , if you make use of Kindness to win him . Next , Neatness is requisite in a Groom , to keep his Stable clean swept and in order ; his Saddles , Housing-cloaths , Stirr●ps , Leathers , and Girths , cleane , and above all his Horse clean dress'd and rubb'd . Diligence in the last place is requisite both in a daily practice of his Duty , and in observing any the smallest Alteration whether casual or accidental , either in his Countenance , as Symptoms of Sickness , or in his Limbs and Gate , as Lameness , or in his Appetite , as forsaking his Meat , and immediately upon any such Discovery to seek out for Remedy . This is the substance of the Groom's Duty in general , and which I shall treat of more at large as Occasion shall offer it self . In the mean time since Bartholomew-tide is now come , and the pride and strength of the Grass nipp'd by the severe Frosts , and cold Dews which accompany this Season , so that the Nourishment thereof turneth into raw Crudities , and the Coldness of the Night ( which is an Enemy to the Horse ) abates as much Flesh and Lust as he getteth in the Day , we will now take him up from Grass whilst his Coat lies smooth and sleek . Having brought him home , let your Groom so that Night set him up in some secure and spacious House , where he may evacuate his Body , and so be brought to warmer keeping by Degrees ; the next day stable him . But , tho it be held as a general Rule amongst the generality of Grooms , not to cloath or dress their Horses , till Two or Three days after their stabling , I can find no Reason but Custom to perswade one to it ; But it being little conducive either to the advantage or prejudice of the Horse , I shall leave it to their own Fancies : But as to the giving of Wheat-straw , to take up his Belly , ( a custom us'd by Grooms generally at the Horse's first Housing , ) I am utterly averse from it . For the Nature of a Horse being hot and dry , if he should feed on Straw , which is so likewise , it would straighten his Guts , and cause an Inflammation of the Liver , and by that means distemper the Blood ; and besides it would make his Body so costive , that it would cause a Retention of Nature , and make him dung with great pain and difficulty ; whereas full Feeding would expell the Excrements , according to the true Intention and Inclination of Nature . Therefore let moderate Airing , warm Cloathing , good old Hay , and old Corn , s●pply the place of Wheat-straw . To begin then methodically , that your Groom may not be to see● in any part of his Duty , I sh●ll acquaint him , that his first business is , a●●er he hath brought his Horse into the Stable , in the morning to water him , and then to rub over his Body with a hard Wisp a little moisten'd , and then with a woollen cloath ; then to cleanse his Sheath with his w●t hand from all the Dust it had contracted during his Running , and to wash his Yard either with White-wine , or Water . Then he may trim him according to the manner that othor Horses are trimm'd , except the ins●de of his Ears , which ( though some still continue that fashion ) ought not to be meddled with , for fear of making him catch cold . When this is done , let him have him to the Farrier , and there get a Sett of Shoos answerable to the shape of his Foot , and not to pare his Foot that it may fit his Shoo , as too many Farriers do , not only in Brabant and Flanders , but here likewise . Be sure let his Feet be well open'd betwixt the Quarters and the Thrush , to prevent Hoof-binding ; and let them be open'd straight , and not side-ways , for by that means in two or three Shooings , his Heels ( which are the strength of his Feet ) will be cut quite away . Pare his Foot as hollow as you can , and then the Shoo will not press upon it . The Shoo must come near to the Heel , yet not be set so close as to bruise it ; nor yet so open as to catch in his Shoos , if at any time he happen to over-reach , and so hazard the pulling them off , the breaking of his Hoof , or the bruising of his Heel . The Webbs of the Shoos must be neither too broad , nor too narrow , but of a middle size , about the breadth of an inch , with slop'd Spunges , and even with his Foot ; for though it would be for the advantage of the Travelling Horse's Heel , to have the Shoo sit a little wider than the Hoof , on both sides , that the Shoo might bear his Weight , and not his Foot touch the ground ; yet the Hunter being often forc'd to gallop on rotten spungy Earth , to have them larger would hazard Laming , and pulling off his Shoos , as hath been shown before . There is an Old Proverb , Before behind , and Behind before ; that is , in the Fore-●eet the Veins lie behind , and in the Hinder-seet they lie before . Therefore let the Farrier take care that he prick him not , but leave a space at the Heel of the Fore-feet , and a space between the Nails at the Toe . When your Shoo is set on according to this Direction , you will find a great deal of his Hoof left to be cut off at his Toe . When that is cut off● and his Feet smooth'd with a File , you will find him to stand so firm , and his Feet will be so strong , that he will tread as boldly on Stones as on Carpet-ground . By that time he is shod , I presume 't will be time to water him , therefore rake him to the River , and let him , a●ter he has drank , stand some time in the Water , which will close up the holès ( according to the opinion of some Horsemen ) which the driving of the Nails made . Then have him gently home● and having ty'd him up to the Rack , rub him all over Body and Legs with dry Straw ; then stop his Feet with Cow-dung , sift him a Quarter of a Peck of clean old Oats , and give them to him ; then litter him , and leave him a sufficient Quantity of old Hay to serve him all Night , and so leave him till the next Morning . CHAP. IV. How to order the Hunter for the first Fortnight . I presume by this your Horse will have evacuated all his Grass , and his Shoes will be so well setled to his Feet , that he may be fit to be rid abroad to Air without danger of surbating . Therefore 't is now necessary that I begin in a more particular manner to direct our unexperienc'd Groom how he ought to proceed to order his Horse according to Art. First then you are to visit your Horse early in the Morning , to wit , by Five a Clock if in Summer , or Six , if in Winter , and having put up his Litter under his Stall , and made clean your Stable , you shall then feel his Ribs , his Chaule and his Flank , for those are the cheif signes by which you must learn to judge of the good , or evil state of your Horses body , as I shall now shew you . Lay your Hands on the lower part of his short-ribs , near the Flank , and if you feel his Fat to be exceeding soft and tender , and to yield as it were under your hand , than you may be confident it is unsound , and that the least violent Labour , or Travail will dissolve it : which being dissolv'd , e're it be hardned by good Dyet , if it be not then remov'd by scouring , the Fat or grease b●longing to the outward parts of the Body will fall down into his Heels , and so cause gowtiness and swelling . I need not trouble you with the outward signs of this Distemper , they are evident to the Eye : but tho every Groom can inform you when a Horse is said to have the grease fallen into his Heels , yet may be he cannot instruct you in the cause why Travail disperseth it for a time , and when the Horse is cold it returns with more violence than before . The reason therefore is this : The Grease which by indiscreet Exercise , and negligence in keeping is melted and fallen into his Legs , standing still in the Stable cools and congeals , and so unites it self with other ill Humours , which flow to the affected part , so that they stop the natural Circulation of the Blood , and cause inflamations , and swellings as aforesaid● but Travail producing warmth in his Limbs thaws as it were the congeal'd Humours , and disperses them throughout the Body in general ; till Rest gives them opportunity to unite and settle again . Now tho most Grooms are of opinion that this Distemper is not to be prevented by care or caution , that when it has once seaz'd a horse it remains incureable ; yet they are mistaken in both , for by Art it may be prevented , and by Art cured : altho the cure is so difficult to be wrought , that a Groom cannot be too careful to prevent it . As for the ●nward Grease which is in his Stomack , Bag , and Guts , if when once melted it be not remov'd by Art , Medicine and good Keeping , it putrifies , and breeds those mortal Diseases , which inevitably destroy the Horse , tho it be half a year , or three quarters of a year after . And this is generally the source of most Feavers , Surfeits , Consumptions , &c. and such other Distempers which carry off infinite numbers of horses , for want of the Farriers knowledge in the first Causes of the Distemper : which to prevent you shall follow the ensuing Directions . After by ●eeling on his Ribs you have found his Fat soft and unsound , you shall feele his Chaule , and if you find any fleshy substance , or great round Kirnells or Knots , you may be assured● that , as his outward Fat is unsouud , so inwardly he is full of glut , and pursive , by means of gross and tough Humours cleaving to the hollow places of the Lungs stopping so his Windpipe that his Wind cannot find free passage , nor his Body be capable of much Labour . Therefore the chief end and Intention of Art is by good sound Food to enseame and harden his Fat , and by moderate Exercise , warm cloathing , and gentle Phisick to cleanse away his inward Glut , that his Wind , and other parts being freed from all grossness , his courage and activity in any labour or service may appear to be more than redoubled . The same Observations you must make from his Flank , which you will find alwaies to correspond , with the Ribs and Chaule , for till he is drawn clean it will feel thick to your gripe , but when he is enseam'd , you will perceive nothing but two thin skins ; and by these three Observations of the Ribs , Flank , and Chaps , you may , at any time pass an indifferent Judgment of your Horses being in a good condition or a bad . When you have made these Remarks ● you shall sift your Horse a handful or two ( and no more ) of good old sound Oates , and give them to him , to preserve his Stomack from cold Humours that might oppress it by drinking fasting , and likewise to make him drink the better . When he hath eaten them , pull off his Coller , and rub his Head , Face , Ears , and Nape of the Neck with a clean Rubbing Cloth made of ●emp , for 't is soveraign for the Head , and dissolveth all gross and ●ilthy Humours . Then take a small Snaffle , and wash it in fair water , and put it on his head , drawing the Reins through the Headstall , to prevent his slipping it over his head , and so tye him up to the Rack , and dress him thus ; First in your Right-hand take a Curry-Comb suitable to your Horses skin , ( as if your horses coat be short and smooth , then must the Curry-Comb be blunt , but if long and rough , then m●st the Teeth be long and and sharp , standing with your Face opposite to the Horses , hold the Left cheek of the Headstall in your Left-hand , and Curry him with a good hard hand from the Root of his Ears , all a long his Neck to his Shoulders : then go over all his Body with a more moderate hand , then Curry his Buttocks down to the hinder Cambrell with an hard hand again : then change your hand , and laying your Right Arm over his Back , joyn your right side to his left , and so Curry him gently from the top of his Withers , to the lower part of his shoulder , ever now and then fetching your stroke over the left side of his breast , and so Curry him down to Knee , but no further : Then Curry him all under his Belly , near his Fore-bowels , and in a word all over very well , his Legs under the Knees and Cambrels only excepted . And as you dress'd the left side , so must you the right likewise . Now by the way take notice , whether your Horse keeps a riggling up and down , biting the Rackslaves , and now and then offering to snap at you , or lifting up his Leg to strike at you , when you are Currying him : if he do 't is an apparent sign of his displeasure by reason of the sharpness of the Comb , and therefore you must file the Teeth thereof more blunt : but if you perceive that he plays these , or such like Tricks through Wantonness and the Pleasure he takes in the Friction , then you shall ever now and then correct him with your Whip gently for his Waggishness . This Currying is only to raise the Dust , and therefore after you have thus curried him , you must take either a Horse-tail ● nail'd to an Handle ) or a clean dusting-Cloath of Cotten , and with it strike off the loose Dust rais'd by your Curry-comb . Then dress him all over with the French-Brush , both Head , Body , and Legs to the very Fet-locks , observing always to cleanse the Brush from the filth it gathers from the bottom of the Hair , by rubbing it on the curry-comb . Then dust him the second time . Then with your Hand wet in water rub his body all over , and as near as you can leave no loose hairs behind you ; and with your wet hands pick and cleanse his Eys , Ears , Nostrils , Sheath , Cods , and Tuel , and so rub him till he be as dry as at first . Then take an Hair-patch , and rub his Body all over , but especially his Fore-bowels under his Belly , his Flank , and between his hinder Thighs . Lastly , wipe him over with a fine white linnen Rubber . When you have thus drest him , take a large Saddle-cloath ( made on purpose , ) that may reach down to the Spurring-place , and lap it about his Body ; t●en clap on his Saddle , and throw a cloth over him for fear of catching cold . Then take two Ropes of Straw twisted extream hard together● and with them rub and chase his Legs from the Knees and Cambre●s downwards to the Ground , picking his ●●tl●ck-joynts with your hands from Dust , Filth , and Scabs . Then take another Hair-patch kept on purpose for his Legs , ( for you must have two ) and with it rub and dress his Legs also . Now by the way let me give you this necessary , Caution , be sure whilst you are dressing your Horse let him not stand naked , his Body being expos'd to the penetration of the Air , whilst you are telling a Banbury-story to some Comrades , that accidentally come into the Stable , as I have seen some Grooms , that would stand lolling over their Horses , when they were uncloath'd ; and trifle away their time by listning to some idle Discourse ; but when you have stripp'd him fall to your Business roundly , without any intermission till you have sadled him , and thrown his Cloth over him . And the reason why I advise you to throw a Cloth over him , whilst you are dressing his Legs is this ; that although t is a general Rule amongst Grooms , that an Horse cannot take cold whilst he is dressing , yet is that Saying to be understood only of his Body , not of his Legs ; for the rubbing of his Legs will not prevent catching cold in his Body . When this is done , you shall with an Iron Picker pick his Feet clean , ( that the stopping of his Feet may not be a means of his taking up Stones in them , ) comb down his Main and Tail with a wet Main-comb , then spirt some Beer into his Mouth , and so draw him out of the Stable . Being mounted , rak● or walk him to some Running River , or fresh clear Spring , distant a Mile or two from your Stable , ( which will refine his Mouth which he may have lost , during his Summers Running , and will likewise settle his Body upon his Rake , ) and there let him drink about half his draught at first , to prevent raw Crudities arising in his Stomach . After he hath drunk bring him calmly out of the Water , and so ride him gently for a while ; for nothing is more unbeseeming a Horseman , than to thrust his Horse into a swift Gall●p , as soon as he comes out of the Water , for these three Causes . First , it is not only hazards the breaking of his Wind , but also assuredly endanges the incording , or bursting of him . Secondly , it begets in him an ill habit of running away , as soon as he hath done drinking . Lastly , the foresight he hath of such violent Exercise , makes him oftentimes refuse to quench his Thirst : and therefore ( as I said ) first walk him a little way , and then put him into a gentle Gallop for 5 or 6 score , then give him wind : and after he hath been rak'd a pretty space , then shew him the Water again , and let him drink what he pleases , and then gallop him again ; and thus do till he will drink no more , but be sure to observe always that you gallop him not so much as either to chafe , or sweat him . Now by the way observe , that in his galloping after water , ( after the first weeks enseaming , ) if sometimes you give him a watering Course sharply , of twelve or twenty score , ( as you find your Horse , ) it will quicken his spirits , and cause him to gallop more pleasantly , and teach him to mannage his Limbs more nimbly , and to stretch forth his Body largely . When your Horse hath done drinking , then rake him to the Top of the next Hill , ( if there be any near your Watring-place , for there in the morning the Air is purest , or else to some such place , as he may gain best advantage both of Sun and Air , and there air him a foot-pace an hour , or so long as you ( in your discretion ) shall think sufficient for the state of his Body , and then ride him home . During the time of your Horses Airing , you will easily perceive several marks of your Horses satisfaction , and the pleasure which he takes in this Exercise . For he will gape , yawn , and as it were shrug his Body . If he offer to stand still , to dung , or stale , which his Airing will provoke , be sure give him leave , as likewise to stare about , neigh , or listen after any noise . Now Airing brings several Advantages to the Horse . First , it purifies the Blood , ( if the Air be clean and pure , ) it purges the Body from many gross and suffocating Humors , and so hardens and enseams the Horses Fat , that it is not near so liable to be dissolv'd by ordinary Exercise . Secondly , it teaches him how to let his Wind rake equally and keep time with the other Actions or Motions of his Body . Thirdly , it sharpens the Appetite , and provokes the Stomach , ( which is of great advantage both to Hunters and Gallopers , who are apt to loose their Stomach through excess or want of Exercise ) : for the sharpness of the Air will drive the Horses natural Heat from the exterior to the interior parts , which Heat by furthering Concoction creates an Appetite . Lastly , it increases Lust and Courage in him , provided he not too early air'd . But whereas Mr. Markam , in his Way to get wealth , 4 0. pag. 44. directs , if your Horse be very fat to air him before Sun-rise , and after Sun-set ; and that the Author of the Gentleman's Iockey , 8 0. pag. 14. says , that nothing is more wholsome than early and late Airings ; I think the contrary may be made out from Experience . For in this Art , all things that any ways hinder the strength and vigor of Nature , are to be avoided ; now , that extreamity of Cold , and being out early and late do so , is evidently seen by Horses that run abroad all Winter , which however hardily bred , and kept with the best care and Fodder , yet cannot by any means be advanc'd to so good case in Winter as an indifferent Pasture will raise them to in Summer . And this holding true of the Nocturnal Colds , must needs be verified in some proportionate measure of the Morning and Evening Dews , and that piercing Cold which is observ'd to be more intense at the opening and close of the Day , than any part of the Night . Besides that , the D●ws and moist Rimes do as much Injury to a Horse , as the sharpest Colds or Frosts : since ( as I have found by experience ) a Horse any ways inclinable to Catarrhs , Rheums or any other cold Distempers , is apt to have the Humors augmented , and the disease most senbsily increasd by these early and late Airings . But if he be not had forth to aire till the Sun be risen , ( as you must cast to have him dress'd , and ready to lead forth against that time ) his spirits will be chear'd and comforted by that universal Comforter of all living Creatures ; and indeed all Horses naturally desire to enjoy the Sun's warmth , as you may observe by those Horses which lie out all Night , who as soon as the Sun is risen , will repair to those places where they may have the most benefit of his Beams , and by them be in part reliev'd from the coldness of the foregoing Night . And besides the benefit of the Sun , the Air will be so mild and temperate , as it will rather invigorate than prey upon his spirits , and more increase his Strength than impair it Neither , tho we disallow of Early and Late airings , need we be at a loss to bring down our Horses fat , and from being pursive , and too high in Flesh , to reduce him to cleanness , and a more moderate state of Body : For if you do but observe this one Rule of keeping a fat Horse so much longer out at a time both Morning and Evening , you will undoubtedly obtain your end by such long Airing , joyn'd with true sound Heats , which you may expect indeed , but will never find from those that are shorter , how early and late soever : for this Method ioyn'd with good feeding is the best Prescription can be given in this case , and t is from the length of your Airings only , that you must hope to bring your Horse to a perfect Wind , and true Courage . And therefore a Horse that is 〈◊〉 in Flesh , is a sitter subject to work on , than One that is low , because he is better able to endure Labour , whereas the other must of necessity be so favoured in training , to improve his Strength and Flesh , that he is in danger ( without he be under the care of a very Skilful keeper ) of proving thick winded for want of true Exercise in Training . When you are returned from Airing , and are dismounted , lead your Horse on the Straw , which ( as I told you before ) should always lye before the Stable door ; and there by Whistling and stirring up the Litter under his Belly will provoke him to Stale , which a little practice will bring him to , and is advantagious for the Horses Health , and the keeping of your Stable clean ; Then lead him into his Staul ( which ought likewise to be well littered ) and having ty'd up his head to the empty Rack , take off his Saddle , rubb his Body and Leggs all over with the French-brush , then with the Hair-patch , and last of all with the Woollen cloath . Then you shall cloath him with a Linnen cloath next to his Body , and over that a Canvas cloath , and both made so fit as to cover his Breast and to come pretty low down to his Legs , which is the Turkish way of Cloathing , who are the most curious People ( saies the Duke of Newcastle ) in keeping their Horses , and esteem them the most of any Nation . Over the forementioned put a Body-cloath of six , or eight Straps , which is better than a Sircingl● and Pad stuft with wisps , because this keeps his Belly in Shape , and is not so subject to hurt him . Now these Cloathes will be sufficient for him at his first Stabling , because being inur'd to the cool Air he will not be so apt to take cold , the weather likewise at that season being indifferently warm● but when sharp weather approaches , and that you find his Hair rise about his outward parts that are uncloathed , as Neck , Gascoins , &c. then add another Cloath , which ought to be of Woolen , and for any Horse bred under this Climate , and kept only for ordinary Hunting , this is cloathing sufficient . Now the design of cloathings is only by their help joyn'd to the warmth of the Stable , and the Litter ( which must alwaies lye under the Horse ) to keep his Body in such a moderate Natural Heat , as shall be sufficient to assist Nature , that skilful Physitian in expelling her Enemies , by dissolving those raw and gross Humours which are subject to annoy the Horse , and which would very much prejudice him if they were not removed ; which warm cloathing does in a great measure by dispersing them into the outward parts , and expelling them by sweating as he sleeps and lyes down , which will be a meanes to purge his Body , and keep it clean from glut , and redundant Humours . But yet ( as in all things the golden mean is best ) there is a meane to be observ'd too here : for as too few Cloathes will not assist Nature sufficiently in the expulsion of her Enemies , so too many will force her too much , and cause weakness in your Horse by too violent sweatings . Therefore you must have a care of following the Example of some ignorant Grooms , who because they have acquired a false Reputation by livi●g in some Noblemans or Gentlemans Service , that are noted Sportsmen , think they are able to give Laws to all their Fraternity , and therefore without any reason heap Multiplicity of Cloaths on the Horse as if they meant to bury him in Woolen . You must know , that both the temperature of the Weather and the State of his Body are to be observed ; and that all Horses are not to be cloathed alike . Your fine-Skined Horses , as the Barb , Turk , Spanish horse &c. require more● clothes then our English common Horses , that are bred in a colder climate , and have naturally thicker skin 's , and a longer Coat . But that you may not erre I have told you already how you are to cloath your Horse , a●d therefore shall only add this one General Rule , That a Rough Coat shews want of Cloaths , and a Smooth Coat Cloathing sufficient : ever observing , that by his Countenance , his Dung , and other outward Characters ( which I shall by and by give you more at large ) you perceive your Horse to to be in health , and yet notwithstanding your Horses Coat still stares , you must add more cloathes till it lye ; as on the other hand if it will lye withe the assist●of a single Linnen Cloath it is su●●icient . But if when he has been in keeping some time , you perceive him apt to sweat in the Night , 't is a sign that he is over-fed , and wants exercise : but if he sweat at his first coming from Grass , you must know that there is cause rather to encrease , than diminish the Cloathes I have alloted at his first Housing ; for it proceeds from the foul humours which oppress Nature , and when by exercise they are evacuated , Nature will cease working , and he will con●tinue in a temperate state of Body all the year after . When he is cloath'd up , pick his Feet cleane with an Iron Picker , and wash his Hoofs clean with a Spung dipt in fair wate● , and then dry them with Straw or a Linnen cloath , and if there be occasion and that you find your Horses Legs durty , you may bathe them likewise , only you must be sure to rub them dry before you go out of your Stable , then leave him on his Snaffle for an hour , or more , which will assist his Appetite . When an Hour is expired . you shall come to him again , and having tuck'd an hardful of Hay , and dusted it , you shall let your Horse tease it out of your hand till he hath eaten it ; then pull off his Bridle , and having rub'd his Head and Neck clean , with the Hempen-cloth , as before , pull his Eares , and stop his Nostrils to make him snore , which will help to bring away the moist Humours which oppress his Brain , and then put on his Coller , and give him a Quarter of Oats clean drest , in a Sive , having first made his Locker , or Manger clean with a Wispe of Straw , and a C●oth . Whilst he is eating his Corn ● you shall sweep out your Stable , and see that all things are neat about him , and turning up his Cloaths , you shall rub his F●llets , Buttocks , and Gascoins over with the hairpatch , and after that with a Woolen-cloth ; then spread a clean Flannel Fillet-cloth over his Fillets and Buttocks ( which will make his Coat lye smooth ) and turn down his Housing-cloaths upon it . Then anoint his Hoofs round from the Cronet to the Toe with this Ointment , viz. Take Four Ounces of Venice Turpentine , Three Ounces of Bees wax , Two Ounces of the best Rosin , One pound of Dogs-grease , Half a Pint of Train Oyle , Melt all these Ingredients ( except the Turpentine ) together , being melted remove them from the Fire , and then put in the Turpentine , and keep it stirring , till all be well incorporated , then put it in a Gally pot , and when it is cold cover it close from dust , and reser●e it for use . After this pick his Feet with an Iron Picker , and stop them with Cow-dung ; and by this time your Horse ( if he be not a very slow Feeder ) will have eaten his Oates , which if you find he does with a good Stomack , sift him another Quart , and throw them to feed him by little and little , whilst he eats with an Appetite ; but if he fumbles with his Corn , then give him no more at that time . And this I think a better Direction than to prescribe a set quantity of Provender , as all Authors I have yet met with have done . For without doubt no certain Quantity of Meat can be allotted for all sorts of Horses , any more than for all sorts of Men ; and therefore proportion the quantity to the Horses Appetite : but be sure at all times give him his full feeding , for that will keep his Body in better state and temper , and increase his strength and vigor . Whereas on the contrary , to keep your Horse always sharp-set , is the ready way to procure a Surfeit , if at any time he can come at his fill of Provender ; according to the common Proverb , Two hungry Meales make the third a Glutton . But tho you perceive he gather Flesh too fast upon such home-feeding ; yet be sure not to stint him for it , but only increase his Labour , and that will assist both his Strength and Wind. When these things are done , you shall dust a pretty quantity of Hay , and throw it down to him on his Litter , after you have taken it up under him ; and then shutting up the Windows and Stable door , leave him till One a Clock in the Afternoon ; at which time you shall come to him , and having rubb'd over his Head , Neck , Fillets , Buttocks , and Legs , as before , with the Hair-patch and Woollen-cloath , you shall feed him as before . and then leave him till the time of his Evening watring , ( which should be about three of the clock in Winter , and four in Summer ; ) and then having put back his foul Litter , and swept away that and his Dung , you shall dress and saddle him as before , and mounting him you shall rake him to the water , and after drinking and galloping you shall air him along by the River side , till you think it time to go home ; then order him in all points , as to rubbing , feeding , stopping his Feet , &c. as you did in the morning ; and having fed him at six a clock , be sure feed him again about Nine ; and having litter'd him well , and thrown him Hay enough to serve him for all Night , you shall leave him till the next Morning . And as you have spent this day , so you must order him in all respects for a fortnight together , and by that time his Flesh will be so harden'd , and his Wind so improv'd ; his Mouth will be so quicken'd , and his Gallop brought to so good a stroke , that he will be fit to be put to moderate Hunting . Now during this Fortnights keeping you are to make several Observations , as to the Nature and Disposition of your Horse , the temper of his Body , the course of his Digestion , &c. and order him accordingly . As first , if he be of a churlish Disposition , you must reclaim him by Severity ; if of a loving temper , you must win him by Kindness . Secondly , you must observe whether he be a foul Feeder , or of a nice Stomach ; if he be quick at his Meat , and retain a good Stomach , then four times of full Feeding , in a Day and a Nights space , is sufficient ; but if he be a slender Feeder , and slow at his Meat , then you must give but a little at once , and often , as about every two hours , for fresh Meat will draw on his Appetite ; and you must always leave a little Meat in his Locker for him to eat at his own leisure betwixt the times of his Feeding ; and when at any time you find any left , you shall swe●p it away , and give him fresh , and expose that to the Sun and Air , which will prevent mustiness and reduce it to its ●irst sweetness , before it was blown upon . Now as to the manner of Feeding , you may sharpen his Stomach by change of Meat , as giving one Meal clean Oats , another Oats and split-Beans , and ( when you have brought him to eat Bread ) you may give him another meal of Bread , always observing to give him oftenest that which he likes best ; or if you please you may give him both Corn and Bread at the same time , provided you give him that last which he eats best , and which has the best Digestion . T is observ'd of some Horses , that they are of so hot a Constitution , that without they may drink at every bit they cannot eat , and those Horses usually carry no Belly ; in this case therefore you must let a Pale of Water stand continually before them , or at least offer them Water at Noon , besides what they fetch abroad at their ordinary times . Next you are to observe the nature of his Digestion , that is , whether he retains his Food long , which is the sign of a bad Digestion ; or whether Nature does expel the Dung more frequently ; which if he do , and that his Dung be loose and bright ● t is a sign of a good habit of Body ; but if he dung hard , and seldom , then on the contrary t is a sign of a dry Body ; and therefore to remedy this , you shall once in a day give him a handful or two of Oats , well wash'd in good strong Ale , for this will loosen his Body , and keep it moist , and you will sind it also good for his Wind , notwithstand - the opinion of some to the contrary . CHAP V. Of the Second Fortnights Diet , and of his first Hunting , and what Chases are most proper to Train him . BY that time you have spent this Fortnight , according to the foregoing Rules , your Horse will be in a pretty good state of Body ; for the gross Humors will be dry'd in his Body , and his Flesh will begin to be harden'd , which you will perceive ( as I told you at first ) by his Chaul , his short Ribs , and his Flank ; for the Kernels under his Chaps will not feel so gross as at first they did , his flesh on his short Ribs will not feel so soft and loose , nor the thin part of his Flank so thick as at his first housing ; so that now you may without hazard adventure to hunt him moderately . But before I proceed , I think it necessary to clear one point , which I have heard much discuss'd amongst Horsemen , which is , What sort of Chase is most proper for the training of a young Horse ? some being of one Opinion , some of another . For some would have a Horse , which is design●d either for a Buck-hunter or Fox-hunter , us'd from the beginning to the Chase which they are design'd for . Others think those Chases too violent for a young Horse , and therefore chuse to train him after Harriers ; and of this Opinion I must own my self to be , since Experience has fully shewn me the Advantages of the one , and the Inconveniences of the other . Now to prove this Assertion , let us take a slight view of the several Cbases which are commonly used by our Nobility and Gentry , where the Horse is made a Companion and Member of the Sport , and they are these ; the Stag , Buck , Hind , Fox , Otter , and Hare . As for the three first here mention'd , as there is not much difference in the hunting of them , so the Inconveniences from each Chase are in a manner the same also . For which soever you hunt , t is either in Covert , or at force . Now if Deer be hunted in a Park , they usually chuse the most woody parts of it , as a Refuge from the pursuits of their Enemies , which is both unpleasant to the Rider , and troublesome to the Horse , to follow the Dogs thro the thick Bushes ; and besides , usually the Ground in Parks is full of Mole banks , Trenches , &c. which is dangerous for a young Horse to gallop on , till he has attain'd to some perfection in his Stroke . But if they be turn'd out of the Park , and be hunted at force , you will find , that as soon as you have unharbour'd or rous'd them , they will immediately make out end ways before the Hounds five or six , nay sometimes ten Miles , they following in full Cry so swiftly , that a Horse must be compell'd to run up and down hill without any intermission ; leaping Hedg , Ditch , and Dale , nay often crossing Rivers , to the great danger of the Rider , as well as of the Horse . So that in my opinion t is altogether improper to put a young Horse to such violent labour at the first , till by practice and degrees he hath been made acquainted with hard service . Now besides the swiftness and violence of this Chase , and the danger of cracking his Wind , and bursting his Belly ; besides the straining of his Limbs by such desperate Riding , and the creating in a young Horse a loathsomness to his Labour , by undergoing such violent and unusual service ; the seasons for these Chases begining about Midsummer , and ending about Holy-Rood-tide , which is that part of the year in which the Sun's heat is excessive , and so scorches the Earth , that a violent Chase would hazard the melting his Grease , and the weight of the Rider , by reason of the hardness of the Ground , would occasion Foundring , Splents , and Windgalls , insomuch that in short time the Horse would prove altogether vseless . But here I cannot but desire to be rightly understood , since tho I object against these Chases as impro●per for young Horses , yet I do not mean that Horses should be excluded this Recreation ; but I would have those which are imploy'd herein , to be Horses of stay'd years , and by long practice and experience have been rightly train'd to Hunting . Young Horses ( as the Duke of New-castle says ) being as subject to Diseases as young Children , and therefore he advises any man that would buy a Horse for use in his ordinary occasions , as for Iourneys , Hawking or Hunting , n●ver to buy a Ho●se untill the Mark be out of his Mouth , and if he be sound of Wind , Limb , and Sight , he will last you Eight or Nine years with good keeping● and never ●ail you ; and therefore ( pursues he ) I am always ready to buy for such purposes an old Nag , of some Huntsman , or Falconer , that is ●ound , and that is the useful Nag , for he gallop● on all Grounds , leaps over Hedges and Ditches ; and this will not fail you in your Journey , nor any where , and is the only Nag of use for Pleasure or Jou●ney Thus far the Duke . And if it may be perm●tted ●o add to his Advice , I would have them strait-bod●ed clean-timbred Nags , such as may be light , nimble , and of middle stature , for those Horses are not near so sub●ect ●o Lamness as those of bulk and strength , the causes whereof have been already declar'd . The next Chase propos'd was that of the Fox , which although it be a Recreation much in use , and highly applauded by the generality of the Nobility and Gentry ; yet with submission to their judgment I never could find that pleasure in it which has been represented to me by some of its Admirers : and I am sure it is inconvenient for the training of a young Horse , since it is swift without respite , aud of long continuance , both which , as I have already shew'd , are distastful to him ; but the greatest Inconvenience that happens to a Horse in this Chase is this ; that when a Fox is unkennel'd , he seldom or never betakes himself to a champion Countrey , but remains in the strongest Coverts , and in the thickest Woods ; so that a Horse can but seldom enjoy the pleasure of accompanying the Hounds , without hazarding being stubb'd● , or other as dangerous Accidents . The fittest Horses for this Chase are Horses of great strength and ability , since this Chase begins at Christmas , which is the worst time of Riding , and ends at our Lady-day , when the Ground is best for it . The next Chase to be spoken of is the Otters , which although it may seem delightful to some , yet I cannot by any means think it convenient for a Horse : for he that will truly pursue this Amphibious sport , must often swim his Horse to the equal hazard both of the Rider and the Horse . But to conclude with the last , and the best of Chases , and that is the Hare . It is in my opinion the most pleasant and delightful Chase of any whatsoever , and the most beneficial for training a young Horse . It is swift , and of some indurance , like that of the Fox , but far more pleasant to the Horse , because Hares commonly run the Champion Country ; and the scent not being so hot as the Foxes , the Dogs are oftner at default , and by that means the Horse has many Sobbs , whereby he recovers Wind , and regains new strength . This Chase begins at Michaelmass , and lasts till the End of February ● Now the best Dogs , to bring your Horse to perfection of Wind and Speed , are your fleet Northern Hounds ; for they , by means of their hard-running , will draw him up to that extraordinary speed , that he will not have time to loiter , and by continual practice will be so inur'd and habituated to the violence of their Speed , that in a short time he will be able to ride on all sorts of Ground , and be at such command upon the hand , that he will strike at what rate you please , and three-quarters speed will be less troublesome to him than a Canterbury-gallop . I have often thought this one of the Reasons why your Northern Breeders for the generality excel those of the South ; since certainly the speed of their Hounds contributes much to the Excellence of their Horses , and makes them endure a four mile Course without Sobbs , which some Horsemen call Whole-Running : but of this more in another place . The time being now come that he may be hunted , you shall order him on his days of Rest in all points , as to his Dr●ssing , hours of Feeding , Watring , &c. as in the first Fortnight afore directed ; only since his Labour is now to be increas'd , you must endeavour to increase his Strength and Courage likewise ; and this will be effected by adding to his Oats a third part of clean old Beans spelted on a Mill , and as an overplus to allow him Bread made after this manner . Take four Pecks of clean old Beans , and two Pecks of Wheat , and grind them together , and sift the meal thro a Meal-sieve of an indifferent fineness , and knead it with warm water and good store of Barm , and let it lie an hour or more to swell , for by that means the Bread will be the lighter , and have the easier and quicker Digestion ; after which being with a Brake or any other way exceedingly well-kneaded , make it up into great Houshold Peck-loaves , which will be a means to avoid Crust , and prevent its drying too soon ; bake them thoroughly , and let them stand a good while in the Oven to soke , then draw them , and turning the bottoms upwards let them stand to cool . When your Bread is a day old you may venture to feed your Horse with it , having first chipt away the Crust ; and sometimes giving him Bread , sometimes Oats , and now and then Oats and spelted Beans , according as you find his stomach ; you need not fear but such Feeding will bring him into as good condition as you need desire for Ordinary Hunting . When your Bread is prepar'd , and you first Fortnight expir'd , you must then pitch upon a Day for his first going abroad after the Dogs , and the Day before you hunt you must always order him after this manner . In the morning proceed in your usual method as before , only observe that day to give him no Beans , because they are hard of digestion , but give most of Bread if you can draw him on to eat it , because it is more nourishing than Oats ; and after your Evening Watering , which ought to be somewhat earlier than at other times , give him onely a little Hay out of your hand , and no more till the next day that he returns from Hunting : and to prevent his eating his Litter , or any thing else but what you give him , you shall instead of a Muzzle put on a Cavezone joyn'd to a headstall of a Bridle , being lin'd with double Leather for fear of hurting him , and tying it so straight as to hinder his Eating ; and this will prevent Sickness in your Horse , which is incident to some Horses when their Muzzle is set on , notwithstanding the invention of the Lattice-window , now adays so much in use ; but this way your Horses Nostrils are fully at liberty , and he will never prove sick . But as to his Corn , give him his meals , both after his Watering , and at nine a clock , at which time be sure to litter him very well , that he may the better take his Rest , and leave him for that Night . The next morning come to him very early , as about four a clock , and having dress'd a Quarter of a Peck of Oats very clean , put them into his Locker , and pour into it a Quart of good strong Ale , and after having mix'd the Oats and Ale very well give him them to eat , whilst you put back his Dung and foul Litter , and make clean his Stable , but if he will not eat wash'd Oats then give him dry ; but be sure put no Beans to them . When he has done eating , Bridle him , and tie him up to the Ring , and dress him . When he is dress'd saddle him ; then throw his Cloth over him , and let him stand till the Hounds are ready to go forth . But be sure not to draw your Saddle Girths straight till you are ready to mount , lest by that means he become sick . But generally old Horses are so crafty , that when an ignorant Groom goes to girt them up hard , they will streth out their Bodies to such a bigness by holding their Wind , ( on purpose to gain ease after they are girt ) that t will appear difficult to girt them ; but afterwards they let go their Wind , and their Bodies fa●l again . When the Hounds are unkennell'd , ( which should not be till Sun-rising ) go into the Field along with them , and rake your Horse up and down gently till a Hare be started ; always observing to let him smell to other Horses Dung , ( if he be desirous of it ) which will provoke him to empty himself , and let him stand still when he does so : and if you meet with any dead Fog , Rushes , or such like , ride him upon them , and by whistling provoke him to empty his Bladder . When the Hare is started , you are not to follow the Hounds as the other Hunters do , but to con●ider , that this being the first time of your Horses hunting , he is not so well vers'd in the different sorts of Grounds as to know how to gallop smoothly , and with ease on them ; and therefore you are not to put him as yet to above half his speed , that he may learn to carry a staid body , and to mannage his Legs both upon Fallows , and Greenswarth . Neither are you to gallop him often , nor any long time together , for fear of discouraging him , and breeding in him a dis●ike to this Exercise ; but observing to cross the Fields still to your best advantage , you shall make in to the Hounds at every default , and still keep your Horse ( as much as these Rules will allow you ) within the Cry of the Dogs , that he may be us'd to their Cry ; and you will find , that in a very short time he will take such delight and pleasure in their Musick , that he will be desirous to follow them more eagerly . Now if at any time the Chase be lead over any Carpet ground , or sandy High-way , on which your Horse may lay out his body smoothly , you may there gallop him for a quarter or half a mile , to teach him to lay out his Body , and to gather up his Legs , to enlarge and shorten his Stroke , ● according to the different Earths he gallops on , as if on Green-swarth , Meadow , Moore● Heath , &c. then to ●●oop , and run more on the Shoulders ; if amongst Mole-hills , or over high ridges and furrows , then to gallop more roundly , and in less compass , or according to the vulgar phrase two up and two down , that thereby he may strike his Furrow clear , and avoid setting his Fore-feet in the Bottom of it , and by that means fall over ; But by this way of galloping , tho he should happen to set his Feet in a furrow , yet carrying his body so round and resting on the Hand in his gallop , would prevent his Falling ; and to this perfection nothing but use , and such moderate Exercise can bring him . According to these Rules you may spend your Time in Hunting , till about Three a Clock in the Afternoon , at which time you shall have him home in a foot pace as you came out in the Morning , and besure that he be cool before you bring him out of the Field ; and as you are going home● consider with your self , whether or no he hath sweat a little , ( for you must not sweat him much the first time ; ) but if not , then gallop him gently on some Skelping Earth , till he sweat at the Roots of his Ears , a little on his Neck , and in his Flanck , but it must be done of his own voluntary motion , without the compulsion of Whip and Spur : and then when he is cool as aforesaid , have him home and Stable him , and besure avoid walking him in hand to cool him , for fear he cool too fast , or washing him , for fear of causing an obstruction of the natural course of the Humours , ( which are thought by some Horse-men to abound most in Winter ) and by that means cause an inflamation in his Legs , which is the Parent of the Scratches . When you set him up in his Staul ( which must be well litter'd against his coming home ) tye up his Head to the Ring with the Bridle , and then rub him well with dry Straw all over both Head , Neck , Fore-bowels , Belly , Flank , Buttocks and Legs ; and afterwards rub his Body over with a dry cloth till there be not a wet hair left about him , then take off his Saddle and rub the place where the Saddle stood dry likewise , and so cloath him with his ordinary Cloaths with all speed , for fear least he take cold ; and if you think him too hot throw a spare cloath over him , to prevent his cooling too fast , which you may abate when you please , and so let him stand on his Snaffle Two Hours or more , stirring him with your Whip now and then in his Staul , to to keep his Legs and Ioynts from growing stiff . When that time is expired , and you think it may be throughout cold , then come to him , and having drawn his Bridle rubbed his Head , and pick'd his Feet from Durt and Gravel which he may have gather'd abroad , put on his Coller , and ●ift him a Quart , or three Pints of Oates , and mix with them a handful of clean dusted Hempseed , and give them to him ; but give him not above the quantity prescribed , for fear of taking away his stomack , which will be very much weakned through the hea● of his body , and want of water . Then remove the spare-cloth ( if you have not done it before , ) for fear of keeping him hot too long , and when he has eaten his Corn , throw a pretty quantity of Hay clean dusted , on his Litter , and let him rest two or three Hours , or there abouts . Whilest you are absent from him , you shall prepare him a good Mash , made of half a Peck of Mault well ground , and water that is boiling hot , observing to put no more water than your Mault will sweeten , and your Horse will drink , and then stir them together with a Rudd●r , or stick and then cover it over with cloths , till the water has extracted the strength of the Malt , which will be evident to your taste and touch , for t will be almost as sweet as Honey , and feel ropy like Birdlime ; then when it is cold , that you can scarce perceive it to smoak ● offer it to your Horse , but not before , lest the steam ascend into his Nostrils , and thereby offend him with its scent ; and when he has drunk the water , let him if he please eat the Malt also . But if he refuse to drink , yet you must give him no other water that night , but by placing it in one Corner at the head of his Stall , in such manner that he may not throw it down , ( which you may effect by nailing a Spar across before the Bucket ) let it stand by him all Night , that he may drink at his pleasure . Now you will find this Mash , or ( as some call it ) Horse-Caudle , very beneficial to your Horse on several Accounts ; for it will comfort his Stomach , and keep his Body in a due temperate heat after his days Hunting ; it will cleanse and bring away all manner of Grease and gross humours , which have been dissolved by this Days labour , and the fume of the Malt-grains , after he has drunk the water , will disperse watry Humours , which might otherwise annoy his head , and is allow'd by all Horsemen to be very advantageous on that account . When he has eaten his Mash , then strip him of his Clothes , and run him over with your Curry-comb , French Brush , Hair Patch , and Wollen Cloath , and clothe him up again , and then cleanse his Legs as well as his Body of all Dirt and Filth which may annoy them , as you have been directed in Dressing ; th●n remove him into another Stall ( that you may not wet his Litter ) and bathe his Legs all over from the Knees with warm Beef-broth , or , which is better , with a quart of warm Vrine , in which four Ounces of Salt-Peter hath been dissolv'd ; then rub his Legs dry as when you came in from Water , set him into his Stall , and give him a good Home-feeding of Oats , or Bread , ( which he likes best ) or both , and having shook good store of Litter under him , that he may rest the better , and thrown him Hay enough for all night on it , shut up your Stable close , and leave him to his Rest till morning . The next morning come to him betwixt six and seven a clock , for that is time enough , because the Mornings rest is as pleasant a●d refreshing to the Horse as it is to a Man , for then the meat being concocted the sleep is more sweet , and the brain is at that time more thin and pure . If he be laid disturb him not , but stay till he rises of his own accord , ( aud to know this you ought to have a private peep-hole ) but if he be risen , then go to him , and the first thing you must do is to put back his Dung from his Litter , and to observe what Colour it is of : observe whether it be greasie , and shining outwardly , and break it with your Feet , that you may see whether it be so inwardly ; for if it be greasie and foul either within or without , ( which you may know by its outward shining , and by spots like Soap , which will appear within ) or if it appear of a dark brown colour , and harder than it was , it is a sign that your former days hunting was beneficial to him , b● dissolving part of the inward glu● which was within him ; and therefore the next time you hunt you must increase his labour but a little . But if you perceive no such Symptoms , but that his Dung appears bright , and rather soft than hard , without grease , and in a word that it holds the same pale yellow colour it did before you hunted him , then t is a sign that days Hunting made no dissolution , but that his Body remains in the same state still , and therefore the next days Hunting you may almost double his Labour . When you have made these Remarks from his Dung , you shall then proceed to order him as in his days of Rest ; that is to say , you shall give him a handful or two of Oats before Water ; then dress , water , air , feed , &c. as in the first Fortnight . Now as to his Feeding you must remember the way I have already shew'd , of changing his Food ; as giving him one while Bread , another Oats , a third time Oats and Beans , which you find he likes best ; observing always , that variety will sharpen his Appetite . But Bread being his chief Food , as being more nourishing and strong than the others , you must feed him often'st with it . And as in the first Fortnight I directed you to observe his Digestion , whether it were quick or slow , so likewise must you do now that he begins to eat Bread. If you ●ind him quick , and that he retains his Bread but a little while , then ( as I have already directed ) you shall only slightly chip your Bread ; but if he be slow , and retains it long , cut away all the Crust , and give it to some other Horse , and feed your Hunter only with the Crum ; for that being light of Digestion soon converts to Chyle and Excrements , but the Crust being slow of Digestion requires by reason of its hardness longer time before it be concocted . The next day after he has rested , you shall hunt him again as you did the first day , observing from the Remarks you have made , to hunt him more or less , according as you find the temper and constitution of your Horse ; and when you are return'd home , observe to put in Practice the same Rules which you have just now read ; and thus hunt your Horse three times a week for a fortnight together , observing to give him his full feeding , and no other Scowrings but Mashes , and Hempseed , which is equal in its Vertue to the former , and only carries off superfluous Humours in the Dung. And here before I conclude this Chapter , I cannot but take notice of the Abuse of Scowrings , and my own Ignorance , being led away by the perswasions and my mistaken opinion of other mens Skill , who because they could talk of giving a Scowring , ( tho Experience has since taught me , that they never knew the Operation of them , nay nor the Disposition of the Horses which they kept ) I thought most eminent and skilful Horse-Doctors . But indeed I found to my Cost , that my Ignorance led me into the same mistake with those men , that take Physick by way of Prevention , and by that means render their Bodies more lyable to Diseases , their Pores being so much opened by Physick . In like manner I found that tho I bought Horses of sound and strong Constitutions , yet by following the false Rules and Practices of Others I quickly brought them to weak habits of Body ; and by continually using them to unnecessary Physick , to be tender , and apt to take Cold and Surfeits on every small occasion : which taught me to know , that as Kitchen Physick is best for a Man , ( unless he languish under some more than ordinary Distemper ) so natural and true sound Feeding is best for a Horse , it strengthning his Constitution , and keeping his Body in good temper ; for a Horse that is full-fed with good natural Diet is not subject to costiveness ; and from hence I infer , that a Horse which is sound , and in health , and of a strong Constitution , needs little Physick more than good wholsom meat , and his fill of it , provided you order him as he ought to be when he is come from Hunting . But as Horses no more than Men are free from Distempers , but by reason of abuses and unkind Masters are rather more liable to them , ( it being become a Proverb , As many Diseases as a Horse ) ; so when at any time they happen recourse must be had to Physick ● and as it is good in its true use , so I shall in the subsequent part of my Discourse set down when , and what manner of Scourings are useful , and how they are to be applied with skill , and safety ; of which in its proper place . CHAP. VI. Of the Horses Third Fortnights Keeping , and first thorough-Sweating . BY this time your Horse will be drawn so clean , his Flesh will be so inseam'd , and his Wind so improv'd , that he will be able to ride a Chase of three or four Miles without much blowing , or sweating ; and you will ●ind by his ●haul and Flank , as well as his Ribs , that he is in an indifferent good state of body , and therefore this next Fortnight you must increase his labour , by which means you will come to a true knowledge of what he is able to do ; and whether or no he will ever be sit for Plates , or a Match . When your Horse is set over night , and fed early in the morning , ( as in the last Fortnights Preparation for Hunting was directed ) then go into the Field with him , and when your Horse is empty , as he will ●e by that time you have started your Game , you shall follow the Dogs at a good round rate , as at half-speed , and so continue till you have kill'd or lost your first Hare . This will so rack your Horses wind , and by this time he will have so emptied himself , that he will be sit to be rid the next Chase briskly ; which as soon as begun you shall follow the Dogs at three quarters speed , as near to them as is consistent with the discretion of a good Horseman , and a true Huntsman ; but be sure as yet not to strain him . During this daies Riding you shall observe your Horse's sweat , under his Saddle , and Forebowels , if it appear White like Froth , or Soap-sudds , 't is a sign of inward glut and foulness , and that your daies sport was fully sufficient , and therefore you shall have him home , and order him as before you are directed . But if your Sport has been so i●different , as not to sweat your Horse thoroughly , then you shall make a Train-sent of Four Miles long , or thereabout , and laying on your Fleetest Dogs , ride it briskly , and then having first cool'd him in the Field , ride him home and use him as aforesaid . Now that I may not leave you in ignorance what a Train-scent is , I shall acquaint you that it has its Name , as I suppose , from the manner of it , viz. the trailing or dragging of a dead Cat , or Fox , ( and in case of Necessity a Red-Herring ) three or four Miles , ( according to the Will of the Rider , or the Directions given him ) and then laying the Dogs on the scent . But this Caveat let me give all Huntsmen , to to keep about two or three Couple of the fleetest Hounds you can possibly procure for this purpose only . For although I have seen skillful Sportsmen use their Harriers ● in this Case , for their diversion yet I would perswade them not to use them to it often ; for it will teach them to lie off the Line , and ●ling so wide , that they will never be worth any thing . When you unbridle your Horse , give him instead of Hempseed and Oates , a handsome quantity of Rye bread , ( to which end I would advise you to bake a Peck Loaf for this purpose ) which being cold and moist will assist in cooling his body after his Labour , and prevent Co●tiveness , to which you will find him addicted , then give him Hay , and afterwards a Mash , and then order him in all points as formerly . The next morning if you perceive by his Dung that his Body is distempred , and he is hard and bound , then take some Crumms of your Rye-bread and work it with as much sweet fresh Butter as will make it into Paste , and then making it into Balls about the bigness of a large Wallnut , give him 5 or 6 of them in the morning fasting ; and then setting on your Saddle upon his Cloth , mount him● and gallop him gently in some adjoyning grass-Plat , or Close till he begin to sweat under his Eares , then lead him into the Stable , and let him be well rub'd , and throwing a spare Cloth over him , and good store of fresh Litter under him , let him stand two hours on the Bridle , then give him a quantity of Rye-bread , then throw him some Hay to chew upon , and after that get him another warm Mash , and then feed him with Bread and Corn as much as he will , and be sure to allow him what Hay he will eat . The next day water him abroad , and order him as in his daies of rest . The day following Hunt him again● but by no meanes so severely as you did the time before till the Afternoon , but then ride him after the Dogs briskly , and if that does not make him sweat throghly make another Train-scent , and follow the Dogs three quarters speed , that he may sweat heartily . When you have a little cooled him , have him home , and upon his first entrance into the Stable give him two or three Balls as big as Wallnuts , of this most excellent Scowring ; viz. Take Butter four Ounces , Lenitive Electuary two Ounces , Gromell Broom and Parsly seeds , of each one Ounce , Aniseeds , Liquorish and Cream of Tartar , of each half an Ounce , Iallap an Ounce make the Seeds into Powder , and stir them into a Paste , with the Electuary and the Butter ; knead it well , and keep it close in a Pot for use . As soon as you have given your Horse these Balls rub him dry , then dress him and cloath him up warm and let him stand two or three hours on the Snaffle , then give him two or three handfulls of Rye-bread , and order him as you did before as to Hay Provinder , Mash &c. and so leave him till the Morning . Then come to him and first observe his Dung whether it keep the true Colour , or whether it appear dark , or black , or red and high coloured ; next whether it be loose and thin , or hard and dry . If it be of the right colour I mean Pale yellow t is a sign of health , strength and cleanness ; if it be dark , or black , then t is a sign there is Grease and other ill humours stirred up which are not yet evacuated : if it be red and high coloured , then t is a token that his Blood is Feaverish and distempered through inward heat : if it be loose and thin , t is a sign of Weakness , but if hard and dry , it shews the horse to be hot inwardly , or else that he is a foul feeder : But if his dung carry a medium betwixt hard and soft , and smell strong , t is a sign of Health and Vigour . When these Observations have been taken notice of concerning his Dung , then you shall feed , dr●ss , water , &c. as in his former days of Rest ; observing always to give variety , and his belly full of Corn and Bread. The next have him abroad in the Field again , but by no means put him to any labour , further than to rake him from hill to hill after the Dogs , to keep him within ●ound of their Cry ; for the design of this Day 's Exerci●e is only to keep him in breath , and get him an Appetite . Observe as you ride , that you let him stand still to dung ; and look back on it that you may draw Inferences from the Faces . When the Day is well nigh spent bring him home without the least sweat , and o●der him as at other times , only observe to give no Scourings , nor Rye-bread . You may if you please wa●●r your Horse this day , both at your going into the Field and at your coming Home , observing to gallo● after it , to warm the water in his Belly . The next is a day of Rest. In the same manner in every respect as you have spent this Week you must spend the next likewise , without alteration in any point ; and by that time assure your self that your Horse will be drawn clean enough fo● any ordinary Hunting ; so that afterward observing to hunt your Horse moderately twice or thrice a week , according to your own pleasure , and the consti●ution of your Ho●ses body , you need not question but to have him in as good state and strength as you would de●●●e , without danger of his Wind , Eye-sight , F●e● , or b●dy . Now wh●● you have thus according to art drawn your Ho●●e clean , you will perceive those signs which I told you of , verified ; for his Flesh on his short Ribs and Buttocks will be as hard as a Board , his Flank will be thin , and nothing to be felt but a double skin , and chaps so clean from Fat , Glut or Kernels , that you may hide your Fists in them ; and above all his Exercise will give plain Demonstration of the Truth of this Art , for he will run three or four Miles three quarters speed without sweating , or scarce blowing , I say when this is perfected , you must avoid all scourings after hunting , ( because Nature has nothing to work on ) but Rye-bread and a Mash , except your Horse be now and then troubled with some little Poze in the Head ; and then you shall bruise a little Mustard seed in a fine linnen Rag , and steep it in a quart of strong Ale for three or four hours , and then untying the Rag mix the Mustard-seed and the Ale with a quarter of a Pe●k of Oats , and give it your Horse . Lastly , when your Horse is drawn clean , you must beware that he grows not foul again thro want of either Airing , or Hunting , or any other Negligence , lest by that means you procure to your self and your Horse double pains and labour , and no thanks from your Master . CHAP. VII . Of making a Hunting-Match , its advantages and disadvantages . SInce many Persons of Honour delight in good Horses , both for Hunters as well as Gallopers , it may not be improper to speak a word in this place concerning the Advantages or Disadvantages which happen in making of Hunting-Matches ; since he that proceeds cautiously and upon true grounds in matching his Horse is already in a great measure sure of gaining the Prize , at least if the Proverb be true , that a Match well made is half won . The first thing to be consider'd by him that designs to match his Horse , for his own advantage and his Horses credit , is this ; That he do not flatter himself in the opinion of his Horse , by fancying that he is swifter than the wind , when he is but a slow Galloper ; and that he is whole-running , ( that is , will run four miles without a sobb at the height of his speed ) when he is not able to run a mile . And the ground of this Error I suppose arises from a Gentleman 's being mistaken in the speed of his Hounds , who for want of Tryal against other Dogs that have been really fleet , has suppos'd his own to be swift , when in reality they were but of middle speed ; and because his Horse ( when trained ) was able to follow them all day , and at any hour to command them upon deep as well as light Earths , has therefore falsly concluded him to be swift as the best ; but upon tryal against a Horse that has been rightly train'd after Hounds that were truly fleet , has to his cost bought his Experience , and been convinc'd of his Error . Therefore I would perswade all Lovers of Hunters to get two or three Couple of try'd Hounds , and once or twice a week to follow after them a Train-scent ; and when he is able to top them on all sorts of Earth , and to endure Heats and Colds stoutly , then he may the better re●ie on his Speed and Toughness . That Horse which is able to ride a Hare-chase of five or six miles briskly , and with good courage , till his body be as it were bath'd in sweat ; and then upon the death of the Hare , in a nipping frosty morning can endure to stand still , till the sweat be frozen on his back , so that the cold may pierce him as well as the heat ; and then even in that extremity of Cold to ride another Chase , as briskly and with as much courage , as he did in the former : That Horse which can thus endure heats and colds oftenest is of most value amongst Sports-men . And indeed t is not every Horse that is able to endure such extraordinary Toyl ; and I my self have seen very brave Horses to the Eye , that have rid the first Chase to admiration , that when the Cold had struck to them , and they began to grow stiff , have flagg'd the second , a●d given quite out the third Heat . Therefore to make a judgment of the goodness of your own Horse , observe him after the death of the first Hare , if the Chase has been any thing brisk : if when he is cold , he shrinks up his Body , and draws his Legs up together , t is an infallible token of want of Courage ; and the same you may collect from the slackning of his Girths after the first Chase , and from the setting of his Teeth , and the dulness of his Countenance ; all which are true marks of Faintness , and Tyring ● and therefore there is no reliance on such a Horse , in case of a Wager . But if on the contrary , you are Master of a Horse ( not only in your own judgment , but in the opinion of knowing Horsemen ) that is approv'd for Speed , and Toughness , and you are desirous to match him , or otherwise to run for a Plate ; I will to the best of my power tell you the advantages that are to be gain'd in Matching . But before I enter upon the subject propos'd , I think it convenient to tell you the way our Ancestors had of making their Matches , and our modern way of deciding Wagers . First then the old way of Tryal was by running so many Train-scents after Hounds , as was agreed on between the ●arties concern'd and a Bell-Court , this being found not so uncertain and more durable than Hare-hunting , and the advantage consisted in having the Trains led on Earth most suitable to the nature of the Horses . Now others chose to hunt the Hare till such an hour prefix●d , and then to run the Wild-goose-Chase , which , because it is not known to all Huntsmen , I shall explain the use and manner of it . The Wildgoose Chase received its Name from the manner of the flight which is made by Wildgeese , which is generally one after another : so the two Horses after the running of Twelvescore Yards , had liberty , which Horse soever could get the leading , to ride what ground he pleas'd ; the hindmost Horse being bound to follow him , within a certain distance agreed on by Articles , or else to be whipt up by the Triers or Iudges which rode by , and which ever Horse could distance the other won the Match . But this Chase was found by Experience so inhu●ane , aud so destructive to good Horses , especially when two good Horses were match'd ; for neither being able ●o distance the other , till ready both to sink under their Riders through Weakness , oftentimes the Match was fain to be drawn , and left undecided , tho both the Horses were quite spoyl'd . This brought them to run Trainscents , which afterwards was chang'd to three Heats , and a straight Course ; and that the Lovers of Hunting-horses might be encourag'd to keep good Ones , Plates have been erected in many places of this Land , purposely for Hunters , and some their Articles exclude all others , ( namely Gallopers ) from Running . But whether you design to match your Horse against any One Horse in particular , or to put him in for a Plate , where he must run against all that come in general ; yet t is necessary that you know the nature and disposition of your Horse , before you venture any wager on his head ; that is to say , whether he ●e hot and fiery , or cool and temperate in Riding ; whether he be very swift , but not hard at bottom , or slow , but yet sure , and one that will stick at mark ; on what sort of Earths he most delights to gallop on , whether to climb or run down hills● or else to skelp on a Flat ; whether to run on de●p , or light Grounds ; whether on rack-ways , or Carpet-ground ; whether amongst Mole-hills , or on Meadow ground ; whether he be well-winded , or thick winded , so that tho he will answer a Spur , and mend upon Lapping , yet he must have ease by Sobs . All these things must be known , to the end that you may draw those advantages from them which may be offer'd in matching ; as this for Example . If your Horse be hot and fiery , t is odds but he is fleet withall ( for generally those Horses are so ) and and delights to run upon light and hard flats ; and must be held hard by the Rider that he may have time to recover Wind by Sobb● ; or else his Fury will choak him . But whereas it is the general opinion that nothing that is violent can be lasting ; and therefore that it is impossible that such hot mettled Horses can be tough and hard at bottom , this I conceive may be but a popular Errour ; for I have sometimes seen by Art those two Qualities reconciled , at least so far , as to make the most Fiery Horse managable , and to endure both Whip and Spur ; and then tho he should not prove at bottom so truly tough as the craving Drudge , yet by his Riders management his Speed shall answer it in all points and serve in its stead ; But to return to my Subject .. The best way to Match such a Horse is to agree to run Train-scents and the fewer the better for you , before you come to the Course : Also in these Train-scents the shorter you make your distance the better : and above all things be sure agree to have the leading of the first Trayn , and then making choice of such grounds as your Horse may best shew his Speed , and the Fleetest Doggs you can procure , give your Hounds as much Law before you , as your Tryers will allow , and then making a loose try to win the Match with a Wind ; but if you faile in this attempt then Beare your Horse , and save him for the Course at last . But if your Horse be slow , yet well Winded , and a true Spurr'd Nagg ; then the more Trainscents you run before you come to run the straight Course the better . Observing here too , to gain the leading of the first Train , which in this case you must lead it upon such deep Earths that it may not end near any light Ground . For this is the Rule received among Horsemen that the next Train is to begin where the last ends , and the last train is to be ended at the starting Post o● the Course . Therefore observe to end your last on deep Earths as well as the first . In the next place have a care of making a Match of a suddain , and in Drink , for fear least you repent when you are Sober . Neither make a match against a Horse , which you do not know , without first consulting some skilfull or trusty Friend , on whose Iudgment and Honesty you can safely rely , and who is able to give a good Account of your Adversaries Horse's Speed and his manner of Riding ; and if you find him any ways correspondent to your own in speed or goodness be not too Peremptory to venture , but upon some reasonable probabilities of Winning : for t is neither Braggs nor Fancy that will make your Horse run one jot the better , or your Adversarys the worse : and remember this , that there is no Horse so good , but there may be another as good ; and then if you proceed on good Grounds , and true Iudgment , you may be the bolder to go on , and stand to your Match , notwithstanding the opinion of other men may be against you . One material Advise I had like to have forgot and that is this ; be sure at no time give advantage of Weight , for you will find the inconvenience of it at the latter end of the Day : for tho a Horse feel it not when he is fresh , yet it will sink him very much when he grows weak : a Horse-length lost by odds of Weight in the first Train , may prove a distance in the streight Course at last ; for the Weight is the same every Heat tho his strength be not . But if on the other side you gain any advantage of Weight , article that the Horseman shall ride so much weight as you are agreed on , besides the Saddle , for by this means the Rider ( if he be not weight of him self ) must carry the dead weight somewhere about him , which will be troublesome to the Rider as well as the Horse ; and the more to the latter , since t is more remote from his Back then if it were in the Saddle , and by consequence will more disorder his stroke if the Rider incline to either side then if it were nearer the Center ; as you may see by a pair of Scales , where if the Pin be not placed exactly in the midst of the Beam , the longest part ( as being most distant from the Center ) will be the heaviest . Now as to the time that you take for dyeting , that must be according to the Nature of your Horse , and the present state of Body he is in ; for tho he may be clean enough for ordinary Hunting , yet he may be far distant from that perfect State of Body , that is required in a Match , and to keep him in such strict Dyet all the Season , ( except on such extraordinary Occasions ) would be an unnecessary Expence . As to your Horses Disposition for Running , you must know it by use and Observation , for in this Point Horses very much differ , for some run best when they are high in case , others when they are in middle Condition of Flesh , and some again when they appear to the Eye Poor , and Low in Flesh ; there fore according to your Horses Nature , and the time required to bring him into his best State , you must order your day for the tryal of your Match to be . But if you design to put him in for some Hunting Plate ; there neither the choice of your Ground , the Weight , nor the Horses you are to run against are at your disposal , but you must take them as you find them ; only the time for b●inging your Horse into a good Condition is at your own discretion , since you may begin as soon or as late as you please to keep him in strict Dyet , the time for all Plates being usually sixt , and annually the same . CHAP. IX . Of the Ordering the Hunter , for a Match or a Plate . WHen you have either Matcht your Horse , or entertained thoughts of putting him in for a Plate , you must consider that you ought to reserve a Month at the least , to draw his Body perfectly clean , and to resine his Wind to that degree of perfection which Art is capable of attaining to . First then you must take an exact view of the State of his Body ; both outwardly and inwardly ● as whether he be low or high in Flesh , or whether he be dull and Heavy when abroad , and this occasioned through too much hard riding , or through some Grease that by hunting has been dissolved , but for want of a scowring has not been removed . If he appear sluggish and Melancholy from either of these causes , than give him half an Ounce of Diapente in a pint of good old Malligo Sack , which will both cleanse his Body , and revive his Spirits : and then for the first week you shall feed him continually with Bread , Oats and split Beans , giving him sometimes the one and sometimes the other , according as h● likes , always leaving some in his Locker to eat at his own leisure when you are absent ; and when you return at your Hours of Feeding to take away what is left , and to give him fresh till you have made him wanton and playfull . To which end you shall observe that though you ride him every day morning and evening on Airing , and every other day on Hunting , yet you are not to sweat him , or put him to any violent Labour , the design this week being to keep him in Wind and Breath , and to prevent pursiveness . But you are to observe that both your Oats , Beans and Bread are to be now ordered after another manner then you did before , for first you must dry your Oats well in the Sun , then put them into a clean , Bag and beat them soundly with a Flail or Cudgel , till ●ou think th●y are hulled ; then take them out of the bagg and winnow them clean both from hulls and dust and so give them to your Horse as you have occasion . Your Beans in like mann●r must be separated from the hulls which are apt to breed Glut , and must either be thrown away or given amongst chaf to some more ordinary Horse . And for your Bread whereas before you only chipt it , now you must cut the Crust clean away , and dispose of it as you please ; for t is hard of digestion , and will be apt to heat and dry his Body . And now that you are to put him into stricter keeping , you are to make a finer sort of Bread then before , as thus ; Take two Pecks of Beans , and two of Wheat , and grind them together , but not too fine , to prevent too much Bran being in the Bread ; and dress one Peck of the Meal through a ●ine Range , and knead it up with new Ale-Barm , and the Whites of a dozen new layd Eggs , and so bake it in a Loaf by it self , and the rest dress through a Boulter , and knead it only with Ale and Barm ; and use it in all other points as the former : Now the Peck-loaf is to be given your Horse when you set him , and the other at ordinary times . This Bread assists Nature much in increasing the Strength , Courage and Wind of your Horse , provided you add thereto ( as I have always told you ) true Labour , as any Bread whatsoever ; nay even as either of M. De-Greys sorts of Bread , which he mentions in his Compleat Horseman 4 0 p. 232. ed. 4 0 especially his last , which he says is better Bread , and a greater Cooler ; and which he prescribes to make thus , Take Wheat Meal one Peck , Rye-meal , Beans and Oat-meal , all ground very small , of each half a Peck , Aniseeds , and Licorish , of each one Ounce , White Sugar-Candy four Ounces all in fine Powder , the yolks and whites of Twenty Eggs well beaten , and so much VVhite-wine as will knead it into a Paste , make this into great Loaves , bake them well , and after they be two or three days old , let him eat of this Bread , but chip away the Out side . Now the Reason why I have cited this is , because I have heard several ( who would be thought knowing Horsemen ) applaud this very Bread beyond any other to be met with in any Book , tho for my part I can find nothing excellent in the whole Composition . For first Oat-meal tho it be strong , yet it is a dry grain , hard of digestion , and a great dryer up of the Blood. The Wheat is of a drying quality likewise , tho it be light ; for the Aniseed and Licorish , they are not only Physical but hot also ; so that the Body becomes over heated , and thereby costive . And yet these People will not be perswaded , but these Drugs will make him long-winded ; possibly they might assist him in Neighing , as some men say it doth Songsters in Vocal Musick , wherein there is no Exercise of the Body used ; but where bodily strength is required , I am apt to believe it more prejudicial than pro●itable . But here some will object that there is Rye and Beanes both which are moist●ing ; especially the Rye wh●ch is both cold and moyst , and is the very reason De Grey himself gives why he put Rye into his latter Bread , because ( says he ) Rye is a Loosner and a Cooler , and therefore it will make the Horse more soluble . I have already said , that if his Body have Feeding proportionate to his Labour , the Horse will continue in a right state ●f Health . Yet since he is hot by Nature , and Labour might increase his natural Heat , and render him costive , therefore I have all along prescrib'd him Rye-bread alone as Physical . But here let the Horse be in what condition soever , whether bound in his body or laxative , yet Rye being a part of your Bread , ●our Horse must continually feed thereon , which has this undeniable disadvantage , that if he be loose in his body , this Bread ( to use de Grey's own words ) will make him more soluble . And now whilst I am discoursing of Horsebread , I cannot be condemn another curiosity in some Feeders , who think , by dressing their Meal to the utmost degree of Fineness they do wonders , and that such pure Food must of necessity bring him to the greatest perfection imaginable both of Body and Wind. But in this point I think they are deceiv'd , for the Meal being dress'd so very fine , nothing remains but the quintessence of it ; which tho it be lightned by Barm and Whites of Eggs , yet when it is above a day old t will begin to harden , ( as may be observ'd by Manchet ) and especially if Oatmeal be in it , by reason of its drying quality , whereby it will not be so easie of digestion , as it would be otherwise if it had no Bran in it ; and by consequence will be more apt to oppress his Stomach , if he be heated , before it be throughly digested , and so breed raw crudities , and an in●lammation of the blood , and by that means hazard a Sur●eit , than which nothing can be of worse consequence to a Horse that is match'd . And therefore t is that I advise , that your Horse-bread should only be made of Wheat and Beans , and that it should not be dress'd too fine , nor too course , but so , as that there may be neither so much Bran left as to annoy the blood , nor so little as to make your Bread too close and solid ; but you may leave some on purpose to scowr the Maw , and further your Horses Digestion . And thus much by way of Digression . Having spoken to the first condition of Horses which we propos'd , viz. melancholly , and low in flesh , we are now to speak of those which are brisk and lively ; which if your Horse be so , that when you lead him out of the Stable he will leap and play about you , then you must not only avoid giving him the Scowring last mention'd of Sack and Diapente , but any other whatsoever : for there being no foul Humours , or any super●luous matter left in his body for the Physick to work on , it will prey upon the strength of his body , and by that means weaken it , which it must be your utmost endeavour to preserve by full Feeding and sound Labour , which will necessarily produce a perfect Wind , which is the Support of Strength , for when his Wind once fails , his Strength avails nothing . As to the manner of it , if your Horse be ingag'd in a Hunting-match , you shall sweat him twice this week , but not by hunting him after the Hare , as formerly , but by Train-scents , since the former on this Occasion may prove deceitful ; for tho the Hounds be very swift , yet the Scent being cold the Dogs will often be at fault , and by that means the Horse will have many Sobs , so that when he comes to run Train-scents in earnest your Horse will look for ease , his Wind being not so perfect as in Art it ought to be . Therefore lead your Train-scents with a dead Cat over such Grounds as you are likely to run on and best agrees with yous Horses Humour , and be sure make choice of the Fleetest hounds you can get , and then your Horse will be kept up to the hight of his speed . As to the Number of Train-scents that you are to ride at a time , ●hat you must order according to your Match , or ( which is better ) according to your Horse's strength , and ability for performing his Heats . For if you labour him beyond his strength , t will take him off his speed , weaken his Limbs , and daunt his Spirit . If you give him too little Exercise , it will give opportunity for pursiveness and ill humours , as Glut , &c. to increase in him , and gain in him a habit of Laziness , that when he comes to be put to labour above his usual rate , he will grow restiff , and settle like a Iade , either of which will redound to your discredit , and therefore it must be from your own knowledge in the state of his Body , and not from any general Directions in writing , that you must steer your Course Only this Direction may be given you , that if you are to run Eight Train-scents and the straight Course , more or less , you are to put him to such severe labour not above twice in your whole Months keeping ; and and if it be in the first Fortnight , t will be the better , for then he will have a compleat Fortnight to recover his strength again ; and for his labour in his last Fortnight , let it be proportionate to his strength and wind , as sometimes half his Task , and then three parts of it . Only observe , that the last Tryal you make in the first Fortnight be a Train-scent more than your Match , for by that means you will find what he is able to do . And for the proportion of his Exercise , twice a week ( as I have already said ) is sufficient to keep him in breath , and yet will not diminish or injure his Vigour . But if your Hunting-match be to run sewer Train-scents , then you may put him to his whole Task the oftner , according as you find him in condition ; only observe that you are not to strain him for Ten daies at least before he ride his Match , that he may be led into the Field in perfect strength and vigour . If you intend him for a Plate , let him take his Heats according to this Direction , only let it be on the Place , that he may be acquainted with the Ground ; and as for the Hounds you may omit them , as not being ty'd to their speed , but that of your Adversaries Horse's . But as to your Number of Heats , let them be according to what the Articles exact ; only observe that as to the sharpness of them , they must be regulated according to the temper of his strength , and the purity of his Wind. And when you heat him provide some Horses upon the Course to run at him , which will quicken his spirits , and encourage him , when he finds he can command them at his pleasure . And here too the same Rule must be observed , not to give your Horse a Bloody heat for Ten daies or a Fortnight before the Plate be to be run for : And let his last be●t which you give him before the day of Tryal be in all his Cloathes , and just skelp it over ; which will make him run the next time much more vigorously , when he shall be stript naked , and feel the cold Air pierce him . But now that I am speaking of sweating , it may be expected that I should lay down some Rules how to order a Horse that is in keeping for a Match in Frosty weather , or in case he be an old strain'd Horse , so that you dare not heat him in hard weather , for fear of Lameing him a fresh . In these cases some Horsemen have practic'd sweating their Horse in the House , by laying on him multiplicity of Cloathes , being first made hot at the Fire ; which is the most unnatural way of sweating a Horse that can be , since 't is provok'd by heat arising from the outward parts , and is too violent , the extreamity of the heat joyn'd to the weight of the Cloathes , not only weakning , but almost smothering him . The next way in use , is to give him his Heat a●road , as I just now mention'd in his Cloathes , but this too is not so natural and kindly , as without his Cloathes , since here too the heat is augmented from without , and consequently abates his strength the more , and yet doth not altogether so well improve his Wind. Therefore if either you have a Horse that has been strain'd , or otherwise the weather be unseasonable , find out some dead Iog , or sandy way , though of but half a Miles length , and there breath your horse till he sweat as you would have him . I remember to have heard of a Gentleman having match'd his horse for a very considerable summ ; and the weather proving hard , took this course to keep his horse in breath ; he caused Straw , and foul Litter to be spread all along round an adjoyning Close , and every morning his Servnats shook it up and turn'd it , to keep it hollow and soft , and then the Horse was had forth to gallop on it after his Water , and by this meanes kept his Horse in tollerable Wind. Now during this Month both on his Resting-daies , and after his sweats on Heating-daies , you are to observe the same Rules which you were taught in the first week of your Third Fortnights Keeping ; only you are to omit all scourings , but Rye-bre●d and Mashes ; since your Horse being in so perfect a state of Body has no need of any . Only if you think there may be any occasion , and that your Horse prove Thirsty , about Eight or Nine a Clock at Night you may give him this ●ulip to cool him and quench his Thirst. Take Barly-water Two Quarts : of Syrrup of Violets 3 Ounces , of Syrrup of Lemmons 2 Ounces , mix them together , and give them to your Horse to drink ; if he refuse , fasten it from falling as you did the Mash , and so let it stand by him all Night . During the last Fortnight , you must not only dry your Oats , and hull them by beating , but likewise take half a Strike of Oats and wash them in the Whites of a dozen or twenty Eggs , and stirring them therein let them soke all Night ; then the next Morning take them and spread them abroad in the Sun , till they be as dry as at first , and so give them to your Horse , and when they are spent prepare more in the same manner . This Food is light of Digestion , and very sovereign for his Wind. ●is Beans must be order'd as before , only give them not so frequently , if he will eat his Oats without them ; and for his Bread this Fortnight let it be three parts Wheat to one of Beans , and let it be ordered as before directed . And likewise if you find him inclin'd to costiveness forget not to relieve Nature by giving him Oats wash'd in two or three Whites of Eggs and Ale beat together ; for that , as I have told you already , will cool his Body , and keep it moist . During the last Week omit giving him a Mash , only give the Barly-water as before ; but as to Hay let him have as much as he will eat ( which will not be much , if he have his fill of better food ) till a day before he is to ride his Match , but then you must hold your hand , that he may have time to diges● that which he has eaten , and then and not before you may muzzle him with your Cavezone ; and be sure that day , and so till the morning he is led out , to feed him as much as possible , for such a days Labour will require something to maintain strength . Therefore in the Morning , an hour before you are to lead out , give him a Tost or two of White-bread steept in Sack ● which will revive his Spirits , and so lead him into the Field . But if you are to run for a Plate , which usually is not till three a clock in the After-noon , then by all means have him out early in the morning to air , that he may empty his Body , and when h● is come in from Airing feed him with Tosts in Sack ; for you must consider , that as too much fulness will endanger his wind , so too long fasting will cause faintness . When he has ●aten what you think fit to give him , put on his Cavezone , and then having chaf'd his Legs soundly with Piece-grease and Brandy warm'd together , or Train-oyl , ( which ought likewise to be us'd daily at Noon for a Week ● before the Match , or longer if you see cause , ) shake up his Litter , and shutting up your Stable close , and preventing any Noise to be made near him , leave him to his Rest till the hour come that he is to go into the Field . As to platting his Main and Tail , shooing him with Plates , pit●hing his Saddle and Girths , and the like preparations , they are things which every Groom can instruct you in , and therefore I shall not trouble you with Rules concerning them , but in lieu thereof shall add some farther Directions how to judge of the State of your Horses Body , and if you find any thing amiss therein how to redress it . CHAP IX . Of the Means to judge of your Horses State of Body , and of curing all Casualties that may happen a●ter Matching . THere are several Observations to be made by you during your Dieting your Horse , which if you miscarry in , may be the loss of your Match , or your share in the Plate . Therefore , that you may know how to proceed regularly in this Ar● , I shall endeavour to summe them up . First then you are to observe his Chaule , his Ribs , and his Flank , according to the Rules formerly laid down ; for if he be clean within , he will also be clean there ; but yet he may feel clean there , when he is not clean within ; and therefore those Grooms are very conceited , who upon their first view of a Horse and handling of his Flank , pronounce him to be in a true state of Body ; for gentle Airing , warm Cloathing , scanty Feeding , may disperse the gross Fat and Glut , and drive it from the outward parts , so that he may appear clean , when in reality he is not so : and therefore you are only a competent Iudg , who know how he was cleansed . Therefore you are to observe , first , whether in all points you have proceeded according to Art in his Training ; as whether he performs his Heats with vigor aud true courage , whether he have been all along home-fed , whether you have not suffer'd pursi●eness to increase by too little labour , or abated his Flesh and strength by too much . These things are the very grounds of Keeping , and therefore ought to be scan'd and consider'd with judgment . Next you are to observe his manner of Feeding , as whether he holds his Appetite or no ; and observe what sort of Food he likes best , and of that give him oftenest ; and in case his stomach abate , keep him out longer Morning and Night , at his airings . In like manner you must observe his Dung , which tho it be as fallacious oftentimes as a Sick-man's Water , it being liable to alteration on the change of Dyet , or being influenc'd by the air , yet being clean and in health it will usually be a pale yellow colour , and be voided in round Pellets ; but if it be loose , and soft , it is an infallible sign of weakness , and therefore must by good Feeding be remedied as soon as possible . But if it be hard and dry , so that he cannot dung but with difficulty and straining , then you must endeavour to relieve Nature , but not with scowrings , which would weaken too much , but rather chuse to give him this Glister , which will both cool and refresh him . Take a Quart of Whey , of Syrrup of Violets , and Pulpe of Cassia , of each Four Ounces and of Manna half an Ounce ; this will Purge him gently , and is most excellent to cool his Bowels . The next thing to be considered is Lamness , which if it proceed from old strains you must make use of this Oyntment , which I have several times experimented with good success . Take a fresh Butter , Oyle of Bayes , Dialthea , and Turpentine of each Two Ounces , mix and boyle them together on a soft fire , and when they are well incorporated , as hot as the Horse can suffer it , annoint the Horse twice a day , and give him exercise , by Airing him abroad Morning and Evening a foot pace , and you will find it a certain Remedy for any Strain in the Shoulder● Clap on the back sinews , or any gri●f what soever , that proceeds from Strains . But if you only fear Lameness from Old Strains , then you must be careful that your Exercise be moderate , and alwaies when you come in from Water and his Legs are rub'd dry , annoint them with such supple Oyntments , as are accounted good for the Limbs , as Linseed , Train , Sheepsfoot , Neatsfoot , Nerve-Oyle and the like ; all which may be used on his daies of Rest , but on his heating daies Vrine and Salt-Peter . Some Horsemen make use of Brandie and Sallet Oyl mix'd , and bathe his Legs , and afterwards heat it in with a hot Iron , and commend it as the best thing for the Limbs of an Old s●if● Horse . But if your Horse through Negligence , or any casualtie happen to have the Grease fall into his Heels , you must endeavour ro remove it by a good sound heat , and a scowring after it , and apply to his Legs this Poultiss . Take of Honey a Pound , of Turpentine , common Gum , Meal of Linseed , and the Meal of Fenugreek , of each 4 Ounces , and the Powder of Bay●berries well sea●ch'd 3 Ounces , mix and boyle all these well together ; then take it off , and put to it a Pint of White-wine , then boyle it again , till it be very thick : and with this , as hot as the Horse can suffer it , lap his legs about Plaister-wise , and renew it only once in three daies , and it will certainly bring his Legs within compass● If your Horses Feet be bad , either surbated ● or foundred , then instead of Cow-dung , you may stop them with blew-clay and Vinegar temperd together , and on his Heating-daies at Night stop them with grey-sope , and keep it in with a peice of an old Shoo-sole . If your Horse be troubled with any Dose in his head give him Mustard-seed amongst his Provender , but if it be a worse Cold , which you will perceive by his Ratling , then give him this Lambitive , or Electuary . Take of Honey and Treacle , each half a Pound , having mixt these together , add to them Powder of Cumminseed , Liquorish , Bay-berries , Anniseeds , each an Ounce , mix all these together , and put them to the Honey and Treakle , which will make it of a thick consistance . If your horse hath a Cold , instead of his Oates before Water , give him the quantity of a Walnut of this Lambitive on the top of a stick or in a Spoon , and let him lick it off ; and the same do after Airing , when first you come in , and you will find the advantage of it . These at present are all the Inconveniencies that I can call to mind , which are lyable to Hunters , or Gallopers in their Keeping ; and tho through inadvertency , or want of memory I should have omitted any , yet from these Grounds , you may form your Remedies for any common Accident or Distemper ; and now that we draw near to the Match-day , and the End of our Discourse , we will only discuss some few Rules relating to the Tryal of the Hunting Match . I mean Rules to be observed in Riding , and so conclude . CHAP. X. Of riding a Hunting-Match , or Heats for a Plate , and the Advantages belonging to each . I Have endeavoured to shew the Necessity and the Manner of Training and Dieting Horses , but this alone is not sufficient to the winning of either Match or Plate without a knowing and an honest Rider , and a skilful Iudge or Tryer be joyn'd thereto ; but since no man is sitter to ride the Horse than he that has the training of him , I shall lay down some general Rules how to ride to the best Advantage either a Hunting-Match , or three Heats and a Course for a Plate . The first Requisite in a Rider , next to faithfulness in his Trust , is to have a good close Seat , his Knees being held firm to his Saddle-skirts , his Toes turn●d inward and his Spurs outward from the Horses sides , his left hand governing his Horses Mouth , and his right commanding his Wh●p ; observing during all the Tryal throughout to sit firm in his Saddle , without waving , or standing up in his Stirrops , which very much incommodes the Horse , notwithstanding the conceited Opinion of some Iockeys that it is a becoming Seat. When you spur your Horse , strike him not hard with the Calves of your Legs , as if you would beat the wind out of his body , bust just turn your Toes outwards , and bring the Spurs quick to his sides ; and such a sharp stroke will be more serviceable to the quickning of your Horse , and sooner draw blood . Be sure not to spur yonr Horse but when there is occasion , and avoid spurring him under the fore-bowels , between his Shoulders , and his Girths near the Heart ( which is the tend'rest place ) till the last Extremity . When you whip your Horse let it be over the shoulder on the near side , except upon hard running , and when you are at all ; then be sure with a strong jerk to strike your Horse in the Flank , for there the skin is tender'st , and most sensible of the Lash ● Observe when you whip or spur your Horse , and that you are certain he is at the top of his speed , if then he clap his Ears in his Pole , or whisk his Tail , be sure that you bear him hard , and give him as much comfort as ever you can , by sawing his Snaffle to and fro in his Mouth , and by that means forcing him to open his Mouth , which will comfort him , and give him wind . If there be any high wind stirring when you ride , observe if it be in your Face to let your Adversary lead , and to hold hard behind him till you see your opportunity of giving a Loose ; yet you must observe to ride so close to him , that his Horse may break the Wind from yours , and that you by stooping low in your Seat may shelter your self under him , which will assist the strength of your Horse . But if the Wind be in your Back , ride exactly behind him , that your Horse may alone enjoy the benefit of the Wind , by being as it were blown forward , and by breaking it from him as much as you can possible . Next observe what Ground your Horse delights to run best on , bearing your Horse ( as much as your Adversary will give you leave ) on level Carpet-ground , because your Horse naturally will be desirous to spend himself more freely thereon . But on deep Earths &c. give him more liberty , because he will naturally favour himself thereupon . Be sure , if you are to run up hill , to favour your Horse and bear him , for fear of running him out of wind ; but down hill , ( if your Horses Feet and Shoulders will endure it , and you dare venture your own Neck ) always give him a Loose . Only take this for a general Rule , that if you find your Horse to have the Heels of the other , that then you be careful to preserve his Speed till the last Train-scent , if you are not to run a straight Course , but i● so , then till the Course , & so to husband it then too , that you may be able to make a Push for it at the last Post. Next you are to observe the nature of your Opposites Horse , and if he be fiery , then to run just behind , or just cheek by joul , and with your Whip make as much noise as you can , that you may force him on faster then his Rider would have him , and by that means Spend him the sooner . Or else keep just before him upon such a slow Gallop , that he may either over reach or by treading on your Horses Heels ( if he will not take the leading ) endanger falling over . Observe on what ground the contrary Horse runs worst and on that Earth be sure to give a loose that your Adversaries being forced to follow you , may hazzard stumbling , or clapping on the back Sinnws . Observe likewise in your Riding the several Helps and Corrections of the Hand the Whip and the Spur , and when and how oft●n he makes use of th●m ; and when you perceive that his Horse begins to be blown by any of the former Sy●ptoms , as Whisking his Tail , clapping down his Ears , holding out his Nose like a Pig &c. you may then take it for granted that he is at the top of what he can do ; therefore in this case observe how your own rides , and if he run cheerfully and strongly without Spurring , then be sure keep your Adversary to the same speed without giving him ease and by that means you will quickly bring him to give out , or else distance him . Observe at the End of every Train-sent what Condition the other Horse is in ; and how he holds out in his Labour ; which you may be able to give a judgment of by his Looks , the Working of his Flank , and the slackness of his Girths . For if h● look dull t is a sign his Spirits fail him ; if his Flanks beat much , t is a token that his Wind begins to fail him , and then of necess●ity his Strength must too . If his Wind fail him , then his Body will grow thin and appear tuckt up , which will make his Girths appear slack to the Eye . And therefore take this for a Rule that there is no greater Sign of Weakness then this which I have last mentioned ; so that if your Adversaries Horse want girting after the first Scent , provided he were close-girt at his first starting , you need not much dispair of winning your Wager . When each Train-scent is ended ( and so likewise after every Heat for a Plate ) you must have dry Straw , and dry Cloaths both Linnen and Woollen which have been steep'd in Vrine and Salt-Peter a day , or two , and then dryed in the Sun ; and likewise one , or two of each which have been so steeped , must be brought wet into the Field ; and after the Train is ended you must have two or three Hel●ers , and after your Groom has with a Knife of Heat ( as the D. of New-Castle calls it ) which is an old piece of a Sword blade , scrapt off all the Sweat from your Horses Neck , Body &c. you must see that they first with Straw , and then with their dry Cloaths rub him dry all over , whilst others are employed about his Leggs ; and as soon as they are rub'd dry then chafe them with your wet cloaths , and never give over till you are called by the Iudges to start again . This will keep his Joynts plyant and nimble , and prevent any inflammation which might arise from any old Strai● . The next thing to be considered is the Iudges , or Tryers Office , which is to see that all things are ordered according to the Articles , which to that end ought to be publickly read before the Horses Start. Next that each Tryer on whose side the Train is to be led , according to the Articles give directions ●or its leading according to the advise of the Rider , or his Knowledge of the Nature and Dispos●●ion of that Horse on whose side he is Chose . Next that each Tryer be so advantageously M●●●●ed , as to ride up behind the Horses , ( but not upon them ) all day ; and to observe that the Contrary Horse ride his True-ground , and observe the Articles in every particular , or else not to permit him to pr●ceed . Next that after each Train-scent be ended , each Tryer look to that Horse against whom he is chosen , and observe that he be in ways reliev'd but with rubbing , except Liberty on both sides be given to the contrary . Next , as soon as the time which is allow'd for rubbing be expired , which is generally half an hour , they shall comm●nd them to mo●●● , an● if either Rider refuse , it may be lawful for the other to 〈◊〉 without him , and having ●ea● him the distance agreed on , the Wager is to be adjudg'd on his side . Next , the Tryers shall keep off all other Horses from crossing the Riders , or leading them ; only they themselves may be allow'd to instr●●t the Riders by word of mouth how to ride , whether slow , or fast , according to the Advantages he perceives may be gain'd by his Directions . Lastly , if there be any weight agreed on , they shall see that both Horses bring their true weight to the starting place , and carry it to the end of the Train , on penalty of losing the Wager . The same Rules are to be observ'd ( especially this last ) by those Gentlemen which are chosen to be Iudges , at a Race for a Plate ; onely they usually stay in the Stand , that they may the better see which Horse wins the ●eat . Now for running for a Plate , there are not so many Observations to be made , nor more Directions requir'd than what have been already mention'd ; onely this , that if you know your Horse to be tough at bottom ● and that he will stick at mark , to ride him each Heat according to the best of his performance , and avoid as much as possible either riding at any particular Horse , or staying for any , but to ride each Heat thro●●●out with the best speed you can . But if you have a very ●●ery Horse to manage , or one that is hard-mouth'd , and difficult to be held , then start behind the rest of the Horses with all the coolness and gentleness imaginable● and when you find your Horse to begin to ride at some command , then p●t up to the other Horses , and if you ●ind they ride 〈◊〉 their Ease , and are hard held , then endeavour to draw them on faster ; but if you find their Wind begin to rake hot , and that they want a Sob , ●f your own Horse ●e in wind , and you have a Loose in your hand , keep them up to their speed , till you come within three quarters of a Mile of the End of the Heat ; and then give a Loose , and push for it , and leave ●o Fortune and your Horses Goodness the Event of your Success . Many more Rules there are which may not occur at present to my memory , and others which I purposely omit ; but those may serve the honest Iockey , and for the others which relate to Foul-play , as crossing , ●●nging ●n the Posts , leaning on the other Horseman , yoking ● &c. I desire not to instruct any one in them , and could wish that they might never be made use of , but be ●holly relinquish'd by all honest Horsemen . Lastly , when either your Hunting-Match , or your Tryal for the 〈◊〉 is ended , as soon as you have rubb'd your Horse dry , yo● shall 〈◊〉 him ●p , and ride him home , where the first thing you give him shall be this Drink to comfort him . Take a Pint and a half of sweet Milk , and put three Yolks of Eggs beaten into it ; then make it luke-warm , and put in three penny-worth of Saffron , and three Spoonfuls of Sallet-oyl , and give it him in a Horn. When this is done dress him slightly over with your Curry Comb , Brush , and Woollen Cloth ; and then bath the place where the Saddle stood with warm Sack to prevent Warbles , and wash the Spurring-places with Piss and Salt , and then afterwards annoint them with Turpentin● and Powder of Iet mix'd together ; and be sure let the Sta●le I 〈◊〉 very well litter'd ; and then cloath him up with all speed , and so let him stand two hours . Then feed him with Rye-bread , after that with a very good Mash : then give him his Belly full of Hay , and what Corn or Bread he will eat . Then but he his Legs well with Vrine and S●lt-pe●er , leave him Corn in his Locker , and so let him rest till the next Morning ; at which time order him as before directed in his days of Rest. Thus I have imparted to the ●ublick what my own Experience has taught me , relating to this part of Horsemanship . I desire no Person to rely on it further then they shall find it advantageous upon Pra●tice and Tryal . If others more skilful would be as free to communicate their Observations on this Subject , this profitable part of Knowledge might then perhaps be improv'd to perfection . The giving a Specimen 〈◊〉 all that is here design'd . If the Reader finds any Errors , he is desir'd either to pardon or 〈◊〉 them . To those that either know no better , or want other● Helps , this possibly may prove no 〈◊〉 piece of Service . ERRATA . Pag. 15. l. 19. for rot read moot . p. 22. l. 22. for lyare r. lya●●● p. ●● . l. 3. 〈◊〉 Dose ●● Pose . 〈…〉 p. 47. ● . 1. for to 〈…〉 &c. in 〈…〉 , r. him● and s● 〈◊〉 him by 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 p. 51. l. 2● . for Da●●● . Palc. p. ●● . l. ● . for so 〈…〉 . FINIS . 
A51971	----	The perfect horseman, or, The experienced secrets of Mr. Markham's fifty years practice shewing how a man may come to be a general horseman, by the knowledge of these seven offices, viz. the breeder, feeder, ambler, rider, keeper, buyer, farrier / and now published by Lancelot Thetford, practitioner in the same art for the space of forty years. Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A51971 of text R20972 in the English Short Title Catalog (Wing M671). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread Approx. 220 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 96 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. EarlyPrint Project Evanston,IL, Notre Dame, IN, St. Louis, MO 2017 A51971 Wing M671 ESTC R20972 12226102 ocm 12226102 56504 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A51971) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 56504) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 607:9) The perfect horseman, or, The experienced secrets of Mr. Markham's fifty years practice shewing how a man may come to be a general horseman, by the knowledge of these seven offices, viz. the breeder, feeder, ambler, rider, keeper, buyer, farrier / and now published by Lancelot Thetford, practitioner in the same art for the space of forty years. Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637. Thetford, Lancelot. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A51971 of text R20972 in the English Short Title Catalog (Wing M671). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread [15], 175 p., 1 leaf of plates. Printed for Humphrey Moseley ..., London : 1656. Added t.p. engraved. Reproduction of original in Huntington Library. eng Horses. Horses -- Diseases. Horsemanship. A51971 R20972 (Wing M671). civilwar no The perfect horseman: or The experienced secrets of Mr. Markham's fifty years practice. Shewing how a man may come to be a general horseman, Markham, Gervase 1656 41492 371 0 0 0 0 0 89 D The rate of 89 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the D category of texts with between 35 and 100 defects per 10,000 words. 2005-06 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2005-06 Apex CoVantage Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2005-07 Emma (Leeson) Huber Sampled and proofread 2005-07 Emma (Leeson) Huber Text and markup reviewed and edited 2005-10 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion The Perfect HORSEMAN Or the Experienc'd SECRETS of Mr. MARKHAMS 50. Years PRACTICE THE PERFECT HORSEMAN ▪ OR THE Experienced SECRETS OF Mr. MARKHAM'S Fifty Years Practice . Shewing how a man may come to be a General Horseman , By the knowledge of these Seven Offices ; VIZ. The BREEDER , FEEDER , AMBLER , RIDER , KEEPER , BUYER , FARRIER . And now Published by Lancelot Thetford , Practitioner in the same Art for the space of Forty Years . The Second Edition . LONDON . Printed for Humphrey Moseley , at the Prince's Arms in St. Pauls Church-yard . 1656. TO THE READER . WEre not this the Of spring of a long Conception , and ( after above fifty years Experience ) fitted for the birth , I would not now produce it into the World , since so many of the same kind have already crept in before it , that this can scarce expect the least portion of your Acceptation : Yet when I tell you , that ( notwithstanding all Mr MARKHAMS Promises in his former Bookes to lay open his Cabinet Councels ) you shall here find many most Rare Secrets of his , and yet not so much his own , as his most intimate Friends , The Publisher her●of , to whom as a Legacy , he bequeathed them , and by whom since , for his private use and experience , and with most approved success , they have been practised for above Forty years : For there is no part of HORSEMANSHIP , either for the Theorick or Practick , but is here exactly discovered : For Breeding , here is the manner how , the season when , the place where , together with the Colours , Marks and Shapes , as well of Stallions as Mares . The Feeder , Rider , Keeper , Ambler and Buyer , have here their most particular Instructions ; but above all , the Farrier ( be he never so skilful ) may hereby perfect his knowledg , and inrich himself . But whoever thou bee'st that buyest it , whether for thy pleasure or profit , if thou art pleased , I have my ends . Farewel . A TABLE Of the things handled in the OFFICE OF THE BREEDER . OBservations in the breeding of horses . page 1 Choice of grounds , 2 Change of grounds , 3 Choice of Stallions and Mares , ibid : The Age of Stallions , &c. 5 When to put Horse and Mares together , 6 When Mares are fit for Horse , 7 How to put them together , ibid. How many Mares for one Horse , 8 Ordering after covering , 9 To help Mares in foaling , ibid. How long Foals to run , &c. 10 To know true shape , height and spirit , 11 To know goodness , &c. 12 Of weaning , ibid. Separating , 13 Guelding , ibid. Taming , 14 Breaking , ibid. Colting . 15 A Table of the Rider . OBservations in Riding , page 17 Times to handle Colts , ibid. When to Sadle , 19 Mounting , ibid. Backing ; 21 Helps at the first Backing , 22 What lessons for what horse , 23 Helps and Corrections , 24 Rod , ibid. Bit , ibid. Calves of the legs , 25 Stirrop , ibid. Spur , ibid. Ground , 26 Large Rings , ibid. Stopping , 28 Advancing , ibid , Retiring , 29 Biting , ibid : Strait turns and turnings , 30 The first strait turn , 30 Another strait turn , 33 To help an ill rain , or a run-away Jade , &c. 34 The help , ibid. Another help for inconstant carriage , 35 How any Lady may spur her horse as well as any man , yet unperceived , 36 A Table of the Feeder . AN Introduction to the work , touching the limitation of time for preparing the running Horse , page 39 The first ordering of the running Horse according to the several estates of Bodies , 46 The first fortnights feeding , 49 Four considerations in Heats , 57 The second fortnights feeding , 58 The first Bread , 59 The first scouring , 65 Ordering after the scouring , ibid. The third fortnights feeding , 69 The second Breed , ibid The fourth fortnights feeding , 70 The last Breed . ibid. Certain observations and advantages , &c. 35 Observe meat and drink , 76 For Lameness , 77 From the estate of the body , ibid. From the prime parts , 78 For Limbes , 79 For Water , ibid : For ground to run on , 80 From Sweat , 81 From the Hayre , ibid. A Table of the Keeper . To keep an Horse for pleasure , hunting or travelling , &c. 83 Dressing and watering , ibid. Ordinary keeping , 85 Keeping in travel or sport , 86 Of Heats , 87 Ordering after labour , 88 Some especial precepts , ibid. Of washing and walkings , 89 A Table of the Ambler . OBservations in Ambling , 91 Mens Opinions and Errors , ibid. Ambling by the ploughed Field , 92 By Gallop , 93 Weights , ibid. Not Ridden , 94 By Shooes , 95 By Lists , ibid. By the Hund , 96 By Tramell , 97 Errors in the Tramel , 98 The best way , 1●0 The form of the Tramel , ibid. The true use of the true Tramel , 103 When to alter the Tramel , 104 When to mount , &c. 105 When to journey , &c. 106 A Table of the Buyer . OF all the Perfections and Imperfections in an Horse , 109 Observations in Buying , ib. The end , 110 Election divided , 111 The first rule , ibid Breed , ibid Colour , 112 Paces , ibid Stature , 115 Second rule , ibid How to view , 116 Ears , Face , ibid Eyes Cheeks , 117. 118. Nostrils , Teeth , 119 Brest , Forethighs , knees 120 Legs , Pasterns , 121 Hoofs , 122 Crest , Main , 123 Back , Ribs , &c. ibid , Buttocks , 124 Hind-thighs , 125 Hind-legs , ibid Tail , 126 To know age , ibid A Table of the Farrier . SIgns of sickness , page 132 Of Dung , ibid Of Urin ; 134 Of Sickness , 135 Of Diahexaple , 137 The Vertues , ibid A drink to open , 136 Cordiall Balls ; ibid For Bottes , 141 Another , ibid A Purgation , 142 Laxativeness , ibid The stone , 143 Staling blood , ibd Cold and Coughs , 144 Another , ibid. Another , ibid. Another , ibid. Another , 146 A Cordial Powder , ibid. For colds and Canker in the nose , 147 For Glanders , ibid Another , 148 Another , ib. A scouring , 149 Outward Sorrances . Signs , 150 For the eyes , 153 Another , ib. Another , ib. Another , 154 The Mastar Medicine for all strains , 155 Another , ibid. Another , 156 Another , 157 Another , 158 Another , ib. Marks , 159 Sinews extended , ibid. Another , 160 A charge , ibid. For A●hes , 161 Gourded Leggs , ib. Another , 163 Another , ib. For Scratches , 164 Another , ibid. Another , ibid. For Splent , Spaven , 165 Another , 166 Wyngals , ibid. Pains , Mules , 167 Swiftcut , ibid. Maunge , 168 Another , ibid. Canker and Leprosie , 169 Affistula , &c ▪ ibid. A Fare , ibid. Another , 170 For a founder , &c. ibid. For Hoofs , 171 Another , 172 For Surbait , ibid. Quitterbone , ib. Another , 170 For a prick , ib. For Chaffing , 174 A General salv● , ibid. Sadle-Bruises , 172 Another , 173 To make hair to grow in bald places , 174 To stanch blood , ib. For enterfering , 175 To tame an unruly Horse , ib. FINIS . THE PERFECT HORSE-MAN . The office of the BREEDER . Observations in Breeding of HORSES . MEN may imagine I harp upon one string , or tread the old paths in which I walked in my first years . But let them not deceive themselves : the meanders and windings in which I now labour , are of a new discovery ; and howsoever I may now and then come under the same height , yet shall he that follows me find it so removed , that it shall bring him ● much neerer way to his journies end . For i● these short Essays I have striven only to amend mend errors overslipt before , and to acquaint my friends with all those uncontrollable experiments which I have found out since in forty years and more : And believe it , he is an ill Proficient that in such a time cannot find ( in the Art he professeth ) something worthy his friends acceptation . Therfore thus to my Breeder . Chóice of Grounds . The Grounds to breed on would be spatious , and not strait , for Horses joy not in Cages . There accommodate according to your Stock ; and though the more the merrier , yet the fewer the better fare . They would not be extreme fertile , nor extreme barren ; the golden mean is the best temper : yet to incline a little to hardness , is better then much rankness ; the one breeds health , the other disease . Let the Situation be ascending , the Air pure , the Laire dry , and the Foot-tread firm , no matter how rough or incertain ▪ As much Ground as will keep a Milch-Cow , will keep a Milch-Mare , and a great dealless when she is barren or unwrought . Change of Grounds . Again , as Change of Pasture makes fat Calves , so Alteration of Grounds raises gallant Colts . Therefore strive to have one Ground to foal in , another to summer in , and a third to winter in . The first to be without danger , the second not without shelter , and the third defended from storms and tempests by Trees , Hovel , Shed , Barn or Backstable , wherein may be stored winter-provision . Thus far for those which have ability . But for them which must breed for necessity , let his Yard , Back-side , or Stable serve to foal in , the white Corn-fields to summer in , and the Cratch or Stand-heck to winter at . Choice of Stallions and Mares Next the Change of Grounds , I place the Choice of Stallions and Mares , which is a Theme I have so oft written of , that I must needs refer the Curious to those larger Volumes , and only in this place say , That for as much as all men covet to be governed by their own passions , therefore I leave them to their own choice , and the end for which they breed ; yet advising them , that of those Races of which they make election , they choose the best and a blest , the highest spirited , the fairest coloured , and the finest shaped ; whether it be Neapolitan , Turk , Spaniard , Barbary , English , Dutch , Polander , French or German . And because it is impossible to finde out absolute perfection , I would have our Breeder to inform himself well of all the natural defects that can be found in the Stallion , and to amend them in the Mare that shall be joined with him ; and what is amiss in the Mare , to see it repaired in the Horse . For any singular election of Mares , the Breeder need not be too curious ; only observe , that if you can get true breed , you then pass by the bastard ; if you may have the the gentleman , never make use of the clown . But when you are tyed by necessity or compulsion , then see the mare have a good forehand , a large womb , sound limbs , fair colour , and good metal . For the rest , let nature alone , she is a brave Mistress . Now for those Breeders which look not so much into the breed and generation of the Horse , as into his actions and good dayes works ; accounting because he hath won such a wager , or beaten such a horse , therefore he must necessarily be an excellent Stallion : let them know they are deceived ; for this is no good consequence ; no more then if a robustrous strong skillfull Clown should give a weak unskilfull Gentlemen a fall , therefore all the Clown-breed should be excellent wrastlers . This can hold for no Maxim ; for I am perswaded , that let a Gentleman have either skill to encounter strength , or strength to encounter skill , there is no clown that can foil him . In like manner a Clown-horse by training , feeding , and riding , may beat a true bred horse ; but when they encounter upon equal terms , Truth will shew herself for a mistress . Therefore in this case of Breeding , get as neer as you can true Breed , and it will seldom or never bring forth Repentance . The Age of Stallions and Mares : A Horse may beget good Colts from four years old to fourteen ; after , he declineth : and a Mare may bring forth from three years old to thirteen , and then she decayeth : yet are neither utterly lost , but both may be made to serve for the same use a much longer season . Moderate labour is good for Breed of Mares , when they go over ; for it maketh them apt to take the horse , and soon to conceive . When to put Horse and Mare together . The absolute best time to put the horse and Mares together , is the beginning of March , provided there be strength and lust in both . For , the earlier the Foal falleth , finding no want or scarceness , the better Horse is ever produced : And so consequently from the beginning of May ; the Foals that fall after such a time cannot chuse but have imperfection in some condition . For they have two great enemies to encounter withal ( not before known ) which daily fall upon them , that is , Hunger and Cold , with which the early Foal hath been before familiar . There be some Horsemen which hold that the Lammas Foal proves ever an excellent Horse ; and I dissent not from it , where there is plenty and fulness of keeping ; for he knows the worst of Winter before Summer appear , and so may be good and hard ; but if he chance to be pinched with either , the smalnes of his statute will lessen his goodness , and his weakness make useless his hardness . The Lammas Foals are commonly known by many obscure feathers out of their own sights , as under their eyes , upon their necks , crests , and under their chaps . To conclude , it is not good to put the Horse to the Mares at all , till you find some ready , ( speaking of a general putting together ) for so the Horse loseth his strength unfruitfully , and she gets nothing but chasing and mischiefs . When Mares are fit for the Horse . To know when your Mares are ready ( if it be in a wild Stud ) observe their chasing and galloping up and down morning & evening , and their inconstancie of abiding in any one place , especially throwing their noses to the North and South , the lifting up of their tails , riding one anothers backs , wooding one another , oft pissing , or opening of their shares and closing them again , all are signs of lust : if you will make a more particular trial , then prove them with some stoned Tit or Jade . How to put them together . When your Mares are ready , the question is how they shall be put together , whether abroad at random for sundry weeks , or at home in private for a night or two ? If abroad , let your fence be good , your food sweet , and your shelter sufficient . If in the house , then in some empty Barn or spacious place , which may be free from danger of posts or other occasion of rushes : And let them remain from sunset till sunrise , and two nights are sufficient . Now there is a third manner of covering , and I preferr it for the best , because it keeps the Stallion longer in ability , and serves the Mare with a great deal more certainty : And that is , first to be sure to have them both at one dyet , as the Mare at grass and the horse at soil ; then finding the Mare ( by tryal ) ready , put them together into some closewalled Paddock , where there is store of sweet grass and sweet water , just upon the going down of the sun , and as neer as you can observe , either three days after the change , or three days before the full of the Moon , and let them remain close together two whole nights and one day , and take the horse from her at sunrise . How many Mares for one Horse . If you cover abroad ( as I spake before , at random ) an Horse may well serve twelve Mares , if you expect no other service of him . If you cover in the house , where he hath extraordinary keeping and little chasing , he will satisfie fifteen : But if you cover in the Paddock , then I have known an high spirited Horse for own year serve to keep you Mares ●n an indifferent estate of body ; for too much fatness hinders conception , and too much leanness abates lust . Ordering after Covering . After your Mares are covered , keep them as much as you can from disturbance , especially for a moneth after covering , and a moneth before quickning : yet if necessity compell , you may give them moderate exercise either in journeying or otherwise : yet remember , if you keep the Mare in the house at had meat , she will spring early and much , and sudden cold after is dangerous for imborsement . Also remember that a Mare at her first quickning is like a Fruit-tree , whose Blossoms at the first appearance are tender and easily destroyed with every shake of wind , or nip of Frost ; but after they are knit and fixt , they are hardly beaten down with cudgels . To help Mares in Foaling . If any of your Mares be hard of foaling , or in danger in foaling , then either hold her nostrils so that she cannot draw wind : or if that prevail not , then take the quantity of a Walnut or better of Madder , and dissolve it in a pint of old Ale , and being warm give it the Mare . If both fail , then take the help of some understanding Midwife . Now if after her foaling she do not cleans● or avoid her Secundine , then boil two or three handfull of Fennel in running water , and take half a pint thereof , and as much Malmsie , with a fourth part of Sallet-oil , and mixing them together give it the Mare luke-warm into her nostrils , then hold them close a little space after it : otherwise for want of this give her green forrage , that is , either green Wheat or Rye , ( but Rye is best ) and they are as effectual . By no means let the Mare eat her cleansing ( which many will cove● ) for it is unwho●som , and an hinderance to her milk . How long Foals to run with their Dams . Let Foals run with their Dams ( if you have go●d accommodation for them ) a full year at the least ; or if they be choice and principal bred Foals , then two years , if possibly you can : For the going over the Mare will be no loss , in comparison of the excellenc●● to which the Foal will attain by such suff●●●nce But if you want good accommodation ▪ th●n wean at seven moneths , but be sure ●● keep them lustily ; for what they lose in the first year , they will hardly gain in three following . And at the weaning give them saven and butt●r for divers mornings , or the Worm or Gargel will hazard to destroy them : Besides ▪ have an eye to the Strangle , for it is apt to assay them , and not taken in time will prove mortal . The first winter , spare neither Hay nor Corn , that is , Oats in the chaff or in the sheaf ; the cha●fing of Wheat , Barley , or Rye , and indeed any Offal that comes from any Grain whatsoever . To know a true Shape , Spirit , and Height . The same shape which a Foal carries at a full month old , he will carry at six years old , if he be not abused in after-keeping ; and as the good shape , so the defects also . A large shin-bone that is long from the knee to the pastern in a Foal , shews a tall Horse . Look what space there is in a Foal new foaled , between his knee and withers , double that will be his height when he is a compleat Horse . Foals that are of stirring spirits , free from affrights , wanton of disposition , active in leaping , running and chasing , ever leading the way and striving for mastery , these always prove excellent metal'd horse● , the contrary Jades . To know Goodness . There is a Rule , and it is a good one , that an Horses ability , and continuance in goodness is known by his Hoofs : For if they be strong , smooth , hard , deep , tough , uprightstanding , and hollow , that Horse cannot be evil . For they are the foundation of his building , and lend fortitude to all the rest . If they be otherwise , he cannot be good or lasting : Whence it comes to pass , that no Horse naturally hath so good hoofs as the Barbary ; and it is indeed the only character by which to know him from all other horses . Weaning of Foals . Wean your ordinary Foals from their Dams at the end of seven months at the utmost ; the better , at a year , two , or more . And observing so to divide them , that neither the Foals nor the Dams may be within the hearing of one anothers call . For which cause it is thought fit to house the Foals for two or three nights , ( on the mornings whereof you shall give the Saven and Butter before spoken of ) that they may forget the Dams ; and send the Mares to their Pasture . Also observe to keep them as high as is possible the second year ; but the third and fourth year you may put them to harder grasing . Separating of Colts : As you separate Foals from the Dams , so you must divide the Mare-Colts : for it is certain , that amongst these high-bred spirits ▪ and with this lofty and full feeding , the Hors-Colts will cove● to cover the Mare-Colts at a year , as I have seen by experience , and it is the destruction of both . Again , if you have such store of grounds , you may separate one years Breed from another . This is the safest course , because of continual familiarity for change of quality . Gelding of Colts . If you intend to geld any of your Colts ▪ the only best time , and which maketh the finest Geldings , is at nine days old , or as soon as you perceive the stones to fall ; for then is the least danger , and it maketh f●●est Crests . The time of the Moon to geld in , is in the Wane , the sign in Aries or Virgo ; the time of the year in generall is the Spring or Fall ▪ and although the earlier you geld , the better and safer , yet notwithstanding you may safely geld at any time or any age , even from Foal old age ; and although the elder , the greater swelling , yet more exercise and more chasing will asswage it . Taming of Colts . Touching the taming of Colts , or making them domestick or familiar , you shall begin even from the first weaning , and so winter after winter ( in the house ) use them to familiar actions , as rubbing , clawing , haltering , leading to water , taking up of his feet , knocking his hoofs , and the like . To Break Colts . The best time to break Colts to the saddle , according to the antient opinion and general custom of men , ( and which brings them soonest to the use and service of the Owner , and therein supposed to be most profitable ) is at three years old , and the advantage or four at the utmost . But say I , he that will stay and see his horse fully five , shall be sure to have an horse of longer continuance , less subject to disease and infirmity , and one that ( but by death ) will hardly come to the knowledge of Tyring . All the actions about a Colt in his nonage , or an Horse to break at elder age , must b● done first with warning , next constantly and valiantly , not fearfully or doubtfully : The first begetteth obedience , the other rebellion . Coiling of the Stud. Touching the coiling of the Stud , or makeing of special elections , I need not spend much ink , because the Owner best knowes which are best bred , and his eyes can tell him where is the best shape and soundness . I only advise him by no means to make too early coiling : for some borses will shew their best shape at two and three years old , and lose it at four , others not till five , nay six , but then keep it ever : Some will do their best dayes work at six and seven years old , others not till eight or nine . But be the time when it will , let him preserve for his own use the best , the most comely , and most sound . Those which are defective , I mean such as bring incurable deformities , gross sorrances , as Spavens , Ringbones , imperfect Eyes , or the like , or that shew palpable barstardie , send them away to the market . When you find any of your Mares grow into barrenness , unnaturalness , or disease , away with them , and change them . For all , though I could prescribe you remedies , yet they are not worthy your use , nor will I ●ue your loss : Therefore let such Mares go , for their profit is past , and they are useless . Thus much touching Breeding : THE OFFICE OF THE RIDER . Observations in Riding . IT is not intended that in these few Observations or short Touches I should discover the whole Art of Riding ; it neither fits the brevity of the work , norsuits with my first promise in the title . He that looks for such largeness of discourse , I refer him to my greater Volumes ; in this onely to be found things new , things certain , set down in way of principles or infallible Rules , to conduct a man the easiest way to some perfection . Times to handle Colts . To begin then with the first taming or making gentle of a Colt ( as I shewed you in the Observations for Breeding ) you must begin the first winter after his foaling , and so continue every winter till he come to the sa●dle , which time I have also set down in the same place ; and then there is no fear of evil qualities . But if a Colt of contrary education come to your hands and must be handled , ●hen apply him with all gentleness , and do nothing about him suddenly , roughly , o● fearfully ; yet with that awe of your voice , your rod , and other terror , make him know you are his Master when he rebelleth . And when you begin to do nay thing about him ( of what nature soever ) never leave it ; only take leisure , and rather win it by gentleness ▪ then cruelty , Forget not to give the hor●● reward , when he gives content ; and by no mean● punish , till you are sure he knows his error ; for before you give him understanding , it is im●ossible he should obey . Neither doth this taming of a Colt consist in the house only , but in the field also , where with a Cavezan or Chain , and a long Rei● with an iron Turnel under his chaps , you shall make him trot large Rings about you readily on both hands , and change at your pleasure as you shall turn him . And then to your cherishings , corrections , and all manner of handlings which before you had used i● the house . When to Saddle . When your Horse is thus made gentle you may then offer him the Saddle : but with that deliberate carefulness , that he may not take affright or dislike thereat ; suffering him to smell at it , to be rubbed with it , and as it were to feel it and not to feel it ; then in the end to fix it on , and girt it fast ; and at what part and motion soever he seems most coy , with that make him most familiar . When he will endure the Saddle , then trot him abroad with it , and make him ( as before ) trot his Rings on both hands about you , clap the Saddle as it stands on his back ▪ shake it , hang and sway upon it , dangle the stirrops by his sides , rub them on his sides , and make much of him , and familiar with all things about him , as the straining of the Crooper , fastning and loosning the Gyrths , and taking up or letting out of the Stirrops . Of Mo●thing When he will trot with the Saddle obediently , then you shall wash a Trench of a ful mouth , and somwhat worn , and put it into his mouth , and throw the Reins over the fore part of the saddle ▪ Bolsters and all , and make them of the length , that the Horse may have a full feeling of the Trench , and a sense to play on the same : Then put on a Martingal , and fix it from the Gyrths to the Chaulband of the Cavezan ; but at that length , that the Horse may not find fault , unless he disorderly throw up his head . Then take a broad peece of Leather , and put it about the Horses neck , and make the two ends fast by platting or otherwise at the Withers and mid-part before his Weisand ▪ about two handfull below his Throple : be twixt his neck and the leather let the Martingal pass ; so that when at any time he shal offer to duck or throw down his head , the Cavesan being placed upon the tender griss● of his nose , may correct and punish him . By which means he shall not only lose that fo●● quality of winning the head and thrusting i● between his legs , but also gain the way o● raising up his neck , bringing down his head ▪ and fashioning himself to an absolute Rein . The Horse thus accoutred , trot him abroad as before shewed , and chase him about you on both hands . And if you find either the Reins of the Trench or Martingal to grow slack , then straiten them ; for where there i● no feeling there is no vertue . Of Backing . When you have exercised your horse thus divers mornings , noons or evenings , and find him both tractable , ready and obedient , you may then take him into some new ploughed ground ( the lighter , the better ) and hav●g chased him a little on both hands , and seeing all your tackle firm , strong and good , and every thing in his true and due place , you may then ( having one to stay his head , and govern the Chasing rein ) take his back ; yet not suddenly , but by degrees , and with divers heavings and half-raisings . Which if he endure patiently , then you may take the reins of the trench into your hands and settle your self . But if he shrink or dislike , then forbear to mount , and chase him about him again ; then offer to mount ; and thus do till he receive you willingly . Then when you are setled , have received your stirrups , and cherisht him , putting your toes forward , let him that stays his head lead him forward half a dozen paces , then both cherish him , then lead him forward a dozen paces , then rest and cherish , and shake and move your self in the saddle : then let him that stays his head , remove his hand a little from the Cavezan ; and as you thrust forward your toes , so let him also move him forward with his Rein , till you have made the Horse apprehend your own motions of body and foot ( which must go equally together , and with spirit also ) so that he will go forward without the other assistance , and stay upon the restraint of your own hand , and not the stay of the Cavezan : then you shall cherish him , and give him grass or bread to eat , alight from his back , then mount and unmount twice or thrice together ever mixing them with cherishings . Thus exercise him till you have made him perfect in going forward , and standing still , at your pleasure . Helps at first Backing . When this is effected , you may lay by the long Rein , and the Band about the neck , and only use the Trenches , the Cavezan , and the Martingal ; and instead of leading in hand , let a Groom on another Horse lead the way before you into the field : where you shall not strive to teach him any other lesson , then to go strait forthright forward , and to stand still when you please : which will be effected in a few mornings , by trotting him forward a mile or two after another horse , and so bring him home sometimes after the horse , sometimes equally with , and sometimes before , so that he may fix upon no certainty but your own pleasure . And in all this labour you must have a special regard to the wellcarriage of his head and neck ; and as the Martingal slacketh , so to straiten it . What Lessons for what Horse . When this work is finished , you may then proceed to teach your horse those lesson● which are fit for his practice and the purpose for which you intend him . As if it be for Hunting , Running , Travel , Hackney , or the like , then the chiefest things you are to apply your self unto , are to preserve a good mouth , to trot freely and comely , to amble surely and easily , to gallop strongly and swiftly , to obey the hand in stopping gently and retiring willingly , and to turn on either hand readily and nimbly . To all which I will give you lights in their severall places . But if you intend him for the great saddle , or the use of the wars , then although the lessons be the same , yet they are to be taught and done in a more punctual manner , and ask more nice and artificial demonstrations . So that if an horse can be brought to the best , the easier must needs follow with little industry . And it is a Rule in Horsmanship , that no lesson which belongs to the wars can be hurtfull or do injury to any horse whatsoever that is kept for any other purpose . Whence it cometh , that every horse for the wars may be train'd for a Runner or Hunter at pleasure ; but every Runner or Hunter will not serve the wars : And every Horsman that can make an horse for the wars , may be a Jocky when he pleases ; but no Jocky ( that I know ) can make an horse for the wars . Therefore I will run a middle way , and suit my lessons for both purposes . Helps and Corrections . Before you teach your Horse any lesson , you must know there are seven helps to advantage him in his lessons , to punish him for faults gotten in his lessons ; and they be the Voice , the Rod , the Bit or Snafflle , the Calves of the legs , the Stirrop , the Spur , and the Ground . Voice . The Voice is an help , when it is sweet and accompanied with cherishings and it is a correction , when it is rough or terrible , and accompanied with strokes or threatnings : Rod . The Rod is an help in the shaking , and a correction in the striking . Bit or Snaffle . The Bit is an help in its sweetness , the Snaffle in its smoothness ; and they are corrections , the one in its hardness , the other in its roughness , and both in flatness and squareness . Calves of the Legs . The Calves of the legs are helps when you lay them gently to the horses sides ; and corrections when you strike them hard , because they give warning that the Spur follows . The Stirrop and Stirrop leathers are helps when you thrust them forward in a quick motion , and stir up in the horse spirit and agility . But when you strike it against the hinder part of the shoulder , it is a correction and awakens memory . Spur. The Spur is an help when it is gently delivered in any motion that asks quickness and agility , whether on the ground or above the ground ; and a correction , when is stricken hard into the sides , upon any sloth or other fault committed . The Ground . Lastly , the Ground is an help , when it is plain and smooth , and not painfull to tread on ; and it is a correction , when it is rough , deep , and uneven , for the amendment of any vice conceived . Of large Rings . When your horse will receive you to and , from his back g●ntly , trot forward willingly , and stand still obediently : Then , intending him f●● the wars , or any other purpose , ( for these lessons serve all occasions ) you shall in some gravel●y or sandy place where his footsteps m●y ●e discerned , labor him within the large Ring , that is at least fifty paces in compass ; and having trod it about three or four times on the right hand , rest and cherish , then taking compass , change your hand and do as much on the left hand , then rest and cherish ; then change the hand again , and do as much on the right hand , ever observing upon every stop to make him retire and go back a step or two . ▪ Thus labour the horse till you have him so perfect , that he will trot his ring on which hand you please ; changing within the ring in the manner of a Roman S. with such willingness , nimbleness , and constant rein , that you can desire no better obedience . Then you may teach him to gallop them as he did trot them , and that also with true footing , lofty carriage , and brave rein : Ever observing when he gallops to the right hand , to lead with his left fore-foot ; and when he gallops to the left hand , to lead with his right fore-feet . Now here is to be cleered a Parodox held by many of our Horsmen , which is , that the exercise of Rings is not good for Running horses , because it raises up his fore-feet , and makes him gallop painfully , and so an hindrance unto speed . But if they consider that this habit ( if it be taken ) is soon broken either by the horsmans hand or discretion , who hath power to make him move as he pleaseth Or if they will truly look into the benefit of the Ring it self , they shall fine it is the only means to bring an horse to the true use of his feet , and the nimble carriage of them in all advantages . For every Runner of horses will allow , that for an horse ( in his course ) to lead with his right foot , is most proper ; and when at any time he breakes or alter● it , it must be disadvantage , because ( not well acquainted to lead with the other ) he cannot handle it so nimbly . Now at his first backing , by the use of his Ring and change of hands , he will become so expert and coming with both , that howsoever mischance shall alter his stroke , yet shall his speed and nimbleness keep one and the same goodness . Of Stopping . When you come to the place of stop , or would stop ; by a sudden drawing in of our Bridle-hand somwhat hard and sharp , make him stop close , firm and strait in an eaven line : and if he erre in any thing , put him to it again , and leave not till you have made him understand his error , and amend it . Advancing . Now if you do accompany this Stop with an Advancement a little from the ground , it will be more gallant , and may be done by laying the Calves of your legs to his sides , and shaking your rod over him as he stops . If it chance at first he understand you not , yet by continuance and labouring him therein he will soon attain unto it , especially if you forget not to cherish him when he gives the least shew to apprehend you . Retiring . After stopping and advancing , make him retire , as before shewed . And this motion of Retiring you must both cherish and increase , making it so familiar with him , that no lesson may be more perfect : Neither must he retire in a confused or disorderly manner , but with a brave rein , a constant head , and a direct line : Neither must he draw or sweep his legs one after another , but take them clean , nimbly , and lostily , as when he troted forward . Of Bitting . When your horse is come to perfection in these lessons , and hath his head firmly setled , his rein constant , and his mouth sweetned , you may then ( if you intend him for the wars ) take away his Trench and Martingal , and only use the Cavezan of four or three pieces , that is , a Joint or no Joint in the midst , and to that Joint a strong Ring , and a Joint of each side with Rings before the Joints , to which you shall put several Reins to use either at the post or otherwise Into his mouth you shall put a smooth sweet Canon-Bit with a French Cheek suitable to the proportion of the Horses neck ; knowing that the long Cheek raises up the head , and the short pulls it down . And with these you shall exercise the Horse in all the Lessons before taught , till he be perfect in them without either disorder or amazement . Of strait Turns and Turnings . When he is thus setled upon his Bit , then you shall teach him to turn roundly and readily in the straiter Rings : and of these there are divers kinds , and divers methods and manners how to teach them . All which I will omit , and only fix upon two manner of strait Turns , as the persection from whence all Turnings are derived . The one is , when the Horse keepeth his hinder parts inward and close to the post or center , and so cometh about and makes his circumference with his fore-parts , following an enemy that a little avoids him . And the other is , when he keeps his fact fixt on the post or center , and comes about and makes his circumference with his hinder parts , opposing face to face with his enemy . The first strait Turn . For the first of these strait Turns , it is thus to be taught . You shall to the Ring in the mid-part of the Cavezan fix a long Rein of two fathom or more , and to the other Rings two other shorter Reins : then having sadled the horse and put on his Bit , bring him to the post , and put the Reins of the Bit over the forepart of the Saddle , Bolsters and all , and fix them at a constant straitness on the top of the Pomel , so that the horse may have a feeling both of the Bit and Curb . Then , if you will have him turn to the right hand , take the short Rein on the left side of the Cavezan , and bringing it under the Fore-bolster of the Saddle up to the Pomel , and there fix it at such a straitness that the horse may rather look from , then to the post on the right side : Then let some Groom or skilfull Attendant hold the right side Rein of the Cavezan at the post , governing the fore parts of his body to come about at large : Then your self taking the long Rein into your hand , and keeping his hinder parts inward , with your rod on his outward shoulder , and sometimes on his outward thigh , make him move about the post , keeping his hinder parts as a cen●e● , and making his fore-parts move in a larger circumference . Thus you shall exercise him a pretty space on one hand till he grow to some perfectness and understanding of your will . Then changing the Reins of the Cavezan , make him do the like to the other hand . And thus apply hi● divers mornings , mingling cherishing with his exercise , according to his deservings , ti● you have brought him to that readiness , the he will upon the moving of your rod couc● his hinder parts in towards the post , and lapping the outward fore leg over the inward trot about the post swiftly , distinctly , and i● as strait compass as you can desire , or is convenient for the motion of the horse . And from trotting you may bring him to flying or wheeling about with that swiftness , the both the fore legs rising and moving together , the hinder parts may follow in one an● the same instant . When you have made your horse the perfect in your hand , you shall then mou● his back ; and making some other skilfu● Groom or Attendant govern the long Rei● and another the short , by the motion of yo● hand upon the Bit and left Rein of the Cavezan , keeping the horses head from the po● and by the help of the Calve of your le● laid to his side , and your rod turned to h● outward thigh to keep his hinder parts into the post labour and exercise him till you have brought him to that perfection which your self desire . Then take away the long rein● and only exercise him with the help of the short rein of the Cavezan , and no other . After take both the reins of the Cavezan into your hands , and exercise him from the Post ; making him as ready in any place where you please to ride him , as he was at the Post . The other strait Turn . Now for the other strait flying Turn , which is to keep his face fixt ▪ on the post as on his enemy , and to move about only with his hinder parts , you shall take the same helps of the long rein and the short reins of the Cavezan , and govern them as before shewed ▪ only you shall not give the short rein to the postward so much liberty as before , but keep his head closer to the post , and following his hinder parts with the long rein , by the help of your rod make him bring his hinder parts round about the post : And observe that as before he did lap one foreleg over another , so now he must lap the hinder legs one over another . In this lesson exercise him as in the former Then ( after a perfectness ) mount his back , and labour him as before shewed . Then lastly , leaving the Post and all other helps , only apply him in such open and free places as you shall think convenient : For upon the finishing of this work , your horse is made compleat , and can perform all things that can be required either for service in the wars , for the high-way , or any other galloping pleasure : which is the end of mine aim , and the utmost journy I will take in these observations . Only for a conclusion I will bequeath you one or two pretty secrets . How to help an ill Rein , and cure a Runaway Jade . There be many horses so evil beholden to Nature for giving them short untoward Necks , and worse , set on Heads ; and so little beholden to Art to endeavor to amend them , that many good horses are left cureless of these two gross unsufferable faules ; which are either a deformed carriage of the head like a Pig on a broach ▪ or else a furious runing away , got by a spoil'd mouth , or an evil habit . The Help . To help any , or both of these : If it be a young horse , at the first riding , then to his Trench ; if of old standing , then to his Snaffle , ( for I speak not of the Bit. ) Put a pair of Reins , half as long again as any ordinary Reins , and Loops to fasten and unfasten at the eye of the Snaffle , as other Reins have ▪ Now when you see that the horse will not yield to your hand , but the more you draw , the more he thrusts out his nose , or the more violently he runs away ; then undo the buttons of the Reins from the eys of the Snaffle , and drawing them through the eys , bring them to the buckles of the foremost girth , and there button them fast : Then riding the horse in that manner , labour him with the gentle motions of your hand , coming and going by degrees ; and some times accompanied with your spur , to gather up his body , and to feel your command , and assuredly in a small expence of time he will yield and bring his head where you would place it . And for running away , if you draw one Rein , you turn him about in despight of all fury ; and if you draw both , you break his chaps , or bring them to his bosom : In the end finding himself not able to resist , he will be willing to obey . Another help for inconstant Carriage . There is another foul error in many horses which these Reins also cure , as this . When your horse is either so wythie cragg'd ( as the Northern man calls it ) or so loose and unsteady-necked , that which way soever you draw your hand , his head and neck will follow it , sometimes beating against your knees , sometimes dashing against your bosom , nay sometimes knocking you in the face ; and indeed generally so loose and incertain , that a man cannot say at any time he hath certain or steady hold of him . A vice wonderfull incident to Running-Horses , especially the hot furious ones . In this case you shall take these long Reins ; and as before you drew them to the buckles of the gyrths , so now Marting●lwise draw them from the eyes of the Snaffle , betwixt his fore-legs to the gyrths , and there fasten them . Thus ride him with a constant hand , firm and somwhat hard ; correcting him both with the spurs and rod , and sometimes with sharp twitches in his mouth when he errs ; and with a few weeks labor , his head will come to a constant carriage , provided that you labor him as well upon his Gallop as his trot , and leave him not till you find him fully reclaimed . How any Lady or Gentlewoman shall spur her Horse as well as any man , yet unperceived Take a strong Whale bone , that is at one end of one side round , of the other flat , and of a pretty thickness ; then rush grown and small to the other end . All round to the flat end glue a peece of Cord , about an inch and an half longer , being to the upper end of the bone as thin as may be , but from the end made wedg-like ▪ thicker and thicker , to half an inch thickness or more , as you shall find occasion , being a thing only to bear the bone from the Horses sides . Then you shall cause to be made of Iron a Neck of a spur , an handfull or more long , having at the one end set a sharp Rowel as big as a great French Rowel , but not set as a mans Rowel , but cross-wise , the pricks looking to the Horses sides ; the other end of this Neck shall bee rough , and with a Shoomakers thread made fast to the small round end of the whalebone . Then make fast the great end of the whale-bone with leather , glue and nails to the forepart of the Sidesaddle-tree , and look that the Spur stand opposite to the spurring-place of the Horses sides . Now as you do this side , so do the other side also . Then take a strong Ribbon , and fasten it with a loop to the Spurneck on the near side , and draw it under the horses belly upon the far side : Then fasten another to the Spur on the far side ▪ and fasten both ends at an eaven length under the Pomel of the Saddle , yet so as she may command it with her bridle rein . Now when she will spur on the left side ( which we call the near side ) let her draw the Ribbon on the far side ( which is the right side ) and when she will spur on the right side , let her draw her Ribbon on the near side ; when she will spur both sides at once , let her draw both the Ribbons equally : Thus much for the Office of the Rider . THE OFFICE OF THE FEEDER . An Introduction to the Work , touching the limitation of time for preparing the Running-Horse . I Will not dispute the severall opinions of men in this Kingdom touching the keeping of the Running horse , because I know many are idle and frivolous , some incertain , and a few in the right way . Only in this work I would cleer one paradox , which is strongly maintained and infinitely pursued by many of our best professors ; and that is the limitation or length of time for the preparing or making ready of an Horse for a Match or great wager . There be divers , nay some which I know carry the Goddesses on their backs , that affirm an Horse which is exceeding fat , foul ▪ newly taken from grass , soil , or lofty , liberal and unbounded feeding , cannot be brought to the performance of his best labour under six moneths , five is too little , and four an act of impossibility . By which they rob their Noble master of half a years pleasure , thrust upon him a tyring charge ▪ to make the sport loathsom , and get nothing but a cloak for ignorance , and a few false got Crowns that melt as they are possessed . Yet as Heretiques cite Scriptures , so these find Reasons to defend want of knowledge . As , the danger of too early exercise ; the offence of grease suddenly broken ; the moving of evill humors too haistily , which leads to mortal sickness . And the moderation or helping of all these by a slow proceeding , or bringing of the horse into order by degrees and time , o● ( as I may say ) by an ignorant sufferance . These Reasons I know have the shew of a good Ground ; for too early exercise is dangerous , but not if free from violence . To break grease too suddenly is an offence unsufferable , for it puts both limbs and life in hazard , but not if purged away by wholsome scourings . The hasty stirring up of humours in a body where they superabound , and are generally dispersed , and not setled , cannot chuse but breed sickness ; but not where discretion and judgment evacuateth them in wholsom sweats and moderate airings . And for t●e moderation of all these , by the tediousness of Time , as two months for the first ; two moneths for the second , and as much for the last : It is like the curing of the Gangrene in an old man ; better to dye then be dismembred , better lose the prize then bear the charge : For I dare appeal to any noble judgment , whose purse hath experience in these actions , if six moneths preparation and the dependances belonging to it and his person do not devour up an hundred pounds wager . But you will demand of me what limitation of time I will allow for this purpose of preparation ? And I answer , that two moneths is sufficient at any time of the year whatsoever , for an old horse , or an horse formerly trained , for I speak not of Colts ; and he that cannot do it in two moneths , shall never do it in sifteen . But reply they , No scouring is to be allowed , for they are physical ; they force nature , and so hurt nature ; they make sickness , and so impair health : And that indeed nothing is comparable to the length of time , because Nature worketh every thing her self ; and though she be longer , yet she hath less danger . I confess that Sybbesauce scourings which are stuft with poisonous ingredients , cannot chuse but bring forth infirmity ; but wholesom Scourings , that are composed of beneficiall and nourishing Simples , neither occasion sickness nor any manner of infirmity , but bring away grease and all foulness in that kindly and abundant sort , that one week shall effect more then two moneths of dilatory and doubtfull for bearance . I call it dilatory and doubtfull , because no man ( in this lingring course ) can certainly tel which way the gre●se and other foulnesses will avoid , as whether into his ordure ( which is the safest ) into sweat ( which is hazardou● ) into his limbs ( which is mischievous ) or remain and putrifie in his body ( which is mortally dangerous ? ) Since the issue of any o● all these fall out according to the strength and estate of the Horses body , and the diligence of the Feeder : And if either the one fail in power ; or the other in care , farewell Horse for that year . All this Envy cannot chuse but confess ; only they have one broken crutch to support them , which is , They know no Scouring , therefore they will allow of no Scouring . Against Barbarism I will not dispute , only I appeal to Art or Discretion , whether Purgation or Sufferance ; when Nature is offended , be the better doers . But they reply , by a figure called Absurdity , That whatsoever is given to any Horse more then his natural food , and which he will naturally and of his own accord with all willingness receive , is both unproper and unwholsom ; and therefore he ought not to be forced with any thing against his appetite . This I have heard them say , and to this I thus answer . The natural food of Man is bread only , all other things ( according to the Philosopher ) are superfluous , and so to be avoided . At this argument both Humanity and Divinity laughs : For , other helps , as Physick , divers meats , and divers means ordained for both even by the power of the Almighty himself , tells the contemners hereof how grossly they erre in this foolish opinion . Nay , allow them a little shadow of truth , That things most natural , are most beneficial : then it must follow , that Grass , or Hay ( which is but withered Grass ) is most natural , and so most beneficial . Now Grass is physical , for in it is contained all manner of Simples of all manner of mixtures , as hot , cold , moist , dry ; of all qualities , all quantities . So that whatsoever I give ( which is good ) is but that which he hath formerly gathered out of his own nature , only with this difference ; That what he gathereth is in a confused manner , clapping contraries together so abundantly , that we are not able to judge where the predominant quality lyeth ; and that which we compound is so governed by art and reason , that we know how it should work , and we expect the event , if it be not crost by some greater disaster . But will they bind themselves to keep the Running-horse only with Grass or Hay ? They know then the end of their labour will be loss . Nay , they will allow Corn , nay divers Corns ; some nourishing and loosing , as Oats and Rye ; some astringent and binding , as Beans ; and some fatting and breeding both blood and spirit , as Wheat : nay , they will allow Bread , nay Bread of divers compositions , and divers mixtures , some before heat , and some after , some quick of discresion and some slow . And if this be not as physical as any Scouring a good Horsman gives , ● report me to him that shall read the Bills . Nay , these Contemners of Scourings will allow an Egg , nay an Egg mixt with other ingredients : And for Butter and Garlick , they will use it , though it be never so fulsom . The reason is , because their knowledge can arise to no higher a stair in physick ; and authorised Ignorance will ever wage battel with the best Understanding : like foolish Gallants on St. Georges day , who neither having ability to buy , nor credit to borrow a Gold-chain , scorn at them that wear them ; or Martin Marprelate , that not having Learning worthy of a Deacon , found no felicity but in railing at divine Fathers . There are another sort of Feeders , which in a contrary extream run beyond these into mischiefs ; and those are they which overscour their horses , and are never at peace but when they are giving Potions ( which they call Scourings ) somtimes without cause , always without order , bringing upon an horse such intolerable weakness , that he is not able to perform any violent labour . From this too little , and too much , I would have our Feeder to gather a mean ; that is , First to look that his Simples be wholsom : then to the occasion , that he is sure there is foulness : and lastly to the estate of body , that he may rather augment then decrease vigor . So shall his work be prosperous , and his actions without controllment . To conclude , Two months I allow for preparation , and according to that time have laid my Directions . Mine humble suit is , out of a sincere opinion to Truth and Justice , so to allow or disallow , to refrain or imitate . The first ordering of the Running-horse , according to the several estates of their Bodies . This office of the Feeder , albeit in general it belong to all Horsmen , yet it particular it is most appropriate to the Feeder of the Running-horse ; because other general horses have a general way of feeding , these an artificial and prescript form , full of curiosity and circumspection ; from which whosoever errs , he shall sooner bring his horse to destruction then perfection . Therefore when an Horse is matcht , or to be matcht for a Running course , you art principally to regard the estate of body it which the horse is at the time of his matching . And this estate of body I divide into three several kinds . The first is , if he be very fat , foul , and either taken from grass or soil . The second , if he be extream lean and poor , either through over-riding , disorder , or other infirmity . And the third , if he be in good and well-liking estate , having had good usage and moderate exercise . If he be in the first estate of body , you shall take longer time for his feed , as two moneths at the least : for he will ask much labour in airing , great carefulness in heating , art and discretion in scouring , and rather a strict then liberall hand in feeding . If he be in the second estate of body ( which is poor ) then you shall also take a longer time as you may , yet you need not so much as in the former ; both because Grass cannot much hurt , and exercise may go hand in hand with feeding . This horse would have moderate and cheerfull airing , as not before or after sun , rather ●o increase appetite then harden flesh ; gentle heats , more to preserve wind then melt glut ; and a bountifull hand ( but far from cloying ) in feeding . If he be in the third estate of body , which is a mean betwixt the other extreams , then a moneth or six weeks , or a fortnight or less , may be time sufficient to diet him for his Match ▪ Now as this estate participates with both the former , so it wou'd borrow from them a share in all their orderings , that is , to be neither too early , nor too late in airings ; ●aborious , but not painfull in heatings , nourishing in scouring , and constant in a moderate way of feeding . Now as you regard these general estates of bodies , so you must have an eye to certain particular estates of bodies : As if an horse be fa● and foul , yet of a free and spending nature , apt quickly to consume and lose his flesh , this horse must not have so strict a● hand , neither can he endure so violent exercise as he that is of an hard and kettty disposition , and will feed and be fat upon all mea●● and all exercises . Again , if your horse be in extreme poverty through disorder or misusage , yet is by nature very hard and apt both soon to recover his flesh , and long to hold it ; then over thi● horse you shall by no means ●old so l●bera● an hand , nor forbear that exercise which otherwise you would do to the horse which i● of a tender nature , a weak stomack , and a fre● spirit provided always you have reg●rd to his limbs and the imperfection of lameness . Thus you see how to look into the estate● of Horses bodies , and what time to take fo● your matchings , I will now descend to thei● several orderings and dyeting . And because in the fat Horse is contained both the lea● Horse , and Horse in reasonable estate o● bo●y . I will in him shew all the secrets a●● observations which are to be imployed in the feeding of all three , without any omission o● reservation whatsoever : For truth , Sir , ● have vowed unto you , and truth I will prese●● you . The first Fortnights feeding of an Horse for Match that is fat , foul , and ▪ either newly taken from Grass or Soil . If you match an Horse that is fat and foul , either by running at grass , or standing at soil , or by any other means of rest , or too high feeding ; you shall ( after his body is emptied , and the grass avoided , which will be three or four days ) for the first fortnight at the least , rise early in the morning before day , or at the spring of day according to the time of the year ; and having put on his Bridle washt in beer , and tyed him up to the rack , take away his dmng and other foulness of the stable ; then dress him well , as in the Office of the Keeper , When that work is finished , take a fair large Body-cloth of thick Houswifes Kersie ( if it be in winter ) or of Cotton or other light Stuffe ( if it be in summer ) and fold it round about the horses body , then clap on the ●addle and girt the foremost girth pretty strait , but the other somwhat slack , and wisp it on each side his heart , that both the girths may be of equal straitness . Then put before his breast a Breast-cloath sutable to the Body-cloth , and let it cover both his shoulders ; Then take a little Beer into your mouth , and spirt it into the horses mouth , and so draw him out of the stable , and take his back , leaving a Groom behind you to trim up your stable , to carry out dung and to toss up the litter : For you are to understand that the horse must stand upon good store of fresh dry litter continually both night and day , and it should be ever Wheat-straw ( if possible ) or Oat-straw ( if forced by necessity ) As for Barley ▪ straw and Rye-straw , they are unwholsom and dangerous ; the one doth heart-burn , the other causeth scouring ▪ When you are mounted , rack the horse foot-pace ( for you must neither amble no● trot , for they hurt speed ) at least a mile or two , or more upon smooth and sound ground ▪ and ( as neer as you can ) to the steepest hill● you can find ; there gallop him gently up those hills , ond rack or walk him softly down ▪ that he may cool as much one way as he warmeth another . And when you have th●● exercised him a pretty space , and seeing the sun beginning to rise , or else risen , rack down either to some fresh river , or clear pond that is fed by a sweet Spring , and there let him drink at his pleasure : After he hath drunk : bring him calmly out of the water , and so ride him a little space with all gentleness , and not according to the use of ignoran● Grooms , rush him instantly into a Gallop , for that brings with it two mischiefs , either it teaches the horse to run away with you as soon as he is watered , or else refuse to drink , fearing the violence of his exercise which follows upon it . When you have used him a little calmly , then put him into a gentle Gallop , and exercise him moderately , as you did before ; then walk him a little space , after offer him more water : If he drink , then gallop him again ( after calm usage ; ) if he refuse , then gallop him to occasion thirst . And thus always give him exercise both before and after water . When he hath drank sufficient , then bring him home gently , without a wet hair or any sweat about him . When you come to the stable-door before which your Groom shall ever throw all his fo●l litter continually ; there alight , and by whistling and stretching the horse upon the straw , and raising up the straw under him , see if you can make him piss , which if at first he do not , yet with a little custom he will soon be brought unto it , and it is an wholsom action both for the horses health , and the sweet keeping of the Stable . This done , bring him into his stall , and tie him up to the Rack , then with wisps rub his ●egs well , then unloose his breast-cloth ▪ and rub his head , neck and breast with a dry clot● then take off the saddle and hang it by , the● his Body-cloth , and rub over all his body and limbs , especially his back where the saddl● stood . Then cloath him up , first with a linne● sheet , then over it a good strong Housing cloth , and above it his woollen Body-cloth which in the winter it is not amiss to hav● lin'd with some thin Cotton or Plad , or othe● woollen stuffe , but in the summer the Kersi● it self is sufficient . When these are girt about him , stop hi● Circingle round with reasonable big soft wisp● and thick , for with them he will lie at be● ease , because the small hard wisps are eve● hurtfull . After he is cloathed , pick his feet and stop them up with cow-dung ; and then throw int● his Rack a little Bundle of hay , so much as a● halfpeny bottel in a dear Inne , well chosen ▪ dusted , and hard bound together . And the he shall tear out , as he standeth on the bridl● ▪ When he hath stood on his bridle an ho● and better , you shall then come to him , an● first draw his bridle , rub his head , face an● nape of the neck with a clean rubber made ●● new rough hempen cloth , for this is excelle●● for the head , and dissolveth all gross a●● filthy humours : Then with a clean clot● make the Manger as clean as may be ; and i● he have scattered any hay , take it up and throw it back into the Rack . Then you shall take a quart of sweet , dry , old and clean drest Oats , of which the heaviest are the best , as those which we call Poland-oats or Cut-oats : For those which are unsweet , breed infirmity ; those which are moist , cause swelling in the body , those which are new , breed worms ; and they which are half drest , deceive the stomack and bring the horse to ruine . As for the black Oats , though they are tolerable in the time of necessity , yet they make foul dung , and hinder a mans knowledg in the state of the horses body . This quart of Oats you shall ree and dress wondrous clean in a Sive that is much less then a Riddle , and though bigger then a Reeing-sive , such an one as will let a light Oat go through , but keep a full one from scattering , and so give them to the horse ; and if he eat them with a good stomack , you may give him another , and so let him rest till it be eleven a clock : Then come to the Stable , and having rubbed his head , neck and face , dress him another quart of Oats ( as before ) and give it the horse ; then closing up the windows and lights leave him till one a clock . And here you are to understand , that the darker you keep your horse in your absence , the better it is , and it will occasion him to lye down and take his rest , when otherwise he would not ; and therefore we commonly use to arm the Stables wherein these horses stand round about a lost , and over the Rack with Canvas , both for darkness , warmth , and that no filth may come near the horse . At one a clock come to him , and dress him another quart of oats , and give them as before , after you have rubbed his head and nape of the neck : then putting away his dung , and making the stable clean , give him a knob of Hay , and so leave him till evening . At evening come to the Stable , and having made all things clean , bridle as in the morning take off his cloaths , and dresse him a● before . Then cloath , saddle , bring him forth , urge him to empty , mount , rack him abroad , but not to the hills , if you can finde any other plain ground , as meadow , pasture , or the like , especially if it lye along by a River , but in this case you can be no chuser , but must take the most convenient , making a vertue of necessity . Here air him in all points in the evening , as you did in the morning , Galloping both before and after water : Then Rack him up and down , and in your racking observe even from the Stable-dore , in all your passages , especially when you would have him to empty , to let him smel upon every old and new dung you meet withall , for this will clear his body and repair his stomack . When you have watred , and spent the evening in airing till within night , ( for nothing is more wholsom , or sooner consumeth foulness , then early and late airings : ) You shall then rack him home to the stable-door ; there alight and do as you did in the morning , both within doors and without , and so leave him on his bridle for an hour and more . Then come again , and as you did in the forenoon , so do now ; Rub well , draw his bridle , cleanse the Manger , put up his scattered hay , sift him a quart of Oats , and so let him rest til nine a clock at night . At nine a clock come to him , and first rub down his legs with wisps , or with a clean cloth , or with your bare hands ( which is best of all ) then with a clean cloth rub his face , head , chaps , nape of the neck and foreparts , then turn up his cloathes and rub over all his hinder parts ; then put down his clothes , and sift him a quart of Oats and give them him ; then put into his Rack a little bundle of hay , toss up his litter and make his bed soft , and so leave him till the next morning . The next morning ( as the morning before ( come to the horse early , and do every thing without the omission of any one particle , as hath been formerly declared ; and thus you shall keep your horse constantly for the first fornight , in which by this double daily exercise you shall so harden his flesh and consume his foulness , that the next fortnight ( if you be a temperate man ) you may adventure to give him some heats , But here give me leave to digress a little for satisfaction sake , and to answer objections that may be urged touching the quantity of Provender which I prescribe , being but a quart at a meal , seeing there be many horses that will eat a much larger proportion , and to scant them to this little were to starve , o● at the best to breed weakness . But if I be understood rightly , I set not this down as an infallible Rule , but a President that may be imitated , yet altered at pleasure : For I have left you this Caveat , That if your horse eat this with a good stomack , you may give him another , leaving the proportion to the Feeders discretion ; because it is impossible in writing , to make one measure for all stomacks . And for min● own part , I chose the quart as the most indifferent proportion ; for albeit many horses will eat more , yet I have known some that would hardly eat this : And believe it , what horse soever shall but eat this , and in this manner , he shall neither starve , lose strength , nor be much hungry . So now again to the giving of Heats . Four considerations in giving of Heats . Now touching Heats , you are to take to your self these four Considerations . 1. That two Heats in the week is a sufficient proportion for any horse of what condition or state of body soever . 2. That one heat should ever be given on that day in the week , on which he is to run his Match ; as thus : Your Match-day is a Monday , your Heating-days are then Mondays and Fridays ; and the Monday to be ever the sharper heat , both because it is the day of his Match ▪ and there is three days rest betwixt it and the other heat . If the day ●e Tuesday , then the heating days are Tuesdays and Saturdays ; if Wednesday , then Wednesdays and Saturdays , by reason of the Lords day ; if on Thursdays , then Thursdays and Mondays , and so of the rest . 2. You shall give no heat ( except in case of extremity ) in rain or foul weather , but rather to defer hours and change times : for it is unwholsom and dangerous . And therefore in case of showers and incertain weather you shall have for the horse a lined hood , with lined ears , and the nape of the nec● lined to keep out rain ; for nothing ● more dangerous then cold wet falling into the ears , and upon the nape of the neck and Fillets . 4 Lastly , observe to give the heats ( the weather being seasonable ) as early in the morning as you can , that is , by the spring of day ; but by no means in the dark ; for ● is to the horse both unwholsom and unpleasant ; to the man a great testimony o● folly , and to both an act of danger and precipitation . The second fortnights feeding . Now to come to the second fortnight feeding : touching your first approaching to the Stable , and all other by respects , a● cleansing , and the like , you shall do all things as in the first fortnight , onely before yo● put on his Bridle , give him a quart of oats , which as soon as he hath eaten , bridle him up , and dress him , as before shewed ; then cloath , saddle , air , water , exercise , and bring him home as before shewed ; onely you shall not put hay into his rack to tear out , but let him eat it out of your hands , handfull after handfull , and so leave him on his bridle for an hour more ; then come to him , and after rubbing , and other ceremonies , sist him a quart of oats and set them by : then take a loaf of bread , that is three days old , or thereabout , and made in this manner . The first Bread : Take three pecks of clean Beans , and one peck of Wheat , mix them together and grind them , then boult it through a reasonable fine Raunge , and knead it up with great ●●ore of Barm and lightning , but with as little water as may be , labour it in the Trough painfully , knead it , break it , and after cover it warm , and let it lye and swell ; then knead it over again , and mould it up into big loaves , like twelvepeny houshold loaves , and so bake it well , and let it soak soundly ; after they are drawn turn the bottoms upward , and let them cool . At three daies old , or thereabout , you may give this bread , but hardly sooner : for nothing is worse then new bread ; yet if necessity compell you that you must sooner give it , or that the bread be clammy or dank , so as the Horse taketh distast thereat , then cut the loaf into thin shivers , and lay it abroad in the Sive to dry ; then crumbling it smal with his oats , you may give it safely . But to return to my purpose , when you have taken a loaf of this bread , chip it very well , then cut it into thin slyves , and put three or four thereof ( small broken ) into his oats you had before sifted , and so give them to him ▪ About eleven a clock come to him , and by ceremonies give him the same quantity of bread and oats , and so leave him till afternoon . At one a clock in the afternoon ( if you intend not to give him a heat the next day ) feed him with bread and oats as you did in the fore-noon , and so consequently every meal following for that day , observing every action and motion as before shewed . But if you intend the next day to give him an heat ( to which I now bend mine aym ) you shall then only give him a quart of oats clear sifted , but no hay , and so let him rest till evening . At four a clock before you put on his bridle , give him a quart of clean sifted oats , and when they are eaten ; bridle him up , dress , cloath , saddle , air , water , exercise , bring home and order , as before shewed , onely give no hay at all . After he hath stood an hour on his bridle , give him a quart of oats , and when they are caten , put on his head a sweet muzzel , and so let him rest till nine a clock at night ▪ Now as touching the use of this Muzzell , and which is the best , you shall understand , that as they are most usefull being good and rightly made , so they are dangerous and hurtfull , being abused and falsly made . The true use of them is to keep the horse from eating up his litter , from gnawing upon boards and mud-walls , and indeed to keep him from eating any thing but what he receiveth from your own hands . These Muzzels are somtimes made of leather , and stampt full of holes , or else close , but they are unsavoury and unwholsom : for if it be allomed leather , the allom is offensive ; if it be tann'd or liquored leather , the Tanners ouze and grease are fully as unpleasant . Besides , they are too close , and too hot , and both make an horse sick , and cause him to retain his dung longer in his body , then otherwise he would do . The best Summer Muzzell , ( and indeed the best generally at all times , is the Nermuzzell , made of Strong pack-threed , and knit exceeding thick and close in the bottom , and so inlarged wider and wider upward , to the middle of the horses head ; then bound about the top with Tape , and on the nearside a loop , and on the farre-side a long string to fasten it to the horses head . The best Winter-muzzell ( and indeed tolerable at any time ) is that which is made of double Canvas , with a round bottom and a square lattice window of small tape before both his nostrils , down to the very bottom of the muzzell , and upward more then a handfull : this must also have a loop and a string to fasten it about the horses head . At nine a clock at night come to the Stable , and after by ceremonies done , give him a quart of oats clean sifted , and when they are eaten , put on his Muzzell , toss up his litter ▪ and so leave him . The next day early in the morning , come to the horse ( if he be standing , but if he be laid ▪ do not disturb him ) and whilst he is lying take a quart of oats clean sifted and rubbed between your hands , and wash them i● strong Ale , and give them to the horse ; when they are eaten bridle him up , and dress him then saddle as before shewed ; being ready to depart , give him a new laid Egg or two then wash his mouth after it with a little Beer or Ale , and so lead away : at the doo● urge him to empty , then mount and ra●● him gently to the course , ever and anon making him smell another horses dung . When you are come within a mile o● thereabout of the starting-post , alight and take off his body-cloath , and Breast-cloath and girt on the saddle again : then sending away your Groom both with those Cloaths , and other dry Cloaths to rub with , let him stay at the la●t end of the course till you come : then your self rack your horse gently up to the ●tarting post , and beyond , making him smell to that post , as you should also do to the first post , ( which we call the weighing post ) that he may take notice of the beginning and ending of the course . There start your horse roundly and sharply , at neer a three quarters speed , and according to his strength of body , ability of wind , and cheerfulness of spirit , run him the whole course through : But by no means do any thing in extremity , or above his wind ; but when you find him a little yeild , then give him a little ease , so that all he doth may be done with pleasure and not with anguish ; For this manner of training will make him take delight in his labour , and so increase it ; The contrary will breed discomfort , and make exercise irksome . Also during the time you thus course him , you shall note upon what ground he runneth best , and whether up the hill or down the hill ; whether on the smooth or on the rough , on the wet or on the dry , or on the levill or the earth somewhat rising ; and according as you find his nature , so maintain him for your own advantage . When you have finished the heats , and a little slightly gallopt him up and down to rate his wind and cheer his spirits , you shall then ( the Groom being ready ) ride into some warm place , as under the covert of some hedge , wall , bushes or trees , into some hollow dry ditch , pit , or other defence from the air , and there light , and first with a glassing-knife or ( as some call it ) a scraping knife , made either of some broken sword blade , some old broken Sythe , or for war ▪ of them , of a thin piece of old , hard o●ke● wood , and fashioned like a long broad knife , with a sharp edge , and using this with both your hands , scrape off all the sweat from your horse in every part ( buttocks excepted ) till you find there will no more arise ; eve● and anon moving him up and down : The● with dry cloathes rub him all over painfully ( buttocks excepted ) then take of the saddle , and having glassed his back and rub'd it neer dry , put on his Body-cloth and Breast-cloath , and set on the saddle again , and girt it , then mount and gallop him gently forth again a little pace , eve● and anon rubbing his head , neck , and body as you sit , then walk him about the field to cool him ; and when you find he driet● apace , then rack him homeward , sometime racking and sometimes galloping ; but by no means bring him to the Stable , till you find him throughly dry . When you are come to the Stable dore , ●intice him to empty , then set him up and tie him to the Rack , and ( as having prepared it before ) give him this scouring , made in this manner . The first Scouring : Take a pint of the Syrope of Roses , or a pint of strong honyed water and dissolve into it of Cassia , Agarick and Myrrhe , of each half an ounce , and symbolize and jumble them together in a Vyall glass . Then being muld , and made warm at the fire , and the horse newly come from his heat ( as before shewed ) give him this scouring , for it is a strong one , and avoydeth all manner of molten grease and foulness . Ordering of the Horse after his scouring . As soon as you have given him this scouring , presently let your Groom fal to rubbing his legs , and do your self take off his saddle and cloathes ; and finding his body dry , run slightly over it with your Curry comb , after with the French Brush , and lastly , rub him all over with dry cloathes , especially his head , nape of the neck , and about his heart ; then cloath him up warm as at other times , and wisp him round with great warm wisps , and if you throw over him a loose blanket , it will not be amiss in these extraordinary times , especially if the season be cold . The horse must fast full two hours afte● the receit of the scouring ; but yet depart no● out of the Stable , but keep the horse waking ▪ for rest hinder ; the medicine , and mot o● makes it work . After he hath fastned on the bridle two hours , then you shall take a handfull of wheat ears , being your Polland wheat , that is without Awnes , and coming to the Horse , first handle the roots of his ears , then put your hands under his cloathes against his heart upon his flanks , and on the neather part of his thighs ; and if you find any new sweat arise , or any coldness of sweat , or if you see his body beat , or his breath move fast then forbear to give him any thing , for it shews there is much soulness stirred up , on which the medicine working with a conquering quality , the horse is brought to a little sickness ; therefore in this case you shall onely take off his bridle , put on his Coller , toss up his litter , and absent your self ( having made the stable dark and still ) for other two hours , which is the utmost end of that sickness . But if you find no such offence , then give him the ears of wheat , by three or four together , and if he eat this handfull give him another . After he hath eaten the wheat ears , give him a little knob of hay clean dusted , and draw his bridle rubbing his head well . An hour after his hay , sist him a quart of oats , and to them put two or three handfull of spelted beans , which you shall cause to be reed and drest so clean as is possible from all manner of hulls , dust and filth whatsoever , so as there may be nothing but the clean Beans : to these oats and beans you shall break two or three shives of bread clean chipt , and give all to the horse , and so leave him for two or three hours . At evening ( before you dress him ) give him the like quantity of oates , beans , and bread , and when he hath eaten them , bridle him , dress and cloathe him ; for you shall neither saddle or air him forth , because this evening after his heat , the horse being foul , and the scouring yet working in his body , he may not receive any cold water at all . After he is drest , and hath stood two hours on his bridle , then take three pints of clean sifted oats , and wash them in strong Ale , and give them to the horse ; for this will inwardly cool him as if he had drunk water . After he hath eaten his washt meat , and rested upon it a little space , you shall at his feeding times , ( which hath been spoken of before ) with oats and spelt Beans , or Oats and bread , or all together , or each severall and simple of it self , according to the appetite and liking of the horse , feed him that night in plentifull manner , and leave a knob of hay in his rack when ye go to bed . The next day very early , first feed , then dress , cloath , saddle , air , water , and bring home as at other times ; onely have a more carefull eye to his emptying , and see how his grease and foulness wasteth . At his feeding times , feed as was last shewed you , onely but little hay , and keep your heating days , and the preparation the day before , as was before shewed without omission or addition . Thus you shall spend the second fortnight , in which your horse having received 4 heats , horsman like given him , and four scourings , there is no doubt but his body will be drawn inwardly clean ; you shall then the third fortnight order him according to the Rules following . The third fortnights feeding . This third fortnight you shall make his bread finer then it was formerly , as thus . The second Bread . You shall take two pecks of clean Beans ▪ and two pecks of fine Wheat , grind them on the black stones , searce them through a fine Raunge , and knead it up with Barm , and great store of lightning , working it in all points , and baking it in the same sort as was shewed you in the former bread . With this bread , having the crust cut clean away , and being old , as before shewed , with spelt Beans and clean sifted Oats , feed your horse this fortnight as you did the former , observe his dressings , airings , feedings , heatings , and preparation , as in the former fortnight ; onely with these differences . First , you shall not give your Heats so violently as before , but with a little more pleasure ; as thus , If the first heat have violence , the second shall have ease , and indeed none to overstrain him , or to make his body sore . Next , you shall not after his heats , give him any more of the former scouring ; but instead thereof instantly upon the end of the heat after the horse is a little cooled and cloathed up ; and in the same place where you rub him , give him a Ball as big as an hens egg of that Confection which is mentioned in the office of the Farrier , and goeth by this title , The true manner of making those Cordial Balls which cure any violent cold or glanders , which , &c ▪ The Fourth and last fortnights feeding . The fourth and last fortnight you shall make your bread much finer then either of the former . The last and best Bread . Take three pecks of fine Wheat , and one peck of Beans , grind them on the black stones , and boult them through the finest boulter you can get : then knead it up with sweet Ale , Barm and new strong Ale , and the Barm beaten together , and the whites of twenty or thirty eggs ; but in any wise no water at all , but in stead thereof some small quantity of new milk , then work it up , bake it , and order it as the former . With this bread , having the crust cut clean away , and with Oats well ●unned , beaten , and rubbed between your hands , then new winnowed , sifted and drest , with the purest spelt Beans , and some fine Chiltern Wheat , with any simple or any compound : feed your horse at his feeding times , as in the fortnight last mentioned . You shall keep your heating days the first week or fortnight , as you did the former fortnight , but the last week you shall forbear one heat , and not give any five days before the match day , onely you shall give him strong and long airings . You shall not need this fortnight , to give him any scouring at all . If this fortnight morning and evening you burn the best Frankinsence in your stable , you shall find it exceeding wholsom for the Horse , and he will take wonderfull delight therein . In this fortnight , when you give the Horse any washt meat , wash it in the whites of eggs , or Muskadine , for that is more wholsom and less pursie . This fortnight give the horse no hay , but what he taketh out of your hand after his heats , and that in little quantity , and clear dusted . The last week of this fortnight , if the horse be a foule feeder , you must use the Muzzell continually ; but if he be a clean Feeder , then three days before the match is sufficient . The morning the day before your match , feed well both before and after airing , and water as at other times ; before noon , and after noon scant his portion of meat a little ; before and after evening airing , feed as at noon , and water as at other times , but be sure to come home before sun-set . Late at night feed as you did in the evening . Now I do not set you down what meat to feed withall , because you must be ruled according to the Horses stomack , and what best he liketh , of that give him a pretty pittance , whether simple or compounded ; onely as neer as you can , forbear bread and beans . This day you shall coule your horse , shoo him , and do all extraordinary things of ornament about him , provided there be nothing to give offence or hinder him in feeding , resting , emptying , or any other naturall or beneficiall action ; For I have heard some Horsmen say ; That when they had shod their Horses with light shooes , and none other actions of ornament about them the night before the course ; that their horses have taken such speciall notice thereof , that they have refused both to eat , lie down , or empty : But you must understand that those horses must be old , and long experienced in this exercise , or otherwise find distast at these actions ; as uneasiness in shooes , heat and closness in the muzzell , disorderly platting or folding tails , and the like , or they cannot reach these subtile apprehensions : For mine own part , touching the nice and strait plaiting up of horses tails in the manner of Sakers , or Docks , with tape or ribban , which is now in generall use , howsoever the ornament may appear great to the eye , yet I do not much affect it ; because I know , if an ignorant hand have the workmanship thereof he may many ways give offence to the Horse , and in avoiding cumbersomness , breed a great deale more comber : therefore I wish every one , rather to pass by curiosity ( which they call necessary ornament ) then by these false Graces to do injury to the Horse . Now for the necessary and indifferent things which are to be done . I had rather have them finished the day before , then on the morning of the course , because I would have the horse that morning to find neither trouble nor vexation . The next morning ( which is the match day ) come to the Horse very early , take off his Muzzell , rub his head well , right his cloathes , and give them ease by unwisping , and using the plain Circingle ; then give him a pretty quaintity of oats washed in Muskadine , or the whites of eggs ; or if he refuse them , try him with fine drest oats mixt with wheat , or oats simple : when he hath eaten them , if he be an evil or slow emptier , walk him abroad , & in the places where he used to empty , there intice him to empty , which as soon as he hath done , bring him home , and let him rest till you have warning to make ready . But if he be a good and free emptier , then stir him not , but let him lie quiet . When you have warning to make ready , come to the Horse , and having washt his snaffle with Muskadine , take off the Muzzle and bridle him up ; but before you bridle , if you think him too empty , give him three or four mouthsfull of the washed meat last spoken of , then bridle up and dress him ; after pitch the Saddle and Girths with Cordwainers wax , set it on and girt it gently , so as he may have a feeling , but no straitness : then lay a clean sheet over the saddle , over it his ordinary cloathes , then his body-cloth and breast-cloath , and wisp him round with soft wisps ; then if you have a counterpane , or cloath of State for bravery sake , let it be fastned above all . Being now ready to draw out , give him half a pint of Muskadine , and so lead away . In all your leadings upon the course , use gentle and calm motions , suffering the horse ●o smell on every dung . And in especiall pla●es of advantage , as where you find rushes , ●ong grass lying , heath , or the like , walk him ●n , and intice him to piss . But if you find no such help , then in especial places on the course and chiefly towards the later end , ( and having ●sed the same means before ) break some of the wisps under him , and intice him to piss . Also in your leading , if any white or thick foam or froth rise about the horses mouth , with a clean handkerchiefe wipe it away , and carrying a bottle of clean water about you , wash his mouth now and then therewith . When you come to the place of start , before you uncloath , rub or chase his leggs with hard wisps ; then pick his feet , uncloath , wash his mouth with water , mount his Rider , start fair , and leave the rest to Gods good will and pleasure . Certain necessary Observations and Advantages for every Feeder to observe in sundry Accidents . There is no unreasonable creature of pleasure subject to so many disastrous chances of Fortune , as the Horse , and especially the running horse , both by reason of the multiplicity of diseases belonging unto them , as also the violence of their exercise , and the nice tenderness of their keeping : and therefore it behoveth every Feeder to be armed with such observations as may discern mischiefs , and those helps which may amend them when they happen . Of meat and Drink The first observation therefore that I would arm our Feeder withall , is the true distribution of meat and drink . Let him then observe if there be any meat or drink , or other nourishment which he knoweth to be good for the horse , yet he refuseth to eat it : in this case he shall not violently thrust it upon him , or by force cram him therewith , but by gentle degrees and cunning inticements , and by process of time , win him thereunto , tempting him when he is most hungry or most dry ; and if he get but a bit at a time , it will soon increase to a greater quantity , and ever let him have less then he desireth ; and that he may the sooner be brought unto it , mix the meat he loveth best with that he loveth worst , till both be made alike familiar , and so shall the horse be stranger to nothing that is good or wholsome . Observation for Lameness . Our Feeder must observe if his horse be subject to lameness or stifness , to surbait or tenderness of feet , then to give him his heats upon smooth Carpet earth , and to forbear strong ground , hard high-ways , cross ruts and ●urrows till extremity compell him . Observation from the estate of the body . Our Feeder must observe , that the strongest estate of body ( which I account the highest and fullest of flesh , so it be good , hard , and without inward foulness ) to be the best and ablest for the performance of these wagers ; yet he must herein take two considerations : the one the shape of the horses body , the other his inclination and manner of feeding . For the shape of body , There be some horses that are round , plump , and close knit together , so that they will appear fat and wel shaped , when they are lean and in poverty . Others are raw-boned , slender , and loose knit together , and will appear lean and deformed when they are fat , foul , and full of gross humors . So likewise for their Inclinations , som● horses as the first ) will feed outwardly , and carry a thick rib , when they are inwardly clean as may be . There be others ( as the later ) that will appear lean to the eye , and she● nothing but skin and bone , when they are inwardly onely greasie . In this case the Feede● hath two helps to advantage his knowledge the one outward , the other inward . The outward help is the outward handling and feeling of the horses body generally ove● all his ribs , but particularly upon his sho●● and hindmost ribs . If his flesh generally handle soft and loos● , and the fingers sink into it as into Down ▪ then is the horse foul without all question but if generally it be hard and firm , only upon the hind most rib is softness , then he h●t● grease and foul matter within him , whic● must be avoided , how lean or poor soever h● appear in outward speculation . The inward help is onely sharp exercis● and strong scourings : the first will dissol●● the foulness , the later will bring it away . Observation from the privy parts . Our Feeder must observe his horses stones for if they hang down side , or low from h● body , then is the horse out of lust and hear● and is either sick of grease , or other foul humors ; but if they he close couched up , and hid in a small room , then is he healthfull and in good plight . Observation for the Limbs . Our Feeder must observe ever the nig●t before he runs any match , or sore heat , to bath his Horse leggs well from the knees and cambrels downwards , either with clarified Doggs grease ( which is the best ) or Trotters oyl ( which is the next ) or else the best Ho●s grease , which is sufficient , and to work i● in with the labour of his hands , and not with fire : for what he gets not in the first night , will be got in the next morning ; and what is not got in the next morning , will bee got in when he comes to uncloath at the end of the course : so that you shall need to use the oyntment but once ; but the Friscase or Rubbing as oft as you find opportunity . Observation for water . Our Feeder shall observe , that albeit I give no direction for watering the horse after the heats , yet he may in any of the later fortnights ( finding his horse clean and his grease consumed ) somwhat late at night , as about six a clock give him water in reasonable quantity being made luke warm , and fasting an hour after it . Also if through the unseasonableness of the weather , you cannot water abroad , then you shall at your watering hours water in the house with warm water as aforesaid . Nor need you in this case heat all your water , but making a little very hot , put it into a greater , and so make all luke-warm . If you throw an handfull of Wheat-meal , Bran , or Oat-meal finely powdred ( but Oat-meal is the best ) into the water , it is very wholsome . Observation for the ground to run on . Our Feeder shall observe . That if the ground whereon he is to run his match , be dangerous , and apt for mischievous accidents , as strains , over-reaches , sinew bruises , and the like , that then he is not bound to give all his heats thereon ; but having made the Horse acquainted , with the nature thereof , then either to take part of the Course , as a mile , two or three , according to the goodness of the ground , and so to run his horse forth and again ( which we call turning heats ) provided always that he end his heat at the weighing-post , and that he make not his course less but rather more in quantity then that he must run . But if for some especiall causes he like no part of the course ; then he may many times ( but not ever ) give his heat upon any other good ground , about any spatious and large field , where the horse may lay down his body , and run at pleasure . Observation from Sweat . Our feeder shall take especiall regard in al his airings , heatings , and all manner of exercises whatsoever to the sweating of his horse , and the occasions of his sweating ; as if an horse sweat upon little or no occasion ; as walking a foot pace , standing stil in the stable , and the like , it is then apparent that the horse i● faint , foul fed , and wanteth exercise . If upon good occasion , as strong heats , great labour and the like , he sweat , yet his sweat is white froth and like sope-suds , then is the horse inwardly soul , and wanteth also exercise But if the sweat be black , and as it were only water thrown upon him , without any frothiness , then is the horse clean fed , in good lust and good case , and you may adventure riding without danger . Observation from the Hair . Our Feeder shall observe his horses Hair in generall , but especially his neck , and those parts which are uncovered , and if they lie slick , smooth and close , and hold the beauty of their naturall colour , then is the Horse in good case ; but if they be rough , or staring , or if they be discoloured , then is the horse inwardly cold at the heart , and wanteth both cloathes and warm keeping . Many other Observations there be , but these are most materiall , and I hope sufficient for any reasonable understanding ▪ THE OFFICE OF THE KEEPER . How to keep any Horse for pleasure , Hunting or Travel , &c. I Would have our Keeper of these ordered Horses , to rise early in the morning of day , or before ( according to the season of the year ) and to sift the Horse the quantity of three pints of good , old and dry Oats , and put to them an hand full or two of spelt Beans , hulls and all , and so give them to the Horse . Of Dressing and Watering . After he hath eaten them , let him dres him , that is to say , he shall first curry him all over with the Iron comb , from the head to the tail , from the top of the shoulder to the knee , and from the top of his buttock to the hinder cambrell ; then dust him all over with a clean dusting cloath , or with an horse tail made fast to an handle : then curry him all over with the french brush , beginning with his forehead , temples and cheeks , so down his neck , shoulders and fore leggs , even to the setting on of his Hooves , so alongst his sides and under his belly ; and lastly , all about his buttocks and hinder leggs , even to the ground ; then you shall go over again with your duster , then over all parts with your wet hands , and not leave ( as neer as you can one loose hair about him , nor one wet hair ; for what your hands did wet , your hands must rub dry again : you shall also with your wet hands cleanse his sheath , his yard , his cods and his tuell , and indeed not leave any secret place uncleansed , as ears , nostrils , fore-bowels , and between his hinder thighs , Then you shall take an hair-cloath and with it rub him all over , but especially his head , face , eyes , cheeks , between his chaps , on the top of his fore-head , in the nape of the neck , down his leggs , feetlocks and about his pasterns . Lastly , you shall take a clean woolen cloath , and with it rub him all over , beginning with his head and face , and so passing through all parts of his body and limbs before spoken of . Then take a wet mane-cloath , and comb down his mane and tail . Then saddle him and ride him out to water , warm him both before and after water very moderately , and so bring him home dry without sweat ; then cloath him up , after you have rubbed his head , body and leggs , and let him stand on his bridle more then an hour . Ordinary-Keeping After he hath stood an hour , give him the former quantity of provender , and the same in kind . After he hath eaten his provender , give him into his rack a pretty bundle of hay , and so let him rest till noon . At noon give him the former quantity of provender , and the same in kind , and so let him rest till evening , onely renewing his hay if there be occasion . At evening dress him as in the morning , then ride him forth to water , and do as you did in the morning . When you come home and have cloathed him up , let him stand on his bridle as before , then give him the former quantity of provender , so let him rest till nine a clock at night ; at which time give him the former quantity of provender , and a pretty bundle of hay , and so let him rest till the next morning . Also observing ordinary keeping ever after your dressing , and at such times as you find best convenience , to bathe all his fore-leggs from the knees and Cambrels downward with cold water , for it is wholsome , and both comforteth the sinews , and prevents scabbs and swellings . Keeping in Travell and Sport . Thus you shall do concerning his ordinary keeping at home where the Horse hath rest and that you may dispose of hours as you please ▪ but if you be either in travel , in sport , or other occasion , so that you cannot observe these particular times , then you must divide the main and whole quantity of mea● into fewer parts and greater quantities , and so give them at the best convenience , ever observing to give the least quantity before travel as a third part before mounture , and the two other when you come to rest . Nor would I have you to distract your mind with any doubt or amazement , because I prescribe you five severall times of feeding in one day , as if it should either over-charge you , or over-feed your horse : questionless there is no such matter when you look into the true proportion : for it cannot be denied that whosoever is worthy of a good horse , or good means to keep a good horse , cannot allow him less then one peck a day ; nay , the Carrier . Carter , Poulter and Packhorse , will allow half a peck at waterings , and this allowance which I set down comes to no more : for fifteen pints of oats , and one pint of spelt beans upheaped , makes two gallons , and that is one peck Winchester measure . Now to give it at twice it fills the stomack more , makes the digestion wors● , and the appetite weak : whereas to give less , but more oft , the stomack is ever craving , the digestion always ready , and the appetite never wanting , so that health ( without disorder ) can never be a stranger , therefore once again thus for ordinary keeping . Of giving Heats , Hunting and Travell . But if you intend to give an heat , as to hunt , gallop , travell , or the like , ( which I would wish you to do once , twice , or thrice a week according to the ability of your horse ) then observe all your former observations , onely the night before give him little or no hay at all : In the morning before his heat very early and before his dressing , give him three or four handfull of clean sifted oats , washt either in strong Beer or Ale . Then dress him , saddle him , and give him his hear , he having first emptied himself well . Ordering after Labour : After his heat ▪ , or end of labour , rub him carefully , and bring him ▪ dry into the stable ; then after he is cloathed up , let him stand on his bridle at least two hours , then give him a little bundle of hay to teare out upon his bridle , and an hour after feed him as hath been before shewed , onely with his first oats give him an handfull or better of hemp-seed well dusted and mixt . At night warm him a little water and give it him luke-warm , with a little fine pounded Oatmeal thrown upon it , then an hour after give him his provender , and a pretty bundle of hay , and so let him rest till the next morning . The next morning do all things as in his ordinary keeping . Some especiall Precepts . If he be a choice horse let him stand on litter both night and day , yet change oft and keep the planchers clean . If he be otherwise , then use your own discretion . If you intend to travell or journey in the morning , then give no hay , or but little the night before ; if you journey in the afternoon , then give no hay , or but little in the morning . If your horse sweat by exercise , take off the sweat ( before you rub him ) with the Glassing-knife , which is either a piece of a broken sword-blade , or a piece of a broken Syth , for this will make a clean , a smooth , and a shining coat . In journeying ride moderately the first hour or two , but after according to your occassions : Water before you come to your Inne , if you can possibly ; but if you cannot , then give warm water in the Inne , after the Horse hath fed , and is fully cooled within , and outwardly dried . Trotters oyl is an excellent oyntment , being applied very warm , and well chafed into your horses limbs and sinews , to nimble and help stifness and lameness . And Dogs grease is better , therefore never want one of them in your stable . Of washing and Walking . Neither wash your horse nor walk your horse ; for the first indangereth foundring in the body or feet , and breedeth all surfaits ; the latter is the ground of all strong colds , which turn to glanders and rottenness ; but if necessity compell you to either , as foul waies ; or long stays , then rather wash your Horses leggs with pailes of water at the stable door , then to indanger him in either pond or river . And for walking , rather sit on his back to keep his Spirits stirring , then to lead him in his hand , and with dull spirits to receive all manner of mischiefs . This I think sufficient for the office of the Keeper . THE OFFICE OF THE AMBLER . Observations in Ambling . THere is not any motion in an horse more desired , more usefull , nor indeed more hard to be attained unto by a right way , then the motion of Ambling ; and yet ( is we will beleeve the protestations of the Professors ) not any thing in all the Art of Horsmanship more easie , or more severall ways to be effected , every man conceiving to himself a severall method , and all those methods held as infallible maxims that can never fail in the accomplishment of the work . Mens opinions and Errors . But they which know truths , know the errors in these opinions , for albeit every man that hath hardly a smell of Horsmanship , can discourse of a way how to make an horse amble , yet when they come to the performance of the motion , their failings are so great , and their errors so gross , that for mine own part , I never yet saw an exact Ambler . I confess some one man may make some one horse amble well and perfectly ; nay , more then one , peradventure many , and thereby assume to himself a name of perfection , yet such a man have I seen erre grosly , and spoyl more then his labour was able to recompence . But leaving mens errors , because they are past my reformation , I will onely touch at some principall observations which in mine opinion I hold to be the easiest ▪ the certainest and readiest for the effecting of this work ; and withall glance at those absurdities which I have seen followed , though to little purpose , and less benefit . Ambling by the plowed field . There is one commends the new plowed lands , and affirms , that by toyling the horse thereon in his foot pace , there is no way so excellent for the making of him to amble ; but he forgets what weakness , nay what lameness , such disorderly toyle brings to a young horse nay to any horse ; because the work cannot be done without weariness , and no weariness is wholsome ▪ Ambling by the Gallop ▪ Another will teach his horse to amble from the Gallop , by sudden stopping , a more sudden chocking him in the cheeks of the mouth , thrusting the horse into such an am●●edness betwixt his gallop and his trot , that losing both he cannot chuse but find out ambling . But this man forgets not alone the error before spoken , ( which is too great toyle ) but also spoyls a good mouth ( if the horse had one ) loses a good Rain ( if there were any ) and by over-reaching and clapping one foot against another , indangers upon every step an ●oof-breach , or sinew-strain Ambling by Weights . Another says there is nothing of such use for ambling , as weights , and thereupon one ●oads his horse with unmercifull shooes of in●ollerable weight , and forgets how they make him enterfere , strike short with his hind-feet , and though his motion be true , yet is so slow that it is not worth his labour . Another foulds great weights of lead about his feetlock pasterns , and forgets that they have all the mischiefs of the former , besides the indangering of incurable strains , the crushing of the crownet , and the breeding of ring-bones , crown-scabs and quitter bones . Another loads his horse upon the fillets with earth , lead , or some other massie substance , and forgets the swaying of the back , the over-straining of the fillets , and a generall disabling of all the hinder parts . Ambling in hand , or not ridden ▪ Another struggles to make his horse amble in his hand before he mount his back , by the help of some wall , smooth pale or rail , and by chocking the horse in the mouth with the bridle-hand , and correcting him with his rod on the hinder houghs , and under the belly when he treadeth false , and never remembers into what desperate frantickness it drives an horse before he can make him understand his meaning , as plunging , rearing , sprauling out his leggs , and using a world of other antick postures , which once setled , are hardly ever after reclaimed : besides , when he hath spent all his labour , and done his utmost , as soon as he mounts his horses back , the horse is as far to seek of his pace as if he had never known such a motion . Ambling by the help of Shooes . Another finds out a new stratagem , and in despite of all opposition in the Horse , will make him amble perfectly , and thereupon he makes him a pair of hinder shooes with long spurns or plates before the toes , and of such length , that if the horse offer to trot , the hinder foot beats the forefoot before it . But he forgets that the shooes are made of Iron , and the Horses Leggs of Flesh and blood , neither doth he remember with what violence the hinder foot follows the fore-foot , nor that every stroke it gives , can light upon any place , but the back sinews , then which there is no part more tender , nor any wound that brings such incurable lameness . Ambling by the help of fine Lists . Another ( out of quaintness more then strong reason ) strives to make his horse amble by taking of fine soft lists , and foulding them strait about the Cambrell in that place where you garter an horse for a stiflestrain , and then turn him to grass for a fortnight or more , in which time ( saith he ) he will fall to a perfect amble , ( for it is true he cannot trot but with pain ) then taking away the lists , the work is finished . But ( under the correction of the professors of this foreign trick , for it is a Spanish practice ) I must assure them , that if they gain their purpose , they must offend the members . If they hurt not the limbs , they lose their labour ; but however this is most assured , that the amble thus gained , must be disgracefull , crambling and cringing in the hinder parts , without comliness , speed , or clear deliverance . Ambling by the Hand only . Another ( and he calls himself the Master Ambler of all Amblers ) affirms there is no true way of making an horse to amble but by the hand only , and I am of his opinion , could the secret be found out , or could a man make a horse do all that he imagined , and as he imagined ; but horses are rebellious , and men are furious , and the least of either of these spoyls the whole work ; and it is impossible for any man to fadge an horse to a new motion utterly unknown , against which he will not resist with his uttermost powers . Besides , to do this action with the hand onely , it must onely be done from the Horses mouth , and that mouth must of necessity be altered from his first manner of riding ; for to use all one hand must preserve all one motion , and then where is ambling which was not known at the first backing ? Again , we strive at the first backing of an horse , to bring his mouth to all sweetness , his rein to all stateliness , and the generall carriage of his body to all comeliness . Now in this course of ambling by the hand onely , the mouth must be changed from the chaps to the ●eeks of the mouth , which is from sweetness to harshness , his rein must be brought from constancy to inconstancy : for the eyes that did look upward , the nose and muzzell which was couched inward , must be turned outward , and the generall comliness of the Bodies carriage must be brought to disorder and false treading , or else he shall never accomplish the true art of ambling by the hand onely . Ambling by the Tramell . There is another , ( I will not call him the ●ast , because his error may be as great as any ) and he will make his horse amble by the help of the tramell only , which I confess is neerest the best and most assured way , yet he hath many errors , as followeth . Errors in the Tramell . First , he loseth himself in the want of knowledge , for the length of the Tramell , and either he makes it too long , ( which gives no stroke ) or too short ( which gives a false stroke ) the first makes an horse hackell and shuffle his feet confusedly , the latter makes him roule and twitch up his hinder feet so suddenly , that by custome it brings him to a string-halt , from which he will hardly be recovered ever after . Another loses himself and his labour by misplacing the Trammell , and out of a niceness to seem more expert then he is , or out of fearfulness to prevent falling ( to which the Tramell is subject ) places them above the knee , and above the hinder hough . But the Rule is neither good nor handsome ; for if the Tramell be too long or loose , that it gives no offence to the sinews , and other ligaments about which they must necessarily be bound , when they are raised so high , then they can give no true stroke , neither can the fore-leg compell the hinder to follow it . And if they be so short or strait , that the fore-leg cannot step forward , but the hinder must go equall with it , then will it so press the main sinew of the hinder leg , and the veins and fleshy part of the fore-thighs , that the horse will not be able to go without halting before , and cringing and crambling his hinder parts so ill-favouredly , that it will be irksome to behold it : besides , it will occasion swellings , and draw down tumors , which will be more noysom then the pace will be beneficiall . Another makes his Tramell of such course or hard stuff , or else girts it so strait , or leaves it fretting up and down so loose , that he galls his horses leggs , and leaves neither hair nor skin upon them , at the best it leaves such a foul print and mark upon the leggs , that every one will accuse both the horse and his Teacher of disgrace and indiscretion . As these , so I must conclude with the last error of the Tramell , which is , mens opinions , and though it be the most insufficient , yet it hath the greatest power to oversway truth , and that is , the Tramell is utterly unnecessary , and unprofitable , and the defender worthy of no imployment , alledging the Land onely to be excellent . The errors I have already confuted ; it now remaines ( after all these faults finding ) that I shew the truest , the easiest , and that way which is most uncontrollable for the making of an horse to amble , with all the gracefulness and perfection that can be required . The best way to amble an Horse . When you are about undoubtedly to make an horse amble truely , and without controlment : First , try with your hand by a gentle or deliberate racking and thrusting of the horse forward , by helping him in the weeks of his mouth with your snaffell , ( which must be smooth , big and full ) and correcting him first on one side , then on another with the calves of your leggs , and somtimes with the spurre ; if you can make him of himselfe strike into an amble ; but by no means disorder or displace either his mouth , head , or neck ; if you find you can make him strike into an amble , though shuffling disorderly , there will be much labor saved : for that proclivity or aptness to amble , will make him with more easiness and less danger , endure the use of the Tramell , and make him find the motion without stumbling or amazement : but if you find he will by no means either apprehend the motions or intentions , then struggle not with him , but fall to the use of the Tramell in this manne● following . The form of the Tramell . But before I come to the use and vertue thereof , I will shew you the form and substance whereof it ought to be made ; because nothing hath ever done this Instrument more injury , then false substances and false shapes . Therefore some make these tramels all of Leather , and that will either reach or break , the first marrs the work by uncertainty , the other loseth the labor . Another makes it of Canvass , and that galls . A third makes it of strong Lists , and that hath all the faults of both the former ; for the softness will not let it lye close , and the gentleness makes it stretch out of all compass or break upon every stumble . And as these , so there are a world of other us●●ess Tramels ; for you must understand that touching the true Tramel , the side-ropes must be firm , without yeelding an hair : The hose must be soft , lye close and not move from his first place , and the Backband must be flat , no matter how light , and so defended from the Fillets that it may not gall . And this Tramell must be thus made , and of these substances . First , for the side-Ropes , They must be made of the best , finest , and strongest packthread , such as your Turky-thred , and twined By the Roper into a delicate strong cord , yet at the utmost , not above the bigness of a smal Jackline , with a nooze at each end , so strong as is possible to be made ; neither must these side-Ropes be twined too hard , but gentle , and with a yeelding condition , for that will bring on the motion more easie , and keep the Tramell from breaking , now these siderop●s must be just 36 inches in length , and so equall one with another , that no difference may be espied . For the Hose which must be placed in the small of the fore-leg , and the small of the hinder l●g above the feetlock , they must be made of fine Girth web , which is soft and pliant , and lined with double Cotton : over the girth web must be fastned strong Tabbs of white Neats leather well tallowed , ●●d suited to an even length , and stamped with holes of equall distance , which shall passe through the noozes of the side-Ropes and be made longer or shorter at pleasure , with very strong Buckles . These hose ; the G●rth would be 4 inches in length , and the Tabbs ten . The back-band being of no other use but to bear up the side-ropes , would ( if you Tramell all the forelegs ) be made of fine Girth-web , and lined with Cotton ; but if you tramell but one side , then any ordinary tape will serve , being sure that it carry the side-ropes in an even line without either rising or falling ; for if it rise , it shortens the side-rope , if it fall it indangers tangling . Thus you see what the true Tramell is , and how to be made : touching the use , it thus followeth . The true use of the true Tramell . When you have brought your horse into an even smooth path , without rub● or roughnesse , you shall there hose the neer fore-leg , and the reer hinder leg ; then put to them the side rope , and see that he stand at that just proportion which nature her self hath formed him , without either straining or inlarging his members , and in that even and just length stay the side-rope by a small tape fastned up to the saddle . Then with your hand on the bridle , straining his head , put him gently forward , and if need be , have the help of a by-stander to put him forward also , and so force him to amble up and down the road with all the gentleness you can , suffering him to take his own leasure , that thereby he may come to an understanding of his restraint , and your will for the performance of the motion , and though he snappe● or stumble , or peradventure fall now and then , yet it matters not , do you only stay his head , give him leave to rise , and with all gentleness put him forward again , till finding his own fault , and understanding the motion ▪ he become perfect , and amble in your hand to your contentment . And that this may be done with more ease and less amazement to the horse , it is not amiss ( at his first Trameling ) that you give your side-ropes more length then ordinary , both that the twitches may be less sudden , and the motion coming more gently , the horse may sooner apprehend it . But as soon as he comes to any perfectness ▪ then instantly put the side-ropes to their true length . For an inch too long , is a foo●●oo slow in the pace ; and an inch to short causeth ralling , a twitching up of the leggs , and indeed a kind of plain halting . When to alter the Tramell . When the horse will thus amble in your hand perfectly , being trameled on one side , you shall then change them to the other side , and make him amble in your hand as you did before . And thus you shall do , changing from one side to another , till with this halfe tramell he will run and amble in your hand without snappering or stumbling , both readily and swiftly . When this is attained unto , which cannot be above two or three hours labour ( if there be any tractableness ) you ●ay then put on the whole Tramell , and the broad flat back-band , Trameling both sides equally , and so run him in your hand ( at the utmost length of the bridle ) up and down the road divers times , then pause , cherish , and to it a gain ; and thus apply him till you have brought him to that perfection , that he will amble , swiftly , truly and readily , when , where and how you please : then put him upon uneven and uncertain ways , as up-hill and down-hill , where there are clots and roughness , and where there is hollowness and false treading . When to mount his back . Now when he is perfect in your hand upon all these , you may then adventure to mount his back , which ( if you please ) you may first do by a Boy , or Groom , making the horse amble under him , whilst you stay his head to prevent danger , or to see how hee striketh . Then after mount your self , and with all gentleness and le●●ty increasing his pace more and more , till you come to the height of perfection . And thus as you did before in your hand , so do now on his back , first with the whole Tramell , then with the halfe , and changing the Tramell oft , first from one side , then to another , then altering grounds till you find that exquisiteness which you desire . And this must be done by daily exercise and labour , as twice , thrice , sometimes ▪ oftner in the day . When to journey . When you have attained your wish in the perfection of his stroke , the nimblenesse of ●●s Limbs , and the good carriage of his head and Body , you may then take away the Tramell altogether , and exercise him without it . But this exercise I would have upon the high-way , and not ( Horse-courser like ) in a private smooth Road , for that affords but a co●sening pace , which is left upon every small wearinesse ; therefore take the high-way forward for three , four , or five miles in a morning more or lesse , as you find the horses aptness and ability . Now if in this Journeying , either through weariness , ignorance , or peevishness , you find in him a willingnesse to forsake his pace , then ( ever carrying in your pocket the halfe tramell ) alight and put them on , and so exercise him in them , and now and then giving him ease , bring him home in his true pace . This exercise you shall follow day by day , and every day increasing it more and more ▪ till you have brought him from one mile to many : which done , you may then give him ease , as letting him rest a day or two , or more , and then apply him again ; and if you find in him neither error nor alteration then you may resolve your work is finished : For in all mine experience , I never found this way to fail . But if any alteration do happen , ( as many phantastick horses are subject unto ) if it be in the motion of his pace ▪ then with your hand reform it . But if that fail , then the use of the halfe Tramell will never fail you . Now if the error proceed from any other occasion , look seriously into the cause thereof , and taking that away , the effect will soon cease , for you are to understand , that in this manner of teaching an horse to amble , you are forbidden no help or benefit whatsoever which belongs unto horsmanship , as Chain , Cavezin , Musroule , Headstrain , Martingale , Bit , or any other necessary Instrument , because this motion is not drawn from the mouth , but from the limbs . Many things else might be spoken on this subject , but it would but load paper , and weary memory , and I aim only at short essays , and true new experiments , therefore this already writ I hold sufficient . THE OFFICE OF THE BUYER : Wherein is shewed all the perfections and imperfections that are or can be in a Horse . Observations and Advertisements for any man when he goeth about to buy an Horse . THere is nothing more difficult in all the Art of Horsmanship , then to set down constant and uncontrollable Resolutions by which to bind every mans mind to an unity of consent in the buying of an Horse : for ●ccording to the old Adage , What is one mans meat , is another mans poyson ; what one ●ffects another dislikes . But to proceed according to the Rule of Reason , the Precepts of the Ancients , and the modern practice of our present conceived opinions , I will , as briefly as I can ( and the rather because it is a labour I never undertook in this wise before ) shew you those observations and advertisements which may fortifie you in any hard election . The end for which to buy : First therefore you are to observe , that i● you will elect an Horse for your hearts contentment , you must consider the end and purpose for which you buy him , as whether for the Warres , running , hunting , travelling , draught or burthen . Every one having their severall Characters , and their severall faces both of beauty and uncomliness . But because there is but one truth , and one perfection , I will under the description of the perfect and untainted horse , shew all the imperfections and attaind●res which either nature or mischance can put upon the Hors● of greatest deformity . Let me then advise you that intend to buy an horse , to acquaint your self with all the true shapes and excellencies which belong to an horse whether it be in h●s naturall and true proportion , or in any accidental or outward increase or decrease of any limb o● member , and from their contraries to gather all things whatsoever that may give dislike or offence . Election how divided . To begin therefore with the first principle of Election , you shall understand they are divided into two especiall heads , the one Generall the other Particular . The generall Rule . The Generall Rule of election is , first the end for which you buy , then his Breed or Generation ; his Colour , his Pace , and his Stature . These are said to be generall , because they have a generall dependance upon every mans several opinions : as the first , which is the end for which you buy , it is a thing shut up only in your own bosome . Of Breed . The other , which is Breed , you must either take it from faithful report , your own knowledge , or from some known and certain Characters by which one strain or one Country is distinguished from another ; as the Neapolitan is known by his Hauk-nose , the Spaniard by his small Limbs , the Barbary by his fine head , and deep hoof , The Dutch by his rough legges , the English , by his Generall strong knitting together , and so forth of divers others . Of Colour . As for his colour , although there is no colour utterly exempt from goodness , for I have seen good of all , yet there are some better reputed then others , as the daple , gray for beauty , the brown-bay for service , the black with silver hairs for courage , and the Lyard or true mixt Roan for continuance . As for the ●orrell , the black without white , and the unchangeable Iron-gray , are reputed cholerick , the bright Bay , the flea-bitten , and the black with white marks , ate sanguinists ; the black , white , the yellow , dun , and kiteglewed , and the pye ▪ balld , are flegmatick ; and the chesnut , the mouse-dun , the red bay , and the blew-gray , are melancholy . Pace , as Trotting . Now for his pace , which is either Trot , Amble , Rack or Gallop , you must refer it to the end also for which you buy ; as if it be for the warrs , running , hunting , or your own pleasure , then the trot i● most tollerable , and this motion you shall know by a cross moving of the horses limbs , as when the far fore-leg and the near hinder-leg ; or the near fore-leg and the far hinder-leg move and go forward in one instant . And in this motion , the nearer the horse taketh his limbs from the ground , the opener , the evener , and the shorter is his pace : for to take up his feet slovenly , shewes stumbling and lamenesse : To tread narrow or cross , shews enterfeiring or failling ; to step uneven , shews toyl and weariness ; and to tread long , shews over-reaching . Ambling . Now if you elect for ease , great persons feats , or long travell , then Ambling is required . And this motion is contrary to trotting : for now both the feet on one side must move equally together , that is , the far fore-legs and the far hinder-legs , and the near fore-leg and the near hinder-leg And this motion must go just , large , smoth , and nimble ▪ for to treade false , takes away all ●ase ; to tread short , rids no ground ; to tread rough , shewes , rolling ; and to tread un-nimbly , shewes a false pace that never continueth , as also lameness . Racking If yo elect for Buck-hunting ; galloping on the high-way , post , hackney , or the like , then a racking pace is required : and this motion is the same that ambling i● , onely it is in a swifter time and a shorter tread ; and though it rid not so much ground , yet it is a little more easie ▪ Galloping ▪ Now to all these paces must be joyned a good gallop , which naturally every trotting and racking horse hath ; the ambler is a little unapt thereunto , because the motions are both one , so that being put to a greater swiftness of pace then formerly he hath been acquainted withall , he handles his leggs confusedly and out of order , but being trained gently , and made to understand the motion he will as well undertake it as any trotting horse whatsoever , Now in a good gallop you are to observe these vertues . First , that the horse which taketh his feet nimbly from the ground , but doth not raise them high , that neither roleth nor beateth himselfe , that fl●etcheth out his fore legs , follows nimbly with his hinder ▪ and neither cutteth under his knee ( which is called the Swift cut ) nor crosseth , nor clap● one foot on another , and ever leadeth with his far fore foot , and not with the near this hors● is said ever to gallop most comely and most true , and it is the fittest for speed , o● any swift imployment . If he gallop round , and raise his fore-feet , he is then said to gallop strongly , but not swiftly , and is fittest for the great Saddle , the wars and strong encounters . If he gallop slow , yet sure , he will serve for the high way : but i● he labour his feet confusedly , and gallop painfully , then is he good for no galloping service : beside , it shews some hidden lameness . Stature : Lastly , touching his Stature , it must be referred to the end for which you buy , ever observing that the biggest and strongest are fittest for strong occasions and great burthens , strong draughts , and double carriage ; the middle size for pleasure and generall imployments ; and the least for ease , streetwalks , and Summer Hackney . The particular Rule . Now touching the particular Rule of election , it is contained in the discovery of naturall deformities , accidentall outward sorrances , or inward hidden mischiefs which are so many and so infinite that it is a world of work to explain them yet ; for satisfaction sake I will in as methodicall manner as I can , shew what you are to observe in this accession . How to stand to view . When a Horse is brought unto you to buy ( being satisfied for his breed , his pace , colour and stature , then see him stand naked before you , and placing your self before his face , take a strict view of his countenance , and the cheerfulness threof : for it is an excellent glass wherein to behold his goodness and best perections . — As thus — His Eares . If his ears be small , thin , sharp , short , pricked and moving ; or if they be long , yet well set on , and wel carried , it is a mark of beauty , goodness , and metall : but if they be thick , laved or lolling , wide set , and unmoving , then are they signes of dulness , doggedness : and evil nature . His Face . If his Face be lean : his forehead swelling outward : the mark or feather in his face set high , as above his eys , or at the top of his eyes ; if he have white starre : or white ratch of an indifferent size , and even placed , or a white snip on his nose , or lip ; all are marks of beauty and goodness . But if his face be fat , cloudy or skouling , his forehead flat as a trencher , ( which we call Mare-faced , ) or the mark in his forehead stand low , as under his eyes : If his star or ratch stand awry , or in an evill posture , or in stead of a snip , his nose be raw and unhairy , or his face generally bald ; all are signes of deformity . His Eyes . If his eyes be round , big , black , shining , starting or staring from his head , if the black of the eye fill the pit or outward circumference , so that in the moving , none ( or very little ) of the white appeareth , all are signs of beauty , goodness , and metall : but if his eyes be uneven , and of a wrinkled proportion , if they be little ( which we call pig-eyed ) both are uncomely signes of weakness : if they be red and fiery , take heed of Moon-eys , which is next door to blindness . If white and walled , it shews a weak sight , and unnecessary starting or finding of Boggards : if with white specks , take heed of the pearl , pin and web : if they water or shew bloody , it shews bruises ; and if they matter , they shew old over-riding , festred rhumes ▪ or violent strains If they look dead or dull , or are hollow , or much sunk , take heed of blindness at the best ; the best is of an old decrepid generation : if the black fill not the pit , but the white is always appearing , or if in moving the white and black be seen in equall quantity , it is a signe of weakness , and a dogged disposition . His Cheeks and Chaps . If handling his Cheeks or Chaps , you find the bones lean and thin , the space wide between them , the thropple or wind-pipe big as you can gripe , and the void place without knots or kirnels ; and generally the jawes so great , that the neck seemeth to couch within them , they are all excellent signes of great wind , courage , and soundness of head and body . But if the chaps be fat and thick , the space between them closed up with gross substance , and the throple little , all are signs of short wind and much inward foulness : If the void place be full of knots and kirnels , take heed of the Strangle or Glanders , at the best , the horse is not without a foul cold . If his jaws be so strait , that his neck swelleth above them , if it be no more but naturall , it is onely an uncomely sign of short wind and pursickness , or grosness ; but if the swelling be long , and elose by his Chaps , like a whetstone , then take heed of the Vives , or some other unnaturall impostume . His Nostrils and muzzell . If his nostrils be open , dry , wide and large , so as upon any straining , the inward redness is discovered , and if his muzzell be small , his mouth deep , and his lips equally meeting ; then all are good signes of wind , health and courage . But if his nostrils be strait , his wind is little ; if is muzzell be gross , his spirit ●is dull ; if his mouth be shallow , he will never carry a bit well ; and if his upper lip will not reach his nether , old age or infirmity hath marked him for carrion . If his nose be moist and dropping , if it be clear water , it is a cold ; if foul matter , then beware of Glanders : if both nostrills run , it is hurtfull ; but if one , then , most dangerous . Teeth . Touching his Teeth and their vertues , they are set down in a particular chapter ; onely remember , you never buy an horse that wanteth any , for as good lose all as one . His Breast . From his Head look down to his Breast , and see that it be broad , out-swelling , and adorned with many features : for that shews strength and indurance . The little breast is uncomely , and shewes weakness , the narrow breast is apt to stumble , fall , and enterfeire before : the breast that is hidden inward , and wanteth the beauty and division of many feathers , shewes a weak armed heart , and a breast that is unwilling and unfit for any violent toyl or strong labour . His Fore-thighes . Next , look down from his elbow to his knee , and see that those fore-thighs be rush-grown , well horned within , sinewed , fleshy and out-swelling , for they are good signes of strength , the contrary shews weakness , and are unnaturall . His Knees Then look on his knees that they carry proportion , be lean , sinewy , & close knit , for they are good and comely ; but if one be bigger or rounder then another , the horse hath received mischief : if they be gross , the horse is gouty : if they have scarres , or hair broken , it is a true mark of a stumbling jade and a perpetuall faller . His Legs . From his knees look down to his leggs , to his pasterns , and if you find them clean , ●●an , flat , and sinewy , and the inward bought of his knee without seames , or hair-broken , then he shewes good shape and soundness : But if on the in-side the leg you find hard ●nots , they are splinters ; if on the out-side they are serews or excressions ; if under his knees be scabs on the in-side , it is the Swift-cut , and he will ill endure galloping ; if above his pasternes on the in-side you find scabs , it shews interfeiring : but if the scabs be generally over his leggs , it is either extreame foul keeping , or else a spice of the Maunge ; if his flesh be fat , round and fleshy , he will never indure labour : and if on the inward bought of his knees you find seams , scabs , or hair-broken , it shews a Maleander , which is a cankerous ulcer . His Pasterns . Look then on his pastern-joynt and his pastern ; the first must be clear and well kni● together , the other must be short , strong and upright standing : for if the first be bigor sweld , take heed of sinew-strains and gourdings ; if the other be long , weak or bending , the limbs will be hardly able to carry the body without tiring His Hooves . For the Hooves in generall , they should be black , smooth , tough , rather a little long then round , deep , hollow and full sounding : for white Hooves are tender , and carry ● shooe ill ; a rough , grosse seamed Hoof , shewes an age or over-heating . A brittle hoof will carry no shooe at all ; an extraordinary round hoof is ill for foul ways and deep hunting . A flat hoof that is pumissed , shews soundering ; and a hoof that is empty , and hollow-sounding , shews a decayed inward part by reason of some wound or d●y founder . As for the crown of the hoof , if the hair lye smooth and close , and the flesh flat and even , then all is perfect ; but if the haire be staring , the skin scabbed , and the flesh rising , then look for a Ring-bone , or a crown scab , or a quitterbone . The setting on of his Head , his Crest and Mane . After this , stand by his side , and first look ●o the setting on of his head , and see that i● stand neither too high nor too low , but in ● direct line , and that his neck be small at the setting on of the head , and long , growing deeper to the shoulders , with an high ●●rong and thin mane , long , soft and somewhat curling ; for these are beautifulll characters : whereas to have the head ill set on , is the greatest deformity , to have any bigness or swelling in the nape of the neck , shews the Poul-evill , or beginning of a Fistula ; to have a short thick neck like a Bull , to have it falling at the withers , to have a low , weak , a thick , or falling crest , shews want both of strength and metall : to have much hair on the mane , sheweth intolerable dulness ; to have it too thin , shews fury ; and to have none , or shed , shews the worm in the mane , the itch , or else plain Manginess . His Back , Ribs , Fillets ; Belly , and Stones . Look on the chine of his back , that it be broad , even and straight , his ribs well com●assed and bending outward , his Fillets upright , strong and short , & not above an handfull between his last rib and his hucklebone , let his belly be well let down , yet hidden within his ribs , and let his stones be close trust up to his body : for all these are marks of health and good perfection , whereas to have his chine narrow , he will never carry a saddle without wounding : and to have it bending , or Saddle-backed , shews weakness . To have his Ribs flat , there is no Liberty for wind . To have his Fillets hanging , long or weak , he will never climb an hill , nor carry a burden . And to have his belly clung up or gaunt , or his stones hanging down , loose , or a side , they are both signs of sickness , tenderness , foundring in the body , and unaptness for labor : His Buttocks . Then look upon his Buttocks , and see that they be round , plump , full , and in an even levell with his body ▪ or of long , that it be well raised behind , and spread forth at the setting on of the tail , for these are comely and beautifull . The narrow pin-buttock , the hog or swine rump , and the falling and down-let buttock are full of deformity , and shew both an injury in nature , and that they are neither fit or becomming , for pad , foot●loth , or pyllion . His Hinder-thighs . Then look to his hinder-thighs , or Ga●ains , if they be well let down even to the middle-joynt , thick , brawny , full , and swelling : for that is a great argument of strength and goodness , whereas the ●ank , slender thighs ●hew disability and weakness . His Cambrels . Then look upon the middle joynt behind , and if it be nothing but skin and bone , veins and sinews , and rather a little bending then to ●ait , then it is perfect as it should be . But if ●● have chaps or sores on the inward bought ●● bending , then that is a Selander . If the ●●ynt be sweld generally all over , then he hath got a blow or bruise : if the swelling be particular , as in the pot , or hollow part , or ●n the inside , and the vein full and proud : ●● the swelling be sofe , it is a blood-spaven : ●● hard , a bone-spaven , but if the swelling be ●●st behind , before the knuckle , then it is a ●urb . Hinder-Leggs . Then look to his hinder-legs , if they be lea● clean , flat and sinowy , then all is well ; but i● they be fat , they will not indure labour . If they be sweld , the grease is molten into them . If he be scabbed above the pasterns , he hath the Scratches : if he have chaps under his pasterns , he hath rains , and none of these but are noysome . His Tayle ▪ Lastly , for the setting on of his Tayl , where there is a good Buttock , the tail can never stand ill ▪ and where there is an evill buttock there the tail can never stand well : for i● ought to stand broad , high , flat and couche● a little inward . Thus I have shewed you the true shapes and true deformities , you may in your choice please your own fancies . An uncontrollable way to know the age of an Horse . There are seven outward Characters by which to know the age of every Horse , a namely , his Teeth , his Hooves his Tail his Eyes , his Skin , his Hair , and the Bars in his mouth . His Teeth . If you will know his Age by his Teeth , you must understand , that an Horse hath in his head just forty teeth , that is to say , six great Wong teeth above , and six below on one side , and as many on the other , which maketh twenty four , and are called his Grinders : Then six above and six below in the fore-part of his mouth , which are called Gatherers , and make 36. Then four Tushes , one above , and one below on one side , and are called the Bit Teeth , which maketh just fourty . Now the first year he hath his Foals teeth , which are onely Grinders and Gatherers , but no Tushes , and they be small , white and bright to look on . The secound year he changeth the four formost teeth in his head , that is , two above and two below in the midst of the rows of the Gatherers , and they are browner and bigger then the other . The third year he changeth his teeth next unto them , and leaveth no apparent Foals teeth before , but two above , and two below of each side , which are also bright and small . The fourth year he changeth the teeth next unto them , and leaveth no more Foale● teeth but one of each side , both above and below . The fifth year his formost teeth will be all changed ; but then he hath his tushes on each side compleat , and the last Foals teeth which he cast , those which come up in their place , will be hollow , and have a little black speck in the midst , which is called the mark in the horses mouth , and continueth till he be past eight years old The sixth year he putteth up his new tushes , near about which you shall see growing a little of new and young flesh , at the bottome of the tush : besides , the tush will be white , small , short and sharp . The seventh year all his teeth will have their perfect growth ; and the mark in the horses mouth ( before spoken of ) will be plainly seen . The eighth year all his teeth will be full , smooth and plain , the black speck or mark being no more but discerned , and his tushes will be more yellow then ordinary . The ninth year his formost teeth will be longer , broader , yellower and fouler then at younger years , the mark gone , and his tushes will be bluntish . The tenth year in the inside of his upper ●ushes will be no holes at all to be felt with ●our finger● end , which tel that age you shall ●●●r feel : besides the temples of his head will begin to be crooked and hollow . The eleventh year his teeth will be exceeding long , very yellow , black and foul , onely he may then cut even , and his teeth will stand directaly opposite one to another . The twelfth year his teeth will be long , yellow , black and foul ; but then his upper teeth will hang over his nether . The thirteenth year his tushes will be worn somwhat close to his chaps ( if he be a much ridden horse ) otherwise they will be black , foul and long , like the tushes of a Boar. His Hooves . If a horses hooves be rugged , and as it were seamed one seam over another , and many seames ; if they be dry , full and crusty , o● crumbling , it is a sign of very old age : and on the contrary part , a smouth , moist , hollow , and wel sounding hoof is a signe of young years . His Tail . If you take an horse with your finger and your thumb by the stern of the tail , close at the setting on by the buttock , feeling there hard , if you feel of each side the tail a joyn stick out more then any other by the big?nesse of an hazell nut , then you may prsume the horse is under ten years old : but i● his joynts be all plain , and no such thing t● be felt , then he ●s above ten , and may b● thirteen . His Eyes . If an horses eyes be round , full , staring , o● starting from his head , if the pits over them be filled , smooth & even with his temples , & no wrinckles either about his brow , or under his eyes , then he is young ; if otherwise yo● see the contrary characters , it is a sign o● old age , His Skin . If you take an horses skin in any part o● his body , betwixt your finger and you● thumb , and pull it from his flesh , then letting it go again , if it suddenly returne to the plac● from whence it came , and be smooth and plain without wrinkle , then he is young , and full of strength : but if it stand and not return instantly to its former place , then he i● very old and wasted . His Hayr ▪ If an Horse that is of any dark colour , shall grow grissell onely about his Eyebrows , or underneath his Mane ; or any horse of a whitish colour shall grow meannelled with either black or red meannels universally over his body , then both are signes of old age . His Barrs . Lastly , if the Barrs in his mouth be great , deep , and handle rough and hard , then is the horse old : but if they be soft , shallow , and handle gently and tenderly , then is the horse young , and in good ability of body . And thus much be spoken touching the Office of the Buyer . THE OFFICE OF THE FARRIER . The Signes of all Sicknesses , and how to discern them . IF you find in your horse heaviness of countenance , extream loosness , or extream costiveness , shortness of breath , ●othing of meat , dull and imperfect eys , rotten or dry cough , staring hair , or hair unnaturally discoloured , a staggering pace , frantick behaviour , yellowness of the eyes or skin , faint or cold sweat , extraordinary lying down , or beating or looking back at his body alteration of qualities or gestures , not casting of the coat , leanness , hide-bound and the like . All these are apparant signs of distemperature and sickness . Signes from the Dung . It is necessary to observe the horses dung , for it is the best Tel-troth of his inward parts ; yet you must not judge it by a generall opinion , but by a private discourse with your self how he hath been ●ed , because food is the onely thing that breeds alterations , — as thus — If he feed altogether upon grass , his dung hath one complexion , as green ; if upon hay , then another , as a little more dark . If upon little provender , then inclining to yelow . But to avoid both curiosity and doubt , observe well the complexion of his dung , when he is in the best health , and the best feeding ; and as you find it alter , so judge either of his health or sickness , as thus — — If his dung be clear , crisp , and of a pale yellowish complexion , hanging together without separation , more then as the weight breakes it in falling , being neither so thin nor so thick , but it wil a little ●●a● on the ground . And indeed both in savour and substance , resembling a sound mans ordure , then is the horse clean , well fed , and without imperfection : If it be well coloured , yet fall from him in round knots , or pellets , so it be but the first or second dung , the rest good , as aforesaid , it matters not : for it only shews he did eat hay lately , and that will ever come away first . But if all his dung be alike , then it is a sign of foul feeding , and he hath either too much hay , or eates too much litter , and too little corn . If his dung be in round pellets , and blackish , or brows , it shews inward heat in the body . If it be greasie , it shews foulness , and that grease is molten , but cannot come away . If he void grease in gross substance with his dung , if the grease ●e white and clear , then it comes away kindly , and there is no danger : but if it be yellow or putrified , then the grease hath lain long in his body , and sickness will follow if not prevented . If his dung be red and hard , then the horse hath had too strong heats , and costiveness will follow : if it be pale and loose , it shews inward coldness of body , or too much moist and corrupt feeding : Signes from the Urine . THough the Urine be not altogether so materiall as the dung , yet it hath some true faces , as thus — That Urine which is of a pale yellowish colour , rather thick then thin , of a strong smell and a piercing condition , is an health , full , sound and good urine : but if it be of an high , red complexion , either like blood , or inclining to blood , then hath the horse had either too sore heats , been over-ridden , or ridden to early after winter grass . If the Urine be of an high complexion , clear and transparent , like old March Beer , then he is inflamed in his body , and hath taken some surfit . If the urine carry a white cream on the top , it shews a weak back , or consumption of seed . A green urine shews consumption of the body . A Urine with bloody streaks shews an ulcer in the kidnies : and a black , thick , cloudy urine shews death and mortality . Of sickness in generall . Whensoever , upon any occasion , you shall find the horse droop in countenance , to forsake his meat , or to shew any other apparent sign of sickness ; if they be not great , you may forbear to let blood , because where the blood is spent , the spirits are spent also , and they are not easily recovered . But if the signes be great and dangerous , then by all means let blood instantly , and for three mornings together ( the horse being fastning ) give him half an ounce of the powder ( called by me ) Diahexaple , and by the Italians , Regin● medicina , the Queen of medicines , brewed either in a pint of Muskadine or Malmsey , or a pint of the syrop of Sugar , being two degrees above the ordinary Molosses , or for want thereof Molosses wil serve the turn ; and where all are wanting , you may take a pint either of dragon water , or a quart of the sweetest and strongest Ale-wort , or in extre mity take a quart of strong Ale or Beer , but then warm it a little before the fire . This must be given with an horn , and if the Horse have ability of body , ride him in some warm place after it , and let him fast near two hours after the riding . At noon give him a sweet mash , cloath very warm , and let him touch no cold water . Now touching the exact and true making of this rare powder , which I call Diahexaple , because no man ( that I know ) Apothecary or other , doth at this day make it truely , partly because it is an experiment but lately come to my knowledge by conference with learned Physicians , and partly because our medicine makers are in Horse physick less curious then they should be ; through which errors there is produced to the world an abundance of false mixtures , which both deceiveth the honest Hors-master , kills the harmless horse , and disgraceth the well-meaning Farrier , To repair all which , I will here set down the true manner of making this admirable powder , together with the vertues and operations thereof . The true manner of making the true Diahexaple , Take the roots of round Aristologia , wash them , scrape them , and purifie them as clear as may be , then take Juniper Berries unexcorticated , and Bay-berries excorticated ; take the purest and best drops as Myrrh , and the finest shavings of Ivory , of each an equall quantity ; beat all but the Myrrh together , and search them fine : Lastly , beat the Myrrh and search it also ; then mix and incorporate all together , press it hard into a gally-pot , and keep it , and use it as you have occasion . The vertues of true Diahexaple . This powder , or indeed Methridate , called Diahexaple , or the Queen of Medicines , is most excellent & soveraign against all manner of poyson , either inward or outward , it cureth the biting of venemous beasts , and helpeth short wind and pursickness . Dodoneus . It mundifieth , cleanseth , suppleth , and maketh thin all gross humours , it healeth all diseases of the Liver and Stomack , helps digestion , and being given in a pint of Sack , it cureth all colds : it is good against consumptions , breaks flegm , helps staggers , and all diseases of the head . Gerrard . It recovers tyring and weariness , and takes away cramps and convulcions , dries up the Skurvy , breaks the stone , opens all inward obstructions , and helps the yellows , the gargil and the dropsie . Diascorides . It cures all diseases of the lungs , as glanders and rottenness , gives ease to all gripings and windiness of the belly , provoketh urine , takes away infection , and kils worms . Gale . ● . A Drink to open an Horses body , and cleanse it . Take a quart of new milk , Sallet-oyl , hony , each half a pint , an ounce of London treacle , and the yolks of six , eggs beat all together : and then put to it licoras , sugar-candy , anise-seeds ( all in powder ) of each an ounce , and infuse all together , so give it the horse , ride him after it , set up warm , and let him fast above an an hour . The true manner of making those cordial Bal● , which cure any violent cold or Glanders which prevent heart-sickness . which purge away all molten grease , which recover a lost stomack , which keep the heart from fainting with exercise , and make a lean horse fat suddenly . Take Aniseeds , Cominseeds , Fenegreekseeds , Carthumus seeds : Elicampane roots and Colts foot , each two ounces beaten , and searced to a fine dust , two ounces of the flower of Brimston : then take an ounce of the juice of Licoras , and dissolve it on the fire in half a pint of white wine ; which done , take an ounce of Chymicall oyl of Aniseeds , then of sallet oyl , hony , and the Syrop of Sugar , or for want of it Molosses , of each half a pint , then mix all this with the former powders , and with as much fine wheat flower as will bind and knit them all together , work them into stiff paste , and make thereof Balls somwhat bigger then French Walnuts ●ull and all , and so keep them in a close Gallipot , ( for they will last all the year : ) Yet I do not mean that you shall keep them in the pot in balls : for so because they cannot lye close , the air may get in and do hurt ; as also the strength of the oyls will sweat outward and weaken the substance , therefore knead the whole lump of paste into the Gallipot , and make the Balls as you have occasion to use them . Now for the use of these Balls , because they are cordiall , and have divers excellent vertues , you shall understand , that if you use them to prevent sickness , then you shall take a Ball , and aniont it all over with sweet Butter , and give it the horse in the morning ▪ in the manner of a Pill , then ride him a little after it ( if you please , otherwise you may chuse ) and feed and water him abroad or at home according to your usual custome . And thus do 3 or 4 mornings together . If you use them to cure either cold or glanders , then use them in the same manner for a week together . If you use them to fatten an horse , then give them for a fortnight together . But if you use them in the nature of a scouring to take away molten grease & foulness , then instantly after his heat , and in his heat . Again , if you find your horse at any time hath taken a little cold , as you shall perceive by his inward ratling , if then you take one of these Balls , and dissolve it in a pint of sack , and so give it the horse , it is a present remedy . Also to dissolve the Ball in his ordinary water , being made luke warm , it worketh the life effect , and fatneth exceedingly : To give one of these Balls before travell , it prevents tyring ; to give it in the height of travel , it refresheth the weariness : and to give it after travel , it saves an horse from all surfeit and inward sickness . For the Bots or any Worms . Take a quart of new milk , and as much hony ●● will make it extraordinary sweet , then ●eing luke-warm , give it the horse early , he ●aving fasted all the night before , then bridle ●im up , and let him stand tied to the empty ●ack for two hours : then take halfe a pint ●●white wine , and dissolve into it a good ●poonfull or more of black soap , and being ●●ll mixt together , give it him to drink , ●en ride and chafe him a little , and let him ●●t another hour , and the Worms will a●oid . Another for Worms more ready , more easie . Take the soft Down-hairs that grow in the ●rs of an horse , and which you clip away ●hen you coule him , and the little short tuft ●hich grows on the top of the Fore-head , ●derneath his fore-top : and having a pretty ●antity , mix them with a pottle of oats , and ●●●e them to the horse , and it helpeth . A Purgation when an horse is sick of grease , or costiveness . Take a pint of old white Wine , and o● the fire dissolve into it a lump as much a● an Henns Egge of Castle-sope , and sti● them together , then take it off , and put in to it two good spoonfulls of Hempseed beaten , an ounce of sugar-candy in powder and brew all together , then having wa●med the horse , to stirre up his grease another foul humors , give him this to drink and walk him up and down a little after ● to make the potion work ; then set u● warm , and after a little stirring him in h● stall , if he grow sickish , give him liberty t● lye down ; then after two hours fasting giv● him a sweet Mash , then feed as at othe● times . For Laxativeness , or extream Loosness . Take a quart of red Wine , and on the fire put into it an ounce and an halfe ● Bolarmonie in powder , and two ounces a● an half of the conserve of Sloes , mix th●● together , after take it from the fire , a● put to it a spoonfull or two of the powd● of Cynamon , brew all together , and give it the horse : but let him fast two hours after it , and let him eat no washed meat : Hay is wholsome , so is Bread and Oats , if they be well mixt with Beans or Wheat , but not otherwise . For the stone , or pain of urine by winde causing sickness Make a strong decoction , ( that is to say ) boyle your first quantity of water to an halfe part three times over , of keen onions clean peeled , and parsley , then take a quart thereof , and put to it a good spoonefull of London Treacle , and as much of the powder of Egge-shels , and give it the horse . And thus do divers mornings , if the infirmity be great , otherwise , when you see the horse offended . For an Horse that staleth blood . Take knot-grasse , Shephards purse , Blood-wort of the hedge , Polypodium of the wall , Comphrey , Garden Blood-wort , of each an handfull , shread them fine , and put them into a quart of Beer , Ale or milk , and put to them a little salt , a little soot and leaven ▪ mix all to gether , and give it the horse to drink . For a growing cold . Take the juyce of Licoras , London Treacle , Aniseeds , Turmereack , Fenegreek and long pepper , of each an ounce , the hard Simples in powder : then of Suger-candy two ounces , and with as much English hony as will suffice , incorporate all together , and make thereof Balls as bigge as a good pullets egge , and give the horse two or three in the morning fasting After he hath taken the Balls , give him two new laid eggs , then rid ehim , and at noon give him a Mash , keep warm , and do this twice or thrice . For a more violent cold causing rotting in the head . Take the bigge Elecampane root , slice it , and boyl it in water from a pottle to a quart , then strain it , and to that water put a pint of Urine , and a pint of Muskadine , of Aniseeds , Licoras , Cominseeds , Long Pepper ( in pouder ) of each an ounce , twenty Raisins of the Sun stoned and brused , and of Sugercandy two ounces ▪ let all these symmer on the fire , and not boyl , till they be incorporate , then take i● off , and to one halfe therof ( which is a suffiacient drench ) put a quarter of a pound of sweet butter , and four spoonfuls of sallet-oyle ; then being luke-warm , give the horse a third part of the drench , and after it a new laid egge : then another third part , and after it another egge : then lastly , all the rest of the drink . Then ride him pretty roundly after it for near an houre , and let him fast another houre ; keep warme , and feed as at other timer . At noon give him a mash , and the next day give him the other half . For a desperate dry cough . Take a pint of burnt Sack , Sallet oyle and red wine vinegar , of both a quarter of a pint , of Fenegrick , Turmerick , ●ong peper , and Licoras , of each a spoonfull in powder , and give it the horse half at the one nostril ; and half at another , and doe this twice ▪ week , and ride him after it , and let him fast two houres , and keep his head and breast warm . For the ordinary water you may give him for a fortnight , let it have good store of sliced English Licoras steept into it . For a cold long setled . Take three heads of Garlick , and rost them in the embers , then mix them with three spoonfulls of Tarre , as much powder sugar , and halfe a pound of hogges grease , then with Aniseeds , Licoras , Elicampane , Fenegreek , and Cominseeds , make it into paste , and give as much at once as a Ducks egge ▪ For a dry Cough , or wasted Lungs . Take Elicampace , the flower of Brimstone , Licoras , Fenell seed , Linseed of each an ounce , searc't , syrop of Elicampane an ounce , and of clarified hony a pound , work the powders and these together , and to a pint of sweet wine put two ounces of these , and give it the horse morning and evening , ride him after it , and let him fast an hour after riding , give no cold water but with exercise . A Cordiall powder for any ordinary cold , and to prepare a horse before travell , to refresh him in travell , and to preserve him from mischief after travel . Take of English Licoras , Elicampane roots , of each an ounce , of Sugercandy an ounce and a halfe ; beat them to fine powder and searce them . Keep the powder in a box , and when you have occasion to use it , if it be for a cold , then give half an ounce in a pint of Sack : if it be in travell , then give it in sweet wine , or strong Ale ; but if in Ale , then take a quart ; and give it both before travell and in your Inne , or at home immediately after travell . To break a festred cold to dry up glanders , and to heal the ulcer , or canker in the nose . Take a pint of verdjuice , and put to it so much strong mustard made with wine Vinegar , as will make it strong and keen thereof ; then take an ounce of roche Allom in powder , and when you give this to the horse , as you fil the horn , so with a knife or spoon put some of the Allom into the horn , and so give it the horse part at both nostrils , but especialy that nostrill which runneth most ; then ride him a little after it ▪ and set up warm , and give no cold water without exercise . Thus do divers mornings . For the Glanders . Take Cominseeds , Grains and Fenegreek in powder , of each halfe an ounce ; of Diahexaple a quarter of an ounce , beat this in a mortar with a quarter of a pint of verdjuice , three spoonfuls of Sallet oyl , and two spoon●tl of Aquavitae : then put al together to a quart of old Ale , with a good slice of sweet butter , and set it on the fire till it be ready to boyl ; then being luke warm , give it the horse , part at the mouth , and part at both nostrils : then ride him pretty roundly for an hour , and set up warm ; let him fast an hour , and if you perceive sickness to grow , give him a pint of new milk . To stay the glanders for a time , being incurable . Take the green bark of Elder , and beat it in a mortar , and strain it till you have a pint thereof , then put that juice to a pint of old Ale , and warm it on the fire with a good lump of sweet butter , and a nounce of sugarcandy , and so give the horse , ride him after it , let him fast an hour , and keep warm . Do thus divers mornings . For decayed or stopped Lungs , which we call Broken wind . Take halfe a pint of Coltsfoot water , or the syrop of Coltsfoot ; but in the syrop it will best dissolve , and put into it a dram of Balsamum Sulphuris , and give it the Horse in the morning fasting , then ride him a little after it , be sure to keep warm , and give no cold water without exercise . Do thus every other morning , giving it one morning at the mouth , and another at the nostrils till you find amendment . A scouring when others will not work . Take of sweet Butter a quarter of a pound , half so much Castle Sope , and halfe an ounce of Aloes , beat them together : then add of Hempseed two spoonfulls , of rosin half a spoonfull , of sugarcandy an ounce , all bruised ●ine , work it into a paste , and give it the horse in balls immediatly after his heat , or when you have warmed him , and stirred up the grease and foulness within him . OUTWARD SORRANCES . The Signes of outward Sorrances . OUtward Sorrances are discerned when any member or part in an horse is disfigured or evill affected by the loss of true shape , disability in motion , the increase or decrease of number and quantity , the disproportion of place , or the separating of things knit and united . And these accidents have divers names , as Imposthumes , Ulcers or wounds when they are in fleshy parts ; Excretions or Fractures on and in the bones ; Ruptures in the veins ; convulsions in the sinews , and Excoriations upon the skin . The first is known by outward swellings , rotten or bloody sores ; the next by utter disability in the member , or else plain halting . The next by Wens and Knots both soft and hard ; the next by gordgings and haltings , and the last by scurf and leprosie : Now forasmuch as the greatest part of Sotrances , and especially those which are most hid and obscure , are found our by halting , I will shew you the severall manner of haltings , and what they signifie . If the horse halt before , and lift not up his leg , but in a manner traileth it after the other , it sheweth a new hurt on the top of the shoulder . If he cast his leg outward , or go Bakerlike , and not bend the knee , it is either an old hurt on the top of the shoulder , or if new , then it is a shoulder-plat , or rending betwixt the shoulder and the body : if in turning short he favour his foot , if griping his withers he complain , if he halt more when he is ridden then led , the offence is on the top of the shoulder : If standing in the stable , thrust forth his foot and favour it : then search his foot , and if in that be found no prick , no dry founder , no surbat , then it is in the mid part of the shoulder , or the coffin joynt . If halting he bow down his head to the ground , and step short and thick , then it is in the forepart of the shoulder , at the breast . If in handling his elbow hard , he twitch up his foot suddenly from the ground , the offence is there . If on his shank bones ( in their severall places be splents , excressions , windgalls or Maleanders , and they sore , they will occasion halting , as any other outward Sorrance upon any other member . Heat on the Crownet shews pain in the Coffin joynt . In halting before , to trip on the Toe , shews pain in the heel ; to favour the Toe , shews payn in the Toe ; to halt more on uneven ground then one the even , shews pain in the feet , and in going from you and comming to you , may be discerned , whether the outward or inward quarter : but to clear all doubts , the Pincers will shew any pain in the foot whatsoever . If your horse halt behind , and in halting go sidelong , and not in an even line , the grief is in the hip , and yet but new , or in the Fillets , and may be new or old . If it be old in the hip , the hip will fall , and then no cure If in halting he tread onely on his hinder Toe , and no offence in the foot ▪ then the pain is in the stiffell . If in halting he bend not his hough or ham , and no outward Sorrance , yet the pain is there . If he halt through any offence in his leg from the ham to the pastern , outward Sorrance or swelling will shew it ; and so likewise for the other parts below it . For soar Eyes , dim Eyes , and Moon eyes Take Lapis Calaminaris halfe an ounce , and heat it red hot , and quenchin it a quarter of a pint of Plantane water , or white wine : do this eight or nine times , then beat it to powder and put it to the water ; then add half a dram of Aloes , and a scruple of Camphire in powder , and let them dissolve ; drop this into the eye . Another for eyes of like nature . Take a pint of snow water , and dissolve into it three or four drams of white Vitrioll , and with it wash the horses eyes three or four times a day , and it helpeth . For a white Film or Skin over the Eye . Take the root of the black Sallow , and burn it to ashes : then put to it a like quantity of Sugar and grated Ginger finely searc'd , blow this into the eye morning and evening . For any sorenses in the eyes , as Pearl , Pin or Web , or Bruise . Take a new laid egge , and rost it very hard , then cleave it in sunder longwise , and take out the yelk , then fill the empty holes with white vitriole finely beaten , and close the egge again ; then rost it the second time , till the vitriole be molten . Lastly , beat the egge shell and all in a mortar , and strain it , and with that moisture dress the eye . If in stead of the vitriole you fill the holes with Myrrh finely searc'd , and hang the egge up that it may drop , and with that moisture dress the eye : it is every way as good , onely it is a little stronger . For foul eyes , sore eyes or sight almost lost . There be some that for this great offence in the eye put in two fine small rowels long-wise in the temples of the head , just behind the eyes : But for mine own part , I not much fancy it , because I fear it breeds more evil humor then it brings away , besides soreness and disgrace ; therefore in this cure my practise is thus — Take Tacchamahaca , Mastick , Rosin and Pitch , of each like quantity , and being molten with flax of the colour of the horse , lay it as a defensive on each side his temples , as big as a twenty shillings piece : then underneath his eyes upon the cheek bone ( with a round Iron ▪ ) burn three or four holes , and anoint them with sweet butter ; then take a handfull of Seladine , and wash it clean in white wine , but let it touch no water , then bruise it , and strain it , and to the quantity of juyce , put the third part of womans milk , and a pretty quantity of white Sugarcandy , searc'd thorow a piece of Lawn , and with a feather , quill , or otherwise , drop it into the sore ey morning and evening . Thus do for the worst of sore eys : but if the offence be not extream , then you may forbear both the defensitive , the burning and the rowels , and onely use the medicine . The Master Medicine for a back sinew-strain , or any strain , shrinking , or numbness of sinews . Take a fat sucking Mastive whelp , fley it and howell it , then stop the body as full as it can hold with gray snails and black snails , then rost it at a reasonable fire ; when it begins to warm , bast it with six ounces of the oyl of Spike made yellow with Saffron , and six ounces of the oyle of Wax : then save the droppings , and what moysture soever falls from it whilst any drop will fall , and keep it in a Gallipot . With this anoint the strain , and work it invery hot , holding a bar of Iron before it ; and thus do both morning and evening till a mendment : Another in nature of a charge , for a back sinnew-strain . Take five quarts of Ale , and a quarter of a peck of Glovers specks and boyl them till it come to a quart : then apply it hot to the grief and remove it not for five or six days . For a strain in any yart , new or old . Take of sheeps suet a pound , of sheeps dung two handfull , chopt hay an handfull , Wheat bran a pint , sweet Sope a quarter of a pound ; boyl all these in a quart of strong Beer , and a quart of the grounds of strong Ale , till it come to a thick pultiss , then take it from the fire and col it with halfe a pint of wine vinegar , and a quarter of a pint of Aquavitae , then apply this very hot to the grief , and give him moderate exercise . For a strain or sinew-bruise . Take Comin-seeds and bruise it gross , then boyl it with the oyle of Camomile , and put to it so much yellow Wax'as will bring it to Cerrot , and spread it on either Cloth or Leather , and hot apply it to the grief . For old strains , or cold cramps . Take Aquavitae , Oyl de Bay , Oyl of Swallow● , Bolearmonie , Boars grease , black Sope , of each half a pound , boyl them till the Aquavitae be incorporate ; then take of Camomile , Rue , red Sage , and Misseldine , of each an handful , dry them and bring them to powder , then mix it with the oyntment , and bring all to a gentle salve : With this anoynt the grief , and hold an hot barre of Iron before it , chafing it in well ; and thus do once a day , and in nine days the cure hath been effected . A sudden cure for a knock or brnise on the sinews : Take a live cat , wild or tame , and cut off her head and tail , then cleave her down the chine , and clap her hot b●wels and all to the bruise , and remove it not for two days . For a strain newly done to help it in 24 hours . Take the grounds of Ale or Beer , a quart , as much parsley chopt gross , as you can gripe , boyl them till the herb be soft , then put to it a quarter of a pound of sweet butter , and when it is molten , take it from the fire , and put into it a pint of Wine vinegar , and if it be too thin , thicken it with Wheat bran , then lay it upon hurds , and poultess-wise , as hot as the horse can suffer it , and remove it once in twelve hours , and give the horse moderate exercise . Markhams own Balme which hath never failed him for any strain in the shoulder or other parts , hid or apparent , or for any wind-gall or , swelling , Take ten ounces of Peice-grease , and melt it on the fire , then take it off and put into it four ounces of the oyle of Spike , one ounce of the oyle of Origanum , an ounce and a halfe of the oyle of Exceter , and three ounces of the oyle of St. Johns wort ; stirre them well together , then put it up into a Gallipot With this Oyntment ( or indeed pretious Balm ) hot , anoint the grieved part and rub and chafe it in very much , holding an hot Bar of Iron before it : and thus anoint it once in two days , but rub and chafe it in twice or rhrice a day , and give the horse moderate exercise . For Sinews that are extended , overstrained , and so weakned , that the member is useless . Take of Cantharides , Euforbium and Mercury , of each like quantity , and of oyle de Bay double as much as of all the rest ; bring the hard Simples to powder , and beat all to a salve , apply this to the griefe ( being desperate ) and though it make a sore , it will give strength and straightness to the sinews . For the sore you may cure it either with Populeon , fresh Butter , or Deers grease warm . Another of the same nature but , more gentle . Take Turpentine two ounces , Verdigrease three ounces , Hoggs grease six ounces , boyl them till the Verdigrease be desolved , then take Rosin , Bees wax , of each two ounces , mix all together , then apply it to the place grieved , hot . A charge for a new strain or grief , proceeding from heat . Take the whites of six Eggs , and beat them with a pint of vinegar , the oyle of Roses and Myrtles , of each an ounce , Bolearmony four ounces , as much Sanguis Dracones , and with as much Bean flower or Wheat flower , but Bean is the best , as will thicken it , bring it to a salve , and spreading it one hurds , lap it about the grieved part , and renew it not till it be dry . For Aches , Cramps , and hid paines . Take Deers Suet , or for want of it , sweet Butter half a pound , of Aquavitae a Gill , of Saffron half a dram , Pepper beaten and searc'd three drams , Garlick bruised three heads ; mix all together , and let them stew on the fire , and not boyl till it come to a salve . With this very warme chafe the grief , then anoint a brown paper therewith , and very hot apply to the place also , and roll it up . Do this morning and evening For swelled or garded leggs , whether by Grease or other accident . If your horses leggs be swelled , onely because the grease is fallen into them & there is no other outward ulcer , neither will the bathing with cold fountain water and other ordinary helps asswage them : then take a pottle of wine lees , or else the grownds of strong Ale or Beer , and boile it with a pound of hogs grease ; then with as much wheat bran as will thicken it , make thereof a Pultiss : then having made the horse an hose of wollen cloath , fill it with this pultiss as hot as the horse can suffer it , then close up the hose and let it abide two days ; the third day open the hose at the top , but stir not the pultiss , onely take molten Hoggs grease very hot , and put it to the pultiss whilst it will receive any , for that wil renew the strength thereof : then close the hose , and let him stand either two days or three . Then you may open the legg and rub it down , and if you find strong occasion , you may apply another ; if not , the cure is wrought . Now , if besides the swelling , your horse have ulcers , chaps and soars , then apply the pultiss as before shewed : and after a weeks application take a quart of old urine , and put to it half an handful of salt , as much Allume , and half an ounce of white Copperas , boyl them together , and with it wash the sore once or twice a day : Then after a little drying anoint them with the oyntment called Aegiptiacum , and is made of vinegar eight ounces , of hony twelv ounces , of verdigreas two ounces , of Allum an ounce and an halfe , and boyled to the height , till it come to a red salve , and it will both kill the malignant humors , and heal and dry up the soars . For sweld leggs , whether by grease , goutiness , wind , or travell . First , bathe them well with the Pickle , or Brine which comes from Olives being made hot : then take a pint of Train oyl , as much nerve oyl , and as much oyl de Bay , a quarter of a pound of Allum , half a pint of Sallet oyl , half a pound of Hogs grease ; put all these to a pottle of old urine , and with an handfull or two of Mallows , Oatmeal bruised , and Bran , boyl them to a pultiss , and very hot apply it to the grief : Do thus once in two days . For gardings in joynts . Make a very strong Brine of Water and Salt , and to a pottie thereof put two or three handfull of Rew , and boyl it till the herb be soft : then with this water very hot bathe the grieved part . Then take a flat bagg , fild with Salt , and heated hot at the fire , and lap it about the grief also . And thus do once or twice a day . For Scratches at the first appearance . Take Hogs grease and black sope of each eight ounces , Brimstone , Lime , Gunpowder , each three ounces , and soot as much as will suffice to bring the rest to a salve ; boyl the Hogs grease and ●●pe together ; and bring the other to a fine powder , and mix all together and make a black oyntment : with this anoint the soars once a day , after they are cleansed and made raw . For Scratches of long continuance . Take hony , Verdigrease , Brimstone bruised small , green Copperas , and Bay salt , of each like quantity , boyl these with a double quantity of Hogs grease , and put to it a big root of Elicampan bruised in red wine vinegar , apply this to the sores very hot , after you have cut a way the hair , and made the sores raw , as also suppled them by bathing them with new milk from the Cow . For Scratches held incurable . First let him blood in the shackle veins , the spur veins , and the ●ore toe veins , onely letting it be three days between the bleeding of the one Toe and the other : then with an hair-cloth rub the sores til they be raw and bleed ; then take a quart of old urine , and a quart of strong brine , and put to them halfe a pound of Allum , and boyl it to a quart . With this hot , wash the sores wel , then take the sperm of Froggs ( in March ) and put it into an earthen pot , and in a week it will look like oyl : then take both the oyl and the round things which you shal see in the sperm and spreading it on a cloath , bind it to the soars , and do this divers times . For any Splent , Spaven , Curb , Ringbone or Excression . First clip away the hair as far as the excression goeth , and a little more , then take a piece of Allumd Leather made as big as the place you have bared , and fitted to the ●ame proportion : then take a little Shooe-makers Wax , and spread it round about the very edge or verge of the same , leaving all the inward part empty and not touched with the Wax : Then take the herb Speargrass , or Spearwort , which hath the vertue to raise blisters , and bruising it , lay some thereof upon the Leather in the empty place , and bind it fast thereon , suffering it so to lye 〈◊〉 if it be in the Spring ) or Summer time , when the herb hath its full strength ) near half a day ; but if it be in winter , then it is not a miss ( to renew the strength of the herb ) if you add to it a drop or two of the oyl of Origanum , and let it lie half a day fully , and be sure to tie up the horses head , for fear of biting it away . When you take away the herb , rub the place well and anoynt it with Train-oyl warm , or else lay on a Diminium plaister . Another for a foul Splint . Take Nerve oyl one ounce , Cantharides the weight of sixpence , and as much of the oyle of Vipers , boyl them lightly ; then with this anoint the Splint cross the hair , and heat it in with a hot Iron , then tie up the horses head to the Rack for 24 hours : then squeeze out the corruption , and do this twice o● thrice . For a Splint , and to dry up windgalls . First , heat the Sorrance with an hot pressing Iron , then vent it in severall places with your Fleam ; then take a spoonfull of salt , half a spoonfull of nerve oyl , a peny weight of verdigrease , and the white of an egg : beat all to a salve : and dipping flax hurds therein : apply it to the grief . For Pains , M●les and Rats-tails . First take away all the scabs and make the sore raw , then with strong mustard made with wine vinegar , anoint them all over , and do this every night . The next morning take half a pound of green Copperas , and boyl it in a pottle of running water with an handfull of sage , and so much hyssop , a quarter of a pound of Allume , and as much strong mustard , and with this bath the sore twice or thrice a day . For Malander or Selander . Take the oyl of bay an ounce , half so much sugar , and a good quantity of the oyl o● froth which cometh from green broom stalks being laid in the fire , mix it wel , and with this anoynt the soars , and it kills and dryes them up . For the Swift-cut and to heal all wounds . Take a pint of white Wine and put to it two or three spoonfulls of honey , and stirr them and boyl them to a salve , then take it from the fire , and put to it halfe so much Turpentine as there was honey , and stirre all together . With this salve somwhat hot , anoint the soars twice or thrice a day , and it is a most speedy healer . For any Maunge or Scab in a clean fed Horse First let blood , then take a quart of old Urine or Vinegar , and break into it a quarter of a pound of good Tobacco , then set it on a fire of embers and not boyl , and so let it stew all night : with this water wash the infected places , whether it be in the Mane or otherwise , and it helpeth . For any Maungie or universall Leprosie in a foul surfeited Horse . First , let blood in the neck-vein , and take , a way good store , then curry off all the scurf , and take verdjuce and vinegar a pint , cow-piss a pint , train oyle a pint , old urine a pint , & put to them an handful of wild Tansie , an handful of Bay salt , a quarter of a pound of brimstone , as much Alome , two ounces of verdigrease and four ounces of Bolarmonie , boyl all well together . With this ( very hot ) wash the horse well , and if you put to it the quantity of a pint of blood you take away , it is not amiss : do this twice or thrice . For a Canker , foul Ulcer , Leprosie , and to make hair grow . Take a quart of Tar , and on the fire put to it half a pound of Bores grease , an ounce of Copperat , a quarter of a pound of Saltpeter , two ounces of wax , a quart of honey , a quarter of a pound of Rozme , two ounces of verdigrease , a quart of Lynseed oyl , and seeth them till half be consumed ; then strain it , & keep it in a close pot . Then , when you will use it , take of it warm , and apply it to the soar , it doth both heal , draw , and make hair grow . For a Fistula , or Pol-evill . Take Euforbium with Mastick , mix them together , then seeth them well with French Sope , and make a tent , and put it into the Fistula , and it will consume the evill moisture . For a foul Farcy . Take Tar and fresh Hogs grease , of each half a pound , Hemlock an handfull , Arsesmart three handfull , and as many Nettles , boyl these in a pottle of old Urine , and apply it very hot to the swelling , but touch it not with your hand , for it is too sharp . Lastly , take a pint of white wine vinegar , a quarter of an ounce of verdigrease , and a little bundle of Hyssop , beat them in a mortar , and boyl it to an half pint : then with Balls of flax put it luke-warm into both his ears , and stich the tips together , then tye his head up to the Rack for two hours : Do thus twice . For a most desperate Farcy . Take the herb called Clay-clayes , which is a weed growing by the water side , having a great broad round leaf , and is green on the upper side and white on the neather ; & Rew of each a like quantity , beat them and strain them : then to a pint of that juice , put of Housleek a handful , half a pint of Aquavitae , and two good spoonfull of pepper beaten and fearc'd . Of this liquor take a pint and give it the horse to drink , then with round balls of flax dipt in the same , stop up both his ears , then with the strained bruisings of all the herbs , rub the soars , and stop the holes if there be any hollowness : do thus twice at the least . For any Founder or Frettize wet or dry . First , pare thin , open the heels wide , and take good store of blood from the Toes or shackle veins ( which some hold good ) then rack on a shoo somwhat hollow , broad at the heels , and the inside of the web , from the first nail to the heel turned inward , towards the Frog , yet not touch any part thereof , or the hoof : so that the horse may tread on the out verge of the shooe , and not on the inward , then take Burgundy pitch , and rolling it in a little fine Cotton-wooll or Bombast , with an hot Iron melt it into the foot betwixt the shoo and the toe , till the orifice where the blood was taken be filled up ; then take a pound of Hogs grease , and melt it , and mix it with Wheat bran , till it be as thick as a pultiss : then boyling hot stop up the horses feet therewith , then cover it with a piece of an old shoo , and splent it up , and so let him stand for three or four daies : then if occasion serve you may renew it , or otherwise the cure is wrought . To make Hooves to grow quickly , and to be tough and strong . Take Allum , the juice of Garlick , of each seven ounces , Rew three handfull , old hogs grease two pound , of Asses dung , or for want of it , Cow dung an handfull , mix them and boyl them together . With this both stop the horses feet , and anoint the crownets of the hooves , the medicine being hot . For brittle Hooves . Take Turpentine , Sheeps sue ? , unwrought Wax and Hogs grease of each half a pound , Pitch , Rozin , half a pound , Sallet oyl half a pint , and of Dogs grease a pound ; boyl all together , and keep it in a Gallipot : with this oyntment anoint the Hooves outwardly , and if you please tie some of the ointment with a cloth to the crownets , then stop them within with Cow dung , and Dogs grease mixt together . For Surbat or soarness in the Feet , whether by travell , too near paring , or other accident . Take a lump of course sugar , and with an hot Iron melt it between the shooe and the Foot , and when it is hardned , take Nettles and bay salt , and stamp them , stop up the Frog of the foot also . For a Quitterbone . First , tent it a day or two with hogs grease and Verdigrease ground together : then take scalding hot Hogs grease and poure it into the hole , and lay a plaster of pitch and Tar mixt over it for 24 hours ; then if the Bone rise not , do the same again and it will rise . For Saddle-bruises , hard swellings , and Impostumations . First , ripen it with wet hay , or rotten litter ; then when it is soft , open it and let out the corruption , then fill the hollowness with the powder of Rozin , and lay a plaster of Shoomakers wax over it : and thus do once a day till it be whole . If it be slow in skinning or drying up , throw on the powder of unslackt lime , and Bolarmony mixt together . But if any proud flesh arise , take it down either with burnt Allam or Verdigrease in powder . Another for a soar back . Take the juice of Seladine and life Hony , of each two spoonfull , beat them with the yelk of an egg , and with as much Allum and wheat flower as will serve to bring it to a salve , dress the soar with this once a day ; it draweth and healeth . For a prick with a pitchfork on the Crownet or other part . Take a pottle of Urine , two handfull of Mallows , and half a pound of Boars grease , boyl them together , and being reasonable hot , bathe the leggs therewith ; then apply the Mallows to the wound : but if the swelling ascend upward and be great , then rope the legg up , and moist the ropes with his urine . This is good for any swelling , whether of grease or otherwise . For any chafing or galling . Make the sore dry , and then rub it with a raw egg shell and all . A generall salve for any sore , swelling , prick , cloying , or tread . Take Turpentine , black sope , hogs grease , green Treat and pitch like quaintity , mix and boyl them together , and apply it warm either plasterwise or tentwise . To make hair grow in bald places . Take sope a quarter of a pound , as much Bears grease , and a quarter of a pint of Aquavitae : boyl these together and apply it to the bald places ; in a fortnight it will bring hair . To stanch blood . Take wild Tansie , and bruise it in your hand , and apply it . Also primrose leaves used in the like manner have the same effect . Otherwise take a piece of an old Felt hat , and burn it to powder , and apply it to the wound , or put it up , or snuff it up into the nose if it bleed . For Enterfering . Take a sharp and knotted Cord , and draw it from his dock , betweene his leggs to the Girths , and so ride him , or else rub starch between his thighs . This I allow rather for an Horsecoursers Help , them a present cure . To tame an unruly Horse that he may be drencht or drest of anygrief . Put into one of his ears a little round sharp flint stone , and gripe it hard therein ; if you do so to both , he will be more quiet . FINIS . 
A53074	----	A new method, and extraordinary invention, to dress horses, and work them according to nature as also, to perfect nature by the subtility of art, which was never found out, but by ... William Cavendishe ... Newcastle, William Cavendish, Duke of, 1592-1676. 1667 Approx. 464 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 216 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2007-01 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A53074 Wing N887 ESTC R18531 12040142 ocm 12040142 52970 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A53074) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 52970) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 572:8) A new method, and extraordinary invention, to dress horses, and work them according to nature as also, to perfect nature by the subtility of art, which was never found out, but by ... William Cavendishe ... Newcastle, William Cavendish, Duke of, 1592-1676. [12], 342, 40, 343-352, [4] p. Printed by Tho. Milbourn, London : 1667. Reproduction of original in Huntington Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. 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Horsemanship -- Early works to 1800. 2005-12 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2006-03 SPi Global Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2006-06 Derek Lee Sampled and proofread 2006-06 Derek Lee Text and markup reviewed and edited 2006-09 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion A NEW METHOD , AND Extraordinary Invention , TO DRESS HORSES , AND WORK Them according to NATVRE : AS ALSO , To Perfect Nature by the Subtilty of Art ; Which was never found out , but by THE Thrice Noble , High , and Puissant PRINCE William Cavendishe , Duke , Marquess , and Earl of Newcastle ; Earl of Ogle ; Viscount Mansfield ; and Baron of Bolsover , of Ogle , of Bertram , Bothal , and Hepple : Gentleman of His Majesties Bed-chamber ; One of His Majesties most Honourable Privy-Councel ; Knight of the most Noble Order of the Garter ; His Majesties Lieutenant of the County and Town of Nottingham ; and Justice in Ayre Trent-North : Who had the honour to be Governour to our most Glorious King , and Gracious Soveraign , in His Youth , when He was Prince of Wales ; and soon after was made Captain General of all the Provinces beyond the River of Trent , and other Parts of the Kingdom of England ; with Power , by a special Commission , to make Knights . LONDON , Printed by Tho. Milbourn , in the Year 1667. To His most Sacred MAJESTY Charles the Second , By the Grace of God , King of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , Defender of the Faith , &c. May it please Your Majesty , MY First Book of Horse-manship , Printed in French , had the honour of Your Patronage ; and I presume again , to Dedicate this Second , in English , to Your Majesty ; who being not only the greatest Monarch in Christendome , but a King that loves Justice and Truth , can best judge of Books , which contain , I dare say , the perfect and only Truth of Horse-manship . My Duty , and particular Affection to Your Person , are sufficient Motives to me , to consecrate , not Books only , but my self , and mine , and all that belongs to us , to Your Majesties service : But besides that , Your Favours to me are so many , and so great ; That what I am , and have , ought justly to be sacrificed to Your Will and Pleasure , as Yours ; wherein I joy more , than if it was mine . Your Wisdom , Sir , Valour , and Conduct , makes all Your Neighbours confess , That Your Majesty is the most Glorious King that ever Reign'd ; And that God will prosper You , in all Your great Actions , and give Your Majesty an happy and long Reign , to the joy and comfort of all Your Loyal Subjects , is both heartily Wish'd , and fervently Pray'd for , by Your Majesties most Obedient Creature , William Newcastle . TO THE READERS . HAving past the greatest part of my long Exile at Antwerp , one of the finest Cities in the World , whose Inhabitants are deservedly Famous , for their extraordinary Civilities to Strangers , of which I must acknowledge to have receiv'd a great many from them : I did , during that time , Publish , in French , a Book of Horse-manship ; and having again , since my Return to my Native Country , had much leisure , in my solitary Country Life , to recollect my Thoughts , and try new Experiments about that Art ; I now , for the more particular Satisfaction of my Country-men , Print this second Book , in English ; which being neither a Translation of the first , nor an absolutely necessary Addition to it , may be of use by it self , without the other , as the other hath been hitherto , and is still , without this ; but both together will questionless do best . I cannot mention Antwerp , upon the score of my Book , but I must also take notice of the Honour I have receiv'd there , from many Noble great Persons , who did me the favour to see my Mannage ; and of the things they was pleased to say , upon occasion of what they saw there ; which will be in lieu of Encomiums , in the behalf of Horses , and of Horse-manship , very proper in this place . When I had the honour to wait on Don John of Austria , at Antwerp , brought to him by my Lord of Bristol , his Highness was pleas'd to use me extreme Civilly ; and to ask both then , and at several other times , for my Book of Horse-manship , before it was Printed ; and to receive it with great Satisfaction , when I presented his Highness with One : But he did not see my Horses , which , in above 20. Coaches , all the Spaniards of his Court , went to my Mannage to see ; with many Noble-Men of Flanders , as the Duke of Ascot , and others , before whom I Rid my self , three Horses , and my Esquier , five . Being return'd to Don John , He ask'd them , Whether my Horses was as Rare , as their Reputation was Great : To which they answer'd , That my Horses was such , that they wanted nothing of Reasonable Creatures , but Speaking . And the Marquess of Seralvo , Master of the Horse to his Highness , and Governour of the Castle of Antwerp , told his Highness , That he had ask'd me , What Horses I lik'd best : And that I had answer'd , There were Good and Bad of all Nations ; but that the Barbes were the Gentlemen of Horse-kind , and Spanish-Horses the Princes . Which Answer did infinitely please the Spaniards : And it is very true , That Horses are so as I said . The Marquess of Carasena was so civilly earnest to see me Ride , that he was pleas'd to say , It would be a great Satisfaction to him , to see me on Horse-back , though the Horse should but Walk . And seeing that no Excuses would serve , ( though I did use many ) I was contented to satisfie his so obliging a Curiosity ; and told him , I would obey his Commands , though I thought I should hardly be able to Sit in the Saddle . Two dayes after he came to my Mannage , and I Rid first a Spanish-Horse , called Le Superbe , of a Light-Bay , a beautiful Horse ; and though Hard to be Rid , yet when he was Hitt Right , he was the Readiest Horse in the World : He went in Corvets forward , backward , sidewayes , on both Hands ; made the Cross perfectly upon his Voltoes ; and did Change upon his Voltoes so Just , without breaking Time , that no Musitian could keep Time better ; and went Terra a Terra Perfectly . The second Horse I Rid , was another Spanish Horse , call'd Le Genty ; and was Rightly named so , for he was the finest Shap'd Horse that ever I saw , and the neatest ; A Brown-Bay , with a White-Star in his Forehead ; No Horse ever went Terra a Terra like him , so just , and so easie ; And for the Piroyte in his Length , so just , and so swift , that the Standers by could hardly see the Rider's Face when he went ; And truly , when he had done , I was so Dizzey , that I could hardly Sit in the Saddle : He went also so exactly in Corvets forwards , as no Horse can goe better , and yet he had no great Strength ; whence it appears , That a Horse of Agility , Lightness , Spirit , Well-temper'd , and of a good Disposition , is much better than a Horse that hath only Strength ; And that a most mighty and great Dutch-Brewer's Horse , wanting Spirit and Agility , can never goe well in the Mannage . The third and last Horse I Rid then , was a Barbe , that went a Metz-Ayre , very High , both Forward , and upon his Voltoes , and Terra a Terra . And when I had done Riding , the Marquess of Carasena seem'd to be very well satisfied ; and some Spaniards that were with him , cross'd themselves , and cried , Miraculo . Many French Gentlemen , and Persons of the greatest Quality of that Nation , did me the favour to see my Horses ; and the Prince of Conde himself , with several Noble-men , and Officers , was pleased to take the pains to goe twice to my Mannage : And though the French think , That all the Horse-manship in the World is in France ; yet one of them , and he a very great Man in his Country , was heard say , directing his Speech to me : Par Dieu ( Monsieur ) il est bien hardi qui monte devant vous : And another said , at another time : Il n'y a plus de Segnieur comme vous en Angleterre . Among many great Persons , of which the vast Country of Germany affords abundance , who , for the most part , delight to travel ; the Landgrave of Hesse , did not only do me the honour to Visit me , and see my Horses ; but , being return'd to his Country , was pleased to shew , by a very kind Letter , That he had not forgotten me , nor the Love he had observed I have for Horses ; being pleased to promise , He would send me two of his own Breed ; but soon after , he was Kill'd in the Warrs the King of Swede made with the King of Poland . As poor as I was in those dayes , I made shift to buy , at several times , four Barbes , five Spanish-Horses , and many Dutch-Horses ; all the most Excellent Horses that could be ; and among them a Grey Leaping-Horse , the most beautiful that ever I saw ; and who went exceeding High and Just in Leaps , without any Help at all ; as also upon the Ground ; and Terra a Terra , beyond all other Horses ; and he did look as if he had been above the Rate of Horse-kind . The Duke of Guise hearing of him , Two Gentlemen , a French-Rider , and an Englishman , wrote to me , That if I would part with him , the Duke of Guise would give me 600. Pistolls for him ; but he was Dead three dayes before I receiv'd their Letter ; and had he Liv'd , I would not have taken any Money for him ; for he was above Price : And besides , I was then too great a Beggar , to think to be made Rich by the Sale of a Horse : I have bestow'd many Thousands of Pounds in Horses , and have given many ; but never was a good Horse-Courser ; Selling being none of my Professions . The KING Himself , who is an Excellent Judge , both of Men , and Business ; of Things of Use , and of Recreation ; of Necessity , and of Ornament ; did like that Horse very well : And having had the Honour , when I was His Governour , to be the first that Sate Him on Horse-back , and did instruct Him in the Art of Horse-manship ; it is a great Satisfaction to me , to make mention here of the Joy I had then , to see , That His Majesty made my Horses goe better , than any Italian , or French-Riders ( who had often Rid them ) could do ; And to hear Him say , That there are very few that Know Horses ; Which was Knowingly said , and wisely judg'd of His Majesty : It being very certain , That all Men undertake to Ride them , but very few Know them , or can tell what they are good for . It would fill a Volume , to repeat all the Commendations that were given to Horses , and to Horse-manship , by several worthy Gentlemen , of all Nations , High and Low-Dutch , Italians , English , French , Spaniards , Polacks , and Swedes , in my own private Riding-House , at Antwerp ; which , though very large , was often so full , that my Esquier , Capt. Mazin , had hardly Room to Ride ; But these few already spoken of , will serve very well instead of all : And after I have given an Account , That I have divided this whole Book in four Parts , and every Part in many Sections , and Paragraphs , wherein I never intended to observe any exact Method ; I beseech my Readers , to take in good part , That I have however set down , as clearly as I could , without the Help of any other Logick , but what Nature hath taught me , all the Observations about Horses , and Horse-manship ; which I have made , by a long , and chargeable , though I must needs say , very pleasant , and satisfactory , Experience : And so Farewell . THE NEW METHOD , AND Extraordinary Invention TO DRESS HORSES . THE FIRST PART . Of the several Authors that have Written of Horse-manship , both Italians , French and English . THis Noble Art was first begun and Invented in Italy , and all the French and other Nations went thither to learn ; the seate of Horse-manship being at Naples : The first that ever Writ of it was Frederick Grison a Neapolitan ; and truly he Writ like a Horse-man , and a great Master in the Art for those times : Henry the Eighth sent for two Italians that were his Schollars , to come to him into England ; and of one of them came all our Alexanders ; and their Schollars fill'd the Kingdom with Horse-men . Sir Philip Sidney brought an Italian Rider , one Signior Romano , to teach his Nephew William Lord Herbert , afterwards Earl of Pembrook ; and the same Sir Philip Sidney brought also over an other Italian Rider , call'd Signior Prospero : The old Earle of Leicester , sent for an Excellent Rider out of Italy , call'd Signior Claudio Curtio , who writ a Book of Horse-manship , and is quoted by several Italian Writers ; but I think , that very much of his Book is stolen out of Grison . Laurentius Cussius is another Author , none of the best , with Horrible Bitts . Then there is Cesar Fieske , who hath writ a Book much out of Grison too , where he meddles with Musick . There is another Book of Horse-manship , call'd Gloria del Cavallo , with long discourses , and much out of Grison . There is another Italian Book of Horse-manship , call'd Cavallo Frenato de Pietro Antonio , a Neapolitan ; much stolen out of Grison : But his Book consists most of Bitts , to little purpose ; though they seem to be Great Curiosities . But the most Famous man that ever was in Italy , was at Naples , a Neapolitan , call'd Signior Pignatel ; but he never Writ : Monsieur La Broue Rid under him five years : Monsieur De Pluvinel nine years : And Monsieur St. Anthoine many years . The Liberty , which is the best for Bitts , at this Day , we call A La Pignatel . These three aforementioned French-men that Rid under Signior Pignatel , fill'd France with French Horse-men ; which before were fill'd with Italians . Monsieur La Broue , I believe , was the First that ever Writ of Horse-manship , in the French Language : and the first French-man that ever Writ in that Art ; His Book is very Tedious , many Words for little Matter ; and his first Book is absolutely all Stolen out of Grison ; and his second Book from Pignatell's Lessons ; But La Broue , to seem wiser than he was , and to make up a Book , divides a Circle into so many parts , to bring a Horse to a whole Circle , that it confounds a Horse more , and is harder for him , than to Work him upon a whole Circle at first : And for Broue's third Book of Bitts , there is no great Matter in it . As for Pluvinel , no doubt but he was a Good Horse-man ; but his Invention of the Three Pillars , of which his Book Pretends to be an absolute Method , is no more than an absolute Routine ; and hath spoyl'd more Horses , than ever any Thing did ; for Horses are not Made to the Hand and the Heel at all with them ; nor will they go from the usual place where they are Ridden , nor well there neither . But my Book is stolen out of no Book , nor any mans Practice but my own , and is as True as it is New ; and if any Man do not like it , it is a great Signe he understands it not : for there is no way for Dressing Horses like it ; If it be not Good , I am sure it is the Best that hath been VVrit yet ; what will be VVrit hereafter I know not . I must tell you that the Italian Writers are Tedious , and write more of Marks , Colours , Temperatures , Elements , Moon , Stars , Winds , and Bleedings , than of the Art of Rideing ; only to make up a Book , though they wanted Horse-manship . There was one Signior Hannibal a Neapolitan that came into England and serv'd the Lord Walden . Monsieur St. Anthoine a French-man , was a very good Horse-man , and sent over by Henry the Fourth of France , to teach Prince Henry ; Monsieur La Coste was his Page , and Ridd excellently well , especially Leaping Horses . Monsieur Boycler Ridd under him too , and was an excellent Horse-man ; Monsieur Founteney , which was either his Nephew , or his Natural Son ; for he gave him All when he Dyed , was also a very good Horse-man , but none of these ever Writ any thing of Horse-manship . And the Best Horse-man , that ever I knew , is one of my own Breeding , and Rides by my Method , which is Captain Mazine , now a Query to the KING . That it is a very Impertinent Error , and of great Prejudice , to think the MannageVseless . MAny say , that all things in the Mannage is nothing but Tricks , and Dancing , and Gamballs , and of no Use : But by their Leave , whosoever sayes so , is very much Deceived ; for a Horse that is well settled upon the Hand , and firm and Obedient to the Hand and Heels , Gallops the Field , and Changes as often , and just as you will , either without the Circle , or within the Circle , Serpiger , Terra a Terra , the Piroite , or what you will ; and all is this upon the Ground , and every thing and Particle of it Useful ; and so Useful , that a Good Horse-man , upon such a Horse , would have too much Advantage , in Conscience , of him that Talks against it , either in a single Combat , or in the VVarrs ; for A Ready-Horse will Run , Stop , Turn , go Back ; and if he Rise , he knows how to come Down again , and is so well on the Hand , as you cannot pull him Over with both your Hands ; and so Obedient , that I will Run him on Fire , Water , or Sword , and he shall Obey me : And all This cannot be done but by the Art of Rideing , and that in the Mannage . But , What makes these Men speak against it ? The first Reason , is , Because they are Ignorant , and so speak , as the Wisest men in the world must do , when they will speak of any thing they Know not , and think that Talk will carry it : But the Main Reason is this ; They find they cannot Ride well ; nay , indeed not at all , A Horse of Mannage , and they would be the Finest men in the world , for All things , though they will take Pains for Nothing ; and because , forsooth , they cannot Ride by Inspiration , without taking Pains , therefore it is worth Nothing , and of no Use : But if every thing was Naught that they cannot do , there would be very few things Good in the World. The next thing , is , That they think it a Disgrace for a Gentleman to do any thing Well . What! Be a Rider . Why not ? Many Kings and Princes think themselves Graced with being Good Horse-men . Our Gracious and most Excellent KING , is not only the Handsomest , and most Comely Horse-man in the World , but as Knowing and Understanding in the Art as any man ; and no man makes a Horse go Better than I have seen some go under His MAJESTY the first time that ever He came upon their Backs , which is the Height and Quintescence of the Art ; and yet I dare say the KING takes it for no Disgrace to be so Excellent a Horse-man : The Duke of YORK is also a very Good Horse-man , and Both take it for an Honour , and no Disgrace ; and think it a most useful and noble Quality for Princes . The Duke of Mommorancy , Conestable of France , and the first Gentleman of Christendom , was the Best Horse-man in the World , and to this day the best Branches for Bitts was of his Invention , called A La Conestable ; and so he Devised the Best Spurrs ; and never any Esquier Ridd like him , being certainly the Best Horse-man in the World , which he thought a Grace to him : The Prince of Conde , his Grand-childe by the Princess his Mother , is an Excellent Horse-man , and thinks it no Disgrace to him . Most of the Princes in France highly Esteem it , and are good Horse-men : nay , their King , at this present time , highly Esteems it , and is a Good Horse-man ; nor is any Gentleman in France Esteem'd that is not a good Horse-man . The great King of Spain Deceased , did not only Love it , and Understand it , but was absolutely the Best Horse-man in all Spain . I may therefore desire These men to be more Merciful , and to think it no Disgrace , to Them , to be Horse-men ; but still the Old business will stick with them , which is , They cannot do it , and therefore it is Naught : A very good and sensless Reason ! He that will take Pains for Nothing , shall never do any thing VVell ; for Arts , Sciences , and good Qualities , come not by Instinct , but are got by great Labour , Study , and Practice ; wherefore These Men will none ( I thank you ) till they be as Easily learnt , as the Seven Deadly Sins , Railing , and wearing Fine Cloaths and Feathers . But let us see now , how These Men are on Horse-back , and what their Horses do under them . This Cavalier Seats as far Back in the Sadle as he can , his Leggs stretcht as far Forward before the Shoulders of the Horse , with his Toes out , that he may Spur him in the Shoulders ; and Stoops in the Back , which they call a Comely Seat ; not Knowing how to hold the Bridle in his Hand , nor Ghess at any Helps at all ; and appears on Horse-back as if he were three quarters Foxt , so Ridiculous is that Seat : and having Sent to a Sadler , or a Bitt-maker , to Bitt his Horse , all is Well . Being Mounted thus , as I tell you , you shall see his Ready Horse of Vse , and his Horse-manship : When he would Turn him on the Right Hand , the Horse doth Turn on the Left ; and when he would Turn him on the Left Hand , the Horse doth Turn on the Right : When he would Stop him , the Horse runs Away : When he would Put him Forward , the Horse runs Backward : When he would Put him Back , the Horse Rises , and comes Over with him , and there the Good Horse-man Lies , and must send for a Surgion , or a Bone-Setter , if he be not Kill'd : Nay , his Horse shall neither come neer Drum , Trumpet , or Colours , Pistol , or Sword ; but he fetches Forty Figaries to Endanger him and his Horse : And this is the Excellent Horse-man , and the Ready Horse of Vse . How is it Possible to be Otherwise , when the Horse knows not how to Obey either Hand or Hee ll , and the Horse-man is as Ignorant as he ? Whence it followes , That there is Nothing to make a Sure Horse , but the Mannage . I would have every Horse ( that wears a Bitt ) Gelding , or Nagg , wrought in the Mannage , to be firm on the Hand , both for Readiness , and Safety , were it for a B : B : Judge , or Lady : For without setling of the Hand , they are very Unuseful , and Dangerous . I wonder how men are so Presumptious , to think they can Ride as Horse-men , because they can Ride forward from Barnet to London , which every body can do ; and I have seen VVomen to Ride Astride as well as they : They do not think of any Art , or Trade , as they do of Horse-manship , where they are all Masters : Which doth not Prove so , when they Ride . I think I have Proved sufficiently their Errour , and Ignorance ; and as fully Proved , That there is no Vseful Horse but those that are Made in the Mannage . The next thing , is , to tell you , That Corvets , and other Ayres , settles a Horse very well upon the Hand ; makes him Leight before , and puts him upon the Hanches , which are all Useful for a Souldiers Horse ; and makes him Stop upon the Hanches , which is very Useful for a man in Armes ; for , did the Horse stop upon the Shoulders , he would give his Rider ( being Armed ) such a Shock as would make his Bones Ake , was he never so Sound : Nay , to make a Horse go in Leaps , firms him on the Hand , which is Good for a Souldiers Horse . But , sayes a Gallant , when I should have Use of him in the Field , then he will be playing Tricks : That Gallant is Deceived ; for , the Helps to make Horses go in Ayres , and to make them go upon the Ground , are Several ; and Good Horse-men have much ado to make them go in Ayres , with their best Helps ; so that , if you let them alone , they will not trouble you ; besides , two or three dayes March will make them , that they will not go in Ayres , if you would have them ; and they are much the Readier to go on the Ground : Whereby you see , that there is no Horse whatsoever can be a good and useful Horse , in any kind , with a Bitt , but what is Wrought in the Mannage . And therefore I advise you , for your Safety , and Use , to Ride all Horses in the Mannage , and you will find it very True , That there can be no Horse else Safe and Useful ; nor can any Horse go well in a Snaffle , except he be formerly Ridd with a Bitt . As for Pleasure and State , What Prince or Monarch looks more Princely , or more Enthroned , than Upon a Beautiful Horse , with Rich Foot-clothes , or Rich Sadles , and Waving Plumes , making his Entry through Great Cities , to Amaze the People with Pleasure and Delight ? Or , What more Glorious or Manly , than , at great Marriages of Princes , to Run at the Ring , or Tilt , or Course at the Field ? What can be more Comely or Pleasing , than to see Horses go in all their several Ayres ? and to see so Excellent a Creature , with so much Spirit , and Strength , to be so Obedient to his Rider , as if having no Will but His , they had but one Body , and one Mind , like a Centaur ? But above all , What sets Off a King more , than to be on a Beautiful Horse at the Head of his Army ? Thus it is Proved , That there is nothing of more Use than A Horse of Mannage ; nor any thing of more State , Manliness , or Pleasure , than Rideing ; and as it is the Noblest , so it is the Healthfullest Exercise in the World. In Hunting , Hawking , Bowling , Shooting , Cocking , Cardes and Dice , and many such things , there is no Use at all , but meerly Pleasure : But in A Horse of Mannage , both Use and Pleasure . It is True , that if there was nothing Commendable but what is Useful , strictly Examined ; we must have nothing but Hollow Trees for our Houses , Figg-leaf-Breeches for our Clothes , Acorns for our Meat , and Water for our Drink ; for certainly , most things else are but Superfluities and Curiosities . I find Fault with no mans Delights , and do only Vindicate ( with Truth ) my own , since I have been so Prest to it with odde Discourses ; but I leave every one to his own VVayes , and his own Delights , desiring they will do the like by Me , which I shall take for a great Favour : But if it Chances they will not be so Gracious , and Just to me , it will Grieve me so Extreamly , that , in my Conscience , I shall Sleep never the VVorse . That a Good Horse-man may be Thrown-Down Off his Horse , without Disparagement to Horse-man-ship , contrary to the Vulgar Errour . MOst People are very much Deceiv'd , when , if a Horse throws Down his Rider , they not only Laugh at Him , but think to have Reason so to do ; Saying of the Best Horse-man in the VVorld , to whom such a Mischance should happen , That he is a Fine Horse-man indeed ! For they can Swear , that they knew a Horse Threw him . But they must Learn , That a Good Horse-man may be Thrown Down sooner than Ill ones ; because Good Horse-men little think of Sitting , and so may be Surprised , their Thoughts being all how to make their Horses go Well , and never doubt Throwing ; whereas an Ill Horse-man thinks of nothing but Sitting , for Fear he should be Thrown , and never thinks how to make his Horse go Well ; for he Knows not how to Do it : But Holds by the Main , and the Pomel , and his Head at the Horses Head , ready to Beat out his Teeth , and his Leggs holding by the Flank ; and is so Deformed on Horse Back , as if he were a Strange African Monster ; and the Horse so Disordered , that to see him Sit in that Manner , is the most Nauseous Sight that can be , and the most Displeasing to the Beholders ; and were much Better for the Spectators to see him Fall , and for his Reputation , so he received no Hurt by the Fall. Thus you see , That any Groom , or Tinker , may Sit , and yet be no Horse-man , which is a Greater Business than only Sitting ; for a Jackanapes in Paris Garden , when he is Baited with Musled Mastiffs , the Gentleman Sits very Sure , but not very Comely , and in my Conscience is no Excellent Horse-man ▪ Sitting is but One thing in Horse-manship , and there are Thousands of things in the Art. So if a Good Horse-man be Thrown by Chance , Hath he Lost all his Horse-manship , because he was once Thrown ? And is an Ignorant Fellow inspired presently with Horse-manship , because he can Ill-favouredly Cling to the Horse , and Hold on ? No , sitting Fast is the meanest thing in Horse-manship , which Comprehends many more of greater Consequence . But yet I must Tell you , I never knew in my Life , a good Horse-man Thrown , but I have known many Presumptuous ignorant Fellows get Falls ; but , as , if a good Horse-man by Chance be Thrown , he doth not Lose all his Horse-manship with that Fall , if he be not Kill'd ; so an Ignorant man , if he Sits , is not Presently infused with Horse-manship : For it is a Mistake as Ridiculous as it is Common , to take Sitting Fast on Horse-back for the whole Art of Horse-manship . Old Grison , and his Translator Mr. Blundevile , ANATOMIZED OLd Grison , and many Italian Authors , would have a Bardel , which is a Straw Saddle , set first on a Colts Back , and nothing but a Rope Cavazon on his Nose ; which is to no Purpose in the world , but Loss of Time : Then they will Trot him two or three Years up Hills , and down Hills , to Stop him ; which is to Less Purpose , and more Loss of Time. They would have a Circle ; or Ring , as they call them , of an Acre of ground in Plow'd Land , to make a Horse go a Hundred Turns in it , which is worse than to Ride a Journey of Thirty miles ; and I wonder what Horses they had in those Dayes ; for I am sure , Those we have now , are not Able to do it . They Teach to Ride one Horse two or three Hours at a time , when one may well Ride half a Dozen at least in an Hour , and give them sufficiently Enough . For their Single Turns , and Double Turns , call'd Radopiare , they are Ridiculous , and so is the Repolone , which is to Gallop him Half a mile , and then Turn him Ill-favouredly and False : And their Several Mannages of Metzo Tempo , Tutto Tempo , and Contratempo , are no Better . For a Resty Horse they Raise a whole Town with Staves to Beat him , with many Curious Inventions , with Squirts , Fire , Whelps , Hedg-hoggs , Nailes , and I know not What. And the same they do Before a Horse that Runs Away , as well as to the Resty Horse Behind . Then for Spurring , the Bunching Stroke , and the Clinching Stroke ; and if he will not Endure the Spurs , Boots stufft with Straw , and Spurs at them , to Hang at his Sides , ( which is not worth a Straw ) ; and the Chambetta , which signifies nothing . For a Horse that is Afraid , and Starts , they appoint Whirlegiggs of several Colours , which will make him Ten times Worse . And to lay Stones in his Way , and a Hollow Ditch to Ride him in , are Lamentable businesses in Horse-manship : And they have as many Foolish Wayes for the Credensa , which shall never Cure him of that Vice. They Bid us take Heed , by any Means , Not to make the Horse too Weak-Neckt ; which is a Prime Note ! But Mr. Blundevile did not Know , that all Horses are a Stiff-necked Generation . Mr. Pagano would never Use his Horse to any thing but a Walk , or a Trot at the most ; wherewith ( I am sure ) he shall never Dress a Horse perfectly ; and yet ( sayes Mr. Blundevile ) it was a Wonder to all Beholders , to see , That in Eight Dayes , he would make him Run a Carreer perfectly , which I will Undertake to have done the First Morning that ever he Ran. Speaking of his Capriole , he mistakes the Ayre , as well as the making of the Horse . For Corvets , Mr. Blundevil did not Understand it ( nor his Master Grison belike ) when he sayes , The Spaniards take Delight to make their Horses go in Corvets , which never Spaniard yet could do ; but he takes Trampling , and Prauncing , for Corvets , wherein he is much Deceiv'd ; for Corvets is the Hardest Ayre in the World , which no Horse can go , unless he be perfectly within the Hand , and the Heels , and upon the Hanches ; which is not Trampling . To Ride Short , he calls after the Turkish Fashion , wherein he is Deceived ; for it is A La Genette , which is the Spanish Fashion too ; and to Ride Short in Corvets is his Mistake , for I would Ride Longer in Corvets than any other Ayre . He is also Mistaken , when he sayes , He would not have above Two Horses in Her Majesties Stable to go in Corvets ; for it is of no Use ( saith he ) and such Delighting Toyes of Prauncing up and down they will do , when they should go upon the Ground : For first , There is nothing makes a Horse Better upon the Hand , than Corvets , and that 's Useful ; then , there is nothing puts a Horse so much upon the Hanches , and Firms him there , as Corvets , and that is Usefull too ; and Mr. Blundevil is mightily Deceived , to think , that he will go in Corvets , when he should go upon the Ground ; for the Helps are several : And let a Horse be never so Apt , or Perfect in Corvets , and made upon the Ground too , ( which is the First thing must be done ) I dare say he shall never offer at Corvets with me , but go just upon the Ground as I would have him ; because the Helps are several . He sayes , That in five or six Months he can make a Horse to Gallop the Field , ( a Necessary thing for a Souldiers Horse ) ; which is no more , as he Understands it , than in an Acre of Ground to Gallop and Change , still upon a Gallop ; and that I will Undertake to make a Cart-Horse do in three Dayes . Besides , they Dig out Rings , and Entrench themselves ( which is a Horrible Folly ) ; but I desire no more for Stopping than a Plain place , without Hills , or any such Toyes ; and will Dress any Horse perfectly there , by the New Method of my French Book : which I Refer you to . For Mr. Blundevils Bitts , The are very Ridiculous ; the Eyes are Naught , the Cheeks as ill , and the Mouths Worst of all ; with Catts Feet , Up-sets , Portes , and Broken Portes ; Catts Feet , and Up-sets , with a Revet Nayl ; and his Compleat Bitts , are compleatly Abominable , with their Water-Chain and Trench , the Mouth of the Bitt too being as Bigg as my Wrist , and the Branches as Long as my Arm ; and the Curb as Bigg as a Chain for a Horse Nose , with Stories flying Trench , which is a Snaffle tyed to the Bitt , and such other Tormenting ignorant Follies : The Leggs of it are 〈…〉 be so Loose , as if they were Broken , in the Knees , and are to Help up and down , as if they were Wind-Mill-Sayls . He would have Us to Strike a Horse with a Cudgel , or a Rod , between the Ears , and upon the Head ; which is Abominable , though he thinks it a Rare Secret. And thus much of Mr. Blundevils Riding , which is Grison Translated into English . Mr. Blundevils Breeding , To turn the Stallion loose to the Mares , is indifferent Well , but not Right ; and to put him to them again at Holland-Tide , stark Naught . To Cover in Hand is Unnatural , and you shall not have half of them ( so Covered ) prove with Fole . To have a Horse-Fole , or Mare-Fole , by Tying his Right , or Left Stone ; to Observe the Moon , and the Wind , to sail to Procreation , or get a Fole by the Almanack , is very Ridiculous , and to put Painted Clothes before the Mares , to make the Foles of what Colour you would have them , is no less Ridiculous . That , if the Horse , as soon as he hath Covered , come Down on the Right Side , it is a Horse Colt ; and if of the Left Side , it is a Filley : And if , so many Dayes after the Mare is Mounted , her Coat look Sleek , and Shines , then she hath Conceaved ; if it do not Shine , she hath not Conceaved , are all Tales to Tell to Children , rather than to Men of Reason and Discretion ; all Mountebank-ship and Fooleries : and to make the Horse Lusty , and the Mares , there is little or nothing in it . Mr. Blundevil Reasons thus : That for as much , as all Mares do Fole Standing . Wherein certainly he took his Note out of some Learned Author , as Aristotle , or the like ; for I will Assure you , That never any Mare in the World did Fole Standing : If she did , the Fole would break his Neck ; For , he comes into the World with his Head first , and his two Feet on both sides of his Head. No! The Mare is in too great Pain to Fole Standing , and therefore she Lies Down , and Foles so . Mr. Blundevil sayes , There is a thing Growes in the Foles Fore-head like a Figg , which the Mare commonly Bites off , which is called Hippomenes ; and if it be Taken , it doth Miraculous Things in Love-Matters , which he was Loath to Write of . Truly he was Over-careful , with all his Old Writers ; and , in my Conscience , if it could be Got , it would do Miraculous Things , not only in Love , but in every Thing else . But the Truth of this Business , is , That never any such thing did Grow upon any Foles Fore-head ; and therefore could never be Bitt off by the Mare . No doubt but that Mistake is caused by the Secondine , or Clean , or Bagg , in which the Fole Lies , whereof all the Strings meets at the End , which looks like a little Knot , and that hangs Loose upon the Foles Head ; but when the Fole is Foled , That , and the Bagg , goes together ; for it is all one Thing . Mr. Blundevil bids us take Heed , That the Mare do not Eat that Bagg , or Secondine , Because the Country Wives Kye do so . But I have Enquired of the Country-Men , and they say , Not one Cow in a Hundred does do it : And for Mares , I will assure you , They Never do it : And if you Ask , What they do with it ? I say , They let it Lie there , and trouble themselves no more with it . Mr. Blundevil condemns those that Take the Foles , to be taken Off at Martlemas ; Because , according to his old Learned Authors , he would have them Suck two Years at least : That is , he would have them Heavy , Flaby Jades , besides the Loss of the Fruitfulness of his Mares ; wherein his old Authors are very much deceived . Then he sayes , That the Foles Leggs are as Long when they are Foled , as ever afterward ; wherein he is very much Deceived : Does he think , that the Body only Grows , and the Leggs not at all ? A very Ridiculous Opinion ! For , look at the Foles Leggs , and the Mares , and you shall find the Mares Leggs are Longer a great deal . Can any man think , That a Gray-Hounds-Whelp , as soon as he is Whelpt , hath his Leggs as Long as when he is a Dogg ? It is Ridiculous . To know , Which Fole will have the Best Spirit , by Running fore-most , and Leaping of Hedges and Rayls ; is quite contrary to the Experience I had once of a Colt , that Nothing would keep in , Leaping over all things he came near ; and when he came to be Ridd , the Dullest Jade that could be . To know by their Feet , and much of White , That they are not Long-Lived , is as false a Rule , as any He hath set down . His Reckoning Horses Teeth , is beyond the Number of what ever any Horse had ; and that every Horse hath two Tushes Below , and two Above , is , I assure you , True. Some Horses ( say they ) have no Tushes at all , and they commonly ill-natured , being something of the Mare ; but as there is not One in a Hundred but have Tushes , so there is not One Mare in a Hundred that have Any ; and those that have , are ill-natured , participating too much of the Horse ; and both are a kind of Hermaphroditical Compositions . Thus you see , how Learned People ( with their old Authors ) are Deceived . To Know the Disposition of Horses , by the Elements , and their Marks . MR. Blundevil sayes , The Sorrel is of the Element of Fire , and therefore is full of Mettle , Hot , and Fiery ; but I assure you , I have Known more Sorrel Horses dull Jades than of any other Colour . That White Horses are Flegmatick , and so participate of the Element of Water , and therefore are Dull and Heavy Jades : But I assure you again , I have Known White Horses to be fuller of Spirit , and Livelier , than of any other Colour ; and so his Elements are Wrong in Every thing : Your best Way is , To Try your Horse ; which Philosophy will hold to Know him best . Mr. Blundevil speaks also of the Marks of Horses , That there are Four good , and Seven bad ; such a Foot of the Far Side , and such a Foot of the Neer Side , and which Fore-foot , and which Hinder-foot ; and not too much White in his Face , nor his Leggs to be very high White ; and Feathers , and I know not what a kind of Conjuration : All false and ridiculous Lies . When once I hear a Man talk of Marks and Elements , I have done with him , and Know no other Philosophy but Trying ; for , there are Good and Bad of all Colours , and of all Marks ; but there are more Badd Horses than Good of any Colour or Mark , as there are of any thing Else , even of Men in all Things : Therefore Marks and Colours are foolish and false Toyes , only to abuse simple People withal . Of the Perfect Shape of a Horse . MR. Blundevil speaks so of the Perfect Shape of a Horse , That such a Horse as he Describes , was never of Gods , and Natures Making , but of his Own , or of some Foolish Authors he hath Read ; for he takes several Parts of several Horses , and Puts them Together , which is a Horse of their Own making ; for there was never such a Horse Foled . Every Country hath a several Shape of Horses ; As the Turk , the Neapolitan , the Spanish Horse , the Barb , and the Duch Horse ; All very Fine in their Kindes . In a Word , I will shew you the Ridiculousness of Setting down the Perfect Shape of a Horse . For Example , Who can set down the Perfect Shape of a Dogg ? A Mastiff is not a Grey-Hound ; nor a Gray-Hound , a Lancashire-Hound ; nor a Lancashire-Hound a Little Beagle ; and yet all very Fine Doggs in their Kinds : And so of Horses : Which shows the Impossibility to set down the Perfect Shape of a Horse . Mr. Blundevil sayes , a Spanish Horse is Pinn-Buttockt , narrow and slender Behind : I believe he would have a Spanish Horse to have a Dutch Horses Buttock ; which would indeed be very Correspondent to the Rest of his Shape : Some Spanish Horses have Oval Buttocks , which is the Finest Buttocks of all . He sayes they have ill Feet : It is true , some have , and so have Horses of all Countries ; Dutch the Worst , and some of the English very Bad : He sayes also , Spanish Horses are Weak ; but there are more Weak Dutch Horses than Spanish . I have Had many Spanish Horses with good Buttocks , good Feet , and Strong ; and if some should be Weak , yet their Spirits make them go much Better , than any other Horses that are Stronger . He sayes , They are Gentle in their Youth , and grow Vitious in their Age : But I assure you , there is no such thing ; for they are as Gentle in their Age , as they are in their Youth , and very Loving Horses : So Mr. Blundevil is very much Abused by his old Authors whom he Reverences so much . He sayes , The Gennet hath a Comely going , like the Turkish , which is neither Amble , nor Trot. I would Know of Mr. Blundevil , What strange kind of Going that is , which is neither of those Two : But I will assure him , That there is no Horse , that hath Four Legs , can go , but it must be the Action either of an Amble , or of a Trot ; for Galloping , and Running , is another thing , and so are all Ayres in the Mannage . Mr. Blundevil appears by this , to be a Better Schollar , than a Horse-man : and was indeed a fine Gentleman , Well Travelled , an Excellent Schollar , a Good Translator , and puts things into an Excellent Method , but Tyed himself too much to Old Authors , who knew as little as he in Horse-manship ; and so Authority Abused him , having no Knowledge himself in the Art , and totally wanting Experience in it . His Treaty for Dyeting of Horses , is as Learned as any Physitian can Write ; but yet is nothing as it Ought to be ; for he wanted Experience . His Cures of Diseases are most Admirable ; and indeed , he is the Father of all that Business , and the Rarest that hath Writ upon that Subject . Markham is but , Blundevil with other Names , and will not Acknowledge it : He hath many new Medicines , but they are worth Nothing ; as his Oyle of Oats . Nor was he a Horse-man at all , but only took Notes of Medicines , and set them down Methodically . After him comes De La Gray , which is but , Blundevil , with some New Medicins that are but Indifferent : And for his Breeding of Horses , it is the most Ridiculous thing that ever was known Writ . The Best Medicins of Mr. Blundevils , are those of Martine , who was Prime Marshal to Queen Elizabeth ; And , as I take it , an Alman , and an Excellent Farrier : Yet , even he , was extreamly Mistaken about the Glaunders , and Mourning of the Chine , as by my Woful Experience in Horses I know , and will better Inform you , when I set out my Book of Marshalry , and Shooing . Mr. Blundevil sayes , That Barley makes a Horse Piss Red , like Bloud ; but he did not Understand it perfectly . It is True ; In Italy , Spain , and Barbary , they Feed their Horses all with Barley ; which is , Because they have no Oats : For , certainly Excellent Oats is the best Feeding for a Horse in the World. But you must Know , that of Barley there are Two kinds ; The Common Barley , that they make Beer of , which makes a Horse Piss a little Red ; and of that Barley they never Give to their Horses in Spain , but of the other Barley , which is called by the Name of Bigg , and that never makes them Piss Red , and is the best Feeding for Horses , where there Wants Oats : Rye Scoure's too Much , and Wheat is too Fatning , and Good Bread too Pursey , and Foggy . In Spain they give Barley-Straw , ( as my Lord Cottington told me ; ) but first ; they Tread it with Oxen , and then it is as Soft as Silk . And thus for our English Authors , of whom I have told you the Truth . The Opinion of a GREAT MASTER . A Great Master , held the most Excellent Horse-man beyond the Sea , being Bred four or five Years under the Best Horse-man there , and had Practiced this Art from his Child-Hood , did me the Honour , To come to Antwerp of a Visit to me from Bruxels , and Brought with him four or five Horses : I Treated him the Best I could , and shewed him my Horses , both Led Out , and Rid. He had a Young Man with him ( his Nephew ) who had Ridd under him for the space of Seven Years : And though he had seen Rid , before him , the Day afore , Three of the Readiest Horses that ever I had ; yet when he Ridd them , he could not Encounter them , or make them Go at all ; and truly , to my Thinking , ( I might say to my Knowledge ) he had neither Hand , Heel , nor Seat , as he should have had ; and so it was impossible to make them Go Right . His Master told me , He had found a New Method for Dressing of Horses : Which was ; first , Never to Trot a Horse , ( that was his Maxim : ) Next , Never to Use the Cavezon , nor pull the Horses Head into the Turn . This is , What he would Not have Done : And , What he would have Done , is ; To put the Horse to the Single Pillar , with a Long Rope , and there Pinch him with the Spurs , which , sayes he , Puts him upon the Hand : Then to Whip him About with the Shambriere , to make him Go half Terra a Terra , and half in Corvets , and then to make him Go in Corvets ; which settles him on the Hand : And this is the New Way of Dressing ; Indeed , of Not Dressing Horses . To take in Pieces , and Anatomize this New Way : And first , of what he will Not have Done ; which is , Never to Trot a Horse , and Stop him ; which is certainly the Foundation of all Things in the Mannage , either to settle him on the Hand , or to put him on the Hanches . Next , Never to Use the Cavezon , without which no Horse can be Drest , for many Reasons . Then , Never to Pull the Horses Head into the Turn : By which means the Horses Leggs , and Body , shall never go Right , or supple either to Hand or Heel . Now , of what he will have done to Work his Horse : First , To put him to the Single Pillar , with a Long Rope , and there Pinch him with Spurs ; which will do Bravely with a Colt , that never knew the Spurs ; he will surely Throw him rather than be put upon the Hand : Nay , a Horse that knows the Spurrs , will never be put upon the Hand with that Invention . Then to VVhip him about with the Shambriere , to make him go half Terra a Terra , and half Corvets ; which is impossible , for they are two several Actions with his Leggs : Besides , this excellent Lesson is in Pluvinels Book ; which he never used , but to a Horse that was Almost Drest ; and it is Naught , then : Put him in Corvets , to settle him on the Hand , sayes he , which is in La Broues Book , only for a Horse that is near Drest , and not for a Colt : Besides , some Horses will never go Corvets , do what you can : So this Method may Spoyl Horses , but shall never Dress them , I assure you ; and you may take my Word for it . He will ( by his New Method ) never Trot , Gallop , or Walk a Horse ; but no Horse in the World can be Made without These Three , nor without a Cavezon , Stopping , and having his Head Pull'd into the Turn . A strange Conceit of a GREAT MASTER . THere was a Great Master , that would Ride his Horses Twice a Day ; saying , That if he could Dress a Horse in Six Months , Once a day Riding of them , he was sure he could Dress a Horse in Three Months , Riding them Twice a Day ; Wherein he is much Deceived : For a Horse being Flesh and Blood , cannot indure perpetual Travel with little Rest ; and no Exercise is more Violent for a Horse than in the Mannage . Nay , of Necessity , Riding so much One Morning , he will not Recover it of a Day or Two : And if a Horse Oppose the Man , which all Horses will do at First , and are Vitious , one must Correct him Soundly ; and , How will you Ride him in the Afternoon again ? Dull him you may , and take off his Spirit , make him Hate the Mannage , and make him like a Vaulting Horse , rather than like a Live Horse . Nor can you ever Give him his Meat , VVater , or Rest , in Order ; the Want of which must make him Sick , and subject to many Diseases ; and Shortly after , Death will follow : and there is your Twice a day Riding him , which Makes him fit for the Hunts-Man to Dress him for his Doggs . Some say again , That they will Ride no Horse Twice a Day , but Horses that are very Vitious , and of great Strength : I have seen many Horses that are Vitious , but few of such great Strength . For , if the Horse be very Vitious , you must Correct him Soundly , and Ride him so Long until he Obey you , in some small Measure ; and then I am sure you have Ridd him so Violently , and so Long , as he will Hardly be to be Ridd the next Morning ; and Less , to be Ridd any more that Day : And if the Horse be so Docil as to Obey you in Every Thing , certainly the Best way is to take but a Little of him that Morning , to Encourage him to do so again ; and the more to Encourage him , not to Ride him until the next Morning again : so he will be Pleasant , Lively , and in Lust , and take Pleasure in you , and the Mannage ; and Learn more Thus in a Months Riding him but Once a day than he shall in three Months , Riding him Twice a day . Have not all Schollars Play-dayes ? and certain Hours of Rest in their daies of Study ? All Trades-Men , Holy-dayes to Rejoyce themselves in ? States-Men , Divertisments from Business ? And Good Preachers Preach not every Sunday ? Have not Lawyers also their Terms , and Vacations ; and even Carriers Horses Rest Christmas , and other Holy-dayes ; and so Cart-Horses , Brewers Horses , Coach-Horses , Hackney-Horses , Running-Horses ? And shall only Horses of Mannage be Galley-Slaves ? There is no Reason for that . No , not Doggs can Hunt every day , or Gray-Hounds Course every day , or Spaniels Range every day ; or Hawks Fly every day ; there are hundred Examples of it , but These are Sufficient to let you see the great Folly , and Ignorance , of those that will Ride their Horses of Mannage Twice a Day . Just like the Polander , being Sick , whose Physitian gave him Nine Pills to be taken , Three every Night , for Three Nights together ; who very Wisely considered , That if Three Pills every Night , for Three Nights together , would Recover him ; That then , taking All the Pills One Night , would Make him Well Presently . And so did , and had Almost Purged himself Out of this World. So any Horse-man that will Venture to Make a Horse as well in Three Months , with Two Lessons a Day , as another in Six Months with One Lesson a Day , may be sure to Kill his Horse , sooner than Teach him , and to shew himself Ridiculous in his Undertaking . How I found Out my METHOD in the MANNAGE ; And that it is The only WAY to DRESS HORSES . THere is but One Truth in any thing ; and that my Method is True , cannot be better Demonstrated , than by Experience , which will clearly show , That Mine never misses its End , as All Others do ; and so Proves Mine True , and Theirs False . For , to say that some of them come Near the Truth , is neither Commendation , nor Excuse : A Falshood within an Inch of the Truth , being as Bad , as if it were an Hundred Miles off . I have Practised , and Studyed Horse-manship ever since I was Ten years old ; Have Rid with the Best Masters of all Nations , heard them Discourse at Large , and Tryed their several Wayes : Have Read all their Italian , French , and English Books , and some Latine ones ; and in a Word , All that hath been Writ upon that Subject , Good and Bad ; And have Bestowed many Thousands of Pounds in Horses , have Spoiled many , and have been very Long learning of this Art of Horse-manship . But all that while I thought still , All was Labour in Vain ; and that there was something , not Found out , which They and their Books Mist : Whereupon I began to consider so Seriously , and Study so Earnestly , all the Particulars that concern the Mannage ; that at last I Found this Method , which is as True , as it is New , and is the Quintescence of Horse-manship : For which I have Left all Others , as I had great Reason so to do , Making with it all manner of Horses whatsoever , of all Nations , and of all Dispositions ; Strong , Weak ; Full of Fire , Dull and Lazy ; even Mares , Geldings , and Bidets ; and all that ever comes to my Hands . I follow not the Horses Disposition , as most do ; but I Make the Horse follow my Wayes , and Obey me : I seldom Beat them , or Punish them with either Rod , or Spur , but when I meet with a great Resistance , and that Rarely : And yet I must tell you , that I use Force , which they Obey willingly , for the most part ; and , however , all Yeeld , and Render themselves at last , with much Satisfaction to me ; which I wish others may find in following their Wayes . But sayes One , Doth your Lordship think , that both your Books would Make me a Horse-man ? I Answer ; That they are Written as plainly , and as clearly as Possibly can be : There is in my French Book , Circles , and the Prints of Horses Shooes , to shew How his Leggs should Go ; there is also exact Figures of all Postures , and of all Actions , both of Man and Horse , and more cannot be . But whether my Books will Make you a Horse - man or no , though they do as much as Books can do , I cannot Tell ; for you must have it all in your Head ; and it may be you will not Vnderstand it . But put the Case you do , yet Wanting the Practice , you cannot Ride Well ; and yet no Fault at all in my Books , but in You. There are some Nations that Think they can see Nothing , but they can do it ; which must be by Inspiration , by which I never saw any Ride , though many Pretend to Preach by it . It is a Long Study , and Diligent Practice ; a Long Habit and Custom , which doth All Things in the World , and Nothing done without it : For there is Cunning in Daubing . Do you think , that an Ignorant School-Boy can be as Learned as a Doctor ? Or , let a Skilful Musitian Write the Rarest Book in the World , for Composing , or Singing ; Can you Imagine , that as soon as you have Read his Book , you can Do what he Teacheth ? No truly ; and yet not the Book 's Fault , but Yours , in being so Partial to your Self , as to think you can do Any Thing at the first Sight , without Practice or Study ; which would be a Miracle I never saw , or any Body shall ever see . In the same Manner , if a Lutenist should Write a Rare Book , Can you Expect , that as soon as you have Read it , you can Play on the Lute ; because , it may be , you can Jangle the Strings ? But you say , You can Ride : Truly , just as you Jangle the Lute-Strings , and no otherwise . You have learnt in Italy and France ; that 's something indeed : So many Crowns a Month , and the Horse did not Throw you , and that is all . Mr. Spenser , the Best Schollar in all the Academy where he Learned , and a fine Gentleman , who had been Two Years there ; when he came to Ride one of my Horses , he could not make him Go : His Brother-in-Law being present , said to me ; My Lord , you must Excuse him , he hath not Ridd a great while . But Mr. Spenser said ( with a great Oath ) Brother , you are Deceived ; for I know now , I could never Ride . God knows how many Young Gallants comn newly out of Academies ; English , French , Irish , and Dutch Gentlemen , that were Famed for good Horse-men , and truly no Piece of a Horse-man , and Ridd the Wofullest that could be ; and so did before me some Masters of Academies : And once two French-men Riding ( God knows very meanly ) were strangely Laught at , and that very Worthily , by two other French Riders that stood by . But sayes One , I can Ride a Ready Horse ; wherein he is Deceived ; for a Ready Horse is the Hardest of all to Ride , because the Least motion is an Absolute Command unto him , and an Ignorant gives him such Counter-times , as he puts him quite Out . Mr. Germain , a Fine Gentleman , and the Best Scholler Du Plessis had in all his Academy , knew well the Difficulty of Riding a Ready Horse : For , to Perswade him to Ride one of Mine , which he would not Do ; I told him , If you will but Sit Still , I warrant you the Horse will go Well with you . But a Man ( said he , with a great Oath ) cannot Sit Still . Which was said Knowingly , and like a Horse-man ; for , to Sit Still , belongs only to a Great Master . Another , because he hath Ridd a Hundred Miles in a Day , ( which a Post-Boy can do ) thinks Himself a Horse-man ; or , Because he can Run a Match with his Groom , or Leap a Ditch , or a Hedg , in Hunting , and Hold by the Main , he thinks he is a Horse-man ; but his Hunts-Boy doth as much . And my Lord Mayor when he goes to Weigh Butter , sits a Legg of either side the Horse very Gravely ; An excellent Horse-man ! And I have seen many Wenches Ride Astride , and Gallop , and Run their Horses , that could , I think , hardly Ride a Horse Well in the Mannage . Are they not , in All Trades , bound Apprentices Seven and Nine Years ; and Many Bunglers of them too ? And , in Higher Professions , Twenty and Thirty Years is not too much , before they are Great Masters in any One of them : And though Horse-manship be the Hardest of All , yet Many a Gentleman will Ride the First Day as well as the Greatest Master ; but he is Deceived , as well as those that think to Buy , with their Money , any Quality : For if Good Qualities could be Purchased with Money , every Rich Citizen would be a Fine Gentleman . Of which Opinion that French Cavalier was not , who told me , commending my Method ; Par Dieu , Il est bien hardi qui monte devant vous , that is , He is very Bold , that dares Ride before you . And to the same Purpose , Signor del Campo , an Italian Rider at Bruxels , after he had seen my Horses , said ; Il faut tirer la Planche , that is , The Bridge must be Drawn up ; for no Horse-man , so Good as You , can come After . There is no Horse-man but shall Make my Horses go , for his Use , either in a Single Combat , or in the Wars , better than he shall any bodies Horses else ; and that 's Sufficient : for , to make them go in Perfection in all Ayres as I can , were too much , and too great a Miracle : But let My Method be what it will , since every Man doth what he can ; if any Pleases himself with his Own Opinions , though he Dislikes My Way never so much , and should Censure a thing he Understands not ; and say , That the Mannage is a Foolish thing : It shall not Displease me at all . OBSERVATIONS OF HORSES . OF THE SPANISH HORSE . YOu must Know , that of All Horses in the World , of what Nation , soever they be , Spanish Horses are the Wisest ; far the Wisest , and strangely Wise , beyond any Mans Imagination ; but I must Tell you , they are not the Easlier Drest for that : Because they Observe too much with their Eyes , and their Memories are too Good , and so Conclude with their Judgments too soon , without the Man , Reckoning without their Host ; whereas they should Follow , and Obey , his Hand and Heel ; and that not by Roat neither , but by Art , which is an Habit got by many Lessons Methodically Taught . If he be Well Chosen , I assure you , He is the Noblest Horse in the World : First , There is no Horse so Curiously Shaped , all over from Head to Croup : He is the most Beautiful that can be ; For he is not so Thin , and Lady-like , as the Barb ; nor so Gross as the Neapolitan ; but between Both. He is of great Spirit , and of great Courage , and Docil : Hath the Proudest Walk , the Proudest Trot , and Best Action in his Trot ; the Loftiest Gallop , the Swiftest Careers ; and is the Lovingest and Gentlest Horse , and Fittest for a KING in a Day of TRIUMPH to Shew himself to his People , or in the Head of an Army , of any Horse in the World. Therefore no Horse so fit to Breed on , as a Spanish Horse ; either for the Mannage , the War , Ambling for the Pad ; Hunting , or for Running-Horses : Conquerour was of a Spanish Horse , Shotten-Herring was of a Spanish Horse , Butler was of a Spanish Horse , and Peacock was of a Spanish Mare : And These Beatt all the Horses in their Time , so much , as No Horse ever Ran near them . I say , He is Absolutely the best Stallion in the World , for all those several things I have formerly Named , if you do Wisely appropriate such Mares to him , as shall be fit for such Uses as you would have your Breed ; and so he is fit for all Breeds , but to Breed Cart-Horses . The King of Spain hath many Races , but his Best is at Cordoua in Andalozia , where he hath above Three Hundred Mares and Colts , as my Lord Cottington told me ; and , besides those of his Majesty , there are other most Excellent Races , not only of Noblemen , but also of Private Gentlemen . For the Prices , the Earl of Claringdon , now Lord Chancellor of England , told Me , That when he was Embassador in Spain , Sir Benjamin Wright , a Merchant there that Loves Horses , sold a Couple of Little Spanish Horses for a Great Price : And he sayes , ( and many others Confirm it for a great Truth ) That Three Hundred , and Four Hundred Pistols for a Horse , is a common Price and Rate , at Madrid ; And the Marquess of Seralvo told me , That a Spanish Horse , called Il Bravo , sent to the Arch-Duke Leopold , his Master , was held Worth as much as a Manner of a Thousand Crowns a Year , and that he hath known Horses at Seven Hundred , Eight Hundred , and a Thousand Pistols . A Gentleman told me , that he knew a Cavalier in Spain , who offered another Three Hundred Pistols , but to let him Ride his Horse one Afternoon ; and the Owner had Reason to Refuse it : for it was to go to the Juego de Toros , where he might have been Killed : many of the Finest Horses in the World being Killed at that Sport , which is the greatst Pity that can be . You see that a Spanish Horse is Dear Ware ; and then Reckon his Journey from Andalozia to Bilbo , or St. Sebastien , which is the next Port for England , and is Four Hundred Miles at least ; and a Horse cannot Travel above Ten Miles a day with your Groom , and your Farrier at least , besides the Casualty of Lameness , Sickness , and Death ; so that if he come Safe to you , yet he will be a very Dear Horse , I assure you : And These are great Truths of the Spanish Horse . Of the BARB . THe Barb is next to the Spanish Horse for Wisdom , but not neer so Wise , and that makes him much Easier to be Drest : Besides , he is of a Gentle Nature , Docil , Nervous , and Leight . He is as Fine a Horse as can be , but somewhat Slender , and a little Lady-like ; and is so Lazy and Negligent in his Walk , as he will Stumble in a Bowling-Green ; he Trots like a Cow , and Gallops Low , and no Action in any of those Actions : But commonly he is Sinewy , and Nervous , and hath a clean Strength , is excellently Winded , and good at Length , to Endure great Travel ; and very Apt to Learn , and Easie to be Drest , being ( for the most part ) of a good Disposition , excellent Apprehension , Judgment , and Memory ; and when he is Searcht , and Wakened , no Horse in the World goes Better in the Mannage , in all Ayres whatsoever , and Rarely upon the Ground in all Kinds . The Mountain-Barbs , they say , are the Best ; I believe they are the Largest , but , for my part , I rather desire a Midling Horse , or a Less Horse , which are Cheap enough in Barbery , as I have been Informed , both by many Gentlemen , and many Merchants ; for they say , that in Barbery you may Buy a very Fine Barb for Twenty , Twenty Five , or Thirty Pounds at the most ; but then your Journey is somewhat Great ; not by Sea ; for , from Tunis , to Marselles in France , is no great Voyage ; but from Marselles to Calais by Land , you go all the Length of France , and at Calais they are Shipt for England . You must have an excellent Esquier , a Farrier , and one Groom , and Hire other Grooms as you Go ; but take heed , That those Mean Rogues Run not Away with some of your Horses ; and because there is no Trusting of them , your English Farrier , and your English Groom , must alwayes Lie in the Stable , and none of those Fellows ; but the Gentleman of your Horse , which ought to be a Good Horse-man , must order that Carefully . If you would go another Way to work , and a Shorter Voyage , then send into Languedoc , and Provence , where many Gentlemen Buy Barbs of two , three , and four Years old at Marselles , and Keep them two or three Years , and then Sell them ; which Barbs you may Buy for Forty or Fifty Pistols a Piece , and as Fine Horses as can be : But he whom you Send , must be very Skilful to chuse Well , and to take heed that They be Right Barbs ; For I have Heard , that many in those Countries , about Marselles , when many Barbs come out of Barbery , thrust in Colts of their own Breed amongst them for Barbs , and so Sell them . When I was at Paris , there came Twenty Five Barbs ( as they said ) nothing but Skin and Bones , and they were Sold for Twenty Five Pistols a Horse : My Lord Viscount Mountague bought Nine , as I Remember ; for I was with him , and helpt to Chuse some for him , and one of them did Win Many Matches : But truly , if I had had a Million , I would not have Bought one of them , for they were very Ordinary Horses ; Nor do I think they were Right Barbs , neither by their Shape , nor Price , but Bred in some Islands there-abouts ; for , if a Man be at Great Charges , I would either have an Extraordinary Horse , or None . I had lately a Letter from a Horse-man at Paris , a French-Man , that gives me Intelligence of Horses , That a Merchant at Paris had two Barbs , the Finest that ever he saw , Six Years old a piece , but not Drest at all , and held them at Two Hundred Pistols a piece : By which , you may see , that Right Barbs , and Fine ones , are very Dear , as all Good Things are . The Barb is not so Fit a Horse for a Stallion for the Mannage , as for Running-Horses ; for he Gets Long and Loose Horses , therefore do not Breed of him for the Mannage , except he be a Short Horse from the Head to the Croup , strong Ramase , and Racoursy , and of a Superfluity of Spirit , which few Barbs have ; and therefore Breed of a Spanish Horse , with Choise English Mares ; and if you have a Delicate well-chosen Dutch Mare or two , that makes an excellent Composition for the Mannage . I am of Opinion , and Believe , that there never came out of Barbery , The best Horses that Country affords ; not but that they may be had : But the Case is this ; Those that bring Barbs out of Barbery , are either French Horse-Coursers that Trade in Barbery , or Merchants . To begin with the Horse-Coursers , They alwayes Buy those Horses that are Cheapest for their Advantage : For if they Bought of Great Prices , it would not quit Cost , and so they Buy the Worst , and Meanest , of Barbs : And as for the Merchants , They want Skill ; Besides , they will Buy the Cheapest too , for their Advantage , because they know not Well , how to put off Horses of Price ; and so they Buy but the Worst and Meanest of Barbs ; which makes me Believe absolutely , that the Best Barbs do not come Over : For , did not I see dayly at Antwerp the Horse-Coursers of Brabant and Flanders , that go into England every Year to Buy Horses , that they bring Over the Meanest and Worst Horses and Geldings that are in the Kingdom , and meerly to Buy at Easie Rates , that they may put them Off with Advantage ? For , if they should Buy in England Horses of One Hundred , One Hundred and Fifty , and Two Hundred Pounds a Horse , which Price hath been Given both at Malten and Pankrich Fayres , those Great Prices would not go off there , where Money is so Scarce ; and so they would be Undone ; and therefore they Buy of Small Prices . Of The ENGLISH HORSE . THe English Horse is Less Wise than the Barb , Fearful and Skittish , for the most part ; and Dogged and Rebellious to the Mannage , and not commonly so Apt to Learn : But those they call English Horses , are so Compounded of Horses of all Countries , that they always Participate something of their Sires ; and so , that may somewhat alter the Case . Certainly English Horses are the Best Horses in the whole World for All Uses whatsoever , from the Cart to the Mannage ; and some are as Beautiful Horses as can be any where , for they are Bred out of all the Horses of all Nations : But if you would Buy for the Mannage at Fayrs , you must go to Rowel Fayr , Harborow Fayr , and Melton Fayr , to Northampton and Leicester-shire ; but Northampton , they say , is the Best . You must Buy such Horses as they Sell , for the Cart and Coach , which are the best for the Mannage : Do not think to Buy Delicate Shapt Horses , like the Spanish Horse , Barb , or Turk ; but they are Handsomer Horses than commonly Dutch Horses are ; Chuse a Short trust Horse , with Good Feet and Leggs , full of Spirit and Action , and Lively ; and if he Leap of himself , so much the Better . If your Horse-man hath Skill to Buy you such , they cannot do Amiss for the Mannage , and will prove most Admirable Horses , both in all Ayres , and upon the Ground , but I would not Breed of them by no Means . At Molten Fayr , for the most part , they are young Stone-Horses , and some Geldings , but fitter for the Padd , and Hunting , than for the Mannage ; Rippon Fayr is but the Remnant of Molten Fayr , and commonly but Geldings and Naggs ; those Fayrs are in York-shire ; Lenton Fayr is in Nottingham-shire , and is a great Fayr of all Sorts of Horses , but especially Geldings and Naggs , Fitter for the Padd , and Galloping , than for the Mannage ; you may also find some Stone-Horses there . In Stafford-shire there is a great Fayr at Pankridge ; but it is , for the most part , of Colts , and Young-Horses , though sometimes ( by Chance ) there are also Others . The other Fayrs in the Northern Parts , which are many , are not Worth naming . I am very Ignorant of the West-Country , where my Lord Pauletts Ancestors had a good Breed of Horses ; and by Chance , now and then my Lord of Pembroke did Breed , but I never heard of any Rare Horses of his Race . In Worcester-shire , and in the Vale of Esam , there is good Strong Cart-Horses ; in Cornwall there is good Naggs , and in Wales excellent good Ones ; but in Scotland the Gallawayes are the Best Naggs of them all . There were , afore the Warrs , many good Races in England , but they are all now Ru 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and the many New Breeders of Horses comn up presently after the Warrs , are ( I doubt ) none of the Best ; for , I believe , their Stallions were not very Pure , because the Men that did Govern in Those Dayes , were not so Curious as the Great Lords , and Great Gentry were Heretofore , neither would they be at the Cost ; and besides , they have not Knowledge of Horses as in other Countries : For , though Every man Pretends to it , yet , I assure you , there are very Few that Know Horses , as I have heard the KING say : Since whose RESTAURATION , the Probability of getting Good Breeds again , is very Great . For English Mares , there are None like them in the World to Breed On ; but then you must Chuse them fit for such Horses as you would Breed ; As for Example , If you would Breed for the Mannage , the Mares must have Fine Fore-hands , but not too Long Necks ; Fine Heads , and well Hung On ; and their Necks rightly Turn'd ; Broad Brests , Good Eyes ; and Great Bodies , that the Foles may have the more Room to Lay their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 : They must have Good Hooffs , short and bending Pastorns , and are to be Short from the Head to the Croup , and Stuffy . This Shape fits the Mannage Best ; and if your Mares be thus Chosen , it makes no matter what Colour they are of , nor what Marks they have , nor what Tayles and Manes , so they be full of Strength , and of a superfluity of Spirit , and not above Six or Seven Years Old. But I must Tell you , That if you had Two or Three fine Dutch Mares , Shaped as I formerly told you , it Makes a fine Composition with a Spanish Horse , for the Mannage ; and a Spanish Horse with such English Mares as I have Told you Now , are not only for the Mannage , but in a manner for all Uses . If you would have Mares to Breed Running-Horses of , then they must be Shaped thus ; As Leight as possible , Large and Long , but well Shaped ; a Short Back , but Long Sides , and a little Long-Legged ; their Breast as Narrow as may be , for so they will Gallop the Leighter and Nimbler , and Run the Faster ; for the Leighter and Thinner you Breed for Gallopping is the Better . Your Stallion , by any means , must be a Barb , and somewhat of the Shape that I have Described the Mares to be of : For a Barb that is a Jade , will Get a better Runing-Horse , than the Best Running-Horse in England : As Sir John Fennick told me , who had more Experience of Running-Horses than any Man in England ; for he had more Rare Running-Horses than all England besides ; and the most part of all the Famous Running-Horses in England that Ran one Against another , were of his Race and Breed . Some Commend the Turk very much for a Stallion to Breed Running-Horses ; but they are so Scarce , and Rare , that I can give no Judgment of them : And therefore I Advise you to the Barb , which , I believe , is much the Better Horse to Breed Running Horses . Of The FRISON . THe Frison is Less Wise than the English , but no Horse goes better in the Mannage , either upon the Ground , Terra a Terra , or in all Ayres ; and no Horse is of more Use , either for a Single Combat on Horse Back , or in the Warrs for the Shock . He is Hardy , can Live of any Thing , and will Endure either Heats or Colds ; and on no Horse whatsoever doth a Man Appear more a Sword-Man , than on this Horse , being so Quiet , so Bold , and so Assured . He is also Manly , and Fit for Every thing but Running Away ; though he will Run fast for a while , yet , I doubt , not Long ; because his Wind is not like that of Barbs : Yet a Heavy man Well-Armed upon a Barb , and the same Weight upon a Dutch-Horse , the Horse's Strength is so much Above the Barb's , as , Compared thus , I believe the Dutch Horse may Run as Fast , and as Long as the Barb ; for the Barb's Wind serveth to no Purpose , when his Strength is not able to Carry his Weight : And thus the Barb will want his little Light Jockey on him , with a couple of Trenchers for a Saddle , and Lute-Strings in his Mouth for a Bitt . OF THE DANEMARK and HOLLAND HORSE . THe Denmark-Horse is an Excellent Horse , in the same Kind , and commonly Apter to Learn , and Leighter : There are more Leaping-Horses of those Countries and Kinds , than of any Horses in the World. But now , to make more Profit , they Geld all in Holland , for Coaches , and to keep the Trade , sending Five Thousand every Year into France , and diverse other Places , that you can hardly get a Stone-Horse worth any thing ; their Colts at two Years old Springs their Mares , and then they Geld them ; so , Avarice spoyls their Breed . A Town will Joyn , and give above Two Hundred Pounds for a Stallion ; but then he Covers all the Mares that belong to that Town , like a Town-Bull . OF THE ALMAIN , or GERMAN HORSE . THose that Write , That they are like Flanders Horses , are much Deceived ; they mean the common Country Cart-Horse : But let me Inform them ; there are few Princes in Germany , but have Excellent Races , and Breeds of Horses ; and their Stallions are alwayes either Coursers of Naples , Spanish Horses , Turks in Abundance , and Barbs ; and Breeding of these Stallions , their Mares come to be very Fine , like their Sires , and very Pure Breeds . I had one , no Neapolitan in the World like him , for Shape , Stature , Colour , Strength , Agility , and Good Nature ; He would make Thirty two Capriols , the Highest that ever I saw , and the Justest , without any Help in the World ; and then upon the Ground , to Gallop and Change , and go Terra a Terra , it was another Action than ever any other Horse did , being in some Manner above the Rate of Horse-Kind : This was a German Horse , but his Sire was a Courser of Naples . I had once two Horses of the Count of Oldenburg's most Excellent Breed , as Fine Horses as ever I saw , and One was the Hopefullest that could be seen . That Prince was Pleased to Present those Horses to me , and said , If I Liked them not , he would send me Others ; which was like a Prince , and most Generous . The Prince of West-Friesland did also Send me a very Fine Horse . Of The COVRSER of NAPLES . I Have not seen Many of them ; but , La Broue , in his Book , sayes , That the Race was mightily Decayed ; and that was almost a Hundred Years ago : And Pluvinel , in his Book , sayes also , That we have not now such Neapolitans as we have had ; for all the Races are Bastarded , and Spoyled . The Arch-Duke Leopold , when he Governed the Countries of Flanders , Brabant , &c. sent into Italy for Eight or Ten Coursers whilst I was at Antwerp , which Cost him above Three Hundred Pounds a Horse , Journey and all . They were Great vast Horses , with Huge Heads , and Thick Necks ; Heavy , with no Spirit in the World , nor any Strength ; Dull heavy Jades , fitter for a Brewers-Cart than the Saddle : And the Marquess De Carasene , a Spaniard , that Governs all those Countries , a little Man , but both Witty , and Wise ; an Excellent Souldier , both for Conduct and Courage , and a Good Horse-Man ( which Few Spaniards are ) and my very Noble Friend , told me , That the last Warrs in Naples hath Ruined the King of Spain's Race of Horses in that Kingdom ; but that they Began now to Repair it , and that he Hoped within Fourteen Years it may be Established as formerly it hath been . Thus you see Things do not Stand at a Stay : for what hath been Formerly , is not so now ; as in the Neapolitan , and in all the rest of the Races of Italy , which are Decayed . The Duke of Florence hath the Best Race at this Time in those Parts . OF THE TVRKISH HORSE . I Have seen very Few of them ; but , Two Merchants brought Three Turkish Horses to Antwerp , very Fine Horses , but Oddly Shaped ; their Heads were very Fine , but like a Camels Head : They had Excellent Eyes , and Thin Necks , excellently Risen ; somewhat great Bodies ; the Croup like a Mules ; Leggs not Great , but marvellous Sinewy ; good Pastorns , and good Hooffs ; and their Backs risen somewhat like a Camel. I had a Groom , a Heavy English Clown , whom I set Upon them , and they made no more of him , than if he had been as Leight as a Feather . They appeared not so Fit for the Mannage , as for to Run a Course , which , I believe , they would have Scoured ; they Trotted very Well , and no Ambling at all . The Horses about Constantinople , Mr. Blundevil sayes , Are very ill-favoured-Jades ; but he was mightily Deceived with his Old Authors : For , I have Spoken with many Gentlemen that have been There , as likewise with diverse Merchants that came from Thence ; who all Agree , That there are There , the most Beautifull-Horses in the World ; saying , That in Soyl-Time , there are many Hundred Teddered , and so Shift Places when they have Eaten that Bare : Every Horse hath a Man to Look to him , and every Man a little Tent to Lie in ; and they say , That it is one of the most Glorious Sights to see those Horses that can be ; and the most Beautiful Horses in the World. And certainly they are Brave Horses ! The Price of One of these Horses , is about a Hundred , or a Hundred and Fifty Pounds a Horse ; and there is great Difficulty to get a Pass ; for the Grand Signor is very Strict , in not Suffering any of his Horses to Go out of his Territories . When that Difficulty is Over ; there is Another ; which is , If you have not a Turk or Two , for your Convoy , they will be Taken from you by the Way : There is also the Difficulty of a Long Journey , and the Danger of Sickness , or Laming ; For , you must come Thorow Germany , which is a Long Way ; and you must have very Careful Men to Conduct them , a good Groom , an Expert Farrier ; and by no Means , to suffer any to Shoo them but Him ; for when they perceive there is a Fine Horse , they will Hire a Farrier to Prick him , or Spoyl him , that they may have him : Which is Practiced dayly . OF THE ARABIAN HORSE . HE is Nurst with Camels-Milk ; there are the strangest Reports in the World of those Horses ; for I have been Told by many Gentlemen of Credit , and by Many-many Merchants , That the Price of Right Arabians is , One Thousand , Two Thousand , and Three Thousand Pounds a Horse , ( an Intollerable , and an Incredible Price ) and that the Arabs are as Careful , and Diligent , in Keeping the Genealogies of their Horses , as any Princes can be in Keeping any of their own Pedigrees . They Keep the Genealogies of their Horses with Medalls ; And when any of their Sons come to be Men , then their Fathers give them Two Sutes of Armes with Two Cymeters , and one of these Horses , and Prayes to God to Bless them ; That is every ones Portion , and his Horse Lyes alwayes in the Next Room to him , ( I believe , not Above Staires ) . They Talk , they will Ride Fourscore Miles in a Day , and never Draw the Bridle : When I was Young , I could have Bought a Nagg for Ten Pound , that would have done as much very Easily . I never saw any but one of These Horses , which Mr. John Markham , a Merchant , brought Over , and said , He was a Right Arabian : He was a Bay , but a Little Horse , and no Rarity for Shape ; for I have seen Many English Horses farr Finer . Mr. Markham Sold him to KING JAMES for Five Hundred Pounds ; and being Trained up for a Course , when he came to Run , every Horse Beat him . OF THE HVNGARIAN HORSE . THey are not Worth speaking of ; but if you will Believe those of that Nation , they will Magnifie them Extreamly ; and so will all Nations whatsoever Mightily Commend their Own Horses : But I have Seen Hungarian Horses , and They are not worth Commendations , I assure You. OF THE POLANDER HORSE . WHen the King of Poland Sent an Extraordinary Embassadour , with Many of his Nobility and Gentry of Poland , to Conduct the Princess Mary , Eldest Daughter to the Duke of Nevers , from Paris , to Poland to be his Queen , I was then at Paris , and Saw his Entry ; which was one of the most Glorious , and Manly Sights that Ever I saw , after the Polack Way , with very Rich Clothes , Polack Capps , and great Feathers ; and all the Masters of Academies were Commanded to Wait on the Embassadour , with All their Schollars , and Horses , in their Rich Clothes and Saddles , all A la Mode , their Manes full of Ribbons . I Protest , in Comparison of the Polacks , they Lookt like Hobby-horses ; not but that their Horses were Better ; the Difference was meerly in the Manly Habit of the Polanders , who were also very Rich. But their Horses I do not like at all ; for they are , for their Shape , just as the common and ordinary Horses and Geldings in England ; and the Bitts they Use , are just like our Snaffles , and have only Rings for the Bridle to be Fastned to , as Ours are , wanting those little Crosses that ours have : But if you will Believe the Polanders , they will tell you , That their Horses are the Bravest Horses in the World , which I have not Faith to Believe : For , when we say , ( and it hath been an Old Saying ) That the Poland Horse is the Best Horse in the World ; we mean the Men to Fight on Horse-back , and not the Horses . OF THE SWEDISH HORSE . I Had the Honour to Wait on the Queen of Sweden when she was at Antwerp , and she used me very Graciously , and Civilly ; and an Extraordinary Lady , I assure you , she is in All things : But for the Swedish Horses she had for the Saddle , there was no Great Matter in Them ; She had Eight Coach-Horses , large and noble-Shap't , of the Count of Oldenburg's Breed , which were Beyond any Coursers that ever yet I saw : their Colours Isabels , with long White Manes , Tails and Toppings ; and these she sent into Spain , for a Present to the Catholick King : And it was a Kingly Present , fit for such a Queen to Present , and for so Great a King to Receive . OF WHAT STATURE A Horse is Best , EITHER FOR The WAR , or for a SINGLE-COMBAT , OR FOR ANY THING ELSE . THere are Great Disputes amongst Cavaliers about this Business : I will not trouble you much about their Arguments , but only Deliver unto you my Opinion . Those that are for High and Large Horses , say , They are Strong for the Shock : But they must Know , that all Large Horses are not Strong ; nay , for the most part they are not only the Weakest Horses , but commonly of no Spirit or Action . Put the Case , a Great Horse were Strong , yet he is so Tall , and his Strength Diffused , and indeed so out of his Strength , that a Midling Horse ( Entre deux selles ) or rather a Less Horse , being Under him , and in his Strength , would certainly Overthrow him : So that a Midling Horse , or a Less , is Best for the War , or a Single-Combat , without all Doubt . Midling-Horses , and Less Horses have , for the most part , both Strength , Spirit , and Agility , and not one in an Hundred but proves Well ; when of Large Horses not one in a Thousand does : Nay , the Midling , or Less Horse , is Best for All Things ; for the Padd , Buck-Hunting , Hawking-Naggs , or Geldings ; for Hunting-Horses , Horses for Winter-Gallopping on the High-Way many Miles ; for the Coach , for the Cart , for Any Thing . And if they should Fall , a Little Horse would do the Rider Less Hurt than a Greater Horse , to Lie upon him . Geldings , and Gelt-Naggs , are fitter for Great Journeys , or Hunting , or Hawking in Summer , than Ston'd Horses ; for their Heat , with the Heat of the Weather , soon Heats their Feet , and Founders them ; whereas Geldings are Colder , and so Travel Better , and not Tire so soon in the Heat of Summer . THAT THERE ARE FEW GOOD HORSES . NOw I must Tell you , That there are Good and Badd Horses of all Countries in the World ; but there are more Badd than Good , as there are of Men : And though there be Millions of Painters , yet there was but one Vandike in many Ages , or , I believe , shall be : The like in Musick , in Horse-manship , in Weapons , and in Horses ; for a Rare Horse in any Kind , is a Difficult business to find , I assure you : It is a Hard thing to find Fit Horses for the Mannage , either upon the Ground , or in Ayres . It is true , Art doth much , but Nature is the Ground for Art to Work on ; for , without it , Art can do but Little. I dare Undertake to Make a Cow go Just in the Mannage , but when I have Done that , it is but a Cow : And so a Jade that is Drest , he is but a Jade when you have done all you Can. I assure you , it is a very Hard thing to find a Good Padd-Nagg , or a Good Padd-Gelding , to Amble finely upon the Hanches , and from his Amble to his Gallop , or from his Amble to his Trot , and firm on the Hand : Upon the Bitt I have seen very Few worth any thing , and as few Good Buck-Hunters , or Hawking-Naggs , or Winter Hunting-Geldings , or Horses to Gallop or Run surely upon All Grounds , Plowed Lands , Moors , Parks , Forrests , and every where , with a Snaffle , and a Scotch Saddle , the Rains slack in his Neck , which makes him very much the Safer for his Rider , because he Gallops upon the Hanches . Let me Tell you , That Running-Horses are the most Easily found , and of the least Use ; commonly they Run upon Heaths , ( a Green Carpet ) and must there Run all-upon the Shoulders , which in Troublesome Grounds is ready to Break ones Neck , and of no Use ; Though I Love the Sport of a Running-Horse very Well , and think I am as Good a Jockey as any , and have Ridden many Hundred Matches , and Seen the Best Jockeys , and Studied it more than , I think , they have Done. You see how Difficult a thing it is to Have a Good Horse in any Kind , for Any thing : Therefore I conclude , That a Knowing Horse-man is not so Happy for Horses , as a Citizen of London , that knows Nothing , more Than to Buy a Horse in Smithfield , for Eight Pound Ten Shillings , or there-abouts , to Carry him to Nottingham , or to Salisbury ; and let him have never so many Faults , his Ignorance finds none : Wherein he is very Happy . MORE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING HORSES . THe Turks are the most Curious in Keeping their Horses of any Nation ; and Value them , and Esteem them most : They have all the Wayes of Dressing them , and keeping them Clean , that can be Imagined . They Cloath them first with a Fine Linnen Cloth and Hood next their Skin ; then with a Hair-Cloth and Hood , Lined with Felt , over their Linnen Cloth and Hood : And all these are made so Fit , as to Cover their Breasts , and to come pretty low down to their Leggs . There cannot be a Better Way than this for their Cloathing . The Spaniards are also very Curious about their Horses in all things ; and their Grooms so Diligent , as they never Stay long Out of the Stable , but are Alwayes doing something about them ; and especially are Curious about their Manes , Toppings , and Tayles , making them Clean divers Ways ; Washing them , and Pleating them . They esteem Highly their Horses , and no Nation Loves them Better . The Master is Continually in the Stable , to see the Grooms do their Duty ; but , for all that , the Spaniards and the Turks are none of the Best Horse-men ; they Ride Short , have Strange Spurrs , and Saddles , especially Bitts , which are most Abominable . The Italians are very Careful and Neat about their Horses ; but they have of late Lost their Latine in Riding , or else they never Had it ; and our Ignorance made us Think they did Rarely . Some of the French are Curious in Keeping and Dressing their Horses ; but , for the most part , Not : They highly Esteem Horses , and will give great Prices for them . But French Grooms never Rub a Horses Leggs well . The Almains , or High-Germans , Love Horses well : Some say , They are very Curious , but Me-thinks not . They Commend their Grooms Extreamly , but I think they do not Deserve it . Certainly the Best Grooms are English Grooms ; but no Grooms are Good , Except the Master looks strictly after them ; for , The Masters Eye makes the Horse well Drest , as according to the Proverb , The Master's Eye makes the Horse Fat. Denmark , Swede , Poland , Transylvania , Hungary , and all those Countries , are much like the Almains , for Little Curiosities , in Keeping and Dressing their Horses ; and all their Riding alike : No man in Germany will Ride without a Cavazone , though he Knows not the Use of it at all , nor what to do with it . In Flanders , Brabant , and those Parts ; as also in Holland , and those Parts , they are much like the Germans . The Emperour of Muscovy , I have Heard , hath a Stable of Horses , and a French Rider : He hath some Horses come out of Tartaria , and Turkey , but none Good in his own Country . A Rider is of no great Use there , except he could Dress , and make a Ready Bear ; of which there is Plenty , and they have Noble Races of those Beasts . In the Mogul's Country there is nothing to Dress , except you would Dress Elephants ; and the Best Horses they have , come out of Persia . Sir Walter Rawley told me , That in the West-Indies there were the Finest Shap't Horses , and the Finest Colours in the World , beyond all Spanish Horses and Barbs that ever he saw ; and they knew there so Little the Use of Horses , that they Killed them for their Skins . In Denmark there are Excellent good Horses ; and in Norway little Strong Horses , but not so Purely Shap't . I saw Six Norway Horses in a Coach , very little Horses , Isabells , with White Manes , and White Tayls ; some of their Heads are a little too Bigg ; but very Fine little Horses , and Strong . For Iseland Horses , they are all Curlled like their Doggs , and so Curled , that no Curry-Comb can Dress them , nor any thing Else : And they are but Dull Jades . WHAT STALLION Is Best for the MANNAGE , The Ordering of him before he Mounts the Mares , What Kind of Mares , When , and How , they should be put Together for GENERATION . THe Best Stallion in Our Iland , is , A Well-Shapt Spanish Horse , with a Superfluity of Spirit , and Strength , Docil , and of an Excellent Disposition , and good Nature , which is the Chief thing in a Stallion ; for if he be of an ill Disposition , Vitious , or Melancholly , all his Off-springs will Participate of it , and will Never be Drest , or made Perfect Horses as they should Be. He Ought to be of a Good Colour , to give the Race a good Dye ; and Well-Markt , to Agree with most Mens Opinions : Though Marks and Colours be Nothing at all to Know the Goodness of a Horse , nor Shape neither ; but , the Abundance of Spirits , and a Strong Chine , be the most Considerable : Yet , by any Means , I would have him Perfectly Shap't , for the Beautifying of your Race ; for a Handsome Horse may be as Good as an Ill-favoured Horse ; and an Ill-favoured Horse as Good , as a Handsome Horse . I would have you Feed him four or five Months before he Covers , with Good Oats , Pease , and Hull'd Beans , ( and Bread if you think Good ) with Sweet Hay , and good Wheat-Straw , and some Barley now and then for Variety ; and Ride him out to be Watered every day Twice , and keep him Out some Little time , only to Walk him ; but not too Long , for that will Weaken him too much . Why not Breed of a Neapolitan ? They are too Gross Horses ; and we Breed too Bigg Horses in England , by reason of the Moysture both of Ayre and Ground . Why not Breed of a Barb ? They are too Slender , and too Lady-like , for the Mannage , though themselves the Best in the World for it ; but their Off-spring , are commonly Loose and Weak Horses , fitter for Running-Horses , than the Mannage ; so the Spanish Horse is in the Middle , ( where Vertue lyes ) neither too Gross , nor too Slender , and the finest Shap't Horse in the World : And therefore , Have no other Stallion . The fittest Mares for the Mannage , must be Short from the Head to the Croup ; Curious Forehands , but not too Long ; Fine Heads , and well Hung on ; Good Bodies , Short rather than Long ; Short and good Leggs ; Short Pastorns , and Bending ; Good Feet , short Backs , full of Spirits , and Strength ; and good Natures . No where Better Mares than in England , if they be Well Chosen . Yet , I must Tell you , I could Wish you to have a Couple of fine Shap't little Dutch Mares , which is a fine Composition , with a Spanish Horse , for the Mannage . For their Colours ; Let them be such as most Men Like ; though I value not that at all . Their Age ; five , six , or seven Years Old ; and the Stallion not to be too Old , except necessity otherwise force you . The time of the Year ; in May , about the Middle of that Month , that the Foles may Fall in April , because else they will have no Grass . Put the Stallion to the Mares , thus : Take off his Hinder Shooes , and bring him Near where the Mares are , and there let him Cover a Mare in Hand Twice , which will make him Wise ; and instantly Pull off his Bridle , and put him to the Mares : Which Mares must all be put in a Convenient Closse , that may Feed them Well for six Weeks at least . Put those Mares that have Newly Foled , and those that are With Fole , and those that are Barren , all to him ; for there is no Danger in it . This Way is so Natural , as they are all Served in their Height of Pride ; for , the Horse never Mounts them untill they Woo him to it Extreamly . When he hath Covered them All , then he Tryes them all Over again , and those that will Take the Horse , he Covers them ; and those that will Not , he lets them Alone : And when he Knows he hath Finished his Work , he Beats the Pale to be gone , which is Time for him ; then you must take him Up , and you shall find him Lean enough , nothing but Skin and Bones , and his Mane and Tayl will Moot Off : If you give him too many Mares , then he will Serve you the Less time ; be so Lean and Weak , that you will very hardly Recover him against the next Year , or Covering-time . Therefore ten or twelve Mares is Enough . I had Forgot to Tell you , That you must have a Little House with a Manger , to Feed him with Corn , and Bread , during the Covering-time , to Defend him from the Heat of the Sun , and Rain , which would much Infeeble him : And you must have a Man always to Attend him and the Mares ; and for that Purpose he must have a Little Hutt built , to be there Day and Night ; not only to Tell you how they are Served , but that no other Horse comes to the Mares , or other Mares put to the Horse ; and for many other Accidents wherewith he is to Acquaint you . And when you have taken Up the Stallion , then Remove the Mares into a good and fresh Pasture . This is the True Way for Covering the Mares ; for , Nature is Wiser than Art in the Act of Generation ; and by this Way , I dare say , there shall not , of a Dozen Mares , Two fail . I must Tell you , That you must Never have a Stallion of your Own Breed , because they are too Far removed from the Purity , and Head , of the Fountain , which is a Pure Spanish Horse : Besides , should the Stallions be of your Own Breed , in Three or Four Generations they would come to be Cart-Horses ; so Gross , and ill-Favoured would they be : or at least , just such Horses as are Bred in that Country , so soon will they Degenerate : Therefore , have still a fresh Spanish Horse for the Stallion . But you cannot Breed Better , than to Breed of your Own Mares that you have Bred ; and let their Fathers Cover them ; for there is no Incests in Horses : And thus they are Nearer , by a Degree , to the Purity , since a fine Horse Got them , and the same fine Horse Covers them again . If any Man will Dispute against this Truth , ( if he be not Obstinate in his Errours ) let him Read my First Book of Horse-manship in French , where I Treat of Breeding ; and there are Reasons that may Convert him , if he considers my Great Experience . FOR The Housing , Feeding , and Ordering of COLTS . YOu must Wean the Foles , and Take them from their Damms , when Cold Weather comes in , which is about Martlemas ; and have a Convenient House to Put them in , with a Low Rack and Manger fit for them : For the first Year , put the Horse-Colts , and Fillies , all together ; and have alwayes good and fresh Litter for them , good Sweet Hay , and Wheat-Bran , and good Oats ; the Wheat-Bran makes them Drink Well , and gives them good Bodies . In a Fair Day , let them now and then go Out in some Inclosed Yard , to Play , and Rejoyce themselves ; and then put them Up again carefully , that they be not Hurt . The next Summer , when Grass is Plentiful , put them Out in some Dry Ground , where the Grass is Short , and Sweet ; for if a Colt fills his Belly , once in Twenty Four Hours , it is Sufficient ; and good Water they must have . The Colts must be by themselves , and the Fillies by themselves , Separated . The next Winter , at Martlemas , then take Up again the Colts , bring them into the Stable , and Use them , in all Kinds , like the Older Horses ; doing the same Thing every Summer , and every Winter , untill the Colts be Three Years old , and Vantage ; and then take them Up for altogether , and Back them . Yearings must be Abroad together ; so Two-Years-old together , and Three-Years old together ; for thus they will Agree best : as we see that Little young Boyes , and Greater old Boyes , never Agree , or Play well together . The Fillies you may Better put Together ; Yearings , and Two-Years-old , and Three . But I would wish you to take Up the Filleys at Two Years old , and Vantage ; then Back them , and make them Gentle , and then Cover them at Three Years old : For , being thus Gentle , they will Never spoyl Themselves , nor their Foles ; and if They , or their Foles , be Sick , or Hurt , you may Easily take them Up for the Farrier to use his Skill to Recover them . But , Why this Housing every Winter ? You must know , There is nothing indures Cold worse than Horse-kind . For Example ; Is there any Thing in the World Looks so like a Bear , and so Ill-favouredly , as a Colt in Winter upon a Common , and stands as if he had neither Life , nor Spirit ? and certainly , Warmth , and Dry Feeding , is the Quintessence , and greatest Secret in the World for Breeding . To Prove it ; The Spanish Horse , that is so Fine , is Bred in Spain , a Hot Country , and hath Dry Feeding ; for there is not much Grass in many Places . Barbery is very Hot , and little Grass . Turkey is very Hot , and Dry Grounds . Naples is very Hot , Mountainous , and Dry ; and in all those Countries , the Horses are Purely Shap't , with Heat , and Dry Feeding : Therefore you must Help it , as well as you Can , in Cold Countries ; which is Done with Housing , and Dry Feeding . To Prove it , Take the Finest Shap't Spanish Horse you can , and let him Cover Two Mares , of Equal Beauty ; and if they have Two Horse-Colts , let One run Abroad , until he be Three Years and a Half old , and let the Other be Housed every Winter ; and Fed , as I have Told you . That Colt that hath gone Abroad Three Years and a Half , shall have a great Fleshy-Head , and Thick and Full Neckt ; Fleshy Shoulders ; Flabby and Gowty Legs ; Weak Pastorns , and ill Hooffs ; and shall be a Dull , Weak , Fleshy Jade , by Reason of the Humidity of our Country , both Above and Underneath : when the Colt that is Housed every Winter , that is Kept Warm , and Lies Dry , and is Dry Fed , shall have as Fine a Forehand , as Sinewy-Leggs , as good Hooffs , Spirit and Strength , and in all things will be as purely Shap't , as any Spanish Horse can be . So you see , That to have the Finest Stallion , and the Beautifullest Mares , is Nothing , if you do not Order them as I have told you . ( See Dutch Horses , how Gross they are , being Bred in Cold Countries . ) This is a great Secret for Breeding , beleeve me , that have Tryed all Manner of Ways ; and according to my great Experience , there is Nothing but This. FOR THE BACKING OF A COLT . IF you have used the Method of Housing your Colts every Winter ; and , after the First Winter , used them in the Stable , as you do any other Horse ; and that they will Lead , and be as Quiet as any Horse : You need not Fear their Plunging , and Leaping , nor a Hundred Extravagancies more ; Neither need you Tyer him in a Bogg , or a Deep Plow'd-Field , to take Off his Spirit , to Break his Heart , or at least , his Wind , before you dare get Upon him . For , being Ordered as I have formerly Told you , you may Safely Back Him , and find him as Quiet as a Lamb , and never Drive him into Faint-Sweats , which will bring many Diseases upon him . You need not then a Cavezone of Cord , which Mr. Blundevil calls a Head-Strain ; nor a Padd of Straw ; but such a Saddle as you ordinarily Ride Horses of Mannage in , with Stirrups ; and on his Nose , an ordinary Cavezone , as you Ride other Horses with ; but it must be well Lined with double Leather , as the Rest are : and if you will , you may put a Watering-Bitt in his Mouth , without Rains on , only the Headstal , and this but for a few Dayes ; and then to put such a Bitt as I would always Ride him withal , of which we shall Speak hereafter , and so give him the Lessons , which you shall have Perfectly sett down in the Second Book . But if you light on an Older Colt , and Unruly , then put him to the Single Pillar , and Trot him , and Gallop him on both Hands , until he be very Quiet , and will Peaceably suffer you to Take his Back ; which he will not Fail to do within four or five Dayes at the most , if you Use this Method : And I do not know , that the Single Pillar , the Old way , is good for any thing , but this . At first you must Ride your Colt without Spurrs . And thus much for Backing of Colts . OF THE SPANISH MVLES . I Have seen the Finest Shap't of them in the World ; the Finest Shap't Heads , and the Best set On ; the Finest Turned Necks , and the Thinnest , and Well Risen ; Excellent Backs , good Bodies ; their Leggs Clean , and Sinewy ; Admirable Hooffs ; their Croups a little Slender : And in a Word , No Horse in the world Finer Shap't , and only their Ears are a Little Long , which , methinks , is a Grace to them . They are of all Colours , as Bayes , Dapple-Grayes , and so forth . Extreamly Strong , as Strong as Two Horses ; very Large , some as Large as any Horse whatsoever , and of great Prices ; as three , and four Hundred Pistols a Mule. The King of Spain hath Beautifull , and Large ones in his Coach ; they Use them very much for the Saddle ; for they Amble most Curiously , and Easily ; they seldom Stumble , but when they Do , they never Fall further than their Knees . They are very Safe and Sure to Ride on ; there be some very Little ones , and Fine ones , like Gallowayes ; and those Commonly great Generals , and Commanders , Ride on in the Trenches , and about Fortifi'd Castles , to View them : The Grosser sort they Use for Sumpters , Waggons , and Carriers for many things . They also Ride Post on them ; and Don John de Borge , who was Governour at Antwerp , told me , That they would Amble as fast as Any Horse could Gallop . They Live Long , and Sound , Thirty Years at least : There are Males and Females of them , and very Hot they are in the Act of Generation , but never produce any thing , with any thing ; either to Get , or Bring Forth . They say , One is never assured of them from Biting or Striking though the Groom hath kept them Twenty Years ; But I perceive no such Thing in them : And I have seen a Mule go in Capriols , excellently well . They say , They have Ill Mouths ; but that 's because they Spoyl them with Horrible Bitts : For they use both Other Bitts , and other Saddles and Furniture to them , than to Horses ; wherein they are very much Mistaken . To those that are for the Saddle , I would use the very same Bitts and Saddles , as for Horses , and no otherwise . 'T is true , that for Sumpters , there be Proper things that they use for Them only , and not for Horses , which is very Comely . And in Spain , they use in their Coaches , Ropes for the Mules ( and the Horses also ) to Draw the Coaches withall . They are Excellent to Ride on in Stoney-Wayes , none like them ; they are so Sure of Foot. The Stallions that Get these Mules , are Asses , upon very Fine Spanish Mares . Sir Benjamin Wright , being a Merchant at Madrid , Writ to me once , That a Stallion Asse would Cost , at the least , Two Hundred and Fifty Pistols ; but others Tell me of Greater Prices that They are at : and great Reason , since Mules are of so great Use to them in Spain . My Lord Cottington told me , That the Asses in Spain , are Greater and Larger Beasts , than ever he saw of Horses in all his Life , and almost of Any other Beast ; and are so Furious , and full of Spirit , That there is Men , that Live only by the Ordering of them , and no Other Men can do it , but those men which make a Trade of it ; for Others would be Kill'd by them . And These Men Hood the Asses when they Cover any Mares , that they may not See them ; for otherwise they would Pull the Mares in Pieces , and Kill them . When they Bray , it is a most Lowd and Horrid Noise , beyond any Lyon in the world . Now you see , There is great Reason , why they should be of Great Prices ; but one that Thinks they should be just such Little dull Asses as are in England , of Twenty or Thirty Shillings a Piece , would Laugh to hear this Tale told ; Because they think there is Nothing more in the World than they have seen : As in such a case , Sir Walter Rawley said well , That there are Stranger Things in the World , than between Stains and London . The Asses in France , are just like the Asses in England ; Little , Lazy , Dull , and Woful things , and of as Small Price ; only in those Parts of France that are next Spain , there the Asses are Large , but nothing in Comparison of those in Spain . The Shee-Asses in Spain , are very Fair , and Large ; For else , How can you Imagine such huge , large , and great Puissant Beasts should be Produc'd ? THAT TRYING Is the Only Way to KNOW HORSES . I Told you , That Marks , Colours , and Elements , are Nothing at all to Know a Horse by ; for they are but Philosophical Mountebanks that Talk of such Toyes . Nay , Shape is nothing to Know the Goodness of a Horse ; and therefore the best Philosophy is to Try him : And you may be Deceived then , if he be a Young Horse ; for Colts alter extreamly , both in Spirit and Strength . What Judgment can one give of a Little Boy , what Kind of Man he will Prove ? No more can one give a Judgement of a Colt , what Kind of Horse he will Prove . But still Ride him , and Try him ; and that is the Best Philosophy to Know him by . Some say , If a Horse have a Great Head , a Thick Neck , and Fleshy Shoulders , that he is Hard on the Hand : You must Know , That if he have any Imperfection in his Leggs or Feet , but especiall Before , the Horse must be Hard on the Hand ; for he Leans on the Hand , to Ease the Grief of his Leggs , as a Gowty-Man doth Use his Staff. And let him be finely - Shap't , or ill - Shap't , if he have any Imperfection in his Leggs , he must be Hard on the Hand ; and then the Farrier must Cure him , and not the Horse-man ; for the Art of Riding will not make a Lame Horse Sound . Our Great Masters , and Best Authours , say , That when a Horse is Sound , if he have a Great Head , Thick Neck , and Fleshy Shoulders ; that then , of Necessity , this Horse must be Hard on Hand ; and give many Rare Lessons , as they Think , to make him Leight on the Hand : And they also say , That a Horse that hath a fine Thin Forehand , must be Leight on the Hand , wherein they are Infinitely Deceived ; for I have Known more Thick Heads , Necks , and Shoulders , Leight on the Hand , than I have Known fine Shap't , and Slender Forehands . But it is neither the One , nor the Other , that makes it , but meerly the Strength of his Chine . For , if a Horse , that hath a Great Head , Thick Neck , and Fleshy Shoulders , hath a Good Chine , he will be Leight on the Hand ; and if he have a Weak Chine , he will be Hard on the Hand . And so a Fine Forehand , if he have a Weak Chine , he is Hard on the Hand ; and if he have a Strong Chine , he is Leight on the Hand : So it is , not having a Gross , or a Fine Forehand , that makes him Hard or Leight , on the Hand ; but all Consists in the Strength of his Chine . The Reason of that , is , Because if he hath a Strong Back , he can Suffer without Grief or Pain , to be put upon the Hanches : And no Horse is upon the Hanches , but he is Leight on the Hand ; and if his Chine be Weak , the putting him upon the Hanches , doth so Pinch him , as he Presses upon his Foreparts to save the Pain on his Back ; and sometimes will Run away , rather than to Suffer it ; and will Leap , rather than to be Pincht of his Weak Back : and yet I must Tell you , The Strongest Horses are not Fittest , or Properest , for the Mannage , nor for a Souldiers Horse ; for you must Gallop him an Hour before you can take him Off his Fury ; and such Counter-times of Leaps , do In-commode the Rider , to no Purpose : And when you would make him Go , he shall not Go so Well , as a Horse of Half his Strength : and though he Leaps in such a Manner , that will Disorder an Armed-Man ; yet the Best Horse-man in the World shall not make him a Leaping-Horse : Therefore the Best for the Mannage , and the War , is a Horse that hath so much Strength as to Indure a Stopp , and no more , to make him Easie for an Armed-Man . And Certainly a Weak Horse with Spirit , Docil , and of a Good Disposition , is much Better , and will go Beyond a huge Flanders Horse , of a Dutch Brewer , that hath no Spirit : And I must Tell you , That the Greatest and Largest Horses are not commonly the Strongest , but for the most part the Contrary ; for that which makes them Draw , is their Waight , and not their Strength , nor their Spirit ; for they have none . I dare say , I can take a little English Cart-Horse , that shall Draw Twice as much as their Great Flanders Horses : Commonly those they Use in Flanders are Geldings . HOW TO KNOW the AGE OF A HORSE . M R. Blundevil sayes , Some seek to Know a Horses Age in this Sort : They Pull his Skin with their Hand from his Flesh , holding it so a Pretty while together , and then let it Go Again , Marking whether the Skin Returneth immediately to his Place , or not , without leaving any Signe or Wrinckle where it was Toucht : And then they Judge the Horse to be Young. But if the Skin will not Fall down quickly again of its own accord , they take him to be Old , and to lack that Natural Heat , and Warm Blood , which should Nourish his Outward Parts . These are the very Words of Mr. Blundevil . Let us see the Probability of it , and the Certainty of the Rule , in a Horse whose Mark is Out of his Mouth ; for many Horses that are many Years Older , if they be Healthful , and Sound , and in good Case , Wanton , and full of Blood , their Skin will Return to the same Place again Presently , when a Younger Horse by many Years , that is Sickly , Lean , and Faint , his Skin will not Return so soon ; and then your Old Observation Deceives you , and is a great Folly. And when he will Know a Horses Age by his Tayl , he begins at the Wrong end ; which is most Ridiculous . Mr. Blundevil sayes also , That when a Horse Waxeth Old , his Temples will wax Hollow , and the Hair of his Browes Hore and White , &c. This is , for the most part , somewhat Probable . But yet I have Known a young Fellow of Seventeen all Gray ; Why may it not be so in Horses ? Nay , I have Known some so . But though I Grant , That Gray Hairs shewes Age , for the most part ; yet , I believe , you do not know How Old a Horse is for all that Observation , but only in general , That he is Old. So that there is no Sure way to Know his Age , but by his Teeth ; and that is a certain Rule , but Lasts no longer than Seven years Old. Captain Mazine sayes , That a Horses Years may be Known until he is Fourteen , by his Vpper Teeth ; but , because it doth not Hold in all Horses , I forbear to Write it . There is some Difference between Horses and Mares , to Know their Age. For any Man that would have a Horse of Use in his ordinary Occasions ; as for Journeys , Hawking , or Hunting ; I would never Buy a Horse until the Mark be Out of his Mouth ; and if he be Sound of Wind , Limb , and Sight , he will last you Eight or Nine Years with good Keeping , and never Fail you ; when a Young Horse will have many Diseases , as Children have , and you must leave him with your Host at Harborow , or Northampton , or some Inne , and Hire another Horse for your Occasion , and have your Host's Bill , and the Farriers , which will come to more than your Horse is Worth ; and there 's your Young Horse ; but your Old Horse shall never Fail you . I am alwayes ready to Buy for such Purposes , an Old Nagg of some Hunts-Man , or Falconer , that is Sound , and that 's the Useful Nagg ; for he Gallops on all Grounds , Leaps over Ditches , and Hedges ; and this will not Fail you in your Journey , nor any where ; and is the only Nagg of Vse , for Pleasure , or Journey , but not for a Souldiers Horse , nor the Mannage : For every Horse must be Appropriated in his Kind , and put to what he is Fittest . WHAT EQUIPAGE IS PROPER for the HORSE , AND MOST COMMODIOUS for the HORSE-MAN Afore the Horse is MOVNTED . FOr the Saddle , Bitt , Cavezone , Stirrups , and Spurrs , in my first Book of Horse-manship you shall see the Figures of all These , most Lively Represented . For the Girthes , I must Advise you to have one Girth as Broad as two , only at each End separated , as if they were Two , though it is but one Girth ; and an Italian Surcingle over them ; which is so excellent a thing , that if the Girths , or Straps , should Break , yet the Surcingle will not fail to Hold. You must fit your Horse with a Bitt proper for him ; that is , a Cannon , or a Scatch , A la Pignatel , and Branches A la Conestable ; and the same Bitt I will alwayes Ride my Horse with I give him at first ; for they are Ridiculous with their Pistol Cannons , and not to fit a Horse for two Years , and then to Bitt him up . But I will alwayes Bitt and fit my Horse at the first , with what he should alwayes Wear , or such Another when that 's Broke , or is worn in Pieces . Your Horse should be Girt as Hard as you can ; for the Italian sayes , He that Girds well , Rides well . But a Groom may Gird well , and yet not Ride well . But they Mean , No Man can Ride well , that doth not Gird well : For , How can he Ride well when the Saddle turns Round ? Horses of Mannage force the Girths much with Violent Ayres , which an Ambling Horse doth not . But I must Tell you , That you should never Gird your Horse up Hard and Straight , but just before you Ride him ; for , being Hard Girt in the Stable Long before you Ride him , I have Known them grow very Sick. Why do they not so when they are Ridd , say you ? I le tell you why ; Because the Violence of the Exercise makes them put Out their Bodies , and so Stretches the Girthes , and makes them Easier . But I will Tell you a great Truth in Horses that are used to be Girt Hard : When the Groom comes to Gird them up , the Horses will so Stretch their Bodies and Bellies Out , with holding their Breath , that the Grooms have much ado to Gird them : And this is Craftily done of them , that they may have Ease after they are Girded , and then they let their Bodies Fall again . And yet , sayes the Learned , Like to the Horse that hath no Vnderstanding . Another thing I am to Advertise you of ; and that is , To make the Nose-Band as Straight as possible you can ; because it Hinders him , as they say , to make Sheeres with his Mouth , or to Gape to Disorder the Working of the Bitt , or to Bite at the Rodd when you help him , or to Bite at your Feet . But the Nose-Band , being very Straight , makes the Bitt lie in his due Place , and Works orderly , as it Ought , both upon the Barrs , and the Curb , and firms and settles his Head : And I assure you , there is nothing Better than this , for many things ; and therefore I would have also the Cavezone as straight as you could , for many Reasons ; and Remember that your Cavezone be never Sharp ; but always Lined with double Leather at the least , for fear of Hurting him : Though the Old saying , is , A Bloody Nose makes a good Mouth ; I would neither Hurt his Mouth , nor his Nose , nor any thing else about him , if I could Help it ; and then I am sure he will have a Better Mouth , when his Nose is not Hurt . Sakers , Dockes , or Trouse Ques , ( which is all one ) is a great Grace for a Leaping-Horse ; for it makes him appear Plumper , and more Together , Racoursi , and makes him appear to go Higher too ; therefore I would use Sakers for all Kinds of Leaping-Horses , whether for Croupadoes , Balotadoes , or Caprioles ; but then the Horses Tayles must be Tied short Up , upon the Saker . For Horses that go the Mannage de Soldat , Terra a Terra , in Corvets , or Demy-Ayres , there is nothing Handsomer , than to see a Horse with a good Tayl Down , without any thing ; no Quinsel , or any thing , but Naturally ; and to see him Lay his Tayl on the Ground , is Graceful , and shewes that he Goes upon the Hanches ; which is the Perfection of the Mannage . To Beautifie their Manes before great Princes , or Persons of Quality , there is nothing more Graceful , than to Tye their Manes with several Coloured Ribbons , or all of One Colour , in many several Wayes ; either Pleating their Manes , or letting them be Loose . I never saw any Horse Go so well with Rich Saddles , as with Plain Leather Saddles , and Black Bridles : The Leather Saddles should be plain White Spanish Leather , stitcht with Silk ; with Silver Nayles , and a good Black Leather Slap-Cover over it , and the Bridle Soft black Leather , and Small ; by no means too Great : Two Girthes in One , to part at both Ends , like Two Girths ; and a good Italian Surcingle , which is Worth both the Girthes for sure Holding . You must be very Careful , to see that nothing that is about the Horse should Hurt him ; as his Saddle , Bitt , Cavezone , or any thing else : For , I assure you , as long as any thing Hurts him , he will never go Well . No Horse goes Well in a Wind , it doth so Whisk about him , and in his Ears , and makes such a Noise , as it Diverts him from the Mannage ; and so doth any new Help , or any new Thing that they are not Accustomed to : Horses are very Sensible , and Tickle ; and no Strangers must come near them . There is one Thing that is the most Uncomly , and the Disgracefullest thing a Horse can do ; and that is , To Whisk his Tayl in all the Actions that he makes . The common Remedy they Use , is , To Tie his Tayl with a Quinsel ; which doth Remedy that Vice , as long as it Holds : But the Best thing in the World , is , To Cut Cross the great Nerve that is under his Tayl , and then he shall never Whisk or Shake it again ; and it will do him no Hurt in the World , more than when it is Cut. There is no Remedy like unto this . A Very True PARADOX . I Will never Put my Horses of Mannage to Soyl after they are Five Years old . I had a Barb that had a Cold , and I was Perswaded to Put him to Soyl ; but when I took him from it , he was Broken-Winded . Though I never Put them , but Six or Seven dayes , to Soyl , yet I ever found them the Worst for it , both for Colds , and their Flesh being Flabby . Doth not every Body say , when you Take a Horse from Grass , That you take him Up with a Grass-Cold ? And it is very True. Then these Horses of Mannage , which are extreamly Heated , and often must , of Necessity , Melt their Grease . If you give them Grass to Cool them , and Purge them ( as they say ) to bring it away , it being Hardned like Tallow , Grass is too Gentle to do it Effectually : But I Confess it Dissolves some small part of it , which it doth not Bring away ; and that which is Dissolved , runs into their Veins , and Arteries , and makes them remain Sick Horses , so that they will never Thrive . Therefore , at the time of Soyl , let them Blood once or twice , and give them Pills of Alloes Sicatrina two Ounces , lapped up in Fresh Butter ; and after that , give them Cooling Julips twice or thrice a Week , for a Fortnight , or Three weeks together ; and let them Rest , or but Walk gently out , and no Grass at all : During the great Heats , ride Moderately , by no means Violently . Horses of great Exercise must have Dry Feeding ; for Moist Feeding spoyls them , and fills them full of Diseases and Corruption ; therefore never give them Grass , and but very little Hay . The Method thus : Before their Water , give them but a Handful of Hay , only to make them Drink ; and after their Water , another Handful of Hay , to be a Barricado between their Water , and their Oats , that they should not Shoot their Oats too soon ; and then give them their Oats ; and all the rest of the Day , and Night , nothing but Wheat Straw . As the Italian sayes , a Horse that is Fed with Hay , is a Horse for a Cart , he is so Foggy and Pursey ; but they say , Cavallo de Palla , Cavallo de Batalla ; and thus his Flesh will be as Hard as a Board , in great Lust , Wind , and Strength , and as Nervous as possible can be , and in great Health . Excellent Clean Oats is the Best Feeding in the World ; somtimes you may give a few Pease , or Hul'd Beans , which is very Good ; but never any Bread , for that makes them Pursey , as we know very well by Running-Horses . I never give above Two Bushels of Oats a Week to every Horse , and it is Enough ; for they Look extraordinary Well with it . A Horse must ever be Empty before you Ride him , and stand some three or four Hours , both Morning , and Afternoon , upon the Watering-Bitt , to turn him from the Manger , to get him a better Appetite ; which is excellent Good. Wheat is Strengthning , but it makes a Horse Fatt at the Heart , and Out of Wind ; Barley they give in Italy and Spain , but it is not our Common Barley ; but that which we call Bigg : which is not an ill Feeding , but not Comparable to good Oats : But in Italy and Spain , they give Barley , because they have no Oats : Pease-Straw will make a Horse Piss red like Blood. If you follow this Method , you will ever have your Horse Well , and Sound . I must Tell you , It is not Much Meat , but the Ordering of the Diet , that Makes Horses in Health : Nay , to some Great and Ready Feeders ( as they call it ) you must give but a little Wheat-Straw ; for else they will be as Pursey and Fatt , as Stall-Fed Oxen : Nay , some again will Eat their Litter , which is very Foul Feeding . And then the Jockeys use to put their Horses upon the Muzzle , which I like not by any Means ; for many Horses grow very Sick upon it , because it doth almost Smoother them ; therefore , in that case , I put on a Cavezone , and Tie it so Straight , as he cannot Eat , and then he hath his Nostrils clear for Breath , and is never Sick. Be sure , That you never Dress your Horse until he be Cold ; for until then , he will not Dress ; though I have seen many Foolish Grooms offer at it , to Dispatch their Work : Nor Turn them to the Manger to their Meat , after their Exercise , until they be Cold ; for , though you give them no Water , or but to Wash their Mouths , yet Eating , whilest they are Hott , makes Ill Digestion . There is nothing Conduces more to the Health of Horses , than to Keep them three or four Hours before they be Rid , on the Watering-Bitt ; and after they are Ridd , so long again on the Watering-Bitt , until they be Cool ; and in the Afternoon Turn'd again on the Watering-Bitt three or four Hours . For Worms , it is good to give them Brimstone in their Oats , and to put Bay-Salt by them , which they will Lick apace ; and Fenugreek , and sometimes a Spoonful of Sweet-Sallet-Oyl mingled with their Oats . But the most Soveraign Thing that ever I knew , is Honey mingled with their Oats . Horses of great Exercise , that have often great Heats , as Horses of Mannage have , must be Lett Blood often , and have Dry Feeding ; for , Moist Feeding , and Exercise , breeds great Corruption : Cooling-Julips , and Cooling-Glisters , ( which I will set down hereafter ) are very Needful to Preserve their Health . TO MAKE A HORSE HAVE A FINE COAT . THere are but these Four things , viz. Feeding Well , Cloathing Warmly , Many Sweats , and Dressing Well . For Dressing , there are these Things ; The Curry-Comb , which only fetches out Dust ; the Dusting-Cloath , that takes away the Loose Dust ; the Brush , that takes the Dust from the bottom of the Hair ; the Hard Wisp , a little moistned , that takes out More Dust yet from him ; and the Felt a little moistned , that takes out More Dust from him afterwards ; but the Wett Hand , which should be last , takes not only More Dust , but a great deal of Loose Hair , which is much Better than any of the Former : After this , a Linnen Cloath to Wipe them over , and then a Wollen Cloath , and so Cloath him Up. But , the Best of all is the Knife Heat , which is the Scraper ; for , when he is Hot , Scraping of him gets all the Sweat , and Moysture , out of him , so that he is Dry presently after , and all that Wett would turn to Dust , so there is so much Labour saved : Besides , it gets abundance of Hair from him , which the rest doth not ; so that it is the most Excellent thing I Know , both to Cool a Horse , and to Make him have a Good Coat . You must Wash his Hooffs first Clean , and then Dry them ; and when they are Dry , then Anoint them ; and when his Feet are Pick'd , then Stopp them with Cow-Dung . In Summer he must be Leightly Cloathed in the Heats , and his Leggs and Feet all Wash't , and his Codds , and his Sheath , made Clean ; for there will be a great deal of Dirt in those Places else ; and his Yard made Clean , and either Washed with Water or White-Wine ; his Temples , Eyes , Nostrils , and Mouth , Bathed with Cold Water in a Spunge , which will much Refresh him : Nay , to be Washed all Over , and Scrap't , is excellent , both for his Coat and Health ; and sometimes to be Wash't with Sope : His Mane to be Wash't and kept Clean ; and sometimes to be Wash't with Sope will make it Grow ; and if the Hair should Fall , then Wash it in Lee , but not too Strong , for that would fetch it Off : Dress his Mane Clean every day , and Pleat it up again , which will make it Grow very much : You must Wash his Tayl very Clean , up to the very Dock , Dock and all ; and often Wett his Dock with a Spunge , not only to make his Hair lie Close , but to make it Grow ; and also it doth Refresh him very much , and keeps him Cold handsomely . But if your Horse hath a White Tayl , wash it never so clean , yet he will Dye it in his Dung and Vrine , that it will be Yellow , and therefore you must Wash it very Clean with Water and Sope ; and when it is Dry , put it in a Bagg , and Tie it up , and that will keep it Clean , and White . Clip his Ears ; and no more of his Mane , than for the Head-stall to Lie there ; and Cut his Tayl a little above his Fetlock , and Cut it every Month to make it Grow . You may Dress him in as many Various Sorts with Ribbons , as there are Colours , which Beautifies him much . He must be well Littered with fresh Rye-Straw every Night , and to have Pasterns on his Fore-Feet keeps him from much Hurt ; but one Pasterne on his Hinder Foot , tyed to the Pillar behind him , with a Leather Rein at such a Length as he may Lie Down , doth Avoid more Mischief than you can Imagine : The Woollen Cloath must alwayes be laid upon his Buttock under his Housing Cloath ; You must alwayes have your Horses to have Hoods , and both they , and their Housing-Cloathes Lined with Cotten , or Baies , to keep them Warm . Have good Collers , Surcingles , and Padds , and a little Rein to Tie them up to the Wall or Rack ; and good Wattering-Bitts , which , as I told you afore , are very Vseful . And be careful , after a great Heat , that you give him no Water till Night , except only to Wash his Mouth : for it is very Dangerous , and may Spoyl him Utterly ; for , a Horse will be Cool Without , when he is not Within : and the Worst is but to forbear his Meat a little , or to have a Small Body , which is much Better than to have No Horse . OF SHOOING . THe old Saying , is , Before behind , Behind before . That is ; Before , the Veins lie Behind : For , you see of his Fore-feet , there is a great Space on both sides , where there is no Nayls at the Heel : And Behind , before ; for you see in his Hinder-feet , there is a great Space between the Nayls at the Toe ; because the Veines lie Before , at the Toe ; and the Veins lie Behind , at the Heel : and this is done for fear of Pricking him . So that the Saying , Before behind , Behind before , is very True. You must Fitt the Shoo to the Foot , and not the Foot to the Shoo , as they do in Flanders , and Brabant ; and Open his Heels as much as you can , Straight , and not Side-wayes ; for that will Cutt away all his Heels in two or three Shooings ; and the Strength of the Heels , is the Strength of the Foot. You must Cutt the Thrush handsomly too , and Pare his Foot as Hollow as you can , the Shoo may not Press at all upon his Foot : The Shoo must come Neer to the Heel , and sit a little From it , and a little Wider than the Hooff on both Sides , to enlarge the Heel ; and that the Shoo may bear his Weight , more than his Foot. The Webb must be indifferent Broad ; not too Thinn , least it should Beat into his Foot ; nor so Thick , either to Tyre him , or with the Weight to Pull out the Nayls . When the Shoo is set On , there will be much Hooff to be Cutt off at the Toe ; for , it must be very Thick at the Toe , if you do not Pare him but as I have told you ; and when you have Cutt it Off , then Smooth it with a File , or Rape , and thus your Horse will stand so Firm , as if he had a little Polonia-Heel ; and his Foot so Strong , as not only to go Boldly upon Stones , but to Break them , and never to Hurt his Feet , or Feel them : For , you will easily Imagine , A Man can go much Better upon Stones with Three-Soal'd-Shoos , than with Pumps . Paring a Horses Foot so Thin as they Use , is Pumps , and makes him Go upon his Heels , as Pumps doth a Man ; and my Way , as I have told you , is , Three-Soal'd-Shoos , and a little Polonia-Heel . The Nayls should be Cast in a Mould , with Round and Flatt Heads , for fear of Crossing one Legg of another to Hurt him . This for the Fore-Feet . The Hinder-Feet are to be Shod just in the same Manner as the Fore-Feet was , both for Opening the Heels , Cutting the Thrush , and Cutting off at the Toe , to leave it Thick ; only the Hinder Shooes must be made Answerable to the Form of his Hinder-Feet : The Webb somewhat Broad , but the Nayls of his Hinder-Feet should be ordinary Nayls , and the Heads a little Bigger and Sharper , for Stopping , to take hold of the Earth , lest he might , with Sliding , Incord himself ; the Nayls ought to be so , because a Horse of Mannage goes on the Hanches , which is most of his Hinder-Feet ; and Wears his Hinder Shooes twice as Fast as his Fore Shooes : And this is the Right Way of Shooing a Horse of Mannage . A Travelling Horse must be Shod after the same Manner , but a little Straighter ; for otherwise , in Ill Wayes , he will Pull Off his Shooes ; the Webb must be a little Narrower . A Hunting-Horse must also be Shod after the same Way , but much Narrower than the Travelling-Horse , eeven with his Foot , and the Webb much Narrower , or else he will Indanger to Lame himself , upon Ill Grounds , and to Indanger you with Falling ; besides Pulling Off his Shooes . A Running-Horse's Shooes are so Narrow at the Webb , and so Thin , as they are called Plates , rather than Shooes ; it is not only for Leightness , but that the Fresh Nayls , being Newly Shod , may take Better hold of the Earth , to prevent Slipping : For , could the Nayls be put in without Shooes , as Eeven , and Regularly , it would do as Well ; but that cannot be , and therefore you must have Plates for that end , which is the only end of Plates . WHAT Is to be Done , when THE HAIR from the MANE and TAYL FALLS AWAY . SEarch both Mane and Tayl well with your Finger , and Anoynt the Place with this Vnguent . Take Quick-Silver , and Tryed Hoggs Grease ; the Quick-Silver being first Mortified with Fasting-Spittle : Incorporate them very well Together , till the Hoggs Grease be of a perfect Ash Colour , and Anoynt the Sorrance therewith , every day ; holding a Hott Barr of Iron neer , to cause the Oyntment to Sink in , and in three or four Dayes thus carefully Dressing him , he will be Well . This is a very good Receipt , and I have often used it : But I would Advise you , First to Lett him Blood , a good Quantity , both in the Neck and Tayl. TO CAUSE the HAIR TO GROW AGAIN . TAke the Dung of a Goat , newly made ; ordinary Honey , Allom , and the Blood of a Hogg ; The Allom being first made into Fine Powder . Boyl all these Together , and Rubb , and Anoynt the Places therewith every day , and it will Cause the Hair to come Again apace . This is special Good. I use to Preserve my Horses Manes , making them very Clean from all Filth and Dust with the Brush ; then Wash them with a little Sope : And having Wash'd out the Sope , Pleat them Up in great Pleats , and Undo them every Day , Pleat them again ; and this will make them Grow wonderfully : For , their Manes being Loose , they are apt to Break , especially when they are Ridd , by Reason of the Bridle , Cavezone Reins , and Hand , that Rubbs against them : Therefore , but upon High Dayes , let their Manes be alwayes Pleated . Their Tayls should be always kept Clean , and Wash't with Sope sometimes , but wash't Clean every day ; and when they are Dry , Comb'd out carefully , for fear of Breaking the Hair : Let his Dock be Wetted with a Spunge often in a Day , which will both make it Grow , and make the Hair to lie Eeven ; and his Tayl Cutt every Month , which will both make it Grow , and grow Thick . To Observe the time of the Moon , is but an old Foppery ; but to Lett him Blood in the Tayl , is very Good. Now you must Understand , That what you take many times for Dust in his Mane , are little Worms , which Eat the Roots of the Hair away : This is easily Known from Dust ; because , if the Hair Falls , you may be very Sure they are Wormes . The Cure is thus : Make a prety strong Lie , and Wash his Mane with it once a Day , and he will be Cured ; but you must take heed , that the Lie be not too Strong ; for , if it be , That alone will Burn all the Hair of his Mane off : So the Cure will be Worse than the Disease . RARE RECEIPTS , JVLIPS , GLISTERS , and POTIONS , For Cooling a HORSE OVER-HEATED BY VIOLENT EXERCISE : Promised Before . FOr a Horse that hath a Cold , Take Half a Pound of Honey , Half a Pound of Treakle , mix these together : Then take an Ounce of Cumminseed , beaten into Powder ; an Ounce of Liquorish Pouder , an Ounce of Bay-Berries beaten into Pouder , and an Ounce of Anniseeds in Pouder : Then mix all these Powders together , and put so much of them as shall make it Thick as a Hasty-Pudding . After the Horse is Ridden , give it him with a Stick to Lick Off ; and if he have a Cold , give him of it , both before , and after , he is Ridden ; for , no Better Medicine there is not . When a Horse is OVER-RIDDEN , TO COMFORT HIM . TAke a Pinte of Sweet Milk , and put three Yolks of Eggs beaten into it ; then make it Luke-warm , and then put in three Penny-worth of Saffron , and one Penny-worth of Sallet-oyle , which is Two or Three Spoonfulls , and give it the Horse , in a Horn : You may give him near a Quart of Milk. This is an Excellent Drink . Honey is the most Excellent Thing in the World , both for the Lungs , a Cold , and to Open all Obstructions , putting one good Spoonful into his Oats , and so to continue this Medicine for a pretty time . I have Known it Recover a very Pursey Horse . Horses of Great Exercise , or that are Over-Heated , and have great Fire in their Bodies , must be Lett Blood often ; nay , twice or thrice within a few Dayes , one after another ; and still Lett Blood , untill you see Good Blood comes : To Lett such a Horse Blood in the Mouth , and then Rubb his Mouth with Salt , and let him Eat his Blood , is an Excellent thing : But you must Purge him Well , that his Grease may come away ; for , Horses of Great Exercise would else be alwayes Foundered in the Body , and then they will never Thrive until that Melted Grease be brought Away . The Best Purge , is two Ounces of Aloes Sicatrina , Lapt up in Butter , and made into two Pills , and so give it your Horse after he hath Rested awhile ; then give him this Following and Refreshing Drink , which is the best Julip in the World : Take Mel Rosatum , or Honey of Roses . Conserves of Damask-Roses . Conserve of Burrage . Sirrup of Violets . Of each four Ounces . Burrage Water . Endive Water . Suckory Water . Bugloss Water . Plantine Water . Of each Half a Dutch Pint , which is near as much as an English Quart. Then you are to Use both these Conserves and Waters , Thus : Put all the Conserves into a Morter , and Beat them , or Pownd them together , and then Mix them by Little and Little , with the Waters , till they be well Mixt together ; and then give them all together in a Horn , to the Horse , without Straining : Do not give it Cold by any means . Hott Sirrup of Lemmons added to it , is very Good : Give it twice or thrice a Week for a Fortnight at least , and let the Horse Rest afterwards . Feed your Horse all the time of this great Heat within him , with Wheat-Brann amongst his Oats , and Wash them in a little Beer , if he Likes it . This Brann is the Best thing in the World to get-Out his Belly , and to Moisten him , because it Dries up all Superfluous Humours which Heat him : In his Water , when you Water him , put also Wheat — Brann into it , and let him Eat of that Brann also . This is most Excellent ; and will not only Cool him , and Moisten him , but also Loosen his Skin , if he be Apt to be Hide — Bound , which all Heat doth . Lettises are very good to Cool him ; Suckory Roots , or Endive Roots , are all one . To boyl Suckory Roots in his Water is very Good ; and Purslane , to give it him now and then to Eat , is also very Good : To Sprinkle his Hay with Water , and to give him Radishes to make him Piss , will Cool him . And let him have no Violent Exercise , until he be Recovered , but gentle-Walking . This is the most Excellent thing in the World ; beyond all the Printed Books of Receipts . TO COOL and REFRESH a HORSE . GIve him Carrots with his Oats , or upon his Watering — Bitt ; Apples is Excellent , and so Muskmellons , or the Skins of them : To Wash his Oats in Small Beer , is also very Excellent . A Receipt of the Cooling-Julip , or Diet-Drink , that Doctor Davison doth give in Feavers TAke Barley Water two Pints : Of Sirrup of Violets two Ounces : Of Sirrup of Lemmons one Ounce : Mix them together , and use this Water to Quench their Thirst . A Julip for Feavers to Bind the Body , if it be Loose . TAke one Ounce of Ivory , and one Ounce of Harts — Horn ; Raspe them , and put them in three Paris — Pintes of Water , and let them Boyl together , until the Half be Consumed ; then Strain it through a Cloth : And put to this Liquor , four Ounces of the best Juce of Barberies , and one Ounce and a half of Sirrup of Pomgranets . This is to be Used to Cool . These are Excellent for Feavers in Horses as well as Men : only you must give a Third , or a Fourth Part more to Horses , since they have Stronger Bodies ; else the Disease is all one , and the Remedy is all one : And this Method will Cure both Man and Horse ; and all other Wayes are Pernicious to them Both , which is either Physick that Purges , or Hott-Cordials ; only when he is Cured , then a Purge , as I said before , to take away the Dreggs that Remain ; and no more . A Cooling-Potion which is most Excellent . TAke a Quart of Whey , and four or five Ounces of Sirrup of Violets , and four or five Ounces of Cassia , and a little Manna ; and this will both Cool , and Purge Gently , and is a most Excellent Remedy for Horses of Great Exercise . To take the very same at the other End , will do much Good to Cool the Bowels ; and is a very rare , and soveraign Cooling Glister . All these Cooling things are most Excellent for Horses of Great Exercise , which are Over-Heated , and Surfeited with Riding , so you give them First the Purge of Aloes , to bring Away their Grease . Here Ends the First Part. THE SECOND PART . Of Riding , and Dressing Horses upon the GROVND . THere is no Man can Make or Dress a Horse Perfectly , that doth not exactly Understand all the Natural Paces , and Actions of a Horses Leggs , in every one of them ; and all the Actions of his Leggs , made by Art. It is a General Rule , That Art must never be against Nature ; but must follow Nature , and set Her in Order . OF THE NATVRAL PACES . FIrst . Of a Horse upon his Walk . The Action of his Leggs in that Motion , Is , Two Leggs in the Ayre , and Two Leggs upon the Ground , at the same Time moved Cross , Fore-Legg and Hinder-Legg Cross , which is the true Motion of a Slow Trott . Secondly . In a Trott . The Action of his Leggs , is , Two Leggs in the Ayre , and Two Leggs upon the Ground , at the same Time moved Cross ; Fore - and Hinder Legg Cross ; which is the Motion of Legg a Swifter Walk : For , in a Walk , and a Trott , the motion of the Horse's Legges are all One , which his Leggs makes Cross , Two in the Ayre Cross , and Two upon the Ground Cross , at the same time ; Fore - Legg and Hinder-Legg Cross ; and every Remove Changes his Leggs Cross ; as those that were in the Ayre Cross , are now set Down ; and those that were upon the Ground Cross , are now pull'd up in the Ayre Cross . And this is the Just Motion of a Horse's Legges in a Trott . Thirdly . For an Amble , he Removes both his Leggs of a Side : As for Example ; Take the Farr-Side , he removes his Fore-Legg , and his Hinder-Legg , of the same Side at one time , whilst the other Two Leggs of the Near-Side stand still ; and when those Leggs are upon the Ground which he first Removed , at the same Time they are upon the Ground the other Side ; which is , The Near-Side removes Fore-Legg and Hinder-Legg on that Side , and the other Leggs of the Farr-Side stand still . Thus an Amble Removes both his Leggs of a Side , and every Remove Changes Sides ; Two of a Side in the Ayre , and Two upon the Ground at the same time . And this is a Perfect Amble . Fourthly . A Gallop is another Motion : For , in a Gallop he may Lead with which Fore-Legg you Please ; but then the Hinder-Legg of the same Side must Follow it , I mean when he Gallops Straight Forwards ; and then this is a perfect Gallop . But to Understand what is Meant by his Fore-Legg Leading , and his Hinder-Legg on the same side Following ; that Fore-Legg is thus . As for Example : If the Farr-Fore-Legg Lead , by that Fore-Legg Leading , is meant , That Fore-Legg must be Before the other Fore-Legg alwayes , and the Hinder-Legg to Follow it on the same Side ; which Hinder-Legg must alwayes be Before the other Hinder-Legg : And this is a True Gallop . But now to Shew you , that the Motion of a Gallop is thus : The Horse Liffts Both his Fore-Leggs Up at a Time , in that Action that I told you , which is one Legg before the other ; and as his Fore-Leggs are Falling , I say before they Touch the Ground , his Hinder-Leggs in that Posture I formerly told you , Follow his Fore-Leggs , being once All in the Ayre at one Time ; for as his Fore-Leggs are Falling , his Hinder-Leggs Moves at the same Time , and then he is All in the Ayre : For , How is it Possible else , that as a Horse is Running , he should spring Forward twice his Length , were not the Motion of a Gallop a Leap froward ? And this Description is most True both in the Motion and Posture of a Horses Leggs ; when he Gallops : In a Soft and Slow Gallop it is hardly Perceived , though it be True ; but in Running , where the Motion is more Violent , it is easily Perceived : for there it is Plain ; you shall see all his Four Feet in the Ayre at one time , ( Running being but a Swift Gallop ; ) for the Motion and Posture of his Leggs are all one . But you must Remember , that Galloping upon Circles , the Horse always ought to Lead with his Two Leggs , within the Turn ; Fore-Legg , and Hinder-Legg within the Turn . And this is a True Gallop . Fifthly . When a Horse Runns , the Motion he makes , and the Action of his Leggs , are all One with a Gallop ; only a Swifter Motion , which you may call a Swift Gallop ; and a Gallop a Slow Running : And this is the Truth of the Motion of Running . Now I must Tell you of that which every body Speaks of , and no body Tells what it is : For , they say , A Horse may Gallop with the wrong Legg Before , which is Impossible . For , if the Hinder-Legg of the same side Followes , it is a Right Gallop ; so that rather it is the wrong Legg Behind . But that which they call the wrong Legg Before , is Thus a True Gallop , if that Legg which Leads Before , is Follow'd by the Hinder-Legg of the same Side ; and as the Horse Falls with his two Fore-Leggs , his Hinder-Leggs Follow them , before his Fore-Leggs touch the Ground ; so that at that very time all the Horses Four Leggs are in the Ayre , and it is a Leap forward . That which they call the Wrong Legg Before , is this , When the Horse is upon the Motion , in the Swiftness of a Gallop , he Changes his Leggs Cross ; which is the Action of a Trott , two Leggs in the Ayre , and two upon the Ground ; and that is so Contrary to a Gallop , and is such a Cross Motion , as makes the Horse ready to Fall : and this is one Way of that which they call , The Wrong Legg Before . Another Way is this , That when the Horse is upon the Action of a Gallop ; as I told you before , in the Swiftness of a Gallop , where he should keep alwayes Two Leggs of a side Forward , he Changes Sides every time , Fore-Legg and Hinder-Legg of a Side ; and Changing Sides every time , that is the Action of an Amble , which is Two Leggs of a Side in the Ayre , and Two Leggs of the other Side upon the Ground at the same Time , and Changing Sides every Time. This Action of an Amble , upon the Swiftness of a Gallop , Differs so much from the Action of a Gallop , as it makes the Horse ready to Fall : And these two , the Action of a Trott , and the Action of an Amble , upon the Swiftness of a Gallop , is that which their Ignorance calls , The Wrong Legg Before . It is True , that though a Horse do Gallop Right , which is his Hinder-Legg to Follow his Fore-Legg on the same Side ; yet if he be not Accustomed to that Side , he will Gallop neither so Nimbly , nor so Fast , as with that Side he is Accustomed to Lead withal : For , it is Just as a Left-Handed , or a Right-Handed Man ; Custom having a very great Power over Man and Beast : Else , when the Horse Gallops Forward , never so little a Gallop , his Hinder-Leggs go beyond the Print of his Fore-Leggs , and that Legg that he Leads withal . For Example ; If the Inward Fore-Legg Lead , the Inward Hinder-Leg Follows ; so those are Prest , and his Outward Leggs at Liberty : So that in the Action he makes , his Outward Fore-Legg is set to the Ground first , and is at Liberty ; that 's one Time : And then his Inward Fore-Legg , which is Prest , and Leads , makes a Second time ; that 's Two : And then his Outward Hinder-Legg , which is at Liberty , is set Down ; that 's Three times : And then his Inward Hinder-Legg , which is Prest , and Leads , is set Down ; and that makes a Fourth time . So that a Gallop Forward is 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4. which is the just Action and Time of a Gallop Forward , and is a Leap forward . Now upon Circles , his Croup Out upon a Gallop , he must alwayes Lead with his Inward Leggs to the Turn , and strikes Over but sometimes ; not so much , but that the Action of the Gallop is all One ; which is 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4. and a Leap forward . OF A TROT . A Trott is the Foundation of a Gallop : The Reason is , A Trott being Cross , and a Gallop both Leggs of a Side ; When you Trott him Fast , beyond the Power of a Trott , it forces him when his Inward Fore-Legg is Up , to set Down his Outward Hinder-Legg so suddenly , as to make his Inward Hinder-Legg to Follow his Inward Fore-Legg , which is a True Gallop . And thus a Trott is the Foundation of a Gallop . A Gallop is the Foundation of Terra a Terra , for the Actions of the Horses Leggs are all one ; Leading with the Fore-Legg within the Turn ; and Following that Legg with his Hinder-Legg within the Turn ; only you Stay him a little more on the Hand in Terra a Terra , that he may go in Time. An Amble , being a Shuffling Action , I would have Banish't the Mannage ; for the Horse Removes both his Leggs of a Side , and Changes sides every Remove ; which is so Contrary to the Mannage , as can be : But if you make him to Gallop ; whereas upon a Trott , you Trott him Fast to take his Gallop , you must upon the Amble Stay him upon the Hand to take his Gallop . A TRUE DESCRIPTION Of all the NATURAL & ARTIFICIAL MOTIONS a Horse can Make. FIrst , for Terra a Terra , the Horse alwayes Leads with the Leggs within the Turn , like a Gallop ; his two Fore-Leggs Up , and as they are Falling , his two Hinder-Leggs Follow ; and at that time , all his Four Leggs are in the Ayre ; so that it is a Leap forward ; the same upon Demy-Vaults ; for it is all but the Action of Terra a Terra . Now when the Horses Croup is In , whether upon a little Gallop , or Terra a Terra , here his Hinder-Leggs are alwayes Short of his Fore-Legs , because his Croup is In ; but if it be Le petit Gallop , his Action is still 1 , 2 , 3 , & 4. because it is a Gallop . But in Terra a Terra , the Action is but two , a 1 & 2 pa : ta : like a Corvet , but only prest Forward : A Corvet is a Leap Upward , and Higher ; and Terra a Terra a Leap Forward , and Lower ; and his Inward Leggs that Lead more before his Outward Leggs , being another Action than a Corvet . Secondly , Corvets , a Demy-Ayre , a Groupado , a Balatado , or a Capriol , are all but a Leap Upward ; for all his Four Leggs are in the Ayre , as his Fore-parts are Falling . And there are no more ARTIFICIAL MOTIONS than These two ; Terra a Terra , and these Ayres last-mentioned . The Ordering of the CAVEZONE MY WAY , And the Operation and Use of it . TAke one of the Reins , which must be Long , and a little Ring at one End , and put the other End into that Ring , and so put it about the Pommel , and then put the rest Down by the Fore-Bolster of the Saddle under your Thigh ; and the rest of the Rein put through the Ring on the same Side of the Cavezone , and so bring it Back again , either to be in your Hand , or Tie it to the Pommel Straight ; and do the same with the other Rein in All things , as I told you with This. The Cavezone is to Stay , to Raise , and to make the Horse Leight ; to Teach him to Turn , to Stop , to Firm his Neck , to Assure and Adjust his Head , and his Croup , without Offending his Mouth , or the place of the Curb ; and also to Supple and Help his Shoulders , and his Leggs and Feet Before . Therefore I would Use it to all Horses whatsoever ; for they will go much Better with the Bitt alone , having their Mouth preserved , and made so Sensible , as they will be Attentive to all the Motions of the Hand : So that there is nothing for the Exercise of the Mannage like it , with a Canon A la Pignatel , the Branches A la Conestable , and the Cavezone together : But then the Cavezone must be My Way , as I Told you ; and that doth so Supple them , and is so Right , as it makes All Horses whatsoever , if you Work them upon their Trott , Gallop , Stopping , and Going Back , with Passeger , and Raising them as you Ought , and according to the Rules of Art : For this makes them Subject to the Sense of Feeling , which is the Sence we ought to Work on ; to Feel the Hand , and to Feel the Heels , which is All ; and not to the Sense of the Sight , which is the Routin of the Pillars , or the Sense of Noise , which is the Routin of Hearing , but only the Sense of Feeling , and only of those two Places , which is the Mouth and the Sides . Seeing is all the Art when they Teach Horses Tricks , and Gambals , like Bankes's Horse ; and though the Ignorant Admire them , yet those Persons shall never Teach a Horse to Go Well in the Mannage . There are many Things in the Sense of Feeling , which are to be Done with so great Art , Witt , and Judgement , and require so great Experience of the several Dispositions of Horses , that it is not every Mans Case to be an Horse-man , as it is to make a Dogg or a Horse Dance : But I am Contented to let the Ignorant Talk , and Think what they will , for I am not Concerned with their Folly. The Cavezon's inward Rein tyed short to the Pommel My Way , is Excellent to give a Horse an Apuy , and Settle him upon the Hand , and make him Firm , and his Head Steady : So it is Excellent for a Horse that is too Hard on the Hand ; for the Cavezon's Rein being always within the Turn tyed very Straight to the Pommel , keeps him from Resting too much on the Bitt , which makes him Leight , and Firm on the Hand . The Inward Cavezone's Rein tied short to the Pommel , is Excellent also to Supple a Horse's Shoulders , which is the Best thing that can be ; for it gives Apuy where there is none , and where there is too much Apuy , it takes it away , and Supples his Shoulders extreamly , which is an Excellent thing ; it also makes a Horse Gallop very Right , with his Leggs , as also his Leggs very Right for Terra a Terra ; for it Lengthens his Leggs within the Turn , and Shortens his Leggs without the Turn , which is Right as it should be . So it is Good for Working his Shoulders in all Kindes , and his Croup last , Legg and Rein of a Side , as also to Work Legg and Rein Contrary , in all Kinds of several Lessons . And this is the Rarety of Tying the inward Cavezone's Rein short to the Pommel . The Cavezone ( My Way ) works Powerfully upon the Nose , and so hath the greater Pull to give the Horse the greater Ply and Bent , being the part the Farthest off from your Hand . And this Ply , or Bent , is from his Nose to his Withers , which is to Bend his Neck , and Works too on the Shoulders , this is to Bent into the Turn ; it Pulls his Head down too , and makes him Look into the Turn ; his Head being pulled Down when he is Prest , puts him more upon the Hanches . This is done with the Inward Rein of the Cavezone pulled Hard , and Straight , and so Tied to the Pommel , which keeps it at a Stay , and is Stronger than ones Hand , and hath the same Operation as I told you Before ; but when it is Tied to the Pommel , it still keeps the Right Bent of the Horse , and then I Work upon the Bitt , either with the Reins Separated with Both my Hands , or else in my Left Hand only when he is thus Bent : When I would Passeger him , his Croup in , Large or Narrow , then I Help with the Outward Rein of the Bridle ; because it is upon the Action of a Trott , and that is Cross ; and therefore must have his Leggs Free without the Turn , to Lap over his Inward Leggs ; and when he is thus Tied with the Inward Cavezones Rein , if I would have him to go Le petit Gallop , his Croup In , or Terra a Terra , then I Help with the Inward Rein of the Bridle , my Hand on the Outside of his Neck , and my Knuckles towards his Neck , to put him on the Outside of the Turn : but Le petit Gallop sometimes on the Inside , because it is a Gallop , as the Outward Rein puts him on the Inside of the Turn ; all this is with his Croup In. If to Trott or Gallop D'une piste , Large or Narrow Circles , the Inward Cavezone's Rein still Tyed to the Pommel , then I Help with the inward Rein , and inward Legg , or outward Rein to Narrow him Before : If the Piroite , with the outward Rein ; if Demy-Voltoes upon Passadoes , the outward Rein ; For all Leaps , the outward Rein ; for Corvets and Demy-Ayres , the outward Rein ; for Corvets Backward , the outward Rein ; for Corvets Forward , the outward Rein ; for Terra a Terra , in his Length , the inward Rein : And so Passadoes , the inward Rein. So , Stopping , and Going Back , the inward Rein. All these with the Inward Rein of the Cavezone Tyed straight to the Pommel , which is the Best thing in the World , and then Help with the several Reins of the Bridle , as Occasion offers you , and as I have Told you for all these several things . So that the Inward Cavezon's Rein Tyed to the Pommel , or else in your Hand , is , For All things whatsoever ; Croup , In or Out ; Trott , Gallop , Passager ; all Ayres , Stopping , Going Back , Passadoes ; or any thing in the World that is in the Mannage : For without it no Horse can be Perfectly Drest , in any Kind , to have the Ply of his Neck , and to Supple his Shoulders , to Look into the Turn , to have his Leggs go Right , as they Ought to do in all Actions ; his Body rightly Bent , to be part of the Circle he goes in , and Bent that Way . So it is All in All for every Thing , every Ayre , and every Action the Horse can make . The Cavezone being upon the Nose , preserves the Horse's Mouth , and Barrs , and place of the Curb ; and it is so Effectual , as it will Dress a Horse without the Bitt , which the Bitt shall never Do without the Cavezone ; for the Barrs and the Curb are too Tender : Besides , the Reins of the Bitt can never give him the Ply , nor Bend him Enough , nor Supple his Shoulders , because it is so Near you , and Works upon the Barrs and the Curb ; which cannot Bend him possibly so , as that upon his Nose , because the Branches of the Bitt are so Slow , and the Barrs and the Curb so Low , that there is not Room enough to Pull as with a Cavezone , that is so much Higher ; and hath so much Room to Pull , and pulls and Plyes him , all from his Nose to his Shoulders , when the other can do little more than Pull his Musle , and his Head , and goes no further : The Cavezone's Rein within is for every Thing , the Bitt otherwise . To Supple his Shoulders , you must Help with the Outward Rein , and to Stay his Outward Shoulder with the Inward Rein ; which hath not near the Force the Cavezone's Rein hath for every Thing : Therefore Use it in All things , and with all Horses , Colts , Half-Drest Horses , Ready Horses , Young , Middle-Age , Old , and every Horse , and all Horses ; for there is no Dressing Horses Without it , and with it you will Dress all Horses whatsoever , and of what Disposition soever ; Weak , Middle-Strength , or Strong , and Reduce all Vices with it ; and when you Use the Bitt , they will go much the Better , for having been wrought Continually with the Cavezone . Observations about the Cavezone , about the Ply , or Bending the Horse's Shoulders into the Turn ; And in What Place the Cheeks of the Bitt then Are , or Where they Rest . WHen the Inward Rein of the Cavezone is Tyed Hard to the Pommel , and you Pull the Inward Rein of the Bridle , his Neck Bends so much into the Turn , whether upon Large Circles , his Croup Out , or his Croup In , as then the Cheek of the Bitt , that is next the Turn , is Beyond the Inside of his Neck or Shoulder , and the Outward Cheek , removed according to the distance of the Cheeks , which is much more than the midst of his Neck : and this Ply Supples his Neck and Shoulders Extreamly , makes him Look into the Turn ; Head , Body , Leggs , and all going most Justly , as they Ought to Do , whether his Croup In , or Out . And this is the Quintessence of the Mannage ; and without this no Horse can be Drest Perfectly , or can Go Justly in any Kind , either upon the Ground , or in Ayres ; nor possibly do any thing Right upon the Circles , or Voltoes without it . I Told you this was , with the Cavezone , the inward Rein Tyed so short to the Pommel , as Pulls in his Head and Neck so much , that it makes the inward Cheek of the Bitt very much within his Neck , on the Inside of the Turn ; because the Cavezone Works on his Nose , and not on his Barrs , or Curb , at all ; and that 's the Reason the Inward Cheek of the Bitt comes so much beyond his Neck on the Inside of the Turn . OF THE OPERATION OF THE CAVEZONE . THe Cavezone is another Business than the Bitt ; for the Bitt Works upon the Barrs , and the Curb , and hath two Cheeks whereunto unto the Reins are Fastned on both Sides the Horses Neck ; and the Bitt is in his Mouth , and the Curb is under his Chin ; and these Low , especially the Branches : But the Cavezone is upon his Nose , which is much Higher , and Works only there , without Mouth or Curb . Well then , the Cavezone being Tyed according to My Fashion , though it be to the Girths , if you Pull it Cross his Neck , with an Oblique Line , your Hand on the Outside of the Turn , your Knuckles towards his Neck , it Pulls his Head Up a little , and Works the same Effect , for the Bending his Neck , as the Bitt doth , but much more ; because you have a greater Pull , the Cavezone being upon his Nose ; and , being further off you than the Bitt , he is Bent the more ; because you have more power to Pull . Consider , that when the Inward Rein of the Cavezone is Tyed to the Pommel , it is the same Oblique Line that the other was , when you had it in your Hand , only a little Shorter , and hath the same Operation in every Thing , and pulls up his Head a little ; but now , if you have it in your Hand , and hold it on the Inside of the Turn , and pull it Hard , and Low , then you pull Down the Horses Head , and he brings in his Outward Shoulder , which is good in Large Circles , either upon Trotting , or Galloping , or upon Passager , for the Reasons I Told you before ; so that the Cavezone , and the Bitt , Differ so much in their Operative Working , that when you Pull the Cavezone a little High , it puts Up the Horses Head ; and when you Pull the Bitt High , and Hard , it Pulls Down his Head ; and when you hold the Cavezone Low , and on the Inside of the Turn , and pull it Hard , it Pulls Down the Horses Head ; and if you hold your Hand Low with the Bridle , it gives his Head Liberty , for the Reasons aforesaid . Now you see , that the Cavezone , and the Bitt , Differ in their Working very much ; so great is the Difference betwixt the Nose and the Mouth . It is True , that the Inward Cavezone's Rein tyed to the Pommel , is so Rare a Thing , and so Effectual , as you may almost Work as you List , with the Bridle ; the Cavezone still doing the Business ; and when one comes to Work with the Bridle alone , one may Easily be Deceived ; except he hath all those Considerations , the Excellency of the Cavezone , thus Tied , may Deceive him , when he comes to Work with the Bitt alone . There are Three several Helps with the Inward Cavezone's Rein in your Hand : The first Help , is , To pull In his outward Shoulder ; the second Help , with it , is , To pull in his inward Shoulder ; and the third Help , with it , is , To Stay his Shoulders . Curious and True Observations about the Working of the Bitt Alone , which being not Truly Considered , no Man can Work with the Bitt as he Ought to do . BUt to Work only with the Reins of the Bridle , which Work upon the Bitt , is another Business ; for now I consider what the Bitt is , which is another Engine , that Works upon the Horses Barrs , and the Curb ; and the two Branches are like Leavers to Work on those two Places : as the Reins pull the Cheeks , either the inward Cheek , or the outward Cheek ; The Barrs , and the place of the Curb , is much Lower than his Nose , on which the Cavezone Works ; and the Rings where the Reins of the Bridle are Fastned , at the Ends of the Cheeks , are much Lower than the Barrs , or the Curb ; but as the Cheeks are pull'd by the Reins of the Bridle , so doth the Bitt Work upon the Barrs , or the Curb , accordingly . As for Example ; On the Right Hand , the Reins separated in both your Hands , if you pull the inward Rein from his Neck on the inside , then you pull the Inward Cheek into the Turn , and then the Mouth of the Bitt goes Out , and Presses the Horse on his Barrs , without the Turn ; and makes the Horse Look Out of the Turn , and Presses the Curb on the Outside , and must of Necessity do so ; for when the Cheeks are pulled In , the Mouth of the Bitt must go out : For of what Side soever the Cheeks are pulled , the Mouth of the Bitt goes still contrary to the Cheeks , and must do so in all Reason ; the Bitt being an Instrument that is Made so to do , and it cannot be Otherwise . The same Operation it hath for the Left Hand : if you pull the Inward Rein from his Neck , the Mouth goes still Contrary to the Cheek ; the Cheek goes Inward , and the Mouth goes Outward , and the Horses Leggs are Prest on the Inside of the Turn ; therefore in Terra a Terra , the Reins Separated in both my Hands , I pull the Inward Rein beyond his Neck , my Knuckles towards his Neck , which pulls the Inward Cheek to me , and then the Mouth goes Contrary ; that is , The Cheek is put from the Turn , and the Mouth bends into the Turn , and the Horse Looks into the Turn as he should do , and the Horses Leggs prest on the Outside of the Turn , on the Left Hand : The Inward Rein pull'd thus , hath the same Operation ; your Hand being on the Outside of his Neck , and your Knuckles towards his Neck , pulls the Inward Cheek from the Turn , and the Mouth of the Bitt goes into the Turn , alwayes Contrary , and cannot be Otherwise ; it Presses the Horse on the Inside of the Barrs , and on the Inside of the Curb , and so Looks into the Turn ; and his Leggs are Prest on the Outside of the Turn , which is Proper for Terra a Terra . And thus Working with the Bitt , Produces many Excellent things , for Terra a Terra , as I have particularly set down afore . OF THE Working with the Outward Rein of the Bridle . NOw let us Consider the Working with the Outward Rein of the Bridle , What Operation that hath on the Barrs , Curb , and Cheeks ; Which Cheeks Governs Barrs and Curb : As for Example ; Going on the Right Hand , I turn my Hand on the Inside of his Neck , this pulls the Outward Rein ; pulling the Outward Rein , pulls the Outward Cheek to me ; then of Necessity it must put the Mouth of the Bitt From me , and Presses the Horse on the Outside of the Barrs , which is on the Outside of the Turn , and so presses him on the Out-side of the Curb , and so the Horse must Look on the Outside of the Turn ; and all this is , Because the Cheeks are pull'd to you on the Outside ; therefore the Mouth of the Bitt must go From you ; still Contrary , and never Fails , nor Cannot : For , it is impossible it should work Otherwise ; but it is True , That it Supples , and brings in his Shoulders . The Reason is this , The Horses Leggs are Prest on the Inside of the Turn , and then he must needs bring in his Shoulders , though he is Prest to Look Out of the Turn . The same Thing is for the Left Hand , and the same Reasons for every Thing , working with the Outward Rein of the Bridle . Thus the Bitt and Reins are truly Anatomized , which never was before : The Outward Rein doth Well for the Piroite , and so for Demy-Voltoes upon Passadoes . OF THE The Working the Bitt when the Horse goes Straight Forward . WHen the Horse goes straight Forward , either Trotting , Galloping , or upon Corvets , if you Hold your Hand Low , it Presses more upon the Barrs , than the Curb , because the Cheeks of the Bitt are not pull'd so much to you , or to the Neck of the Horse ; and therefore the Curb is not Straightned so much , and so the Horse is at more Liberty , and his Head a little Higher : But when you Hold your Bridle-Hand a little Higher , and pull it up to you , then the Curb works more , and pulls Down the Horses Head ; the Reason is plain ; for when you pull the Cheeks Hard , and Up , then you pull the Mouth of the Bitt Down ; and so the Horses Head , because it works hard on the Curb : For it is most True , That when the Cheeks of the Bitt are pull'd Up , the Mouth goes Down , and Straightens the Curb , the Hand being High ; and when the Cheeks are not pull'd Hard , then the Curb is Slackt , and the Horses Head at more Liberty ; for the pressure of the Barrs and Curb , Depends upon the Cheeks ; for when the Cheeks goe Up , the Mouth of the Bitt goes Down ; and when the Cheeks of the Bitt goe Down , the Mouth of the Bitt goes Up. This is the Operation , and the Effects , of the Bitt . Of Another Operation of the Bitt . I Must tell you , That the Cheeks lie Slope to you , and the Reins more Slope , before they come to your Hand ; so the Bitt cannot Press very much on the Horse , being so farr from the Perpendicular-Line : and as the Cheeks are pull'd Up , the Mouth goes Down ; and as the Cheeks goe Down , the Mouth goes Up ; alwayes Contrary . The Perpendicular-Line , is , When you Thrust your Hand Forward just Perpendicular , to the End of the Cheeks , and so pull it up Hard , and it Works extreamly upon the Curb , which is to pull his Head Down . This I never Use ; but thought fit to Tell you what it is , and the Effects of it . OF THE Operation of the two Reins Separated in both Hands . I Told you , the Inward Rein prest the Horse on the Outside of the Turn , and made him Look into the Turn . And I told you , the Outward Rein prest the Horse on the Inside of the Turn , and made him Look out of the Turn ; and for Passager , he must be prest on the Inside , and therefore to be Help't with the Outward Rein : But to make him Look into the Turn , I Help with the Inward Rein too ; So I Help with both Reins in Passager ; the Inward Rein to make him Look into the Turn , and the Outward Rein to bring In his Outward Shoulder , and to Press him on the Inside , for many Reasons that I have already Exprest . TO Work with the Bridle in the Left Hand Only . YOur Little Finger Separating the Reins , the Left Rein lies under the Little Finger , and the Right Rein lies above the Little Finger ; so that for the Left Hand , the Hand on the Contrary side of his Neck , the Knuckles towards his Neck , you pull the Little Finger to you , and that Straightens the Left Rein : And for the Right Rein , because that lies above the Little Finger , your Hand on the Outside , your Knuckles towards his Neck : Here you must Bend your Hand Inward , and then your Little Finger Slacker ; and this Works the Right Rein , as the Left Rein the Little Finger Straightned , and the Ring-Finger Slack't ; and because the Horses Body should not Rise too High , keep the Bridle-Hand Low , and that will put him upon the Hanches : And this is the Truth and Quintessence of the Bridle-Hand , for the Inward Rein of either side . OF THE Operation of the Outward Rein of the Bridle . FOr the Right Hand , you must turn up your Little Finger ; and as you put it up , put it a little on the Inside of the Turn ; but you must bring in your outward Shoulder at the same time : And for the Left Hand , turn up your Little Finger , and your Thumb down . as you did before ; and at the same time put it on the Inside of the Turn , and bring in your outward Shoulder moderately . THE Reins being both in your Left Hand , HOW To Work them Both at One Time for PASSAGER . FOr the Right Hand , Put your Hand on the Outside : and for the Left Hand , put your Hand without his Neck on the Inside of the Turn , and that Pulls and Works , the outward Rein. So now you see , on both Hands , How you can perfectly Work both Reins at one time , which is the Quintessence of Passager ; the Reasons I have told you afore . OF THE Vse of the Two Reins of the Bridle . YOu must Help with the Outward Rein of the Bridle in the Piroite , because his Fore-parts are Straightned , and his Hinder-parts at Liberty ; so you must Help with the Outward Rein of the Bridle for Demy-Voltoes , and in Passadoes by a Wall ; because his Fore-parts are Straightned , and his Hinder-parts at Liberty , being but Half a Piroite ; so you must Help with the Outward Rein of the Bridle , in Corvets Backward upon a Straight Line , his Fore-parts being Straightned ; and his Hinder-parts at Liberty , because they Lead : So you must Help with the Outward Rein of the Bridle , in all Leaps , Croupadoes , Balotadoes , and Capriols ; either Forward , or upon Voltoes ; because his Fore-parts are Straightned , and his Croup at Liberty , or else he could not Leap. For Terra a Terra , you must Help with the Inward Rein of the Bridle ; because then his Hinder-parts are Straightned , and his Fore-parts Inlarged ; so with the Inward Rein for Demy-Voltoes , because his Hinder-parts are Straightned , and his Fore-parts Inlarged : But in Corvets upon Voltoes , the Outward Rein , because his Hinder-parts are Subjected , and his Fore-parts Inlarged , and so forward ; in Corvets with the Outward Rein , because there his Hinder-parts are Subjected , and his Fore-parts are Inlarged , and at Liberty to go Forward , because they Lead . Observations How to Hold the Reins of the Bridle . WHensoever you Hold your Hand Even with the Pommel , it Slackens the Curb ; if in the Middle of the Pommel , it is Slacken'd more ; if upon his Neck , it is Slackned most , because it is Farthest from the Perpendicular Line ; and the Higher you hold your Bridle-Hand above the Pommel , the Curb is Straightned the more ; because you can pull Harder , and go Neerer , by that means , to the Perpendicular Line . The Hand should never be above two or three Fingers above the Pommel , a little Forwarder , and Easie , but Firm ; for there is nothing makes a Horse go more of the Hanches , than a Light Hand , and Firm ; for when he hath nothing to Rest on Before , he will Rest Behind ; for , he will Rest on something ; and when he Rests Behind , that 's upon the Hanches : A Leight Hand is the greatest Secret we Have ; but there is no Horse can be Firm of the Hand , except he Suffers the Curb , and Obey it . Here ends the Quintessence of Working with the Cavezone , and the Bridle . MY OPINION for SPURRS . THe Spurrs ought rather to be Long-Neckt , than Short Neckt ; because with Long-Neckt Spurrs , the Rider makes less Motion , either in Correcting , or Helping his Horse , which a good Horse-man should alwayes Do ; for he that is the Quietest on Horse-Back , is the Greatest Master ; for ill Horse-Men cannot sit Still on Horse-Back . The Fashion of the Spurrs should be A la Conestable , the Wansnot too Long , and Compas'd , and Black Sanguine ; the Buckles and Rowels of Silver , not Burnisht ; because they do not Rust as Iron , and therefore Ranckles not a Horses sides so much . The Rowels should contain Six Points , for that Hits a Horse Best ; Five Points are too Few : And the Rowells should be as Sharp as possible can be ; for it is much Better to let him Bleed Freely , than with Dull Spurrs to raise Knobs and Bunches on his Side , which might give him the Farsey ; but Bleeding can do him no Hurt , when Dull Spurrs may : Besides , there is nothing doth a Horse so much Good , as to make him Smart , when you Correct him : There is , therefore , nothing like Sharp Spurrs , being used Discreetly , to make all Horses whatsoever Know them , Fear them , and Obey them ; for until they Suffer , with Obedience , the Spurrs , they are but Half Horses , and never Drest . The Shambriere is too Dull a thing ; and so are all Whips , Hand-whips , and all ; Whips of Wyre fetch Blood , but not in the Right place , as Spurrs do . A Bulls-Pisle is good for a Colt , before you wear Spurrs , but afterward it is too Dull ; a Smart Rod is much Better than any of them ; but the Spurrs beyond all . Of the Several CORRECTIONS , AND HELPS with the SPURRS . FIrst , the Correction of the Spurrs being a Punishment comes After a Fault is Committed , either to put In his Buttock or Croup , when he puts it Out ; or else to put it Out , when he puts it too much In , when he should be Entier ; this is to be done with one Spur , and sometimes with both Spurrs : He is to be Corrected with both Spurrs when he is Resty , and will not go Forward ; or to Settle him on the Hand , when he Joggles his Head , then both the Spurrs will do him Good ; or when he is Apprehensive , and Ombrageux , the Spurrs may do him good ; or that he offers to Bite or Strike , then the Spurrs will Divert him ; or that he Rises too High , or Boltes , then give him the Spurrs ; when he is falling Half-way down , then the Spurrs will Cure him ; but if you give him the Spurrs , just when he is Rising , then it may bring him Over , if he will not Advance , which is to Rise before ; then a good Stroke with both the Spurrs , will make him Rise ; if he be a Dull Jade , then smartly to give him the Spurrs is good ; or that he is Lazy , or Slack of his Mannage , then to give him the Spurrs Quickens him . And so the Spurrs are for many things as a Correction , and therefore you must give them as Strongly , and Sharply , still as you can , with all your Strength ; and have very Sharp Spurrs too , that he may Feel them to the Purpose , so that Blood may follow ; for otherwise it is not a Correction : You must Strike the Horse always some three or four Fingers behind the Girthes , and sometimes towards the Flancks , if it he be to put In his Croup : And , believe it , there is nothing like the Spurrs ; for , What makes him Sensible to the Heel , but the Spurrs ? Therefore Use them , and Use them until he Obey you ; for no Horse can be a Ready-Horse , until he Obeys the Heel . But , Remember you do not Dull him with the Spurrs ; for then he will not Care for them no more than a Stone , or a Block ; therefore you must give them Sharply , when you give them ; but give them but Seldom , and upon Just Occasion . When he Maliciously Rebell 's against What you would have him Do , leave not Spurring of him , and Soundly , until he Obey you : And when he Obeys you in the least Kind , Leight off , and send him to the Stable , and the next Morning Try him again ; and if he Obey in the least Kind , Cherish him , and make Much of him ; and Forgive him many Faults the next Morning , that he may see you have Mercy as well as Justice , and that you can Reward , as well as Punish . And now you see , Corrections are Better than Helps , and of what great Efficacy the Spurrs timely and discreetly given , are for the Dressing of Horses ; for there is but the Hand and the Heels , and so the Spurrs are Half the Business in Dressing Horses ; only the Hand hath the Preheminence : Though there be two Spurrs , and but one Bridle , because the Horse hath but one Mouth , and two Sides ; yet , if the Horse be not Settled upon the Hand , you cannot make him Subject to the Heels . But the Correction of the Spurrs is so Necessary , and Effectual , as no Horse can be made a Ready-Horse without them ; and therefore Esteem them Highly , next setling a Horse upon the Hand ; which must be First . All Helps are to Prevent Faults , and to go before Faults ; as Corrections come after Faults , to Punish for Offending . The Spurrs are to be used as a Help thus ; When the Horse goes Terra a Terra , your outward Legg close to him when he Slacks , turn your Heel to him to Pinch him with the Spurrs ; which you may easily do , even to Blood , and no Body perceive it ; for that ought to be done Neatly , and Delicately , because the Spurrs are a Neat , and most Excellent Help , and the Quintessence of all Helps in the Mannage ; and if the Horse Suffer and Obey this , whilst you stay him on the Hand , you may say , He is an Excellent Horse . This Quickens him , and puts him Forward ; but yet let me Tell you , Though this is an excellent Help for Terra a Terra , yet it is not so good a Help for Terra a Terra , as it is for all Ayres ; either to Pinch him with both the Spurrs , or but with one : And the Reason , is , Because it makes him Croup more , and puts him Together on his Hinder-parts , than puts him Forward ; and therefore more proper for all manner of Ayres , than for Terra a Terra , though very good for both . And thus much for that Excellent Help with the Spurrs , call'd Pinching . There is another Help with the Spurrs , which I call a Help , because it is not so Violent as a Correction , and is not so Pressing as Pinching ; but between Spurring and Pinching ; And that is thus : When the Horse Gallops his Croup In , or Terra a Terra , if he Obeys not the Legg enough , being close to him , or very near it , then make the Motion with your Legg , as if you did Spurr him , and Hit him with your Spurr , with as gentle a Touch as can be ; and no more than to let him Feel it a little ; and this is the Gentlest of all things , with the Spurrs , which makes him Obey the Spurrs , and puts him Forward , and is excellent for Terra a Terra , or Le petit Gallop his Croup In , and much Better than Pinching ; for it puts him Forward , and makes him Obey the Spurrs at the same time ; but it is not good for Ayres ; for there he should Leap Upwards , and go Forward , but very Little ; and therefore Pinching is Best for Ayres , because it Raises his Croup , and therefore goes not Forward ; and that little Touch with the Spur , like Spurring , is good for Terra a Terra , and Le petit Gallop his Croup In , because it puts him Forward , and makes him Obey the Spur. If your Horse understands this Correction , and the two several Helps with the Spurrs , being made Sensible to him , you may be well Assured he will Need none of them after a while , but be so Sensible , as he will go Freely , and Obey you Willingly , only with the Calf of your Legg ; for the Help of the Thighes is a Ridiculous conceit : for indeed , there is no Helps but the Spurrs , and the Calf of the Leggs , that the Horse can possibly Feel . OF THE SECRET HELPS OF THE CALF of the LEGG and SPVRRS . WHen you are Stiff in the Hamms , which is putting Down your Heel , then the Calf of the Legg comes to the Horse , but the Heel is removed from him . When you Bend in the Hamms , which is to put Down your Toes , then the Calf of the Legg is removed from him , but the Heel comes to him . These are as great Truths , as they are Secrets . There is nothing in the world makes Horses Resty and Vitious many several Wayes like the Spurrs , given out of time ; and nothing in the world Dresses Horses perfectly , like the Spurrs given in time . Now you have the Perfection of the Hand and the Heels , which is the only thing to Dress Horses perfectly withal , and nothing else . OF THE ROD. THe Rod we Use seldome for a Correction , but for Helps , and that many times more for Grace , than Use ; for one Rod will serve us half a Year : 'T is the Hand and the Heels that Dresses Horses , and nothing else . The Helps with the Rod , are not so good for Souldiers Horses , for they should go only with the Hand and the Heel ; for the Sword must be in your Right Hand , and not the Rod : But you may Use it , to Shew it still on the contrary side on which he Goes , or hold it up with a Grace at every Change. For Terra a Terra with the Rod. On the Right Hand , hold Up your Rod High , with a Grace , and give him somtimes a Blow on the Shoulders , if there be need ; and sometimes a Blow over the Shoulders upon the Croup , if he Requires it . For Terra a Terra on the Left Hand , hold the Rod up High , or put it to his Flanck , with a Grace , and hold it there during his Voltoes , or give him a Blow with it on the Flank , or on the Shoulder , if he requires it . Use the same Helps with the Rod , upon Demy-Voltoes , or Passadoes : For the Piroite , hold it on the Contrary side still . For Corvets with the Rod. On the Right Hand in Voltoes , hold the Rod somewhat Short , and Help him cross the Neck , with a Grace , sometimes Touching him , and sometimes not ; and a good Blow now and then , if he Requires it : On the Left Hand in Corvets , Help him on the Right Shoulder , with a Grace , and a just time . Another Help with the Rod in Corvets , is , To hold the Rod a little Long , and to Whisk , and Shake it Forwards and Backwards , with your Arm up , but not Straight , rather Bowing a little in the Elbow : When you go Forward , the Horse's right side to the Wall ; there is no Help with the Rod more Graceful , than to Strike the Wall perpetually with the Rod. TO Help with the Rod in all Manner of Leaps . TO Whisk the Rod Forward , and Backward , is a Graceful Help , but it Forces a Horse a little too Forward , until he be Used to it . To Help the Horse with the Rod , not Over your Shoulder , but Over the Bent of your Arm , your Arm from your Body , and a little Bowed , so that the Point of the Rod falls in the middle of his Croup , is a graceful Help , but somewhat difficult to do . But the best and surest Help , though not so Graceful , is , To turn the Rod in your Hand , the Point toward the Horses Croup , and Help him so every time , and in time , one Stroke only ; but if he Raises not his Croup enough , then Help him De tout temps , which is with two or three Strokes together , in Time : And this is the Surest Help . If your Horse be very Leight Behind , which few are , then Help him only before with the Rod , and in Time. If you would make your Horse only Croup with his Hinder-parts , and not strike out , then Help him on the middle of his Croup ; if you would have him strike Out , then Help him with your Rod , on the setting on of his Dock : And if you would have him put both his Hinder-Leggs under his Belly , then Strike him with the Rod a little above the Gambrels . So these three several Helps with the Rod , makes your Horse to Croop , to Strike out , and to put his Hinder-Leggs under his Belly . But there is no Help with the Rod , like Helping him with two Rods ; one to Raise him before , and the other Rod to Help him under his Belly ; which puts him so much upon the Hanches , as nothing is like it , or near it , upon Corvets , when he is Tyed Short , my New Way , at the Single Pillar . OF THE VOICE . THe Voice is Used three manner of Ways ; Either as a Correction , by Threatning ; or as a Help , to Incourage the Horse ; or as a Courtship to him , by Flattering of him ; which all Three , we seldom or never Use : For it is not the Sense of Hearing , or Sight ; but the Sense of Touch , and only the Hand , and the Heels , that Dresses Horses perfectly . OF THE TONGUE . THe Help of the Tongue is an Excellent Help to Incourage , and put a Horse Together , either in Terra a Terra ; but especially in all Ayres , nothing Better . How Horses are to be REWARDED & PUNISHED : AND THAT FEAR doth Much ; LOVE , Little. IT is Impossible to Dress any Horse , but first he must Know , and Acknowledge me to be his Master , by Obeying me : That is , He must Fear me , and out of that Fear , Love me , and so Obey me . For it is Fear makes every Body Obey , both Man and Beast ; and therefore see that he Fears you , and then it is for his own sake he Obayes you ; because else he would be Punished : And Love is not so sure a Hold , for there I Depend upon his Will ; but when he Fears me , he Depends upon Mine ; and that 's a Ready-Horse : But if I Depend upon his Will , that 's a Ready-Man . Therefore Love doth no Good , but Fear doth All : And so let them Fear you , which is the Ground of Dressing all Horses whatsoever . And this is the Counsel of a Friend . Pluvinel , and most of the Great Masters in Horse-manship , Praise alwayes Gentleness , and Flatteries , and making much of Horses , either by Clapping , Stroking them , or speaking Flatteringly unto them , or giving them some Reward to Eat : And Pluvinel sayes , One ought to be a Prodigal in Caressing , and making much of them , and a Niggard in Corrections , and careful not to Offend them ; and that there is no other way to Dress Horses but this . But some Horse-men Never make much of them , or very Rarely ; neither Abroad , before they get Up , when they Ride them , nor when they Light , nor in the Stable ; and yet these Horses go Well . They do not Threaten them with the Voyce , or ever Speak to them , and no doubt but they do it on Purpose to keep them in Subjection , and Fear of them : For Familiarity breeds Contempt ; and Curtesie doth no Good , but makes them Presume ; and makes them Diligent still to Obey . Neither do they Use the Rod at all ; no more do I ; for one Rod will serve me almost a Year ; nor Use the Voyce , but a good Hand , and good Heels , which only Dresses Horses ; and seldom lets a Fault escape without Punishment . When they have Corrected them one Morning , it may be they will Spur them the next Morning ; but otherwise never Correct them without a Fault ; and if they make none , they are not Punisht ; and there 's their Reward . Certainly this may be good for Dressing of Horses . For my part , when they do Well , I Cherish and Reward them ; and when they do ill , I Punish them ; for , Hope of Reward , and Fear of Punishment , Governs this whole World ; not only Men , but Horses : And thus they will Chuse the Reward , and Shun the Punishment . They are Punisht with nothing but the Spurrs ; for all Whipps , even of Wyre , Chambrieres , or Bulls-Pisles , are Toyes . The Rod is more for Grace than Use ; but Reward , or no Reward , is nothing at all in Comparison of the Art of Riding : For , let an Ignorant Fellow ( which most are for any thing I can perceive ) Flatter his Horse , and not Punish him ; or Punish him , and not Flatter him ; or Punish and Flatter him ; yet I will not Flatter the Rider , but will tell you , He shall Spoil your Horse , let him do what he will ; because he wants Art. Opposition in Horses AGAINST the RIDER , A Signe of STRENGTH and SPIRIT . BE not Discouraged if your Horse do Oppose you , for it shews Strength , Spirit , and Stomack ; and a Horse having all those , cannot chuse but be made a Ready-Horse , if he be under the Discipline of an Understanding Hand , and Knowing Heels . When a Horse doth not Rebel , it shews Weakness , and faintness of Spirit , and no Courage ; and where Nature is so much Wanting , it is Hard for Art to Supply it : But truly I never knew any Horse in my Life , but before he was perfectly Drest , would Rebel , and Extreamly too , and a great while before he would go Freely ; but a little still , against his will , until he be perfectly Drest . Certainly there is no Horse but will Strive at the first in the Dressing , to have his own will , rather than to Obey your will ; nor doth any Horse love Subjection , nor any other Creature , until there is no Remedy , and then they Obey ; and the Custom of Obedience makes them Ready-Horses : They will Strive all the Wayes possibly they can , to be Free , and not Subjected ; but when they see it will not be , then they Yield , and not before . So they Deserve no Thanks for their Obedience . No man in the World , no , not the Wisest , if he were put in the Form of a Horse , with his Supreme Understanding , could possibly find out more subtle Wayes to Oppose a Man , than a Horse will ; nay , nor near so many , I dare say : Whence I conclude , That the Horse must know you are his Master ; that is , He must Fear you , and then he will Love you for his own Sake : Fear is the sure Hold ; for Fear doth All things in this World : Love , little ; and therefore let your Horse Fear you . What makes a Horse go by ROTE , or ROUTINE . THat which makes a Horse go by Rote , or Routine , is absolutely his Eyes ; and therefore I would Advise you , to have as few Marks as you can in the Mannage : That is , No Pillars but in the Out-side , and there but one for My Way upon Ayres , and that will not Fix his Sight ; so that then he will Attend the Hand and the Heel : Nor too near the Walls , for then his Eyes will Attend them ; Nor to make him go in One Place Alwayes ; for there his Eyes will make him go by Rote again : but several places will make him Attend the Hand and the Heel . And this way , and no other , will Cure him of going by Rote . THAT A Horse of Three Years Old is too Young for the MANNAGE . A Young Horse of Three Years Old , is but a Gristle , and easily Spoyl'd ; and besides , his Understanding is not comn to him ; so that Wanting Understanding , and being so Weak , you must have Patience to stay Three Years more at the Least , until he hath Both : Stops , and going Back , will Strain his Back , and Spoil him : so that I would rather have a Horse of Six , Seven , or Eight Years old , so he be Sound and not Vitious , than a Horse of Three Years Old ; for I can force him , and make him a Ready-Horse in three Months . But some will say Boyes learn Best , and so Coltes : I Answer , No ; For if men could be Beaten to it , as Boyes are , they would Learn much Better , and Sooner : but I can Force my Horses of those Years ; and having both Understanding , and Strength , they will and must of Necessity learn much Sooner and Better . How a Man should SIT PERFECTLY ON HORSE-BACK . BEfore he Mounts his Horse , he must see every Thing in order about the Horse ; which is done in an Instant , without Peering and Prying about every thing ; as they say , Pour Faire l'entendu . When he is in the Saddle , ( for I suppose most Men know how to get Up ) he must Sit down in the Saddle upon his Twist , and not on his Buttocks ; though most think Nature made those to Sit on , but not on Horse-Back . Being Plac'd upon his Twist , in the middle of the Saddle , advancing towards the Pommel of the Saddle , as much as he can ; leaving a handful of Space between his Hinder-parts and the Cantle , or l'Arson of the Saddle , his Leggs being straight Down , as if he were on Foot , his Knees and Thighes turned inwards to the Saddle ; holding both of them Fast , as if they were Glewed to the Saddle , ( for a Horse-man hath nothing but those two with the Counterpoize of his Body to keep him on Horse-Back ) his Feet planted firmly upon the Stirrups ; his Heels a little Lower than his Toes , that the end of his Toes may pass the Stirrups half an Inch , or a little more , and Stiff in the Hamms , or Jarrets , his Leggs not too far from the Horse's Sides , nor too near , that is , not to Touch them ; which is of great Use for Helps , that I will Shew you hereafter . The Reins of the Bridle are to be in the Left-Hand , his little Finger separating the Reins , and grasping the rest in his Hand , with his Thumb upon the Reins , his Arm bent Close to his Body , but not constrain'd ; his Bridle-Hand some three Fingers Above the Pommel , and some two Fingers Before the Pommel , that the Pommel may not hinder the Reins in their Working , and just over the Neck of the Horse . In the Right-Hand , he must have a Whistling Rod , not too Long , like an Angle-Rod ; nor too Short , like a Poinson ; but , if either , let it be for there are many Graceful Helps with a Short Rod , that a Long Rod will not Admit of : you must Hold it a little off , from that End beyond your Hand ; not only to make much of your Horse with it , but to Hold it the Faster . The Right Hand , where the Rod is , ought to be a little before your Bridle-Hand , and the Right Arm a little Looser , than your Left Arm ; but not too Far from your Body , the point of the Rod bending a little Inwards , your Brest out . You must Look a little Gay , and Pleasantly , but not Laughing ; and Look directly between the Horses Ears , when he goes Forwards : I do not mean , you should be Stiff , like a Stake , or like a Statue on Horse-Back , but much otherwise ; that is , Free , and with all the Liberty in the world , as the French-Man sayes , in Dancing , A la negligence ; and so I would have a Man on Horse-Back , En Cavalier , and not Formal ; for that shewes a Scholler , more than a Master ; and I never saw any Formality , but me-thought it Lookt something of the Simple and Foolish . The Seat is so much , ( as you shall see hereafter ) as it is the only thing that makes a Horse go Perfectly ; and the very Manner of Sitting is beyond all other Helps : Therefore Despise it not , for I dare Boldly say , He that is not Bel homme de Cheval , shall never be Bon homme de Cheval . For , the Reins both of the Bridle and the Cavezone , I have shewed you that which was never yet Known before : And so this is enough for the Seat of the Cavalier . THE SECRET HELPS OF THE HORSE-MANS BODY . YOu must Sit Straight upon the Twist , and always keep your Self so , what Action soever the Horse makes ; and to that End , you should always go to that which comes to you , which is a Contrary Action . As for Example ; The Horse Rises Before , then you must put your Body a little Forward to him ; for , did you go along with the Horse , you must put it Backward . If the Horse Strikes Behind , or Raises his Croup , you must put your Body Backwards , which is Contrary to the Horses Motion ; for , did you Follow the Horse , you must put your Body Forward , and be Thrown : But the Best , is , To Sit Straight , and the Action of the Horse will keep you on your Twist . You must Understand , That the Body on Horse — Back , is Divided into three Parts , two Moveable , and one Immoveable : The Moveable is the Body to the Waste ; the Immoveable , from the Waste to the Knees ; and the other Moveable from the Knees to the Foot. The Bodies — Helps are to be Gentle Helps for all Horses ; for , to Sit Strong on Horse-Back , Astonishes the Weak Horse , makes the Strong go Counter-times , and forces him too much ; makes a Furious Horse Madd ; makes a Resty Horse more Resty ; and a Horse Hard on the Hand , to Run away , and Displeases all sorts of Horses . You are not neither , to Sit Weak on Horse-Back , but to Sit Easie ; Gentle Helps being Best : For they Fit all Horses , and Please all Horses . The New and True Method of Working at first , either Colts , Young Horses , or Old Ignorant Horses , upon Large Circles D'une piste . NOw that you are on Horse-Back , Know how to Sit , and Know all your Helpes ; I will shew you How to Dress your Horse Perfectly : Which is in the Manner Following . The Cavezone , being My Way , the Reins in your Hand , the Inward Cavezone's Rein pull'd Hard , and Low , on the Inside of the Turn ; Legg and Rein of a side that is within the Turn ; which brings In the Horses outward Shoulder , the Bridle-Hand Low , and a little on the Out-side , or In-side , as you see Occasion : This gives the Horse a good Apuy , Working more on the Barrs than on the Curb , though it Works on both . The Horses Croup being Out , and pulling In his outward Shoulder , presses the Horse on the Inside , and fits him to Gallop large , D'une piste ; as also for a Trot , to Supple his Shoulders , being prest . The Inside puts him upon the Shoulders , which gives him an Apuy , and Supples his Shoulders extreamly , which is the first thing you must Work on ; for , without Suppling a Horses Shoulders extreamly , he can never do any thing ; for that is the First and Principal business , and nothing doth it like the Cavezone ( my Way . ) Give him no other Lesson than this , until he be very Supple on the Shoulders upon his Trot ; for that is the Foundation of all things in the Mannage , to Supple him , and make him Leight ; and never Gallop him until he be so Leight , as he offers to Gallop of himself ; and this Trotting , and Galloping large , as they call it , D'une piste , though his Croup be Out , and the Horse Lean's so much on the Inside , as you would think he would Fall , he goes the Surer for it . Stop him but seldom ; and when you do , Stay him rather by Little , and Little , than with a Sudden Stop ; for that Weakens a Young Horses Reins , and Back very much ; and when he is on the Hand , then put your Body Back to put him upon the Hanches , and give him Harder Stops ; but then your outward Legg is to put In his outward Legg , or else he cannot Stop upon the Hanches , your outward Hanch being out . OF LARGE CIRCLES Upon A TROT . WHen you Work your Horse upon Large Circles D'une piste , upon a Trott , with the Cavezone ( my Way ) in your Hand , Legg and Reyn on the Inside , either upon Large or Narrow Circles , D'une piste , upon his Trott , where his Leggs in that Action are Cross , you must know how they Ought to Go ; Which is thus : His Hinder-Legg on the Inside of the Turn , and his Fore-Legg on the Out-side of the Turn , are Lifted up together at a time ; and his Hinder-Legg on the Inside of the Turn , when it is set Down , is set a little beyond his outward Hinder-Legg , and a little Forwarder ; and his Fore-Legg without the Turn , is set Down at the same time , a little Forwarder than his inward Fore-Legg , and both Circularly ; and when he Changes his Leggs Cross , then his outward Hinder-Legg is set before his inward Hinder-Legg , and his inward Fore-Legg before his outward Fore-Legg , and beyond it , and both Circularly . His inward Hinder-Legg being set down Thus , must of necessity Bend , and Supple his Shoulders , and the Cavezone's inward Reyn being Wrought , as I told you before , the inward Legg must of necessity put Out his Croup , and Supple his Shoulders ; and thus he is Bent and Suppled extreamly , and can never be Entier ; and his Leggs always go Right and Truly , which is the most excellent Lesson that can be . OF GALLOPING UPON Circles D'une piste . TO Work your Horse D'une piste , upon Large , or Narrow Circles , the Cavezone's Reyn in your Hand , Legg and Reyn on the Inside , and the outward Reyn of the Bridle , if need be , to Supple his Shoulders , pulling the inward Reyn hard to bring In his outward Shoulder , upon a Gallop ; I will tell you How his Leggs go , for a Gallop is another Action than a Trott ; for a Trott is Cross , and a Gallop is both of a Side , always Leading with his Leggs within the Turn , and makes Four distinct Times , with his four Leggs , as I have shewed you before . Well then , his Fore-Legg within the Turn Leads Circularly , and is set Down before , and beyond his outward Fore-Legg , and his Hinder-Legg within the Turn follows ; but is set Down a little before his outward Hinder-Legg , and a little 〈…〉 beyond it , which Supples his Shoulders ; and 〈…〉 Hinder Parts being put Out thus , makes him Gallop Right , and nothing like it . This is a most Excellent Lesson , and 〈…〉 Foundation of All Things in the Mannage : To Trott and Gallop thus , his Fore-Parts come 〈…〉 the Center , and his Hinder-Parts flies it , being prest more upon the Shoulders than the Croup : But when he is thus Prest , and Supple in the Shoulders , the Croup is easily Wrought afterwards . I must Tell you , in these Lessons the Horse is Prest , and Leans extreamly on the Inside of the Turn , which is Rare : To Supple his Shoulders , to Walk him thus too , and Stop him with your outward Legg , is very good . ANOTHER EXCELLENT LESSON to Supple a HORSES SHOVLDERS . GO as if the Horse's Head was to the Pillar , ( though you have none ) and on the Left Hand , and pull the Inward Cavezone's Reyn hard to you ; and though he goes on the Left Hand , his Shoulders are Suppled for the Right . Then go on the Right Hand , and pull the Inward Cavezone's Reyn hard to you ; though the Horse goes on the Right Hand , yet his Shoulders are Suppled for the Left. This is an Admirable Lesson to Supple a Horses Shoulders ; and thus he shall never be Entier . Another Lesson for Suppling a HORSES SHOULDERS Upon LARGE CIRCLES . UPon Large Circles , his Croup Out ; to all the Helps , both with the Cavezone , Bridle , Reyns , Leggs , and Body , as I told you before ; only this is to be Added , for a while , till the Horse is Accustomed to it . I would have you Trott him without Stopping of him upon his Trott ; but from his Trott to Gallop him , Le petit Gallop Gently ; and from his Gallop to his Trott again ; and though of the same Hand still , yet Change him from Trott to Gallop , and from Gallop to Trott , until you think it Sufficient , and then Stop him , either upon a Trott , or Gallop , which you please : This is a most Excellent Lesson ; not only to Supple his Shoulders , but to make him Attend , and Obey the Will of his Rider ; having no continued Rule to Fix his Mind on , to go by Rote , either in Trotting , or Galloping , but still to Obey the Man , as he Helps or Commands him to either ; and not Knowing when it is , he must absolutely Obey both the Hand and the Heel ; and so Stopping sometimes upon a Trott , and sometimes upon a Gallop ; not Knowing when he should be Stopt , nor where he should be Stopt , makes him still to Obey the Man 's both Hand and Heel ; and therefore a Better Lesson cannot be in the World ; and therefore Use it : For , all our End , is , To make a Horse Obey the Hand and the Heels ; And this Lesson doth it , as much as any Lesson can do . If the Horse Retain his Forces , then Gallop him Fast , and Quick ; and then Softly again , and then Fast again , as Occasion serves : And this Softly , and Quick , upon his Gallop , ( not Knowing when he must do Either ) makes him Obey both his Riders Hand , and Heels ; which is the End of our Work , and the Quintessence of the Mannage . When you have Suppled the Horse sufficiently on the Shoulders , and find him Hard on the Hand , in not being upon the Hanches ; then Trot him Large D'une piste , and Stop him Often , and good Hard Stops with your outward Legg ; and pull him down , your Body back , and when he least Thinks of it ; but if he would Stop of himself , put him Forward without Stopping of him , and Stop him when he Thinks not of it , and do the same upon a Gallop : Stop him Often , and Hard , and put him Back sometimes , and you will find him very much upon the Hanches . This is an Excellent Lesson , both to Settle him on the Hand , and to put him upon the Hanches : But when you have done that , you must not Continue this Lesson long , for it Pinches a Horse very much on the Back ; besides , it makes him Fearful to go Forward , and so may make him Resty , and many Inconveniencies may come of it ; therefore your own Judgment must Work according to Occasion , when you do Stop him ( as I formerly have Told you : ) You must Stop him upon a Walk too , as well as upon a Trott , or a Gallop . All these Lessons are only to Supple a Horses Shoulders ; and see that you Use no other Lessons than These , until the Horse be extreamly Supple of his Shoulders , and be Firm on the Hand : These are Rare Lessons , To settle a Horse upon the Hand , to Supple his Shoulders , to make him Look into the Turn , to Trott and Gallop Right , ( as he should do ) both Leggs , Head , Neck , Body , and all : And , besides these , if you Work , as I have Told you , the Horse shall never be Entier ; which the Italians call the Credenza , which is the Worst Vice a Horse can have , and the most Dangerous . And these Lessons , with the Cavezone ( My Way ) hath these Rare Operations . You must alwayes Use these Lessons , until the Horse be extreamly Supple of his Shoulders , being the Principal Thing in Dressing Horses , and the First of our Work : Horses doth nothing but by Custom , and Habit , with often Repetions to Fortify their Memories ; and by good Lessons , and Methodical ; and so do all Men in all Things that they do , Good or Bad : Therefore give these Good Lessons , and Repeat them Often to your Horse , and you will find by them Benefit , and Contentment : And Remember , that I Work upon the Understanding of a Horse , more than the Labour of his Body ; for I assure you , he hath Imagination , Memory , and Judgement ; Let the Learned say what they Please : I Work upon Those three Faculties ; and that is the Cause my Horses go so Well . Here is now the End of all my Lessons , in Working a Horse to Supple his Shoulders ; which if you can do , according to those Lessons , then I will Assure you , you have done the better Half of the work , in Dressing , and Making up a perfect Horse . The next Lessons are the other Half , and the Easier ; which is , To make him Sensible to the Heels ; and those shall follow , after some certain Maxims , which I will Insert here , and pray you to Mark , and Remember them . The most Certain means to Unite a Horses Forces ; to Assure , and Settle his Head , and his Hanches ; to make him Leight on the Hand ; and to make him Capable of all Justness and Firmness in all sorts of Ayres , and Mannages ; Depends absolutely on the perfection on the Stop ( as I have Told you ; ) but first he must be Loosen'd and Suppl'd upon the Trott . Going Back is a Remedy , to put him upon the Hanches ; to Accommodate , and Adjust his Hinder-Feet ; and Settle him on the Hand ; and to make him Leight Before ; to Stop Leightly , and in just Proportion . You must never Gallop your Horse , until he be so Leight upon his Trott , as he begins to Gallop of himself : For the Exercise of the Trott , is the first , and most necessary Foundation to make him Leight ; and is the Ground of every Lesson , which can make the Horse Adroit , and Obedient ; and on which must be the Foundation of all sorts of Mannages . The Property of the Gallop , is , To give him a good Apuy , and to Settle his Head ; and if he have too much Fougue , or Fire , Le petit Gallop will Appease him , and give him Patience ; and if he Playes too much on the Back , it will take it off : but all upon Large Circles : It Tempers his Spirits , makes him Well-Winded , and takes away his Too-violent Apprehensions , and Diverts him from Evil designes of Jades Tricks ; of Restiness , and Double-Heart , and Supples all his Members . EXCELLENT NOTES To make an END of the WORKING OF THE HORSES SHOVLDERS . HAving shewed you , How you should Work , and Supple the Horses Shoulders , with the Cavezone's Reyn in your Hand , and not Tied to Pommel , which is the better Half of our Work ; I will Shew you the other Half ; which is , To make him Obey the Heels , and Work both Shoulders and Croup together ; the Cavezone's Reyn still in your Hand , and not Tied to the Pommel . To Work the Horses Croup and Shoulders together , is , With the Inward Reyn , and Outward Legg ; the inward Reyn of the Cavezone in your Hand , and pull'd on the Inside of the Turn , to bring In his Outward Shoulder , and to Press the Horse on the Inside of the Turn , that his Leggs without the Turn may be Free , and at Liberty , to lapp over his inward Leggs ; which we call Passager , or En-Cavalier , his Croup In. This Passager , though it is the Action of a Trott with his Leggs , yet it is less Violent than a Trott , and more than a Walk ; which is the best Action to Teach a Horse any thing of a Short Trott , and Together . The first Lesson therefore that you must give him , upon this Action , is , His Head to the Wall , pulling the Inward Cavezone's Reyn hard to you , on the Inside , and Helping at the same time , with your outward Legg , the Horse to go Byas , his Shoulders before his Croup ; which makes him Narrow behind , and so upon the Hanches ; because he is upon the Action of a Trott , his Leggs being Cross . If he do not Obey the Heel , give him the Spurr gently on that side ; when the Horse goes thus , he is then Prest on the Inside of the Turn ; if this be on the Right Hand , then it is but Changing your Bridle-Hand into your Right Hand , and the Left Cavezone's Reyn in your Left Hand , and pull it Hard , on the Inside , to you , and your outward Legg ; and make him do as much on the Left Hand , Legg and Reyn Contrary ; and if he do not Obey the Heel , give him the Spurr with your outward Legg . Continue this Lesson until you find him Obedient to your Heels : You may make him go Byas in an open Field , the same Way , with the same Helps . OF THE VOLTOES in PASSAGER . WHen he Obeys perfectly the Heel , upon this Lesson of Byas in Passager , then put him upon his Voltoes , or Circles , upon Passager , pulling the inward Cavezone's Reyn on the Inside of his Neck , hard to you , to bring in his outward Shoulder ; and your Contrary Legg , Legg and Reyn contrary , bending his Neck extreamly ; and if he do not Obey the Heel , give him the Spurr with your outward Legg , and then do as much on the other Hand ; and when you find him very Obedient , upon Passager , a little Large , his Croup In , which puts him upon the Hanches ; Because his Croup is In , and because it is upon the Action of a Trott , and the Less Circle , he is alwayes the most Prest , and therefore upon the Hanches . I say , When he is perfectly Obedient to your Hand and Heels , upon his Voltoes somewhat Large , then make him go upon his Passager , in little more than his Length ; and if he be Obedient to your Hand and Heel there , on both Hands , he is Advanced very Far towards a Ready-Horse : For , if a Horse Obey my Hand and Heel upon Passager , which is a gentle Motion , and therefore proper to Learn a Horse , because it makes him Patient , and fortifies his Memory the Better . I say , if he be Obedient to me upon this Action , which is the Quintessence of Dressing Horses , then I can make him do Any thing , that his Forces will permit him . When the Horse is Perfect in the aforesaid Lessons , then put him upon his Voltoes , his Croup In ; upon Le petit Gallop , thus : Pull the Inward Cavezone's Reyn hard to you on the Inside of his Neck , and your outward Legg to Help him , Poysing more on the outward Stirrup , than on the Inward ; and Bend his Neck extreamly , that he may be Prest on the Out-side of the Turn , which is proper for Le petit Gallop his Croup In ; and Help him with your Tongue , and he will go presently very Perfectly ; and giving him good Stops , he is advanced very far towards a Ready-Horse . There is no Difference here between Le petit Gallop , and Terra a terra . When your Horse Obeys all these Lessons perfectly ; which is , To obey your Hand , and the Heels , Teach him to Advance ; which is , to Rise Before ; without which no Horse can be a Ready-Horse : You may do it when you Stop him , or upon Large Circles , staying him upon the Hand , helping him with your Tongue , and your Leggs , and Rodd , if there be cause ; and put him Forward still after it , and Raise him again . But if he Rises of himself , put him Forward , and let him not Rise , but when you would have him ; and he will very soon Obey you . When he Rises perfectly ( when you would have him ) upon Large Circles , then put his Croup In upon his Voltoes , and Raise him so ; and then Feel him upon the Hand , and Stay him a little when he is Up ; and this will both put him upon the Hand , and upon the Hanches . Why I would not have you Raise him before now , was , Because it would Disorder his Mouth , and put him Off of the Hand , and make him Resty ; for many Horses Rises Restily , because they would not go Forward , nor Turn ; for , until they Obey the Hand , and Fly the Heel , there is no Raising of them . I would have you always begin upon Large Circles his Croup Out , and then put In his Croup afterward ; and so End. When the Horse is perfect in all these former Lessons , then I would have you Tie the inward Cavezone's Reyn hard to the Pommel , and Work him upon all former Lessons so , with the inward Reyn , and inward Legg ; and the outward Reyn , if need be , his Croup Out . Upon Large Circles , his Croup In , the inward Cavezone's Reyn Tied to the Pommel , and Help'd with the inward Reyn of the Bridle , to press him on the outside of the Turn , for Passager : But when you Raise him in Passadoes , then the inward Reyn ; when the inward Cavezone's Reyn is Tied to the Pommel , then you Work most on the Bitt ; for you have nothing else in your Hand . To Help , with the Bridle alone , upon Large Circles , his Croup Out , inward Reyn , and inward Legg ; or outward Reyn and inward Legg , if his Shoulders come not In enough ; but upon Passager , with the Bridle alone , the inward Reyn , and outward Legg , for the Reasons I have told you . It is an Excellent Lesson to Gallop a Horse forth Right , and to Stop him , and to Raise him only with the Bitt , and then to Turn him , helping with the outward Reyn , which will prepare him for Passadoes ; of which we will Talk hereafter . There is an Excellent Lesson , the inward Cavazone's Reyn Tied to the Pommel , which is this : To Gallop D'une piste a Narrow Circle , and so Four of them , and still put him Forward to take the other Circle ; and afterward to do the same upon every Circle , his Croup in , Le petit Gallop , or Terra a terra ; and put him Forward to take the next Circle , and so as often as you think good to Repeat all the Four : And this makes him Attend the Hand and the Heel , and most Obedient to both . The inward Reyn puts the Horse on the Outside , indeed all his Body , and Leans on his outward Hinder-Legg , and Weighs his Fore-Parts up ; and therefore on the Hanches . The outward Reyn puts the Horse on the Inside , and Weighs him down ; and therefore on the Shoulders . You must have a Method to be often Repeated in all these good and Excellent Lessons ; Lesson after Lesson , or else you will never Dress any Horse perfectly for Terra a Terra . Needful OBSERVATIONS . NAturally whensoever a Horse's Shoulders come In , his Croup goes out ; and when his Croup is put In too much , his Shoulders go out . As for Example ; Upon Large Circles his Shoulders come In , his Croup goes out ; and when his Head is as to the Pillar , ( Legg and Reyn of a side ) his Shoulders come In , and his Croup goes out : Nay , in the right Terra a terra , his Shoulders going before , his Croup shuns the Center , which is a little out , though you think his Croup is In. But you will say , How is it then in Passager when his Croup is In ? I say , that is another Action than a Gallop , or Terra a terra ; because then he is upon the Action of a Trott , which is Cross , and may better admit to be Prest within the Turn , and his Leggs at Liberty without the Turn ; but yet ( if his Shoulders go before his Croup , and is Byas as he ought to be , in respect of his Shoulders ) his Croup is a little Out . But now for Le petit Gallop , or Terra a terra ; if his Croup be In , and you pull in his outward Shoulder , at the same time , it is a great Force , and Unnatural , so as the Horse goes Cross with his Leggs , and can go no otherwise , and is prest on the Inside . It is True , it puts the Horse upon the Hand , and so of necessity upon the Shoulders , and gives him an Apuy , which all the former Lessons do ; so that his Croup In needs it not , and besides , it is False . For Terra a terra , He should be Prest on the Outside , to have his Leggs at Liberty within to Lead ; and that they call Le petit Gallop , if his Croup be In , which is indeed Le petit Terra a terra : For being Prest on the Inside , his Croup In , it is hard to go , because he is Bound up ; and it is unnatural , both to bring In his outward Shoulder , and to put In his Croup at the same time . To Press him on the Inside , and to go on the Inside , his Croup In , is a great Pressure , and False ; for indeed , he is Prest for the other side , and would Look out of the Turn , did not the Inward Cavezone's Reyn keep In his Head ; howsoever he is on the Shoulders , and his Leggs go Cross ; that is , his inward Fore-Legg leads , and his outward Hinder-Legg follows , and continues so , and is False , and his Croup Bunches out : If his Croup goes before his Shoulders , his Leggs are Wide behind , and off of the Hanches , and therefore upon the Shoulders , and False , and goes Cross with his Leggs . That is , his inward Fore-Legg leads , and his outward Hinder-Legg follows , and continues so . For the Piroite , his Croup goes a little out , though almost in a place ; and therefore he ought to be Prest within the Turn ; but he goes upon the Shoulders . So upon Demi-Voltoes upon Passadoes , which is but Half a Terra a terra , he ought to be Prest without the Turn , because it is Terra a terra ; but his Croup is In a little , and is upon the Hanches . To Work a HORSE upon PASSAGER , Either with His Head to the Wall , or upon Circles ; either with the Cavezone in your Hand , or the Cavezone Tied to the Pommel ; or the Bridle-Reyns separated in both your Hands , or the Bridle only in your Left Hand . UPon Passager , the Cavezone in your Hand ; pull the inward Reyn of the Cavezone hard within the Turn , to pull the Horses outward Shoulder In , and to Press him on the Inside , that his outward Leggs may be at Liberty , to Lap over his inward Leggs ; and Help him with your outward Legg , ( Legg and Reyn contrary ) and let the Horse go Byas . Upon Passager , the Cavezone's Reyns in your Hand another Way , and that 's this : Pull the inward Cavezone's Reyn Cross his Neck , not too High , your Knuckles towards his Neck , and Help him , with the outward Legg , and Reyn contrary ; and Bend your Body to be Concave within the Turn , which will Press him without the Turn , and give his Leggs Liberty within the Turn , to lap over his inward Leggs , but not so much , and let the Horse go Byas . By the way , this oblike Line , with the inward Cavezone's Reyn , if you press the Horse on the outside , will make him go Rarely upon Terra a Terra . Upon Passager , the inward Cavezone's Reyn Tied to the Pommel , ( having nothing in your Hand but the Bridle to Work withal ) you may safely work with the outward Reyn of the Bridle , because the Horse cannot Look on the outside , and that because the inward Cavezone's Reyn being Tied to the Pommel pulls in his Head so much , and the outward Reyn will press him on the inside , which is proper for Passager , as I have told you : If you press the Horse on the outside , though the Reyn be Tied to the Pommel , he will go Terra a Terra Rarely , if he goes Byas . Upon Passager , the Bridle Reyns separated in both your Hands , you must Help with the inward Reyn , to make him Look into the Turn ; and Help also with the outward Reyn , to bring In his outward Shoulder , to press him within the Turn , for the Reasons I have told you : But if you press the Horse on the outside with the inward Reyn , he will go Rarely Terra a Terra . Here you have all the Ways of Working a Horse upon Passager , and I insist the more upon it , because it is the Quintessence of Working Horses in the Mannage , and the Elixer in Horse-man-ship ; for if a Horse Obeys me perfectly in Passager , being Obedient to my Hand and Heels , I will make him go Terra a Terra , or in any Ayre whatsoever most perfectly , or any thing that his Forces will permit him to do ; and therefore Esteem Passager above all things in the world for the Mannage , and for Raising the Horse in Passadoes , his Croup In , or D'une piste , or Byas , or his Head to the Wall ; and for pulling him Back , and Raising of him . For these Rare things will not Fail to make a Ready-Horse , if they be Applyed rightly . A GENERAL RULE . WHatsoever Leads , Fore-parts , or Hinder-parts ; that which still Leads , tends to the Center , and the other parts of the Horse flie the Center : For it is a General Rule , and true ; That whatsoever is the greater Circle , before or behind , that which is the greatest Circle , is most Wrought ; for it goes most Ground , and is at Liberty , whether it tends to the Center , or from it ; and the Less Circle , most subjected , and prest : For , his Head to the Pillar ( the Pillar on the outside of his Head ) his Fore-parts Lead , and therefore tend to the Center , and his Hinder-parts flie the Center ; yet his Hinder-parts are most wrought , because it is the greater Circle , and therefore his Fore-parts more subjected , and upon them , which is upon the Shoulders ; so the Horse's Croup to the Pillar , the Pillar on the Inside of his Croup , his Croup In , his Fore-parts Lead , and therefore tend to the Center , and his Croup flies the Center ; but his Fore-parts are more Wrought , because it is the Larger Circle ; and his Hinder-parts more subjected and prest , because it is the Narrower Circle ; and so upon the Hanches ; so in his Length the same ; and upon Passager , he Laps his Leggs over but every Second time , because they are Cross , and upon the Action of a Trott . MORE OBSERVATIONS . IF a Horse goes Forward too much , pull him Back ; if he goes Back , put him Forward ; if if he goes Side-ways on the Right-Hand , put him Side-ways on the Left-Hand ; if he goes Side-ways on the Left-Hand , put him Side-ways on the Right-Hand . If he puts Out his Croup , put it In ; if he puts In his Croup , put it Out . If he goes on the Shoulders , stop him , and pull him Back ; if he goes on the Hanches , continue him so ; if he Rises when you would not have him , keep him Down . All this upon a Walk ; for thus he must Attend both your Hand and your Heel , and follow your Will , and so of Necessity must Obey you , because thus he is put from his Will , to Yours . And this must make him a perfect Horse ; It is a most Excellent Lesson . Never put a Horse upon any Ayre , nor Press him much , until you find him very Sensible , and Obedient , both to your Hand , and to your Heel ; and extreamly Supple : But Young Horses must never be much Prest , nor Stopt too hard ; for if you do , you will give them such a Crick , and Taint in their Back , as they will never Recover it . The Horse's Head to the Pillar , ( or an Imaginary Center ) the Pillar without his Head ; and the Horse's Croup to the Pillar , the Pillar on the Inside of his Croup . And thus the Horse shall never be Entier . I never Work a Horse's Head to the Pillar , ( Legg and Reyn contrary ; ) because his inward Hinder-Legg goes so much before his Shoulder , which is False ; but Legg and Reyn on a side , as I shewed you before . To Work a Horse upon Quarters , is to no purpose ; for , it Confounds a Horse more , than a whole Circle ; but upon Demy-Voltoes , or half Turns , is very good somtimes . To put a Horse Byas on one Hand , and then put him Forward ; and then put him Byas on the other Hand , and then put him Forward ; and so from Hand to Hand ; and Forward , makes him Attend , and Obey both the Hand , and the Heel , and is an Excellent Lesson : But , as you put him Byas , his Fore-parts must alwayes go before his Hinder-parts . There is no Lesson comparable to Passager , his Croup In , to make him Obey the Hand , and the Heel ; and to Raise him in Passadoes , and Passager him again , still Raising and Passager ; and if you find he is not upon the Hanches , then Walk , or Trott him upon Large Circles , and Stop him Hard , and Raise him . All these Lessons are upon a Walk , and Passager ; therefore you may see what a Rare thing Walking , and Passager is , to Make , and Dress all Horses perfectly . Nay , when a Horse is a perfect Drest Horse , you must not make him go above Once a Week at the most , but Work him every Day upon his Trott , Gallop , Passager , Raising of him , and Tuning of him Thus , and with the Cavezone , he will go Rarely , when you would make him go upon any Ayre , or Terra a Terra . I say , a Horse is thus to be Tuned ; for , a Horse having Four Leggs , is like a Fiddle of Four Strings ; and if a Fiddle be not Tuned , the Musitian can never Play Salengers Round upon it : So , if a Horse's Leggs be not rightly Tuned , he will never Dance his Round right . Again , if you alwayes Play upon a Fiddle , though Well-Tuned at the first , it will soon be out of Tune by continual Playing on it ; so a Ready-Horse , if you make him go perpetually , he will be soon out of Tune ; and therefore you must Tune him still , as I have told you . THE JUST & EXACT WAY FOR TERRA A TERRA . TO go upon a Square for Terra a Terra , is Good , but not the Best Way ; for , it constrains a Horse too much ; so that he cannot go with that Freedom that he should ; and is in great Danger , that his Inward Hinder-Legg will go before his Shoulder , and then it would be very False : therefore the True , Easie , and Best way is this that follows . You must Sit Straight in the Saddle , the poise on the outward Stirrup , but not to Lean down upon it too much ; but only the outward Legg is to be a little Longer than the inward Legg ; and the inward Legg to be a little Before it , but very little ; and Sit you must all upon the Twist , and Stirrups , and as Forward to the Pommel as you can ; the outward Legg close to the Horse , and the Knee turned inwards ; and Stiff in the Ham , to bring the Calf of the Legg to the Horse . Then for the Bridle-Hand ; on the Right-Hand put your Hand on the outside of his Neck , or turn the Knuckles towards his Neck , pulling your little Finger up straight without turning your Hand , which pulls the inward Reyn lying above your little Finger , your Arm a little from your Body oblike , your Left Shoulder coming a little In , and your Neck behind , removed a little on the Left side , and your Buttons a little on the Right side : This makes the Horse necessarily to go Byas . But now I must tell you where you must Look , or Turn your Head ; which must be on the inside of the Turn , to the Inside of the Horses Head , which keeps your Hand steady ; for did you Look to your inward Shoulder , it would remove your Bridle-Hand too much within the Turn ; and did you Look just between the Horses Ears , your outward Shoulder would not come In enough ; and neither it , nor you , nor the Horse would be oblike ; your Hand must go Circularly with the Horse , and Steadily ; and but to feel him . Thus the Horse being Byas , the inward Reyn pull'd thus , inlarges the Horse before , in pulling his inward Fore-Legg , from the outward Fore-Legg ; which puts his inward Hinder-Legg to his outward Hinder-Legg , which Narrows him Behind , makes him Bow in the Gambrels , especially on his outward Hinder-Legg , which he Rests on , and Thrusts his inward Hinder-Legg under his Belly ; which ( with all these things ) makes him very much upon the Hanches ; the Horse is prest on the outside , and therefore of necessity must Look within the Turn , and his Fore-parts being Inlarged , must imbrace the Turn the better ; his Hinder-Leggs being within the Lines of his Fore-Leggs , he must needs be upon the Hanches ; and his Inward Fore-Legg being pull'd from his outward Fore-Legg , ( being Circular ) his inward Fore-Legg of necessity must be Longer than his outward Fore-Legg to Lead , which is Right , and so makes the Largest Circle ; and his outward Fore-Legg the Second Circle ; and his inward Hinder-Legg the Third Circle ; because it is thrust so much before his outward Hinder-Legg , and under his Belley ; and his outward Hinder-Legg makes the Fourth and Least Circle , because he Rests so much upon it , and Bows in the Gambrels . Thus the Horse makes Four perfect Circles , about the Pillar , or Center , as I have Told you , and given you the Reasons of it . Thus doth the Horses Fore-parts go always before his Hinder-parts ; that is , half his Shoulders within the Turn , before his half Croup within the Turn ; which is his Fore-Legg within the Turn , before his Hinder-Legg within the Turn : And thus the Horse can never go False , but most exactly True , with Head , Neck , Body , Leggs , and all . For the Left-Hand , every thing must be as for the Right , and the same way , changing Hand , Body , and Legg ; only for the Bridle-Hand , it is necessary , That when you go on the Left-Hand , you should put your Hand on the contrary side of his Neck ; your Arm close to your Body , and the Knuckles of your Bridle-Hand turned towards his Neck , which pulls the inward Reyn for the Left-Hand ; because that Reyn lies under your little Finger ; and this makes you Oblike , and the Horse Oblike : And every thing for the Left Hand works as truly , in all those several things , as I told you for the Right-Hand . And thus the Horse is within your Hand , and your Heel ; and so you Drive him , and make him go as you List ; Slower , or Faster ; Higher , or Lower : But remember , That your Hand be not too High , but that the Horse may go Low , and Prest ; for if your Hand be Low , the Horse goes Low ; and if your Hand be High , the Horse goes High : For the Horse always goes according to the heighth of the Hand ; and Terra a Terra should always be Low , and Prest . Now I must tell you , That the inward Reyn Presses the Horse on the outside , Weighs him up , and puts him upon the Hanches , especially on his outward Hinder-Legg , so that all his Body Leans on the outside , and he cannot bring In his outward Shoulder ; for it is Bound up , and his Leggs within the Turn to Lead : You may know by his Neck , whether he Leans on the Outside or no ; for if he does , his Neck will Lean all on the Outside , and your Body must be Concave on the outside , and Convex within ; for being Concave on the Outside , makes the Horse so , and puts In his Hanch , ( being Prest on the Outside ) and hath three Leggs in the Ayre , his two Fore-Leggs , and his inward Hinder-Legg , with a Leap forward Low , and Prest . And this is most Exactly the truth for Terra a terra , and all the delicate and subtil Helps that can be for it in the World. OF CHANGING UPON TERRA A TERRA . YOur Body is to be Oblike , your Knuckles towards his Neck , and on the Outside of his Neck , on which Hand soever you go ; and as he is going Terra a Terra on the Right Hand , let his Shoulders come In a little before you Change him , and then Help him with your Right Legg , and hold him Up with your Hand , and on the outside of his Neck , which is now Changed to the Left side . Why his Shoulders are to come In , a little before you Change him , is , To fix his Croup that it should not go out ; and so the Hand on the contrary side of the Turn , for the same Reason ; and put him always a little forward upon every Change. Now you are on the Left-Hand , before you Change him , let his Shoulders come In a little to Fix his Croup , and then Help him with the Left-Legg , and put him Forward a little , and then hold him Up with your Hand , and on the Outside of his Neck , on the Left side . I begin with my Legg to Change him , for the same Reasons I told you : But you must Remember , to be Stiff in the Hams , and your Heels down , to bring the Calf of the Leggs to him ; and the same for Demy-Voltoes . And this is Exactly the truth for Changing upon Terra a Terra . OF CHANGING UPON Demy-Voltoes , Terra a Terra . UPon Demy-Voltoes , your Hand on the outside , your outward Legg close to him , you Sit Oblike , the Knuckles of your Bridle-Hand towards his Neck ; and when he makes his Demi-Voltoe , let him go a little more than half a Turn , to fix his Croup before you Change him ; and when you do Change him , Help him with the inward Legg first , and then hold him Up with your Hand , and a little on the outside of his Neck : This from the Wall is best , but by a Wall it cannot be ; for you cannot go through the Wall , and therefore by a Wall it can be but a just Half Turn , or Demy-Voltoe , which you may either Help with the inward , or outward Reyn at your own Pleasure , so you keep his Croup to the Wall , that he may keep the Line , and not Falsify the Demy-Voltoe . This may be done with either Reyn , so it be done with Art , and Skill , like a Great Master ; for otherwise nothing is Right in the Mannage . OF GALLOPING , AND Changing En Soldat . WIth the outward Reyn , and the outward Legg , put him alwayes Forward ; If his Croup goes out too much , then your Bridle on the outside of the Turn , or of his Neck , to Help with the inward Reyn , to keep In his Croup , otherwise not , but Help with the outward Reyn , and outward Legg . Thus much for Changing upon Circles D'une piste , which must alwayes be either Half a Turn , or a Quarter of a Turn , Terra a terra . TO PREPARE A HORSE FOR PASSADOES . FIrst Walk him Fore-right , either by a Wall , Hedge , or otherwise , and at the end Stop him , and Raise him two or three Passadoes , and then Turn him gently , Helping with the outward Reyn , and outward Legg , and see that he doth not Falsify his Demy-Voltoe , upon Passager , either in his Shoulders , or his Croup ; but both to be Just , when he is Turned . Do as much on the other Hand , and then Trott him upon the Straight Line ; Stop him , Advance him , and Turn him as you did before ; and when he is Perfect in this , then Gallop him Le petit Gallop , upon the Straight Line ; Stop him , Advance him : But now let him go a Demy-Voltoe upon his Ayre , and when he is Perfect in this , then let him make a Passado , upon Le petit Gallop , without Stopping , or Advancing , which he will do perfectly ; but you must put his Head a little from the Wall , that his Croup may be to the Wall , to keep the Line , that he may not Falsify his Demy-Voltoe ; and before he Turns , to make two or three Falcadoes , to firm his Hanches the better , to Turn with the better Grace : If you would Run him A toute Bride , keep his Head a little from the Wall , to keep his Croup to it , slacking the Reyns a little , and pressing him with your Leggs , and to make two or three little Falcadoes before you Turn him , and then close him with your outward Reyn , and outward Legg , for the Demy-Voltoe ; and so on the other Hand the same for the Passadoe , some Five times the Horses Length . And thus the Horse will go perfectly in Passadoes , which is the Touch-Stone of a Ready-Horse , obeying Hand and Heel in every thing . If your Horse go in Corvets , or a Demy-Ayre , then make his Demy-Voltoes upon his Passadoes , upon his Ayre , which is very Graceful . The French calls this Passadoe , Releve ; which methinks , is not a proper Term for it : A Demy-Voltoe must be Helpt in all Kinds like Terra a Terra , for 't is but a half a Turn Terra a Terra ; that is , the inward Reyn , and outward Legg , and your Body , and every thing like Terra a Terra . Of the PIROYTE . THe Action of the Horse's Leggs in the Piroyte , is very Strange ; your Hand on the outside of his Neck to Look into the Turn , and working Violently with the outward Reyn of the Bridle , Straightens his Fore-parts , and puts his Hinder-parts at more Liberty , helping with no Legg ; so the Action of his Leggs are thus : On the Right-Hand , when he lifts up both his Fore-Leggs at the same time , he lifts up his Hinder-Legg without the Turn ; so he hath three Leggs up at a time , and Rests only on the inward Hinder-Legg ; and when those three Leggs come to the Ground , his outward Shoulder coming In so Fast , his inward Hinder Legg removes at the same time almost in a Place , to keep the Circle ; and I say , that at the same time those three Leggs are set Down , his inward Hinder-Legg removes , to go along with the Circle ; but in a manner in a Place : So that indeed the inward Hinder-Legg is the Center , though it removes in the place Round ; and when the Horse is so Dizzey as he can go no Longer , ( for fear of Falling ) then he sets his inward Hinder-Legg forward , to Stop himself . These are Exactly the Helps , and the Motions of the Horses Leggs in the Piroyte , or else he could not go so Swiftly as he Ought : He is upon the Shoulders , because he is Prest on the Inside ; so is a Passadoe , being but Half a Piroyte , because both of them is Helpt with the outward Reyn. One of the GREATEST SECRETS IN The MANNAGE that ever I found out . THe inward Hinder-Legg to the Turn always put Out a little , Is in all things the Quintessence of the Mannage , whether his Croup Out , or In ; the Knuckles of the Bridle-Hand towards his Neck , his Croup In , doth well in Terra a Terra ; and always your Horse to go Byas , upon his Voltoes , or his Head to the Wall , doth it Best ; for his Shoulders going before , his Hinder-parts put out his inward Hinder-Legg , which is the greatest Business in the Mannage ; for so his Hinder-Leggs are near together , and so upon the Hanches . The inward Reyn of the Bridle doth it , pull'd , as I have told you , and so doth the inward Reyn of the Cavezone ; for it puts out his inward Hinder-Legg , Narrows him behind , and Inlarges him before ; because it pulls his inward Fore-Legg from his outward Fore-Legg , and therefore Inlarges him before ; and at the same time , it puts his inward Hinder-Legg out , to his outward Hinder-Legg ; and therefore Narrows him behind , and so must of necessity be upon the Hanches . And thus his inward Fore-Legg must always be before his inward Hinder-Legg , so that half his Shoulders goes always before half his Croup , by which means he can never go False ; and his Fore parts always Imbracing the Turn the better , and the outward Hinder-Legg being kept In a little , with your outward Legg , makes his two Hinder-Leggs within the Lines of his Fore-Leggs , which makes him upon the Hanches , and his Fore-parts to Lead , as Horses always should do : For , they do not Work with their Arses first , but with their Heads , and Fore-parts . Remember , That no Horse can be upon the Hanches , but those that Bend in the Gambrels , and Bow there ; and the more their Hinder-Leggs go under their Belley , the more they Bow in the Gambrels . Remember also as a certain Truth , That no Horse can be upon the Hanches , except his Croup , or Buttock , be thrust out Backwards : As for Example ; When you give a Horse a good Stop , his Hinder-Leggs go under his Belly , and his Croup , or Buttocks , are thrust out ; he Bows in the Gambrels , and so is upon the Hanches : When he goes Le petit Gallop , his Croup In , his Hinder-Leggs are thrust under his Belly , then his Croup goes out ; he Bows in the Gambrels , and is upon the Hanches : So in Terra a Terra , his Hinder-Leggs are thrust under his Belly , and his Croup goes out ; he Bows in the Gambrels , and is upon the Hanches . When you pull a Horse Back , one of his Hinder-Leggs goes always under his Belly ; he puts out his Croup , bends in the Gambrels , and is upon the Hanches : So in Passadoes his Croup is thrust out , he Bows in the Gambrels , and is upon the Hanches ; but if he be Raised too High , it puts him off of the Hanches , for then he is Stiff in the Gambrels , because his Croup goes In ; which puts him upon the Hand , but off of the Hanches : Therefore you must never Raise him too High in Passadoes ; if his Croup must go out , be Bow'd in the Gambrels , and so be upon the Hanches . My Way , at the Single Pillar in Corvets , puts out his Croup , makes him Bow in the Gambrels , and so to be upon the Hanches , because he cannot Rise High , and therefore puts out his Croup , and is upon the Hanches ; so all that puts a Horse upon the Hanches , is before , either with the Cavezone's Reyn , or Bitt , and nothing behind . The inward Hinder-Legg , and inward Cavezone's Reyn , is the Quintessence of the Mannage , with thrusting his Croup out , which makes him Bow in the Gambrels , and so be upon the Hanches ; which is the End of all our Work and Business in the Mannage . I do not mean his Croup to be put out in a Circle , or put out upon a Straight Line ; but be thrust out Backwards , and then he is upon the Hanches , because he Bows in in the Gambrels . I must Remember you again , that to put him on the Hanches , is all Before ; so that when his Head is pull'd Down , and In , then he is upon the Hanches ; for his Croup goes out , and he Bow in the Gambrels , and therefore is upon the Hanches : That is , the Horse must be a little Higher behind than before ; for then his Croup goes out , and he Bows in the Gambrels , and therefore is upon the Hanches . As for Example ; A Horse goes down a Hill , then his Croup is Higher than his Fore-parts , and his Croup goes out , and then he bows in the Gambrels , and is extreamly upon the Hanches . So if he be turned in the Stable , his Croup is Higher than his Fore-parts , and puts his Croup out , bends in the Gambrels , and therefore is very much upon the Hanches . So in plain Ground , where there is no Hills , you must Supply it , with pulling his Head Down , and In , as much as you can , to make him Higher behind , than before , which puts out his Croup , makes him bow in the Gambrels , and puts him upon the Hanches ; as Stopping of him , pulling Back , Passager , Le petit Gallop , and Terra a Terra : All these pulls him Down , and puts out his Croup , which puts him upon the Hanches . If the inward Cavezone's Reyn be Tied to the Pommel , or pull'd Hard in your Hand , it puts him upon the Hanches , because it puts his inward Hinder-Legg out to his outward Hinder-Legg , that it shall not come In too much , nor at all ; and that puts him upon the Hanches ; so in Passadoes , or Corvets , the inward Cavezone's Reyn tied to the Pommel , puts the inward Legg out , which puts him upon the Hanches , because it thrusts his Croup out : But when you have nothing but the Bridle , What then ? Then the Inward Reyn of the Bridle doth the same in all things ; but Passager his Croup In , is with the outward Reyn , because it is the Action of a Trott , which is Cross , and so it will suffer it , because his Leggs are Byas ; so it is right for Passager , to be Prest within the Turn , and at Liberty without the Turn , or else his outward Leggs could not Lap over his inward Leggs : But if you have nothing but the Bridle , he will Look out of the Turn , if you do not Help with both Reyns ; but whensoever you Raise him in Passadoes , his Croup In , or Out , you must Help with the inward Reyn , to put out his inward Hinder-Legg , which makes him Bow in the Gambrels , because his Hinder-Leggs are made like our Arms , and therefore must Bow in the Gambrels , if it be thrust out . But I must tell you for a great Truth , That whensoever , upon Large Circles D'une piste , the Horse's inward Hinder-Legg is put out , and bows , it puts him not upon the Hanches , but very much upon the Shoulders ; for the more his Buttock doth go out , the more still he is upon the Shoulders ; for that Lesson is not to put him upon the Hanches , but to Supple his Shoulders ; for if you would put him upon the Hanches , you must put In his Croup ; for the Larger Circle is wrought most , because it goes the most Ground ; yet his Hinder-parts are the most prest , because in the Narrower Circle , and therefore upon the Hanches . Some are of Opinion , That the more you put In his Croup , the more he is on the Hanches ; which I do not Think , because his inward Hinder-Legg goes before half his Shoulder , and so he is Wide behind , and off of the Hanches , and goes Backward : But if his Croup be In , and you put out his inward Hinder-Legg , then he bows in the Gambrels , his Hinder-Leggs Narrow behind , and so upon the Hanches ; and the more upon the Hanches , if the Horse goes Byas , because by that means the Horses Hinder-Leggs are nearer together , and so Narrower , and therefore upon the Hanches ; and this is most true : For if the Horses Hinder-Legg ( within the Turn ) goes before his inward Fore-Legg , he doth not only go Backward , but his Hinder-Leggs are stiff in the Gambrels , and therefore not upon the Hanches ; but when you put out his inward Hinder-Legg , then he Bows in the Gambrels , and therefore upon the Hanches , because his Hinder-Leggs are made like our Armes ; only he hath a Joynt more , which is the Stifling-Joynt . You see plainly , now , What an excellent , and most Rare thing it is , to keep a Horses inward Hinder-Legg out in all manner of things that are in the Mannage ; and in whatsoever you Work him , it is the absolute Quintessence of the Mannage ; and without it is nothing Right , but most False , because of abundance of Irreparable Errors ; whereas with it all things are Right , and most True. This hath been Studied to the Purpose , and no Horse but is perfectly Made with it , and all is to put his inward Hinder-Legg out in all things ; and being put out thus , he must bow in the Gambrels , because his Hinder-Leggs are made like our Armes . And this is that which none either Knows , or have Thought of ; and therefore Mark it , Remember it , and Practice it if you can ; and if you cannot , do not find Fault with a thing , because you cannot do it : For , certainly no Man is Born to all Professions , by Inspiration , but with great Study , Diligence , Care , Patience , and long Practice : No Man being Born with so Supream a Witt above others , as to do ( assoon as he sees it ) any thing that hath been so many Years another Mans Study . To put a Horse UPON the HANCHES : On which I insist the More , because it is the End of all our Work and Labour in the Mannage ; For , Without it , no Horse can Possibly go Well . A Horse can never go Well upon the Hanches , but his Fore-parts must be Wrought ; for , in that Manner , when you Stop him , you pull his Fore-parts , and that puts him upon the Hanches , because you pull his Fore-parts Down , and In : When you pull him Back , you put him upon the Hanches , because you pull his Fore-parts Down , and In ; When you make him go Terra a Terra ; when you Work the Inward Reyn , on which Hand soever he goes , so you Press him on the outside , and put In his outward Hanch , then you put him upon the Hanches , because you pull him Down on the outside , with the Inward Reyn of the Bridle , on either Hand . So ( My Way ) with the Cavezone Tied to the Pommel , or Tied to the Girthes , if he be Prest on the outside , and his outward Hanch put In , puts him upon the Hanches , because the Cavezone pulls Down his Head , and In. And believe me , The Cavezone thus , puts him more on the Hanches , than any thing ; but if you Press him on the Inside of the Turn , ( though you do pull Down his Head ) he is off of the Hanches , because his outward Hanch goes out , and therefore puts him on the Shoulders . You see then , That whatsoever pulls a Horse Head Down , and In , puts him upon the Hanches ; or that Naturally he puts his Head Down . As for Example ; a Horse that goes In Caputiato ; which is , To Arm himself against the Bitt , is easily put upon the Hanches ; and being upon the Hanches , he is Leight of the Hand . To Strike a Horse on the Knees with your Rodd , when he Rises before , pulls him Down , and In , and therefore puts him upon the Hanches . There is no Horse that holds Up his Head , but he is off of the Hanches ; nor any Horse that Rises High before , but is off of the Hanches ; nor any Horse in Terra a Terra , when his Head is pull'd Down , and In , but goes on the Hanches , if he be Rid as he Ought to be . The Reason is this ; No Horse can go on the Hanches , that doth not Bow in the Gambrels , or Hinder-Houghs : Whensoever a Horse Rises High before , he is Stiff in the Gambrels of necessity , and therefore off of the Hanches ; nor doth a Horse hold Up his Head very High , but it Stiffens his Gambrels , and therefore off of the Hanches ; nor can any Horse go Low before , but of necessity he must Bend in the Gambrels , either going Down a Hill , or Turn'd in the Stable , which makes his Hinder-parts Higher than his Fore-parts ; but he must Bend in the Gambrels , and therefore must be upon the Hanches , and so his Croup In : But if his Croup be out , he is upon the Shoulders , though his Head be Down . So many a Horse ( as also Hunting and Travelling Geldings ) go horribly upon the Shoulders , though their Heads be Down ; but indeed they are all upon the Shoulders except in the Mannage . For Example ; A Horses Fore-Legs are made like our Legs , the Knees outword ; but a Horses Hinder-Leggs are made like our Arms , just contrary : So that whensoever a Horse is Raised High before , it Stiffens him in the Gambrels ; and when he holds Up his Head , it Stiffens him in the Gambrels . So on the contrary , whensoever his Head is pull'd Down , of Necessity he must Bend in the Gambrels ; for he cannot do otherwise , if he be Prest , otherwise not . I labour this Point the more , because you shall clearly see what puts him on the Hanches , and what puts him off of the Hanches ; that so you may Shun the one , and Take the other , which is , to put him on the Hanches , because that is the End of all our Labour , and the Quintessence of our Art ; for , without a Horse be upon the Hanches , he can never be a Ready-Horse , or Leight on the Hand ; but there is no Rule without an Exception , and that is , you may pull Down a Horses Head , and yet not upon the Hanches ; which is , when you Work his Shoulders D'une piste , Legg and Reyn on the Inside , though his Head be pull'd Down , he cannot be on the Hanches , because you put it out , and Press him on the Inside : No more when his Croup is In , if he be Prest on the Inside , his Croup goes out a little , and therefore cannot be upon the Hanches , though his Head be pull'd Down , because you put his Hanch out : This is good to give him an Apuy upon the Barrs , and Supple his Shoulders ; but it cannot put him on that which you put away , that were too great a Miracle , indeed an Impossibility . Pulling Down his Head , and In , puts him upon the Hanches , at a Stop ; and pulling Down his Head , and In , when you make him go Back , puts him upon the Hanches ; and when you pull Down his Head and In , and Raise him , it puts him upon the Hanches ; and when you Press him on the outside of the Turn in Terra a Terra , it puts him upon the Hanches ; when you pull Down his Head and In , either with the Cavezone , or the Bridle ; and so pulling Down his Head , and In , pressing him on the outside of the Turn , puts him upon the Hanches in Terra a Terra , or upon his Walk in Passager : And this ( I am sure ) is sufficient to put a Horse upon the Hanches , which is the Elixir of the Mannage , and is done when his Head is Down , and In , and Prest ; that is , when you pull Down his Head , that you press him with the Heels , or Leggs , otherwise not ; for , if a Horse holds Down his Head to Drink , he is not on the Hanches , for then he Bows rather Before , than Behind , and is on the Shoulders ; therefore he must be prest ; so if he holds Up his Head , it Works nothing on the Hanches , but the contrary . A short Trott puts a Horse upon the Hanches , so a short Trot D'une piste , Legg and Reyn on a side , puts a Horse upon the Hanches , because his inward Hinder-Legg is put out ; his Head to the Wall puts him upon the Hanches ; and nothing puts him more on the Hanches than a Leight Hand ; for when he hath nothing to Rest on Before , then he will rest Behind , which is upon the Hanches . There are many Reasons why we Work a Horse so much , to put him upon the Hanches , which I have shewed you before ; but there is one Reason more , and that is this : A Horse's Croup , or Hanches , bears nothing but his Tayl , which is very Leight ; but his Shoulders hath his Neck and Head to Bear , which is more ; and therefore we put him upon the Hanches , to Poyse him , and to Relieve his Shoulders , and to make him Leight on the Hand . Thus much for Dressing all manner of Horses upon the Ground , to make them Obey Perfectly both Hand and Heel , and to put them upon the Hanches , which is the Master-Piece of our Art. Here Ends the Second Part. THE THIRD PART , For Dressing and Making of Horses in all SEVERAL AYRES , MY NEW WAY . YOu must in all Ayres follow the Strength , Spirit , and Disposition of the Horse , and do nothing against Nature ; for Art is but to set Nature in Order , and nothing else : But to make a Horse Gallop and Change , and to go Terra a Terra , is for the most part Forced ; and in Passadoes the like : For , if a Horse be Impatient , he will hardly go well in Passadoes . No other Ayres are to be Forced , but every Horse is to Chuse his own Ayre , unto which Nature hath most Fitted him , which you may easily see , when he is Tied Short to the Single Pillar My Way . For Corvets , a Horse ought to have a great deal of Patience : And the Ayre of Corvets gives a Horse Patience with Discreet Riding , ( as they say ) but I have seldom seen that Discreet Riding ; I doubt there is a Mistake in it , which is this : First the Horse hath Patience , and then that Horse goes in Corvets ; but seldom Impatient Horses are made Patient by Corvets : So seeing most Horses that go well in Corvets , to have Patience , they think Corvets gives them Patience , when it is Patience that gives them Corvets . But there is no Rule without an Exception , yet I doubt I am in the Right ; for , though some Young Horse may ( by Chance ) go in Corvets , yet I assure you , for the most part , Horses must have a great deal of time , with the Custom of often Repetitions ; to be in some Years , and to have Gray-Hairs in their Beard , before they will be Settled , and Firm'd , to go certainly in Corvets , both Forwards , and upon their Voltoes ; therefore it is an Errour in those that think they can force Corvets , if the Horse's inclination be not to go in that Ayre ; for I have known many Horses , that all the Force in the world would never make go in Corvets ; their Disposition being against it : Corvets is an Ayre , built only of Art ; for if the Horse be not perfectly in the Hand and the Heels , and upon the Hanches , he will never go in Corvets : Yet I must Tell you , This New Way of Mine will make Horses go in Corvets , which by no other Way would have been brought to it , and it seldom or never Fails me . For Leaping Horses , there are Four several Ayres , which are Croupadoes , Balotadoes , Capriols , and a Pace and a Leap ; the Heighth of these may be all alike , but not the Manner ; though the Horse that goes the Longest time , must needs go the Highest . Croupadoes is a Leap , where the Horse pulls up his Hinder-Leggs , as if he drew , or pull'd them up into his Body . Balotadoes is a Leap where the Horse offers to Strike out with his Hinder-Leggs , but doth not ; and makes only an Offer , or Half strokes ; shewing only the Shooes of his Hinder-Leggs , but doth not Strike , only makes an Offer , and no more . Capriols is a Leap , that when the Horse is at the full Heighth of his Leap , he Yerks , or Strikes out his Hinder-Leggs , as neer , and as eeven Together , and as far out as ever he can Stretch them ; which the French call , Nouer l'Esquillette , which is , To tie the Point . A Pace and a Leap , is , as it were three Ayres ; the Pace Terra a Terra , the Raising of him a Corvet , and then a Leap : These Ayres can never be Forc't to go Well in them , in spight of their Poynsons , but what Nature ordains them ; for , they are called , Well-Disposed Horses . What belongs to Leaping Horses ( according to the Old Opinion ) are these things : A Horse of huge and vast Strength , an excellent Mouth , perfect good Feet ; in which last they have not said Amiss , for good Feet are very Requisite , else the Horse dares never Leight on them , for fear of Hurting them ( no more than a Man that hath the Gout , dares Leap ) and so will never Rise . I could wish a good Mouth , ( which is a good Apuy ) neither too Hard , nor too Soft , but to suffer a good Apuy upon the Barrs , and so to suffer the Curb , which is to be understood a good Mouth : yet I must tell you , the rarest Leaping Horse that ever I saw , or Rid , went not at all upon the Curb , but only upon the Barrs of his Mouth , which I do not Commend ; but it is better to have him Leap so , being so rare a Horse , than to be so Over-Curious as not to have him Leap at all , because he went not upon the Curb . That they must be very Strong Horses to be Leaping Horses , is a very great Errour ; for , it is not the Strongest Horses that is fittest for the Delight of the Mannage , and especially not for Leaping Horses ; for I have seen many Strong Horses , that must be Galloped very long before you could Abate the strength of their Chines ; and all that while they would do nothing but Yerk , and fetch disordered Counter-times of False Leaps , and the best Horse-men in the World could never make them Leaping Horses : So it is not Strong , but Well-disposed Horses ; for the best Leaping Horses that ever I Knew , were the Weakest Horses I have seen . Take one of the Guard , the Strongest Fellow that is , and I will bring a Little Fellow that shall Out-Leap him many a Foot ; yet that Strong Fellow would Crush that Little Fellow to Death in his Armes : So 't is not Strength , but Disposition fits Horses for Leaping . But some will say , That a little Man's Strength is above his Weight , and the great Man's Weight is above his Strength ; but that is not so ; for the great Man's Strength shall be more above his Weight , than the little Man's Strength above his , and yet the little Man shall Out-Leap him . Nay , two Little Men of Equal Strength , the one shall Leap excellently , and the other not ; and more , a Weaker little man shall Out-Leap the Stronger , and sometimes a Weak slender slim Fellow will Out-Leap a Knit strong Fellow ; so that it is nothing but Disposition , which Nature gives , and not Art : Sometimes a Strong great Fellow will Out-Leap a little Man , but that is seldom , because their Spirits are more Dilated , Assunder , and Diffused , than in little men : The like I will assure you in Horses , as I have told you of men ; there may be a Strong Horse disposed for Leaping , and that no doubt is an Excellent Horse ; but for the most part they are but Weak Horses , that are disposed for Leaping ; sometimes a Horse finds himself so Pincht with Corvets upon the Hanches , being Weak , that he finds Ease in Leaping . Thus you see , that Leaping Horses are disposed by Nature , and not Art , being full of Spirit , and Leight ; so that Horse-men hath nothing to do in making Leaping Horses , but only to give them the time , which is all the Art ought to be used to a Leaping Horse ; and he that thinks to shew more Art in a Leaping Horse , will but shew his Ignorance and Folly. A Pace and a Leap is an Ayre , in which Horses commonly go when they have not a good Apuy ; for the Pace puts him upon the Hand , and gives him a Rise to Leap like one that Runs before he Leaps , and so may Leap Higher than he that goes every time a Leap. Thus I have shewed you these Ayres , Corvets , Croupadoes , Balotadoes , Capriols , and a Pace , and a Leap , which Nature must do more than Art : Two Paces , and three Paces , and a Leap , are not comely , and are indeed rather a Gallop Galliard , than can be called an Ayre . My New Way at the SINGLE PILLAR , Which is Most Effectual and Operative for the Dressing of all Horses in all Ayres whatsoever . FIrst bring the Horse Sadled , and Bridled , and put him under the Button , and then let a Groom take the inward Cavezone's Reyn for the Right-Hand , and Lap it about the Single Pillar , and make it very short , ( but where he Holds it Higher than where 't is Tied to the Ring of the Cavezone ) and let another Groom hold the Long Reyn of the Cavezone on the other side , in his Hand , with a Poinson in the other Hand , to Prick him if he should put out his Croup too much ; and one behind him with a Rod , to keep him from going Backwards ; and then let the Cavalarizzo Raise him De firme a firme , which is in a place : A little at first must satisfie you , for , Rome was not Built in a day . Thus Tying him short , he cannot Rise High , and therefore to find his Ease , he goes upon the Hanches ; for he is forced to it : After he is Used so a little , two Rodds is the best Help , one upon the Shoulder , and the other under his Belley , which puts him upon the Hanches . Tie him so still with the same Reyn , and when he is perfect De firme a firme , then make him go upon his Voltoes with two Rods in your Hands , Helping Before with one Rod , and the other under his Belley ; and be you on the outside of the Horse , and he will go upon his Voltoes perfectly . Tie him so still with the same Reyn , and Help him with both your Rods as before , and be on the outside of him , and then go forwards , and Face the Horse , and he will go in Corvets upon his Voltoes Backwards perfectly ; which I never saw but this Way . Tie him with the same Reyn still , and you may make him go Side-ways in Corvets . Now Tie the Left Reyn ( as you did the Right ) short , which doth the Business ; and do in all things as I told you for the Right-Hand ; and thus the Horse goes perfectly on both Hands , in Corvets in a Place , upon his Turns , Backward upon his Voltoes , and Side-ways , without any body on him , which was never Known or Seen before . When the Horse goes perfectly thus , then get upon him , the Reyn still Tied very short , and make him go as you did before in every thing , and you may make him go in all other Ayres the same Way . HOW TO DRESS A HORSE PERFECTLY In Corvets without Pillar , which is the surest Way . WHen you Work a Horse upon Corvets , before you do that , you must make a Horse to Rise perfectly in Passadoes , which is High Before , and to stay upon the Hand , using the Cavezone still ; and this Forward , and not upon Circles at the first by any means : Then to make him go in Corvets , Tie the Cavezone's Reyn from the Wall , to keep that Hinder-Legg to his other Hinder-Legg that is next the Wall , and begin with two or three Corvets , and then Walk him again , and then Corvet him again ; and if you Feel him on the Hand , and he goes forwards with it , he will Quickly be Drest ; and if he goes Forwards too much , let him make his Corvets in a place , and pull him Back , and then make him go in Corvets . When your Left Shoulder is to the Wall , you must Tie the right Cavezone's Reyn to the Pommel , which doth not only keep Back his Hinder-Legg on the same side the Cavezone's right Reyn is Tied , but it also Supples his Shoulders extreamly , and prepares him ; nothing like it to go upon Voltoes on the right Hand . When your Right Shoulder is to the Wall , then you must Tie the Left Cavezone's Reyn to the Pommel , for the same Reasons , and work him in Corvets , as I told you before ; and this will prepare him , and make him go upon his Voltoes on the Left-Hand ; and no Lesson better at the First . There is another rare Lesson for Corvets , which is this ; Tie the Right Cavezone's Reyn to the Pommel , and let him go on the Left-Hand , Legg and Reyn on a side , as if his Head was to the Pillar ; and Raise him so in Corvets , two or three times , his Croup out ; and then Walk him , and then Corvet him in the same Manner : This keeps out his Inward Hinder-Legg , and so Supples him to the Hand and Heel , that there is nothing like it ; but though he goes on the Left-Hand , he is Suppled for the Right-Hand . The Left-Hand is the same ; you must Tie the Left Cavezone's Reyn to the Pommel , and go on the Right-Hand , his Croup out , and help Legg and Reyn on a side , and so do in all things else , as you did before ; and thus he shall never be Entier , but most Supple both to Hand and Heel . To put him upon Corvets on his Voltoes , the inward Cavezone's Reyn must still be Tied to the Pommel , and his Croup must not be In too much ; but rather D'une piste , for teaching of him , and to keep out the inward Hinder-Legg is the Business : Help a little with the outward Reyn of the Bridle , and make him go three or four Corvets , and then Walk him , and then Corvet him again ; and so Diminish your Walk , and Augment your Corvets , until he makes a perfect Turn in Corvets ; and when he is Perfect , then let the Horse go upon his Voltoes Byas in Corvets , and that 's the Perfection in Voltoes : You must always ( in Corvets ) help with the outward Reyn , not only to keep him up , but to give him the Ply , and to make him go Byas , and not help with your Leggs at all . If you find he Hastens too much , then Raise him High in Passadoes , and keep him upon the Hand , and Help him with the Rod upon the Shoulders and Leggs , to make him bend them ; which is the only Grace in all Ayres whatsoever : This , and thus Working of him upon his Voltoes , either D ▪ une piste , or his Croup in upon Passadoes , will make him go Rarely in Corvets . To make a Horse go Side-ways in Corvets , help only with the Bridle , and put his Head to the Wall ; and on the Right-Hand , help with the outward Reyn , and let the Horse go Byas ; that is , his Shoulders before his Croup ; and let him go three or four Corvets Byas , and then Walk him Byas ; and then Corvet him Byas again , and so Walk him , and Corvet him ; and by little and little Diminish his Walking , and Augment his Corvets , until he goes all in Corvets , which he will soon do , and very perfectly . For the Left-Hand , using the outward Reyn , and the Horse being Byas , do in every thing , as I told you before for the Right-Hand ; and the Horse will very soon go Byas , and very Perfectly . To make the Horse go in Corvets Backward , Pull the Horse back , and then make him go three or four Corvets in a place , and then pull him back again , and then Corvet him in a place again ; and thus pulling him back , and Corvetting him in a place , Diminishing the pulling Back , and Augmenting the Corvets , he will at last go Backward in Corvets as perfectly as can be . To go Forwards in Corvets , you must always Help with the Reyn to the Wall ; to Inlarge him Before , and to Narrow him Behind ; because he Leads with his Fore-parts , and his Hinder-parts follow to keep the Ground that his Fore parts hath got ; his Fore-parts being at Liberty , and his Hinder-parts Prest . To go Backwards in Corvets , you must always Help with the Reyn to the Wall ; to Narrow him Before , and Inlarge him Behind , to be there at Liberty , because he Leads with his Hinder-parts , and his Fore-parts follow , to keep the Ground that his Hinder-parts hath got ; his Hinder-parts being at Liberty , and his Fore-parts prest , your Hand is to be Low , that the Horse may not go too High , and your Body a little Forward , to give his Hinder-parts Liberty to Lead , and not Help with the Leggs at all , but with the Hand every time to pull him Back , as he Falls to the Ground . For Side-wayes in Corvets , you must Help with the outward Reyn and outward Legg ; that is , you must pull that Reyn on which Hand soever he goes , and your contrary Legg ; and that 's right for Side-ways . Knowing how to Help him Forwards , Backwards , and of each Side , in Corvets , put those together , and then you may make him do the Cross when you please , without any Difficulty . For the Saraban in Corvets , it must be with the outward Reyn , which is to be pull'd first on one Side , and then on the other Side , in every Corvet , from side to side , Helping only with your Hand ; your outward Shoulder following it , and not Helping with your Leggs at all . All Ayres must be quick from the Ground , and are to Stay upon the Hand ; that is , to Soutenir , or hold him there , but it must be Gently ; a leight , and a firm Hand , Helping every time . If a Horse beats upon the Hand , it is , because he doth not Obey the Curb ; and in that case , you must Raise him very High in Passadoes , and hold him there , which puts him upon the Curb ; and if this will not do , then Gallop him upon a straight Line by a Wall , or otherwise ; and from his Gallop stay him upon the Hand , and let him go in Corvets ; or let him Gallop forward Le petit Gallop , and Stop him , and then Raise him three or four Passadoes very High , and hold him on the Hand when he is Up , and this will cure him ; if not , then Trot him , and Stop him good hard Stops ; and pull him Back : And upon the same Circles D'une piste , Gallop him , and Stop him , and pull him Back , and this will Settle him on the Hand , I warrant you ; your Stirrups being of an equal Length , except one of your Leggs was Shorter than the other , and rather a Hole shorter than too Long ; but still that you may Sit straight ; not so Short as the Italians , or the Spaniards , but that you may Sit upon your Twist , and Straight upon your Stirrups . THE TRUE WAY FOR CORVETS . THe Seat is to be just as in Terra a Terra , but not so Stiff , nor so Oblique ; the Bridle-Hand eeven with his Neck , the Knuckles towards his Neck on which Hand soever he goes ; but the Hand still eeven with his Neck , two or three Fingers above the Pommel , and a little Forward , and no Help but Soutenir , and in good time , according to the Horses time ; for every Horse takes his own time . Quick it must be from the Ground , and to stay in the Ayre upon the Hand , your Body alwayes Going to that which Comes to you ; that is , To Bend a little to him as he Rises ; but so Insensibly , that the Beholders cannot perceive it . You are to Sit as Forward to the Pommel as you can , being straight , and your Thighes and Knees as close as if they were Glued to the Saddle , but your Toes down , that you may be Weak in the Hams ; that is , to have your Nerves Weak from the Knees down-wards , and Strong from the Knees upwards , and not touch your Horse with the Leggs , nor Help with your Leggs at all ; but to leave his Croup free to follow his Fore-parts that Leads . For when the Horse is between the Pillars , or at the Single Pillar My Way , and no body on him , yet he goes as just as can be , and yet there is no Leggs that Helps him , therefore you must not Help with your Leggs at all ; for , if you Help with your outward Legg , he thinks he must go Terra a Terra ; and if he doth go in Corvets , he goes all Awry , and Leans on the outside ; and if you Help with the inward Legg , then he puts out his Croup , and Leans all on the inside ; and if you Help with both your Leggs , it Presses him too much , and makes him go too quick a time ; therefore the Right way is not to Help with your Leggs at all . This is for a Horse that goes Perfectly ; but if a Horse puts In his Croup too much , you must put it out with your inward Legg ; and if he puts out his Croup too much , then you must put it In with your outward Legg : But Remember alwayes , that your Horse goes Byas upon his Circles , his Fore parts always to Lead , which is Oblique : And this is the Exact way for Corvets . OF CORVETS upon VOLTOES , AND To Change upon them . SIt straight , a little Oblique ; help not with the Leggs at all , until you Change ; the Toes down to unbrace your Nerves , and your Hand eeven with his Crest , or Neck , and only Soutenir , and not help every time , but ( in Musical time ) according to the time of the Horse , for every Horse takes his own time ; though all Ayres should be quick from the Ground , and to stay upon the Hand , and help with the Rod in a just time , either Cross his Neck , or on the inside , which you please , as you find occasion : And as the Horse is thus going upon his Voltoes in Corvets on the Right-Hand , when you would Change him , put your Right-Legg gently to him , and then hold him Up with your Hand a little , on the inside of his Neck , the Knuckles alwayes towards his Neck , on which Hand soever you go ; and as soon as he hath Changed , then take your Right-Legg from him , as before , and help not with the Leggs at all , only the poise is to be a little on the outside . Now you are on the Left-Hand , when you would Change again , put your Left-Legg gently to him , and your Hand to hold him up a very little on the inside of the Turn , and then take away your Left-Legg as before , and help not with the Leggs at all . The Reason why ( upon his Changes ) I begin with the Legg , and not the Hand , is this : If I began with the Hand , he would Stop ; and if I did Turn my Hand , his Croup would go out , and be Lost , and therefore I begin with the Legg ; but instantly I hold him up with my Hand , when they are so near together , that none can perceive it : If his Shoulders do not come In enough , you must Turn your Hand , to help with the outward Reyn. And this must be done so Neatly , and Gently , and with so much Art as possibly can be , which is the Quintessence of Changing upon Voltoes in Corvets : For Demy-Voltoes in Corvets , the same way , and the same Helps ; and so for a Demy-Ayre , the same Helps . A Horse that retains his Forces , and is Pareseus , and towards Resty , Corvets is an Ayre that will not agree well with him ; and Horses of great Fire , and Fougue , that are Impatient , are very Improper for all Ayres , as Corvets , Demy-Ayres , and Leaps ; but they are more proper to go upon the Ground ; for , as to Furious Horses , and Impatient , all Ayres augment their Collers , and deprives them of Memory and Obedience . I would have the first Lesson in Corvets to be made leasurely , and high Before , which is Passadoes ; for that ( long time before he brings his Fore-Leggs to the ground ) doth give him means to assure his Hanches , and to firm his Head , and to bend his Fore-Leggs , and to Divert him from Apprehensions , and Unquietness , and to hinder him from Trampling , which is Trepigner . Here I will shew you , How to Dress LEAPING HORSES . WAlk a Horse forward , and then make him make one Leap , and presently Raise him High ; a Passadoe , or two ; and stay him , and keep him upon the Hand , and then Augment your Leaps , and Diminish your Passadoes , and so by little and little he will Leap perfectly ; and after he is perfect upon a right Line forward , then you must put him upon Voltoes , or Circles , and continue the same Method ; but the Circles must be a little Large at first . You must Remember , when you Raise him to Leap , That you Help him with your Rod behind , either one Stroke , or more , as you please , so it be in time ; and that is , when the Horse is Raised , then Help him , but alwayes high Passadoes after he hath Leapt . Remember to Sit Straight , your Stirrups a little shorter , a hole , or so ; for too Short would throw you out of the Saddle , and to Long would disorder your Seat , and make you lose your Stirrups ; your Toes down , to slack your Nerves from the Knees downward , or else the Horse would Bolt forward too much ; for a Leaping Horse should never go Forward above a Foot and a Half at the most ; and when you Raise him , instantly put your Brest out , which makes your Shoulders go a little back ( though insensibly ) to the Beholders ; for , did you not so when the Horse Rises , it would be too late when he Yerks behind , or Raises his Croup . Now I must tell you , that your Knees and Thighes must be as Close as if they were Glu'd to the Saddle ; and for your Bridle-Hand , you must alwayes Help with it the outward Reyn , to bring In his outward Shoulder , to Narrow him Before , and Inlarge him Behind , to Press him on the inside of the Turn , and to be at Liberty without the Turn , that his Croup may go a little Out , and be Free ; for else , How should he Leap , if his Croup were Subjected , or Bound up ? Therefore the outward Reyn is to be Used for all Leaps whatsoever , either Forward , or upon Circles . Here I will Tell you a Secret for the Hand , concerning Leaping Horses ; and that is this : The Bridle being a little Longer than ordinary , Raise him well , and every time put your Hand a little Forward , to Soutenir , and stay him there upon the Hand , as if he hung in the Ayre ; and in every Leap help him so , and take a just time , like a Ball at the Bound . All Leaps are made upon the Hand , and nothing else ; therefore see that the Horse be well Setled upon the Hand , before ever you make him Leap ; for nothing disorders a Horse's Mouth more than Leaps : For , a Pace and a Leap , it must be done the same way . Thus ends the Method for teaching Leaping Horses . A TRUE OBSERVATION IN RIDING . THere is no man , that hath not a Musical Head , that can be a good Horse-man , because all Horses ought to go in a just and Musical time , though the time Varies in every Horse , some Slower , and some Quicker ; and besides , as no man Plays on the Lute , but the same Strings that he Stops with his Left-Hand , he always Strikes with his Right-Hand , or else it would be Ill Musick : So in Riding , whatsoever you Touch , or Help with your Left-Hand , you must Strike with your Heel , or Calf of your Legg , or else it will be Ill Musick on Horse-Back : And therefore a good Horse-man should never Fail to have Hand and Heel to go together , no more than the Musitian his two Hands together . Here Ends the Third Part. THE FOURTH PART , Which Contains all the FAULTS & ERRORS THE HORSE Can commit ; with the Vices , and Horse's Sins in the MANNAGE , And the ways How to Rectifie him , and the Medicines How to Cure him . NO Horse makes a Fault , but it is either in his Shoulders , or his Croup ; either Before , or Behind : That is , He doth either Disobey the Hand or the Heel . If you Work Horses , as I have told you , in the first Lessons , he can never be Entier , which is , Not to Turn ; for , Entier is to put In his Croup , and put Out his Shoulders ; and those Lessons puts Out his Croup , and In his Shoulders , which is contrary to Entier : So that Suppling a Horses Shoulders thus , a Horse can never be Entier ; for indeed , it is the Stifness of his Shoulders , more than his Croup ; and Working as I have told you , he shall never be Entier : But , if he be very Obstinate , pull the Inward Cavezone's Reyn hard to you , and Spur him on the inside , and that will Cure him . If the Horse doth not Obey the Heel , but puts Out his Croup , then his Head to the Wall ( Legg and Reyn contrary ) will Cure him ; if not , then upon his Circles put his Head from the Turn , and Help him with your outward Legg , and Spur him , ( if there be cause ) then bring In your inward Shoulder , which puts In his Croup ; but his Leggs go False : If this will not do , then pull the outward Cavezone's Reyn to the Turn , which Infallibly will put In his Croup , but Falser than the other ; because now he is pull'd to Look out of the Turn , and his Croup before his Shoulders , and his Leggs very False ; but what is good for the Stomack , is ill for the Liver , and one must not Rectifie to many things at once ; but when you have Cured the Vice , fall to the True Way of Riding again . When a Horse goes False upon his Terra a Terra , in bringing in his Shoulders too much , and taking too much Ground with his Fore-parts , there is no way to Remedy it , like Tying the inward Cavezone's Reyn as Straight as possibly you can to the Pommel ; for then he hath not so much Room to bring In his Shoulders , though it appears otherwise ; but thus he takes shorter Steps , and less Ground ; and then he is Cured . TO Work only with the Bridle , a Horse that hath the Vice of bringing In his outward Shoulder too much . THis Vice is Disobeying both the Hand and the Heel ; but more the Hand : For , no Horse can bring In his Shoulders too much , but he must put Out his Croup ; and no Horse that bringeth In his Shoulders too much , but he comes into the Turn , and keeps not his Ground ; and if he Rise too High , he hath more Liberty to bring In his outward Shoulder : Then the Business to Recover him of that Vice is , To keep him Low , and to make him go Forward Truly , both with his Leggs and Body , you Sitting in the right Posture as you should , and with true and right Helps for Terra a Terra , as I have shewed you before . Then to Cure him is thus ; sit Oblike as I have shewed you , pulling the inward Reyn , your Hand on the outside of his Neck , your Knuckles towards his Neck ; and to keep him Down , that he shall not Rise too High , your Bridle-Hand as low as his Neck , and that will keep him down ; and there is half his Vice Cured , that he cannot come In so much . And now to keep him from coming In at all ; because his coming In is by reason of his not going Forward : Therefore to make him go Forward , you must Help with both your Leggs ; and as the outward Legg keeps In his Croup , so the inward Legg puts him Forward ; so the Hand Low keeps him Down , and both Leggs puts him Forward , and then he is Cured with right Helps , and goes Truly . This I have tried , and find it to be most true ; where all the other Helps may do , but they are False , both for the Man's Sitting , and the Horse's Going ; therefore I set down none but this , because you should not Use them : Doing Voltoes may be good sometimes , for this Vice may fix his Croup . OBSERVATIONS . MAny Horses , though they can do nothing but Trott , yet when they are Prest in the Mannage , they will make a shuffling Amble ; nay , they will perfectly Amble , which is the worst Action for the Mannage that possible can be ; and therefore to hinder them of that Action , there is nothing better , than to pull in their Heads into the Turn as much as possible you can , and to put them upon as Narrow Circles as you can ; and this will hinder them from Ambling : And to give them the Spurrs soundly , when they Amble , will also put them from Ambling : Many strong Horses will Amble when they are Prest in the Mannage , but commonly Horses Amble out of Weakness , either by Nature , or that they are almost Tyred : As soon as Foles are Foled , we see that they all Amble at first , because they are so Weak ; and after they come to a little strength , then they Trott . There are many Horses , that whensoever they are Prest , they will put up their Heads ; it may be to shun the Pressure of being put upon the Hanches ; for , holding up their Heads puts them off of the Hanches . To Remedy this , Tie the Cavezone , My Way , to the Pommel ; for , that pulls down his Head , and therefore must put him on the Hanches : But the Horse , to hinder that , will Strive still not to be upon the Hanches , by putting out his Croup ; then you must Spurr him on that side until he Obeys you : It may be he casts up his Head , because he doth not Obey the Curb ; then you must Trott him , and Stopp him ; and Gallop him , and Stopp him , and pull him Back ; and this upon the Shoulders , and then he is Cured . Whensoever a Horse goes too much on the Back , and fetches disordered Leaps , there is no way better to Hinder him , than to Hold him well and fast on the Hand ; for , a Slack hand gives him liberty to Leap , when a Stiffer hand hinders him from Leaping . When a Horse uses to go Low in Corvets , and that by much Rest , and many Holly-daies , or but little Riding , the Horse goes too much on the Back ; there is nothing takes him off more , than to put In his Croup , and his outward Hanch , for that subjects his Hinder-parts so much , as he is hindred , and tied up from Crouping , or going upon the Back : But before you come to that , it were very good to Trott and Gallop him so long upon Large Circles , D'une piste , until you find that you have totally abated his Chine , and taken him off of his Back , and then put In his outward Hanch , to subject his Croup again , that he may go on the Hanches , and not to go on the Back . For there is nothing in the World puts a Horse more upon the Hanches , than the Cavezone My Way , tied to the Pommel , and to Press him on the outside of the Turn , that he may Lean on the outside ; that is , to Lean on his outward Legg , that is , on his outward Hinder-Legg , which is done by the inward Reyn cross his Neck , or tied to the Pommel , to put him on the outside . If a Horse will not Trott right , but wrangle in his going , between a false Trott , and a false Gallop ; then tie the inward Reyn of the Cavezone very straight to the Pommel , and put out his Croup very much upon Large Circles ; and if he still doth gumble , and falsify his Leggs , give him the Spurr , within the Turn ; or both Spurrs soundly , and good Stops ; and this Infallibly will make him Trot right , and go just upon his Trott , or Gallop , as he should do . OF A RESTY HORSE . A Resty Horse is he that will not go Forward ; the Way then is , To pull him Backwards , and then he will go Forwards : It seldom Fails ; but if it do Fail , then use your Spurs to the purpose ; and though he Rebels a great while , the Spurs will perswade him at last , being the best Argument you can use to him , if they be given Sharply , ( soundly , and in time ) and are continued until he doth Yeeld , which certainly he will do at last ; for this Remedy never fails ; all other Remedies are Foolish ; you were as good Apply Rose Water and Sugar-Candy to him : Therefore the Spurs does the Business . For all our Old Writers were mightily deceived in it . For a Horse that is Retenu , Paresus , or Contre-Coeur , which is all but a spice of Restiness , be sure to use the Spurs . For a Horse that Falls down upon the Ground , or in the Water ; Bites , or Strikes ; nothing better than the Spurs . But I must tell you , for Vitious Horses , that indangers the Company by Biteing , and Striking , there is no better way than to Geld them ; for that will Cure them , or nothing . But I assure you , that Vitious Horses are very hardly Recovered , or never ; so dangerous a thing it is to have such a Jade , and the Worst , if he be Spoil'd by an Ignorant Rider : And more Horses are Spoil'd by ill Riding , and are made Vitious , than by Nature . OF A RUN-AWAY HORSE . FOr a Run-away Horse , you must have a gentle Bitt , the Curb slack , a gentle Cavezone , that nothing may Hurt his Mouth , or his Nose ; for , certainly sharp Cavezones , and cruel Bitts , hard Curb'd , made Horses Run Away heretofore , making them Desperate . You must also have a Gentle Hand , offend him no way ; and Walk him first without Stopping , but staying of him by little and little ; and then Trott him ; and from his Trott , to his Walk ; and so by little and little stay him : And always make much of him when he Obeys you . And from his Trott , you must Gently Gallop him ; and from his Gallop , to a Trot ; and from his Trot , to his Walk ; and from his Walk , by little and little , stay him , and always with a Gentle Hand . This is to prevent him from Running away . But put the case he doth Run away , What is to be done then ? It is certain , that the more you pull the Cavezone , he will Run the Faster to Oppose you ; and the more you pull the Bridle , and straighten the Curb , hurting him , the more you Pull , the more he will Pull , and Run the Faster ; for Pulling doth no more good , than if you pull'd a Wall : Then if you have Field-Room , when he begins to Run , give him the Spurrs continually , sharply , and soundly , and slack the Bridle , and Spurr him until he begins to slack of himself , and to be contented to stay ; and as often as he begins to Run , use the same way , and at last I dare undertake he will be Cured : For this is the best way in the World for a Run-away Horse . But if you have not Room , and are Circumscrib'd in a Narrow place , then let him Run Circularly , until he is Weary , with a slack Hand : But if you have not Room , the best is , To put him to the Single Pillar , with a good strong Rope ; both which will hold him , and there he can Run but Circularly , and Round ; and give him the Spurrs soundly , until he be weary , and contented to stay ; and this at last , no doubt , will Cure him . Of a Horse that RETAINS his FORCES . WHen a Horse Retains his Forces , you must Gallop him fast , and so Terra a Terra , to put him from thinking ; for it is his Resty thinking , that makes that Vice : And let me tell you , that ill Riders , and Bunglers , at the first , makes ( for the most part ) all these Faults , and Vitious Horses , by ill Riding , correcting them out of time , or else in letting them have their wills too much . Let me tell you for a great Truth , that the worst natured Jade in the world by Nature , is much easier Drest , and reduc'd to Obedience , than a Horse that hath been Spoil'd , and made Resty by ill Riding ; so much worse is an ill Custom continued , than an ill Disposition by Nature : For , a customary Drunkard is hardly Reclaimed , which is not by Nature ; and if Men be so , Horses may well be so too . TO Assure Horses for the Warrs . AS when a Horse is Skittish , and apprehensive of Noise , there are many Inventions , and none of the Best . To stop the Horse's Ears with Wool , that he should not Hear ; that is , to make him Deaf , and to change the Vice for the disease of Deafness ; but the Vice remains still . What if the Wool should fall out ? Then you would find he was not Cured . But you may also be deceived , for it may be it is another Sense ; that 's Sight : And being afraid of Fire , when the Guns are Fired , Would you put Spectacles on him to make him both Deaf and Blind ? They are great Follies . Therefore you must use him by little and little , to Shott , both to the Noise and Sight of the Fire ; to Drums , Trumpets , and Colours ; and the Custom of them will make him indure it , and go constantly upon any of them ; Sword , or any thing ; for Custom doth all things with Men , and so with Horses . You should teach him to Leap Hedge , Ditch , and Rail ; for all these are the Useful things for a Souldiers Horse ; as also to Swim well is very necessary . OF VITIOUS HORSES . WHen a Horse Bites at his Shoulders , and at his Bitt , and at his Riders Leggs , and Rises , and turns Round , ready to come Over : The best Remedy that I know , is , To Ride him without a Cavezone , to Offend him as little as may be ; and to Tie the Nose-band as straight as you can ; as also to have another Nose-band below , where the Bitt is tied ; and to tie that as straight as possibly can be ; so straight , as he cannot open his Mouth : And when the Horse finds that he cannot Bite , he will Leave those Jadish Tricks in a little time . And because the Spurrs , given him out of time , appear to be the cause of his Vitiousness , and Restiness , therefore do not give him the Spurrs of a great while , but only Trot him upon Large Circles , and Walk him Quietly , and Peaceably ; and when you have gained him to this Point , upon a peaceable and little Gallop , you may then touch him with the Spurrs , but very gently , only to make him Feel them , and no more ; and this way will Cure him , or else nothing . THE Old way for Trench and Martingal . THis Way is to no purpose at all to Dress a Horse , since the end of Riding is , To go with the Bitt ; for , with the Trench and Martingal , you must use both Hands , and you have not a third Hand for the Sword ; but with the Bitt , your Left-Hand governs the Horse , and your Right-Hand is free for the Sword : But I will let you see , that to use the Trench and Martingal , is just so much time lost , as you Ride Horses with it , and no preparation at all for the Bitt : For first , the Trench hath no Curb , therefore they will not understand the Curb by it , because it hath none . Then Secondly , there is no Trench in the world , or Snaffle , that ever wrought upon the Bars of a Horse , but upon his Lips , and the Weeks of his Mouth . So , what preparation is there in the Trench for the Bitt , when the Trench can neither make him understand the Curb , nor the Bars ? And the Bitt Works only upon those two places , Curb , and Bars ; and without those two , no Horse can be a Ready-Horse . Nay , pull down the Horses Head as much as you can with the Martingal , or the Trench , it shall never work upon his Bars ; the Snaffle is the same ; for the Trench is but a great Snaffle : Then for the Martingal , use it never so long , the Horse shall not be setled one jot the better when you take it off . So now you may see how unuseful a folly the Trench and Martingal is , for the Dressing of Horses ; meerly so much time lost to no purpose , and labour in vain , and disordering the poor Horse ; so that I wonder at the Horse-men , that had no more Wit than to use it . It is the Bitt , with the Cavezone , and the true Art of Riding , that Makes , and Dresses Horses perfectly , and not the Trench and Martingal ; no , nor the Martingal with the Bitt , if it be tied to the Arches of the Bitt , for then the Curb never Works ; no , nor the New-fashioned Martingal , that is tied to the Cavezone , for it hinders the operation of the Bitt . OF THE FALSE REYNS . TO work Horses with False Reyns , is very False working ; for , being tied to the Arches of the Bitt , and pulling it , that slacks the Curb ; and so no Horse shall be firm , and setled with it ; for , that Horse that doth not suffer the Curb , shall never be a Ready-Horse ; so it makes the Bitt like a Snaffle . There is no way but the Cavezone , and the Bitt , to Settle and Dress Horses withal perfectly ; and when a Horse is perfectly setled upon the Hand , ( then being put upon the Hanches ) he will go so perfectly , and Easily , as you shall hardly feel him upon the Hand , the Bridle will be so slack , and he will go so just . If you Work , as this Book Instructs you , you shall never have any Horse Vitious in any kind , if no body else have Rid him ; and after he is Drest to that Perfection , he will hardly make you a Fault , if you Work as you should do . Of the Follies of some People , thinking they can Make Leaping-Horses . THere are many presumptuous Fellows , as Ignorant as they are Presumptuous , that Laughing , say , They will make any Horse a Leaping-Horse . Why ? Because they will make him Leap over a Stick , like a Jack-anapes , or a Dogg ; or make a Horse Leap over a Barrel , a Rail , Hedge , or Ditch . If that were all , we should have many Leaping-Horses ; for , I know hardly any Horse but will do it , without any great Art : God help their Ignorance , poor Fools ! For , a Horse to Leap so , is not the same Leaping , as a Horse Leaps in the Mannage . First , for their Horses that Leaps over Hedge and Ditch , and of their fashion ; they lay the Reyns in his Neck , and puts him Forward , which is a Leap of their Fashion , but not a Leap in the Mannage : And where they give him the Reyns to Leap , we hold him , and help him up with the Hand to Leap ; and so with our Heels , if it need , at the same time : And thus the Horse Obeys both the Hand and the Heels , at the same time ; hath an excellent Mouth , and a good Apuy , both upon the Bars , and the Curb . A Gentle-mans Hunts-Boy , though he can Leap his Masters Gelding over a Hedge , will not make him Leap upon the Bars and the Curb with his Snaffle ; since his Snaffle hath no Curb , and his Snaffle never works upon the Bars , but upon the Weeks , and Lips of his Horses Mouth : Besides , our Horses will Leap so in a place , and not at Leap-Frogg , as their Horses , or at Barley-break , to Leap two or three Yards forward without feeling of his Mouth . Thus doth Ignorance Talk of things they do not Know : Nay , some Horse men hath been so foolish , as to think they could make a Leaping-Horse , with laying Fur-bushes for him to Leap over , which is the same as a Hedge ; so foolish they have been : And now you see the truth of this , truly Anatomized to you . OF A Horse that goes Incaputiato , which is , when he Armes himself against the Bitt . OUr Learned Authors are mightily mistaken about this Vice , as they call it , saying , A Horse is at no Command , and hard on the Hand , because the Branches rests upon his Neck , or Shoulders , and you cannot pull , or help him with your Hand at all ; wherein they are horribly deceived : For , I have had Horses that have Armed themselves against the Bitt , as much as any Horse could do , and yet were as sensible to the Hand , and as leight on the Hand , as any Horse in the World ; so they are mightily mistaken : For , if the Horse goes perfectly upon the Hanches , he must be leight on the Hand , let him Arm , or his Head be never so Low ; and therefore they are Deceived that thinks otherwise . This should have been put in the Second Part. FOr Terra a Terra , you must Help with the Inward Reyn ; Press him on the Outside , and your Outward Shoulder a little Down ; and then his Outward Shoulder cannot come In , as it doth with the other Way before-mentioned : And thus the Horse is Prest all on the Outside of his outward Hinder-Legg , and so upon the Hanches ; which in the other is upon the Shoulders , and the Horse being Prest on the Outside , his Leggs are at Liberty , to Lead on the Inside , and so he goes Eeven , and not Cross ; which is the exact and right Terra a Terra . AN EPITOMY OF HORSE-MANSHIP . In all Ayres you must Help with the Outward Reyn. FIrst for Corvets ; you must Help with the outward Reyn , and if the Horse be not on the Hanches enough , you must Soutenir more , not give him a time , but hold him up more upon the Hands : And if his Croup go Out , you must put your outward Legg a little to him ; and if he put his Croup In too much , you must put your inward Legg a little to him , and turn your Hand a little more , just over his Neck , and only turn it up , but not within his Neck . You must help with the outward Reyn to bring In his outward Shoulder ; for if that did not come In , he could not Turn upon Voltoes ; and so his Croup is a little at Liberty , which makes him go the easier , freer , and at more Liberty to go straight forward . To go Byas , on either Hand , you must still help with the outward Reyn , and Soutenir ; that is , hold him up , without giving him a time : For , the Horse gives himself a time better than you can , and you must help with the outward Legg ; that is , Legg and Reyn of a side , but both on the outside still . To make him go Back in Corvets , use the outward Reyn ; but here you must give him a time with your Hand every cadance that he makes , and your Hand closer to your Body ; not to pull him Back , but to give him a time ; and as he Falls , that time is to be a little Back , but not above a Straw breadth : Let your Body be a little Forward , your Leggs a little Back , and Sit not too Strong . OF DEMY — AYRES . YOu must use the very same Helps , as in Corvets , in every thing : For , when his Croup is within the Voltoe , if you Help , as I have told you , ( so you put him forward ) he will go easily , and just , as a Horse should always go forward , in every thing , but when you will pull him Back . OF LEAPS . USe the outward Reyn still , but you must Soutenir more ; that is , to hold him up Harder , and not to give him a time , but still to hold him up , for the Horse gives himself the best time ; and do not Help with your Leggs , but only Hands and Rod ; and the Rod under Hand , and Help him in time , and as much upon the Dock as you can , to make him Strike Out . Upon Voltoes use the outward Reyn ; but here his Croup must be a little out , to give him Liberty , for else he could not go , if his Hanches were subjected ; and he must go Larger upon his Voltoes , as if he went forward with all the Liberty that may be ; for this is a forcible Ayre . OF PASSADOES . STill use the outward Reyn , to bring In his outward Shoulder ; and so in Demy-Voltoes . So in the Piroyte , with the outward Reyn ; but not to Turn the Hand on the inside of his Neck , and keep him Low. To Gallop and Change , with the outward Reyn still . OF TERRA A TERRA . HEre you are to use the inward Reyn , for now you must keep the outward Shoulder Back , and give his inward Shoulder Liberty , that he may look into the Turn , rest upon his outward Leggs , and his inward Leggs at Liberty , which you may know by his Neck leaning on the outside . You must know , that the outward Reyn brings In his outward Shoulder , presses him on the Inside , and gives his outward Leggs liberty , and so his Croup goes a little out . Use the outward Reyn in Passager ; for , if his outward Shoulder comes not In , How shall he lap one Legg over another , which they call Incavelar in Italian , and Passager in French ? Now , whatsoever makes his Croup go out upon a Trot , or Gallop large , it works his Shoulders ; so his Croup going out ( Legg and Reyn on a side ) works his Shoulders , because his inward Legg goes out as upon Large Circles , his inward Legg being wrought : This working his Shoulders is an excellent thing for a Young Horse , or an ignorant Horse at first ; for without his Shoulders be Supple , he shall never go : Besides , it keeps him from being Entier , or have the Credenza , which is , Resty in Turning , and is the worst Vice a Horse can have . TO WORK his CROVP . LEgg and Reyn contrary , his Head to the Wall , Works his Croup , so the inward Reyn be pulled . Cross his Neck , Legg and Reyn contrary , his Croup In , works his Croup , so the inward Reyn be pull'd Cross his Neck ; his Croup in , the inward Reyn pull'd hard on the outside , so that his Neck may Lean on the outside , Works his Croup . In his Length the same , and Raise him in Passadoes his Croup In , works his Croup ; and all this puts him upon the Hanches to Boot , which is all our business . Now , as you are Working his Croup , you must give him the Spur now and then , to make him Flie ; for he never Obeys it , until he Flies it ; it is not a Correction with the Spurr , but a little Touch ; which may be given him upon Large Circles too ; that is , he must Flie it , and yet be upon the Hanches : This touch gently with the Spurr , may be upon any thing ; to thrust him like a Carreer , to stop him , and thrust him away presently again , makes him Obey the Heel perfectly ; Stoping , and going Back , and Raiseing of him , puts him upon the Hanches . You must understand , that a Horse having two Hinder-Leggs , when his inward Hinder-Legg is put out , by the outward Reyn , then his outward Shoulder is wrought , and his Croup out , and not upon the Hanches ; is prest within , and at Liberty without . But when his outward Legg is prest by the inward Reyn , and your outward Legg ; then his Croup is wrought , and he is upon the Hanches ; so the outward Reyn works the Shoulders , and the inward Reyn ( with the outward Legg ) works the Croup , and puts him upon the Hanches ; and the more , if you Raise him in Passadoes . To work his Fore-parts , and his Hinder-parts ; to press him on his Leggs , without the Turn , and at Liberty within the Turn ; to Press him on his Leggs within the Turn , and at Liberty without the Turn ; to Obey the Hand and Heel , and to be upon the Hanches , is all that can be done : And this that I have Written doth it perfectly . Until he be Supple on the Shoulders , and Stop perfectly upon his Trott , and is perfectly setled upon the Hand , he shall never be a Ready-Horse : The way to Supple his Shoulders best , is the Cavezone My Way ; and to pull the inward Reyn to your Knee , which brings In his outward Shoulder ; Galloping puts him upon the Apuy ; but never Gallop him until he Stop perfectly upon his Trott , and that he is so Leight as he offers to Gallop of himself . The Stop upon a Trott , must be hard , and on a Sudden ; the Stop upon a Gallop , with two or three little Falcadoes ; and never Stop and Raise him together , but Stop first , and Raise him afterwards . To Work his Croup , you must use the Cavezone's Reyn Cross his Neck ; which puts him so on the Outside , that you may feel his outward Hanch to go In , and his Neck to Lean on the Outside . So that pulling the Cavezone to your Knee , brings In his outward Shoulder , and Supples his Shoulders ; Presses him on the Inside , and puts him at Liberty on the Outside . So pulling the inward Cavezone's Reyn Cross his Neck , works his Croup ; that is , his outward Hanch being put In , ( Legg and Reyn contrary ) he Leans all on the Outside , and makes him Obey the Heel ; Presses him on the Outside , and gives him Liberty within the Turn : Never Stop him , but put your outward Legg to him ; or else he cannot be upon the Hanches . AN EFFECTUAL DISCOURSE OF HORSE-MANSHIP . CErtainly the Foundation of all Ayres in the Mannage , and the Ground of every thing , is , Trotting , and Stopping , with Looking into the Turn ; a gentle Stop , not too Hard , which puts a Horse upon the Hanches , and settles him upon the Hand ; because it pulls him Down before ; but too Hard a Stop pulls him Up before ; and therefore puts him off of the Hanches . To make him Look into the Turn , the Cavezone , My Way , and pulling the inward Reyn to your Knee , low , or beyond it , brings In his outward Shoulder , and Bends him into the Turn very much ; Supples his Shoulders , Presses him within the Turn , and leaves his Leggs at liberty without the Turn ; and pulling him Down before , makes him Stop well : But see still , that his outward Shoulder comes In , and then he shall never be Entier ; which is the greatest Vice a Horse can have . To Tie the inward Cavezone's Reyn to the Pommel , puts a Horse on the Outside , and presses him there , except your inward Legg puts Out his Croup ; therefore I would have you Tie the inward Cavezone's Reyn to the Girths below , which Presses him within , and gives Liberty to his Leggs without the Turn , and brings In his outward Shoulder : And thus Tied to the Girths , is more powerful , than if you held it in your Hand ; for , many Horses may force your Hand , which they cannot do , when it is Tied to the Girths ; and pulling him Down thus , makes him Stop well . Going Back sometimes , is an excellent thing to put him on the Hanches , to put him on the Hand , and to make him Leight on the Hand , and to make him Advance . For Passager , there is nothing better , than Tying the inward Cavezone's Reyn to the Girths ; for it brings In his outward Shoulder , to lap one Legg over another , and Supples his Shoulders . Passadoes is a rare thing to put a Horse upon the Hand , and prepare him for all Ayres ; it puts him on the Hanches too ; and especially is excellent for Leaping Horses ; and all this with the inward Cavezone's Reyn Tied to the Girthes ; upon a Trott , or Le petit Gallop , it is an excellent thing to give him a little touch with the Spur , to make him Flie it , and Obey it ; but then it must not be abandoned upon the Shoulders , but upon the Hanches , when he feels the Spur. The Cavezone is the Rarest thing in the world for Dressing of Horses ; not only to Preserve their Mouth , but to give them the Ply , which is to Bend them into the Turn , to make them Look into the Turn , to work their outward Shoulder , to bring it into the Turn : And thus to Supple their Shoulders , either upon a Trott , or Gallop D'une piste ; or Passager the Croup In , or Legg and Reyn on a side ; and all this to Supple the Shoulders , which is a prinpal thing . The Cavezone again , ( Legg and Reyn contrary ) works a Horse's Croup ; his Croup out , as if it were to the Pillar , or his Croup In for Passager , or to the Wall ; for Legg and Reyn contrary , works his Croup ; for it puts him on the Hanches , because it Presses him on his outward Leggs , and makes him subject to the Heel ; for he cannot get from it , so Legg and Reyn contrary works his Croup , as the former wrought his Shoulders ; Prest him within , and gave him Liberty without : So this Legg and Reyn contrary Presses him without , and gives him Liberty within . But when you work Legg and Reyn contrary , I would wish you to have the Cavezone's Reyn in your Hand ; for so you will Help him the better . Thus you see how Powerful the Cavezone is to Work Shoulders , or Croup , or any thing for the perfect Dressing of Horses ; so that I will undertake to Dress a Horse better , and more perfectly , with a Cavezone without a Bitt , than with a Bitt without a Cavezone ; therefore use the Cavezone ; but then it must be My Way , or else it is of little effect . Since Trotting , and Stopping upon the Trott , is the Foundation of all Ayres in the Mannage , therefore highly Esteem of it , and Practice it most ; that is , Never do any thing with your Horse , until he Stop perfectly upon his Trott ; for , if you do , you will perfectly Spoyl him for ever . Whether upon a Large Circle D'une piste his Croup Out , upon a Trott , or his Croup In , or straight by a Wall : When you Stop , be sure you put your Body Back , and pull In your Bridle-Hand , but not too Suddenly at first ; and be sure you pull the inward Reyn hard , to put him on the Outside , to rest on his outward Hinder-Legg , which puts him upon the Hanches ; so that you may be sure , at the same time , to Help him with your outward Legg , which certainly will put him Effectually upon the Hanches , which is our main Business , and Work : And therefore do this perfectly , and it will pull Down his Head. ANOTHER LESSON TO Put him upon the HANCHES , which is very Effectual . TO put a Horse upon the Hanches , Tie the inward Cavezone's Reyn to the Girthes , and then Walk him D'une piste , or a short Trott , your inward Legg to him , and be sure he neither puts his Croup Out , nor In ; for if he doth either , this Lesson is of no Force ; but if he doth not , there is nothing puts him more on the Hanches . It is very Material , for the Dressing of Horses in the Mannage , to Know the several Operations of the Inward Cavezone's Reyn ( My Way ) Tied to the Girthes , or Tied to the Pommel . WHen the Inward Cavezone's Reyn is Tied to the Girthes , it Works his outward Shoulder , Presses his Leggs within the Turn , and leaves his Leggs at Liberty without the Turn . It is Excellent to Trott him Large or Narrow D'une piste , or Gallop him Large on Narrow D'une piste , for this Supples his Shoulders , his Croup a little Out , which brings In his outward Shoulder more . It is good also , Legg and Reyn on a side , his Croup Out , to Supple his Shoulders . It is Excellent in Passager , his Croup a little In , to Lap one Legg over another , because his outward Shoulder comes In ; but if you Press his Croup too much In , it is impossible he should go ; because the Reyn , being Tied to the Girthes , Works his outward Shoulder ; and putting his Buttock In too much , puts his outward Shoulder back ; and two Contraries is impossible to be Wrought at once . It is Excellent for Le petit Gallop , his Croup a little In , and proper for it , because it works his Shoulders . The inward Reyn Tied to the Girthes , is proper and excellent for Corvets , because it brings In the outward Shoulder , and so consequently gives a little Liberty to the Croup . In all these Lessons , if his Shoulders come not In enough , you must turn your Bridle-Hand a little , which Works the outward Reyn , and so consequently the outward Shoulder . This Working of the Shoulders , makes all Horses easie ; and thus Wrought , they shall never be Entier . This Tying the inward Cavezone's Reyn to the Girthes , is an Oblike Line within the Turn , and therefore works his outward Shoulder . The inward Cavezone's Reyn , Tied to the Pommel , is an Oblike Line cross his Neck , and this Line puts Back his outward Shoulder , and puts Forward his Inward Shoulder ; Presses him on the Outside , and gives his Leggs Liberty within the Turn , and is most proper for Terra a Terra , which never any found out but my self ; but it is Naught for Corvets , because it subjects his Croup too much ; but this Works his Croup mightily , either Legg or Reyn contrary , his Croup Out ; or Passager , his Croup In ; either in his Length , or a little Larger ; and so to Raise him in Passadoes ; and makes him Infinitely subject to the Heel . But this Oblike Line cross his Neck to the Pommel , is not so powerful , as when I have it in my Hand , and pull it to my outward Shoulder , because the Line is then longer , then when it is Tied to the Pommel . When his Head is to the Wall , ( if you would Work his Shoulders ) then pull the Inward Cavezone's Reyn to your Knee ; if you would Work his Croup , then pull the inward Cavezone's Reyn to your outward Shoulder . There is no doubt , but that , though the inward Cavezone's Reyn be Tied to the Pommel , to Trott him upon Large Circles , or to Gallop him Large , it Works his Shoulders ; but the Reason of that is , because his Croup is out , and then of necessity his outward Shoulder must come In. If you can Work , according to these Precepts , and Apply these Excellent Lessons to the Horse , and see perfectly where the Fault lies , either in his Shoulders , or his Croup , you will Infallibly Make all Horses that ever comes into your Hands ; which I wish you may do , and not find Fault with it , because you cannot do it . For Corvets forward , you must Help with the outward Reyn ; your Hand not on the Inside of his Neck ; but just upon his Neck ; your little Finger turn'd Up , which pulls the outward Reyn ; and the Hand a little Forward , which Works upon the Curb , and to Soutenir , which is to hold him Up : Thus the Curb pinches him a little ; and to give himself Ease of the Curb , he is forced to go upon the Hanches , and that is as I would have him . Which way soever the Branches of the Bitt goes , the Mouth goes alwayes contrary ; you pull the Bridle , and that pulls the Branches Up ; then the Mouth goes down , which puts him upon the Hanches ; for no Horse can be upon the Hanches when his Head is up . This is the Truth in Corvets ; and in all Ayres whatsoever , you must still Help with the outward Reyn , and never give a time with your Hand , but only Soutenir , which is , to Hold him Up ; for the Horse will give himself a better time than you can : But going Backward , you must Help him every time , and with the outward Reyn , your Body a little Forward , and your Leggs a little Back ; and Sit easie upon him , and not too hard . Upon Voltoes in Corvets , use the outward Reyn , and in every thing as I told you before ; only let the Horse go Forward , as if he did not Turn , which ought to be upon all Circles whatsoever , except the Piroyte ; and commonly you are not to Help with your Leggs at all ; but if you do , it must be the outward Legg a little to him . This is the perfection of all Ayres whatsoever . THE QUINTESSENCE OF HORSE — MANSHIP . IF your Horse will not Bend his Shoulders , which is the principal thing , then Tie the Cavezone ( My Way ) to the Girthe , the inward Reyn as strait as you can ; but then you must Work upon nothing but Large or Narrow Circles , his Croup out , either upon a Trott , or a Gallop ; or Legg and Reyn on a side , his Croup out : And this Infallibly will Supple his Shoulders , and he shall never be Resty , nor Entier . But should you put In his Croup when he is Tied so hard , it is so much against Nature , and such a Forced thing , as it is impossible for him to go ; and so , to get what Ease he can , where you think to work his outward Shoulder In , you put it Back , and work his Inward Shoulder ; for the poor Horse hath no other way to Ease himself . and thus Horse-men are deceived ; work against Nature , and Spoil the Horse . But if you would Work his Shoulders , and put In his Croup , then you must take the Inward Cavezone's Reyn in your Hand , and pull it to your Knee , and Help with the outward Legg ; this is not so great a Force as the other , and therefore brings In his outward Shoulder with Ease , and gives a little Ease to his Croup , being not so much In ; and therefore is proper for Le petit Gallop , his Croup In , and for Passager his Croup In ; most proper for a Gallop , but not at all for Terra a Terra ; for there is none for Terra a Terra but my way , which I wonder how I found out , it is so Rare and True : For there the outward Shoulder is kept Back , and the inward Shoulder Forward , and the Cavezone's Reyn to your Knee ; the outward Shoulder comes In , and the inward Shoulder is kept Back . This is the true difference betwixt Le petit Gallop , and Terra a Terra , upon Circles . This you should get by Heart , for it is the Rarest thing in the world , because it is a subtile Truth . To Know the Degrees of Tying the inward Cavezone's Reyn , either to the Girthes or the Pommel of the Sadle , which is the Life or Soul of the Mannage , never found out but by My Self . I Begin with Tying the inward Cavezone's Reyn to the Girthes , which works his outward Shoulder , presses him within the Turn , and leaves his outward Leggs at Liberty ; is fit for Gallopping large , or narrow , D'une Piste ; as also for Passager , either large , or in his length ; and for the Piroyte . No Horse can go , or be made a Ready-Horse , until his Shoulders be extreamly Supple ; and therefore this is the best Lesson in the world to Supple his Shoulders : But you must take heed of putting his Croup in too much , for it is impossible to put in his Croup , and put out his Croup all at one time ; for the Cavezone's Reyn tyed to the Girthes , puts out his Croup , and at the same time you will put in his Croup with your Heel , which cannot be : And when the Horse finds your Ignorance , working impossibilities , then he grows Impatient and Resty , as he hath great reason to be so . Therefore you must not Tye the Cavezone too strait ; for if you do , the Horse cannot go forward , but turns Round , and so grows Resty again , as he must needs do , which is your Fault , not his . You should Tye the Cavezone no straiter than to make him Look into the Turn , and no more ; that is , so strait , that he cannot Look out of the Turn : And thus he may go Forward , and be pleased ; which is Natural , and no Impossibility . The inward Cavezone's Reyn tyed to the Pommel is another Business ; for , this presses the Horse on the outside of the Turn , and leaves his Leggs within the Turn at liberty ; keeps back his outward Shoulder , and works his Croup , and his outward Hanch , and makes him subject to the Heel , because he cannot get from it ; so he Obeys it , and Flies it . This is proper for Terra a Terra , and Demi-Voltoes upon the ground ; but the inward Cavezone's Reyn must not be tyed too strait ; for if it be , then the Horse cannot go forward , no more than the other way , and will grow Resty : So the inward Cavezone's Reyn must be pull'd no harder , than just to make him Look into the Turn , and no more . To pull the inward Cavezone's Reyn to your Knee , or beyond it , works the Horse's outward Shoulder , presses him on the Inside , and leaves his Leggs at liberty without the Turn , supples his Shoulders , and gives a little liberty to his Croup ; and the inward Cavezone's Reyn tyed to the Girthes hath the same opperation . You are to know , that the Invention of the Pillars is a meer Routine ; that is , by Rote ; because it works by the Eyes , and not by Feeling the Hand , and the Heels , and being obedient to them : So that this Method of the Pillars , hath spoiled more Horses than any thing in the world , working upon the Eyes , by looking at the Pillars ; and never any man wrought Horses well at the Pillar , but Pluvinel , that Devised them . My Way is a Method of the Cavezone , and there he goes not by Rote ; his Eyes doe nothing here , nor the Voyce ; but the Horses meerly obey the Hand and the Heel , which makes them all Perfect , of what nature or condition soever they be , and never Fails me . OF THE Bridle and Bitt without the Cavezone . YOu must know , that the Bitt is a strange Engine ; for , wheresoever you pull the Cheek , the Mouth always goes contrary : When you turn up your little Finger , it pulls the outward Reyn , which works his Shoulder on the outside , and gives liberty to his Croup on the Left-Hand : Your little Finger a little more turn'd up , and a little on the left side , works his outward Shoulder , and gives his Croup a little liberty , which is fit for Corvets , Trotting , and Gallopping D'une piste ; so in Pasadoes , excellent for Passager , so for the Piroyte . Here the Horse is Prest within the Turn , and at liberty without the Turn . For Corvets upon Voltoes , if his Croup be at the Center , put your outward Legge a little to him , and turn your Hand a little , and Soutenir , and he will go perfectly upon his Turns if he goes forward , which is the main business , and the Reason of that is , because he goes a little Byas ; This is all with the Reynes , in your Left-Hand . And this makes him also go perfectly , Le petit Gallop . For Terra a Terra , it is another thing , the Reynes being in your Left-Hand ; Here you must pull the inward Reyn , to presse him on the out-side , and leave his Legges at Liberty , within the Turn ; and you must turn your Fist inward , and turn it to your Left-Shoulder , close to it , which pulls the inward Reyn , and your outward Legge close to him ; Thus he is prest on the out-side , and his Leggs at liberty within the Turn ; But for Terra a Terra on the Left-Hand , your Bridle still in the Left-Hand , you must turn your little Finger up , and pull it close to your Right-Shoulder , helping with the outward Legge . If the Reynes be separated in both your Hands , then you must pull the inward Reyn , and your Right-Hand close to your Left-Shoulder , turning up your little Finger , and your Legge gently on the out-side . But for the Left-Hand , the Reyns separated in both your Hands , you must pull the inward Reyn close to your Right-Shoulder , holding up your Left-Finger gently , helping with the outward Legg : And so you see there is a great deal of difference betwixt the Reynes separated in both your Hands , and when you have the Bridle only in your Left-Hand , ( for the help is with your Hands : ) This is perfectly for Terra a Terra , and Demi-Voltoes . I have told you a Bitt is a strange Engine ; for , wheresoever you pull the Cheeks , the Mouth goes contrary ; If you work the outward Reyn , you pull the outward Cheek to you , and the Mouth goes contrary , but in Corvets , and then it works in the middle of the Curb : For Terra a Terra , when you pull the Cheeks to you , then his Mouth goes contrary , and looks into the Turn as he should do , and then the Curb works on the other side , contrary to the Cheek , of what Hand so ever you go : If you pull the Cheeks strait , the Mouth goes down ; but when you put your Hand , as far forward as you can , to the perpendicular Line , then that works hardest on the Curb . If you pull the inward Reyn to your Knee , or from your Body , Tribacato , that it layes the Cheek even to the Eye of the Bitt , then it works not at all upon the Curb , so great a difference there is betwixt the Cavezone and the Bit ; For Terra a Terra , when you pull the inward Reyn to your outward Shoulder , then the Reyn is a great deal within the Pommel , which Hand soever you go on ; but whensoever you help with the outward Reyn , then your Hand must be three Fingers above the Pommel , and as many Fingers before it : This is certainly the Truth of the Bitt and Bridle . When I work the outward Reyn of the Bridle , I finde his Croup is lost , although I help with the outward Legge , because it is Legg and Reyn both of a side ; but Legg and Reyn contrary works his Croup , and keeps back his outward Shoulder . The Cavezone being upon his Nose , is contrary to the Bitt ; for if you pull up the Cavezone's Reyn , you pull up his Head ; and if you pull it down , you pull down his Head. As for the false Reyns , It is a very false thing ; for the Reyns being tyed to the Arches of the Bitt , when you pull the Reyns it slacks the Curb , and never works on it , like a Snaffle ; nay , it is so much worse than a Snaffle , for a Snaffle will go to the Weeks of his Mouth , or Lipps ; and though the Curb be slack , yet it will not suffer it to go so high , and therefore gawles all his Barrs . And this is the Truth of the false Reyns . OF THE Perfection of Dressing Horses in the Mannage , brought into so Narrow a Compass , that if it be learned by Heart , and punctually Practised , it is impossible to fail Dressing any Horse whatsoever . Suppling and Working a Horses Shoulders being the principal Thing of all , I therefore begin with it . To Supple a Horses Shoulders upon a Trott , or Le petit Gallop . THe inward Cavezon's Reyn tyed to the Girthes , or in your Hand , pull'd to your Knee , Supples his outward Shoulder , on the Right Hand at liberty without the Turn ; and prest within the Turn , his outward Shoulder comes in , and his inward Shoulder is kept back : But how doth this Supple his inward Shoulder for Terra a Terra ; for there the inward Shoulder is put forward , and his outward Shoulder kept Back ? I will tell you Perfectly how it is : On the Right-Hand his outward Shoulder is brought In , and Suppled , and his inward Shoulder kept Back . Now , what was on the Right-Hand Suppled , ( which was his outward Shoulder , and outward Legg for Terra a Terra ) on the Left-Hand is the same Legg , and the inward Reyn there , and outward Legg puts back his outward Shoulder , and brings in his inward Shoulder and Legg . So it is the same Legg still , that was on the Right-Hand his outward Legg , and is now his inward Legg on the Left-Hand in Terra a Terra ; and that 's the truth of it , for thus he is Suppled . It is the very same of the other hand , and no difference at all . This I onely Write to let you see how Working his Shoulders prepares him for Terra a Terra , but we do not yet declare what Works his outward Shoulder . You must know , that upon a Trott , or a Gallop , upon large or narrow Circles Dune piste , his Croup must be a little Out , to Work his Shoulders more , and the outward Reyn of the Bridle also to Work it yet more ; with a short Trott , and a short Gallop , that he may not be too much upon the Shoulders ; the Cavezones Reyn tyed thus , he never can go Terra a Terra , because his outward Shoulder is wrought . Trotting and Stopping is the Foundation of all things in the Mannage , for it Firmes the Horse upon the Hand , and puts him upon the Hanches : For Stopping , you must pull him down ; that is , pull your Hand close to your Body , your Body back , and your inward Legg to him , to put his inward Legg to his outward . Going back is an excellent thing , both to Firm him on the Hand , and make him Light of the Hand ; as also to put him upon the Hanches , and to make him the apter to advance before . The Petit Gallop pacifies Furious Horses , and gives them an Apuy ; Stopping upon a Gallop must be at two or three Falcadoes by a Wall strait forward , your Right-Shoulder or Left-Shoulder to the Wall , either forward or backward : There it is with the inward Reyn , and inward Legg ; or not to help with your Leggs , but as you see Occasion . Another excellent Lesson to make Horses Supple on the Shoulders . THere is nothing like Legg and the inward Cavezones Reyn on a side , as if his Head were to the Pillar , his Croup out ; For , though he goes on the Left-Hand , he is Supple on the Right-Hand : This Lesson makes him that he can never be Entier , which is the Worst Vice a Horse can have . Entier is to be Resty in Turning , which is very dangerous for the Man by coming Over ; for to oppose Turning , he puts in his Croup with all the force he can , and so puts out his Shoulder craftily and maliciously , to hinder from Turning . So this excellent Lesson is as if his Head were to the Pillar , Legg and Reyn on a side , he puts out his Croup , where before he put it in , and that hinders him from being Entier ; and when he puts out his Shoulder , this brings it in , which hinders him more from being Entier ; so that it cures him perfectly of that Vice : And going on the Left-Hand , Legg and Reyn on a side , it Supples him more on the Right-Hand : So going on the Right-Hand , Legg and Reyn on a side , Supples his Shoulders for the Left-Hand ; and a better Lesson there is not . For all Ayres whatsoever thus upon Voltoes . FOr all Ayres , it is with the outward Reyn of the Bridle , that his outward Shoulder may come a little in , that he may turn , which gives a little liberty to his Croup , and so turn the Easier ; and if the inward Cavezones Reyn be tyed to the Girthes , it will bring in his outward Shoulder the better ; and your outward Shoulder being a little in , and higher than your inward Shoulder , will bring in his outward Shoulder the better ; your Hand must be in this manner , on the Right-Hand your Bridle-Hand just over his Neck , turning up your Little Finger , which pulls the outward Reyn , as it should do , and Soutenir , which is to hold him up ; for that puts him on the Hanches : The reason is , that it Presses him on the Curb ; and he , to give himself ease on the Curb , goes on the Hanches , and then the Curb is a little Slack . You must not put your Hand within his Neck , and bend him , for that puts him upon the Shoulders , and you must alwayes keep your Horse upon the Hanches . Now for the Left-Hand , you must do thus , the Bridle-Hand a little within the Neck , and hold up your Little-Finger , and Soutenir , and it will work the same effect as on the Right-Hand : With your Legg help not at all , and he will go perfectly well . If he puts out his Croup , put your outward Legg to him ; if he puts in his Croup too much , put your inward Legg to him , and still Soutenir , to keep him on the Hanches ; and remember , there is nothing makes Horses go well but the Seat ; for he that hath not a good Seat , cannot have a good Hand : And there is nothing Dresses Horses but the Hand and the Heels ; and remember , the only thing in Ayres upon Voltoes , is to make your Horse go forward still , as if he did not Turn ; for so he goes easily and just ; for if you turn your Hand too much , his Croup would go out . And for all Ayres , your Bridle-Hand must be a little before the Pommel ; and for the Piroyte , you must help with the outward Reyn , your outward Shoulder being a little higher than your inward Shoulder , and a little in towards his Left-Ear on the Right-Hand , and towards his Right-Ear on the Left-Hand ; for the outward Reyn brings in his outward Shoulder , and so consequently puts out his Croup : For , you must understand , that in Trotting , one Legg is before another ; so in Galloping , one Legg is before another ; in Terra a Terra , one Legg is before another ; in the Piroyte , one Legg is before another ; but in Corvets , or any other Ayre , it is not so , but much contrary , as thus : In Corvets his Leggs are even , and not one before another ; and though his Hinder-Leggs seem Wider than his Fore-Leggs ; yet his Hinder-Leggs are within the Lynes of his Shoulders , which makes him go upon the Hanches . When a Horse is perfectly Obedient to the Hand , and the Heels ; then put , in Corvets , your inward Legg a little to him , and help with the outward Reyn of the Bridle , and Soutenir a little , and help gently with the inward Legg ; that is , put the Calf of the Legg to him , and he will go perfectly upon his Ayre , in Voltoes : For Groupadoes you must give his Croup a little more Liberty , and not constrain it so much as in Corvets ; and in Capriols not constrain'd at all , but rather Even , or a little Out ; for a Horse in Capriols , if his Croup be subjected , it is impossible he should go ; Therefore in Capriols you must give his Croup all the Liberty that can be ; and when you help with the Rod , it must be when he is Falling , and not when he is Rising , for else his Croup cannot Rise . FOR PASSEGER , or INCAVELAR , Which is To Lap one Legg over another not Every time , but every Second time . IN this Passeger , the Action is not so much as a Trott , but more than a Walk ; an Action the fittest in the world to make a Horse understand the Hand and the Heeles ; Because it is Gentle , and puts him into no Fury : And if he Obeyes my Hand and Heeles upon Passeger , I can make him do any thing that his Forces will give him leave to do . Here the inward Cavezon's Reyn must be Tyed to the Girthes , or Pulled to your Knee ; for that Works his outward Shoulder , which is most proper for Passeger , to make him Lapp his outward Leggs over his inward Leggs ; and to make him do it the better , you must help with the outward Reyn of the Bridle : And thus ends this Excellent Lesson . FOR PESATES . THe inward Cavezones Reyn tyed to the Girthes , or pull'd to your Knee , you must help with the outward Reyn of the Bridle ; in Passeger , raise him as high as you can , and Hold him there Gently , and without Fougue , and Walk him away again , and Raise him again , and do this all along the Volto , and this is a right Pesate . This puts him upon the Hand , and prepares him for all Ayres whatsoever ; for without this , no Horse can go in any Ayre . Therefore this must be your first Lesson , before you ever offer to put him upon any Ayre : There is nothing more Graceful in all Ayres , then for a Horse to bend his Fore-Leggs up to his Body ; but there is more in it than that , for , what Horse soever that goes in Ayres , if his Fore-Leggs be stiff before , or that he Pawes with his Fore-Leggs , necessarily he is on the Shoulders , for that puts him upon the Shoulders ; and if he Bend his Leggs up to his Body , it puts him upon the Hanches ; for it puts him Backward , as being Stiff Before puts him Forward , and so upon the Shoulders . Your Horse must alwayes go Forward except you pull him Back . You must Remember , that the inward Cavezones Reyn tyed to the Girthes , or pull'd to your Knee , works his outward Shoulder ; with the outward Reyn of the Bridle ; and all this is for Le petit Gallop , and not for Terra a Terra : And to facilitate Le petit Gallop the better , put your outward Shoulder higher than your inward Shoulder , which infallibly Works his outward Shoulder , as the outward Shoulder down infallibly subjects and works his Croup . Your Leggs must be as neer to the Horse as you can without touching him , that your Helps may be the more Secret : Spurring is a Correction , but Pinching is an excellent Help , and it must be done thus : First put your Legg as close to him as you can , and then turn your Heel to him & Pinch him Delicately ; if his Shoulders come not in enough , the inward Reyn being Tyed to the Girth , then Bend his Neck with the outward Reyn of the Bridle , as much as possibly you can , as if you would Brake his Neck , and that shall Supple his Shoulders sufficiently . Here Ends these most Excellent Lessons for Suppling of a Horses Shoulders , which is the Principal Businesse . OF THE Perfection , and Exact way of making Horses to Obey the Heeles . IT is the inward Reyn absolutely that makes him Obey the Heel , and nothing else ; for it puts him on the out-side , which puts in his outward Hanch , so that he cannot get from the Heel , and therefore must necessarily Obey it . The inward Reyn being to your outward Shoulder , or the inward Reyn of the Cavezone to your outward Shoulder , and giving the Horse a little touch with the Spur now and then , doth admit of a Corvet when you go , the inward Reyn to your outward Shoulder , the Horses Head to the Wall , because it is Side-wayes , and not upon a Circle ; for the inward Reyn ( as if his Head were to the Pillar in Corvets , and his Croup out ) subjects his Croup : The inward Reyn in Corvets strait by a Wall , whether your Right-Shoulder , or Left-Shoulder be to the Wall , subjects still his Croup . Nay , it is also the inward Reyn , when he goes in Corvets Backwards , whether your Right-Shoulder , or Left-Shoulder , be to the Wall. And if you go in Corvets strait by a Wall , it is still the inward Reyn ; But if you make a Demy-Volto in Corvets , then it is the outward Reyn , for else he cannot turn in Corvets ; and you may easily change from the inward Reyn to the outward Reyn , and not brake his time at all : But by no means his Croup In in his Ayre upon Circles , because it keeps out his outward Shoulder , keeping his outward Shoulder back , and then he cannot go in his Ayre upon Circles , because he cannot turn ; for it is the outward Reyn in all Ayres , that brings in his outward Shoulder , that he may Turn , and his Croup a little at Liberty , that he may Turn the Easier . But the inward Reyn for Passeger , his Croup out , makes him Obey the Heeles ; so the inward Reyn for Passeger , his Croup in , makes him Obey the Heel , but not upon Circles , there it is the outward , for else he could not Turn ; but in Pesates he may do it , but not upon his Ayre , and in Pesates easily ; for there he Rises but once or twice , and goes in Passeger again : This is the exact way to make a Horse Obey the Heel perfectly . OF TERRA A TERRA . IN Terra a Terra you must use the inward Reyn , and the outward Legg ; the inward Reyn pull'd to your outward Shoulder , presses him on the out-side on his outward Hanch , makes him lean on the out-side , and look into the Turn ; presses him on the out-side , and at liberty within the Turn ; his Fore-Legg within the Turn leading , and his Hinder-Legg on the same side following , and his outward Legg short . Thus his inward Shoulder is put Forward , and his outward Shoulder kept Back with your Hand : You must Soutenir as you do in Ayres : But this is with the inward Reyn , and your Bridle-Hand within the Pommel , looking into the Turn , poising upon your outward Stirrup a little , your outward Shoulder down , and in , which subjects his Croup : Thus you cannot put in his Croup too much ; for leaning on the outside , his Croup can never go before his Shoulder ; and thus he is forced to Terra a Terra in spight of his Teeth , and to go a time Pa Ta , Pa Ta , which is but two times ; And this was never found out but by My Self . But I must Remember you of one thing ; which is , that if you tie the inward Cavezone's Reyn to the Pommel , it works his Croup , and puts him on the outward Hanch , and makes him Obey the Heel , but is not so powerful as the inward Reyn to your outward Shoulder , because the Line to the Pommel is the Shorter , and therefore not so Powerful ; but if he presses too much , so that you cannot hold him , then Tye it to the Pommel , and that will hold him sufficiently . OF PASADOES by a Wall. THe exact way of Pasadoes by a Wall , is with the inward Reyn both strait forward , and upon his Demy-Voltoes , for that subjects his Croup , and makes him go just , and look into the Turn , whether upon Le petit Gallop , or a Toute Bride , it is all one , being a Demy-Voltoes , and is but half my Terra a Terra , and therefore must have my helps , which is the inward Reyn , and the outward Legg . And all the other ways are False and Senceless . Remember , every Horse must take his own Ayre , and you are not to give him his Time , but to follow his , and so he will go exactly ; For if you offer to give him your Time , he will never go ; for Nature hath given him one time , and you will give him another , which shall Spoyl him for ever . TO Give you more light to Vnderstand the Difference betwixt the Working of the Outward Reyn , and the Inward Reyn in Corvets . WHeresoever the Horses Croup is out , or strait by a Wall , either sideways in Corvets , or forward in Corvets , or backward in Corvets , or his Head to the Pillar in Corvets , it is all with the inward Reyn , to subject his Croup , to put the inward Shoulder forward , and to keep the outward Shoulder back , which ncessarily subjects his Croup , and the same when his Croup is out , or strait by a Wall. But now in Corvets , when his Croup is in upon Voltoes , or Demy-Voltoes upon Circles , there you must help with the outward Reyn of the Bridle , and inward Legg , for else he could not Turn ; besides , here his outward Shoulder must be brought In , and his inward Shoulder kept Back , that he may turn the Easier being narrowed before , and enlarged behind , as the other was prest behind , and enlarged before ; and with the outward Reyn , his Croup hath a little Liberty : And here 's the true difference betwixt the outward Reyn , and the inward Reyn , in their several workings . But when you help with the outward Reyn , you must help with the inward Legg Gently . FOR Terra A Terra ( My Way ) upon Voltoes . HEre I subject his Croup , and enlarge his Fore-parts ; put forward his inward Shoulder , and his outward Shoulder is kept Back ; This is done with the inward Reyn , and the outward Legg , the same helps serve for Pesadoes ; for a Demy-Voltoe is but half a Terra a Terra my way ; and therefore the same Helps ; I said upon Circles the outward Reyn , but that was in Corvets , and that is clear another action , than Terra a Terra : So I would have you understand Precisely what they are ; For it is the outward Reyn and inward Legg , which is the perfection of Corvets upon Voltoes ; And if you Change , put him forward one Corvet , and then help with the outward Reyn and inward Legg , which is the perfection of Corvets upon Voltoes . I must Remember you , that when a Horse goes in Corvets his head to the Wall , it is with the inward Reyn and your outward Legg , but the Horses Fore-parts must go a little before his Croup , for so he is more on the Hanches ; for if his Croup went before his Hanches , it is False . So if he go , as if his Head were to the Pillar , it is with the inward Reyn and outward Legg , his fore-parts being a little before his Croup . But strait by a Wall whether forward or backward , it is with the inward Reyn and inward Legg : All this is in Corvets . But upon Voltoes in Corvets it is with the outward Reyn , and inward Legg ; and to go forward still as if he did not Turn . OF A RARE WAY To Dresse A Horse Perfectly . IT is to make him Narrow Behind , which is to put his inward Hinder-Legg to his outward Hinder — Legg : As for Example , you pull the inward Cavazon Reyn to your Knee , or tye it to the Girths ; This Works his outward Shoulder , and puts his inward Hinder-Legg to his outward Hinder-Legg , if you help him with your inward Legg , and the outward Reyn of the Bridle ; and thus he is Narrowed Behind . This is upon large or narrow Circles Dune Piste upon a Trott ; and upon large or narrow Circles Dune Piste upon a Gallop , which makes him narrow Behind , with the same Helps formerly spoken of . In that Excellent Lesson of Legg and Reyn on a side , as if his Head was to the Pillar , his inward Hinder-Legg is put to his outward Hinder-Legg , to narrow him Behind . In Paseger ( which is to Lapp his outward Leggs over his inward Leggs ) the inward Cavezon's Reyn tyed to the Girthes , or pull'd to your Knee , doth not only Work his outward Shoulder , but puts back his inward Hinder-Legg to his outward Hinder-Legg , to narrow him Behind ; and to Narrow him more , you must Help with the outward Reyn of the Bridle , and Help with your outward Legg gently . In the Petit Gallop upon Circles the inward Cavezone Reyn tyed to the Girthes , puts his inward Hinder-Legg to his outward Hinder-Legg , and the more , if you turn your Hand to Help with the outward Reyn of the Bridle ; the Petit Gallop is one , two , three , and four , which is a right Gallop . In Corvets upon Turns , the inward Cavezon's Reyn tyed to the Girthes ; or the outward Reyn of the Bridle , with the inward Legg , puts his inward Hinder-Legg to his outward Hinder-Legg , Narrows him Behind , and puts him on the Hanches : So all this is the inward Legg put to his outward Hinder-Legg , which is the Effectual business . In Stopping , the inward Cavazon's Reyn tyed to the Girthes , or pull'd to your Knee , with your inward Legg , narrows him Behind , makes him bow in the Gambrel , and puts him upon the Hanches , with pulling your Hand in . As for the inward Reyn , and outward Legg , it subjects his Croup , and puts his inward Hinder-Legg to his outward Hinder-Legg , and Narrows him Behind : So side-wayes to the Wall , the inward Reyn and outward Legg Narrows him Behind : Putting his inward Hinder-Legg Legg to his outward Hinder-Legg Narrows him Behind , and puts him on his Hanches ; so his Head to the Pillar , the inward Reyn and outward Legg puts his inward Hinder-Legg to his outward Hinder-Legg , narrows him Behind , and puts him on the Hanches ; and so forward by a Wall of either side doth the same , and so Backwards ; but here it is with the inward Reyn and inward Legg , both on a side , to put his inward Hinder-Legg to his outward Hinder-Legg , whch is the All in All for Dressing of Horses . OF A most effectual way TO DRESS HORSES , And so true and certain , that whosoever shall Read it , Mark it , and Understand it , and carefully Practice it , will infallibly Dress all manner of Horses to a great perfection . To Supple a Horses Shoulders . I Have given you many Lessons for it , but I will let you see it clearer than ever ; You must pull the inward Cavezon's Reyn low , and from your body , to bring in the Horses outward Shoulder , which is the business , and makes him bend like a hoope , and then you are right ; Upon Passager his Croup must not be above a quarter in , at the most , for if it be , it pulls back his outward Shoulder , which is false ; and he will look out of the Turn , pull the Reyn what you will , so pernitious is putting a Horses Croup in , when you would work a Horses outward Shoulder ; but the other way makes him supple , and easie , to do any thing you would have him , with great facility , and never to be Entier , but to goe always Byas . For Terra à Terra relevé , the time , one , two , pa , ta , is done with the inward Reyn pull'd to your outward Shoulder , and with your outward Leg ; so here you cannot put in his Croup too much ; and thus he is straitned behind , and enlarg'd before , and indeed goes upon a Square , his inward Shoulder being put forward , and his outward Shoulder kept back . Terra a Terra determiné , is another business ; for this is , as if a Horse did run a Careere upon a Circle , where he cannot run in his length , and therefore his Voltoe or Circle must be larger , because it is but a Gallop ; running being but the action of a Gallop : Here you must help with the outward Reyn , and outward Leg , to narrow him before , and Enlarge him behind , and to go Byas , and this is determiné , Bias in Corvets , as if he did not turn , and so in le petit gallop upon Circles ; the outward Reyn is used for both , and so in Passager , the outward Reyn and Leg being Bias. It is a great truth in Horsemanship , that both in Terra a Terra , Demy-Voltoes , and Passadoes , as also in Passager , whensoever a Horse is straitned before , he is Enlarged behind ; and whensoever he is straitned behind , he is enlarged before . The exact way to make a Horse go perfectly , is a Square , and not a Circle , which Subjects his Croup extreamly . In Corvets upon a Circle , it is impossible to help with the inward Reyn , because the Horse cannot turn ; but the inward Reyn upon a Square , is excellent , with the outward Leg , so he goes a little forward , every time a little : So excellent is the Square . For Terra a Terra , there is nothing like a Square , with the inward Reyn and outward Leg ; so upon Demy-Voltoes , in Passadoes the same , in Passager the same still , upon a Square ; His head to the Pillar it must be a Square : The Square is the quintissence of the Mannage , and all this subjects his hinder parts . The inward Reyn pull'd to your outward Shoulder , with the contrary Leg , Subjects his Croup upon a Square , and makes him obey the Heele perfectly , because he cannot get from it . But when you begin to Dress a Horse in Corvets , Pesates is the ground of all Ayrs ; a Pesate is to rayse Him high , and hold him there . But when you put him in Corvetts , it is with the outward Reyn , and inward Leg , to be D'une Piste ; and to let him go three or four Corvets in a place , and Walk him away again , and Corvet him again as before ; and , in a little time he will make a Turn perfectly in Corvets . But when he is Perfect , then you must help with the outward Reyn , and outward Leg , and Soutenir , and put him forward always a little , as if he did not turn , and then he will go perfectly in Corvets . FOR THE BRIDLE-HAND ; WHICH Deserves to be well Observed , being the Sole of the Manage , and the most Effectual thing that can possibly be . IN Corvets on the Right-Hand , the Knuckles of the Bridle-Hand must be from his Neck , and on the Inside of his Neck , and Soutenir . On the Left-Hand , in Corvets , your Bridle must be on the inside of the Neck , your Knuckles from his Neck , and Soutenir ; for this pulls the outward Reyn. For Terra a Terra , the inward Reyn pull'd to your outward Shoulder , your Knuckles are to be towards his Neck , and Soutenir for the Right-Hand , and your outward Leg. For the Left , the inward Reyn pull'd to your outward Shoulder , your Knuckles are to be towards his Neck , and Soutenir ; and this pulls the inward Reyn , your outward Leg being to him . You see , that in Corvets , you work the outward Reyn , and in Terra a Terra , you work the inward Reyn , which is not to be done any other Way than as I have set down . But in Croupadoes , Balotadoes , and Capriols , there it is with the outward Reyn , to give his Croup liberty , or else he could not Leap , and , if there be cause , help him with the inward Leg a little , to give his Croup more liberty . OF BITTS , & of the USE OF THEM . THe Writers of Books , and the Horse-men now Living , that think themselves Wise , and great Masters , by the diversity of Bitts , shew themselves full of Ignorance , and Simple People , to imagine , That a peice of Iron in a Horse's Mouth can bring him Knowledge ; no more than a Book in a Boyes Hand can , at first , make him Read ; or , a pair of Spurrs , planted on Ignorant Heels , can make one Ride well . There is however , a Propriety to fit every Horse , according to the Turn of his Neck ; shorter or longer , wider or narrower ; the Mouth , the liberty , wider or narrower ; the Eye longer or shorter ; the Eye straight , or more bending ; the Branches stronger , or weaker ; the Curb equal ; the Hooks according to the just measure of the Bitt ; the Curb three good round Esses , with one Ring , where 't is Fastened ; and two Rings , or Malions , where 't is Curbed , handsomely furnish'd with Bosses , not too bigg ; richer , or poorer , according as you please : Not two Rowes of little Chains , tied to the Bitt , within his Mouth , only One at the most . And this Rule must ever be Observ'd , to have as little Iron in your Horse's Mouth as possible you can : If his Tongue be too bigg , the Liberty must be the wider ; if his Tongue be too little , the Liberty the less ; but you must take heed , that the Apuy , or Resting place of the Bitt , be never made upon the Liberty , for it will Gaul him ; but the Apuy must be made in the True place , where it ought to be , which is about Ones Little Fingers breadth beyond the Liberty , on both sides of the Bitt ; and the Bitt to be Ones Fingers breadth above his Tushes : The Branches are strong , when the Reyns are slackt ; those Branches that comes Back to his Neck most , are Weak ; those that go Forward from his Neck , are Strong ; and good reason , for you have the greater Pull . You must measure with a little String , or a piece of a Riding-Rod , from the Eye of the Bitt , strait Down ; and if the Cheeks be within that Line , they are Weak ; and the more they are within that Line , they are still the Weaker : If the Cheeks be without that Line , they are Strong ; and the more they are without that Line , they are the Stronger . You must consider another Thing , which is , That the Cheeks are like a Lever , the Longer it is , it hath the more Force , and the Shorter it is , the less Force ; for a Boy , with a long Lever , will Lift up more than the Strongest Man , with a short Lever : And so in a Bitt , the Longer the Cheeks are , they have the more Force , and the Shorter they are , the less Force : For that which is the furthest from the Center , hath the most Force for Lifting or Pulling ; and that which is nearest the Center , the least Force : So very short Cheeks , make them as Strong as you will , cannot have that Force that longer Cheeks have . If a Horse hold Up his Head , and Out , then they have shorter Branches , and stronger , to Pull him Down , and In ; wherein they are half Right : So if a Horse holds his Head too Low , and brings it In too Round , so that he Armes himself against the Bitt , which is , To rest the Branches upon his Breast , so that you have no Pull , or Command of him at all ; because this Vice is Contrary to holding Up his Head , and Out ; for which Vice they had shorter Cheeks , and stronger , to bring it In : So Arming against the Bitt , being the Contrary Vice , they think they must have the Bitt made Contrary ; they must have a Long One to put it Up ; and since a strong Branch pull'd him Down , they must have a weak Branch to put Up his Head ; wherein they are mightily Deceived : For when a Horse Armes himself against the Bitt , certainly Long Branches will sooner come to his Breast , than Short Ones ; and it is as certain , that a Weak Branch will come sooner to his Breast , than a Strong Branch ; therefore they are so much Deceived . As for a Horse that Armes himself against the Bitt , you must have a Short Branch that will not touch his Breast , and a Strong Branch to keep It yet further from his Breast : The Hooks of the Curb ought to be made a little Longer , and so Just as not to Hurt , or to Offend the sides of his Cheeks ; and if the Curb do not lye in his right Place , two little Iron Rings fastened close to the Top of the Hooks , to keep them Steady , and Fast , is the best Remedy ; All other Devices in Bitts or Curbs , are Idle and Ignorant things . THE BITTS that follow are the BEST . 1. A Plain Canon , with Branches A la Connestable . 2. A Plain Scatch , with Branches A la Connestable . 3. A Canon A la Pignatell ; which is a gentle falling and moving Up and Down , and so Low as not to hurt the Roof of the Horse's Mouth ; which is the Best , certainly , for all Horses that have Tongues , which I am sure they would not have Prest ; therefore I Recommend that Liberty above all Things in Bitts , and the Branches A la Connestable . To Discharge a Horses Lips , I would have Olives with the Liberty A la Pignatell ; those Olives coming short a little of the Bitt , with some little Rings , gives Liberty for his Lips , and Discharges them ; and the Branches , A la Connestable . But indeed , I would have but two sorts of Bitts , which is , 1. The Canon A la Pignatell . 2. And the Olives A la Pignatell , to Discharge his Lips , if need be ; but the Branches alwayes A la Connestable . Thus you have the Truth of Bitts brought into a narrow Compass ; there is little in them to bring a Horse to Understanding , on which we must Work , and that is , his Reason , by the Favour of the Logitians Distinction of Reasonable and Irreasonable Creatures ; for were they as good Horse-men as Schollers , they would have made another Distinction . Well then , it is not a Piece of Iron can make a Horse Knowing ; if it were , a Bitt-Maker would be the best Horse-man . No! It is the Art of appropriated Lessons ; fitting every Horse according to his Nature , Disposition , and Strength ; Punishing , and , with good Lessons , Rectifying his Vices ; Rewarding him , and Preserving him in his Horse-Vertues ; and not trusting to an Ignorant peice of Iron call'd a Bitt : For , I will make a perfect Horse with a Cavezone with a Bitt , better than any man shall with his Bitt without a Cavezone ; so highly is the Cavezone , rightly used , to be esteemed ; For I had a Barbe at Antwerp , that went Perfectly with the Cavezone without a Bitt , which was true Art , and not the Ignorance and Folly of Bitts . The famous Pignatell at Naples , never used but simple Bitts ; which made the Ignorant wonder how he could Dress Horses so Perfectly , with no more sorts of Bitts : But he told them , it was their Ignorance made them wonder at his Art. And so that great Master , in this Art , Monsieur de Pluvinel , did the same : For , he had always a plain Cavezone , and not too sharp ; and to make it Gentler , did always Line it with double Leather at the least ; for a Horse , to Wry his Head , or suck up his Bitt , or put his Tongue over the Bitt , it never happens in my Mannage , or Method ; because the Liberty A la Pignatel hinders his Tongue for going over the Bitt ; and working with the Cavezone , with truly Slacking the Bitt , those things never happens , or do ever Horses put out their Tongues . OF THE IMPERFECTIONS OF A HORSE'S MOVTH . ALL our Writers in Horse-manship , the great Masters , in that Profession , ( as well Old as Modern ) are mightily Troubled and Concerned , about the Vices and Imperfections of a Horse's Mouth . As for Example ; The first , when a Horse pulls , and sucks up his Tongue : The second , when he puts his Tongue over the Bitt : The third , when he doubles it about the Bitt : And the fourth , when he hangs his Tongue out of his Mouth , either Forward , or of one side of his Mouth : For all , and every one of these Vices , our great Doctors in Horse-manship , hath taken a great deal of Pains , with many curious Devices , and many Inventions , with Bitts , to Cure them ; and take great Pains , and much Labour about it ; so much , as their several Writings , about these particular Vices of the Mouth , would make a great Volume ; when the truth is , Most of their Bitts , to Remedy these Imperfections , are much greater Vices than those they would Remedy ; and their Physick the greatest Disease , and brings more Inconveniencies with it , than the Vices they go about to Cure. The truth is , in short , I wish a Horse had none of those Faults ; but put the case he hath , As putting out his Tongue , or putting his Tongue over the Bitt , or sucking or drawing of his Tongue up , or doubling of it : All these I wish were not ; but if they be , the Horse is not prejudiced at all by them , for he will have as good an Apuy with them , as without them ; and will be as firm and steady of his Head , and as sensible of the Barrs , and the Curb , as if those Vices were not ; for the Bitt rests , and works still , upon his Barrs ; and the Curb works in his due Place , where it ought , in spight of his Tongue , let it be where it will , or not be ; for when a Horse's Tongue is Cut off , Doth that hinder the Bitt , for working on the Barrs , or the Curb , for working in his due Place ? Not at all : Nay , I have known a Horse's Tongue quite pull'd out by the Roots , and yet he went as well as ever he did in his Life ; so that is nothing ; for the Bitt still works upon the Barrs , and the Curb , where it ought : And a Horse with a Tongue , and put it where he will ; or a Horse without a Tongue , is no hinderance to a Horse that hath a good Apuy , or is well setled on the Hand ; no hinderance in the world : So that now you see , What vain Curiosities , to no purpose , Our great Masters hath troubled themselves about , and pusled many of their Readers , and tormented the poor Horses to boot , to no End in the world . FINIS . Excellent NAMES for HORSES of MANNAGE . ITALIAN and SPANISH . BElla Donna Bell in Campo Desperato Argentino Dorato Gatto Gatino Rondinello Felice Lampo Soura Speransa Capitano Lupo Mahaumilia Mala testa Melancholia Genette Corsiero Neapolitano Rubicano Signiore Delitia Nobilisimo Dolce Bona Natura Bellissimo Bonissimo Mille Fiore Almenara Nuntio Dracone Arogatillo Diamante Arrogante Il Bravo Cavallo Imperiale Emperatore Grandissimo Illustrissimo FRENCH . FAvory Mignion Balott Galliard Bonit Perle Roussin Sans Pareil La Perfection Le Delicat Isabelle d' Espagne Monsieur Le Hober Le Petit Barbe Le Grand Barbe Le Turc Le Petit Boutton Le Superbe Le Bouffon La Mervelle Le Miracle Le Courtau Le Fripon Le Larron Le Mechant L' Emerillon L' Admirable Le Diligent Le Parangon Le Loyall Le Sensible L' Enrage Le Fougeux Le Malitieux L' Endormy Le Countre Coeur L' Amour La Maitresse Le Roy Le Prince Le Duc L' Empereur Le Collonel Le General Le Cardinal Le Pape La Tempeste Le Compagnion Le Comarade L' Amie L' Ennemy Le Philosophe La Vielle Le Diable Le President Le Juge Le Capritieux Le Quereleux Le Piqueur L' Yurogne Le Fantasque Le Tenez-ferme Le Jeteur Le Rude Le Vilain Le Coquin Le Poultron Le Poure Le Courageux Le Desprise Le Hardi Galliardon La Mouche Le Troumpeur La Rencontre Le Mouton Le Janti Le Lion Le Renard L' Elefant Le Pegase Le Volant Via Lactea Le Determine La Grenouille Le Gallant Le Cavalier Mon Roy Le Soldat Le Conquereur Le Conselier Le Terrible La Batalle La Beaute L' Estoile L' Enioue Mars Jupiter FOR DUTCH HORSES . LE Pisante Le Swiss Myn Heare Frison Younker Vrselino 
A06950	----	Markhams maister-peece, or, What doth a horse-man lacke containing all possible knowledge whatsoeuer which doth belong to any smith, farrier or horse-leech, touching the curing of all maner of diseases or sorrances in horses : drawne with great paine and most approued experience from the publique practise of all the forraine horse-marshals of Christendome and from the priuate practise of all the best farriers of this kingdome : being deuided into two bookes, the first containing all cures physicall, the second whatsoeuer belongeth to chirurgerie, with an addition of 130 most principall chapters and 340 most excellent medicines, receits and secrets worthy euery mans knowledge, neuer written of nor mentioned in any author before whatsoeuer : together with the true nature, vse, and qualitie of euerie simple spoken of through the whole worke : reade me, practise me, and admire me / written by Geruase Markham gentleman. Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637. 1610 Approx. 827 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 260 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2003-09 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A06950 STC 17376.5 ESTC S4777 23877159 ocm 23877159 26941 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A06950) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 26941) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1475-1640 ; 1836:28) Markhams maister-peece, or, What doth a horse-man lacke containing all possible knowledge whatsoeuer which doth belong to any smith, farrier or horse-leech, touching the curing of all maner of diseases or sorrances in horses : drawne with great paine and most approued experience from the publique practise of all the forraine horse-marshals of Christendome and from the priuate practise of all the best farriers of this kingdome : being deuided into two bookes, the first containing all cures physicall, the second whatsoeuer belongeth to chirurgerie, with an addition of 130 most principall chapters and 340 most excellent medicines, receits and secrets worthy euery mans knowledge, neuer written of nor mentioned in any author before whatsoeuer : together with the true nature, vse, and qualitie of euerie simple spoken of through the whole worke : reade me, practise me, and admire me / written by Geruase Markham gentleman. Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637. [4], 500 [i.e. 510+] p. : ill. Printed by Nicholas Okes, and are to be sold by Arthur Iohnson, dwelling at the signe of the White Horse neere to the great North doore of S. Pauls Church, London : 1610. "The second booke containing all cures chyrurgicall" has special t.p. Numerous errors in paging. Imperfect: signatures L₂-L₃, 2O₂-2O₃ and all after 3T₃ lacking. Reproduction of original in the British Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. 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Quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in Oxford and Michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet QA standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. After proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. Any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor. The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines. Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Horses -- Diseases. Veterinary medicine -- Early works to 1800. Horsemanship -- Early works to 1800. 2000-00 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2001-06 SPi Global Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2001-08 TCP Staff (Michigan) Sampled and proofread 2003-06 SPi Global Rekeyed and resubmitted 2003-07 Olivia Bottum Sampled and proofread 2003-07 Olivia Bottum Text and markup reviewed and edited 2003-08 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion MARKHAMS MAISTER-PEECE OR , What doth a Horse-man lacke . Containing all possible knowlege whatsoeuer which doth belong to any Smith , Farrier or Horse-leech , touching the curing of all maner of diseases or sorrances in horses ; drawne with great paine and most approued experience from the publique practise of all the forraine Horse-Marshals of Christendome , and from the priuate practise of all the best Farriers of of this kingdome . Being deuided into two Bookes . The first containing all cures Physicall . The Second whatsoeuer belongeth to Chirurgerie , with an addition of 130 most principall Chapters , and 340 most excellent medicines , receits and secrets worthy euery mans knowledge , neuer written of , nor mentioned in any Author before whatsoeuer . Together with the true nature , vse , and qualitie of euerie Simple spoken of through the whole worke . Reade me , practise me , and admire me . Written by Geruase Markham Gentleman . Pro. 12. ver . 10. A iust man hath pity on his beast : but the mercies of the wicked are cruell . LONDON , Printed by Nicholas Okes , and are to be sold by Arthur Iohnson , dwelling at the signe of the white Horse neere to the great North doore of S. Pauls Church . 1610. TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE AND HIS SINGVLAR GOOD LORD , the Lord Clyfton , Baron of Layton . IF the tribute of poore mens labours ( Right Honourable , and my most best Lord ) be the al-witnesses of our most seruiceable loues : then I hope mine which comes to kisse your hand , will protest and vowe for me , that my zeale and duty towards you and your house , hath no date but in my last breath . And al be this worke , which hath beene my many yeares experience ( for the rude and deformed collection ) may seeme too humble for your support : yet in as much as I know both your owne excellent and well approued knowl●dge in the same art ( and so best able to iudge either of my worth or vanitie ) and your most noble affection to men of any vertue , I dare with better boldnesse present you with this my last sacrifice of writing , beseeching you in it to behold not only how my time is imployed , but how infinit my longing is to bee numbred onely your creature . Your Honors in all humble duty to command , Geruase Markham . THE FIRST BOOKE containing all cures Physicall , or such infirmities as being inward , craue the administration of Physicke , and are called in Horse-leach-craft , Horses sicknesses . CHAP. 1. Of the naturall composition of horses bodies . MAny , yea euen of those which are nearest to my studies , will not onely wonder , but in part condemne me for this worke when they shall but reade the title , without any excuse imagining , that I hauing in my last booke done my vttermost endeuour , and spent my best skil in this subiect , that surely this reiteration , can be nothing but either meere Tautologie , or some surfaite of ostentation . But how much I hate the one & condemne the other , both my selfe and those with whom I hold any comercement , can iustly and truly witnesse : ●or beleeue it , I neuer stood affected either to Absalons pillars or to the musique of mine owne words . Truth it is , that at the publishing of my last booke , I intended to haue inserted this in the same forme and methode as now it is , but the ouer hastie greedinesse of a selfe-hurting Stationer , and the confusion of many Printers ( one poore booke being mangled into diuers hands ) did both so confound , and defeate all my better purposes , that I was compeld to giue way to their wils , and to suffer it to come forth with that mishapen and distract face which now it beareth ; euery page being loaded with the Printers faults , and no way to saue their reputation , but by most wilful neglecting to fixe to any Errata . Well , for euery part of that booke ( excepting that of cures ) the Printers faults excussed , I dare boldly defend it against either enuy , censure , or any preiudication ; and though it be not the perfection or most perfect ( for those fruites grow not on my tree , ) yet it is such , and so sound as shall giue a ful satisfaction to euery indifferent and vpright iudgement . As for that part , ( the booke of cures I meane ) which my selfe must needes confesse , giueth not that ample satisfaction which I intended , I haue in amends thereof compiled this volume with such earnest care , practise and diligence , that I dare engage euen my best fortunes , that simplicity and ignorance it selfe ( I meane such as neuer intermedled with this art in the whole circuit of their liues ) shall not onely with good iudgement performe as great and as inuincible cures as the best Smith-farriers of this kingdome , but also shall giue such substantiall reasons and vncontrollable accounts for whatsoeuer they do , ( which yet neuer Smith that I knew was able to do ) that not the best artist shall be able with vndoubted truth to refute them . And with this protestation and full assurance to euery well practizing reader of this worke , I will proceede to my purpose , according to euery branch and head in the title . It is most necessary then for euery man who shall endeuour himselfe to haue knowledge in this art , first to learne whereof and how a horses body is compounded , that according to the naturall composition thereof , and the vnnaturall workings in those compositions , he may compound his medicines , and make them agreeable with the effects of his infirmities ; and not as our farriers do , many times vse one medicine for all inward diseases , and one salue for all sores . Touching therefore the true composition of a horses body , you shall vnderstand that it is as the body of a man is , compounded of thirteene seuerall things , that is to say , seuen naturall and sixe not naturall ; the seuen naturall are , Elements , Temperaments , Humours , Members , Powers or Vertues , Actions or Operations , and Spirits ; all which be called naturall , because the naturall profession and excellency of euery sensible body , doth wholly depend vpon them , and hath his mouing no longer then they haue power of working . The sixe which are not naturall , be the Aire , Meate and Drinke , Motion and Rest , Sleepe and VVatch , Emptinesse and Fulnes , and the Affects or motions of the minde ; and these are called not naturall , because as ( being rightly and in due order applyed ) they preserue , sustaine , and fortifie the body ; so being misgouerned , or vsed in any excesse or disorder , they are the onely corrupt destroyers of the whole body : and of these thirteene simples which compound the fabricke or whole frame of the body , I intend to speake seuerally . CHAP. 2. Of the foure Elements , their vertues and operations . FIrst , for the exposition of this word Element , you shall vnderstand that it is the primere or first beginning of things , being of it selfe pure , vncorrupt and simple ; all things being first made thereof , and all things at the last being resolued into the same againe . It is also in it owne nature so bright , cleare , and without contraction or impurity , that it is not to be discerned by any sensible eye whatsoeuer . Lastly , it is the least part or Atomie of that thing which is made , or proceedeth from it . Now of these elements which are the vsuall first mouers or beginners of all mouing things , there are onely foure in number , that is to say : Fire , Aire , Water and Earth ; meaning not that fire , aire , water and earth , which is visible here with vs beneath , and which through the grossenes thereof , is both palpable and to be discerned ; but those which are mounted aloft , and through their purity inuisible , and concealed from vs , ( for the other are compounded bodies and not simple ) And of these perfect and distinct elements you shall know , that the fire is the highest , as being fixed or ioyned next vnto the Moone , being hot and drye , yet naturally exceeding or being most predominant or ruling in heate . The aire is placed next vnto the fire , and is naturally light and hot , yet his predominant or chiefe quality is moist . The water is adioyned vnto the ayre , the disposition thereof , being heauy and moist , but his predominant or chiefe quality onely cold . Lastly , the earth adioyned to the water , is the lowest , and it is most heauy and cold ; but the predominant or chiefe quality thereof is onely drinesse . Now for the vertues , properties , and operations of these foure elements , you shall vnderstand , that first the fire by meanes of his heate , moueth matter to generation , and stirreth vp warmth in all liuing things ; it is that which the Philosophers call Heterogenia , which is in mixt bodies to separate things of diuers kindes , one from another , and also to ioyne things of like kindes together , which they likewise call Homogenia . For by vertue of the fire , the bones of horses are separated from the flesh , the flesh from the sinewes , the sinewes from the veines , the veines from the arteries , the heart from the liuer , the liuer from the spleene , and so forth , in such sort as we see the diuers parts of the fuell we burne , by the vertue of the fire and heate to be separated and deuided one from another , as the vapour from the smoake , the smoake from the flame , and the flame from the ashes . And as in these things , so in many other things , as in the tryall of mettals and such like , where the fire by vertue of his heate , separateth body from body , that is , mettall from mettall , and corruption from incorruption , gathering and knitting together euery thing of one and the selfe same kinde . Besides , the vertue of the fire is to ripen , order and digest things raw and vndigested , mingling the dry with the moist , and opening the powers that the aire being somewhat more solide and grosse , may enter into the body ; and lastly , it breatheth and moderateth the coldnesse of the water and the earth , so that it may not distemper or confound the body . Touching the vertue and operation of the aire , you shall vnderstand that by the moistnesse thereof it maketh the matter apt to receiue shape either naturall or accidentall , and by the helpe and assistance of the fire , bringeth the powers and influences of the heauens and starres into the inferour bodies , making the mixt bodies , not onely subtile and penetrable , but also light and mounting , to the end they may neither be too grosse nor too heauy . Secondly , the ayre through his moistnesse cooleth the burning heate of the heart , liuer and intrails , as we dayly see by the office of the lights and lungs , which like a paire of bellowes draweth vncessantly fresh ayre vnto the heart and inward members . And albeit the ayre doth not seeme to the sence of our outward eyes , to bee any thing neare so moist as the water , yet according to the opinions both of our bookes and best Physitions , it it is by much the moister ; which is well proued , say they , by the abundant fluxe it containeth , which fluxe spreadeth it selfe so farre abroad in the body , that it filleth euery empty part and corner thereof with the speciall properties and characters of moistnesse ; and by that reason is much harder to be kept within his owne bounds then the water is . Lastly , as the water was altered by God from his first naturall place , for the better profite both of man and beast , euen so the ayre , according to Schoole-mens opinions was not left altogether in his first naturall disposition , lest being ouermoist it should so confound and suffocate all sence , that neither man nor beast should be able to breathe or liue . Now for the vertue and operation of the water , it is to be noted that through the coldnesse thereof , it conglutinateth and bindeth in mixt bodies , both parts & members together , which be of diuers kinds , as bones with flesh and sinewes , flesh with sinewes & bones , and sinewes with bones and flesh . Euen as for a familiar example , we see in the time of any great frost , the strength of the cold how it bindeth things of diuers kinds together , bringing into one masse or substance both water , dirt , stones , strawes , stickes and leaues : the water also with its coldnesse , doth temper and coole the inflammation and heate of the fire , gathering together those thinges which otherwise the violent heate would disperse and scatter abroad . Lastly , for the vertue and operation of the earth , it is through his drinesse in mixt bodies , so to harden and fixe them together , that they may retaine their shapes , which otherwise by the power of the ayre and water , would be so soluble and loose , that they could not hold together ; as we may see in paste , waxe , and such like , which whilest it is moist will receiue no print , but being once hardened it retaineth any forme that is prest into it . And here to be noted , that according to the opinion of Hippocrates , when any sensible body dyeth , not onely euery quality but euery substance and part makes his returne to the element from whence it came ; as heate to the fire , moistnesse to the ayre , coldnesse to the water , & drinesse to the earth . And thus briefly you see , that of these foure common elements or common beginners of things , the fire being hot separateth , the aire being moist shapeth , the water being cold bindeth , and the earth being dry hardeneth and retaineth . The vse that you are to make of this knowledge , ouer and beside the composition of a naturall body , is , that when you find any sicknesse or infirmity which proceedeth from the fire , as inflammations of the body , or such like ; that then you apply simples of the nature of the aire or water , which may moisten and coole the violence of that heate . If the infirmity proceede from the aire , as fluxe of blood , or too much moisture ; then you shall apply simples of the nature of the fire or earth , whose heate and drinesse may disperse and harden such moisture . If the disease spring from the water , as colds , rheumes , apoplexies and such like , then you shall seeke simples of the nature of the fire and aire ; that through the heate of the one , and the moist lightnesse of the other , all such cold , grosse and solide humors may be dispersed . But if the disease proceed from the earth , as manginesse , and leprosie , or their like that are dry & hardened infections , then you shal seeke simples of the nature of the fire onely , whose heate may dissolue & loosen those ill knit , dry , and hard humors . Thus you see too much heate is abated by coldnesse and moistnesse , too much moistnesse by heate and drinesse , too much coldnesse by heate and moistnesse , too much drinesse by heate onely . Thus much of these foure common elements , which begin all things liuing and vnliuing , sensible and vnsensible ; yet of sensible things which liue and haue bloud , there be other more neare elements or beginnings , which are called proper elements or generation , as the ingendring seede , and menstruall bloud , from whence euery beast taketh his first shape and beginning ; and yet these proper beginnings haue their whole dependancy and hanging vpon the qualities of the first common beginnings already spoken of , which is moist , dry , hot and cold ; for without them they are nothing , nor can do any thing . CHAP. 3. Of Temperaments and their seuerall kindes , and how farre euery way , they extend in horses . THese Temperaments or Temperatures , which are the second things in a horses composition , do spring from the commixture of the foure elements , and are nine in number , whereof eight are vnequall , and the ninth is equall . Of the eight vnequall , foure are ●imple , and those be hot , cold , moist , and dry , which Physitions call the first qualities ; and of these , the first two be actiue , and the other two passiue : the other foure are compound , and they be hot & moist , hot & dry , cold and moist , cold and dry . Now the equall temperament is diuided into two , an vniuersall and a speciall . The equall Temperament vniuersall , is when the foure elements are in an equall proportion , genenerally diuided through the whole body , nature enioyning no more from the one then from the other . The equall Temperament special , is when the elements are proportioned according as euery kind doth most properly require , be it either plant or beast : in plants , when euery plant hath that commixture of elements which are proper to its kinde , the hot plant being hot , the cold being cold , and so forth : whereas contrariwise , to haue a hot plant cold , or a cold hot , to haue rue cold , or sorrell hot , were a false and vnequal commixture of elements . So likewise of beasts , that horse , that dogge , that swine is said to haue his due Temperament , when hee is of such temperature as is most proper vnto his kinde ; which onely is best discerned by his actions or motions . As thus , the horse is known to be hot and m●●st by his l●g●tnesse , swiftnesse , valiantnesse and long life ; and also to be of a temperate nature , in that he is easily tamed , docible , obedient and familiar with the man. And so long as either horse or any other thing , continueth in the mediocrity and excellencie of his proper Temperament , so long we may truly iudge him of a good temper & disposition ; but if there be any ouerflow of qualities , or excesse in his humors , as either in heate , coldnesse , moistnesse or drinesse , then we say , he is either a hot cholericke horse , a cold dull horse , a dry mischieuous horse , or a moyst cowardly horse , according to the ouerflow of that quality which raigneth in him . Againe , euery horse is sayd to haue his due Temperament according to his age , and the country wherein he is bred ▪ and sometimes according to the time of the yeare wherein he liueth . And thus a horse in his foal●-age , which is till he be sixe yeares old , is naturally hot and moist . In his middle age , which is till twelue , more hot and dry then moist ; and in his old age , which is past eighteene , more cold and dry , then either hot or moist . So likewise the horses which are bred in southerne parts , as either in Spaine , Barbary , or Greece are naturally more hot then those which are bred either in the seuenteene lands , Germany , or England ; either is there any horse which is in good state of body , that is so hot in the spring time of the yeare , as in the summer , nor so cold in the summer as in the winter . All which obseruations are with most curious diligence to be obserued of euery horse-leach , when he goeth about to cure any sicknes : for vnlesse he consider their natures & temperatures , and euery other circumstance already declared , he shall right soone be deceiued in the administration of his physicke . Therfore I earnestly aduise euery Farrier , before he giue any drench or potion , first to enquire the kinde , race , and disposition of the horse , next his age , then the country , and lastly the time of the yeare : and so according to the truth thereof , to mixe his receipts . It is most expedient also for euery horse-leach to consider the second qualities , which are so called , because they take their beginnings from the first qualities already declared ; of which second qualities some be called palpable , or to be touched , as these , softnesse , hardnesse , smoothnesse , roughnesse , toughnesse , brickelnesse , lightnesse , heauinesse , thinnesse , thicknesse , smalnesse , grosnesse , and such other like . Some againe are not palpable , as those which appertaine to hearing seeing and smelling , as noysses , colours , odours and such like ; and by obseruing well these second qualities , he shall with much ease , know whether the horse be disposed to any sicknes or not , as shall be more largely declared hereafter in euery particular chapter . CHAP. 4. Of humours , and to what end they serue . NOw concerning Humours , which are the third composers of a horses body , and so likewise of euery other beast also ; you shall vnderstand that they are foure in number , that is to say , Bloud , Fleame , Choler and Melancholy . As touching bloud , it is in it owne nature vncorrupted , and therefore hot and moyst , and sweet in taste , as participating of the elements , Fire and Aire . Fleame is cold and moist , and either sweet or wallowish without any taste at all , as participating of the elements water and aire . Choler is hot and dry , and bitter in taste , as participating of the elements fire and earth . Melancholy is cold and dry , and in taste ●ower and heauy , as participating of the elements water and earth : so that these foure humours by their qualities , are euery way allied vnto the elements . For to speake briefly , and according to the manner of Physitions , Bloud is of the nature of aire , it being most predominant therein ; Fleame of the nature of water , Choler of the nature of fire , and Melancholy of the nature of the earth . And albeit these humours are simbolized or mixt through euery part of the body ; yet euery one of them , aboundeth more in one part then in another , and haue their places of residence absolute and peculiar to themselues , as Bloud about the heart , Fleame in the braine , Choler in the liuer , and Melancholy in the spleene . Now as these humors do more or lesse abound , or haue greater or lesser soueraignty in the body of the horse : so is the beast naturally better or worse coloured , qualified or disposed , as thus . That horse in whom bloud hath the greatest predominance , & may be called a horse sanguine , is bright bay of colour , and in disposition pleasant , nimble , and of temperate or moderate motion . That horse in whom fleame hath the greatest dominion , and may be called a flegmatike horse , is for the most part , of a milke white colour , and so consequently slow , dull and heauy . If choler beare the greatest rule in his constitution , then is his colour commonly a bright sorrell , and by that meanes of disposition hot , fiery , and of little strength . Lastly , if the earth haue gotten power aboue the other elements , so that he may be called a melancholy horse , then is his colour commonly a mouse dunne , and his disposition cowardly , faint and slothfull . But because these particularities are properly appertaining to the complexions of horses , of which we shall haue cause to speake more largely hereafter , I will not stand vpon any greater relation ; onely I giue you thus much in conclusion : to vnderstand that euery one of these aforesaid humours hath his proper vse or end , whereunto it serueth , as thus . Bloud serueth most properly to nourish the body . Fleame giueth motion to the ioynts . Choler prouoketh the auoydance of excrements , and Melancholy begetteth an appetite or longing to his meate . Now during the time that these humours do possesse their naturall qualities , so long they are wholesome , and bee called by their simple names , without glosse or addition ; but if by any mischance they be disordered or corrupted , then they are vnwholesome , and are no longer called by their simple names , but haue other epithetons annexed vnto them , as Melancholy Bloud , Salt Fleame , Choler adust or Burnt Choler , and fretting Melancholy , whereof proceedeth many pestilent and dangerous diseases , as shall be at large declared hereafter . And thus much for the state of humours . CHAP. 5. Of Members and their seuerall kinds . TOuching Members , which are the fourth maine instruments in this great fabricke of a horses body , they are by Schoolemen diuided into two parts . The first is called similaria , which is like , semblable or one and the same thing . The other is called instrumentall , and are contrary to the first . Members alike are those which being separated or dist●●buted into parts , yet euery part thereof is alike in substance to the whole , neither altering in definition , appellation or nature ; as flesh , bone , sinew , and such like : for flesh being cut or incised into many parts , yet is euery part still flesh , so reputed and so called , as well as when it was in combination altogether , and as of this so likewise may it be said of bones , sinewes , and their like . Now for members instrumentall , they bee those which being made of parts semblable , and diuided into parts ; yet the parts are not alike , neither haue all one name with the whole , as the head , legge , foote , and such like : for euery part of the head is not called the head , nor euery part of the legge , the legge ; but haue other appellations , as the brow , the temples , the knee , the feetlocke , and so forth . Now these instrumentall members , in doing of their offices and duties are of much more perfection then the semblable members ; wherefore Schoole-men haue made amongst these instrumentall members foure soueraignes or princes aboue the rest ; that is , the Braine , the Heart , the Liuer , and the Stones ; of which the first three are the preseruers of the singular body ; and the fourth of the whole kinde : the first three giuing motion and agitation to the body , the fourth generation and 〈◊〉 to succ●eding ages . Now from these principall members , like branches from a well growne tree , do spring other members which do them seruice ▪ as from the braine springeth ●inewes , whose office is feeling : from the heart arteries , whose office is sprightinesse and liuely hood ; from the liuer , veines , whose office is warmth and strength ; and from the stones the seede vessels , whose office is procreation and increase . Now for as much as from those doth likewise proceede a world of other members , as Tendants , Ligaments , Lungs , Spl●ene , Guts and such like ; all which , in as much as the knowledge of them doth more properly belong to the office of the Chyrurgian then to the Physitian ( though most necessary for both ) I am her● to aduertise euery studious reader , that when he shall haue occasion to meddle with any member about a horse , that he turne to the second booke in this volume , which treateth onely of surgery ; and there he shall not only find euery member and lineament in a horse , but also the true anatomies so liuely demonstrated , that there shall be nothing wanting to the perfecting of his vnderstanding . And thus much in this place of members . CHAP. 6. Of Powers and how a Horses body is gouerned by them . POwers which by some are called vertues or principall faculties , and do gouerne and controll both the body of man or beast , and haue the fift place in this worke , are in number three , that is , the Power animall the Power vitall , and the Power naturall . The Power animall is a vertue incident to the braine , which through the sinewes coming like little conduit pipes from the braine , distributeth feeling and mouing to all the parts of the body . The Power vitall is a vertue belonging to the heart , which doth giue life and spirit to all the body by meanes of the arteries ; which proceeding from the heart , which is the chiefe fountaine of naturall heate , carries in their little channels ouer the whole body , that aire and spirituall bloud which makes it full of lightnesse and alacrity . The Power naturall is a vertue belonging to the liuer which giues nourishment vnto all the body , and to euery part thereof , by meanes of the veines , which do likewise proceede from the liuer like greater conduites , carrying the bloud from the liuer which is the fountaine of bloud , into euery part of the body . Besides the Power naturall containeth foure other vertues , that is , the vertue attractiue which draweth food meete to sustaine the body ; the vertue retentiue , by which it retaineth and keepeth the foode receiued : the vertue disgestiue whereby it concocteth and disgesteth the same . And lastly the vertue expulsiue , by which it expelleth excrements and superfluities . Thus these powers or vertues being of no lesse validity then you perceiue by this discourse . it is the part and duty of euery good Horse-leach , to haue a most carefull and vigilant respect vnto them : for if any of them faile , the horse cannot liue . Therefore whensoeuer you see that either your horse refuseth his foode , or that he doth not retaine and keepe his food● , but casteth it vp againe , or that he doth not digest his food , but keeps it corruptly in his stomacke , or that he can not void his excrements in a naturall manner , but holds it burning in his body , take them for most certaine signes of mortall sicknesse . And thus much of powers or vertues . CHAP. 7. Of Actions or Operations , and whereto they belong . AS touching Actions or operations , which are the sixt columne or pillar which doth vphold this naturall body of which we treate , they are not onely belonging , but euen deriued from the three powers immediatly spoken of in the former chapter , as thus . The action and operation of the Power animall , is to discerne , to moue , and to feele . Horses discerne by meanes of the vertue Imaginatiue , Discoursatiue , and Memoratiue , whereof the first is placed in the forehead , the second in the middle of the braine , and the third in the hinder part of the head . All which are cōprehended vnder the Power animall . Horses moue by meanes of the vertue Motiue , whose action & operation is to straine or let slacke the sinewes , whereby euery member hath his mouing . And horses feeling is by meanes of the vertue Sensitiue , whose action or operation is busied in the fiue sences , as to See , Heare , Smell , Tast , and Touch ; and all these actions spring from the Power animall . The action or operation of the Power vitall , is to restraine and loosen the heart , and the arteries , which proceede from the heart , which action whether it be hurt or disturbed in a horses body is easily knowne of euery good Farrier or horse Marshall by the vnequall beating of his pulse , that is to say of the arteries which cometh downe from the heart , to the insides of both his fore legges , a little below the knuckles of his shoulders , and likewise crosse both the temples of his head , a little higher then his eyes . And if any man be so simple to imagine that the thicknesse of the horses skinne shall be any impediment to the feeling of this motion , let him remember that as a horses skin is thicker then a mans , so also are his arteries greater , and beate with more violence ; and so consequently to be felt without any great difficulty . The actions or operations of the Power naturall , are to ingender , to increase , to nourish , to desire with appetite , to attract , to change , to disgest , to retaine and to expell , and many others of like kinde . These actions therefore are carefully to be looked vnto by euery Farrier , to the intent that he may learne by them , not only the whole state of a horses body , but also what particular member thereof is euill affected , as thus . If either in your horse you finde much forgetfulnesse , vnnimblenesse of his limbes , or dulnesse vpon correction , it is a signe of sicknesse in the braine , and that the Power animal is euillaffected . If you find that his pulses do beate extraordinarily flow , or much to fast , it is a signe that his heart is grieued , and his Power vitall euill affected ; but if you finde that he doth consume , pine away , & loseth his stomacke , it is a signe that his liuer is perplexed , all his inward parts out of frame , and his Power naturall euill affected . Now you shall againe vnderstand that of actions some be voluntary , some not voluntary . The voluntary actions be those which a horse may either further or hinder , stay or let when themselues pleaseth , as the mouing of the legges : for they may go , stand , or lye downe , at their owne pleasure . The actions not voluntary , are those which depend not vpon the will of any beast , but be done of their owne accord and naturally , as the mouing of the heart and of the arteries , and the passage of the bloud : the first whereof beateth sleeping and waking ; and the other hath his course euery minute . And thus much of actions and operations . CHAP. 8. Of Spirits , and in what parts of the horses body they remaine . SPirits , which is the seuenth naturall builder of this naturall worke , are to be vnderstood to be that fine , pure , cleare , and ayrie substance which is ingendred of the finest part of the bloud , whereby the vertue of euery principall member may visite all the other parts of the body , making them to do their duties according to the rules of nature . Now of spirits , according to the opinion of some Physitians , there are but two kinds , that is , the Spirit animall and the Spirit vitall . The Spirit animall is that which giueth power of feeling and mouing to a horse , and hath his resting place in the braine , from whence through the sinewes it is dispersed into all other parts of the body ; and as it is ingendred of the vitall spirit , being more vehemently wrought and laboured , and partly of continuall breathing : euen so it is partly preserued by the Chaule of the braine , which doth howrely water and nourish it . The Spirit vitall is contained in the heart , from whence it floweth into euery part of the body , being the chiefe cause of all naturall heate ; and it is preserued and nourished , both by breathing and bloud . To these two spirits , there be some Farriers , both Italians and French , which adde a third spirit , and call it the Spirit naturall , saying , it hath its residence in the liuer & the veines ; but the two former are of such power , and haue such superiority , that the body cannot liue without them , nor haue any being at all ; wherefore it is the office of the Farrier continually in all his medicines to haue euer some comfortable simple which may maintaine and keepe these spirits in their full strength , liuelyhood and vertue . And thus much touching spirits , & those seuen naturall things which compact a naturall body . Chap. 9. Of the sixe thing not naturall , how they profit , and how they hurt . HAuing spoken of the naturall things whereof a horses body is compounded , it is needfull now that we speake something of the other sixe which be not naturall , so farre forth as they concerne the office of the Farrier and no further : for with other matters we haue not to do . The first thing then which is not naturall , yet preserueth a horses body in good state , is the aire , which being pure , sharp , cleare and piercing , giueth great life and nourishment to a horse , but being contrary , that is , grosse , thicke , and full of putrifaction , it cannot chuse but alter the good habit of his body , and breede in him many infirmities . Therefore euery Farrier shall haue great respect to the aire wherein a horse either liueth or was bred in , as if a horse that was bred in a hot aire , come to liue in a cold , and through that exchange grow sicke , the Farrier shall by warme dyet , close house , and moderate cloathing , bring his nature to a stronger acquaintance : also when a horse exceedeth in any of the foure qualities , that is , in heate , moystnesse , coldnesse , or drinesse , it is best for him to , liue in that aire which is contrary to that quality wherein hee exceedeth . Lastly , in many diseases , the change of the aire is most wholesome , as shall be shewed at large in the particular diseases . For the meate and drinke of a horse which is the second thing not naturall in a horses composition , it is not to be doubted but whilest it is sweete , cleane , & good , as bread well made and baked , dry oates , dry beanes , dry pease , sweet hay , sweet straw , or short grasse , so long it nourisheth and preserueth the horses body ; but if it bee fully , raw , corrupt and vncleane , or if he eate tares , fitches , rye , or barley , then must hee needes bee vnsound and full of infirmities . Therefore the Farrier shall be carefull to keepe him from all such foodes as breede naughty euill bloud ; as for his water , the more pure it is , the better , and the more muddy , thicke and pleasant , so much the more vnhealthfull . Now for his mouing and rest , that is either his trauell or standing still , which is the third thing not naturall in a horses composition , doubtlesse they be great preseruers of a horses health : for as moderate exercise dissolueth grosse humours , ingendreth appetite , and addeth strength vnto the limbes , so likewise indifferent rest , causeth disgestion , comforteth the sinewes , & maketh the heart cheareful against ensuing labour . But on the contrary part , immoderate trauell or exercise , when a horse is ridden beyond his strength , breedeth many dangerous & mortall sicknesses , as the foundring in the body , the consumption of the lungs and liuer , molten grease and such like , besides the pissing of bloud , manginesse , farrye , and such like ; all which inward diseases craue strong purges , and the outward sharp and correding medicines ▪ Immoderate rest , which is when a horse doth stand long still without any exercise . Feeding foule and grosly is as great an enemy to a horses health as the other : for it congregateth & bindeth together all sorts of ill humours , breedes corruption in the bloud , rottennesse in the flesh , & generally as many diseases as any il dyet whatsoeuer . The sleepe or watch of a horse ( which is the fourth thing in our composition ) is so necessary a comfort to a horse , that he cannot liue without it ; it is the greatest mouer of disgestion : and so consequently giues comfort to the whole body . For whilest a horse sleepeth , the Powers animall do take their rest , which otherwise would be ouer-wearied , and neither able to discharge their duties , nor to continue their actions and operations , which is the giuing of feeling and mouing only : & whilst a horse doth sleep the powers natural haue more liberty to do their work , in concocting the meate , and comforting the bodie ; in so much that I account sleepe to be the onely quieting of the sences , ordained by nature to ingender strength . Sleepe is begotten by sweet , fatty and grosse vapours , ( & not by their contraries ) which are raised from the heart to the braine ; with the coldnesse of which braine those vapours being congealed and thickned together do stop the pipes of the sensitiue spirits , so as they can not resort to the instruments of the sences , to giue the body feeling & mouing , wherby the body at that time is depriued of those motions . And according as those vapours do more or lesse fill the pipes , so is the horses sleepe more or lesse found and vndisturbed ; but when this sleepe shall at any time grow into excesse , and you shall perceiue a horse to sleepe beyond both nature and custome , then you shall know that such sleep cometh from an euill habite of the body , and is a signe either of Lethargie , and a numbnesse of the spirits , or else that he hath some inward griefe and paine in his limbes when he standeth ; which being eased by lying , makes him couet a continuall rest and sleeping . Now for the watch of a horse , because it is the meere contrary to sleepe , there needes little to be sayd more then this : that as the excesse of the one sheweth the want of the other , so the vnnaturall working of either shewes the euill state of a horses body , and giues the Farriers warning to expect ensuing sicknesse . Now for emptinesse and fulnesse ( which is the fift not naturall compositor ) for as much as it is onely an adding to , and a taking away , some Farriers haue held opinion , that all Physicke belonging to a horses body , consisteth in them two onely ; and truly I am of this minde , that whosoeuer can take away corruption , and adde perfection , shall without doubt , euer keepe an able and substantiall body . But to our purpose , of this fulnesse there are two sorts , the one fulnesse by excesse of humors , the other fulnesse by excesse of meate ; either of which perturbing the spirits are the grounds of sicknes . Againe , excesse of humours are of two kindes , the one an equall encrease of all maner of humours gathered together , and the other a particular excesse either of too much Melancholy , Fleame , or other waterish humours whatsoeuer , the first being termed an aboundance of humours , the latter an excesse of euill iuice or nutriment : lastly , their fulnesse in quantity , and fulnesse in quality . Fulnesse in quantity is when a horse is full of bloud or any other simple humour . Fulnesse in quality is when any of those humors is too hot or too cold , too grosse or too thin . Now for emptinesse , as all diseases of fulnesse must be cured by it onely , so all diseases of emptinesse must be healed by fulnesse , as by taking of bloud , by purge , friction , scarification , boxing , sweating , bathing , and a world of such like , as shal be very largely set forth hereafter . Lastly , touching the affections of a horses minde , you shall vnderstand that so farre forth as the sensitiue soule doth stretch , so farre they haue sence and feeling of affections , as namely to loue , to hate , to be angry , to reioyce , to be sorry , and to feare : for all which , there needs no great apologie , sith we haue it in dayly experience : as who seeth not the loue of some horses to their keepers , their hate to strangers , their anger in their fights , their ioyes in their prides & wooings , their sorrowes in their sicknesses , and their feares vnto their riders ? Now these affections sith many times they are the grounds of strange motions in the body ; therefore they ought carefully to be looked vnto by the Fa●rier , and that the horse be not ouer-oppressed with any of them ; especially feare and hatred , the first whereof compelleth the bloud and spirits to flye to the inward parts , and to leaue the outward without sence or feeling , and the latter makes him to be vnquiet , fierce and raging ; both together breedes distemperature in a horse , and those distemperatures ingender mortal sicknesses . And thus much for these sixe things , being held not naturall in a horses composition . CHAP. 10 Of Horses complexions . HAuing spoken of whose thirteene naturall and not natural things , wherof a horses body is compounded , we will now in a somewhat more particular manner speake of the complexions of horses , which is one of the most necessary faces that a Farrier can behold , both for the iudging of a horses infirmities , and also for the true compounding of his medicines for euery disease : therefore you shal first vnderstand that by the color of the horse you shal euer iudge his complexion : for looke which of the elements is most predominant in him , from that element we draw his complexion , as thus . If he participate more of the fire then of any of the other elements , then we hold him to be a cholericke horse , and his colour is either a bright sorrell , a cole blacke without any white , or an yron gray vnchangeable , that is , such a gray as neither will euer turne to a daple gray , to a white or to a flea-bitten ; and these horses are of nature light , hot , fiery , and seldome of any great strength : these horses are much subiect to pestilent feuers , yellowes , and inflammations of the liuer . Therefore euery Farrier shall be carefull in the composing of any medicine for such a horse , to purge choler ; yet very moderately , and not with any extraordinary strength in the potion or drench : because the horse being in his best strength not reputed strong , should you apply any violent thing to him , that little strength being abated , there were great danger in the confounding of the whole body . If the horse participate more of the aire then of the other elements , then is he of a sanguine complexion , and his colour is either bright bay , or darke bay ; which hath neither skouling countenance , mealy nose , nor white flanke , or a white flea-bitten , white lyard like siluer , or a blacke with white starre , white rache or white foote ; these horses are of nature pleasant , nimble , free , and of a good strength . The diseases to them most incident , is consumption of the liuer , leprosie , glanders , or any disease that is infectious . They are of a good strong constitution , and may endure strength in their medicines , especially any thing that cooleth the bloud . If the horse participate more of the water then of the other elements , then is he of a flegmaticke complexion , and his colour is either a milke white , a yellow dun , a kiteglewd or a pyedball , in whom there is an equall mixture of colours , that is , as much white as of the other color : otherwise if the bay , the blacke , or the dunne exceed the white , he is sayd to be of that complexion of which the color is greatest . These horses are of nature slow , dull , and apt to leese flesh ; the diseases which are most incident vnto them , is colds , head-atch , rheumes , staggers and such like . They are able to endure the reasonable strength of any medicine ; because the abundance of fleame which is in them , sufficeth both nature and the potion to worke vpon : all cold simples are to them exceeding hurtfull , so are also they which are violently hot in the third degree ; the first because it bindeth too soone ; the latter because it disperseth too suddenly , therefore simples of a moderate meane are the best . If the horse participate more of the earth then of the other elements , then is he of a melancholy complexion , and his colour is mouse dunne , russet , chesnut , a sky gray , darke bay , with mayly nose , redde or white slanke , or a reddish bay , hauing long white haire , like goates haire growing on his legges . These horses are of nature heauy , and saint hearted : the diseases to them most incident , is inflammations in the Spleene , Frenzie , Dropsie and such like . They are commonly of better strength then they will suffer to appeare by their actions , and are able to endure the strength of any reasonable medicine : all cicatrizing and dry simples are hurtfull vnto them ; the cold and moist are the most profitable . Hauing thus shewed you these foure complexions , Cholerike , Sanguine , Flegmatike and Melancholy , together with their qualities and strengths , you shall vnderstand now that amongst Farriers there is another complexion , or fift constitution , which is called the composition or mixture of complexions , that is , whensoeuer a horse doth participate of all the foure elements equally and in due proportion , none being greater or lesse then another ; and this complexion of all other is the best and and most perfect ; and the horse which is of this complexion , is euer of one of these colours , that is to say , either a faire browne bay , dapled or not dapled , a daple gray , a blacke , full of siluer haires , or a faire roane redde or blacke . And those horses are of nature most excellent , most temperate , strongest , gentlest , and most healthfull ; though they may haue any disease , yet are they naturally inclined to no disease ; but what infirmity soeuer falleth vnto them is meerely accidentall , and not through any ouerflow of naturall distemperature . All medicines must be compounded for them according to the nature of the sicknesse , and the time of their languishment : for if their sicknesse be young and new bred , then are they able to receiue any well composed receipt ; but if it be old , & the inward powers and faculties feebled , then you must bee carefull to helpe nature , by adding to euery medicine of what nature soeuer , some simple of comfort , that as euill humours be clensed , so strength may still be repayred & maintained . And thus much for complexions . CHAP. 11. Of inward sicknesse , the causes and seuerall kindes thereof . SIth I haue already passed ouer al those things which haue a naturall and perfect working in a horses body , and do maintaine , vphold and preserue the same in good state and health , except accidentally they be encountred and crossed by some excesse , or in dyet , or in exercise : it shall now be meete that we begin to speake of the things which be contrary and against nature , which are all those things whereby at any time , the healthfull estate of the horses body is any way impeached ; and they be three in number , that is , the causes , the sicknesse , and the accidents which follow euery sicknesse . Now the causes of sicknesse are all vnnaturall affects , and euill dispositions , which going before , do as it were by violence , bring sicknesse after them : and of these causes there be two sorts , some internall , some externall ; the internall be those which breede within the body of the horse , as euill humours , euill obstructions and euill iuice . Externall are they which communicate with the outward parts of the body , as heate , cold , wounds and such like , of which I shall speake more in the second booke : and for so much as I intend at the beginning of euery particular disease , to shew the cause of that disease , I will at this time speake no more of that subiect . Now for sicknesse it selfe which is any thing that is contrary to nature , it is diuided into three generall kindes : the first an euill temperature , the second an euil state or composition , and the third a loosening or diuiding of an vnity . Now of these two latter , I intend not to speake in this place , because they appertaine to surgery , which I reserue for the second booke ; but for the first kinde which is an euill temperature , it is taken two fold , that is , either simple or compound ; simple , when one quality onely doth abound or exceede , as to be too moist or too dry : compound when mo qualities then one do grow into excesse , as for a horse to be too hot , and too dry , or too cold and too moist . Againe , sicknesses are sayd some to belong , as consumptions , glanders and such like , which linger and weare a horse away by small degrees . Some short , as the staggers , yellowes , anticor , and such like , which as soone as they be perceiued , so soone they be mortall . Now of inward sicknesses , some do occupy all the whole body , some but particular parts ; those which occupy the whole body are feuers , the pestilence , conuulsions and such like : those which occupy parts or members , are colds which annoy the head , surfaits which perplexe the stomacke ; and so likewise all outward infirmities proper to euery particular member , as splents vpon the legs , spauens on the houghes , pearles in the eyes , and such like , as shall be amply shewed hereafter . And thus much for sicknesse and the seuerall kindes thereof . CHAP. 12. Of the signes of sicknesse , and of what nature it consisteth . THe signes and faces by which sicknesse is discerned , are many , and almost numberlesse ; yet in the best sort that I may , I will shew you such and so many as shall amply serue for any mans vnderstanding . Know then first that there be according to the rules in physicke , foure especiall wayes to iudge of inward and outward infirmities . First , by accidents , as by the shape , number , quantity , & place of the member grieued : for if it carry not his true proportion , or be more or lesse in number or quantity , or out of his proper place , then questionlesse it is diseased . Secondly , by alteration of the quality , as when it is either too hot , too cold , too moist or too dry . Thirdly , when any member in the body is hindered from doing his office ; as when the eye cannot see , or the foote cannot treade : and fourthly , by excrements , as by his dung or his vrine . But for as much as in the speculation of these qualities , many of the ignorant sort may be either amazed , distract or deceiued ; and that my desire is to giue an absolute satisfaction to all sorts of people , I will briefly and plainly shew you the most vndeceiueable signes of all sorts of inward sicknesses , as thus . If a horse be slower in labour , or duller in the spurre then he hath bene accustomed , if he be shorter breathed , if his eares hang downe more then they were wont ; if his haire be more staring , if his flankes be more then vsually hollow , if he burne betwixt his eares or about his pasternes , if in trauell his stomacke faile him ; or his mouth that in labor was vsually wont to be foaming , become dry ; all these are most apparant signes of inward sicknesse . When a horse holdeth downe his head which was wont to be of a chearefull countenance , it is a signe either of a feuer , head-ache , or else foundring in the body . If a horse be dimme of sight that was cleare sighted , it is a signe either of head-ache , the staggers , or sore eyes . When a horse turneth his head backward to the place grieued , if it be to the right side ▪ it is a signe of obstructions in the liuer ; but if he turne it downe to his belly , then it is a signe either of cholericke , bots or wormes . When a horse hath water running from his mouth , it is a signe of the staggers or the wet cough . If a horses breath stincke , or foule matter issue from his nosthrels , it is a sign of an vlcer in the nose or head ; but if the matter be white , then it is a signe of glaunders : if the matter be blacke , then it is a signe of the mourning of the chine ; but if the matter be yellow , then it betokens the consumption of the liuer ; but if he cast little lumps out of his mouth , then it betokens the consumption or rottennesse of the lungs . If a horses body and breath be hot , it is a signe of a feuer and heate of the stomacke , if therewithall he forsake his meate , it is a signe of inflammation in his liuer , and either of dry or moist yellowes . If the temples of a horses heade be very hollow , it is a signe either of the strangle or old age . Shortnesse of breath , and a breathing flanke , is a signe either of a feuer or the strangle ; but if the passage of the throate be stopped , it is a signe the filme of the lungs is broken , & the spleene troubled , or else broken winded . If any thing lye on both sides the forehead , which may be felt beate , it is a signe of the staggers . If there be any swelling betweene the eares , it is a signe of the polle euil ; swelling vnder the eare , a signe of the viues ; and swelling in the mouth , a signe either of canker , flaps or lampasse . Swelling vnder the throat is a signe of the glaunders ; and swelling about the tongue rootes ▪ a signe of the strangle ; but if there be about the tongue rootes , nothing but little small knots like waxe kyrnels , then it is a signe but of cold onely . Swelling on the left side is a signe of a sicke spleene . Swelling in the belly and legges , a signe of the dropsie ; and swelling in the flanke , of the cholericke onely . To cough , or to offer to cough , is a signe either of the glaunders , of the mourning of the chine , of a feather in the weasand , of the wet or dry cough , of the filme broken , of the dry malady , of a consumption , or of foundring in the body . Staggering is a signe either of a feuer , of the staggers , or of swaying in the necke ; but if he stagger , or rolle behinde onely , then it is a signe either of foundring in the body , or of paine in the kidneyes . Trembling is a signe of a feuer , or of foundring in the body : and here is to be noted , that a horse which trembleth after the drinking of cold water , hath during that time of trembling , a very certaine sit of an ague ; and if any Farrier or other , will but obserue it , he shall finde that the horse after he hath done trembling , will burne and glow in as great extremity at least an howre and an halfe after ; and some horses after their burning , will sweate also . The hollownesse of a horses backe is a signe of the dry malady or the dropsie . Haire staring , is a signe either of a cold stomacke or of foundring in the body . If a horse stale with much paine , it is a signe either of foundring in the body , the wind cholike , or the stone ; and if the vrine which comes from him be yellow , it is a signe of the glaunder ; but if it be blackish and thicke , it is a signe of paine in the kidneyes . Leannesse and gauntnesse is a signe of hide-bound , or of the consumption , of the dry malady , of foundring in the body , inflammation of the liuer , the yellowes , cholicke or wormes . Laxatiuenesse or loosnesse of the body , is a signe of a hot liuer . Costiuenesse in the body is a signe of dry yellowes , or of diseases in the galle . If a horses dung stinke , it is a signe of a hot liuer ; if it haue no smell , then of a cold liuer ; but if it be vndisgested , then either of a consumption , or of a drye malady . If a horse go stiffe , it is a signe either of wrinching , hipping , stifling or foundring either in body or legs ; if he go crouching behinde and stiffe before , then the griefe is in his forelegges ; but if he go onely weake behinde , then is the griefe in his hinder legges onely . If a horse desire extraordinarily to lye downe on his right side , it is a signe of heate in the liuer . If on the left side , then of a diseased spleene ; if he be oft vp and downe , finding no rest , then it is a signe of bottes , wormes , chollicke , or griping in the belly ; if when he is downe he spreade himselfe abroad , it shewes the dropsie ; if he groane when he is downe , it shewes either a sicke spleene , moist yellowes , chollicke , bots , or filme broken ; if he be not able to rise when he is downe , then either mortall weaknesse , foundring in the body or legges . To be troubled with much wind is a signe either of griefe in the spleene , or losse of much bloud . If a horse forsake his meate , it is a signe either of a feuer , head-ache , strangle , staggers , consumption , or dry malady , anticor , foundring in the body , a hot and consumed liuer , moyst yellowes , cholicke , or the wormes ; but if when he forsaketh his prouender he doth , as it were , chauell or chaw a little hay , and in his chawing doth make a certaine sharp noyse in his mouth , and if his tongue could not well part from the roofe without a kinde of chanking , it is then a certaine signe that the horse is troubled with the falling of the palate of the mouth , a disease which only commeth by ouer much trauell , or too sore a burthen . If a horse desire to eate much and drinke little , it is a signe of a cold liuer ; but if he desire to drinke much and eate little , it is then a signe either of a feuer , rotten lungs , heate in the stomacke , heate in the liuer , or the dry yellowes . If a horse both eate and drinke with an extraordinary greedinesse , it is a signe of rotten lungs , or a diseased spleene . Lazie and heauy going contrary to true nature , is a signe either of a feuer , sicke spleene , yellowes , or else obstructions of the liuer . If a horse strike with his foote at his belly , it is a signe of the chollike ; but if when he striketh , he fiske with his taile also , then is it either bots or rough wormes . If a horse be scabby and vlcerous all ouer his body , or but about his necke , it is a signe of the mangie ; if it be an vlcer full of knots , creeping alongst a veine , it is the farcy ; if spreading abroad onely in one place , it is a canker ; if the vlcer be hollow and crooked , it is a fistula , but if it be a spongie wart , full of bloud , it is then an Anburie . If a horses tongue hang out , and be swolne , it is a signe of the strangle . To conclude , if a horse in health beate short , thicke , & fast in the flanke , it is a signe of sicknesse in the lungs & lights , which we call broken winded ; with a world of other such like signes and tokens , as shall be more amply declared in euery particular chapter . CHAP. 13. Generall obseruations in the Physicking of Horses . AFter you can by these signes and characters iudge and approue either the health or sicknesse of a horse , it is then necessary that you learne some generall rules and obseruations which belong to the physicking of a horse ; lest that either by your rashnesse , vnskilfulnesse or vncleanlinesse in what you go about to do , you commit errours more grosse then the medicine you administer hath power to do good . Know then first , that whensoeuer you go about to giue your horse any inward potion or drench , you must first take very carefull heede that your drinke be no more then milke warme : for there is nothing more mortall to a horse then the scalding of his stomacke . Next you must be very carefull that you giue the drench easily and gently , lest in making too much haste , the drinke passe into his weasand or winde-pipe , and so force him to an extreme coughing , and almost suffocate him ; which if it do , you must then let his head loose , and walke him vp and downe , till the passion be past . Lastly you shall obserue in giuing a drench , to draw out the horses tongue before you put in the horne , and then presently let it loose againe : for that will compell him to swallow whether he will or no. And this is principally to be vsed when you giue your horse pils , as butter and garlike , bulter and Saunders , or butter and sauen . Also euery drench will worke the better , the longer you keepe the sicke horse fasting , both before and after his medicine ; wherein is likewise to be obserued , that moderate exercise ( as gently walking , or trotting vp and downe according to the horses strength after his drench is receiued ) is most wholesome , and maketh the medicine worke a great deale the better . You shall likewise obserue if your horses sicknesse be a feuer , to mixe alwayes your simples either with warme water , with hony , or with oyle ; but if the disease be coughes , rheumes or any thing that proceedeth of cold causes , then you shall mixe your simples with good ale or wine ; and if your horse be brought low & weake with sicknesse , then you shall mixe your simples with milke or egges . You shall also obserue that in bloud letting , you must take but halfe so much from a yong colt as from an old horse ; and but the fourth part from a yearling foale : also in letting bloud , you must carefully regard the age and strength of your horse , taking more or lesse according to his ability of body . Lastly , letting of bloud is either to diuert sicknesse and preserue health , or to refresh and coole the spirits , or to diminish bloud , or else to purge grosse and badde humours . Obserue before you let your horse bloud , first moderately to chafe or exercise him ; then let him take rest a day before his letting bloud , and three dayes after ; not forgetting that Aprill and October are the two principall seasons of the yeare for that purpose , except vrgent occsion be ministred . Obserue whensoeuer you rake your horse with your hand ( which is to draw his ordure out of his fundament when hee cannot dung ) that then first you annoynt all your hand with sallet oyle ; the like you must euer do when you put vp any suppositary ; but when you administer any glister , you shall then but annoynt the glister pipe onely . Many other obseruations there are which be more particular , and those you shall finde annexed to the seuerall cure of euery disease . Thus much then of these generall obseruations . CHAP. 14. Of the vrine and excrements of an horse . AFter you haue made your memory acquainted with the signes and obseruations before specified , and so in the end finde a horse which by the demonstration of some of these signes appeareth most certainly to be sicke and diseased ; my aduice is then ( if conueniently you may , and that the violence of the sicknesse do not vrge the contrary ) that before you administer any thing vnto him , in any case you see his vrine , from which vrine you shall reape these knowledges . First , if the vrine of a horse be of a pale , whitish , yellow colour , like vnto amber , & therewithall somewhat strong smelling , and not very cleare , then you shall be assured that the horse is in good state of body , strong and healthful ; but if it be extraordinary white , and as it were , creamy , then it is a signe the horse hath weake reines and is subiect to the stone , and the stopping in the kidneyes . If the vrine of a horse be somewhat high coloured , bright and cleare like lamber and not like amber , or like a cup of strong march beere ; then it sheweth the horse hath inflammation in his bloud , and that he hath either a feuer , or else some great surfaite ; but if it be red like bloud , then is his inflammation more geat , and his surfaite is onely an ouer heate taken by ouer-riding ; insomuch that if present remedy be not applyed , either by scouring or other healthfull physicke , the horse cannot chuse but fall into some mortal sicknesse . If the vrine of a horse be of a pale greenish colour , thicke and slimy , it is a signe of a weake backe , and consumption of the seede . Lastly , if the horses vrine be high colored , yet therewithall cloudy and full of blacknesse , then it is a signe that the horses sicknesse is mortall , and hardly to be preserued by any physicke ; but if the blacknesse and cloudinesse of the vrine do not remaine , as it were , bound vp together in one body , but is broken & dispersed , shewing many cloudes in one water , then it is a signe that the violence of the sicknesse departeth away , and there is great hope , by good gouernement , that the horse will recouer his health , as at the begining . Now for the excrements or dung of a horse , which is no lesse worthy of note then the vrine . You shall first vnderstand , that if his dung be euer of alliance with his foode , I meane either in part or whole coloured like vnto that he eateth ; as thus for example : If your horse go at grasse , his dung wil euer be greene , and the brighter such greennesse is , and being in a meane betweene hardnesse and softnsse , the sounder and in more perfect estate the horse standeth ; but if the greennesse be bright , yet the ordure so soluble and loose , that it cometh from the horse like water , then you shall vnderstand that either the horse hath eaten vp some feather , or else that he hath an inward coldnesse both in his stomacke and bowels . If a horses dung be of a reasonable thicknesse , neither too costiue nor too soluble , yet the greennesse inclined to some blacknesse , it is a signe that the horse hath a hot stomacke , and is easile subiect either to the yellowes or staggers . If the horses dunge be in round hard pellets , and of a blackish greene colour , like the dung of a sheepe , or a Deere , then it is without faile that the horse hath had some great surfait , either by ouer-riding , or by ill food , or else is certainly possest either of the yellowes , or feuer , or foundred in the body . Now if your horse be fed onely vpon straw , then his colour will be of a high coloured yellow , rather costiue then soluble , and the graine thereof long , and not well coutched together : and all these be good signes of great healthfulnesse ; but if the colour be inclined to rednesse ; or if it be exceeding dry without moisture , or if it be thinne like the dung of an Oxe or a cow , they be all apparant signes of inward sicknesse ; but if the rednesse turne to blacknesse , and that his ordure doth leese the strength of its smelling , then it is a great signe of death and mortality . If your horse be fed with hay and prouender , then your perfect and sound dung will be of a browne yellow colour , the graine somewhat long , yet moist and well fixt together ; but if the brownnesse turne to rednesse , it is a signe of distemperature ; and if it turne to blacknesse , then of death . Now for the smell of this dung , you must vndestand that the more prouender you giue , the greater will be the smell , and the lesse prouender , the lesse smell . Lastly , if you feede your horse onely vpon prouender , as bread , oates , and such like , then the dung which shewes a perfect and a sound body , will be of a pale yellow colour , like course hony , firme like a thicke salue , hauing within it when you tread vpon it , or break it , little white graines , like those which are in sope ; or if the dung be harder , like the ordinary ordure of a man , it is not amisse : for both be signes of health and strength ; but if the dung looke redde , then it is a signe that the horse hath taken some inward heate , and his stomacke and bowels do rest still inflamed . If his dung be browne and slimy , or if it shine and looke greasie , it is a signe that he hath had some of his inward grease molten , and that it resteth and putrifieth in his body ; but if with his dung you see him void great clods and lumps of grease , then you may be assured that his grease was molten , but nature hath ouercome infirmity , and the worst danger is past already ; but if his dung be matter vndigested , so that you may either perceiue therin whole corns or whole bits of bread , it is a signe the horse hath either taken a late surfaite , or is entring into a mortall consumption . Lastly , if his dung be blacke , or haue lost the smell , it is an apparant signe of death . And thus much for vrine and excrements , and the seueral know●ledges are attained by them . CHAP. 15. Of Feuers in generall , and the diuers kindes thereof . THat horses haue feuers , and those feuers of diuers and sundry natures , there is nothing more certaine , as by strict obseruation may daily be perceiued , especially when either we vse much trauell , or disorderly diet : for questionlesse from these two and none other heads do spring most feuers whatsoeuer . But first , that I may giue you an account what a horses feuer is , you shall know that it is an vnnaturall and immoderate heate , which proceeding first from the heart , disperseth it selfe not onely through all the arteries , but euen the veines of a horses body , & thereby hindereth all the actions and wholesome mouings of the same . Now of feuers , some Farriers make three forts : the first those which breede in the spirits , being inflamed and set on fire beyond the ordinary course of nature : the second those which breede in the humours , being likewise distempered by heate : and the third those which breed in the firme parts of the body , and are continually hot . Now I for your better memory , will diuide them onely into two parts , that is to say : Ordinary and extraordinary . The ordinary feuers are all those which are bred either in the spirits or in the humours , as namely : Quotidians , Tertians , Quartans , Feuers continuall , Feuers Hectique , Feuers in Autumne , Sommer , or Winter . And the feuers extraordinary are all those which are bred in the firme parts of the body , and are euer hot , as Pestilent Feuers , and the Plague , which euer are accompanied with vlcers ; and the feuer accidentall , which proceedeth from the anguish and paine of some mortall wound . Now for the causes from whence these feuers do proceede : you shall vnderstand that all these which I call ordinary feuers , do generally spring either from surfaite by extreme labour , or from surfaite by naughty meate , as raw pease , rawfitches , raw oates , mouldy and vnwholesome bread , and such like : sometimes they do proceede from the extreme violence and heate of the Sunnes beames , when trauelling with disorderly haste in the extremest heate of the day , those two heates mixing together , labor & the Sunne , there cannot chuse but be bredde in the horse some mortall inflammation : and for mine owne part I haue seene horses fall downe dead in the high way : for whose deaths I could find no reason more then their labour and the heate of the Sunne . Feuers sometimes spring from a contrary cause , as from extreme cold in this maner : when a horse in the Winter time hath bene trauelled sore all the day , and is brought into the house hot , if after his bloud and inward powers are setled and cooled , you then presently or the same night , giue him cold water as much as he will drinke , you shall see him out of hand fall into an extreme quaking , and from that quaking , into a violent burning , with all other distemperatures of a Feuer . Now for extraordinary feuers , they euer proceede either from corruption of bloud , or from infection of the aire ; and albeit these feuers are not vsually knowne vnto our Farriers , yet they are as common as the former ; onely the violence of them is so great , and the poison so strong , that they euer carry with them some other mortall sicknes , as namely , Staggers , Yellowes , Anticor , and such like , which neuer are , but a pestilent feuer euer goeth before them . And they , like the markes of the plague , are seldome seene till the cure be desperate ; and then the vnskilfull Farrier , neither noting , nor knowing if he did note , the effects of the feuer , doth euer mis-baptise the name of the horses infirmity , and taking the lesser for the greater , failes many times to do the good office & cure which he intendeth . Now the signes to know a feuer be these : first he will euer hold downe his head , he will quake and tremble ; but when his trembling is past , then will his body burne , and his breath be hot , he wil breathe fast , and his flanke will beate ; he will reele , he will forsake his meate , his eyes will be swolne and closed vp , yet therewithall much watring ; his flesh will , as it were , fall from his bones , and his stones will hang downe low , he will oft lye downe , and oft rise vp againe ; all his desire will be to drinke , yet at no time drinke much ; neither will he at any time sleep . Now for the generall cure of these generall feuers , you shall vnderstand , that some Farriers vse to let the horse bloud in the face , temples and palate of the mouth , and the first day to giue him no meate , but warme drinke onely , by a little at a time , and after , the finest grasse or finest hay wet in water , keeping him warme , and often walking him vp and downe in a temperate aire , and giuing him good store of litter ; then when he begins to mend , to feede him with barley sodden , huskt and beaten as you do wheate before you make furmity . And this cure is not amisse , for it agreeth with the ancient experience of the Italians ; but in our English horses ( through the clyme as I suppose ) it often faileth . The best cure therfore that I haue found is , as soone as you perceiue him to begin to shake , to giue him the yolkes of three or foure egges , beaten with seuen or eight spoonefull of aqua-vitae to drinke ; and then chase him vp and downe till his shaking be past , and then set him vp close and warme , and with many clothes make him sweate an howre : let his foode be oates very well dryed and sifted , and one day some washt in ale . If his shaking fit be past before you perceiue his sicknesse , you shall onely giue him a pint of Muskadine , and an ounce of sugar-candy beaten to powder , and brewd together , to drinke , and so let him rest , feeding him by little and little as aforesaid , and giuing him no water but such as is warme ; and this order you shall obserue at the beginning of euery fit if you can note them , or else euery morning if his sicknesse haue no ceassing . CHAP. 16. Of the Quotidian or one dayes feuer , and the cure . THe Quotidian or one dayes feuer is that which taketh a horse , and holdeth him with one fit once euery day ; it will at first appeare somewat violent , but seldome or neuer endureth long , if the Farrier haue any discretion . It proceedeth most commonly from extreme riding , either after water or a full stomacke ; and then suddenly after his heate , being thrust into a stable , & neither stopt nor rubbed , a suddaine coldnes to that suddaine heate begers a shaking , and so consequently the effects of a feuer . The signes to know it , are watrish and bloud-shotten eyes , short and hot breathing , panting , loathing of his meate , and stiffnesse in his limbes ; but aboue these , to know it is a Quotidian , you shall obserue that these signes together with the sicknesse , will not last aboue sixe or eight howres in one day , and then he will be cheerefull and in health againe , till very neare the same howre of the next day , at what time his fit will begin againe . And here is to be noted , that the more it altereth the howres , the more hope there is of his health , as if it take him at seuen of the clocke of the one day , and at three of the clocke of the other , and so forth . The cure is : You shall only during his fit , giue him nothing but a sweet mash made of malt and water being luke warme , and walke him gently vp and downe in a temperate aire ; then as soone as his fit is past , you shall set him vp , and rub his body & legs exceedingly : then foure howres after , you shall giue him this drinke . Take of strong ale a quart , and boyle therin halfe a handfull of wormwood , of long pepper and graines two ounces , of the best treacle two ounces , and of the powder of dryed rue one ounce : now when a third part of the ale is consumed , take it from the fire and straine it ; then put therein three ounces of sugar-candy , beaten to powder ; then when it is luke warme giue it him with a horne to drinke . Do this twice at the least , or thrice if his fits continue , and there is no doubt but he will recouer . CHAP. 17. Of the Tertian Feuer . THe Tertian feuer is that which cometh euery other day , holding the horse with one sicke day , and one sound : it is not so violent as the Quotidian , but much longer lasting ; it happeneth oftest in the spring time of the yeare , when bloud begins to encrease , and most commonly to colts and yong horses : it proceeds of the same causes that the Quotidian doth and sometimes of ranknesse and ill bloud . The signes to know it , are all the signes formerly spoken of , and this as the chiefest , that the horse will be apparantly sicke , as it were , on the Munday , then apparantly well on the Tuesday , and sicke on the Wednesday following . This feuer is neuer seene , but it beginneth with shaking . The cure therefore is , assoone as you perceiue the horse to begin to shake , you shall take a certaine hearbe , or rather weede , called stone-croppe , and bruising it in a stone morter , take some foure spoonefull of the iuice thereof , and infuse it in a quart of strong alè , and giue it the horse to drinke ; then walke him gently vp and downe in some temperate aire for an howre , then set him vp , & with the helpe of clothes put him into a sweate for an other howre , then coole him ; and in any wise till his fits leaue him , let him drinke no cold water , and let his prouender be the oldest and dryest oates you can get , onely vpon his good dayes before his fits come , keepe him very long fasting and empty . CHAP. 18. Of the Quartane Feuer . THe Quartane feuer is that which some Farriers call a third daies sicknesse , as thus . If his fit begin on the Munday , he will be well on the Tuesday and Wednesday , and sicke againe one the Thursday . It proceedeth from the same causes that the Tertian feuer doth , yet in his working is not so apparantly violent , but of much longer continuance : for if great care & helpe be not , these feuers will last some a quarter of a yeare , some halfe a yeare , and some a whole yeare . There needes no other signe to know it , then the coming and going of the fits as hath bene declared already . And for the cure , it is the selfe same which is described in the former chapter for the Tertian feuer : onely if his fits do not leaue him at the first taking of the medicine , you shall then giue it him againe the second time , but not aboue thrice at the most in any wise . CHAP. 19. Of the Feuer Continuall . THe feuer continuall is that which continueth without any intermission , and it is most dangerous and violent : for there is in it the effects of all the former feuers , euer one taking place as the other endeth ; as a Quotidian beginning , is pursued by a Tertian , and a Tertian by a Quartane , and those two supply so many howers till the Quotidian doth begin againe . This kind of continuall feuer , most often springeth from some inflammation or violent heate ingendred in the pricipall members about the heart : and the signes thereof are want of rest , and falling away of the flesh , besides certaine inflammations or swellings , which will appeare about his withers and flanks . The cure is , first to purge his head by neesing , the manner whereof you shall finde in a particular chapter hereafter ; which done , you shall giue him this drinke . Take of Iermander two ounces , of gumme dragant , and dryed roses , of each halfe an ounce , beate them into fine powder , and put them into a quart of ale , adding thereunto of oyle Oliue two ounces , and as much hony ; and when it is luke warme , giue it the horse to drinke : then walke him a little space , and after set him vp close and warme , keepe him from cold water , and let his prouender be dry oates . CHAP. 20 Of the Hectique Feuer . THe Hectique feuer in horses , is a dangerous and mortall feuer , being in a horse the first originall breeder of a consumption ; it is a certaine hot and dry humour , which runneth betweene the skinne and the flesh , proceeding from a sicke stomacke , which hauing bene scalded with hot drinks ( as those ill dyeted running horses be , which feede vpon much spice , or those which take hot drenches vpon euery foolish and sleight occasion ) hath almost cleane lost the power of disgestion : it sometimes happens to those horses which men too carefully teaching to drinke beere and wine , do so conti●ually apply them thereunto , that in the end they become subiect to this sicknesse . The signes to know it is : the horse will neuer eate with any appetite , and when you draw out his tongue you shall finde it rawe and almost scalded ; his flesh wil be loose and flaggy , and his body will be subiect to a continual trembling . The cure is , first wash his tongue either with the sirrop of mulberries , or with allome , running water , sage , and woodbinde leaues boiled together ; then giue him fasting in a morning , this drink . Take of aloes one ounce , of agarike halfe an ounce , of licoras and aniseseeds of each a dram , beaten to powder , & let him drinke it with a quart of white wine , luke warme , & made sweet with sugarcandy or hony ; let him drinke no drinke but warme mashes of malt & water , and let his meate be sweete bay , or greene corne blades ; and euer after his medicine l●t him be chafed a little , kept fasting two or three howres , and stand warme and well clothed . CHAP. 21. Of the Feuer taken in Autumne , or the fall of the leafe . ALl these feuers before spoken of , do for the most part , commonly happen to horses in the spring time of the yeare , by reason that the new bloud is euer aptest to be inflamed ; yet notwithstanding we finde by experience , that feuers will somtimes come at the fall of the leafe , which we call Autumne , and they are of longer continuance then the other . The signes are none other but such as I haue already declared ▪ for they are the same feuers , onely altering in the time of the yeare . If therefore your horse do chance to catch a feuer at the fall of the leafe , you shall let him bloud on his necke veine , and in the palate of his mouth , and you shall giue him to drinke the same drinke which is formerly set downe for the feuer continuall , and there is no doubt of his recouery . CHAP. 22. Of the Feuer taken in the Summer season . A Feuer taken in the Summer season is the worst of al ordinary feuers whatsoeuer , especially all such as are taken in the Dog daies ; because according to the opinion of Farriers , al accidents are then most furious : the especial signes of this feuer are , that his arteries wil beate most palpably , & wheresoeuer he staleth , there you shall perceiue he sheddeth his seed also . The cure according to the ancients is ▪ to let him bloud on the great veine which he hath on his hinder haunch , almost foure inches beneath his fundament ; but for mine own part , because that vein is not so easily found of euery ignorant Smith , & that many times by mistaking , they may cut the artery in stead of the veine , I hold it fully as good to let him bloud vpon the necke veine ; which done , giue him to drinke two howres and a halfe after , this drinke . Take the iuice of a handful of purslaine , and mixe it with gumdragant , anise seedes , and damaske rose leaues beaten to powder ; then put them into a quart of strong ale made sweete either with sugarcandy or hony , and faile not to giue him this drinke three mornings together , keeping the horse warme during his sicknesse . CHAP. 23. Of the Feuer taken in the winter season . A Feuer taken in the winter , is not so dangerous touching the life of a horse , as the feuer before mentioned ; yet is it a feuer which will continue long , and aske great circumspection in the cure : the causes thereof are the same which are formerly described ; and the signes are no other then hath bene already declared . Touching the cure it is thus : you shall first purge his head by making him neese , that done you shall let him bloud both in the necke , and the palate of the mouth , and then two howres and a halfe after , giue him this drinke . Take of treus three ounces , of round pepper halfe an ounce , of bay berries and the seede of smallage , of each halfe an ounce ; boyle these in white wine , and giue it him to drinke luke warme . Other Farriers vse to take a pint of new milke , and to put therein two ounces of sallet oyle , of saffron one scruple , & of mirre two scruples , of the seede of smallage a spoonefull , and to make him drinke it luke warme ; but the horse which taketh this drinke , must be in good strength , for it he be brought low , it is somewhat too strong . The ancient Italians did vse for this feuer , to giue this drinke : Take of Aristolochia halfe an ounce , of Gentian , of Hysop , of wormwood , of Southerwoort , of each halfe an ounce , of dry fat figges three ounces , of the seede of smallage an ounce and an halfe , of rue halfe an handfull ; boyle them all with running water in a cleane vessel , vntil almost halfe be consumed ; then when it beginnes to thicken , take it from the fire , straine it , and giue it the horse luke warme . Now there are not any of these drinkes but are sufficient for the cure ; but the first is best . Now for his dyet , be sure to keepe him fasting long before his fits come , and let his drinke be onely warme mashes of malt and water . Now if you perceiue that his fits continue , and bring the horse to any weaknesse , you shall then to comfort and quicken the natural heate of the horse , rubbe and chafe all his body ouer , either in the Sunne , or by some softe fire with some wholsome friction , of which frictions you shall finde choyce in a particular chapter hereafter following , together with their seuerall natures and vses . CHAP. 24. Of the Feuer which cometh by surfaite of meate onely . THe Feuer which cometh by surfaite of meate onely , without either disorder in trauell of corruption of bloud , is knowne by these signes : The horse will heaue and beate vpon his backe , his breath will be short , hot , and dry , and his winde he will draw only at his nose with great violence . The cure therefore is , you shall let him bloud in his necke , vnder his eyes , and in the ●●late of his mouth , you shall also purge his head by making him nee●e ; then keepe him with very thin dyet , that is , let him fast for more then halfe of the day , and let him not drinke aboue once 〈◊〉 foure and twenty houres , and that drinke to 〈◊〉 ●arme water : you shal also once or twice chafe his body with wholesome friction ; and if during his cure he chance to grow costiue , you shall cause him to be raked , and afterward giue him either a suppositary , or a glister , of both which , and of their seuerall natures , you shall reade sufficiently in a chapter following . CHAP. 25. Of Feuers extraordinary , and first of Pestilent Feuers . WE find by many ancient Italian Writers , that both the Romans , and others their countrymen , haue by experience found many horses subiect to this pestilent feuer , which is a most contagious and pestiferous disease , almost incurable ; & for mine own part , I haue seene it in many colts and young horses . Surely it proceedeth , as I iudge , either from great corruption of bloud , or from infection of the aire . The signes thereof is , the horse will hold downe his head , forsake his meate , shed much water at his eyes , and many times haue swellings or vlcers rising a little below his eare rootes . The cure is , first you shall not faile to let him bloud in the necke veine : then two or three howres after you shall giue him a glister : then make this plaister : Take of squilla fiue ounces , of elder , of castoreum , of mustard-seed , and of euforbium , of each two ounces ; dissolue the same in the iuice of daffadill and sage , and lay it all about the temples of his head , and betweene his eares : then giue him to drinke for three or foure dayes together , euery morning , two ounces of the best treacle dissolued in a pint of good muskadine . The Italians vse to giue him diuers mornings , a pound of the iuice of elder roots , or in stead of his hay , a good quantity of that hearbe which is called Venus haire ; but if the time of the yeare be such that they cannot haue it greene , then they boyle it in water , and straine it ▪ and giue it him to drinke ; but I hold the first drinke to be most sufficient , his dyet being thin , and his keeping warme . CHAP. 26. Of the Plague or pestilence in Horses , of some called the gargill , or murraine . THis pestilence , murraine , or gargill in horses , is a contagious and most infectious disease , proceeding either from surfaite of heate , cold , labour , or hunger , or any other thing breeding corrupt humours in a horses body , as the holding too long of his vrine , drinking when he is hot , or feeding vpon grosse foule & corrupt foods , as in low grounds after flouds , when the grasse is vnpurged , & such like . Somtimes it springs from som euil influence of the planets , corrupting the plants and fruites of the earth , and cattell too somtimes also , & from diuers other such like causes ; but howsoeuer , when the disease beginneth , certaine it is , that it is most infectious , and if there be not care and preuention vsed , of multitudes it will not leaue one . Not any of the ancient Italian Farriers , nor any of our English Farriers that I haue met with , do or can yeeld me any signe or token to know this disease , more then that one or two must first dye , & then by their deaths I must adiudge & preuent what wil follow ; but they are mistaken : for this disease is as easily known by outward ●ignes as any disease whatsoeuer , as namely the horse will first begin to lowre and hang downe his head ; & within two or three dayes after such lowring , you shal see him begin to swell vnder his eare rootes , or vnder the rootes of his tongue , and that swelling will run vniuersally ouer all one side of his face , being very extreme hard and great . Moreouer all his lips , mouth , & whites of his eyes , will be exceeding yellow , and his breath will be strong , and stinke exceedingly . The cure of this disease , according to the maner of the Italians & French men , is first to separate the sound from the sicke , euen a farre distance from that aire where the sicke breatheth : then let them bloud in the necke veines , and giue euery one seuerally to drinke , two spoonefull of the powder of Diapente brewd in a pint of strong sacke ; of the composition of which Diapente , and of the particular vertues thereof , you shall reade in a chapter following . If you cannot readily get this Diapente , you may then take a pint of Muskadine , and dissolue it in two ounces of the best treacle , and it will serue the turne . Questionlesse these medicines are both exceeding good , for they are great preseruatiues against all inward infections ; yet that which I haue found , farre to exceede them , and to be most excellent not onely for this plague amongst horses , but for the plague or murraine ( of some called the mountaine euill ) amongst beasts , is this . Take a good quantity of old vrine , and mixe therewithall a good quantity of hens dung , stirre them well together till the dung be dissolued : then with a horne giue to euery horse of beast a pint thereof luke warme . This haue I seene helpe hundreds . CHAP. 27. Of the Feuer accidentall , coming by some wound receiued . IF a horse shal receiue any grieuous and sore wound , either by stroake or thrust , by which any of the vitall powers are let or hindred : certaine it is that the paine and anguish of such wounds will bring a horse to a hot feuer , and then his life is in great danger : besides , a horse being naturally subiect to moist distillation in his throate , there will many times rise therein great swellings and vlcers , through the paine whereof a horse will fall into a burning ague . The signs whereof are , that he will couet much to drinke , but cannot drinke , and his flesh will fall away in much extraordinary fashion . The cure besides the remedies before mentioned , is , to let him bloud vnder his eares and in the mouth : and then to take a fine manchet , & cutting it in slices , steep it in muskadine , and compel him to swallow them : it shall also be good if once in three ●ayes you steepe your manchet in sallet oyle , and make him eate it . As for his drinke let it be onely warme mashes of malt and water , which if he cannot drinke , you shall then giue it him with a horne . And thus much touching feuers both ordinary & extraordinary . CHAP. 28. Of the diseases in the head . AS a horses head is composed of many parts , so are those many parts subiect to many and sundry grieuances , as namely , the panicles or thin skins , which cleauing to the bones , do couer the whole braine , are subiect to headache , mygram , dizinesse , and amazes ; the whole braine it selfe , is properly subiect to breede the frenzie , madnesse , sleeping euill , the taking , and forgetfulnesse . And here is to be noted , that many Farriers , and those of approued good skils , haue strongly held opinions , that horses haue very little or no braines at all : and my selfe for mine owne part , being carried away with their censures , did at last vpon good considerations ●ut vp the heades of diuers horses , some dead , some in dying , and I could neuer find any liquid or thin braine , as in other beasts , but onely a very thicke , strong , tough , and shining substance , solid and firme , like a tough ielly , which I euer held to be onely a panycle , and so resolued with others that a horse had no braine ; but after vpon further discourse with men of better learning , I had this solution giuen me : That a horse being a beast of extraordinary strength and ability , made euen to endure the worst of all extremities , either by sore labour or heauy burthen , that nature in his creation had endowed him with members answerable to such vigor : as namely , that his braine was not liquid and moist , as subiect to fleet , or to be distempered with euery small disorder ; but tough and hard , euen vnpen●trable , and not to be pierst by any reasonable motion . And for the panicles , they shewed me those thin skinnes ouer and besides that great substance ; so that by experience I saw , and now know , that a horse hath both brain and a panicle , and in them two are bred the diseases before mentioned . Now in the ventricles , or cels of the braine , & in those conduits by which the liuely spirits giue feeling and motion to the body , there do breede the turne-sicke or sturdy , the staggers , the falling euill , the night mare , the apoplexie , the palsey , and conuulsion , or crampe , the catharre , or rheume , and lastly the glaunders . And thus much of the head in generall . CHAP. 29. Of head-ache , or paine in the head . THe head-ache is a paine that commeth either of some inward cause , or of some cholericke humor , gathered together in the panicles of the braine , or else of some extreame heate or cold , or of some suddaine blow , or of some noysome sauour . The signes are the hanging downe of the horses head & eares , dropping of his vrine , dimnesse of sight , swolne and watrish eyes . The cure according to the opinion of some of our English Farriers , is to let him bloud in the eye veines , and to squirt warme water into his nosthrels , and for that day giue him no meate ; the next morning fasting , giue him warm water and some grasse , at night giue him barley and fitches mixt together , and so keepe him warme till he be sound ; but this cure I do not fancy , the best help is first , to make him neese by fuming him , then let him bloud in the palate of the mouth , and keepe him fasting at least twelue howres after : then powre into his nosthrels wine , wherein hath bene sodden euforbium , frankinsence , and after feede him , and keepe his heade warme . CHAP. 30. Of the frenzie and madnesse of a horse . THe madnesse of a horse by the most ancient and best approued Farriers , is diuided into foure passions : the first is when some naughty bloud doth strike the panicle of the braine but in one part onely , it presently makes the horse dull both of minde and sight : and you shall know it by this signe , the horse will turne round like a beast that is troubled with the sturdy ; the reason being , because the outside of the head is grieued onely . The second is when the poyson of such bloud doth infect the middle part of the braine : then the horse becommeth franticke , leaping against walles or any thing . The third is when that bloud filleth the veines of the stomacke , and infecteth as well the heart as the braine , then is he said to be madde . But the fourth and last is when that bloud not onely infecteth the braine and heart , but euen the panicles also , and then he is said to be starke madde , which you shall know by his biting at euery man which comes neere him , by his gnawing of the manger and walles about him . And lastly by tearing of his owne skin in peeces . Now for the cure , you shall cause him to be let bloud in all the lower parts of his body , to draw the bloud from his head , as namely , on the shackell veines , the spurre veines , the plat veines , and the thigh veines , and you shall let him bloud aboundantly , then giue him this drinke : Take the roote of wild cowcumber , or where that cannot be gotten , take a handfull of rue and mints , and a handfull of blacke elleborus , and boyle them in strong red wine , and giue it luke warme to the horse in a horne . Some vse to giue mans dung with wine , three mornings together ; and also to rubbe his body ouer with a friction at least twice a day , and not to faile to giue him moderate exercise . Other vse to pierce the skinne of his head with a hot yron , to let out the ill humours . Others as the most certaine of all medicines , vse to geld him of both , or one stone at the least ; but I like it not for mine owne part : the cure I haue euer vsed for this griefe , was either to make him swallow down hard hens dung , or else to giue him to drinke the root of Virgapastoris st●mpt in water ; and for his ordering during the cure , I would haue his stable quyet , but not close , and his foode onely warme mashes of malt and water , yet but a very little at one time , for the thinnest dyet is best . CHAP. 31. Of the Sleeping euill , or Lethargie in horses . THe sleeping euill is an infirmity which maketh a horse to sleepe continually , depriuing him thereby both of memory , appetite , and all alacrity of spirit . It is most incident to white and dunne horse , because it proceedeth only from flegme , cold & grosse , which moysturing the braine too much , causeth heauinesse and sleepe : There needes no other signe more then his sleeping onely . The cure is to keepe him waking whether he will or no , with great noises and affrights ▪ then let him bloud in the necke , and the palate of the mouth , and giue him to drinke water luke warme , wherein hath bene boyled camomill , mother woort , wheate , branne , salt and vinegar ; you shall also persume his head , and make him neese , and annoynt the palate of his mouth with hony and mustard mixt together : it shall not be amisse if with the ordinary water which he drinketh , you mixe either parsley seede , or fennell seede , for that will prouoke vrine , you shall also bath his legges and stop his houes with bran , salt , and vinegar boyled together , and applyed as hot as may be , and his stable would be lightsome and full of noyse . CHAP. 32. Of a Horse that is taken , or of shrow running . THose horses are supposed by Farriers to be taken , or as some call it , planet strooke , which are depriued of feeling or of mouing , not being able to stirre any member , but remaineth in the same forme as he was at his time of taking . Some hold it proceedeth from choler and fleame , when they are superaboundantly mixt together , or of melancholy bloud , which being a cold dry humour , doth oppresse and sicken the hinder part of the braine . Other ancient Farriers hold , it cometh of some extreme cold , or extreme heate , or raw disgestion , striking into the empty veins suddainly ; or else of extreme hunger caused by long fasting . The signes thereof are numbnesse , and want of motion before spoken of : as for the cure , it is diuers ; for first you must note whether it come of cold , or heate ; if it come of cold , you shall know it by the stuffing and poze in the head , which euer is ioyned with the disease : if of heate , by the hotnesse of his breath , and cleare fetching of his winde . Now if it proceed from cold , you shall giue him to drinke one ounce of Lacerpitium mixt with sallet oyle and muskadine luke warme : if it proceede of heate , you shall giue one ounce of Lacerpitium with water and hony luke warme ; but if it proceede of crudity or raw disgestion , then you shall helpe him by fasting ; and if it proceede of fasting , then you shall heale him by feeding him often with good meate , as with wholesome bread , and dry oates ; yet but a little at a time , that he may euer eate with a good stomacke . Now for the French Farriers , as Monsieur Horace and the rest , who call this disease Surprius , they hold it cometh onely from cold causes , following hot accidents ; and they vse for their cure to let him bloud on the breast veines , and then put him into a sweate , either by exercise , or multiplicity of clothes , but many clothes is better , because the horse is not capable of labour : and sometimes they will bury him all saue the head in an old dunghill , till throuh the heate thereof his limbs receiue such feeling that he begins to struggle out of the same . All which cures are not much amisse ; yet in mine opinion , this is the best , easiest , and surest way : First to let him bloud in the necke and breast , then to annoynt all his body with oyle Petrolium , then giue him this drinke . Take of malmsey three pints , and mixe it with a quarterne of sugar , cynamon and cloues , and let him drinke it luke warme : then take old rotten wet litter , and for want thereof , wet hay , and with clothes , sursingles and cords , swaddle al his whole body ouer with the same of a good thicknesse , and renew it once in three daies till he be whole , let his stable be warme , his exercise moderate , and if he grow costiue , let him first be raked , and after giue him either a glister , or a suppositary , according to his strength . There is also another kinde of taking , and that is when a horse is planet strooke , or stricken with thunder ; but it is vtterly vncurable , and therefore I will omit to speake further of it . The last kinde of taking is when a horse is shrow runne , that when a horse lieth sleeping , there is a certain venemous field mouse , called a shrow , whose head is extraordinary long , like a swines head , and her feete shorter of the one side then the other . This mouse if she happen to runne ouer any of the limbes of the horse , presently the horse leeseth the vse of that limbe she ranne ouer ; and if she runne ouer his body , he commonly leeseth the vse of his hinder loynes ; and these accidents hauing bene often found vnexpected , common Farriers haue held the horse to be taken , or planet strooke . As for the cure thereof , the best is to seeke out a bryer which groweth at both ends , and take the horse or beast that is thus vexed , and draw him vnder the same , and it is a present remedy . For mine owne part , I haue heard much , both of the infirmity , and of the cure , but I haue had no experience of it , but only in one yong foale , which being suddainly lame , was as suddainly helped to my much contentment . CHAP. 33. Of the Staggers . THe staggers is a dizzy madnesse of the braine , proceeding from corrupt bloud , or grosse , tough , and heauy humours , which oppresse and make sicke the braine , and from whence proceedeth a vaporous spirit , dissolued by a weake heate which troubleth all the whole heade ; it is almost of all diseases the most common , yet very mortall and dangerous : it cometh many times from surfaite of meate , surfaite of trauell , or from corruption of bloud . The signes to know it , is dimnesse of sight , swolne and watrish eyes , a moyst mouth , staggering and reeling of the horse , and beating of his head against the walles , or thrusting it into his litter . The cure is diuers , for almost euery Smith hath a seueral medicine , yet these which I shal rehearse are the most approued . The ancient Farriers , both Italians and Fren●h , vse to let the horse bloud in the temple veines , and then with a knife make a hole of an inch long , ouerthwart his forehead , vnderneath his foretop , and raising the skinne vp with a cornet some two or three inches about , stop the hollownesse with a taint dipt in turpentine and hogges grease molten together ; but some of our Smiths finding this cure faile , except the disease be very young , vse to stoppe the hollownesse with a docke roote . Others with a cloue or two of garlicke . Others vse for this disease to take selladine , and stamping it , to stoppe it into his eares , and so tye vp his eares , or stitch the tippes of his eares together , that he may not shake the medicine out . Others vse to mixe salt and water together thicke , & to put it into his eares . Others vse to mixe ground-fill and and aquauitae together , and to put that into his eares . Others vse to take garlicke , rue , and bay-salt , and beate them grosly , then mixe vineger with them , and put it into the horses eares , then wet wolle or tow in the medicine , and stoppe that in his eares also : let the medicine rest so foure and twenty houres , and if he forsake his meate , wash his tongue with vinegar , and it wil recouer his stomacke . Others vse , first to perfume the horses head to make him neese , then to take halfe a handfull of selladine , and as much hearb of grace , three or foure cloues of garlicke , and a little bay salt , and stampe them all together : then mixe therwith two or three spoonful of vinegar or verdges , and thrust it hard into the horses eares : then tye vp his eares with a soft inckle string , that no aire may come in , and let this medicine remaine the space of a day and a night : then let him bloud in the neck veine , and giue him a comfortable drench , of which drenches you shall find great plenty , together with their vses in a chapter following . There be some Smiths which onely take rue and selladine , of each like quantity , and stamping them with white salt , thrust it into the horses eare , and it helpeth . Others take an ounce and a halfe of the oyle of bitter almonds , two drams of an oxe gall , an halfe peny in blacke Ellaber stamped , and fiue drams of the graines of Casterum , vinegar and verdges ; seeth them all together till the vinegar be consumed , then straine them , and put it into the horses eares . All these medicines haue bene diuers times approued to be singular good , and for mine owne part I haue found great effect in them ; yet that which I haue found at all times most excellent , is , if the disease be young and early taken ( that is , before the horse be growne into any extremity of weaknesse ) to take onely verdges and bay salt , and mixing them well together , to stoppe it into the horses eares . But if the disease be old , and the horse brought to a desperate state of mortality , then you shall take Assafetida , and hauing dissolued it in vinegar , warme it vpon a chaffing dish and coales , and with round balles of towe , thrust it hard into the horses eares , and so bind them vp for foure and twenty howres , after which time giue him a comfortable drink . Now whereas some Smiths do vse to stampe aqua-vitae and garlicke together , and stoppe that into his eares , I for my part , thinke it too strong , except the horse be in great lust , and full of flesh , which if he be , doubtlesse it may do well inough . CHAP. 34. Of the Falling euill . THis falling euil , or as the Italians call it , this Maleaduco , is nothing else but that which we call in men the falling sicknesse , in beasts the falling euill : for it doth for a certaine season , depriue them of all sense whatsoeuer , it is a disease not commonly incident to our English races ; but amongst the Italian , Spanish and French horses , many times found . Now considering that the most of our best English stables are furnished euer with some horses of these countries , I thinke it not amisse to write something touching the disease . It proceedeth from cold and grosse fleame gathered together in the forepart of the head , betwixt the panicle and the braine , which being by any hot vapour disperst ouer the whole braine , it doth instantly cause this falling . There be others which suppose that it is gouerned by the Moone ; and that by a certaine course thereof both horses and other beasts do fall , and as it were , dye for a small time . The signes to know the disease is , the horse will fall suddainly , both through the resolution of his members , and the dissention of his sinewes ; all his body will quake and quiuer , and they will foame much at their mouthes ; yet when you thinke them past all hope of life , they will start vp suddenly and fall to their meate . Now if you will know whether these fits will come often or but seldome , you shall feele the gristle betwixt his nosthrels , and if it be cold he will fall oft , but if it be warme he will fall seldome . The cure is , you shall first let him bloud on the necke veine , taking good store of bloud away : then within foure or fiue dayes after , you shall let him bloud on his temple veines , and on his eye veines : then annoint all his body ouer with a comfortable friction , then bathe his head and eares with oyle de bay , liquid pitch and tarre mixt together , and of the same put some into his eares : then make him a cap or bgigin of canuasse quilted with wolle , to keep his head warme : then giue him a purgation or scouring , of which you shall find plenty in a chapter hereafter : you shall also force him to neese , but if the disease notwithstanding continue still , you shall then with a hot yron pierce the skin of his forehead in diuers places , and after annoynt it with sweet butter , for thereby you shall draw out the grosse humours which do oppresse the braine ; and in any wise during the time that he remaineth in phisicke , let his stable be kept exceeding warme , and his dyet thin . CHAP. 35. Of the Night-mare . THis disease which we call the Night-mare , is an infirmity which onely troubleth the horse in the night season , stopping the drawing of his breath , in such violent sort , that with the struggling and striuing he will be driuen into a great sweat and faintnesse : it proceedeth , according to the opinion of ancient Farriers , from a continuall crudity o● raw disgestion of the stomacke , from whence grosse vapours ascending vp into the head , doe not onely oppresse the braine , but all the sensitiue parts also . Now for my part , I rather hold it an infirmity of the stomacke and inward bowels , which being cloyed with much glut and fat , doth in the night season so hinder the spirits and powers from doing their naturall office , that the beast hauing , as it were , his breath strangled , doth with an vnnaturall struggling in his sleepe , put his body into an extreme sweat , and with that passion is brought to much faintnesse ; of which I haue had much and continuall experi●nce , onely in horses exceeding fat and newly taken from the grasse , but especially from such horses as are either fatted vpon eddish grasse , which in some countries is called after-maths ; or such as are taken vp fat in the winter season . The signes to know this disease is , that in the morning when you come early to your horse , you shall finde him all of a great sweate , and his body something panting ; or perhaps you shall but only find him sweat in his flankes , vpon his necke , and at the rootes of his eares : either of both are signes of this sicknesse , especially if at night when you litter him , you finde that he is dry of his body , and giueth no outward signe of inward sicknesse . Now there be some that will obiect against me , and say : that this infirmity is not the night-mare , but an ordinary infirmity ingendred by superfluity of cold , grosse , and vnwholesome food , got in the winter season : which nature , through the helpe of warme clothes , and a warme house , expels in this manner , in the night season . To this obiection I answer , that if they do disallow this sicknesse to be the night-mare , that then without all contradiction , there is no such disease as the night-mare at all , and that it is but only a name without any substance or consequence ; but forasmuch as this sicknesse is not onely very vsuall , but also carrieth with it all the effects and attributes ascribed vnto the night-mare , and that it is as yet a disease vnnamed , I do not think I can giue it a more proper terme then to call it the night-mare . The cure whereof is , euery morning and euening , both before and after his water , to giue the horse some moderate exercise , as to make him go at least a mile and more for his water ; and after he is watered , to gallop him gently on the hand a good space : then when he is brought into the house , and well rubbed , to giue him his prouender , being oates , and to mixe therewith a handfull or better of hempseede ; onely in this cure you must be carefull , that your exercise do not enforce him to sweate , nor shall you haue need to vse it longer then you finde that he sweateth much in the night season . This exercise and medicine will not onely cure this infirmity , but also any cold that is newly gotten whatsoeuer . CHAP. 36. Of the Apoplexie or Palsey . THese palseyes or apoplexies which happen vnto horses , are of two sorts : the one generall , the other particular . The generall palsey is when a horse is depriued of all sense and mouing generally ouer his whole body , which is seldome or neuer found out by our Farriers ; because the mortality and suddainnesse of death which pursues the disease , takes from them all notes & obseruations of the infirmity : and indeed for the generall palsey there is no cure , and therefore there needs no description of signe or cure . For the particular palsey , that is , when a horse is depriued but of some part or member of his body , and most commonly it is but the necke onely , as both my selfe and others haue found by dayly experience . The disease procedeth from foulnesse of foode , or from fenne feeding , which breedeth grosse , cold , and tough humours , which ioyning with crudities and raw disgestions , oppresse the braine violently altogether ; it also cometh many times by meanes of some blow or wound giuen vpon the temples of the head . The signes to know the disease , are the gathering together of his body , going crookedly , and not straight forward but seldome , and holding his necke awry without motion ; yet neuer forsaking his prouender or meate , but eating it with greedinesse and much slauering . The cure is to let him bloud on his necke veine , and temple veine , on the contrary side to that way he wryeth : then annoynt all his necke ouer with the oyle Petroleum , and with wet hay ropes swaddle all his necke ouer , euen from his breast to his eares , but hauing before splented his necke straight with splents of wood , made strong , smooth & flat for the purpose : then for 3 mornings together , giue him a pint of old muskadine with two spoonefull of this powder to drinke . Take of Opoponax two ounces , of Storax three ounces , of Gentian three ounces , of Manna Su●carie three ounces , of Mirre one scruple , and of long pepper two scruples ; beate all these into fine powder . Now there be some Farriers , which for this disease vse to draw the horses necke on the contrary side , with a hot yron , euen from the necke to the shoulder , and on the temple of his head , of that side also , a long strike , and on the other a little starre in this maner , , and from his reines to his midde backe , small lines in this maner . But I that know this sicknesse proceedeth from the braine and sinewes , cannot conceiue how any helpe should come from burning of the skinne , because it is the sinewes themselues , and not the skinne , that is drawne vp and straightned : and therefore I would wish euery Farrier to forbeare this tormenting , vnlesse he apparantly see that the skinne it selfe , through dislike and weaknesse is shrunke also , and then the cure is not amisse . CHAP. 37. Of the generall Crampe , or conuulsion of sinewes . THese generall crampes or conuulsions of sinewes are most forcible contractions or drawings together of the sinewes and muscles ; and they happen sometimes generally into many parts of the body , somtimes particularly , as but into one member and no more : when they are generally diperst in horses , they proceede commonly from some wound , wherein a sinew is halfe cut and no more ; and so there runneth a generall contraction ouer the whole body by degrees . When they are particular , as but in one member , then they proceede either from cold windy causes , or from the want of bloud . For the generall contraction which cometh by a wound , you shall reade the cure thereof in the booke of Surgery following , where , the sinew being cut in two peeces , the contraction ceasseth . For the particular , where but one member is grieeued , you shall know it by these signes : the member will be starke and stiffe , insomuch that neither the beast nor any man will be able to bow it : the sinewes will be hard like stickes , and the horse being downe , is not able to rise during the time of the contraction ; he will also halt extremely whilst the fit is vpon him , and presently go well againe , as it were in one moment . The cure is , to chafe the member exceedingly , either with linseede oyle , sheeps foot oyle , or neats foot oyle ; & during the time of his chafing , to hold vp the cōtrary foot that he may stand vpon the limbe which is most pained . There is also another crampe or conuulsion of sinewes , which doth extend into the necke , and reines of the horses backe , & so almost vniuersally ouer the horses whole body : it proceedeth euer either from some extreme cold , as by turning a horse suddainly out of a warme stable and warme clothes into the piercing rage of the cold winter ; or by the losse of much bloud , whereby great windinesse entreth into the veines , and so benumbeth the sinewes : or else by too much phisicking & drenching of a horse , whereby the naturall heate is much weakned or dried . The signs of this conuulsion is , his head and neck wil stand awry , his eares vpright , & his eyes hollow , his mouth will be clung vp that he cannot eate , and his backe will rise vp in the middest like the backe of a Cammell . The cure hereof is , with great store of warme wollen clothes , as blanckets , and couerlids , some foulded double about his body , and some girded all ouer from his head to his taile , to force him into a sweate ; but if the clothes will not force him to sweate ; then you shall either fould all his body ouer with hot wet horse litter , or else bury him all saue the head in a dunghill or mixion ; then when he hath sweat an howre or two , and is moderatly cooled , you shall annoynt him all ouer with this oyntment ( holding hot barres of yron ouer him , to make the oyntment sinke into his body : ) Take of hogges grease one pound , of terpentine a quarter of a pound , of pepper beaten into powder halfe a dramme , of new waxe halfe a pound , of old oyle oliue one pound , boyle all these together , and vse it , being made warm . There be other Farriers which vse this oyntment : take of new waxe 1. pound , of terpentine 4. ounces , of oyle de bay as much , Opoponax two ounces , of Deeres suet , and of oyle of Storax , of each three ounces , melt all these together and vse it warme . There be others which vse after his sweate , nothing but oyle of Cypresse , and oyle de bay mixt together , and with it annoynt his body ouer . After this vnction thus applied , you shall take twenty graines of long pepper beaten into fine powder , of Ceder two ounces , of Nitre one ounce , of Lacerpitium as much as a beane , and mingle all these together with a gallond of white wine , and giue him a quart therof to drinke , euery morning for foure dayes ▪ Now for his dyet and order , let his food be warme mashes and the finest hay , his stable exceeding warme , and his exercise gentle walking abroad in his cloathes , once euery day about high noone . CHAP. 38. Of the cold or Poze in the head . THe cold or poze in a horses head is gotten by diuers suddaine and vnseene meanes , according to the temper and constitution of the horses body , in so much that the best keeper whatsoeuer cannot sometimes warrant his horse from that infirmity . Now according as this cold is old or new , great or small , and according to the aboundance of humours which abound in the head , and as those humours are of thicknesse or thinnesse , so is the disease & the danger thereof greater or lesser , stronger or weaker . For you shall vnderstand that if the horse haue but onely a cold that is newly taken , the signes are , he will haue many knots like waxe kyrnels betweene his chaules about the rootes of his tongue ; his head will be somewhat heauy , and from his nosthrels will runne a certaine cleare water ; but if about his tongue rootes be any great swelling , or inflammation like a mighty botch or bile , then it is the strangle ; but if from his nosthrels do issue any thicke , stincking or corrupt matter , then it is the glanders , of both which we shall speake hereafter in their proper places . Now for this ordinary cold which is ordinarily taken ( the signes whereof besides his much coughing are before declared , ) you shall vnderstand that for the cure being very easie , it is helped sundry wayes : some cure it onely by purging his head with pils of butter and garlicke , the manner whereof you shall finde in the chapter of purgations . Other Farriers cure it with purging his head with fumes , and forcing him to neese , the manner whereof is in the chapter of neesing ; which done , you shall ●●●● because those kyrnels are called of the Italians , Glandule , that thence we borrow this word glaunders ; adding moreouer that a horse which is troubled with this disease , hath great kyrnels vnderneath his iawes , easie to be felt , paining him so that he cannot eate or swallow any thing . Others say , it is a swelling vpon the iawe bones great and hard , which being inflamed doth putrifie and rot ; but both these opinions I hold erronious : for although our old Farriers might ( according to the custome of our nation which loueth the imitation of strangers ) borow this word glanders from the Italian Glandule ; yet these inflammations vnder the chappes of the tongue rootes , is that disease which we call the strangle , and not the glaunders ; and whereas they would call the strangle the Quinzie , or Squinancie , there is no such matter , neither hath a horse any such disease , except they will call the Viues , by that name which is farre more fitter for the application . Now for the glaunders , you shall vnderstand that it is a running impostume ingendred either by cold , or by famine , or by long thirst , or by eating corrupt and musty meate , or by being kept in vnsauery places , or is taken by standing with infected horses . It is a gathering together of moyst and corrupt humours , which runneth at the nose ; or may be said to be a fluxe of rheume , which issueth sometimes at one , sometimes at both the nosthrels : the cause being the widenesse of the passage , so that the cold liberally entring into the braine , bindeth and crusheth it in such manner that it maketh the humours there to distill ; which descending to the spirituall parts , and possessing them , in the end suffocates the horse either by their aboundance , or killeth him by corrupting the principall parts ; or else by coniealing there by little and little , ouerrunneth the naturall heate . Now that distillation that by cold cometh from the braine and breedeth this glanders , is of three sorts . The first is a cold which maketh indigest humours to passe from the braine , which cometh by taking off the saddle suddainly when the horse is hot , or by letting him drinke before he be inwardly cooled , or before his body be dryed : this distillation commonly is slimy matter that smels not , and is easie to be cured : for it is no inward vlcer , but only abundance of humor , the substance whereof is grosse and white . The second is a greater cold , ingendred and coniealed , causing humors something thin and slimy , of the colour of marrow , or the white of an egge : this descendeth to the throate and lyeth there till it be discharged through the nosthrels . The third is by long continuance thicker and therfore harder to be cured : if the colour thereof be yellow , like a beane , then is the glaunders most desperate , and lyeth also in his throate ; but if it be a browne or darkish yellow , then commonly a feuer will accompany the disease . To these three distillations there is commonly added a fourth , which is , when the matter which comes from his nose , is darke , thinne , and reddish , like little sparkes of bloud ; but then is it not said to be the glaunders , but the mourning of the chine , which is a disease for the most part , held incurable . It is therefore most necessary for euery good Farrier , when he shall take this cure in hand , to consider well the matter which issueth from the horses nose : for if the humour be cleare and transparent , so that it may be seene through , then it is not greatly hurtfull , or of much moment . If it be white , it is worse , yet with much ease cured . If it be yellow , separate him from the sound horses , for he is infectious , yet to be cured : if that yellow be mixt with bloud , it is with much difficulty helped ; or if the matter be like vnto saffron , the horse is as hardly to be saued : he must also consider whether the matter stinke or haue lost the smell : the first is a signe of an vlcer , the latter of death : also whether he cougheth with straightnesse in his chest or no : for that also is a signe of an inward vlcer , and that the disease is past cure . Now for the cure of these three distillations , which are all that make vp a complete glaunders , you shall vnderstand that when the glaunders is of the first sort , it is easily helped by moderate exercise , and by warme keeping ; but if it be of the second sort , you shall giue him warme mashes of malt & water , and perfume his head well , and purge it by neesing : and into his mashes you shall put fennell seedes bruised . Others wil take a pint of white wine , a handfull of soote , a quart of milke and two heads of garlike bruised ; brew them together , and giue it the horse to drinke . Others will take a pottell of vrine , a handfull of baysalt , and a good quantity of browne sugarcandy , boyle it to a quart : then adde licoras and anise seedes beaten to fine powder , and giue it luke warme to drinke . Others will take larde or swines grease , and boyle it in water : then take the fatte from the water , and mingle it with a little oile oliue , a good quantity of vrine , & halfe as much white wine ; giue a quart of this luke warme to drinke . Others vse to giue of ale a quart , of grated bread an ounce and a halfe , the yolkes of two egges , of ginger , saffron , cloues , cynamon , nutmegs , cardimonium , spicknard or lauender , galingale and hony , of each a pretty quantity ; mixe these together , and giue it to drinke . Now if the distillation be of the third sort , which is the worst of the three , you shall take halfe a pound of swines bloud , and melt it at the fire , adde to it a pound of the iuice of beets , with three ounces of Euforbium finely beaten ; and when it hath boyled a little , take it from the fire , and adde an another ounce of Euforbium to it : keepe this oyntment , and annoynt therewith two very long feathers , or little roddes , lapt with linnen about ; and so annoynted , put them into his nostrhrels , and after rubbing them vp and downe , tye them to the nose-band of the bridle , and walke him abroad : do thus three dayes together , and it will either absolutely cure him , or at least take away the eye sore . Others vse to take a quart of ale , an halfe peny worth of long pepper , a little brimstone , and a penny worth of Galingal , two peniworth of spygnal of Spaine , two peny waight of saffron brayed , with two ounces of butter boyled in the ale ; when it is luke warme , cast the horse and holding vp his head , powre it equally into his nosthrels : then hold his nosthrels close till his eyes stare , and that he sweate ; which done , giue him bayes and ale to drinke : then let him rise , and set him vp warme , feeding him with warme graines and salt , or with sweet mashes ; but the best is , if the weather be warme , to let him runne abroad at grasse . Other Farriers vse to dissolue in vinegar three drams of mustard-seede , and as much Euforbium : then to giue him one dram at his nosthrell euery day before he drinke . Others vse to take of Mirre , Iris Illyrica , seedes of smallage , Aristolochia , of each three ounces , Sal-niter , Brimston , of each fiue ounces , bayes , two ounces , saffron one ounce ; make this into powder , and when you giue it , giue part in pils , made with paste and wine , and part by the nosthrels with strong ale : do this for the space of three dayes at the least . Others vse to take of malmsey a pint , of strong ale a pint , of aqua-vitae foure spoonefull , and brew them together with a prety quantity of anise seeds , licoras , ellocampane roots , long pepper , garlicke , and three or foure new layed egges , and a little buter ; giue this luke warme to drink : then walke him abroad , and set him vp warme : do thus euery other day for a weeke together . Others vse to take stale vrine that hath stood three or foure daies , and ten garlicke heades , and seething them together , giue it the horse to drinke . Others vse to take swines grease well clarified , and as much oyle de bay as a walnut , and giue it the horse to drinke with faire water luke warme . Others vse to take of ellocampane , anise seeds and licoras , of each one peny worth , boyle them in three pints of ale or beere til one pint be consumed ; then adde vnto it a quarter of a pint of sallet oyle , and giue it him to drinke luke warme : then with a quill blow Euforbium vp into his nosthrels , and within three dayes after , take mustard foure spoonefull , vinegar a pint and an halfe , butter three ounces , boyle them together , then adde thereto halfe an ounce of pepper , and giue it the horse luke warme to drinke : vse this medicine a fortnight . Others vse to take a handfull of pild garlicke , and boyle it in a quart of milke till a pint be consumed : then adde thereto two ounces of sweet butter , and a pint of strong ale , stirre them well together , and giue it the horse fasting to drinke luke warme : which done , ride him a little vp and downe , and vse this the space of nine dayes . Thus I haue shewed you the opinions & practise of all the best Farriers both of this kingdome and of others , & they be all very good & effectual ; yet for mine own part , that which I haue found euer the best in my practise is , if the disease be of the first or second sort , to giue the horse to drinke fasting euery morning for a fortnight together , a pint of strong ale , and fiue spoonefull of the oyle of oates , the making of which oyle , you shall reade in a particular chapter following ; but if the disease be of the third sort , which is most desperate , you shall then take of Tanners ouse a pint , and of new milke a pint , and of oyle oliue halfe a pint , and the quantity of a head of garlicke bruised , and a little turmericke ; mixe these well together , and giue it the horse to drinke : do this thrice in one fortnight , and it will helpe if any helpe be to be had . CHAP. 41. Of the mourning of the Chine . THis disease which we call the mourning of the chine , or as some Farriers terme it , the moist malady , is that fourth sort of corrupt distillation from the braine , of which we haue spoken in the chapter before , shewing from whence it proceedes , and the signes thereof ; to wit , that the corrupt matter which issueth from his nosthrels , will be darke , thinne , and reddish , with little streakes of bloud in it . It is supposed by some Farriers , that this disease is a foule consumption of the liuer , and I do not dissent from that opinion : for I haue found the liuer wasted in those horses which I haue opened vpon this disease ; and this consumption proceedes from a cold , which after growes to a poze , then to a glaunders , and lastly to this mourning of the chine . The cure whereof , according to the opinion of the oldest Farriers , is to take cleare water , and that hony which is called Hydromel a quart , and put thereunto three ounces of sallet oyle , and powre it into his nostrels each morning the space of three dayes ; & if that helpe not , then giue him to drinke euery day , or once in two dayes at the least , a quart of old wine mingled with some of the soueraigne medicine called Tetrapharmacum , which is to be had almost of euery Apothecary . Others vse to take garlicke , houslicke & cheruill ; and stamping them together , to thrust it vp into the horses nostrels . Others vse to let the horse fast all night ; then take a pint and a halfe of milke , three heads of garlicke pild & stamped ; boyle them to the halfe , and giue it to the horse , some at the mouth and some at the nose ; then gallop him a quarter of a mile , then rest him ; then gallop him halfe a mile , and rest him againe : thus do twice or thrice together ; then set him vp warme , and giue him no water till it be high noone : then giue him a sweete mash : vse this cure at least three dayes together . Others vse to take halfe a pecke of oates , & boyle them in running water till halfe be consumed ; then put them into a bagge , and lay them very hot vpon the nauell place of his backe , and there let it lye thirty howres , vsing thus to do three or foure times at the least . Others vse to take wormewood , Peusedanum , and Centorie , of each like quantity : boyle them in wine ; then straine them , and powre thereof many times into his nosthrels , especially into that which most runneth . Others vse to take harehound , licoras , & anise seeds , beaten to powder : then with sweete butter to make pils thereof , and to giue them fasting to the horse Others vse to take wheate flower , anise seedes , and licoras , stamped in a mortar , fiue or sixe cloues of garlike bruised ; mixe all these together & make a paste of them ; then make it into pils as big as walnuts , & taking out the horses tongue , cast the balles downe the horses throate three or foure at a time , then giue him two new layed egges , shelles and all after them . Now after all these , the best and most approuedst medicine , is to take as much of the middle greene barke of an Elder tree growing on the water side , as will fill a reasonable vessell , putting thereunto as much running water as the vessell will hold , and let it boyle till halfe be consumed , and then fill vp the vessell againe with water , continuing so to do , three times one after another : and at the last time when the one halfe is consumed , take it from the fire , and straine it exceedingly through a linnen cloath ; then to that decoction , adde at least a full third part of the oyle of oates , or for want of that , of oyle oliue , or of hogges grease , or sweete butter ; and being warmed againe , take a quart thereof , and giue it the horse to drinke , one horne-ful at his mouth , and another at his nosthrels , especially that which casteth out the matter . And in any case let the horse be fasting when he taketh this medicine : for it not onely cureth this , but any sicknesse proceeding from cold whatsoeuer : it shall be also good to vse to his body some wholesome friction , & to his head some wholesome bathe , of which bathes you shall reade more hereafter in a chapter following . For his dyet , his food would be sodden barley and sweete hay , and his drinke warme water or mashes ; but if it be in the Summer season , then it is best to let him runne at grasse onely . CHAP. 42. Of the Cough . COughing is a motion of the lungs , raised naturally from his expulsiue power , to cast out the hurtfull cause , as neesing is the motion of the braine . Now of coughes , there be some outward , and some inward : those are sayd to be outward which proceed of outward causes , as when a horse doth eate or drinke too greedily , so that his meat goeth the wrong way ; or when he licketh vp a feather : or eateth dusty or sharpe bearded straw , and such like , which tickling his throat , causeth him to cough : those which are sayd to be inward , are either wet or dry , of which we shall speake more hereafter . Now of these outward coughes , they may proceede from the corruption of the ayre , which if it do , you shall boyle in running water , figges and currants together ; then straining the water , adde to a quart thereof , three spoonfull of Diapente , and it will helpe . It may also proceed from dust ; and then you must wash it downe by powring into his nosthrels ale and oyle mingled together . It may come by eating sharpe and sowre things ; and then you must put downe his throat , pils of sweete butter , whose softnesse will helpe him . It may proceede from some little or sleight taken cold ; and then you shall take the whites & yolkes of two egges , three ounces of sallet oyle , two handfull of beane flowre , one ounce of Fenugreeke ; mixe them with a pint of old malmsey , and giue it the horse to drinke three daies together : or else take tarre and fresh butter ; mixe them together , and giue pils thereof to the horse foure times in seuen dayes , that is , the first , the third , the fift , and the seuenth day . There be others which vse to take a gallon of faire water , and make it ready to seeth : then put thereto a pecke of ground malt , with two handfuls of boxe leaues chopt small , and a little groundsel ; mixe them altogether , and giue him euery morning and euening a pint for a weeke together . If to the boxe leaues you adde oates and bettony , it is not amisse , so you keep the horse warme . Others vse to giue a horse a pint of swines bloud warme . Others vse to boyle in a gallon of water , one pound of Fenugreeke ; then straining it , giue the water morning and euening by a pint at a time to drinke ; then drying the Fenugreeke , giue it the horse with his prouender . Others vse for all maner of coughes , to take a quarterne of white currants , and as much clarified hony , two ounces of sweet marioram , with old fresh grease , and a head of garlicke ; melt that which is to be molten , and punne that which is to be beaten ; mixe them together , and giue the horse better then a pint thereof three mornings together . Others vse to giue a horse the guts of a young pullet dipt in hony and being warme ; and certainly there is not any of these medicines but are most soueraigne and well approued . Now whereas some Farriers vse to thrust downe the throat of the horse , a willow wand , rolled about with a linnen cloath , and annoynted all ouer with hony , I for my part do not like it : for it both torments the horse more then there is occasion ; and doth but onely go about to take away that which is gone in the struggling before the medicine can be vsed : for it is onely for a cough which cometh by a feather or some such like matter . CHAP. 43. Of the inward and wet Cough . TOuching all inward coughs which are gotten and ingendred by colds and rheumes of long continuance , being not onely dangerous , but sometimes mortall , you shall vnderstand that they are diuided into two kindes , the one wet , the other dry : the wet cough proceedeth from cold causes taken after great heats ; which heat dissoluing humours , those humors being againe congealed , do presently cause obstructions and stoppings of the lungs . Now the signes to know this wet cough is , the horse will euer after his coughing , cast out either water or matter out of his nosthrels , or champe and chaw with his teeth , the thicke matter which he casteth out of his throate , as you shall easily perceiue , if you heedfully note him : he will also cough often without intermission ; and when he cougheth he will not much bow downe his head , nor abstaine from his meate : and when he drinketh , you shall see some of his water to issue out of his nosthrels . The cure is , first to keepe him exceeding warme ; then for as much as it proceedeth of cold causes , you shall giue him hot drinkes and spices , as sacke , or strong ale brewd with cinamon , ginger , cloues , treacle , Long pepper , and either swines grease , sallet oyle , or sweete butter : for you shall know that all cold causes are cured with medicines that open and warme ; and the hot with such as cleanse and coole . Some vse to take a pretty quantity of Beniamine , and the yolke of an egge ; which being well mixt together , and put into an egge shell , cast all downe into the horses throat , and then moderatly ride him vp and downe for more then a quarter of an howre : and do this three or foure mornings together . Others vse to keepe him warme , and then to giue him this drinke . Take of barley one pecke , and boyle it in two or three gallons of running water , till the barley burst , together with bruised licoras , anise seeds , and of raisins , of each a pound ; then straine it , and to that liquor put of hony a pint , and a quarterne of sugarcandy , and keepe it close in a pot to serue the horse therewith foure seuerall mornings , and cast not away the barley nor the rest of the strainings , but make it hot euery day to perfume the horse withall in a close bagge ; & if he eate of it , it is so much the better : and after this you shall giue the horse some moderate exercise : and for his dyet let him drinke no cold water till his cough abate ; and as it lessoneth , so let his water be the lesse warmed . Now for mine own part , though all these receits be exceeding good and very well approued ; yet for mine owne part , in this case , thus hath bene my practise . If I found either by the heauinesse of the horses head , or by the ratling of his nosthrels , that the cough proceeded most from the stopping of his head , I would only giue him foure or fiue mornings together , three or foure good round pils of butter and garlicke , well knoden together , in the morning fasting ; and then ride him moderately an howre after ; but if I found that the sicknesse remained in the chest or brest of the horse , then I would giue him twice in foure dayes , a pint of sacke , halfe a pint of sallet oyle , and two ounces of sugarcandy wel brewd together , and made luke warme ; and then ride him halfe an howre after ; and set him vp warme , suffering him to drinke no cold water till his cough began to abate or leaue him . CHAP. 44. Of the dry Cough . THis disease which we cal the dry cough , is a grosse and tough humour , cleauing hard to the hollow places of the lungs , which stoppeth the winde-pipes so that the horse can hardly draw his breath . It doth proceede by ill gouernment from the rheume , which distilling from the head , falleth downe to the breast , and there inforceth the horse to striue to cast it out . The especiall signes to know it is , by eating hot meates , as bread that is spiced , straw , dry hay , or such like , his extremity of coughing will encrease : by eating cold and moyst meates , as grasse , forrage , graines , and such like , it will abate and be the lesse : he cougheth seldome ; yet when he cougheth , he cougheth violently , long time together , and dryly with a hollow sound from his chest : he also boweth his head downe to the ground , and forsaketh his meate whilest he cougheth ; yet neuer casteth forth any thing either at his mouth or nosthrels . This cough is most dangerous , and not being taken in time , is incurable : for it will grow to the pursicke or broken winded altogether . The cure according to the opinion of the ancientest Farriers is , that for as much as it proceedeth from hot humours , therefore you shall perfume his head with cold simples , as Camomill , Mellilot , Licoras , dryed red Roses and Camphire boyled in water , and the fume made to passe vp into his mouth and nosthrels . Others vse to take a close earthen pot , & to put therin three pints of the strongest vinegar , and foure egges shels & all vnbroken , and 4. heades of garlicke , cleane pild & bruised ; & set the pot-being very close couered in a warme dunghill , or a horse mixion , & there let it stand foure and twenty howres ; then take it forth and open it , and take out the egges which will be as soft as silke , and lay them by vntill you haue strained the vinegar and garlicke through a linnen cloath : then put to that liquor a quarterne of hony , and halfe a quarterne of sugarcandy , and two ounces of licoras , & two ounces of anise seedes , beaten all into fine powder ; and then the horse hauing fasted all the night , early in the morning , as about seuen or eyght a clocke , open the horses mouth with a drench staffe and a cord , and first cast downe his throate one of the egges , and then presently powre after it a horn-full of the aforesayd drinke being made luke warme ; then cast in another egge and an other horn-full : and thus do till he haue swallowed vp all the egges , or three at the least ; then bridle him , and couer him warmer then he was before , and set him vp in the stable , tying him to the bare racke for the space of two howres ; then vnbridle him ▪ and giue him either some oates , hay , or grasse , yet in any case giue him no hay , vntill it haue bene somewhat sprinkled with water : for there is no greater enemy to a dry cough then dry hay , dry straw , or chaffe ; let him haue no cold water the space of 9. daies . Now if you chance the first morning to leaue an egge vntaken , you shall not faile to giue it him and the remainder of the drinke the morning following . If you find by this practise that the cough weareth not away , you shal then purge his head with pils , of which you shall reade in the chapter of purgations : after his pils receiued , you shall let him fast 3. howres , standing warme clothed & littered in the stable : you shall also now and then giue him a warme mash , and once a day trot him moderatly abroad . There be other Farriers which for this dry cough take onely the hearbe called lions foot , or Ladies mantle , spurge & smallage , of each like quantity ; seeth them either in a quart of old wine , or a quart of running water till some part be consumed , and giue it the horse to drinke ; if in stead of the hearbs themselues , you giue the iuice of the hearbs in wine , it is good . There be others which take a good quantity of white currants , & as much hony , two ounces of Marioram , one ounce of peniriall , with 5. pounds of fresh grease , and nine heades of garlicke ; beate that which is to be beaten , & melt the rest ; giue this in 4. or 5. dayes like pils dipt in hony . Others vse to take Myrre , Opoponax , Iris Illyrica , & Galbanum , of each two ounces , of red Storax three ounces , of turpentine foure ounces , of henbane halfe an ounce , of opium halfe an ounce ; beate them to a fine powder , and giue two or three spoonfull with a pint of old wine , or a quart of ale . Others vse to take forty graines of pepper , foure or fiue rootes of radddish , foure heades of garlicke , and sixe ounces of sweet butter ; stampe them all well together , and giue euery day a ball of it to the horse for a weeke together , making him fast two howres after his taking it ; and surely it is a most excellent approued medicine for any old grown cold or cough . Other Farriers vse to take of oyle de bay and of sweete butter , of each halfe a pound , of garlicke one pound , beate it together vnpild ; and being well beaten with a pestill of wood , adde your oyle and butter vnto it : then hauing made it into balles , with a little wheat flowre , giue your horse euery morning for a weeke or more , three or foure balles as bigge as walnuts , keeping him fasting after from meate , three howres , and from drinke till it be night , prouided that still his drinke be warme , and his meate if it possible may be , grasse , or hay sprinkled with water ; as for his prouender , it would be oates , and Fenugreeke sprinkled amongst it . Now if you perceiue that at a fortnights end , his cough doth nothing at all abate , you shall then for another weeke , giue him againe the same physicke and dyet ; but truly for mine owne part , I haue neuer found it to faile in any horse whatsoeuer ; yet I would wish all Farriers not to be too busie with these inward medicines , except they be well assured that the cold hath bene long , and that the cough is dangerous . CHAP. 45. Of the frettized , broken , and rotten Lungs . COughes do many times proceede from the corruption and putrifaction of the lungs , gotten either by some extreme cold , running or leaping , or by ouer-greedy drinking after great thirst ; because the lungs being inclosed in a very thinne filme , they are therefore the much sooner broken ; and if such breach be made , without instant cure , they beginne to inflame and apostume , oppressing and sickning the whole lungs . Now the signes to know this disease is , the horses flankes will beate when he cougheth ; and the slower they beate , the more old and dangerous is the disease : he will also draw his winde short , and by little at once : he will groane much , be fearefull and loath to cough , and often turne his head to the place grieued : to conclude , he will neuer cough but he will bring vp something , which he will champ in his mouth after . The cure is , giue him two or three ounces of hogges grease , and two or three spoonfull of Diapente brewd in a quart of barley water , wherein currants hath bene sodden . Other Farriers vse to take a pound of licoras , and being scrapt , and flist , to steep it in a quart of water foure and twenty houres ; then to straine it ; then to boyle three or foure ounces of currants in it , and so giue it the horse to drinke , & keep him fasting 3. or 4. howres after . There be other Farriers which vse to take of Fenugreeke , and of linseed , of each halfe a pound , of gum dragant , of masticke , of myrre , of sugar , of fitch flowre , of each one ounce ; let all these be beaten into fine powder , and then infused one whole night in a good quantity of warme water , and the next day giue him a quart of this luke warme , putting thereunto two ounces of the oyle of roses ; and this you must do many dayes together : and if the disease be new , it will certainly heale ; if it be neuer so old , it will assuredly ease him ; but in any case let him drinke no cold water : and for his food , grasse is the most excellent . Others vse to take of malmsey a pint , of hony three spoonful , mixe them together ; then take of Myrre , of Saffron , of Cassia , & Cynamon , of each like quantity ; beate them to a fine powder , and giue two spoonfull thereof in the wine to drinke ; do this at least a fortnight together , and it is certaine it will helpe these frettyzed and broken lungs , but for the putryfied and rotten lungs , we will speake more in this next chapter . CHAP. 46. Of putrified and rotten Lungs . THis disease of rotten and exulcerated lungs , you shall know by these signes : he will cough oft & vehemently , and euer in his coughing he will cast little reddish lumps out of his mouth ; he will decay much of his flesh , and yet eate his meate with more gredinesse then when he was sound ; and when he cougheth he will cough with more ease and clearenesse then if his lungs were but onely broken . The cure whereof , according to the practise of our ordinary English Farriers is , to giue the horse diuers mornings together a pint of strong vinegar warmed , or else as much of mans vrine , with halfe so much hogs grease brewd warme together ▪ but the more ancient Farriers take a good quantity of the iuice of purslaine mixt with the oyle of roses , adding thereunto a little Tragaganthum which hath before bene layd to steep in goates milke , or for want thereof in barley or oaten milke strained from the corne ; and giue him a pint thereof euery morning for seuen dayes together . This medicine is but onely to ripen and breake the impostume , which you shall know if it haue done ; because when the sore is broken , his breath will stinke exceedingly : then shall you giue him for other seuen dayes this drinke . Take of the roote called Costus two ounces , and of Cassia or Cinamon three ounces beaten into fine powder , and a few raisins , and giue it him to drinke with a pint of malmsey : Others vse to take of Frankinsence , and Aristolochia , of each two ounces beaten into fine powder , and giue the horse two or three spoonfull thereof with a pint of malmsey . Others take of vnburnt brimstone , two ounces , of Aristolochia one ounce and a halfe beaten to powder , and giue the horse that with a pint of malmsey . CHAP. 47. Of shortnesse of breath or pursinesse . THis disease of short breath or pursinesse , may come two seuerall wayes , that is naturally , or accidentally : naturally as by the straightnesse of his conduits which conuey his breath , when they want liberty to carry his breath freely , or being cloyed vp with fat , force stoppings & obstructions in his windpipe , & thereby makes his lungs labour & worke painfully . Accidentally as by hasty running after drinking , or vpon a full stomacke , by which , humours are compelled to descend downe into the throate and lungs , and there stoppeth the passage of the breath . The signes of this disease are a continuall panting and heauing of his body without any coughing , great heate of breath at his nosthrels , and a squeesing or drawing in of his nose when he breatheth ; besides , a coueting to hold out his head whilest he fetcheth his winde . The cure , according to the opinion of some of our best Farriers , is to giue him in his prouender the kyrnels of grapes , for they both fat and purge ; and you must giue them plentifully . The warme bloud of a sucking pigge is excellent good also . Other Farriers vse to take Venus-haire , Ireos , Ash-keyes , Licoras , Fenugreeke , and Raisins , of each a dram and an halfe , pepper , Almonds , Borage , Nettleseede , Aristolochia and Coloquin̄tida , of each two drammes , Algaritium , one dramme and an halfe , hony two pound , dissolue them with water wherein licoras hath bene sodden , and giue him one pint euery morning for three or foure mornings . Others vse to take Molline or Longwort & make a powder thereof , and giue two spoonefull thereof with a pint of running water , or else powder of Gentian in the foresayd manner , and do it for diuers mornings . Others vse to take of nutmegs , cloues , Galingale , graines of Paradise , of each three drammes , Careaway seede and Fenugreeke , a little greater quantity , as much Saffron , and halfe an ounce of Licoras ; beate them all into fine powder , then put two or three spoonefull thereof to a pint of white wine , and the yolkes of foure egges , and giue it the horse to drinke : then tye his head vp high to the racke for an houre after : that done , either ride him or walke him vp and downe gently , and keepe him fasting foure or fiue howres after at the least : the next day turne him to grasse and he will do well . There be other which vse to let the horse bloud in the necke veine , and then giue him this drinke . Take of wine and oyle of each a pint , of Frankinsence halfe an ounce , and of the iuice of Horebound halfe a pint ; mixe them well together , and giue them to drinke . Others vse to giue him onely somewhat more then a pint of hony , hogges grease and butter molten together , and let him drinke it luke warme . Egges made so●t in vinegar , as is shewed in the chapter of the dry cough , is excellent for this shortnesse of breath , so you giue the egges encreasing ▪ that is , the first day one , the second three , and the third fiue ; and withall to powre a little oyle and wine into his nosthrels , is very good also . There be other Farriers which vse to take a Snake and cut off her head and taile , and then take out the guts and entrails , boyle the rest in water till the bone part from the flesh : then cast the bone away , and giue euery third day of this decoction more then a pint till you haue spent three snakes ; and this is excellent good for the dry cough also . Now the last and best medicine for this shortnesse of breath ( for indeede in this case I do not affect much physicking ) is onely to take anise seeds , licoras , and sugarcandy , all beaten into very fine powder ; and take foure spoonfull thereof and brew it well with a pint of white wine , and halfe a pint of sallet oyle : and vse this euer after your horses trauell , and a day before he is trauelled . CHAP. 48. Of the broken winded or Pursicke Horse . THis disease of broken winded , I haue euer since I first began to know either horse or horse-leach-craft , very much disputed with my selfe , and for many yeares did constantly hold ( as still I do ) that in truth there is no such disease ; only this I found by dayly experience , that by ouer hasty or sudden running of a fat horse ( or other ) presently after his water , or by long standing in the stable with no exercise and foule foode , that thereby grosse and thicke humours may be drawne downe into the horses body so abundantly , that cleauing hard to the hollow places of the lungs , and stopping vp the wind-pipes , the wind may be so kept in , that it may onely haue his resort backward , and not vpward , filling the guts , and taking from the body great part of its strength and liuelihood ; which if from the corruption of our old inuentions , we call broken winded , then I must needs confesse , that I haue seene many broken winded horses . The signes of which disease are these , much and violent beating of his flankes , especially drawing vp of his belly vpward ; great opening and rising of his nosthrels , and a continuall swift going to and fro of his tuell ; besides , it is euer accompanied with a dry and hollow cough . The cure , I must needes say in so great an extremity ( for it is the worst of all the euils of the lungs which are before spoken of ) is most desperate ; but the preseruations and helpes , both to continue the horses health and his dayly seruice , are very many , as namely ( according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers ) to purge your horse by giuing him this drinke . Take maiden haire , of Ireos , of Ashe , of Licoras , of Fenugreeke , of Basnis , of each halfe an ounce , of Cardanum , of pepper , of bitter almonds , of Baurach , of each two ounces , of nettle seed , and of Aristolochia , of each two ounces ; boile them altogether in a sufficient quantity of water ; and in that decoction dissolue halfe an ounce of Agaricke , & 2. ounces of Coloquintida , together with 2. pound of hony , & giue him a pint & a halfe of this at a time for , at least , a week together ; and if the medicine chance at any time to proue too thicke , you shall make it thin with water , wherein licoras hath bene sodden ; and some Farriers also besides this medicine , will with a hot yron draw the flanks of the horse to restraine their beating , and slit the horses nosthrels to giue the wind more liberty ; but I do not affect either the one or the other : the best diet for a horse in this case , is grasse in Summer , & hay sprinkled with water in Winter . There be other Farriers which for this infirmity hold , that to giue the horse 3. or 4. daies together sodden wheat , and now & then a quart of new sweet wine , or other good wine , mixt with licoras water , is a certaine remedy . There be other Farriers which for this disease take the guts of a hedgehogge , and hang them in a warme ouen till they be dry , so that a may may make powder of them : then giue your horse 2. or 3. spoonfull thereof with a pint of wine or strong ale : then the rest mixe with anise seeds , licoras , & sweet butter , & make round balles or pils thereof , & giue the horse 2. or 3. after his drink ; and so let him fast at least 2 howres after . Now when at any time you giue him any prouender , be sure to wash it in ale or beere ; then take Comin , Anise seeds , Licoras and Sentuarie of each like quantity ; make them ( being mixed together ) into fine powder , & strew two spoonful therof vpon the prouender being being wet . This physicke must be vsed for a fortnight at the least . Others vse to take of cloues & nutmegs 3. drams of galingale & Cardomonum , 3. drams , of foot , of bay seeds , & comin , of each 3. drams , & make them into fine powder , & put it into white wine , being tempered with a little saffron : then put to so many yolkes of egges as may coūteruaile the other quantity : then mixe them with water , wherin licoras hath bene sodden , making it so thin that the horse may drink it , and after he hath drunk the quantity of a pint & halfe of this drinke , tye vp his head to the racke , & let him so stand at least an howre after , that the drinke may descend into his guts : then walke him gently abroad , that the medicine may worke , and in any case giue him no water for foure and twenty houres after : the next morning giue him some grasse to eate , and the branches of willow or sallow , which will coole the heate of the potion . Now there bee other Farriers which take of Paunces , Longwort , Mayden-haire , the crops of nettles , Carduus benedictus , hearbe Fluettin , the rootes of dragons bruised , the roots of Elecampana bruised , of water hempe , of peniriall , of light wort , of Angelica , of each of these a good handfull ▪ or so many of these as you can conueniently get ; bruise them , and lay them all night in two or three gallons of water , and giue it a boyle in the morning , and let the horse drinke thereof as much luke warme as hee will ; then after this drink , giue him a pretty quantity of sodden wheat : vse this dyet for a weeke or more at the least : and then if the season be fit , put him to grasse . This cure is of great reputation , and thought to helpe when all other faileth : for mine owne part I wish euery man to iudge it by the practise . There be others which onely for nine or ten dayes together , will giue their horse water , wherein licoras hath bene sodden , mixt with wine , and hold it a most soueraigne helpe . There be others which will onely giue new milke from the cow ; but I despaire in that cure , because milke being onely flegmatike , flegme is the onely substance of this disease . Other Farriers vse to keep the horse fasting foure & twenty howres , then take a quart of ale , a quarter of an ounce of Fenugreeke , halfe a quarter of bayes , of the greene barke of Elder trees , of sugarcandy , of water cresses ▪ of redde mints , of redde fennell , of haw-tree leaues , and of prim-rose leaues , of each halfe an ounce , the whites of sixe egges ; beate these in a mortar and seeth them in the ale , giue it him to drinke : then let him fast after twelue howres : then giue him meate and prouender inough , yet but little drinke . Others vse to giue him wet ●ay and moderate trauell : then take twenty egges , and steepe them in vinegar foure and twenty howres , giuing the horse two euery morning , and after the egges are spent , a pottell of new milke from the cow . Now there be other Farriers which onely will dissolue in vinegar fifteene egges , and giue the horse the first day three , the second day fiue , and the third seuen , and hold it a good helpe . Others will take an ounce of frankinsence , two ounces of brimstone , & mixe it with a pint of wine , and halfe a pint of hony . Others will take Sal-niter , burnt with the powder of pitch , and giue it with the same quantity of wine and hony . Others will onely giue Sal-niter mingled with his meate , prouided alwayes , that in euery cure you keepe your horse from cold and labour ; and dayly chafe his head with oyle and wine . CHAP. 49. Of the dry Malady or Consumption . THis disease of the dry malady , or as the ancient Farriers terme it , a generall consumption , is nothing but a meere exulceration of the lungs , proceeding from a cankerous , fretting and gnawing humour ingendred by cold and surfaite , which descending from the head , sickneth & corrodeth the lungs . Some of our ignorant Farriers will call it the mourning of the chine ; but they are thus farre forth deceiued : that the mourning of the chine doth euer cast some filthy matter at the nose , and the dry malady neuer casteth forth any thing . The signes to know this dry malady or consumption are these : his flesh and strong estate of body will consume and waste away , his belly will be gaunt , his backe bone hidde , and his skin so stretched or shrunke vp , that if you strike on him with your hand , it will sound hollow like a tabor ; his haire will hardly shed ; and either he will vtterly forsake his meate , or the meate he eateth will not disgest , prosper , or breede any flesh on his backe ; he will offer to cough but cannot , except in a weake maner , as though he had eaten small bones ; & truly according to the opinion of others , so I find by practise , that it is incurable ; yet that a horse may be long preserued to do much seruice , I haue found it by these helpes . First , to purge his head with such fumes and pils as are good for the glaunders , which you may finde in the chapter of purgations ▪ then to giue him cole-worts small chopt , with his prouender , & now & then the bloud of a sucking pigge warme . There be others that in stead of the bloud , will giue either the iuyce of leekes mixt with oyle and wine , or else wine and frankinsence , or sallet oyle and the iuice of rue mixt togegether ; but in my conceit , the best cure is to purge his body cleane with comfortable and gentle scourings ; and then to be suffred to runne to grasse , both for a Winter and a Summer , and there is no question but he must necessarily end or mend ; for languish long he cannot . CHAP. 50. Of the Consumption of the flesh . THis disease which we cal the Consumption of the flesh , is an vnnaturall or generall dislike or falling away of the whole body , or , as we terme it , the wasting of the flesh ; which proceedeth from diuers grounds , as namely , from inward surfaits , either by naughty foode , or ill dyet , or from vncleane , moist and stinking lodging ; but especially from disorderly labour , as by taking great and sudden colds after violent heate , or such like ; all which procure the wasting or falling away of the flesh . The signes whereof are these : first , an vnnaturall and causlesse leannesse , a dry and hard skinne cleauing fast to his sides , want of stomacke , or appetite to his meate , a falling away of his fillets , and a generall consumption both of his buttockes and shoulders . The cure whereof , according to the ancients , is to take a sheeps head vnfleayed , and boyle it in a gallon and a halfe of ale , or running water , vntill the flesh be consumed from the bones ; then straine it through a cloath , and put thereto of sugar halfe a pound , of cinamon one ounce , of conserue of roses , or barberies , & of cherries , of each one ounce ; mingle them together , and giue the horse euery morning a quart thereof luke warme , till two sheeps heades bee spent ; and after euery time he drinketh , let him be gently walked or ridden vp and downe according to his strength , that is , if the weather be warme , abroad ; if it be cold and windy , then in the stable or some close house , suffring him neither to eate nor drinke , for two howres after his medicine ; and from cold water you shall keepe him the space of fifteene dayes . Now for his ordinary foode or prouender , you shall repute that best which he eateth best whatsoever it be ; and that you shall giue by little and little , and not any grosse , or great quantity at once , because the abundance and glut of food taketh away both the appetite and nutriment which should proceede from wholesome feeding . CHAP. 51. How to make a leane Horse fat . BEsides this generall consumption of a horses flesh , which for the most part , or altogether proceedeth from sicknesse , there is also another consumption or want of flesh which proceedeth from neshnesse , tendernesse , freenesse of spirit , and the clymate vnder which the horse is bred ; as namely when a horse that is bred in a warme clymate , comes to liue in a cold , or when a horse that is bred vpon a fruitfull & rich soile , comes to liue in a barren and dry place . In any of these cases the horse will be leane without any apparant signe of griefe or disease , which to recouer there be many receits and medicines , as namely : the ancient Farriers did vse when a horse either grew leane without sicknesse or wound , or any knowne distemperature , to take a quarter of a pecke of beanes , and boyle them in two gallons of water till they swell or burst , then to mixe with them a pecke of wheate branne , and so to giue it the horse in maner of a mash : or in stead of prouender : for it will fat suddenly . Others , and especially the Italians , will take cole-worts , and hauing sodden them , mixe them with wheat bran and salt , and giue them in stead of prouender . There be others which take the fatty decoction of three Tortoyse being well sodden , ( their heades , tayles , bones , and feete , being reiected ) and giuing it the horse , suppose it fatteth suddenly : or if you mixe the flesh of the Tortoyse so sodden with your horses prouender , that is good also ; But as the simples are Italian , and not English , so for mine owne part , I referre the vse rather to them then to my country men . There be others which vse to fat vp their horses by giuing them a certaine graine which we call bucke , in the same manner as we giue oates or pease . There be others which to fat a horse , will giue him onely parched wheat , and a little wine mixed with his water , and amongst his ordinary prouender alwayes some wheate branne ; and be exceeding carefull that the horse be cleane drest , well rubbed , & soft littered : for without such cleanly keeping there is no meate will enioy or do good vpon him ; and also when he is fed , it must be by little at once and not surfaited . There be other Farriers which to feede vp a leane horse , will take Sage , Sauin , Bay-berries , Earth-nuts , Beares grease to drinke with a quart of wine . Others will giue the entrailes of a Barbel or a Tench with white wine . Others will giue new hot draffe , and new branne , and twenty hard roasted egges , the shels being pulled off , then bruise them , and then put thereto a pretty quantity of salt ; then mixe all together , and giue a good quantity thereof to the horse at morne , noone , and euening for his prouender ; and once a day , ( which would be at high noone ) giue him a quart or three pints of strong ale ; and when the horse beginneth to be glutted vpon this meat , then giue him dryed oates : if he be glutted vpon that , then giue him bread , if he leaue his bread , giue him malt or any graine that he will eate with a good appetite , obseruing euer to keepe the horse very warme ; and with this dyet in foureteene dayes , the leanest horse will be made exceeding fat . There be other Farriers which to make a horse fat , wil take a quart of wine , and halfe an ounce of brimstone finely beaten with a raw egge , and a peny waight of the powder of Myrre ; mixe all together and giue it the horse to drinke many mornings together . Others will take three-leaued grasse , halfe greene and halfe dry , and giue it to the horse in stead of hay , by little at once ; and it will fat suddenly , onely it will breed much ranke bloud . Other Farriers vse to take two peny worth of pepper , and as much saffron , anise seeds , and turmericke , a peny worth of long pepper , two peny worth of treacle , a peny worth of licoras , a good quantity of peniryall and archangell ; giue the horse these with the yolks of egges in milke to drinke . Others take wheat made cleane , and sod with salt and lard dryed in the sunne , & giue it twice a day before each watering . Others giue a pint of good wine with a raw egge beaten , & a quantity of brimstone & Mirre beaten to powder . Others strong ale , Myrre , ●allet oyle and twenty graines of white pepper ; and in stead of the ale , you may take the decoction , that is , the water wherein sage & rue hath bene sodden , & it will soone make the horse fat . Others take sodden beanes well bruised and sprinkled with salt , adding to the water foure times so much beane flowre or wheat bran , and giue that to the horse , and it will fat him suddenly . Wine mixt with the bloud of a sucking pigge , made luke warme , or wine with the iuyce of featherfeaw , or an ounce of sulphur , and a peny waight of Myrre , well made into powder , together with a new layed egge , will raise vp a horse that languisheth . Barley dryed , or barley boyled till it burst , either will fat a horse . But the best way of fa●ting a horse ( for most of the wayes before prescribed , are not to breede fat that will continue ) is first to giue your horse three mornings together , a pint of sweete wine , and two spoonefull of Diapente brewed together : for that drinke will take away all infection and sicknesse from the inward parts ▪ then to feed him well with prouender at least foure times a day , that is , after his water in the morning , after his water at noone , after his water in the euening , and after his water at nine of the clocke at night . Now you shall not let his prouender be all of one sort , but euery meale , if it may be , change , as thus : if in the morning you giue him oates , at noone you shall giue him bread , at euening beanes or pease mixt with wheat branne , and at night sodden barley , and so forth ; and euer obserue of what food he eateth best , of that let him haue the greatest plenty , and there is no question but he will in very short space grow fat , sound , and full of spirit without either mislike or sicknesse . CHAP. 52. Of the Breast-paine , or griefe in the breast . THough most of our Farriers are not curious to vnderstand of this disease , because it is not so common as others ; yet both my selfe and others find , it is a disease very apt to breed , and to indanger the horse with death . The Italians call it Granezza di petto ; and it proceedeth from the superfluity of bloud , and other grosse humors , which being dissolued by some extreme and disorderly heate , resorteth downeward to the breast , and paineth the horse extremely that he can hardly go . The signes are a stiffe , staggering and weake going with his forelegges ; and he can very hardly , or not at al , bow down his head to the ground , either to eate or to drink , and will groane much when he doth either the one or the other . The cure is first to bathe all his breast and foreboothes with the oyle of Peter ; and if that do not help him , within three or foure dayes , then to let him bloud on both his breast veines in the ordinary place , and then put in a rowell either of haire , corke , horne , or leather , of all which , and the maner of rowelling , you shall reade in a more particular chapter hereafter in the booke of Surgery . Now there be other Farriers which for this sicknesse will first giue the horse an inward drench , as namely , a pint of sweet wine , and two spoonfull of diapente : then bathe all his breast and legges with wine and oyle mingled together , and in some tenne or twelue dayes it will take away the griefe . CHAP. 53. Of the sicknesse of the heart , called the Anticor . THis sicknesse of the heart , which by the ancient Farriers is called Anticor , as much as to say , against or contrary to the heart , is a dangerous & mortall sicknesse , proceeding from the great abundance of bloud which is bredde by too curious and proud keeping , where the horse hath much meate , and little or no labor , as for the most part , your geldings of price haue , which running all the Summer at grasse , do nothing but gather their own food , and such like , where the maisters too much loue and tendernesse , is the meanes to bring the horse to his death , as we find dayly in our practise : for when such naughty and corrupt bloud is gathered , it resorteth to the inward parts , and so suffocateth the heart . The signes whereof are , the horse will many times haue a small swelling rise at the bottome of the breast , which swelling will encrease and rise vpward , euen to the top of the necke of the horse , and then most assuredly it kils the horse ; he will also hang his head either downe to the manger , or downe to the ground , forsaking his food , and groaning with much painfulnnesse . This disease is of many ignorant Smiths , taken somtimes for the yellowes , and sometimes for the staggers ; but you shall know that it is not so by these obseruations . First , neither about the whites of his eyes , not the inside of his lips , shall you perceiue any apparant yellowes , and so then it cannot be the yellowes ; nor will he haue any great swelling about his eyes , nor dizzinesse in his head before he be at the poynt of death ; and so consequently it cannot be the staggers . The cure thereof is two-fold : the first a preuention or preseruatiue before the disease come : the second a remedy after the disease is apparant . For the preuention or preseruatiue , you shall obserue that if your horse liue idly , either at grasse or in the stable , and withall grow very fat , which fatnesse is neuer vnaccompanied with corruptnesse , that then you fayle not to let him bloud in the necke veine before you turn him to grasse , or before you put him to feede in the stable ; and likewise let him bloud two or three moneths after , when you see he is fedde ; and at each time of letting bloud , you must make your quantity according to the goodnesse of the bloud : for if the bloud be blacke and thicke , which is a signe of inflammation and corruption , you shal take the more ; if it be pure , red , and thin , which is a signe of strength and healthfulnesse , you shall take little , or none at all There be others which vse for this preuention , to giue the horse a scouring or purgation of malmsey , oyle , and sugarcandy , the making and vse whereof you shal reade in the chapter of purgation ; & this would be giuen immediatly when you put your horse to feede , and as soone as you see his skin full swolne with fatnesse . Now for the remedy , when this disease shall be apparant , you shall let him bloud on both his plat veines , or if the Smiths skill will not extend so farre , then you shall let the horse bloud on the necke veine , and that he bleede abundantly : then you shall giue him this drinke . Take a quart of malmsey , and put thereunto halfe a quarterne of sugar , and two ounces of cinamon beaten to powder , and being made luke warme , giue it the horse to drinke : then keepe him very warme in the stable , stuffing him round about with soft wisps very close , especially about the stomacke , least any winde do annoy him : and let his ordinary drinke be warme mashes of malt and water , & his foode only that , whatsoeuer it be , which he eateth with the best stomacke ▪ Now if you see any swelling to appeare , whether it be soft or hard , then besides letting him bloud , you shall strike the swelling in diuers places with a steame or launcet , that the corruption may issue forth ; and then annoynt it with hogges grease made warme : for that will either expell it , or bring it to a head , especially if the swelling be kept exceeding warme . There be other Farriers which for this disease , vse first to let the horse bloud as is aforesayd , and then to giue him a quart of malmsey , well brewed with three spoonfull of the powder called Diapente ; and if the swelling arise , to lay thereunto nothing but hay well sodden in old vrine ; and then to keepe the same dyet as is aforesayd . Others vse after the letting of bloud , to giue the horse no drinke , but onely tenne or twelue spoonefuls of that water which is called Doctor Stephens water , and is not vnknown to any Apothecary ; and then for the rest of the cure to proceede in all things as is before specified , & questionlesse I haue seene strange effects of this practise . CHAP. 54. Of tired Horses . SInce wee are thus farre proceeded into the inward and vitall parts of a horses body , it is not amisse to speake something of the tiring of horses , and of the remedies for the same ; because when a horse is truly tyred ( as by ouer extreme labour ) it is questionlesse that all his vitall parts are made sicke and feebled . For to tell you in more plainesse what trying is , it is when a horse by extreme & vncessant labour , hath all his inward and vitall powers which should accompany & reioyce the heart , expelled and driuen outward to the outward parts , & lesse deseruing members , leauing the heart forlorne and sicke , insomuch that a generall and cold faintnesse spreadeth ouer the whole body and weakneth it , in such sort that it can endure no further trauell , till those liuely heates , faculties , and powers , be brought vnto their naturall and true places backe againe , and made to giue comfort to the heart whom their losse sickned . Now for the tiring of horses , though in truth it proceedeth from no other cause but this before spoken ; yet in as much as in our common and vulgar speech , we say euery horse that giueth ouer his labour is tyred , you shall vnderstand that such giuing ouer may proceede from foure causes : the first from inward sicknesse , the second from some wound receiued , either of body or limbe ; the third from dulnesse of spirit , cowardlinesse or restinesse ; and the fourth from most extreme labour and trauell , which is true tirednesse . indeede . Now for the first , which is inward sicknesse , you shall looke into the generall signes of euery disease , and if you finde any of those signes to be apparant , you shall straight conclude vpon that disease , & taking away the cause thereof , haue no doubt but the effects of his tiring will vanish with the ●ame . For the second , which is by some wound receiued , as by cutting or dismembring the sinewes , ligaments , or muscles , or by straining or stooming any bone or ioynt , or by pricking in shooing , or striking nayle , yron , stub , or thorne into the sole of the horses foote , and such like . Sith the first is apparant to the eye , by disioyning the skinne , the other by halting , you shall take a suruey of your horse , and finding any of them apparant , looke what the griefe is , repaire to the latter part of this booke , which intreateth of surgery ; and finding it there , vse the meanes prescribed , and the tiring will easily be cured . Now for the third , which is dulnesse of spirit , cowardlinesse or restinesse , you shall finde them by these signes : if he haue no apparant signe either of inward sicknes or outward griefe , neither sweateth much , nor sheweth any great alteration of countenance ; yet notwithstanding tireth and refuseth reasonable labour , then such tyring proceedeth from dulnesse of spirite ; but if after indifferent long trauell the horse tire , and then the man descending from his backe , the horse runne or trot away , as though he were not tired ; the man then mounting againe , the horse vtterly refuse to go forward , such tyring proceedeth from cowardlinesse ; but if a horse within one , two , or three miles riding , being temperately vsed , and being neither put to any tryall of his strength , nor , as it were , scarcely warmed , if he in his best strength refuse labour , and tire , it proceedeth onely from restinesse and ill conditions . Then for the cure of any of all these , proceding from dulnesse , fearefulnesse , and vnwillingnesse , you shall take ordinary window glasse , and beate it into fine powder : then take vp the skinne of each side the spurre veine betweene your finger and your thumbe , and with a fine naule or bodkin , make diuers small holes through the skinne , then rubbe glasse powder very hard into those holes ; which done , mount his backe , and do but offer to touch his sides with your heeles , and be sure if he haue life in him , he will go forward , the greatest feare being that he will still but go too fast : but after your iourney is ended , and your allighted , you must not faile ( because this powder of glasse will corrode and rot his sides ) to annoynt both the sore places with the powder of Iet and turpentine mixt together : for that will draw out the venom , and heale his sides againe . There be others which vse when a horse tireth thus through dull cowardlinesse or restinesse , to thrust a burning brand or yron into his buttockes , or to bring bottels of blazing straw about his eares ; there is neither of the cures but is exceeding good . But for the true tired horse , which tireth through a naturall faintnesse , drawne from exceeding labour : the signes to know it being long trauel , much sweat , and willingnesse of courage during his strength : the cure thereof according to the opinion of some Farriers , is to powre oyle and vinegar into his nosthrels , and to giue him the drinke of ●he●pes beades mentioned in the chapter of the consumption of the flesh , being the fiftieth chapter of this booke ; and to bathe his legges with a comfortable bath , of which you shal finde choyce in the chapter of bathes : or else charge them with this charge . Take of bole armony , and of wheate flowre , of each halfe a pound , and a little rosen beaten into fine powder , and a quart of strong vinegar ; mingle them well together , and couer all his legs therwith ; & then if it be in Summer , turne him to grasse , and he will recouer his wearinesse . Others vse to take a slice of fresh beefe , hauing steeped it in vinegar , lappe it about your bit or snafle , and hauing made it fast with a threed , ride your horse therewith and he will hardly tire ; yet after your iourney is ended , be sure to giue your horse rest , much warmth and good feeding , that is , warme mashes and store of prouender , or else he will be the worse whilest he liueth . Now if it be so that your horse tire in such a place as the necessity of your occasions are to be preferred before the value of your horse , and that you must seeke vnnaturall meanes to controlle nature . In this case you shall take ( where the powder of glasse before spoken of cannot be had ) three or foure round pibble stones , and put them into one of his eares ; and then knit the eare that the stones fall not out , and the noyse of those stones will make the horse go after he is vtterly tyred ; but if that faile , you shal with a knife make a hole in the flappe of the horses eare , and thrust a long rough sticke full of nickes through the same ; and euer as the horse slackes his pace , so saw and fret the sticke vp and downe in the hole , and be sure whilest he hath any li●e he will not leaue going . Many other torments there are which be needlesse to rehearse , onely this is my most generall aduice , if at any time you tire your horse , to take of old vrine a quart , of salt peter three ounces , boile them well together , and bathe all the horses foure legges in the same , and without question it will bring to the sinewes their naturall strength and nimblenesse ; and for other defects warme and good keeping will cure them . And although some of our Northerne Farriers do hold that oaten dough will preuent tiring , yet I haue not approued it so , because I neuer could g●t any horse that would eate it , the dough would so sticke and clambe in the horses mouth : therefore I hold the cures already recited to be fully sufficient . CHAP. 55. Of the diseases of the stomacke , and first of the loathing of meate . THis disease of the loathing of meate , is taken two wayes , the one a forsaking of meate , as when a horses mouth either through the inflammation of his stomacke , doth break out into blisters , or such like venemous sores : or when he hath the lampas , gigges , woolfes teeth , and such like . The cure of all which you shall readily find in the second part of this booke which treateth of surgery : the other a dislike of his meate through the intemperature of his stomacke , being either too hot , as proceeding either from ranknesse of bloud , or extremity of trauell ; as you may perceiue by dayly experience , when a horse is set vp in the stable very hot , and meate instantly giuen him , it is all thing to nothing but he wil loath and refuse it . Hence it comes , that I did euer hate the noone-tide bayting of horses , because mens iourneys commonly crauing haste , the horse cannot take such an naturall cooling as he ought before his meate , and thereby breeds much sicknesse & disease : for meate giuen presently after trauell when a horse is hot , is the mother of all infirmity : or else it proceedeth from the intemperature of the stomacke being too cold , as being caused by some naturall defect . Now if it proceede from heate onely , which you shall know either by his sudden loathing of his meate , or the extreme heate of his mouth and breath : then to coole his stomacke againe , you shall either wash his tongue with vinegar , or giue him to drinke cold water mingled with oyle and vinegar . There be other Farriers which vse to giue this drinke : take of milke and wine , of each one pint , & put therunto of Mel Rosatum 3. ounces , and hauing washed his mouth with vinegar & salt , giue him the drink luke warme with a horne . But if the loathing of his meate proceede from the coldnesse of his stomacke , which onely is knowne by the standing vp and staring of his haire : then by the opinion of the ancient Farriers , you shall giue him wine & oyle mixt together diuers mornings to drinke ; but others of our late Farriers giue wine , oyle , rue , and sage boyled together by a quart at a time to drinke . Others to the former compounds will adde white pepper & Myrre . Others vse to giue the horse onions pild and chopt , and Rocket seede bruised and boyled in wine . Others vse to mixe wine with the bloud of a sow pigge . Now to conclude , for the generall forsaking or loathing of meate , proceeding either from hot or cold causes in the stomacke , there is nothing better then the greene blades of corne ( especially wheate ) being giuen in a good quantity , and that the time of the yeare serue for the gathering thereof . Others in stead thereof , will giue the horse sweet wine and the seedes of Gith mixt together , or else sweet wine and garlike well pild and stampt , being a long time brewd together . CHAP. 56. Of the casting out of a Horses drinke . THe ancient Farriers , especially the Italians , constantly do affirme , that a horse may haue such a paulsey , proceeding from the coldnesse of his stomacke , and may make him vnable to retaine and keepe his drinke , but that many times he will vomit and cast it vp againe : for mine owne part , from those causes I haue not seene such effects , yet from other causes , as from cold in the head , where the rheume binding about the roots and kirnels of the tongue , hath , as it were , strangled and made straight the passages to the stomacke ; there I haue many times seene a horse cast his water that he drunke , in very abundant sort backe againe through his nosthrels , & sometimes striue with great earnestnesse to drinke , but could not at all . The signes of both ( from which cause foeuer it proceede ) is onely the casting vp of his drinke or water ; and the cure thereof is onely to giue him cordiall and warme drinkes , as is malmsey , cinamon , anise seedes , and cloues , well brewd and mixt together , and to annoynt his breast and vnder his shoulders , with either the oyle of Cypresse , oyle of Spike , or the oyle of pepper ; and to purge his head with fumes or pilles , such as will force him to neese , of which you may see store in a chapter following : for such fumigation ioyning with these hot oyles , will soone dissolue the tumors . CHAP. 57. Of surfaiting with glut of prouender . THere is not any disease more easily procured , nor more dangerous to the life of a horse , then this surfaite which is taken by the glut of prouender ; it cometh most commonly by keeping the horse extreme sharpe or hungry , as either by long trauell or long standing empty ; & then in his height of greedinesse , giuing him such superabundance of meate , that his stomacke wanting strength to disgest it , all the whole body is driuen into an infinite great paine and extremity . The signes are great weaknesse and feeblenesse in the horses limbes , so that he can hardly stand , but lyeth downe oft , and being downe , walloweth and tumbleth vp and downe as if he had the bots . The cure thereof according to the ordinary practise of our common Farriers , is to take a halfe peny worth of blacke sope , and a quart of new milke , and as much sweete butter as sope ; and hauing on a chafing dish and coales , mixt them together , giue it the horse to drinke : this will cleanse the horses stomacke , and bring it to its strength againe . But the ancient Farriers did vse first , to let the horse bloud in the necke veine , ( because euery surfait breedes distemperature in the bloud ) then trot the horse vp and downe an howre or more ; and if he cannot stale draw out his yard and wash it with white wine made luke warme , and thrust into his yard either a cloue of garlicke or a little oyle of camomill , with a peece of small waxe candle . If he cannot dung , first with your hand rake his fundament , and then giue him a glister , of which you shall read hereafter : when his glister is receiued you shall walke him vp and downe till hee haue emptyed his belly , then set him vp and keepe him hungry the space of two or three dayes , obseruing euer to sprinkle the hay hee eateth with a little water , and let his drinke be warme water and branne made mash-wise ; after he hath drunke the drinke let him eate the branne if he please , but from other prouender keep him fasting at least tenne dayes . There be other Farriers that in this case , vse onely to take a quart of beere or ale , and two peny worth of sallet oyle , and as much dragon water , a peny worth of treacle ; make all these warme vpon the coales , then put in an ounce of cinamon , anise seedes , and cloues , all beaten together , and so giue it the horse luke warme to drinke . All these receipts are exceeding good ; yet for mine owne part , and many of the best Farriers confirme the same , there is nothing better for this disease , then moderate exercise , much fasting , and once in foure or fiue dayes a pint of sweete wine , with two spoonefull of the powder Diapente . CHAP. 58. Of foundring in the body , being a surfaite got either by Meate , Drinke , or Labour . THis disease of foundring in the body , is of all surfaits the most vile , most dangerous , and most incident vnto horses that are dayly trauelled , it proceedeth according to the opinion of some Farriers , from eating of much prouender suddenly after labour , the horse being then , as it were , panting hot ( as we may dayly see vnskilfull horsemen do at this day ) whereby the meate which the horse eateth , not being disg●sted , breedeth euill and grosse humours , which by little & little spreading themselues through the members , do at the length oppresse , & almost confound the whole body , absolutely taking away from him al his strength , insomuch that he can neither go nor bow his ioynts , nor being layd , is able to rise againe : besides , it taketh away from him his instrumentall powers , as the office both of vrine and excrements , which cannot be performed but with extreme paine . There be other Farriers , and to their opinion I rather leane , that suppose it proceedeth from suffering the horse to drinke too much in his trauell being very hot , whereby the grease being suddenly cooled , it doth clappe about , and suffocate the inward parts with such a loathsome fulnesse , that without speedy euacuation , there can be no hope but of death onely . Now whereas some Farriers do hold that this foundring in the body , should be no other then the foundring in the legges , because it is ( say they ) a melting and dissolution of humours which resort downeward , they are much deceiued : for it is not as they hold a dissolution of humours , but rather a binding together of corporall and substantiall euils , which by an vnnaturall accident doth torment the heart . Now for the hold which they take of the name Foundring , as if it were drawne from the French word Fundu , signifying melting , truly I thinke it was rather the ignorance of our old Farriers , which knew not how to entitle the disease , then any coherence it hath with the name it beareth . For mine owne part , I am of opinion that this disease which we cal foundring in the body , doth not onely proceede from the causes aforesayd , but also and most oftest by sudden washing horses in the winter season , when they are extreme fat and hot with instant trauell , where the cold vapour of the water striking into the body , doth not onely astonish the inward and vitall parts , but also freezeth vp the skin , and maketh the bloud to leese his office . Now the signes to know this disease , are holding downe of his head , staring vp of his haire , coughing , staggering behinde , trembling after water , dislike of his meate , leannesse , stiffe going , disability to rise when he is downe : and to conclude , which is the chiefest signe of all other , his belly will be clung vp to his backe , and his backe rising vp like a Camell . The cure according to the opinion of the Farriers , is first to rake his fundament , and then to giue him a glister : which done , and that the horses belly is emptyed , then take of malmsey a quart , of sugar halfe a quarterne , of cinamon halfe an ounce , of licoras and anise seedes , of each two spoonefull beaten into fine powder ; which being put into the malmsey , warme them together at the fire so that the hony may be molten , then giue it the horse luke warme to drinke : which done , walke him vp and downe either in the warme stable or some warme roade the space of an howre ; then let him stand on the bit fasting two howres more , onely let him be warme clothed , stopt , and littered ; & when you giue him hay , let it be sprinkled with water , and let his prouender be very cleane sifted from dust , and giuen by a little at once ; and let his drinke be warme mashes of malt and water . Now when you see him recouer and get a little strength , you shall then let him bloud in the necke veine , and once a day perfume him with Frankinsence to make him neese , and vse to giue him exercise abroad when the wether is warme , and in the house when the weather is stormy . Now there be other Farriers which vse for this disease to take a halfe peny worth of garlicke , two peny worth of the powder of pepper , two peny worth of the powder of ginger , two peny worth of graines bruised , and put all these into a pottell of strong ale , and giue it the horse to drinke by a quart at a time , dyetting and ordering him as is aforesayd ; and when he g●tteth strength either let him bloud in the necke veine , or the spurre veines , or on both ; to conclude , there is no drinke nor dyet which is comfortable , but is most soueraigne and good for this infirmity . CHAP. 59. Of the greedy Worme or hungry Euill in Horses . THIS hungry Euill is a disease more common then found out by our Farriers , because the most of our horse-maisters out of great ignorance , hold it a speciall vertue to see a horse eat● eagerly , whereas indeeede this ouer-hasty and greedy eating , is more rather an infirmity and sicknesse of the inward parts ; and this disease is none other then an insatiate and greedy eating , contrary to nature and old custome ; and for the most part , it followeth some extreme great emptinesse or want of foode , the beast being euen at the pinch , and ready to bee chappe-falne . There bee some Farriers which suppose that it proceedeth from some extreame cold , outwardly taken by trauelling in cold and barraine places , as in the frost and snow , where the outward cold maketh the stomacke cold , whereby all the inward powers are weakned . The signes are onely an alteration or change in the horses feeding , hauing lost all temperance ; and snatching and chopping at his meate as if he would deuoure the manger . The cure , according to the opinion of some Farriers , is first to comfort his stomacke by giuing him great slices of white bread toasted at the fire and steeped in muskadine , or else bread vntoasted & steeped in wine , & then to let him drink wheat flowre and wine brewed together . There be others which vse to knead stiffe cakes of wheate flowre and wine , and to feede the horse therewith . Others vse to make him bread of pine-tree nuts and wine knoden together : or else common earth and wine mingled together ; but for mine owne part , I hold nothing better then moderately feeding the horse many times in the day with wholesome beane bread , well baked , or oates well dryed and sifted . CHAP. 60. Of the diseases of the Liuer in generall , and first of the inflammation thereof . THere is no question but the liuer of a horse is subiect to as many diseases as either the liuer of a man or any other creature , onely through the ignorance of our common Farriers ( who make all inward diseases one sicknesse ) the true ground , and causes not being looked into , the infirmity is let passe , and many times poysoned with false potions ; but truth it is , that the liuer sometimes by the intemperatenesse thereof , as being either too hot or too cold , too moist , or too dry , or sometimes by meanes of euill humors , as choler or fleame ouerflowing in the same , heate ingendring choler , and coldnesse fleame , the liuer is subiect to many sicknesses , and is diuersly payned , as by inflammation , apostumation or vlcer , or by obstructions , stoppings , or hard knobs ; or lastly , by the consumption of the whole substance thereof The signes to know if the disease proceede from hot causes , is leannesse of body , the loathing of meate , voyding dung of a strong sent , great thirst , and loosnesse of belly . The signes to know if the disease proceed from cold causes , is good state of body , appetite to meate , dung not stincking , no thirst , and the belly neither loose nor costiue . Now to proceede to the particular diseases of the liuer , and first of the inflammation , you shall vnderstand that it cometh by meanes that the bloud through the abundance , thinnesse , boyling heate of sharpnesse thereof , or through the violence of some outward cause , breaketh out of the veines & floweth into the body or substance of the liuer ; and so being dispossest of his proper vessels , doth immediately putrifie & is inflamed , corrupting so much of the fleshly substance of the liuer , as is either touched or imbrewed with the same ; whence it cometh , that for the most part , the hollow side of the liuer is first consumed , yet sometimes the full side also : this inflammation by a naturall heate , is sometimes turned to putrifaction , & then it is called an apostumation , which when either by the strength of nature or art , it doth breake and runne , then it is called an vlcer or filthy sore . Now the signes of an inflammation on the hollow side of the liuer ( which is least hurtfull ) is loathing of meate , great thirst , loosnesse of belly , and a continuall vnwillingnesse to lye on the left side ; but if the inflammation be on the full side of the liuer , then the signes be short breathing , a dry cough , much paine when you handle the horse about the wind-pipe , and an vnwillingnesse to lye on the right side . The signes of apostumation is great heate , long fetching of breath , and a continuall looking to his side . The signes of vlceration , is continuall coldnesse , staring vp of the haire , and much feeblenesse & faintting , because the filthy matter casting euill vapours abroad , doth many times corrupt the heart , and occasion death . Now for the cure of these inflammations , some Farriers vse to take a quart of ale , an ounce of myrre , and an ounce of Frankinsence , and brewing them well together , giue it the horse diuers mornings to drinke . Others vse to take three ounces of the seedes of smallage , and three ounces of Hysop , and as much Sutherwort , and boyle them wel in oyle and wine mingled together , and giue it the horse to drinke ; keepe the horse warme , and let him neither drinke cold water , nor eate dry dusty hay . CHAP. 61. Of Obstructions , stoppings , or hard knobs on the Liuer . THese obstructions , or stoppings of a horses liuer , do come most commonly by trauelling or labouring on a full stomacke , whereby the meate not being perfectly disgested , breedeth grosse and tough humours , which humours by the extremity of trauell are violently driuen into the small veines , through which the liuer ought to receiue good nutriment , and so by that meanes breedeth obstructions & stoppings . Now from these obstructions ( when they haue continued any long time ) especially if the humours be cholericke , breedeth many times hard knobs on the liuer , which knobbes maketh the horse continually lye on his right side , and neuer on the left ; because if he should lye on the left side , the waight of the knob would oppresse the stomacke , and euen sicken all the vitall parts in him . The signes of these obstructions or stoppings , are heauinesse of countenance , distention or swelling , great dulnesse and sloth in the horse when he beginneth his trauell , and a continuall looking backe to his short ribbes , where remaineth his greatest paine and torment . Now the cure thereof is to seeth continually in the water which hee drinketh , Agrimony , Fumitory , Camomill , VVormewood , Licoras , Anise seedes , Smallage , Persley , Spickenard , Gentian , Succory , Endyue , and Lupyns , the vertues whereof are most comfortable to the liuer . But for as much as the most part of our English Farriers are very simple Smithes , whose capacities are vnable to diue into these seuerall distinctions ; and that this worke ( or maister peece ) is intended for the weakest braine whatsoeuer , you shall vnderstand that there bee certaine generall signes to know when the liuer of a horse is grieued with any griefe , of what nature or condition soeuer it be ; and so likewise generall receipts , to cure all the grieues without distinguishing or knowing their natures : you shall know then if a horse haue any griefe or paine in his liuer by these signes . First , by a loathing of his meate , next , by the wasting of his flesh , drynesse of his mouth , and roughnesse of his tongue , and great swelling thereof , and refusing to lye on the side grieued ; and lastly , a continuall looking backeward . Now the generall cures for the sicknesse of the liuer , is , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , to giue the horse aloes dissolued in sweet wine : for it both purgeth and comforteth the liuer . Others vse to giue him to drink Ireos stampt and mixt with wine and water together , or in stead of Ireos , to giue him Calamint , called of the Latines Pollimonia . Others giue Sauery with oyle & wine mixt together . Others vse liuer-wort and agrimony with wine and oyle . Others vse comfortable frictions , and to steepe his prouender in warme water , and to mixe with his prouender a little Nitrum , not forgetting to let him stand warme and lye soft ; but that which is generally praised aboue all medicines , is to giue the horse a Wolfes liuer , beaten to powder , and mixt either with wine , water , oyle , or any other medicine . Now for a conclusion of this chapter , if the Farriers skill be so good that he can distinguish the nature of each seueral infirmity about the liuer , then I would haue him to vnderstand that for inflammations ( which are the first beginners of all diseases ) would be vsed simples that mollifie and disperse humors , as be these , Linseed , Fenegreeke , Camomil , Anise seeds , Mellilot , and such like ; to which mollifying simples would be euer added some simples that are astringent or binding , as are these : red Rose leaues , Bramble leaues , Wormewod , Plantaine , Myrre , Masticke , Storax , and such like . Now for apostumes , they are to be ripened and voyded , & vlcers must be cleansed and scoured downeward either by excrement or vrine ; and therefore the vse of such simples as prouoke either the one or the other ( of which you shall find plenty in other chapters ) is most necessary . CHAP. 62. Of the Consumption of the Liuer . OF this consumption of the liuer , I haue spoken something in the chapter of the mourning of the chine ; yet because amongst our best Farriers it is diuersly taken , I will shew you their diuers opinions . First , some hold it cometh onely from sudden cold after heate , taken either by drinking or standing still . Others hold it cometh of any humour , especially of cholericke matter , shead throughout the whole substance of the liuer , which rotting by leasurable degrees , doth in the end corrupt and confound all the substance of the liuer , proceeding as they thinke , from corrupt meates , and sweet drinkes : and the last thinketh it cometh by extreme heate gotten in trauell , which inflaming the bloud doth afterward putrifie , corrupt , and exulcerate the whole substance of the liuer : because the liuer is spongious like the lungs , therefore the cure of this disease is held desperate ; yet it bringeth no speedy or suddaine death , but a wasting and lingring infirmity : for the liuer being corrupted , disgestion is taken away , and so the body for want of good nutriment , doth in time consume . The signes of this disease is a loathing of meate , and a stretching forth of the horses body at length as he standeth ; hee will seldome or neuer lye downe , his breath will stink maruellously , and he will continually cast exceeding foule matter either at one nosthrell or at both , according as one side or both sides of the liuer is consumed : and on that side which hee casteth , hee will euer haue betwixt his nether iawes , about the midst of them , a hard knobbe or kirnell about the bignesse of a wal-nut . Now the preseruatiue for this disease , ( for in truth it is incurable ) is , according to the opinion of some Farriers , to take halfe a pint of malmsey , and as much of the bloud of a young pigge , and to giue it the horse luke warme to drinke . Other Farriers vse to giue the horse no other food for the space of three dayes , then warme wort , and oates baked in an ouen , being sure that the horse be kept fasting the first night before he receiue his medicine . Others suppose that if into the wort which he drinketh , you do put euery morning two or three spoonfull of the powder made of Agrimony , red rose leaues , Sac●harum , Rosac●um , Diarchadon , Abbatis , Disantalon , Licoras , and of the liuer of a Wolfe , that is more excellent . Others hold that this powder giuen with goates milke luke warme , is very good . Others hold that malmsey and the iuyce of feather● few giuen to drinke is also good . Others vse ( and I hold it equall with the best ) to take an ounce of Sulphur vi●e , beaten into fine powder , and a peny waight of Myrre , beaten to very fine powder ; mixe them together with a new layed egge , and giue them to drinke with halfe a pint of Malmsey : vse this diuers times , and keep the horse warme ; yet separate him from other horses , for this disease is infectious . CHAP. 63. Of the diseases in the Gall. AS is the liuer , euen so the gall of a horse is subiect to diuers and many infirmities , as to obstructions , from whence floweth the fulnesse and emptinesse of the bladder , and stone in the gall ; and these obstructions do chance two seuerall waies : first when the passage by which choler should passe from the liuer vnto the bladder of the gall , as vnto his proper receptacle is stopped , and so the bladder of the gall remaineth empty : for you are to vnderstand that the gall is none other thing then a long , slender , little greenish bladder fixed vnderneath the liuer , which doth receiue all the cholericke bitter moysture , which would otherwise offend not onely the liuer , but the whole body also . Now if the passage vnto this necessary vessell be stopped , there cannot chuse but follow many infirmities , as either vomiting , the laxe , or the bloudy flixe . Secondly , when the way whereby such choler should issue forth of the bladder of the gall downe into the guts and excrements , is closed vp , and so superaboundeth with too much choler ; from whence springeth dulnesse of spirit , suffocating , belching , heate , thirst , and disposition to rage and fury ; and truly to any beast there is not a more dangerous disease then the ouerflowing of the gall . The signes of both these kindes of euils or obstructions , are yellownesse of the skinne infected with yellow iaundise , and a continuall costiuenesse of the body : and the cure of them are , according to the most ancient Farriers , to giue the horse milke and great store of saffron , boyled together , or in stead of milke to giue ale , saffron , and anise seedes mixed together . But there be other Farriers , with whom I much more do agree , which hold that selladine roots and leaues chopt and bruised , & boiled in beere , or for want of selladine , rue or hearbe of grace , and giuen the horse luke warme to drinke , is most soueraigne . Now for the stone in the gall , which is of a blackish color , it cometh from the obstruction of the conduits of the bladder , whereby the choler being too long kept in , becommeth dry , and so conuerteth first into grauell , and after into a sollide and hard stone , of which both the signes and the cure , are those last before rehearsed . CHAP. 64. Of all such diseases as are incident to the Spleene . THe Spleene is a long , narrow , flat , spongy substance , of a pale fleshy colour , ioyning with the liuer & the gall ; it is the receptacle of melancholy and the dregges of the bloud , and is as subiect to infirmity as any inward member whatsoeuer , as to inflammations , obstructions , knobbes and swellings ; it through the sponginesse is apt to sucke in all manner of filth , and to dilate and spread the same ouer the whole body : the appearance thereof , is on the left side vnder the short ribs , where you shall perceiue some small swelling , which swelling giues great griefe to the midriffe , especially after a full stomacke , taking away much more of the horses disgestion then his appetite , and being suffered to continue , it makes faint the heart , and growes in the end to a hard knob , or stony substance . This disease or diseases of the spleene , are incident to horses most in the Summer , proceeding from the surfaite or greedy eating of greene meates . The signe of which diseases are these , heauinesse , dulnesse , paine on the left side , and hard swellings , short breath , much groaning , and an ouer hasty desire to his meate . The cure according to the opinion of our best Farriers , is to make the horse sweate either by labour or cloathes , then to giue him to drinke a quart of white wine , wherein hath bene boyled the leaues of Tamariske bruised , and a good quantity of comin seede beaten to powder , and giue it luke warme . Others vse after the horse hath sweat , to powre into his left nosthrell euery day the iuyce of Mirobalans , mixt with wine and water to the quantity of a pint . Others take of comin seede and hony , of each sixe ounces , of Lacerpitium as much as a beane , of vinegar a pint , & put all these into three quarts of water , and let it stand so all night , and giue the horse a quart thereof next morning , hauing fasted all night . Others make the horse a drinke of garlicke , nitrum , hore-hound , and wormewood , sodden in sharpe wine , and to bathe all the horses leftside with warme water , and to rubbe it hard . There be others which vse to cauterize or scarifie the horses left side with a hot yron ; but it is barbarous and vile , and carrieth no iudgement in the practise . CHAP. 65. Of the Yellowes or Iaundise . AS before I sayd , from the obstructions or ouerflowings of the gall and spleene doth spring this disease which our common Smiths call the yellowes , and our better Farriers the iaundise ; and you shall vnderstand , that of this yellowes or iaundise there are two kinds , the first an ouerflowing of choler proceeding from the sicknesse of the gall , and it is called simply the yellowes , or yellow iaundise ; because the outward parts of the body , as eyes , skinne , mouth , inside of the lips , and such like , are dryed , and coloured yellow : the other an ouerflowing of melancholy proceeding from the sicknesse of the spleene , & is called the blacke yellows or blacke iaundise , because all the outward parts are blacke . Now both these iaundises or yellowes haue their beginnings from the euils of the liuer ; the yellow iaundise when the liuer by inflammation , hath all his bloud conuerted into choler , and so ouerwhelmes the body : and the blacke iaundise when some obstruction in the liuer veine , which goeth to the spleene , hindreth the spleene from doing his office , and receiuing the dregges of bloud from the liuer ; or else when the spleene is surcharged with such dregges of the bloud , and so sheddeth them back againe into the veines . Now although this distinction of the blacke iaundise or blacke yellowes , will appeare strange vnto our common Farriers ; yet it is most certaine that whensoeuer a horse dyeth of the yellowes , he dyeth onely of the blacke yellowes : for when it cometh vnto the case of mortality , then are al the inward powers conuerted to blacknesse , and the yellow substance is cleane mastered ; but whilest the matter is yellow , so long the horses body is in good state of recouery . Besides , these yellowes do euer follow one the other , and the lesser hath no sooner got preheminence , but the greater pursues him ; of all the inward diseases in a horse body , this is most common , oftest in practise , and yet most mortal if it be not early preuented . The signes of this disease of yellow iaundise , are yellownesse of eyes , nosthrels , inside of lippes , the skinne , the yard and the vrine : his eares and his flankes will sweate , and he will groane when he lyeth downe , and he will not onely be faint , but vtterly forsake his meate also . The cures which are at this day in practise for this disease , are infinite , and a world of them corrupt and poysonous : euery Smith almost making a medicine of his owne inuention , God knowes weake and to little purpose ; but for the best receipts which at this day are vsed by any good Farrier whatsoeuer , I will deliuer you the whole catologue . First , for the ancient Farriers , both Italian & French , they did vse to take of tyme and comin , of each like quantity , and stamping them together to mingle it with wine , hony , and water ; and then to let him bloud in the pasternes . But now the Farriers of latter dayes vse , first to let the horse bloud in the necke veine , suffering him to bleede till you perceiue the bloud to grow pure ; then to giue him this drinke : Take of white wine or ale a quart , and put thereunto of saffron , of turmericke , of each halfe an ounce , and the iuyce that is wrong out of a great handfull of selladine , and being luke warme giue it the horse to drinke ; then keepe him warme the space of three or foure dayes , giuing him warme water with a little branne in it . Others vse after the horse is let bloud in the necke veine : First to rake him then to gim him a suppositary made of Salt , Hony , and Marioram , and then giue him to drinke , halfe an ounce of myrre , dissolued in a quart of wine or ale . Others vse to giue after bloud letting , onely cold water and nitrum mixt together . There be others which after bloud letting , will onely stoppe his eares with felladine , and then bind them fast vp , and let him haue no exercise for twelue howres after . Others vse after the letting him bloud to giue him a glister ; then to take saffron and turmericke , and mixing them with a quart of milke to giue it him to drinke luke warme . Others vse to let the horse bloud in the third barre of the roofe of his mouth with a sharpe knife , and after he hath bled well , to take a halfe peny worth of English saffron , and a peny worth of turmericke , and a new layed egge , with the shell and all small broken , and mixe it in a quart of stale ale or beere ; and so set him vp warme . Others vse to take after bloud letting of turmericke and of saffron a like quantity , and two or three cloues , and sixe spoonefull of vinegar or verdges , and to put into each eare of the horse , three spoonefull thereof , and then stoppe his eares with black wolle , & so tye them vp for seuen or eight dayes after . Others take long pepper , graines , turmericke , and licoras , all beaten into fine powder ; then brew them with a quart of strong beere or ale , and giue it the horse to drinke . Others vse after raking & bloud letting to take the iuyce of Iuy leaues , & mingling it with wine , to squirt it into the horses nosthrels ; and to let him drinke only cold water mixt with vitrum , and let his foode be grasse , or new hay sprinkled with water . Thus you haue seene , I dare well affirme , all the best practises which are at this day knowne for this disease ; & where they all faile ▪ there is no hope of cure ; yet let me thus farre further informe you . This disease of the yellowes or iaundise , if the keeper or maister be not a great deale the more skilfull and carefull , will steale vpon you vnawares , and ( as I haue often seene ) when you are in the middest of your iourney , remote and distant farre from any towne that can giue you succour , it may be your horse will fall downe vnder you , and if you should let him rest till you fetch him succour , questionlesse hee will bee dead . In this extremity you haue no helpe but to draw out a sharpe poynted knife , dagger , or rapier for a neede , and as neare as you can ( opening the horses mouth ) strike him bloud about the third barre of the roofe of his mouth ; and so letting him eate and swallow his owne blood a good while , then raise him vp , and be sure he will go as fresh as euer he did ; but after you come to place of rest , then bee sure to bloud him and drench him as aforesayd , or else there will a worse fit come vpon him . Now to conclude for the blacke iaundise , which of some Farriers is called the dry yellow , though for mine owne part I hold it to be incurable , yet there be other Farriers which are of a contrary humour , and prescribe this physicke for the cure thereof : first , to giue the horse a glister made of oyle , water , and nitrum , after his fundament is raked ; then to powre the decoction of mallowes , mingled with sweete wine , into his nosthrels , and let his meate be grasse , or hay sprinkled with water , and a little nitre , and his prouender dryed oates : hee must rest from labour , and be often rubbed . Now there be other Farriers , which for this disease would onely haue the horse drinke the decoction of wilde cole-worts sodden in wine ; the effects of all which I onely referre to experience . CHAP. 66. Of the Dropsie , or euill habit of the body . WHereas we haue spoken before of the consumption of the flesh , which proceedeth from surfaits , ill lodging , labour , colds , heates , and such like : you shall also now vnderstand , that there is another drinesse or consumption of the flesh , which hath no apparant cause or ground , and is called of Farriers a dropsie or euill habite of the body ; which is most apparantly seene when the horse by dislike doth leese his true naturall colour , as when baynesse turnes to dunnesse , blackes to duskishnes , & whites to ashinesse ; and when he leeseth his spirit , strength , and alacrity . Now this cometh not from the want of nutriment , but from the want of good nutriment , in that the bloud is corrupted either with fleame , choler , or melancholy , coming ( according to the opinion of the best Farriers ) either from the spleene , or the weaknes of the stomacke or liuer causing naughty disgestion . Others thinke it cometh from fowle feeding , or much idlenesse ; but for mine owne part , albeit I haue had as much tryall of this disease , as any one man ; and that it becometh not me , to controll men of approued iudgements ; yet this I dare auerre , that I neuer saw this disease of the euill habite or euill colour of the body , spring from any other groundes , then either disorderly and wilde riding : or from hunger , or barraine woody keeping . Betwixt it and the dropsie , there is small or no difference : for the dropsie being diuided into three kindes , this is the first thereof , as namely an vniuersall swelling of the body , but especially the legges , through the aboundance of water lying betweene the skinne and the flesh . The second , a swelling in the couering or bottome of the belly , as if the horse were with foale ; which is onely a whayish humour abiding betwixt the skinne and the rimme : and the third a swelling in the same place by the like humour , abiding betwixt the great bagge and the kell . The signes of this disease are shortnesse of breath , swelling of the body or legges , losse of the horses naturall colour , no appetite vnto meate , and a continuall thirst ; his backe , buttockes , and flankes , will be dry , and shrunke vp to their bones ; his veines will be hidde that you cannot see them ; and wheresoeuer you shall presse your finger hard against his body , there you shall leaue the print thereof behind you , and the flesh will not rise of a good space after : when he lyeth downe , he will spreade out his limbes , and not draw them round together , and his haire will shedde with the smallest rubbing . There be other Farriers which make but onely two dropsies , that is , a wet dropsie , and a windy dropsie ; but being examined , they are all one with those recited , haue all the same signes and the same cure , which according to the ancient Farriers is in this sort . First , to let him be warme couered with many cloathes , and either by exercise or otherwise driue him into a sweate ; then let his backe and body be rubbed against the haire , and let his foode be for the most part , cole-worts , smallage , and Elming bowes , or what else will keepe his body soluble , or prouoke vrine : when you want this foode , let him eate grasse , or hay sprinckled with water , and sometimes you may giue him a kinde of pulse called Ciche , steeped a day and a night in water , and then taken out and layed so as the water may drop away . There be other Farriers which only would haue the horse to drinke parsley stampt and mixt with wine , or else the roote of the hearbe called Panax stampt and mixt with wine . Now whereas some Farriers aduise to slit the belly a handfull behinde the nauell , that the winde and water may leasurely issue forth , of mine owne knowledge I know the cure to be most vile ; nor can it be done , but to the vtter spoyle and killing of the horse : for a horse is a beast , & wanting knowledge of his owne good , will neuer be drest but by violence , and that violence will bring downe his kell , so as it will neuer be recouered . Now for these dropsies in the belly , although I haue shewed you the signes and the cures , yet are they rare to be found , and more rare to be cured ; but for the other dropsie , which is the swelling of the legges , and the losse of the colour of the haire , it is very ordinary and in howrely practise : the best cure wherof , that euer I found , is this . Take of strong ale a gallon , & set it on the fire , & skum off the white frothwhich riseth : then take a handfull of wormwood without stalke , and as much rue in like manner without stalkes , and put them into the ale , and let them boyle till it be come almost to a quart , then take it off , and straine it exceedingly : then dissolue into it three ounces of the best treacle , and put in also an ounce and a halfe of long pepper , and graines beaten to very fine powder : then brew them all together till it be no more but luke warme , and so giue it the horse to drinke ; the next day let him bloud on the necke veine , and annoynt his forelegges with traine ovle , and so turne him into good grasse , and feare not his recouery . CHAP. 67. Of the diseases in the Guts of a horse , and first of the Cholicke . THe guts of a horse are subiect to many and sundry infirmities , as namely , to the winde cholike , fretting of the belly , costiuenesse , laxe , bloudy flixe , and wormes of diuers kinds . Now for the cholicke , it is a grieuous and tormenting paine in the great gut or bagge , which because it is very large and spacious , and full of empty places , it is the more apt to receiue diuers offencied matters , which do breede diuers infirmities , especially winde , which finding no ready passage out , maketh the body , as it were , swell , and offendeth both the stomacke & other inward members . This disease doth not so much appeare in the stable as abroad in trauell : and the signes are these : the horse will often offer to stale but cannot , he will strike at his belly with his hinder foote , and many times stampe , he will forsake his meate , and towards his flanke you shall see his belly appeare more ful then ordinary , and he will desire to lye downe and wallow . The cure thereof according to the most ancient Farriers , is onely to giue him a glister made either of wild cowcumbers , or else of hens dung , nitrum , and strong vinegar , the manner whereof you shall see in the chapter of glisters ; and after the glister labour him . Others vse to giue the horse the vrine of a child to drinke , or a glister of sope and salt water . Others vse to giue him fiue drams of myrre in good wine , and then gallop him gently thereupon . Others vse to giue him smallage and parsley with his prouender , & then to trauell him till he sweate ; but for mine owne part , I hold it best to take a quart of malmsey , of cloues , pepper , cinamon , of each halfe an ounce ; of sugar halfe a quarterne , & giue the horse luke warm , & then ride him at least an houre after ; but before you ride him annoynt all his flankes with oyle de bay , or oyle of Spike . Now if whilest you ride him he will not dung , you shal then take him , and if neede be , enforce him to dung , by thrusting into his fundament a pild onion iagged crosse-wayes , that the tickling of the iuice may enforce ordure ; and by no meanes for foure of fiue dayes let him drinke no cold water , nor eate any grasse or greene corne , but keepe him vpon wholesome dry meate in a warme stable . CHAP. 68. Of Belly-ake , or fretting in the Belly . Besides the cholike , there is also another grieuous paine in the belly , which Farriers cal the belly-ake , or fretting in the belly ; and it proceedeth either from eating of greene pulse when it growes on the ground , or raw vndryed pease , beanes or oates : or else when sharpe fretting humours , inflammations , or aboundance of grosse matter , is gotten betweene the great gut and the panicle . The signes are much wallowing , great groaning , and often striking at his belly , and gnawing vpon the manger . The cure according to the opinion of some Farriers , is first , to anoynt your hand with sallet oile , or butter , or grease ; & then thrusting it in at the horses fundament , pull out as much dung as you can reach , which is called raking a horse ; then giue him a glister of water and salt mixt together , or in stead thereof , giue him a suppositary of hony and salt , and then giue him to drinke the powder of centuary and wormwood brewd with a quart of malmsey . Others vse onely to giue the horse a suppositary of New-castle sope , and for mine owne part , I hold it onely the best . CHAP. 69. Of Costiuenesse , or Belly-bound . COstiuenesse or belly-bound is when a horse is so bound in his belly that he cannot dung ; it is a disease of all other most incident to running horses , which are kept in a dry and hot dyet . Now my maisters , the great Farriers , affirme , that it proceedeth from glut of prouender , or ouer much feeding , and rest ; or from winde , grosse humours , or cold , causing obstructions and stoppings in the guts ; but I suppose ( & imagine that all the best keepers of hunting or running horses , will consent with me ) that it rather proceedeth from much fasting , whereby the gut wanting fresh substance to fill it , doth out of it owne great heate bake and dry vp that little which it containeth : for it is a certaine rule that nothing can ouerflow before it be full . Or else it may proceede from eating too much hot and dry foode , which sucking vp the fleame and moysture of the body , leaues not sufficient whereby it may be disgested ; howeuer , it is a dangerous infirmity , and is the beginning of many other euils . The signes are onely abstinence from the office of nature ( I mean dunging ) which is most vsuall in all beasts . The cure whereof according to the opinion of the ancientest Farrier , is to take the water wherein mallowes haue bene long boyled to the quantity of a quart ; and put thereto halfe a pint of oyle , or in stead thereof halfe a pint of butter very sweete , and one ounce of Benedicte Laxatiue , and powre that into his fundament glister-wise : then with a string fasten his tayle hard to histuel , and then trot the horse vp and downe a pretty while , that the medicine may worke so much the better ; then let his tayle loose , and suffer him to voyd all that is in his belly : then bring him into the stable , and hauing stood a while , giue him a little well clarified hony to drinke ; then couer him and keepe him warme , and let his drinke for three or foure dayes , be nothing but sweete mashes of malt and water . Other Farriers vse to take eleuen leaues of Lorell , and stamping them in a morter , giue it the horse to drinke with one quart of strong ale . Others vse to take an ounce of brimstone finely beaten to powder , and mixing it with spurge , to giue it the horse in a mash to drinke . Now for mine owne part , I would wish you , if the disease he not very extremely violent , onely but to rake the horses fundament , and then to gallop him in his cloathes till he sweate , and then giue him a handfull or two of cleane rye , and a little brimstone mixt with it : for brimstone being giuen with prouender at any time , will scoure ; but if the disease be raging and violent , take a quarter of a pound of white sope , and a handfull of spurge , bray them very well together , and giue it the horse to drinke with a quart of ale luke warme ; then let him fast and exercise him more then halfe an howre after , and be sure to keepe him very warme , and let his drinke be onely warme mashes . A world of other scouring receipts there be ; but you shall finde them more at large in the chapter of purgations , glisters and suppositaries . CHAP. 70. Of the Laxe , or too much scouring of Horses . THe laxe , or open fluxe of a horses body , is a dangerous disease , and quickly bringeth a horse to great weaknes and faintnes : it proceedeth sometimes from the aboundance of cholericke humors , descending from the liuer or gall down into the guts : sometimes by drinking ouermuch cold water immediately after prouender , sometimes by sodaine trauelling vpon a full stomacke before his meate be digested , somtimes by hasty running or galloping presently after water ; & sometimes by licking vp a feather , or eating hens dung : there is no disease that taketh more sore vpon a horse in short time then this ; and yet sith nature her selfe in this disease seemeth to be a Physition to the horses body , I would not wish any Farrier to go about too suddenly to stop it ; but if you finde that by the continuance , nature both leeseth her owne strength , and the horse the good estate of his body , then you shall seeke remedy , and the cure thereof according to the opinion of ancient Farriers , is this . Take of beane flowre and Bolarmony , of each a quarterne ; mixe them together in a quart of redde wine , and giue it the horse luke warme to drinke , & let him be kept very warme and haue much rest : also let the water that he drinketh be luke warme , and mixt with beane flowre ; yet by no meanes let him drinke aboue once in foure and twenty howres ; and then not to his full satisfaction . Others take a pint of redde wine , the powder of one nutmegge , halfe an ounce of cinamon , and as much of the rinde of a pomegranat , and mixing them together , giue it the horse luke warme to drinke ; and let him not drinke any other drinke , except it be once in foure and twenty howres , halfe a horses draught of warme water mixt with beane flowre . Others take a halfe peny worth of alume beaten into fine powder , and Bole-armony beaten small , and a quart of good milke ; mingle them together till the milke be all on a curd , and then giue it the horse to drinke , obseruing the dyet before rehearsed ; but if this disease shall happen to a sucking foale , as commonly it will , and I my selfe haue seene many that for want of experience haue perished thereby , you shall then onely giue it a pint of strong verdges to drinke , and it is a present remedy : for the foale feeding only vpon milke , and that milke auoyding in as liquid forme as it was receiued , the verdges will curdell it , & so make it auoyd in a grosser and more tougher substance . CHAP. 71. Of the Bloudy flixe in Horses . IT is not to be doubted but that a horse may haue the bloudy flixe , for in my experience I haue seene it , besides the confirmation of all my maisters , the old Farriers . Now of the bloudy flixe they make diuers kindes : for somtimes the fat of the slimyfilth which is voyded , is sprinkled with a little bloud : sometimes the excrement is a watrish bloud like the water wherein bloudy flesh hath bene washed : sometimes bloud mixed with melancholy , and sometimes pure bloud ; but all these proceeding from one head , which is the exulceration of the gut , they may all very well be helped one cure . Yet that you may know whether the exulceration bee in the inward small guts , or in the outward great guts , you shall obserue i● the matter and bloud be perfectly mixt together , then it is in the inner small guts ; but if they be not mixed , but come out seuerally , the bloud most commonly following the matter , then it is in the thicke outward guts . Now this bloudy flixe cometh most commonly of some sharp humors , ingendred either by naughty raw food , or vnreasonable trauell ; which humours being violently driuen , and hauing to passe through many crooked & narrow wayes , do cleaue to the guts , and with their heate and sharpnesse fret them , & cause exulceration & grieuous paine . Sometimes this bloudy flixe may come from extreme cold , extreme heate , or extreme moistnesse , or through the violence of some extreme scouring formerly giuen , wherein some poysonous simple , as Scamony , Stibium , or such like , might be applyed in too great a quantity ; or it may come from the weaknesse of the liuer , or the other members which serue for disgestion . The signes of this disease , is onely the auoyding bloud with his excrements , or bloud in stead of excrements : and the cure according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , is to take saffron one ounce , of Myrre 2 ounces , of southernwood 3 ounces , of parsley 1 ounce , of rue 3 ounces , of spittlewort & hyssop of each 2 ounces , of cassia which is like cinamon , one ounce ; let all these be beaten into fine powder , & mingled with chalk & strong vinegar , wrought into paste ; of which paste make little cakes , and dry them in the shadow , and being dryed , dissolue some of them in a pint and a halfe of barley milke , or for want thereof , in that iuyce which is called Cremor ptisanae , and giue it the horse to drinke : for it not onely cureth the bloudy flixe , but being giuen with a quart of warme water , it healeth all griefe and paine either in the belly or bladder , which cometh for want of staling . Now for mine owne part , I haue euer vsed for the bloudy flixe but this medicine only . Take of red wine 3 pints , halfe a handful of the hearbe called Bursa Pastoris , or shepheards purse , and as much Tanners barke taken out of the fat and dryed ; boyle them in the wine till somewhat more then a pint be consumed , and then straining it very hard , giue it the horse luke warme to drinke : if you do adde vnto it a little cinamon , it is not amisse . There be other Farriers which vse to dissolue in a pint of red wine foure ounces of the sirrop of slowes , and giue it the horse to drinke ; but either of the other medicines are fully sufficient . CHAP. 72. Of the falling downe of a horses Fundament . HOrses sometimes by meanes of the disease formerly spoken of , which is the bloudy flixe , and sometimes by a naturall weaknesse in the inward bowels , coming through the resolution of the muscles seruing to draw vp the fundament , will many times haue their fundaments fall downe in great length , both to the much paine of the horse , and great loathsomenesse to the beholders . Now the resolution or falling downe , may come partly by ouermuch straining to dung when a horse is costiue , and partly by ouer great moysture , as it happens in young children : for then a horse , no creature hath a moyster body . Now the signe is the apparant hanging downe of the fundament , and the cure is this . First , you shall looke whether the fundament be inflamed , that is , whether it be much sweld or no ; if it be not inflamed , then you shall annoynt it with oyle of roses warmed on a chafing dish and coales , or for want of such oyle , you shall wash it with warme red wine ; but if it be inflamed , then you shall bathe it well with a soft spunge dipt in the decoction of mallowes , camomill , linseed and fenegreeke , and also you shall annoynt it well with oyle of camomill and dill mingled together , to asswage the swelling ; and then with a gentle hand & warme linnen cloathes , thrust it faire and softly vp into his true place : that done , bathe all the tuell about with red wine , wherein hath beene sodden Acatium , galles , acorne cuppes , and the parings of quinces : then throw vpon it either the powder of Bolearmonicke , or of frankinsence , or Sanguis Draconis , Myrre , Acatium , or such like , & then giue him to drinke the dry pils of Pomegranats beaten to powder , either with wine or warme water ; and be sure to keepe the horse very warme , and in his body neither too soluble or loose , nor too costiue or hard bound , but of a meane and a soft temper : for the extremity of either is most hurtfull . CHAP. 73. Of the Bots , Truncheons and wormes in a horses body . MY Maisters , the old Farriers , are of opinion that the guts of a horse do breede three sorts of wormes , that is to say , little short wormes with great red heads , and long smal white tayles , which we call bots ; short & thick worms all of a bignesse like a mans finger , which we call Truncheons ; and great long wormes as bigge as a mans finger , and at least sixe inches in length , which we call by the simple name of wormes onely . Now for mine part , I am of opinion , that the first which are bots , are not bred in the guts but in the stomacke onely ; because hauing cut vp many horses , I neuer could finde any one bot in the guts , yet great store of both the other wormes ; nor euer cut vp the stomacke of a horse , but I found great aboundance of bots , and neither of the other wormes : whence I am confidently opiniated , that bots are euer bred in the stomacke , and both the other sorts of wormes in the guts : truth it is , that all three do proceede from one selfe cause , which is a raw , grosse , & flegmatike matter apt to putrifaction , and ingendred by foule & naughty feeding ; and as they proceede from one selfe cause , so haue they all one signe and one cure . The signes then are , the horse will forsake his meate , and not stand vpon his legges , but wallow and tumble , and beate his belly with his feete ; and sometimes the paine will be so extreme that he will beate his head against the ground ; and truly the violence of these wormes are wonderfull : for I haue seene horses whose stomacks haue bene eaten quite through with them , so that the meate which they ate , could not abide in their stomacke , but fell vpon the swallowing into the body , making the body swell like a tun , and so haue dyed with huge torment . Now the cure , according to the ancientest Farriers , is to take a quart of sweete milke , of hony a quarterne , and giue it him luke warme ; then walke him vp and downe for the space of an houre after , and so let him rest for that day with as little meate and drinke as may be ; and by no meanes suffer him to lye downe . The next day when the horse is fasting , take of rue a handfull , of Sauin as much , and being well stampt , put thereunto a little brimstone , and a little foote of a chimney beaten into fine powder ; put all these things together in a quart of wort or new ale , and there let them lye in steepe the space of an howre or two , then straine it hard through a faire cloath , and giue it the horse to drinke luke warme : then bridle him and walke him abroad the space of an howre , then set him vp , and let him stand on the bit , two or three howres after , and then giue him a little hay . Other Farriers vse only to giue the horse for this disease , the warme guts of a new slaine henne or chicken , being thrust downe the horses throate ; and sure it is passing good , especially if a little salt be mixed with them : and this must be done three mornings together fasting , keeping the horse from drinking three or foure howres after . Others vse to take three ounces of the rootes of Caphers beaten with halfe so much vinegar , and put it downe the horses throate : or else a pint of milke , & a spoonfull of sope giuen the horse to drinke , or brimstone and milke giuen to drinke , all be very soueraigne . Others vse to binde about the snafle or bit mans dung new made , and so ride him therewith . Others take of Gentian , Aloes , and Sauin , of each halfe an ounce , and brew them together with hony and strong ale . Others vse to take onely a quart of cold sweete wort . Others take Sauin & Southerwort , or else wormewood , and the tops of broome small chopt , and mixe it with the horses prouender . Others vse to giue the horse to drinke luke warme , elder berries sodden in milke . Others vse to giue the horse with his prouender , his owne haire chopt small , and mixt with bay salt . Others put hot embers in water , and presently straine it and giue it the horse to drinke . Others make little round balles of honey , and the fine powder of chalke , and putting them into ale make the horse swallow them . Others vse to take , especially for the long wormes , a halfe peny worth of Fenegreeke , of anise seedes , a quarter of a pound , a halfepeny worth of bay berries , as much licoras , and as much turmericke , and a little quantity of brimstone ; beate them into powder , put them into a quart of ale , and giue it the horse fasting luke warme to drinke ; then ride him an howre after , then set him vp warme foure and twenty howres after . Others vse , especially for the Truncheons , to take two spoonefull of the powder of wormewood , finely fearst , and put it in a pint of good malmsey , and after it is brewd a while , let it stand and soake all night ; then giue it the horse in the morning fasting , then keepe him without meate or drinke foure houres after . Others vse to giue the horse to drinke , two spoonefull of wormeseede , & as much brimstone or powder of Sauin , with a quart of malmsey , ale , or beere . Others vse to take as much blacke sope as a wal nut , and as much brimstone beaten to powder , and a heade or two of garlicke pild & bruised , and put into a quart of good ale , and giue it the horse luke warme to drinke . This medicine also may be administred to a Mare great with foale if she be troubled with the bots or other wormes , so that the blacke sope be left out ; for it is a violent purger , and may kill the foale in the mares belly ; yet for mine owne part , I neuer giue any inward physicall medicine to a mare great with foale ; but if I finde her to be troubled with wormes , as is easie to be done by the stinking of her breath , by the sliminesse of her mouth , and by the greatnesse of the worme veines vnder her lips : then presently I do nothing but let her bloud in the roofe or palat of her mouth , and make her eate her owne bloud : for that I know , will both kill worms , and help most inward maladyes . But leauing mares with foale , let vs returne againe vnto horses . There be other Farriers which vse to take a handfull of new hens dung , & a quart of stale ale , and braying them well together , then take a handfull of bay-salt , and put two egges to it , and hauing mixt them all well together , giue it the horse to drinke , Others vse to take a halfe peny worth of saffron , and as much allum , and mixe them with a pint of milke , and giue it the horse to drinke : or else giue him greene willow and greene reede to eate . Others vse ( and thinke it the best of all other medicines ) to take the guttes of a young hen , or pidgeon , and rolle it first in a little blacke sope , then in baysaylt , and so force it downe the horses throate . Others vse ( especially for the Truncheons ) to let the horse drinke hennes dung , mints , sage , and rue , with beere or ale , and to let him bloud in the nosthrels . To conclude , except you see the horse very much pained , you shall need to giue him nothing but rosen and brimstone mixt together , and blended with his prouender , hauing care that euer you giue it fasting , and long before the horse do drinke . CHAP. 74. Of paine in the horses Kiddneyes . There is no question but the same infirmities which do belong vnto the liuer or spleene of a horse , do also belong vnto the kidneyes , as inflammations , obstructions , apostumes and vlcers ; and truly in opening of horses , I haue found the kidney sometimes wasted , which I imputed to some matter of inflammation : I haue likewise found much grauell , which was onely through obstructions ; and I haue seene the kidneyes as blacke as inke , which could not come without an vlcerous apostumation : But forasmuch as a horse is a beast , who cannot tell the manner of his paine , nor we so heedfull as we might haue bene , to obserue the Symptome of euery griefe , we are enforst to conclude all vnder one name , which is paine in the kidneyes , gotten either by some great straine in leading , or by some great burthen bearing . The signes are , the horse will go rolling and staggering behind , his vrine will bee blackish and thicke , and his stones , if he haue any , will be shrunke vp into his body ; if he haue none , you shall perceiue the sheath of his yard to be drawne backeward , and the great veine which runneth vp the inside of his thigh , called the kidney veine , will flacke and beate continually . The cure according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , is first , to bathe his backe and loynes , with oyle , wine and Nitrum , warmed together ; and after he is bathed couer him with warme clothes , and let him stand in litter vp to the belly ; then giue him to drinke water wherein hath ben sodden dill , fennell , anise seedes , smallage , parsley , spicknard , myrre , and cassia , or as many as you can conueniently get of these simples . The next morning fasting giue him to drinke , a quart of ewes milke , or for want thereof , halfe so much sallet oyle , and Deeres suet molten together : or , if you can get it , the roote of daffadill boyled in wine , and let his prouender bee dryed oates ; and in this dyet keepe him about tenne dayes , and he will recouer . CHAP. 75. Of the diseases belonging to the Bladder or Vrine , and first of the Strangury ACcording to the determinate opinion of all the best & ancientest Horse-leaches , the bladder of a horse is subiect to three dangerous diseases , as first , the Strangury or Strangullion ; the second , the Paine-pisse ; & the third , the Stone , or Pissupprest . Now for the first , which is the strangury or strangullion , it is , when the horse is prouoked to stale often , and auoydeth nothing but a few droppes : it commeth questionlesse , either by the heate & sharpnesse of vrine , caused either by great traueil , or by sharpe and hot meates and drinkes , or else by the exulceration of the bladder , or by meanes of some appostume in the liuer and kidneyes , which apostume being broken , the matter resorteth downe into the bladder , & with the sharpnes thereof causeth a continuall prouocation of pissing . The signes are ( as I sayd before ) a continuall desire to pisse , yet auoiding nothing but a few drops , & those with such pain , that he will whiske , wry , and beate his taile as he pisseth . The cure whereof , is to bathe the horses hinder loines with warme water , and then take bread and bayes of Laurell , and temper them together with May butter , and giue him two or three balles thereof downe his throate three dayes together . Others vse ) and I haue euer found it the best ) to take a quart of new milke , & a quarterne of sugar , and brewing them well together , giue it the horse to drinke sixe mornings together , obseruing to keepe the horse from all sharpe meates , as mow-burnt hay , bran , and such like . CHAP. 76. Of the Paine-pisse or pissing with paine . THis disease of Paine-pisse , is when a horse cannot pisse but with great paine and labour , and doth proceede sometimes from the weaknesse of the bladder , and the cold intemperature thereof ; and sometimes through the aboundance of fleame and grosse humors stopping the necke of the bladder : the signes whereof are , the horse will stretch himselfe out as though he would stale , and thrust out his yard a little , and with the paine clap his taile betwixt his thighes to his belly , and hauing stood so a good while , in the end stale a good quantity . The cure whereof , according to the opinion of some Farriers , is to take the iuyce of leekes , sweete wine and oyle , and mingling them together , to powre it into his right nosthrel , and walke him a little vp and downe vpon it : or else to giue him to drinke smallage seede , or else the roote of wilde fennell sodden with wine . Others vse to put fine sharpe onions cleane pild , and a little bruised into his fundament , and then to chafe him immediatly vpon it , either by riding him , or running him in a mans hand ; or else to take the scraping of the inward parts of the horses owne houes , beaten into powder , and mingled with wine , and powre it into his right nosthrell , and then ride him vpon it . Others vse to leade the horse to a sheepe-coate , or sheepe-pen , where great store of sheepe are wonted : and making the horse to smell of the dung and pisse of the sheepe , it will prouoke him to stale presently . Others vse to giue the horse white dogges-dung , dryed and mingled with Amoniacum , salt , and wine , to drinke , or else hogges dung onely with wine , or the dregges of horse-pisse and wine . CHAP. 77. Of the Stone or Pissupprest in a Horse THe stone or pissupprest in a horse , is when a horse would faine stale , but cannot at all ; and therefore may well be called the suppression of of the vrine : it proceedeth according to the opinions of my masters , the old Farriers , sometimes from the weaknesse of the bladder , when the water conduit is stopped with grosse humours , or with matter descending from the liuer ; or from some inflammation or hard knobs growing at the mouth of the conduit ; or for that the sinewes of the bladder are numbed , so as the bladder is without feeling : or it may come by keeping a horse in long trauell , and not suffering him to stale ; but most commonly and oftest it cometh from obstructions in the kidneyes , where , by the causes aforesayd , a certaine redde grauell being bred and falling downe into the conduits , by the mixture of fleame and other grosse humours , is there brought to be a hard stone , and so stoppeth the passage of the vrine : for the signes there needeth no more but this , that he would faine pisse , but cannot . The cure according to the opinion of the most ancientest Farriers , is first to draw out his yard and bethe it well with white wine , and pricke it and scoure it well , lest it be stopped with durt and filthinesse ; then put a little oile of camomill into his yard with a waxe candle , and a bruised cloue of garlike ; but if that will not force him to stale , then take of parsley two handfuls , of coriander one handful : stamp them and straine them with a quart of white wine , & dissolue therein one ounce of cake sope , and giue it luke warme vnto the horse to drinke ; and see that you keepe him as warme as may be , and let him drinke no cold water for the space of fiue or sixe dayes ; and when you would haue him to stale , let it either bee vpon good plenty of straw , or vpon the grasse , or in a sheep-coate . Others ( & those of the best esteeme for Horse-leach-craft at this day ) vse onely to giue white wine , cake sope , and butter very well mixt together , and let the horse drinke it warme . Others vse to annoynt the horses belly first with warme water ; then when it is dryed , to annoynt it againe with sallet oyle , horse-grease and tarre mixt together and made warme , and to hold a hot yron against his belly whilest it is in annoynting , that the oyntment may the better enter the skin : but I hold this medicine to be much better for the strangury or any other paine in the belly then for the stone ; yet it is approued good for all . Others vse to take a pint of white wine or ale , & mixe with it a little garlicke , and the whites of ten egges , & giue it the horse to drinke : or else giue him the iuice of red cole-worts , mixt with white wine , or the roote of Alexanders , bruised & sodden in wine to drinke , & wash his yard with vinegar . Others vse to take either wormewood , southernewood , or galingale , or mallowes , or pimpernell ; some of these , or any one of these , stampt and strained , and giue it the horse with ale to drinke . Others vse to take a pint of white wine , halfe a pint of burre seede beaten very small , two ounces of parsley seede , halfe a handfull of hyssop , halfe an ounce of blacke sope ; mixe them all well together , and warme it , and giue it the horse to drinke : or else take vnset leekes , and stampe them small , and sope , milke and butter ; and being mixt together , giue it the horse to drinke . Others vse to take a nutmegge and a handfull of parsley seed , beate them to powder ; then take as much butter and mixe them altogether in a quart of strong ale , and giue it the horse luke warme to drinke : or else take the seede of smallage , parsley , Saxefrace , the roots of Philupendula , cherry-stone kirnels , grummell seeds , and broome seedes , of each a like quantity ; beat them into fine powder , and giue it the horse with a pint or a quart of white wine . Now albeit all these medicines before rehearsed , are in dayly practise , and approued very soueraigne , yet for mine owne part , I haue found none more soueraigne then this . Take a quart of strong ale , and put it into a pottle pot : then take as many keene radish rootes , cleane washed , being slit through and bruised , as will fill vp the pot : then stopping the pot very close that no ayre may come in , let it so stand foure and twenty howres ; then straine the ale and the rootes very hard into a cleane vessell , and giue it the horse fasting in the morning to drinke : then ride him a little vp and downe , and so set him vp warme , and watch him , and you shall see him stale . This you must do diuers mornings together . CHAP. 78. Of a Horse that pisseth bloud . THere is nothing more certaine then that a horse many times will pisse bloud in stead of vrine , the cause ( as the most ancient Farriers suppose ) proceeding from some one of these grounds : either ouermuch labour , or too heauy a burthen ▪ especially when the horse is fat : for by either of them the horse may come to breake some veine in his body , and then you shall see cleare bloud come out , & no vrine at all ; but if the bloud be mixt with vrine , then they suppose it cometh from the kidneyes , hauing some ragged stone therein , which through great trauell doth fret the veines of the kidneyes , and makes them bleed , through which as the vrine passeth , it taketh the bloud away with it also ; but for mine owne part , I haue not found any greater cause for the pissing of bloud then the taking vp of a horse from grasse in the strength of winter ( as about Christmas ) and presently without a dayes rest in the stable , to thrust him vnto a long and weary iourney : from this cause I haue seene many horses after two or three daies iourney to pisse bloud in most grieuous manner . The signes are needlesse . The cure according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , is this : First , let the horse bloud in the palate of the mouth , to conuert the bloud the contrary way ; then take of Tragagant which hath bene steeped in wine halfe an ounce , & of poppy seed , one dramme , and one scruple , and of Storax as much , and twelue pine-apple kirnels ; let all these things be beaten and mingled well together , and giue the horse thereof euery morning the space of seuen dayes the quantity of a wal-nut , infused in a quart of sweete wine . Other latter Farriers vse to let the horse bloud in the necke , and boyle that bloud with wheate , and with the powder of dryed pomegranate pils ; then straine it , and giue it him three or foure mornings together to drinke ; and let him by no meanes trauell thereupon : or else giue him of husked beanes boyled with the huskes of acornes , beaten smal , and mixt together . Others vse to make him a drinke with the rootes of Daffadill mingled with wheate flowre , and Sumach sodden long in water , and so to be giuen to the horse with sweet wine : or else to make him a drink of goates milke and sallet oyle , straining thereunto a little frumenty : or else to giue him sodden beanes & Deeres suet in wine ; each of these are of like force & goodnesse . Now there be others which for this disease do take barley , and seeth it in the iuyce of Gumfolly , and giue him the barley to eate , and the iuyce to drinke : or else take the powder of licoras and anise seeds , rold vp in hony , and make round balles thereof , and cast downe the horses throat two or three of them : or else licoras , anise seeds and garlicke bruised together with a little sallet oyle and hony , and giuen in a quart of new milke to the horse to drinke , is very soueraigne also ; and these two medicines last rehearsed , are exceeding good also for any cold or glanders . CHAP. 79. Of the Colt euill . THe colt euill by the most ancient Farriers , especially the Italians , whose hot country affoordeth the beasts of more hot and strong natures then ours doth , is thought to be a continuall standing together with an vnnaturall swelling of the yard , proceeding either from some winde filling the arteries and hollow sinew , or pipe of the yard ; or else through the aboundance of seede prouoked by the naturall heate of the horse ; but our Farriers , who haue not seene that experience , because our horses are of colder temper , say it is onely a swelling of the sheath of the yard , and of that part of the belly about the yard , together with the codde also , proceeding from corrupt seede which commeth out of the yard , and remaining within the sheath , there putrifieth : and this iudgement we finde by experience to be most true . Now you shall vnderstand that Geldings as well as horses are subiect thereunto , because they want naturall heat to expell their seed any further . The signes are onely the outward swelling of the sheath and codde , and none other : and the best cure is first to wash the sheath cleane with luke warme vinegar ; then draw out the yard and wash that also : which done , ride the horse twice euery day , that is , morning and euening , into some deepe running water vp to the belly , tossing him to and fro , to allay the heate of members till the swelling be vanished ; and if you swim him now & then , it will not do amisse . Others vse to bath his cods and yard with the iuice of houslicke , or with the water wherein kinholme hath beene sod . Now this colt euill will sometimes stoppe the horses vrine that he cannot pisse : then you shall take new ale , and a little blacke sope , and giue it the horse to drinke . Others vse to wash the horses coddes and sheath with butter and vinegar made warme . Others vse to wash his yard and coddes with the iuyce of hemlocke , or else take beane flowre , vinegar and Bolearmonicke , and mixing them together , lay it plaister-wise to his sheath and coddes . Others make him a plaister of wine-lees , houslicke and branne mixt together , and layd to his sheath and coddes ; but if the first receipt will serue , I would not wish you to vse any other medicine . CHAP. 80. Of the Mattering of the Yard . THis disease of the mattering of the yard , is seldome seene but amongst the hot races or breedes of horses , as is the Ienet , the Barbary , and such like ; and it happeneth euer at couering time , when the horse and mare both being too hot , do burne themselues , by which meanes there issueth forth of the horses yard much filthy matter . The signes are the falling downe of the matter , and a swelling at the end of the yard ; and the horse can by no meanes draw vp his yard , or couer it within his sheath . The cure is to take a pint of white wine , & boyle therein a quar●erne of roch allum ; & with a large serring or squirt , squirt in three or foure squirtfull into his yard one after another ; and be sure that your squirt go home vnto the bottome , that the liquor or lotion may scoure the bloudy matter away : this do fiue or sixe times euery day till the horse be whole . CHAP. 81. Of the shedding of the Seede . THe shedding of the seed , or the falling away of the sperme in horses , is none other then that which we call in men , the running of the reines : it cometh as our old Farriers say , either by aboundance & ranknesse of seed , or by the weaknesse of the stones and seede vessels , not able to retaine the seede vntill it be disgested and thickned ; but truly for mine owne part , I thinke it cometh oftner ( especially amongst our English horses ) by some great straine in leaping , or by teaching a horse to bound , and making him bound the compasse of his naturall strength . The signes are onely the shedding of his seede , which will be white , thinne , and waterish . The cure according to the ancient experiments , is first to ride the horse into some cold water vp to the belly , insomuch that his stones may be couered with water : which done , bathe his fundament with water and oyle ; then couer him exceeding warme , and giue him euery day to drinke , red wine and hogges dung till the fluxe of his seede stay ; but latter experience hath found this receipt better . Take of red wine a quart , and put therein a little Acatium , the iuyce of plantan , and a little masticke , and giue it him to drinke ; and then bath all his backe with red wine , and oyle of roses mixt together ; but other Farriers take Venice Turpentine , and being washt , beate it well with halfe so much sugar , & then make round balles as bigge as wal-nuts , and giue the horse fiue euery morning till the fluxe stay . CHAP. 82. Of the falling downe of the yard . THe falling downe of the yard is when a horse hath not strength to draw vp his yard within the sheath but lets it hang downe betweene his legges ill fauouredly : it cometh ( as our best Farriers suppose ) either through the weaknesse of the member , by meanes of some resolution in the muscles and sinewes seruing the same , caused by some great straine or stripe on the backe : or else through extreme wearinesse and tiring . The signe is only the apparant hanging downe of the member : and the cure is ( according to some opinions ) to wash the horses yard in salt water from the sea , or for want thereof with water and salt ; but if that do not preuaile , then pricke all the outmost skinne of the yard with a sharp needle , but yet as sleightly as may be , & not deep ; and then wash all the pricks with strong vinegar , & this will not onely make him draw vp his yard againe , but also if at any time his fundament chance to fall , this cure will put it vp againe . There be other Farriers which for this disease , will put into the pipe of the horses yard , hony and salt boyled together and made liquid , or else a quick flye , or a graine of Franckinsence , or a cloue of garlicke cleane pilled and bruised , and bathe his backe with oyle , wine , and Nitre , made warme , and mingled together . But the best cure according to our English practise , is first , to wash all the yard with white wine warmed , and then annoynt it with oyle of roses and hony mixt together , and so put it vp into the sheath , & with a little bolster of canuase keep it from falling downe ; and dresse him thus once in foure and twenty howres , vntill he be recouered , and in any case let his backe be kept as warme as is possible , both with cloth and a charge or plaister made of Bolearmonicke , egges , wheat-flower , Sanguis Draconis , Turpentine and vinegar , or else lay next his backe a wet sacke , or wet hay , and a dry cloth ouer it , and that will keepe his backe exceeding warme . CHAP. 83. Of diseases incident to Mares , and first of the barrennesse of the wombe . THe onely disease incident to the wombe of a Mare ( as farre fourth as our Farriers are experienced ) is barrennesse , which may proceed from diuers causes , as through the vntemperatnesse of the matrix , being either two hot and fierie , or two cold and moist , or too dry , or else too shorte , or too narrow , or hauing the necke thereof turned awry , or by meanes of some obstruction , or stopping in the matrixe , or in that the Mare is too fat , or too leane , and diuers other such like causes . Now the cure thereof according to the old Farriers , is to take a good handfull of leeks , and stampe them in a morter , with foure or fiue spo●nefull of wine , then put thereunto twelue flies called Cantharides , then straine them altogether with a sufficient quantity of water to serue the Mare therewith two daies together , by powring the same into her nature with a glister-pipe made for the purpose , and at the end of three daies next following , offer the horse vnto her that should couer her , and after she is couered , wash her nature twice together with cold water . There be others which vse to take of Nitrum , of sparrowes dung , and of Turpentine , of each like quantity well wrought together , and made like a suppositary ; and put that into her nature , and it will cause her both to desire the horse , and also to conceiue . There be some of opinion , that it is good to put a nettle into the horses mouth that should couer her . Of all which let onely experience be your warrantise . CHAP. 84. Of the pestilent Consumption in Mares . THere is a certaine pestilent consumption incident to mares when they are with foale , proceeding from cold fleame , gathered by raw foggy food in the winter season , which descending from the kidneyes doth oppresse the matrixe , and makes the mare consume & pine away , so that if she be not holpen , she will want strength to foale her foale . The signes are a sudden leannesse , and a drooping of spirit , with much dislike of meate , and a continuall desire to be layed . The cure is to powre into her nosthrels three pints of fish brine , called Garume , three or foure mornings together , and if the griefe be very great , then to take fiue pints ; and it will make her vent all fleame at her nosthrels . CHAP. 85. Of the rage of Loue in Mares . IT is reported by some of our English Farriers , that mares being proudly & high kept , will at the spring of the yeare , when their bloud begins to waxe warme , if they chance when they go to the water , to see their own shadowes therin , that presently they will fall into an extreme loue therewith , and from that loue into such a hot rage , that they will forget either to eate or drinke , and neuer cease running about the pasture , gazing strangely , and looking oft both about and behinde them . The cure of this folly is presently to leade the mare to the water againe , and there to let her see herselfe as before ; and that second sight will vtrerly extinguish the memory of the first , and to take away her folly . CHAP. 86. Of Mares which cast their Foales . THe occasions why Mares cast their Foales , that is , to foale them either before their times , or dead , are very many , as straines , stroakes , intemperate ridings , rushings , hard wintring , or too great fatnesse , and such like . Now you shall vnderstand that this aborsment , or vntimely casting of a foale , is most dangerous to the life of the mare : for nature being , as it were , detained from her true and perfect custome , which is the preseruation of health , cannot chuse but giue way to the contrary , which is death and mortality , and the body and pores being set open to the aire before it be able to defend the cold , cannot chuse but be suffocated with vnwholesome vapours . If therefore you haue a mare at any time which doth cast her foale , and withall falleth sicke vpon the same , you shall presently take her into the house , and set her vp very warme ; then giue her two spoonful of the powder Dyapente , well brewd in a pint of strong sacke , and feede her with sweete hay and warme mashes for at least a weeke after . CHAP. 87. Of Mares that are hard of foaling . If it happen by any mischance , or otherwise , that the passages or other conduites , which leade from the matrix , be so straitned that the mare cannot foale , and so be in danger of her life : then it shall be good that you helpe her by holding and stopping her nosthrels with your hand in a gentle manner , that her breath may not haue passage ; and she will foale with a great deale more ease , and much sooner : and sure the paine is nothing , because a mare alwaies foaleth standing . Now if at any time when your mare hath foaled , she cannot auoyd her secundine , which is the skinne wherein the foale is wrapped , in that naturall maner as she ought , you shall then take a good handfull or two of fennell , and boyle it in water : then take halfe a pint of that , and another halfe pint of old wine , and put thereto a fourth part of oyle , and mingle them altogether ouer the fire , and being but luke-warme , powre it into the mares nosthrels , and hold her nosthrels close with your hand to keep it in a prety while after , and no question but she will voyd her secundine presently . CHAP. 88. Of making a Mare to cast her Foale . IF at any time you would haue your mare to cast her foale , as hauing present occasion to vse her , or in that the foale is not worthily inought begot , you shall take a pottle of new milke , and two handfuls of sauin chopt and bruised , and putting them together , boyle them till one halfe bee consumed ; then straine it very hard , and giue it the mare luke warme to drinke ; then presently gallop her a good pace , then set her vp ; do thus two mornings , and before the third she will haue cast her foale . Other vse with their hand to kill the foale in the mares belly , but it is dangerous , and the former medicine is more sufficient . And thus much of the infirmities of mares . Now let vs returne againe to horses and mares in generall . CHAP. 89. Of the drinking of Horse-leaches by Horses . IF a horse at any time drinke downe horse-leaches , they will sucke his bloud , and kill him . The signes are , the horse will hang downe his heade to the ground , and aboundance of filthy slauer will fall from his mouth , and sometimes some bloud also . The cure is presently to giue him a pint of sallet oyle to drinke , and that will make them fall away and kill them . CHAP. 90. Of swallowing downe Hens dung , or eating any venemous thing whatsoeuer . IF a horse chance to swallow downe any hens dung with his hay , it will fret his guts , and make him to auoyd most filthy matter at his fundament . The cure whereof is to take a pint of wine , halfe a pint of hony , and two spoonefuls of smallage seede bruised , and mixing them well together , to giue it the horse to drinke ; and then to walke him well vpon the same , that he may empty his belly . But if the horse chance to licke vp any other venemous thing , as neute , or such like , which you shall know by the instant swelling of his body , and the trembling of all his members ; then the cure is first , to put him into a sweate , either by cloathes or exercise ; then to let him bloud in the palate of the mouth , and looke how much hee bleedeth , so much let him swallow downe hot : or else giue him strong wine and salt mixt together : or else take the roote and leaues and fruite of bryony , which being burnt to ashes , giue the horse a good spoonefull thereof , with a pint of sweete wine to drinke . Now for mine owne part , I haue euer vsed to take a pint of sallet oyle , and two spoonefull of sugarcandy beaten to powder , and as much of the powder Diapente , and brewing them together , giue it the horse to drinke : or for want of Diapente , so much of the shauings either of Iuory , or of an old Stagges horne , especially the tippes thereof . CHAP. 91. Of Purging Medicines in generall , and first of the Suppositary . PVrging is sayd of our most ancientest Farriers , to bee an emptying and discharging of all superflouous humours which distemper the body with their euill qualities : for such humours breede euill nutriment , which when it will not be corrected nor holpen with good dyet , alteration , nor the benefite of nature and kindly heate , then must it of force either be taken away by Purgation , Glister , or Suppositary . Now forasmuch as a horse is troubled with many diseases in the guts , and that nothing can purge the guts with that gentlenesse which a suppositary doth , I will here first begin to speake of suppositaries . Vnderstand then that a horse being surfaited and full of euill humors , needing to be purged , it is best first to giue him a suppositary ; lest if you should come to apply a glister , the great gut being stopped with dry , hard , and hot excrements , the medicine not able to worke beyond it , leese both labour and vertue ; so that I make account the suppositary is but onely a preparatiue to the glister , and but onely to cleanse and make loose the great gut , which commeth to the tuell . The gentlest suppositary then , and that which purgeth fleame in the best manner , is to take a square peece of cake sope , or white New-castle sope , about fiue or sixe inches long , and shauing it round till it be not aboue three inches about in the midst , & a little smaller at each end then in the midst ; then annoynt it ouer with sallet oyle , & so with your hand thrust it vp more then a full spanne into his fundament ; then suddenly clappe his taile to his tuell , and hold it hard and close more then halfe an howre , in which space the most part of the suppositary will be wasted ; then gently take away your hand , and let him voyd the suppositary at his pleasure . The next suppositary to this , and which purgeth choler aboundantly , is to take Sauin stampt small , staues-aker and salt , and boyle them in hony till it be thicke ; then take and knead it , and rolle it of a pretty thicke long rolle , as before you were taught for the hard ●ope , and administer it at his tuell . The next to this , and that which purgeth melancholy , is to take a keene onion , and pilling off the skinne , iagge it a little crosse-wise with your knife ; and so thrust it vp into the horses fundament . There is besides these suppositaries , one other suppositary , which is to take a quart of hony , and boyle it vpon the fire till it come to be thicke like a salue , then powre it forth vpon a table and knead it like a peece of dough : then when it begins to harden or grow stiffe ( as it will do when it begins to coole ) then rolle it vp vnder your hand , and make it in the forme of a suppositary , as is before shewed , and administer it in the same maner . This suppositary is good to purge the gut off any foule humour , and therewithall is comfortable vnto the body . Now you must also vnderstand , that as these suppositaries are preparatiues before glisters , so they are likewise to be vsed simply of themselues , where the sicknes of the horse carrieth no great danger : for vpon euery sleight occasion , or small drynesse which is to be dissolued with the most gentle medicine , to administer a glister , were to bring the horses body to such an intemperate loosnes as would proue much worse then the contrary drynesse . Therefore I wish euery careful Farrier ( because the body of a horse would not be tampered withal with too much physicke ) first , in the case of costiuenesse , or inflammation of the inward parts , to approue a suppositary ; which if it worke effectually , and keepe the horses body soluble , then to proceede no further ; but in case it do not , but that the offensiue matter still increaseth , then to administer a glister ; and where that faileth to take away the offence , to administer a purgation . Now by the way , you are to take with you this generall rule , and neuer to faile in the performance , which is , neuer to administer either suppositary or glister , but first immediatly before you giue it , to take your horse , which raking is in this maner . First , you shall annoynt all your hand and arme ouer either with sallet oyle , sweete butter , or fresh grease ; and then thrust it into the horses fundament , and draw out all the dung , fleame , and filthy matter that you can feele , euen as high vp as the great bagge : which done , then administer either your suppositary or glister , which you please , at your pleasure ; and in any case , whilest the horse is thus in physicke , keepe him exceeding warme . CHAP. 92. Of Glisters and their vses . THe natures and properties of glisters are diuers , and therefore it is necessary that euery carefull Farrier learne to know to what end they serue , and with what drugs or simples they ought to be compounded : for euery glister is to be made according to the disease . Now of glisters , some are to ease griefes , and to allay the sharpnesse of the humours , some to binde , some to loosen , and some to purge , and some to heale vlcers . These glisters by cleansing the guts , refresh the vitall parts , and prepare the way before for euery inward and stronger purgation . Therefore whensoeuer a horse through the grosnesse of humors , corruption of bloud , or aboundance of fleame , choler , or melancholy , is brought vnto that euill habite of body , that of necessity he must be purged , and that especially his paine is in his guts and body , you shall then as before I sayd ( hauing made a probation of a suppositary ) first of all administer a glister ; lest by purging suddenly with any purgation or potion , you stirre vp a multitude of euill humours , which finding no passage downeward ( because the guts be stopped with winde and dregges ) do strike vpwards , and so perhaps put the horse into much greater danger . Now for the composition of glisters , you shall vnderstand that they be made of foure things , that is , of decoctions , of drugges , of oyle , or such like vnctious matters , as butter , or soft grease ; and fourthly of diuers salts , to prouoke the vertue expulsiue . A decoction is the broth of certaine hearbs and simples boyled together in water vntill the third part be consumed . Now sometimes for want of such decoctions , you may if you please , vse some fat beefe broth , or the broth of a sheeps head , or such like , or milke or whay , or some such like liquor , mingled sometimes either with hony or with sugar , according to the quality of the disease ; the glister being either lenitiue , that is to say , easing of paine ; or glutinatiue , which is , ioyning of things together ; or else abstersiue , which is , wiping away or cleansing of filthy matter . Now of this decoction or broth being cleane strained , you shall neuer take aboue three pints at the most , and many times but a quart , into which you shall put such drugges as are needfull , exceeding not at the most , aboue three or foure ounces , according as the simples be more or lesse violent : of oyle you shall neuer vse in a glister aboue halfe a pint , and of salt not aboue three or foure drams . You shall also continually administer your glister luke warme , either with some long horne , or a large glister pipe made for the purpose , and fixed to the largest bladder you can get ; and this glister pipe is of all the best , and doth least loose labour . When you do administer a glister , you shall set the horses hinder parts somewhat higher then his foreparts , and then you shall put the glister pipe in at his tuell into his fundament vp to the head , and hauing the confection within the bladder , wring it with good strength into his body . A glister would be administred to a horse when he is rather empty then full paunched , whether it be in the forenoone or after noone . Now for the retaining or holding of the glister in the horses body , three quarters of an howre is sufficient of what quality soeuer it be . Now you are to note by the way , that as soone as the glister is administred into the horses body , you must draw out the pipe with all the gentlenesse that may be , and suddenly clappe his taile to his tuell , and so hold it with your hand , without any mouing or stirring of the horse till the medicine haue had his full time of working . Now to come vnto particular glisters , that you may know which glister is for which purpose , the first is : take of the pulpe of Coliquintida halfe an ounce , of Dragantium 3 quarters of an ounce , of Centuary & of wormewod , of each halfe a handfull , of Castoreum a quarter of an ounce ; boyle them in three pints of water , then being strained you shall dissolue therein of Gerologundinun three ounces , of salt three quarters of an ounce , and of oyle oliue halfe a pint , and so luke warme administer it glister wise , as hath bene before expressed : this glister is exceeding soueraigne for the pestilence in horses , or for any feuer of what nature soeuer . The next is to take the decoction of mallowes , and to mixe therewithall , either fresh butter , or sallet oyle , and so luke warme administer it : this is of all glisters the most gentlest , and as the former glister is abstersiue or cleansing , so this is leuitiue and a great easer of paine ; it is most soueraigne for a horse that is taken , or that hath any contraction or convultion , and generally for any costiuenesse in a horse whatsoeuer , proceeding from inward surfaite or sicknesse , as from the surfaite by prouender , foundring in the body , and such like . The next is to take of salt water , or cleane brine a quart , and dissolue therein a pretty quantity of sope , and then luke warme administer it : this glister is good for the cholicke or any s●cknesse of the guts or belly . And thus from these three glisters you may compound many glisters ; but in mine opinion , if you vse no more but them onely , they will be fully sufficient . CHAP. 93. Of Purgations and their vses . THe purging of horses is euer by one of these two wayes , either by pils or by potion : pils are any solid and substantiall stuffe fixed together in one body , and being made into round balles , are cast downe the horses throat ; and potion , is when you giue the horse any liquid purging matter to drinke , whether it be purging powders dissolued in wine or ale : or that it be any other liquid stuffe . Now for pils they onely purge and make cleane the head and braine , bringing fleame and other grosse humours downe into the excrements ; and potions cleanse the stomacke , guts , and euery other inward member . Now the art of the carefull Farrier is in choosing the simples , whereof these pils or potions are to be compounded , and in aptly or artificially applying the same . First then , it is needfull that euery Farrier ( before he go about to purge his horse ) know with what ill humour a horse is opprest , as whether it proceede from choler , fleame , or melancholy , and where the humours do most abound ; and then what simples are best to purge those humors , and with what property , quality and temperament they bee indued ; f●r some simples are most violent , and next cousins to strong p●ysons , as Scamony , or Coloquintida : some againe are gentle , and rather nourishing then medicinall , as Manna , Cassia , whay , prunes , and such like : and some are neither too violent , nor too gentle , but of a meane , as Rewbarbe , Agaricke , Sene , & Aloes . Now the ancient Farriers did vse to purge their horses with the pulpe of Coloquintida , somtimes with the rootes of wild cowcumbers , and sometimes with the broth of a sodden whelpe mixt with Nitrum , and such like ; but at this day they are not of our practise , and therefore I wish him that for his experience will make a tryall of strong medicines , or know the workings of euery seuerall simple ( which is a most praise-worthy ambition , ) first , to make his proofes vpon iades whose losse he respecteth not , and so by that working to aduenture on better horses . But to return to my purpose , the Farrier who goeth about to purge a horse by purgation , must consider the nature of the horses disease , and the strength of the horse , and with them ioyne the nature , strength , and quantity of the medicine ; he must also consider the climate vnder which the horse is bred , the time of the disease , the time of the yeare , and the time of the day : for as the diseases , and the humours which cause the diseases , are sundry , so they must be auoyded by sundry medicines , sundry wayes compounded , according as experience from a continuall practise shall instruct you ; wherein you are to obserue , that weake , delicate , and tender horses are not to be purged with that violence which strong , stubborne , and sturdy horses are ; and therefore in such cases , the quality and quantity is to be looked into of euery simple . The climate is to be respected , as whether it be hot or cold ; and the time of the disease : for some diseases must be purged at the beginning , as feuers , pestilence , yellowes , staggers , & all violent inward diseases ; and some not till the matter be throughly disgested , as colds , strangles , and apostumations . Now albeit the sicknesse proceed from cold humours , yet you must not administer as hot simples in summer as in winter , nor in the contrary case , so cold things in winter as in the summer ; whereby you see the season of the yeare is to be respected . Then touching respect of the day , you are to obserue that day to be best which is most temperate , sith too much heate maketh a horse faint , and too much cold doth hinder the medicine from working . A little regard is to be had to the wind & weather : for a moyst day with a South winde , is to be preferred before a North winde with a dry day . Now the best howre of receiuing any potion , is euer in the morning after he hath fasted from meate and drinke all the night before . As soone as your horse hath receiued any pill or potion , let him be walked or gently ridden vp and downe one howre at the least ; and then set vp , and suffered to stand on the bit two howres after , wel littered , cloathed and stopped ; but if you perceiue that he beginneth to grow sicke ( as most commonly horses will ) then you shall suffer him to lye downe , & assoone as his sicknesse is past , you shall offer him a mashe of malt and water luke warme : for any other meate keep him fasting till his medicine haue done working . Now to come to particular receipts and medicines themselues , you shall vnderstand that although the ancient Farriers do make but two kindes , that is to say , pils and purgations , yet I diuide them into three , that is to say , scourings , pils , and purgations . Scourings are those wholesome naturall and gentle purging medicines , which stirring vp no great fluxe of humours , do onely keepe the body cleane from such euils as would grow , being euery way as wholesome in health as in sicknesse , and may most properly be termed preparatiues or preparers of the body to entertaine more stronger medicines . To speake then first of the most gentlest and naturall scouring , it is only grasse being giuen to a horse only fifteene dayes together , and no more ; for after that it fatteth and not scoureth . Next vnto grasse is forrage , which is onely the blades of greene corne , as wheat , rye , barley , and such like , being giuen seuen dayes and no more . Next is greene thistles , being cut vp , and giuen the horse to eate the space of fiue daies and no more : and the last of this nature is the mash made in this manner : take a pecke of ground malt , and put it into a peale , then take a gallon and a halfe of water boyling hot from the fire , and put it to the malt : then with a staffe mash and stirre them together at least halfe an howre , till tasting the water you feele it as sweete as hony , then being luke warme , giue it the horse to drinke . All these scourings do onely but cleanse the guts and coole the body , adding comfort to the spirits , and ingendring strength , onely the mash is to be vsed after labour , or in stead of drinke in the time of any great sicknesse . Scourings of a little stronger nature are these : first , when you giue your horse any prouender , to mixe with halfe a pecke of oates , a handfull or two of cleane drest hemp seede : or else to take a good quantity of boxe leaues , and put them into a pewter dish , then set them before the fire , and let them dry leasurely till they be so hard that you may crush them to powder ; then take as much of the powder of brimstone as there is powder of boxe , and mixe them together , and amongst halfe a pecke of oates mixe a handfull of this powder , and giue it the horse to eate ; both these scourings are to be vsed after labour , especially when the horse hath sweat much . These two scourings worke vpon no matter but what nature is willing to expell , they purge the stomacke , head , and intrailes , they kill all manner of wormes , and dry vp fleame . Scourings of the strongest nature , are to take of sallet oyle halfe a pint , and of new milke from the cow a pint , brew it together , and giue it the horse luke warme : or else take a pint of muskadine , and halfe a pint of sallet oyle , and being mixed together , giue it the horse to drinke : or else halfe a pint of oyle , and a pint of sacke mixt together , and giuen the horse to drinke luke warme . These scourings cleanse the head , body , and guts , of all fleame or molten grease , which any violent labour hath dissolued : they are exceeding good for any manner of cold or stoppings in the winde-pipes . Now for pils , you shall vnderstand that the first and easiest are these , either to take twenty cloues of garlike cleane pild and bruised , then a quarter of a pound of sweete butter ; and so rolle vp the garlicke in foure or fiue balles or pellets , as big as two wal-nuts a peece : and so taking out the horses tongue thrust them downe his throate one after another ; or else to take a quarter of a pound of butter , and as much red saunders ; beat them well together in a morter , & then make it into foure or fiue balles , and put them downe the horses throat . Pils of a somewhat stronger nature , are to take a handfull of rosemary leaues , and chopping them small , mixe them with a quarter of a pound of sweet butter ; and then making it into round bals , giue them vnto the horse : or else take round peeces of raw mellons , and thrust them downe the horses throate : or else to take fiue greene figges , and put them downe the horses throate . The strongest pill is this : take of lard two pound , layd in water 2 howres , then take nothing but a quarter of a pound of the cleane fat thereof , and stampe it in a mortar , & thereto put of licoras , of anise seedes , and of fenugreeke , of each beaten into powder , one ounce and a halfe ; of aloes likewise in powder one ounce , of Agaricke halfe an ounce ; knead all these together like paste , and make thereof foure or fiue balles , and giue it to the horse . This last recited pill is singular good for the dry cough , and all the other pils are most soueraigne for all infirmities of the head , which grow either from fleame , melancholy , or any other cold or moist cause whatsoever . Now for purgations which are the strongest cleansers of the body , they be these : Take two ounces of Myrre , and mixe it with a pint of wine , and it wil purge all sicknesse which proceedeth of choler : the signes whereof are , his belly will swell , be very hot , and he can neither dung nor breake winde . Take a pint of wine , and beate a raw egge therein , and adde to it a quarter of an ounce of brimstone , & halfe an ounce of Myrre beaten to powder , and giue it the horse luke warme , and it will purge all inward diseases proceeding of melancholy . Two spoonefull of the powder Diapente , giuen with halfe a pint of swines grease , purgeth all diseases proceeding of fleame . Take as much blacke sope as a wal-nut , a quart of new milke , and a quarter of a pint of sallet oyle , and giue it the horse luke warme , and it purgeth all cold infirmities . Take the guts of a Tench or Barbell , being cut into little small peeces , and giue it the horse in a quart of white wine , and it will purge the horse from all costiuenesse or paine in the guts . Rye being boyled , so that it burst not , then dryed againe , and giuen the horse in stead of prouender , purgeth and killeth all manner of wormes . Take of radish rootes one ounce , of the roote called Panax , and of Scamony , of each halfe an ounce ; beate all these together , and boyle them in a quart of hony , then giue the horse two spoonefull of this in a quart of ale luke warme to drinke , and it will purge all grosse humours , from whence proceedeth either the falling euill or any disease of the braine . Take and boyle Elicampanam roots in milke till they be so soft that you may bruise them to pappe , and then adding thereto halfe a pint of sallet oyle , giue it the horse to drinke luke warme , and this will purge and cleanse any glaunders . Take of sweete sope a quarter of a pound , and make it into three balles , and giue them to the horse , & it wil purge all euill humors whatsoeuer , both violently and most aboundantly . CHAP. 94. Of Neesing or Fumigation , and the vse thereof . THere is also another maner of purging of a horse , and especially his head , and that is , by forcing him to neese or snurt violently at his nose , casting forth all filthy and grosse matter , which otherwise would offend and oppresse the braine ; and this neesing is wrought sometimes by fumes or smoakes , sometimes by powders , and sometimes by oyles ; the sharpnesse of which tickling the tender and quicke parts of the head , do compell this snurting and neesing : surely there is no purgation more wholesome , for as it cleanseth and separateth grosse matter , so it comforteth and maketh strong the braine . Now to come vnto the particular medicines which do procure this neesing , they be these : Squirt into an horses nosthrels , either mans vrine which is old , or the vrine of an oxe which hath had much rest , and it will force a horse to neese , and is most wholesome for any quotidian feuer . Take the powder of gumdragant , Ensens , and damaske roses , well mixt together , and blow it with a quill into the horses nosthrels , and it is good either against the feuer in sommer or winter . Take warme vinegar and squirt it into his nosthrels , & it is comfortable against the feuer which cometh by raw disgestion . Take of garlick stalkes a handfull , being broke into little peeces , and a good quantity of frankinsence , and being put vpon a chasing dish and coles , hold the chasing dish vnder the horses nosthrels , so that the fume may ascend vp into his head ; and this is most excellent against the head-ache . Take feathers and brimstone , & burne them on a chafing dish and coales vnder the horses nose ; or blow pepper and Perithre beaten to powder vp into his nosthrels ; either of both these are most excellent against the sleeping euill . Take the powder of motherwort , and blow it vp into a horses nostrels , and it is good against the falling euill . Take two goose feathers annoynted ouer with oyle de bay , and thrust them vp and downe in the horses nosthrels : or else to take sage , penyriall , and wheate , long sodden together , and put into a bagge as hot as may be , which bagge would be so close fastned to the horses head , that all the smoake and sauour thereof may ascend vp into his nosthrels : or take a clout annoynted with sope or oyle de bay , and rub it vp and downe his nosthrels as high as may be . Any of all these , or all these together , are most excellent against any cold , poze , or other obstruction in the head . Take orpiment and sulphure , and burn them on the coales , and hold it vnder the horses nose : or take oyle de bay , Euforbium , and white Ellebore , and annointing two feathers therewith , thrust them vp into the horses nosthrels ; both these are good against the glaunders . Take of the stalkes of bryony or wilde vine , two handfuls , and bruise them betwixt two stones , and being so bruised , put them into a linnen bagge , and fasten the bagge so to the horses head , that the sent may go vp into his nosthrels without touching the hearbe with his mouth : and this is excellent against the mourning of the chine , or any inward cough . Take of rosemary , of narde , and of sage , dryed and beaten into fine powder , or each like waight , and with a quill blow them vp into the horses nosthrels : or take the powder of white pepper , or of Sal-niter , or of Iris Ilirica , or blacke Eleboris , and blow them with a quill vp into the horses nosthrels : or take linnen cloth dipt in the dregs of oyle ; & setting it on fire , then suddenly put it out againe , and let the smoake ascend vp into the horses nosthrels : or squirt into his nosthrels Aristolochia mixt with wine : or Sal●niter mixt with water : or salt and ro●he allum mixt with wine : or take ground Iuy beaten small , and thrust vp into his nose : or bay-berry beaten small , and burnt on the coales vnder the horses nose : or a coale of fire put into a lump of wet hay , making a smoothering smoke , and held vnder the horses nose . Any of all these are most excellent against any disease of the head , especially staggers , colds , glaunders , strangle , and such like . CHAP. 95. Of Frictions or Bathes , and of their seuerall vses . FRictions or Bathes , are a certaine rubbing , annointing or bathing of a horses body all ouer , especially against the haire , because the medicine may sinke in so much the better with comfortable and soueraigne vnguents , whose vertues do loosen the skinne , cheare vp the inward spirits , and spread a liuely heate and feeling ouer the whole body : and of frictions , both according to the opinion of the old Farriers , & also all the best of this present age , these are the most soueraigne . Take of damaske roses one pound , of old oyle a pint , of strong vinegar a pint and an halfe , of mints and rew , beaten into powder , of each one ounce and a halfe , together with one old dry nut ; beate them , and mingle them well together : then being strained and made luke warme , if it be in the sommertime , and that the Sunne shine hot , take the horse abroad ; but if otherwise , keepe him in the stable , and heating a barre of yron exceeding hot , hold it ouer and on each side the horse , and with the oyntment , rubbe and chafe the horse all ouer against the haire , vntill the horse beginne to sweate ; then cloathe the horse very warme , and let him stand . This friction is excellent against all winter feuers , or any inward sicknesse that cometh of cold . Take of blacke Elleborus two or three handfuls , and boyle it in a sufficient quantity of strong vinegar ; and with that rubbe and chafe all the horses head and body quite ouer once or twice a day ; and it is most excellent against frenzy , madnesse , or any drynesse or scallynesse of the skinne . Take oyle de bay , or Dialthea , and annoynt all the horses body all ouer therewith , holding a panne of coales , or a hot panne of coales neare the oyntment to make it sinke in ; or else make him a bathe of running water , wherein is boyled rew , wormewood , sage , Iuniper , bay leaues , and hyssope , and bathe all his body therewith : either of these are most soueraigne for the mourning of the chine , or any disease of the liuer , lungs , or spleene . Take wine and oyle , and hauing mixt them together , chafe and rubbe the horses body therewith , and it is most soueraigne for any inward sicknesse especially of the liuer . To bathe a horse in salt water is very wholesome , both for the horses skinne , and also for any disease of the stomacke . Lastly , take of mallowes , of sage , of each two or three handfuls , and a rose cake ; boyle them together in water , then being boyled till the water be all consumed , then adde a good quantity of butter or ●allet oyle , and mixing them together , bathe all the horses foure legges therewith , and all the parts of his body also ; and there is nothing more soueraigne for a horse that hath bene tyred or ouer-trauelled . To let bloud , and with that bloud and oyle and vinegar , presently to annoynt his body , helpeth most sorts of infirmities . CHAP. 96. Generall Drenches , or Medicines for all the inward diseases or surfaits in Horses . THere is no medicine more soueraigne for all diseases which breede in a horses body , then to take two spoonefull of the powder called Diapente , and brew it with a pint either of sacke or muskadine , and so giue it the horse to drinke fasting in a morning ; and do this at least three mornings together , especially when the horse beginneth first to droope . The next to this ▪ is to take of selladine two handfuls , both root and leaues , choppe them and bruise them : then take of rew as much , of redde sage and of mints as much , and of aloes halfe an ounce ; boyle these in a pottle of beare or ale till the one halfe be consumed ; and then giue it the horse luke warme to drinke . 〈◊〉 foure ounces of Diapente , and mixe it with foure ounces of clarified hony , and keepe it in a close glasse , and giue halfe an ounce thereof with a pint of sweete wine to the horse to drinke , and it is an excellent drench . Take of licoras an ounce , of anise seedes , of comin seedes , of each halfe an ounce , of Elicampanam rootes as much ; of turmericke and bayes , of each a quarter of an ounce , of long pepper and fenugreeke of each two drammes ; beate these small and searse them , and put fiue spoonefull thereof into a quart of ale warmed with a little butter or oyle , & it is very soueraigne for any disease coming of cold causes . Take a quart of good ale or wine , a raw egge beaten & mingled with twelue scruples of quicke sulphure , and foure scruples of Myrre made into powder , and giue it the horse to drinke ; it is a good drench . The powder of brimstome mixt with sweete wine is a good drench also . The roote of the sea onion , the rootes of popler called in Greeke Rhammos , mingled with common salt , giuen in water , keepeth the horse long in health . Take fiue pound of fenegreeke and bruise it , seeth it in water till it waxe thicke , adde a pound of sweete butter , an ounce of linseede oyle , and as much of the oyle of nuts ; mingle them well together , and giue it the horse in three or foure dayes to drinke , by a pretty quantity at a time . Selladine simply of it selfe , or rew simply of it selfe , boyled in beere or ale , and as much brimstone as a wal-nut , is an excellent drench for any long taken surfaite . Garlicke and housleeke beaten together in a mortar , and then boyled in beere or ale from a pottle to a quart ; then mixt with licoras , anise seedes , and sugarcandy , and a pretty quantity of oyle , is an excellent drench for any inward sicknesse which doth proceede from hot causes , as is the Frenzy , the Anticor , and such like . And thus much of generall drenches and their vses . CHAP. 97. How to make the powder called Diapente . THis word Diapente is as much as to say , a composition of fiue simples : for the receipt is thus compounded . Take of Gen●ian , of Aristolochia , of Bay berries , of Myrre , and of the shauings of Iuory , of each like quantity ; beate them into very fine powder , and then searce it . This powder is praised to be a soueraigne preseruatiue or medicine against all inward diseases : and therefore I would wish euery Farrier , and all such as are the maisters of good horses , neuer to be without it . CHAP. 98. A most famous Receipt , which is both a singular Drench , and a singular Oyntment . TAke of Euforbium halfe an ounce , of Castoreum one ounce , of Adarces halfe a quarter of a pound , of Bdelium halfe an ounce and halfe a quarter , of pepper a quarter of a pound , Foxe-greace halfe an ounce , Opoponax , one ounce , Lacerpitium three quarters of an ounce , Amoniacum halfe a quarter of a pound , pidgions dung as much , Galbanum halfe an ounce , Nitrum one ounce , one quarter , Spuma nitri three quarters of an ounce , Ladanum a quarter of a pound , Perethrum & bay berries , of each three quarters of an ounce , Cardanun two ounces , seede of rew , halfe a quarter of a pound , seede of Agnus Castus one ounce , parsley halfe an ounce , dryed rootes of Trees or flower-deluce one ounce , one quarter ; hyssop & Carpobalsamum a quarter of a pound , oyle of flower-deluce a quarter of a pound and halfe a quarter , oyle de bay as much , oyle of Spikenard three quarters of a pound , Oleum Cyprinum three quarters of a pound and halfe a quarter , the oldest oyle oliue one pound and a halfe , pitch a quarter of a pound and two ounces , Turpentine a quarter of a pound ; melt euery one of these that will melt , seuerally by themselues , and then mingle them together with the rest of the simples beaten to fine powder ; and after that they haue bene a little boyled on the fire take it off , and straine it into a faire vessell ; and whensoeuer you will giue your horse any thereof , giue it him with wine , or foure or fiue spoonefull with a pint of sacke or muskadine : and if with long keeping it waxeth hard , then soften it with the oyle of Cypresse , so that it may bee good and thicke . This confection is both a medicine and an oyntment , if you put it in the horses nostrels , it will draw out all noysome humours , and discharge his head of all griefe : if you annoynt his body therewith , it healeth all convultions , colds , and drynesse , or withering of the body ; and if you bathe his limbes therewith , it driueth away all wearinesse and tyring ; and if you giue it him with wine to drinke , it cureth all kinde of inward maladies . CHAP. 99. How to make the oyle of Oates . TAke of milke two gallons , and warming it on the fire , put thereto a quarter of a pound of burnt allum , which will make it runne of curds ; then take out the curd , and cast it away ; then straine the whay through a course cloath into a cleane vessell , then take a quarter of a pecke of cleane husked oates that were neuer dryed , and put them into the whay , and set them on the fire till the oates burst , and be soft ; then take them off , and powre them into a collander that is full of holes , so that the whay may goe gently from them without any pressing ( for you must keepe the oats as moist as may be : ) this done put the oats into a frying pan , and set them ouer the fire ; stirring them continually till you see the vapour or smoake of them not ascend vpwards , but as it were runne about the pan ; then suddenly take them off , and putting them into a presse , presse them most exceedingly , and looke what cometh frō them , is only the oile of them , which you must saue in a close glasse . Now there are other more artificiall and curious waies , to distill and extract this oyle , but this of all is the most easiest , and surest for euery meane capacity . This oyle of oates is of all medicins & simples whatsoeuer , the most excellent and soueraigne for a horses bodie , as being extracted from the most naturall , wholsome and best food which doth belong vnto a horses body . This oyle being giuen by foure or fiue spoonefull in a pinte of sweete wine , or a quarte of strong ale , and some of the whay powred into the horses nosthrels , doth cure the glaunders before all other medicines . It is also ( giuen in the same manner ) the best of all purgations ; for it purgeth away all those venemous and filthy humors , which seedeth the most incurable farcy whatsoeuer . And for mine own part as long as I can conueniently come by this oyle of oates , so long I will neuer in any medicine whatsoeuer , vse any oyle or vnctious matter then it onely ; I hauing found by experience , that it is the soueraigne of al simples of that kind , whatsoeuer they be . CHAP. 100. Certaine briefe Obseruations to be obserued at home and abroad whilst the horse is in health . THese obseruations following are gathered from the most exact principles , and vnfallible grounds of all the best and surest approued horsemen , either of this kingdome , or of any other nation within Christendome . First then for the generall feeding of your horse , when he is in health you shall feed him with straw , hay , oates , fine little wheat , beanes , barly , bread made of beanes , pease , or fitches , or any other meate that swels not in the horses body . It is the opinion of Camerarius first to giue prouender , then hay , and lastly water ; but our English custome is , first hay , then water , and lastly prouender . In your trauell feed your horse betimes for all night , that thereby the horse may sooner take his rest . The quantity of prouender which you shall giue your horse at one time , shall be as much as you can hold in the palmes of both your hands at sixe times . Horsebread which is made of cleane beanes , cleane pease , or cleane fitches feedeth exceedingly . Let your horses meate and drinke be exceeding sweete and cleane , yet his water by no meanes extreme cold running water from the rocke ; for it pearceth to much . To rubbe your horses mouth with salte and wine , will make him both eate and drinke with a much better appetite . Let your horse neither eate when he is hot , nor drinke when he is hot , neither presently after his trauell . Labour your horse moderately when the weather is either extreme hot or extreme cold , that so you may auoide extreme heats or suddaine colds . Trauell not your horse too late , that your owne eye may see him well dried and well fed before you take your owne rest . Neuer take the saddle from your horses backe suddenly . Lend not your horse , least your selfe walke on foot . Let your horse lye cleane and dry , keepe your stable sweete , let no swine lye neere it , nor let any pullen come whithin it . Let your horse euer be tyed with two reines . Let the light of your stable be euer towards South and North , yet so as the North windowes may in the winter be shut vp close at pleasure , and opened in the sommer to giue fresh aire , Ride your horse oft a little on stony waies , that he may the better feele his feete , and harden his houes . Haue euer neere your stable some close plaine greene , that your horse being let loose , he may oft tumble himselfe thereon . Let your horses bed be of soft sweete straw somewhat aboue his knees , of which rie straw is the best ; for though barley straw be the softest , yet a horse wil couet to eate it , and it is vnwholesome ; and wheat straw though it be not vnwholsome to eate , yet it is hard to lye vpon : as for oate straw it is the best in the superlatiue ; for it is both wholsome to eate , and soft to lye vpon . Curry or dresse your horse twise a day before water , and when he is curried , rubbe him with your hand and with a rubber ; his head would be rubbed with a wet cloth , and his coddes made cleane with a dry cloth ; his foretop , his maine , and his taile , would be oft wet with a wet maine combe , and euer where the horses haire is thinnest there curry the gentlest . Let the plaunchers of your stable lye euen and leuell , that your horse may stand at his ease , and not proue lame , by too much oppressing his hinder partes . Let not any mud wal be within your horses reach ; for he will naturally couet to eate of it , and nothing is more vnwholesome . Giue your horse plenty of garbadge ( which is chopt wheat straw ) both with his prouender , and without . Let your hay bottles be very little , and tyed very hard : for so your horse shall eate with the best stomacke , and make least waste . To sprinkle water vpon your hay , is most wholesome , and to sprinkle fenugreeke vpon your prouender , is as soueraigne ; the first is good for the winde , the latter for wormes . Giue your horse dayly exercise : for that gets the best stomacke to his meate . Purge your horse once a yeare with grasse , or with greene blades of corne , called forrage , for fifteene daies together ; yet before you so purge him , in any case let him bloud , and whilest he is in purging , by no meanes let him haue any prouender . A horse after trauell hath euer more bloud then any beast whatsoeuer . Greene grasse or forrage cleanseth the bloud , encreaseth strength , healeth diseases , auoydeth melancholy , helpeth the horses growth , and maketh the skin smooth ; whilest the horse is at soile , by no meanes let him take cold . The Northerne man watereth two howres before he rideth at the least : then lets the horse eate a little hay , then giues prouender , but not much , and bridleth the horse vp a quarter of an howre before he rideth : at night he watereth two miles before he taketh his lodging , then rideth easily ; he neither walketh his horse , nor stuffeth him , nor looseth any gyrth , but only rubbeth him very cleane , & so lets him bite vpon his bridle halfe an howre after , with good store of litter vnder him ; then he giues the horse hay , and after prouender ; before he goeth to bed , he watereth againe , ( yet but a little ) then sees the horse throughly well drest and rubbed , well littered , and most sufficiently meated . There be others which walke after labour , then rubbes well , littereth and vnbridleth ; both which be good , so that the one haue not too much walking , nor the other too cold a stable . But howsoeuer , stuffe not your horse backward , but betwixt his forelegges , and formost gyrth : for backward stuffing is perillous , lest drawing his yard when he would stale , he draw backe into his sheath any of the litter that stoppes him . The Northerne mans vse agreeth with the French principles , which saith , Vse no other walking then yourselfe on your horses back , by riding him gently till you come to your Inne ; and so make him cold ; then shake litter vnder him , rub his legges , his belly , and euery parte of his body well till he be dry , then vnbridle him , rub his head wel , and giue him hay ; slacke no girth till it be night that the windowes be shut , suffer the horse to drinke but a little at once to auoyd suddaine cooling of the stomacke , or driuing the horse into a shaking feuer : at night rub and curry well , and feede according to the horses stomacke . Other good horsemen ride gently till the horses sinewes be chafed , and neuer water in trauell till the horse haue staled , and forbeare to trauell him fast before he haue drunke , that he may not drinke in his great heat , and they hold the standing water the best ; after water for a mile they ride softly till his water be warmed in his belly , and before they come to their Inne they do not water , nor of an howre after they haue vnbridled ; then they clothe well , and giue prouender , hauing a care that their horses stand not in the wind , and that they haue ben rubbed dry and cleane . Now all these principles are exceeding good ; yet I would wish euery traueller to learne how his horse hath beene vsed , and that custome ( if it be not too much against reason ) still to follow . If you come late to your Inne , and that your iourney be greate and hasty , so that your horse will not eate till he haue drunke , and yet is hote notwithstanding , then let his drinke be milke giuen in the darke , lest the whitenesse make him refuse it ; this is both cordiall and pleasant : if you cannot get milke enough , then mingle milke with water luke warme , for no drinke would be giuen to a horse hotter . If your horse either by labour or surfaits be brought low , leane , and weake , you shall giue him mates milke to drinke many daies together , and it will make him strong . It is not good to wash your horse , if he be either very hot or very fat ; otherwise you may wash his legges aboue the knees , so that in no case you wash his belly , and that you ride him a good round pace after his washing ; then by no meanes walke him , but set him vp and dresse him : the purer the water is wherein you wash your horse , the more wholesome it is , so that it be not too extreme cold . The best howres to water your horse in ( when he liues at rest ) is betwixt seauen and eight in the morning , and foure and fiue in the euening . When you trauell , at euery steepe hill light , both to refresh your horse and your selfe . Let a fat or hot horse haue his water at foure times , and not as much as he will drinke at once ; giue him prouender twise at night , & but once in the morning ; let his cloth neither be too hot , nor with straw too much stuffed ; when he eateh good hay , let him haue lesse prouender then when he eateth straw : giue his meate by a little at once to auoyd glutting of him , and let him stand two howers euery day without meate . Rubbing much , hard , and well , doth profite , preserue , and doth keepe both strength of body and legges : for in rubbing and combing , a horse doth take much delight , and it is better then much meate . To feede with barley ( according to the opinion of the ancient Italians ) ingendreth good bloud , encreaseth strength and courage , and maintaineth health ; but with vs here in England , we finde oates to be a much better feeding . In the dogge daies it is not wholesome to ride your horse oft into the water , to allay his naturall heate . The maisters eye to see his horse well curried , and with the hand well rubbed , and well meated , and the stable sweete and cleane kept , preserueth health , and wonderfully feedeth the horse . Cleanse and picke the soales and bottoms of your horses feet oft , and stuffe them with Oxe dung , and annoynt his houes with fresh grease , tarre , or Turpentine . Much rest is the mother of many diseases . When you ride , looke often to your saddle & your horses shooes , and you shall finde much more ease in your iourney . CHAP. 101. Certaine speciall Principles in Foales and in Horses . THe Foales whose legges be long wil euer be talle : for of all beasts their legges in length euer grow the least , and by the bignesse of their legges , you shall gesse the strength and greatnesse of their bodies . Let your colts if you can possible , neuer be housed till they be past three yeares old . The Greeke horse ( which we call the Turky horse ) is a most excellent horse , swift , bold , well headed , tall and strong , many of them be white , some bay , some sorrell , and some blacke . The Arabian horse is most swift , and most beautifull . The horse of Affrica , which we call the Barbary horse , is of good courage , swift and nimble ; & therefore both the Turky horse and he must be vsed with all lenity and gentlenesse , and not with beating . The Freesland horse is firy , yet the worst of any . The Flemish horse is better then the Freesland . The Spanish Ienet is good , swift , and light . The Neapolitan courser for all vses is most excellent and beautifull . And the English horse is best both for great burthen or long trauell . Obserue euer to winne your horse by patience and gentlenesse , and neuer be angry or madde with your horse , if he be of great mettall , onely the dull horse must with much beating be quickned and inflamed . Annoint your bit when you put it first into your horses mouth , with hony , and the powder of licoras , or else with hony and salt ; and at no time put any bit or snafle into your horses mouth before you haue washt . Neuer take your horse backes before you haue the bridle reynes fast in your hand ; and when you walke downe any hill , by no meanes driue your horse loose before you . If your horse haue a long backe , let him haue a large saddle , if he haue a low backe , let the saddle haue a high seate ; and if his backe be short , let the saddle boulsters stand the nearer and closer together . If your horse be dull , you must spurre him soundly , and after such spurring , rub his sides with salt . CHAP. 102. Certaine generall Obseruations concerning Mares . IN length and height , a mare groweth till she be fiue yeares old , and a horse till he be sixe . When a mare is past two yeares old she may be couered , but the best time is after foure yeare old . Common mares may bring foales euery yeare ; but let your best mares bring but euery second yeare , especially if they bring horse colts . After couering by no meanes trauell your mares . To get horse colts , couer before the full of the moone ; and to get mare colts couer after the full . To make a mare stand to her horsing , set her by the horse two or three dayes , that he may much desire & be acquainted before he couer her : after bring them out , and let him serue her , and haue ready a pale of water , which when the horse shrinketh from her , powre vpon the ridge of the mares backe ; then set them so farre asunder as that the one may not heare the other : do this three mornings & three euenings together , then let her not come neare the horse after , till she be knit , lest the desire of him againe , make her to shoot out that which he kept before . To know whether your mare be with foale about Christmas or no , powre a little water into her eare , and if she onely shake her head , she is then with foale , both if she shake both head and body also , she is not with foale . When you weane your foales , take them from the mares foure dayes before the full of the moone ; and after the foales haue so remained foure and twenty howres , let them againe sucke till they wax very full ; then remoue them for altogether , and the next morning giue euery one three slippes of Sauin , and so after let them haue till they be three yeares old , all plenty of meate abroad , rather then in the stable . Let your stallion for trotters be either Neapolitan courser , or Arabian , Turke , or Barbary ; and for amblers , either the Spanish Ienet , or the Irish Hobby . Put your mares to the horse from midde March till midde May or midde Iune , the moone hauing newly changed . It is good to put the horse and the mare for three or foure nights together in some vast empty house , and in the morning take the horse away and feede him well ; but feede your mare sparingly , especially giue her little water . At the end of sixe moneths , by no meanes chafe your mares : for then they are in quickning , and may easily be made to cast their foales . The walle eye either in mare or in horse , doth neuer see perfectly , especially when there is any snow on the ground . A mare goeth with foale , eleuen moneths and ten daies . Let your mares be of a meane stature , large and broad , and of good shape ; and the Stallion of like shape , but somewhat taller ; and temper their natures thus : Put vnto the hote horse the coole mare , and to the hote mare the coole horse ; and let your grounds wherein you breede , be dry , hilly , and with running streames in it . CHAP. 103. Certaine speciall Notes to be obserued in the buying of a horse . FIrst , marke his colour and his shape , that is to say , a comely well proportioned head , with an out-looking eye , good well raised shoulders , and a thicke large breast , broad brawne , large and broad flatte legges , short pasternes , and little seete : for long pasternes shew weaknesse , and broad feete shew dulnesse ; feele if he haue no glaunders , betweene his chappes , no splents , curbe nor spauen ; looke he be not pursicke or broken winded , put your hand before his eyes , to know if he see well : looke into his mouth for his age , if he be past eight yeares old ; feele all downe the strunte of his taile with your hand , and if you feele that it be smooth , then the horse is not very old ; but if it haue any rough knobs towards the end , buy him not , for his good dayes are past . Let him runne at the halters end : for if he be lame , ( hauing that liberty ) he will fauour that legge which is amisse , and leane vpon it . If he turne vp the white of his eye , or lay his eare to his necke when he is ridden , he is a sullen iade , and full of naughty qualities ; if when you stirre him in the stable , he stare and looke backe vpon you with a stout countenance , it is a token of a good stomacke in him , and great aptnesse to be taught ; if he stirre the end of his taile as he passeth out and is ridden , and yet doth not whiske it , it sheweth that his pace is vnperfect ; be sure to see him turne as short as may be , that you may know whether he be swayed in the backe or no , the middle stature is the best , and the short knit horse is the strongest . The wall eye euer seeth the worst . The horse that is of nature gentle , swift , light , nimble , of easie pace , good colour , strong feete , good loynes , speedy in eating , and good at his prouender , is euer the best for vse , and the readiest money in the market . See if the haire in the spurring place be white : for it argueth slownesse and spur-galling . The horse that will paw and beate the ground with his foote when he is stayed from going forwards , is euer likely to be good and durable in trauell . Many other notes there are , which by the obseruing of these , will easily come into your memory . CHAP. 104. Generall Notes concerning some simples already spoken of . ALL manner of marrowes or pitches , of what kinde soeuer they be , must be kept by themselues in a dry coole place , and preserued from all filth or vncleannesse , and from the annoyance either of winde or fire , and so they will last fully out a whole yeare . You shall keepe no Sirrops , nor sweete Electuaries , nor pilles , nor Powders , nor conserues of flowres , nor any oyntments , Sewets , or emplaster , aboue one whole yeare ; onely bitter electuaries , or conserues of fruites or rootes will last fully out two yeares . Of oyle some will last long , some must bee new made : oyles extract out of wood or mettals will last long . Gather rootes in Autumne , but take the small sprigs from them and make them cleane and dry . Dry small rootes in the shade and winde , and great rootes either in the winde and Sunne , or by the fire , lay them in a dry place towards the South , and they will keepe long , prouided that neither Sun nor mo●sture hurt them . Gather all manner of hearbes when they do most flourish , and dry them in the shade , except they be very moist and apt to putrifie ; they last for the most part a whole yeare . Gather seedes and fruites when they be fully ripe ; they also last but one whole yeare . Gather the rinde or barke of any simple when the hearbe is ripe ; dry them and they will last many yeares . The end of the first Booke . THE SECOND BOOKE Containing all cures Chyrurgicall , or such infirmities as being onely outward , craue the vse of Surgery , and are called in Horse-leach-craft , Horses Sorrances . Written by Iaruise Markham . LONDON , Printed by NICHOLAS OKES , for ARTHVR IOHNSON . 1610. THE SECOND BOOKE . CHAP. 1. What proportion of measure is required in euery member of a well shapen Horse . FORASMVCH as the great substance of this Art of Surgery , or second part of Horse-leach-craft , applyed onely vnto outward infirmities , consisteth of incisions , cauterizings , corrodings , and dismembrings , as well as of comforting , incarnating , cleansing , conglutinating , and binding vp members in their true forme ; and that all iointly together , go but about to make a true and well formed body : I thinke it meetest that I begin with the true proportion and measure which is required in euery member of a well shaped horse , that the carefull Farrier thereby vnderstanding how , and in what fashion euery lineament should be placed , or what proportion & quantity they do containe , he may at no time through ignorance either dismember or disgrace the same ; as I haue many times seene simple Farriers do , when contrary to all art and rule they haue cut in sunder the maine cords , sinewes , and tendants , by which a horses limbes are gouerned . To begin then , you shal vnderderstand that according to the description of the most ancient & worthy Farriers ) there are in a horses palate of his mouth , 12 barres or degrees like steps , one aboue another , standing ( when his mouth is turned vpward ) like a paire of staires , his tongue would be halfe a foote long , his vpper lippe sixe inches , and his neather lipppe fiue inches long , each of his iawes would be ten inches long , his head from his eie downward full twelue inches long , his eares fiue inches long , the circuit of compasse of his eie , foure inches about , his necke from the nape of his head vnto the withers would be seuen handfuls , from the withers to the fillets twelue handfuls , and from the fillets to the setting on of the taile sixe handfuls : the length of the shoulder would be twelue inches , and the length of his shanke sixe inches ; the length of his hinder hough would be twelue inches , and his cambrell fiue inches , and the length of the whole body from the head to the taile would be one hundred inches . Now as horses are bigger or lesser , so these measures either exceede or are lesse , neither do I confidently build vpon th●se inch quantities of the ancient Farriers , because I hauing my selfe measured many horses , I neuer yet could finde any certainty in the proportions ; onely this is the most certainest rule that euer I could finde , that looke what quantity is betweene the nape of the horses necke , and the vttermost part of the withers , there must euer bee twice so much betweene the withers and the setting on of the taile ; and looke what quantity is betweene the toppe of the shoulder-blade , or toppe of the withers to the elbow of the horse , it must be twice so much from the elbow to the setting on of the hoofe ; and looke how much it is from the toppe of the hippe to the stifling place , it must bee twice so much from the stifling place to the setting on of the hinder hoofe : and this is the certainest rule that euer I could finde for a horses truest proportion . And therefore for your better satisfaction , behold this picture , which is the true anatomy of a most perfect horse , with lines drawne from euery member , directing and shewing all the outward diseases or forrances belonging to a horses body . CHAP. 2. Of the Veines belonging to a Horse , and how many there be . IT is most necessary that euery carefull Farrier know all the principall veines in a horses body , especially those which in the time of neede , or in sicknesse , are to be opened ▪ and therefore to begin you shall know that from the liuer which is the fountaine of bloud , both in man and beasts , doth arise one maine great conduit or large veine , which ascending into the body , doth diuide it selfe into thus many seuerall branches or lesser riuers . First , within the palate of the mouth , aboue the first and third barres , are two notable veines which the best Farriers do touch or strike when the horse hath any disease in his head , braine , or stomacke ▪ he hath also other two which descend down from the lower part of his eies vnto his nosthrels , & are euer opened for any griefe in the eies : he hath two others which are aboue his eies , and run crosse the temples of his head , & are called the temple veines , which are likewise opened for all maner of cold diseases in the head ; he hath also two great maine veines running alongst each side of his wind-pipe , euen from the vppermost ioint of his neather chap downe to the breast , which are called the necke veines ; and are those which are ordinarily opened for any disease whatsoeuer . He hath then two veines which arise vpward from betweene his forelegs to the top of his breast , & are called the breast veines ; & they are opened when the horse hath any feuer , or is sicke at the heart . He hath other two which likewise ascend from betweene the forelegs , but do not mount so high as the breast veines , but rest vpon the formost bought of the forelegge : and they be called the palate veines , and they be opened either for foundring , or other griefe in the limbs . He hath other 2 veines which run downe from the elbow of the foreshoulder , down all along the inside of the forelegs , and are called the shanke veines , which are opened for splents , mallanders , or such like . He hath then foure veins which run alongst the fetlocks of the horse , & are called the shakell veines ; which albeit they are but smal , yet they are many times opened for stiffnesse in the ioints , or for tiring : then he hath foure veines about the cronets of his hoofes , & are called the cronet veins , and are opened for foundring in the feet , or for ring-bones : then he hath foure veines within his foure hoofes , running about his toes , & are called the feet veins , and are only opened for foundring or frettizing in the feet : he hath then two maine great veines which descend downe from his stones alongst the inside of his thighes to his cambrell ; & are called the kidney veines , which only are opened for diseases in the kidneies : he hath then two other veines which descend from aboue the hinder cambrel , all alongst the inside of the hinder legges downe to the fetlocks , & are called the spauen veines , which are opened for the bloud spauen only : he hath then 2 veines in his flankes , which are called the flanke veins , & are opened for any griefe in the r●ines or fillets : he hath then 2 veins in his hinder hanches called the hanch veines , & are opened for any maner of consumption of the flesh , or such like : then he hath two veines which run alongst his side , euen from the elbow of the forelegge vnto the flank , & are called the spurre veines , & are opened for foundring or spur-galling . Lastly , he hath one single veine in his taile , which is called the taile veine , & is opened for the shedding of the haire or any manginesse . So there is in a horses body of principall veines which vpon occasion must be opened , iust 37. as you may perceiue by this figure , which is the true anatomy of all the principall veins & others within a horses body ; where you are to vnderstand that the letter A sheweth the temple veine , B the eie veine , C the palate veines , D the necke veine , E the breast veine , F the plat veines , G the shank veins , H the cronet veines , I the hoofe veines , K the spurre veins , L the kidney veines , M the spauen veines , N the flanke veines , O the hanch veines , P the taile veine , & Q the fet-locke veines . Now for the other small threeds , or veines , which as it were , ouerspread the whole body , because nature will allow no part or member to be empty or void of bloud , they be also veines , deriued from the other maine great veines , yet of no efficacy or force , but such as vpon any necessary incision may very well be cut asunder without any fluxe of bloud , or other danger ; but for the other maister veins , they may not be cut but with great perill . And thus much for veines , which are the instruments of heate . CHAP. 3. Of the Sinewes in a Horses body . TOuching the sinewes within a horses body , you shall vnderstand that from the braine , which is the principall fountaine or well spring of sinewes whatsoeuer , there is deriued one great maine sinew or tendant , which passing through the hollownesse of the necke and backe bone , doth extend it selfe euen to the nethermost ioynt in the horses strunt : from this maine sinew is deriued two smaller branches , which passing through certaine holes in the top of the horses skull , runne downe alongst the horses cheekes , euen to the point of his nosthrels : then hath he two other branches , which passing through certaine holes in his nether chap , knit that and the vpper together , and so run downe by his great teeth , and meete iust below his nether lippe : then hath he twenty eight small threeds , which running through so many small holes in the seuen bones of his necke , knit them fast together : so likewise hath he small threeds which running through small holes , knit all his chine euen to the nether end of his strunt fast together ; the number whereof is infinite and vncertaine : then hath he two maine great sinewes which extending themselues ouer both the spade bones , are deuided into many branches , and runne downe into the forelegges , euen into the coffins of the houes , and knit euery ioint fast and substantially together : then hath he two other maine sinewes which coming through two holes in the great columell or flat bone of the hippes or huckell , do extend themselues ( being diuided into many branches ) downe both the hinder legges , euen within the coffin of the hoofe also , and bind all these seuerall ioints fast and strongly together . Now lastly you shall vnderstand , that from the setting on of the horses necke , vnto the flat columell or huckell bone , doth extend one great broad sinew of three inches broad , being of one only thicke and smooth substance , without any one threed or branch deriued from it , which not only holdeth together the shoulder blades , but also couereth all the horses chine quite ouer ; and this of the common Farriers is called pax-waxe : so that a horse hath in all of maine and principal sinewes , from whence a world of other sinewes are deriued , iust 38. as you may more plainly perceiue by this picture , which is the perfect Anatomy of all the sinews within a horses body , and how they are diuided . CHAP. 4. Of the number and situation of Bones in a Horses body . FIrst you shall vnderstand , that euery Horse or Oxe hath in his whole body , iust 170 seuerall bones , and no more ; that is to say , in the vpper part of his head two bones , from the forehead to the nose two bones , his nether iawes two bones , of foreteeth 12. of tushes 4. of grinders 24. from the nape of the necke to the points of the spade-bones , seuen ; from the spade-bones to the huckel bones eight , from the huckell bones to the end of the taile seuen : then is there the great broade hinder bone , which hath twelue seames or ioints in it ; then is there the two spade-bones , and from thence to the forcels or canel bones other 2 bons called the marrow-bones ; & from thence to the first ioynt aboue the legges other two bones , and from thence to the knees two called the thigh bones , and from thence to the pasternes other two called the shanke bones , and from thence downward into the houes be in all 16. little bones . Then there is a great bone in the horses breast whereunto are fastened 36. ribbes great and small , and to the columel behinde be two bones , and from the molairs to the ioynts other two bones ; and also two bones towards the ribbes , from the bending of the houghe vnto the legge , are two small bones , and from the legges to the two focils of the legge other two little bones , and from the pasternes into the hoofe , sixteene little bones ; all which and their seuerall s●ituations you shall more plainly behold in this picture , which is the most perfect Anatomy of the bones of a horse , being simply compounded together , that can bee made by demonstration . CHAP. 5. How and when a Horse should be let bloud , the end whereof , and the signes of the necessity . THe ancient Farriers , and those of these present times , are at great difference touching the letting of a horse bloud : for some would haue him let bloud foure times in the yeare , that is to say , in the spring , in sommer , in Autumne and in winter . Others would haue him onely let bloud three times in the yeare , namely in May when he is turned to grasse ; because then the bloud beginneth to encrease : secondly in September , that blond if it be inflamed may then eeuacuate and breathe forth : and thirdly in December , to let go the grosse and knotty bloud which is bred by labor or careles keeping . Others would haue a horse to be let bloud but once in the yeare , namely in the beginning of May onely when he is to be put to grasse , alledging this reason , that if the horse be not let bloud in the spring , the new bloud being mixt with the old corrupt bloud , wil be apt to be inflamed , and so draw vpon the horse some grieuous sicknes . Others would haue the horse to be let bloud in the necke veine not aboue once in the yeare , namely at the beginning of May ; but in the palate of the mouth they would haue him let bloud at the least once euery moneth , alledging that it wil cleare the sight , comfort the braine , & giue him good appetite to his meate ; but to conclude , there is not any of these opinions , but are sound & good , so the horse be yong & in strength , his bloud encreasing , but if he be old & his bloud in the eb , then you cannot let bloud too seldome . Now that it is fit a yong horse should be let bloud , is proued by the daily experience of the Polander horses , who being at liberty out of a naturall instinct in themselues , faile not once a yeare to let themselues bloud ; yet we haue diuers of our best Farriers who would not haue a horse let bloud before there be vrgent necessity , lest the vse of letting bloud bring a horse to an euill custome , and draw on sicknesse vnexpected ; but with that opinion I cannot agree , because I hold it more vertue to preuent a danger before it come , then to driue it away being present . Now that oft letting of bloud breedeth in a horse weaknesse , and maketh the bloud to resort to the inward parts , cloying the heart & intrails , & making the outward parts fat & vnweldy , there is no question but that the letting a horse bloud twice in the yeare , namely at the beginning of May , & the end of December ( at which times onely I would haue a horse let bloud & no other ) should be accounted oft , I see no reason . Now for stallions , the ancient Farriers would by no meanes haue them let bloud , because , say they , the couering of mares is as great an expence of bloud as may be , affirming that one ounce of seed doth counteruaile fiue ounces of bloud , & truly I am of that opinion to ; but whereas they likwise aduise by no means to let geldings bloud , because the losse of their stones is the losse of their naturall heat ; to that I am much contrary , because I haue found it by continuall experience , that geldings do as oft dy through the corruption & abundance of bloud as horses ; nay & much more ofter , in as much as they want the helpes which horses haue for purging their blouds from vncleannesse . Now in the leting of horses bloud , euery carefull Farrier is first to respect the climate vnder which the horse is bred , knowing that those horses which are bred in cold countries , haue euer more bloud then those which are bred in the hot ; then he must consider the time of the yeare , which would euer be the spring , or the fall of the leafe , both those times being most temperat , neither exceeding in heate nor in cold . Next he must regard the time of the day , which would euer be in the morning fasting , so it be not at the horses awaking from sleepe , but at least an houre or two after : then he must look vnto the state of the moone , that the signe be not in that part of the body where he intendeth to let bloud : next he must looke to the horses age , for if he be yong & not come to his growth , it will hinder his waxing ; & if he be old and come to decrepidnes , his bloud had more neede be repaired then wasted . Lastly he shall looke to the horses strength and ancient custome , and so accordingly he shall deale with him , obseruing that some horses may better spare two or three pound of bloud then other some one pound . Now thus much I haue spoken touching ordinary & natural letting of bloud without compulsion of any sicknesse or disease ; but in case where sicknesse or infirmity craueth this office of letting bloud , there you shall neither respect climate , season of the yeare , time of the day , signe , age , strength nor custome , but setting all aside , apply your selfe onely to the remouing of the infirmity . Now the signes to know if a horse stand in neede to be let bloud , are these : his eyes will looke redde , and his veines will swell more then ordinary ; also hee will haue a certaine itch about his maine and his taile , and will be continually rubbing them , and sometimes wil shed some of his haire also ; he will now and then pill about the roots of his eares , or in those places where the head-stale of the bridle lies : his vrine will be red and high coloured , and his dung will be blacke and hard : also if he hath redde inflammations , or little bubbles on his backe , or doth not disgest his meate well , it is a signe the horse would be let bloud : or if he haue any apparant signe of yellowes in the whites of his eyes , or in the inside of his lippes , either vpper or nether ▪ it is a signe he would be let bloud : for after any of these signes doth most commonly follow some one or other grieuous sicknes , which to preuent is the true art of a skilfull Farrier Now it is meete that when you intend to let a horse bloud ( hauing leasure to do the same ) that you suffer him to be thinly dyetted a day or two before he be let bloud , to the end that his body may be quiet & not troubled with disgestion . Now for the maner of letting a horse bloud , you shall as neare as you can , let him stand vpon euen ground , & if it be the necke veine which you would strike , you shall take a small long cord with a noose , and putting it ouer the horses necke , as close to the setting on of the shoulder as you can , there draw it a straite as is possible , and then fasten it with a running knot , and straight you shall see the veines to appeare as bigge as a mans little finger , euen from the nether chap down the neck . Now you are to obserue that the place where you are to strike the veine in , is eeuer within 3 fingers or 4 fingers at the most , of the nether chap ; as thus , if your horse haue a long , fine , thin necke and skin , then you may strike the veine within three fingers or lesse of the chap ( sith the higher is euer the better ; ) but if he haue a short chub neck , with a thicke skin , and many wreathes , or rolles , about the setting on of his chaps , then you shall strike the veine at least foure fingers from the chap , lest those wreaths together with the thicknesse of the skinne , do so defend the veine that your fleame cannot reach it . When you haue thus raised the veine vp , you shall cause one to stand on the contrary side the horse , and with his fist to thrust the veine forth hard against you ▪ then you shall either with a wette sponge , or with a little spettle , wette that part of the veine which you meane to strike , and then separating the haire , set your fleame euen and directly vpon the veine ; and then with a good smart blow , strike it into the veine : which done , you shall cause one to put his finger into the horses mouth , and tickling him in the roofe thereof , make him chaw and moue his chappes , for that will force the bloud to spinne forth . Now the bloud which you take from the horse , it is very necessary that you saue in diuers vessels for diuers causes , as first , that you may see when all the corrupt bloud is come forth , and that when the colour thereof is growne pure , and so remaineth being cold , that then you suffer the horse to bleed no more ; or else that you saue it to bath the horses body therwith ; which is most wholsome : or else to make a medicine therewithall by mingling with the bloud vinegar and oyle , and so bathe the horses body therewith , especially that place which was let bloud ; for the ancient Farriers hold an opinion that it is indued with a certaine naturall vertue and power to comfort the weake and feeble members of a horse , and to dry vp all euill humors . Now as soone as your horse hath bled sufficiently , you shall let loose the cord , & immediatly the veine will stoppe ; then with that cord you shal stroake down the veine iust ouer the orrefire twise or thrice , which wil both close vp the hole & also turn the course of the bloud this done set the horse vp in the stable , & let him stand fasting 2. or 3. howres after , and then after diet him according as in your discretion you shall thinke meete , that is to say , if he be a sicke horse , then like a sicke horse with good prouender & warme mashes ; but if he be a sound horse , then like a sound horse , either turne him to grasse , or keep him in the stable after his ancient custome . Now if you would let your horse bloud either in the temple veins or the eie veins , you shal then cord him hard about the midst of the necke , and not neare his shoulders , hauing care that you touch not his wind-pipe , & so throttell him : for it wil make both those veines shew most apparantly . If you intend to let the horse bloud in the breast veines or plat veines , of some called the fore-thigh veines , you shall then cord him behind the shoulders close to the elbowes of the horse , and ouerthwart his withers , & that will make those two veines shew . Now you shall vnderstand , that not any of these veins last spoken of , as about the head or the breast , must be let bloud by striking them with a fleame , ( though it be the manner of our common Smithes ) for it is most beastly & butcherly , and also full of much danger by striking through the veine ; but you shall with a fine sharpe lancet open the veine , euen in such sort as you see a skilfull Chirurgian open a veine in a mans arme . Now for the letting of a horse bloud in the palate of the mouth , you shall but onely with a sharpe pointed knife , pricke the horse betweene the second and third barre , as deepe as a barley corne is long , and he will bleede sufficiently : as for all other veines in a horses body whatsoeuer , which are to be opened , you shall vnderstand that whensoeuer it is needfull that they bleede , that then they must bee taken vp and not corded at all . Now touching the taking vp of veines , and the manner how to do it you shall reade more at large in a particular chapter towards the end of this booke . CHAP. 6. Of outward Sorrances what they are , and of certaine generall obseruations in the cure of them . OVtward sorrances , according to my meaning in this place , are taken two manner of waies , that is to say , either it is an euill state and composition of the body , which is to be discerned either by the shape , number , quantity , or site of the member euil affected & diseased : or else it is the loosning and diuision of an vnity , which as it may chance diuersly , so it hath diuers names accordingly . For if such a diuision or loosning be in the bone , then it is called a fracture : if it be in any fleshy part , then it is called a wound , or an vlcer : if it be in the veines , then a rupture ; if in the sinewes , then a convultion or crampe ; and if it be in the skinne , then it is called an excoriation : and of all these seuerally I intend to intreate in the following chapters . Now forasmuch as in this generall art of Surgery or Sorrances , there are certaine generall obseruations or caueats to be held inuiolate , I will before I proceede any further , giue you a little taste thereof . First therefore , you shall vnderstand that it is the duty of euery good Farrier , neuer to burne or cauterize with hot Iron or with oyle , nor to make any incision with knife where there be either veines , sinewes , or ioints , but either somewhat lower , or somewhat higher . Item , You shall neuer apply to any ioynt or finewie part , either Resalger , Arsnicke , Mercury sublimate , nor any such violent corrosiue . Item , It is euer better to lance with a hot Iron then a cold , that is , it is better to cauterize then to incise . Item , Bloud doth euer produce white and thicke matter ; choler a waterish thin matter , but not much ; salt fleame great abundance of matter : and melancholy many dry scabs . Item , when you let bloud , you must take but the fouth part from a colt , which you take from a growne horse . Item , You must neuer let bloud , except it be either to diuert sicknesse and preserue health , or to refresh and coole the bloud , or else to diminish bloud , or to purge bad humours . Item , In all impostumes or swelling soares , called Tumors , you must obserue the 4 times of the sicknes , that is to say , the beginning of the griefe , the encrease of the griefe , the perfection and state of the griefe ; and lastly , the declination and amending of the griefe . Item , In the beginning of euery such swelling apostumes ( if you cannot quite destroy them ) vse repercussiue medicines , if they be not neare some principall part of the body ; but then not , for feare of endangering life ; in the augmentation , vse mollifying medicines , and supling to ripe them ; and when they are ripe lance them , and let them out , or dry them vp ; and in the declination of them , vse cleansing and healing medicines . Item , All swellings are either hard or soft , the hard commonly will corrode , the soft will continue long . Item , If you thrust your finger vpon any swelling vpon a horses legges , then if it presently rise againe and fill , then is the hurt new and recouerable ; but if the dent do remaine and continue still behind , then is the hurt old , and cometh of cold humors , and askes great art in the healing . Item , When soares begin to matter , then they heale , but if the putrifaction be great , then beware they rot not inwardly . Item , All cauterizing or burning with hot Irons , straineth things enlarged , dryeth vp what is too much moistned , dissolueth things gathered together or hardened , draweth backe things which are dispersed , & helpeth old griefes : for it ripeneth , dissolueth , and maketh them to runne and issue forth matter . Item , You must sometimes burn vnder the soare , to diuert humors , and somtimes aboue , to defend and withhold humors . Item , It is euer better to burne with copper then with yron , because yron is of a malignant nature ; steele is of an indifferent vertue betwixt both . Item , All actual burning is to burn with instrument , and potentiall burning is to burne with medicines , as are caustiks and corrosiues , Item , If you vse oft to blow pouders into a horse eies , it will make him blind . Item , By no meanes take vp any veines in the forelegges , vnlesse great extremity compell you : for there is nothing that will sooner make a horse stiffe and lame . Many other obseruations there are , which because they are not so generall as these be , and that I shall haue occasion to speake of them in other particular chapters , I thinke it here meete to omit them , and the rather because I will not be tedious . CHAP. 7. Of the diseases in the Eyes , and first of the weeping and watering Eye . THe eies of a horse are subiect to many infirmities , as first to bee rheumatike or watry , then to be bloud-sh●tten , to be dimme of sight , to haue the pinne and webbe , the haw , the wart in the eye , the inflammation of the eies , the canker in the eye , or a stroake in the eye ; of all which , some come of inward causes , as of humours resorting to the eyes ; and some of outward causes , as heate , cold , or else by some stripe or blow . And first to begin with the rheumaticke or watry eye , you shall vnderstand that according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , it doth proceed many times from the fluxe of humours distilling from the braine , and sometimes from the anguish of some blow or stripe receiued . The signes are , a continuall watering of the eye , and a close holding of the liddes together , accompanied sometimes with a little swelling . The cure , according to the opinion of some Farriers , is to take of Bole-armonicke , of Terra-sigillata , and of Sanguis Draconis , of each a like quantity ; make them into powder , and then adde vnto them as much of the white of an egge and viniger , as will make them moist ; and then spread it plaister-wise vppon a cloth , and lay it to the horses temples of his head aboue his eyes ; and do this three daies together . Others vse to let the horse bloud in the veines vnder his eyes , then to wash the eye twice or thrice in the day with white wine , & then to blow into the soare eye with a quill , the powder of Tartaz Salgam , and cu●tell bone , of each like quantity : or else take the yolke of an egge roasted hard , and mixe therewith the powder of comen , and binde it hot to the eye , and so let it rest a night or more . Other Farriers vse to take of pitch and rosen , and of masticke a like quantity ; melt them together : then with a little sticke , hauing a clout bound to the end thereof , and dipt therein , annoynt the temple veines on both sides a handfull aboue the eyes , as broade as a twelue pence ; and then clappe vnto it , immediatly a few flockes of like colour to the horse , holding them close to his head , with your hand , vntill they sticke fast to his head ; then let him bloud on both his eye veines , if both eies be sore ; and then wash his eies with white wine . Others vse onely to take a pretty quantity of life hony , and to dissolue it in white wine , and to wash the horses eies therewith : and sure if it proceede from any blow , it is a medicine sufficient inough ; but if it proceede from any rheume or inward causes , then you shall take ground Iuy , beaten in a mortar , and mixt with waxe , and so laied to the eyes like a plaster , or else boyle wormewood in white wine , and wash the horses eyes therewith : also to spurt beere orale now and then into the horses eyes , will cleare the sight passing well . CHAP. 8. Of the Bloud shotten eye ; proceeding from any cause whatsoeuer . FOr any bloud-shotten eye , proceeding from any cause whatsoeuer , either outward or inward , you shall take ( according to the opinion of the most ancient Farrierss ) of rose water , of Malmsey and of fennell water , of each three spoonefull ; of Tutie as much as you may easily take vp betweene your thumbe and your finger ; of cloues a dozen beaten into fine powder ; mingle them well together , and being luke warme , or cold , if you please , wash the inward puts of the eye with a feather dipt therein twise a day vntill the eye be well : or in stead hereof , to wash the eye either with the white of an egge , or with the iuyce of Selladine . Others vse to take the toppes of hawthornes , and boyling them in white wine , wash the eye therewith . Other Farriers take a dramme of Synoper , and as much of life hony , and as much of wheate flowre ; mixe them with faire running water , so that they may be liquid and thinne : then seeth them with a very soft fire vntill they be thicke like an oyntment , and therewithall annoynt the eye . But the best receipt that euer I found for this griefe , is to take take the whites of two egges , and beate it till it come to an oyle ; then put to it two spoonefull of rose water , and three spoonefull of the iuice of housleeke ; mixe them well together : then dippe therein little round plegants of flat cakes , of soft towe as bigge as a horses eye , and lay them vpon the horses eyes , renuing them as oft as they grow hard , and in a day or two it will make the horses eyes sound againe . CHAP. 9. Of Dimnesse of sight , or Blindnesse . DImnesse of sight , or blindnesse , may happen to a horse diuers wayes , as by some straine when the inward strings of the eyes are stretched beyond their powers , or by the violence of great labour , or by the supporting of a great burthen beyond the horses ability , or by some blow or wound : any of these are mortall enemies to the eyes and sight . The signe is the apparant want of sight , and an euill affected colour of the eye . Now for the cure it is thus : If the sight be gone , and yet the ball of the eye be sound , then you shall take according to the opinion of some Farriers , a pretty quantity of May butter , with as much rosmary , & a little yellow rosen , with a like quantity of ●●●ladine ; then stamp them all together , & fry them with the May butter ; then straine it , and keepe it in a close boxe ( for it is a iewell for sore ●ies ) and annoint your horses eyes therewith at least twice a day : it is also good to heale any wound . Other Farriers vse to let the horse bloud in the eye veines , and then wash his eyes with red-rose water . Others vse to take the gall of a blacke sheepe , and beate it , and straine it ; and then to wash the eyes therewith . Others vse to burne the horse vnder the eyes , that the ill humours may distill forth ; and then to annoint his eyes either with the marrow of a sheepes shanke , and rose water mixt together , or else with the iuice of ground Iuy . Other Farriers vse to take a Mould-warpe , and lapping her all ouer in clay , burne her to ashes ; and then to take of that powder , & blow it into the horses eyes . Other vse to take an empty egge shell , and fill it with baysalt ; then burne it till it be blacke : then adde to it of burnt allome the quantity of your thumb ; beate them together to fine powder ; then mixe some of this powder with fresh butter , and wipe it into the horses eyes with a feather ; then clappe the white of an egge dipt in flaxe , ouer his eyes : do this once a day for a seuen night , & after but once in two dayes : this is most excellent for any filme , and also for a pearle . Others vse to take two dry tile-stones , and rubbe them together , and blow the powder of it with a quill into the horses eyes three or foure dayes together . CHAP. 10. Of the Pearle , Pinne , Webbe , or any spot in the Horses eye . THe Pearle , the Pinne , the Webbe , or any vnnaturall spot , or thicke filme ouer a horses eye , proceedeth , for the most part , from some stroake receiued ; yet the pearle , which is a little round , thicke , white spot like a pearle , growing on the sight of the horses eye , comes many times from naturall causes , and euen from d●scent of Sire and Damme , as I haue o●ten found by experience . The signe is , the apparant sight of the infirmity ; and the cure , according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers , is to take sixe leaues of ground Iuy , and a branch of selladine , and bray them in a mortar , with a spoonefull or two of womans milke ; and then straine it through a cleane linnen cloth , and put it into a close glasse , and then droppe of it as much into the horses eye at a time , as will fill halfe a hazell nut shell : and it is the fittest to be done at night onely : do thus thrice at the least , and for three daies after , keepe the horse as much as may be , from any light . Other Farriers vse to annoint the horses eyes with the marrow of goates shankes , or Deeres shankes , and rose water mixt together ; or else to wash his eyes with the iuice of the berries and leaues of ground Iuy , or other Iuy mixt with white wine ; and to blow into his eyes the powder of blacke flint , or of land oysters ; but that powder must be made so exceeding fine , as by art in scarcing can any waies be brought to passe . And then for the taking away of any filme or pearle , there is no medicine more souereigne . There be other Farriers which vse to take the leane of a gammon of bacon , & dry it , & therof make a powder , & blow it into the horses eye . Others vse to take white ginger made into very fine powder , & blow it into the horses eies ; yet before you so do , if the web haue continued any long time , it shall not be amisse , first to annoint the horses eye with capons grease . Others vse to blow into the horses eye , the powder of elder leaues dryed , or else the powder of mans dung dryed , or the powder of a gray whetstone mixt with the oyle of hony , and put into the horses eie . Others vse to take the yolke of an egge , with salt burnt & beaten to powder , and blow it into the horses eye : or else the powder of the cuttell bone Others vse to take either elder leaues dryed , or mans dung dryed , & mixe it with the powder of the shel or bone of the crab-fish , and blow it into the horses eye . Others take Tutty beaten to powder , & with a quill blow it iust vpon the pearle . Other Farriers vse to take ( and sure it is not inferior to any medicine whatsoeuer ) a good quantity of white salt , & lapping it round vp in a wet cloth , put it into the fire , and burne it to a red coale : then taking it forth and breaking it open , you shall finde in the midst thereof , a white chore as bigge as a beane , or bigger : then picke out that chore , and beate it to powder , and mixe it with a little white wine : then after it hath stood a while , take the thicke thereof that lyeth in the bottome , and put it into the horses eye ; and with the thin wash his eye : do thus once a day till the pearle be consumed . Others vse to take the iuice of rue , and put it into the horses eye : or else to make a hole in an egge , & put forth all that is within it , and fill the shell with pepper ; and closing it in an earthen pot , put it into a hot burning ouen till it be white hot : then take it forth , and beate the pepper to powder , and blow thereof into the horses eye . Others vse to take of pommis stone , of Tartarum , and of Sal gemma , of each like weight ; and being beaten into very fine powder , to blow a little of that into the horses eye , continuing so to do till the eye be well . Others vse onely to blow the powder of Sandeuoire into the horses eye , affirming that it alone hath sufficient force and vertue to breake any pearle or webbe in a very short space , without any other composition ; but surely I haue found the powder of flint , and the powder of white salt burnt , to be much more stronger . CHAP. 11. Of the Haw in the Horses eye , THe haw is a gristle growing betwixt the neather eye lidde and the eye , and it couereth sometimes , more then the one halfe of the eye . It proceedes of grosse and tough fleamy humours , which descending downe from the head , and knitting together , do in the end grow to a horne or hard gristle . The signes thereof , are a watering of the eye , and an vnwilling opening of the neather lidde ; besides an apparant shew of the haw it selfe , if with your thumb you do but put downe the nether lidde of the horses eye . The cure is , first take a needle & a double threed , put it through the tippe of the horses eare , which done , put the needle likewise through the vpper eye lid of the horse vpwards , and so draw vp the eye lidde , and fasten it to the eare , then with your thumbe put downe the neather lidde , and you shall plainly see the haw : then thrust your needle through the edge of the haw , and with the threed draw it out , so as you may lay it vpon your finger ; then fasten the threed about your little finger to hold it constantly ; and then with a very sharp knife cut crosse the gristle of the inside next the horses eye ; and so separating the skin & the fat from the gristle , cut the gristle quite out : then cutting your threedes , draw them cleane out , both of his eye liddes and out of the haw : then wash all the horses eye either with ale , beere , or white wine , and plucke away all the long haires from about the horses eyes , being sure to leaue no bloud within the horses eye . And in this maner of cure you must obserue , that by no meanes you cut away too much of the wash or fat about the haw ; nor any part of the bl●cke that groweth by the end of the haw ; for that will make the horse bleare eyed . There be other Farriers which vse after they haue cut out the haw , to annoint the eye sixe dayes after with sallet oyle , the marrow of sheeps shanks & salt mixt together . Others vse to take of the iuice of ground Iuy stampt in a mortar , with the iuice of Iuy berries , and mixe them either with water or white wine ; and so plaister-wise lay it to the horses eye , renuing it morning and euening , and it will eate away the haw . Others vse after the haw is cut away , to lay to the eye a plaister of camomill and of hony beaten together ; any of all which is sufficient enough . Now you are to note by the way , that the horse which hath one haw , commonly hath two : for they continually go together . CHAP. 12. Of Moone eyes or Lunaticke eyes . THe moone eyes , or lunaticke eyes , are of all soare eyes the most dangerous and noysome , and do proceede from hot humours , descending from the head , and stirred vp by the extremity of ouer-riding , or compelling a horse to do more then nature will giue him leaue ; as I haue seene a slothfull and heauy horse brought to be moone eyed by the folly of his rider , who would force him to stand , and trot contrary to the vigor of his spirit ; so likewise I haue seene delicate mettald horses brought to be moone eyed , when their riders would not temper the freenesse of their natures , but haue giuen them leaue to runne into all violence . Now they be called moone eyes , because if the Farrier do obserue them , he shall perceiue that at some times of the moone , the horse will see very prettily , and at some times of the moone , he will see nothing at all . Now the signes hereof are , when the horses eyes are at the best , they will looke yellowish and dimme ; and when they are at the worst , they will looke redde , fiery , and angry . The cure is to lay all ouer the temples of the horses head , the plaister of pitch , rosen , and masticke , mentioned in the chapter of watery eyes : then vnder each of his eyes with a sharp knife make a slit of an inch long , about foure fingers beneath his eyes , and at least an inch wide of the eye veines ; then with a cornet loosen the skin about the breadth of a groat , and thrust therein a round peece of leather as broad as a two-pence with a hole in the midst , to keepe the hole open ; and looke to it once a day , that the matter may not be stopped ; but continually runne the space of ten dayes : then take the leather out , and heale the wound with a little flaxe dipt in this salue . Take of Turpentine , of hony , and of waxe , of each like quantity , and boyle them together ; which being a little warmed will be liquid to serue your purpose ; and take not away the plaisters which are vpon his temples , vntill of themselues they fall away ; which being falne , then with a small hot drawing Iron , make a starre in the midst of each temple veine , where the plaisters did lye , which starre would haue a hole in the midst , made with the butten end of your drawing Iron in this sort . Now there be other Farriers which in stead of the slits vnder the eye , and the peece of leather , which is a plaine rowell , onely do take a small blunt hot Iron , and about an inch and an halfe beneath the neather lidde , to burne some 5 holes all of a row , according to the compasse of the horses eye , and to burne those holes euen into the bone ; and then once a day to annoynt them with fresh grease or sweet butter . CHAP. 13. Of the Canker in the eye . A Canker in the eye commeth of a ranke and corrupt bloud , descending from the head into the eye , where it congealeth a little worme in manner , as it were the head of a pismyre , which groweth in the neather end of the horses eye , next to his noseward . It proceedeth many times in the gristle of the nose , which if it chance to eate through , it will then passe into the head , and so kill the horse . The signes thereof are , you shall see redde pimples , some great & some small , both within and without the eie , vpon the eye lids , and all the eye it selfe will looke redde and be full of very corrupt matter . The cure , according to the ancient Farriers , is to take as much burnt allome as an hazell nut , and as much of greene copporas , and bake them b●th together vpon a tile-stone ; and then grinde them into powder , and put thereto a quarter of a spoonfull of hony , & mixe them all together ; and then with a clout dipt therein , rubbe the sore , till it bleede : and d● thus seuen daies together , and it will cure the canker . There be other Farriers , which for this canker in a horses eye , will first let the horse bloud in the necke veine of the same side that the soare eye is , and take away to the quantity of a pottell of bloud : then take of roach allome , and of greene copporas , of each halfe a pound , of white copporas one ounce ; and boyle them in three pints of running water , vntill the halfe be consumed : then take it from the fire , and once a day wash his eye with this water , being made luke warme with a fine linnen cloth , and clense the eye therewith , so as it may looke raw : and do this till the eye be whole . CHAP. 14. For a Stripe or Blow vpon a Horses eye . IF a horse shall catch any stripe or blow vpon his eye , either with whippe , rodde , cudgel , or any such like mischance , or by one horses biting of another , when they either play or fight : then for the cure thereof , ( if you take it when it is new done ) you shall onely blow into his eye , either the powder of Sandeuoire , or the fine powder of white salt , after the eye hath bene washt with a little beere ; but if the eye be more soare , and haue continued longer , then you shall take a small loafe of bread , and pull out all the crummes ; then fill the loafe full of burning coal●s , vntill it be well burned within : then take of that crust and put it in white wine ; and after it is well soaked , lay it to the soare eye ; then take sope water , and cold water mixt together , and wash all the eye browes therewith , and if for all that it go not away , then you shal let him bloud on the temple veines ; and if he do rubbe or chafe his eie , you shall let him bloud of the veines vnder his eyes , & wash his eyes with cold sope water ; but if his eies do chance to looke redde with the bl●w , then you shall lay vnto them a plaister of redde lead and ●all ▪ toyle beaten well together . Others vse to take the iuice of plantane , stampt and mixt with white wine , and so layed to the soare eye . Others vse both for this disease , or any other soare eye , to stampe strong nettles with a little beere , and then straining it to squirt thereof into the horses eye , twice or thrice together : then to put of the fine powder of Sandeuoire a little into his eye and then be carefull to keepe the horses eye from winde or cold ; but if you must neede● r●de him , then put a wollen cloath before the horses eye ; also it is not amisse to let him bloud on his eye veines , and the twice dressing will be sufficient . Other Farriers vse first to annoynt the soare eie three daies together with hennes or capons grease to mollifie it : then take a little life hony , and warming it , wipe it into the horses eye with a feather . Others take the iuice of plantane mixt with hony , or else the iuice of tyme mixt with hony , and put it into the horses eye Others vse to take the ashes of an old shooe s●le burnt in an ou●n , & put it into the horses eye : or else the powder of a gray whetstone blowne into the so●re eye ; both are speedy remedies . Others vse to take the iuice of smallage and of fennell , and mixing them with the white of an egge , put it into the horses eye once a day till the eye be whole . CHAP. 15. For a Wart in the Eye . A Wart in a horses eye , is a fleshy excretion , or a fleshy knot growing either vpon the eye , or vppon the edge or inside of the eye liddes . It proceedeth from a thicke fleame , which descendeth to the eye by meanes that the horse is too much kept in a darke stable without light ; and this infirmity will make a horses eye consume and grow little . The cure is to take roach allome , and burne it on a tile-stone , and then put as much white copporas thereunto not burnt , and grinde them to powder ; then lay some of that powder iust vpon the head of the wart ; and do thus once a day till the wart be consumed away . CHAP. 16. For any Inflammation in a Horses eies . HOrses may diuersly haue inflammations in the eyes , as by long standing in the stable , with fowle feeding and no exercise , or by moats falling into his eyes , or by ranknesse of bloud and such like ; any of which will breed an inflammation or sorenesse in the eyes . The signes are itching and rubbing of the eies , and a little swelling , with some loathnesse to open the eye liddes . The cure is , first to let him bloud vpon the temple veines , and vpon the eye veines ; and then to wash his eyes with milke and hony mixt together . Others after bloud letting , will wash the horses eyes with hony and Aloes epatica mixt together : and others will wash his eyes with Aloes dissolued in white wine ; any of which is approued to be most excellent for any soare eye . CHAP. 17. Of the Impostume in the eare of a Horse . IMpostumes which breed in the eare of a horse , proceede from diuers causes , as from some great blow about the head , or from wringings with a hard halter , or from some euill humours cong●aled in the eares by some extreme cold . The signes whereof appeare plainly by the burning and painfull swelling of the roots of the eares , and the other parts thereabout . The cure thereof , is first to ripe the impostume with this plaister : take of linseed beaten into powder , and of wheat flowre , of each halfe a pint , of hony a pint , of hoggesgrease , otherwise called barrowes grease , one pound ; warme all these things together in an earthen pot , and stirre them continually with a flat sticke or slice , vntill they be throughly mingled and incorporated together ; and then spread some of this plaister being warme , vpon a peeee of linnen cloth or soft white leather , so broad as the swelling and no more , and lay it warme vnto it ; and so let it remaine one whole day , and then renew it againe , continuing so to do vntill it either do breake , or else grow so ripe that you may lance it downeward , so that the matter may haue passage out ; then taint it with a taint of flax dipped in this salue euen to the bottome , that is to say , take of Metrosa●um , of sallet oyle and turpentiue , of each two ounces , & mingle them together , & make the horse a biggen of canuase to close in the soare , so as the taint with the oyntment may abide within the soare , renewing the taint once a day vntill it be wh●l● ; but if the horse haue paine in his eares , without any great pain or inflammation , then thrust into his eare a little blacke wolle , dipt in the oyle of camomile , & that will ease him ; but if the impostume be broken before you perceiue it , and that you see matter runne from the horses eares , then you shall take of oyle of roses , of Venice turpentine , and of hony , of each like quantity , and mixing them well together , warme it luke warme vpon a few coales , and then dipping blacke wolle therein , thrust it downe into the horses eare that runneth , renewing it once a day vntil the eare leaue running . CHAP. 18. Of the Polle euill . THE Polle euill is a great swelling inflammation or apostume in the nape of a horses necke iust betweene his eare towards his maine , and proceedeth sometimes from the horses struggling or striuing in his halter , especially if the halter be of hard new twound hempe ; sometimes it proceedeth from euill humors , gathered together in that place , or else from some stripe or blow giuen to the horse by some rude keeper , carter , or man of little discretion : for that part being the weakest and tenderest part about the head , is the soonest offended and grieued with sorrance The signes of this disease is an apparant swelling betw●ene the horses eares , and on each side his necke , which in continuance of time , will breake of it owne accord , yet doth euer rot more inwardiy then outwardly , from whence it comes that this disease is more commonly called of our common and ignorant Farriers , the fistula in the necke , then the polle-euill ; and i● truth it is an vlcer , so hollow and so crooked , and so full of sharpe matter , like vnto lye , that it very little differeth from a fistula , and is of all impostumes , except the fistula it selfe , the most hardest to cure : therefore I would wish euery car●full Farrier to take this cure in hand so soone as is possible , that is to say , before it breake if it may be . Now for the general cure ( according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers ) it is thus : Fi●st , if it be not broken , ripe it with a plaist rof hogs grease , layd vnto it so hot as may be , and make a biggen for the powle of his head to keep it from cold ; which biggen would haue two holes open , so as his eares may stand ou● ; and renew the plaister euery day once vntill that it breake , ke●ping the soare place as warme as may be ; and if that you see it will not breake so soone as you would haue it , then looke where it is soft●st , and most meetest to be opened ; take a round hot Iron , or a copper Iron ( for that is the better ) as bigge as a mans little finger , and sharpe at the point made in this figure ; and then about tw● inches beneath the soft place , thrust it in a good deepnesse vpward , so as the point of your cauterizing Iron may come out at the ripest place , to the intent that the matter may descend downeward , and come out at the neather hole , which would alwaies be kept open ; and therefore taint it with a taint of flaxe dipt in hogs grease warm , and lay also a plaister of hogges grease vpon the same , renewing it euery day once for the space of foure dayes : which is done chiefly to kill the heate of the fire ; then at the foure dayes end , take of Tu●p●ntine halfe a pound , cleane washed in nine sund●y w●ters , and after that throughly dryed , by thrusting out the water with a slice on the dishes side ; then put thereunto two yolkes of egges , and a little saffron , and mingle them well together : that done , search the depth of the hole , either with a quill or a probe , and make a taint of a peece of dry sponge neuer wet , so long as it may reach neare the bottome , and so bigge as it may fill the wound ; and annoint the taint with the foresaid oyntment , & thrust it into the wound either with that quill , or else by winding it vp with your finger and thumbe by little and little , vntill you haue thrust it home ; and then lay on the plaister of hogges grease made luke warme , renewing it euery day once or twise vntill it be whole ; but if the swelling ceasse , then you neede not to vse the plaister , but onely to taint it ; and as the matter decreaseth , so make your taint euery day lesser and lesser vntill the wound be perfectly whole . Now if this disease of the polle-euill haue broken of it selfe , and by negligent looking vnto , haue continued so long that it is turned to a fistula , which you shall know both by the great and crooked hollownesse inwardly , and by a sharpe thin water which will issue out thereof outwardly : then you shall take ( according to the opinion of other Farriers ) of vnsleckt lime , and of Arsnicke , of each like quantity ; beate them together into very fine powder , put thereto of the iuice of garlicke , of onions and of wal-woo●t , of each like quantity , & of holly as much as all the rest ; boile them vpon a soft fire , & stirre them al well together vntill they be as thicke as an ointment ; then wash the soare with very strong vinegar , & fil the hole full of the aforesaid ointment , by dipping a taint therein twice a day ; then lay a plaister of hogs grea●e vpon the tent to make it keep in , and vse this vntil the ho●se be whole . Other Farriers vse to take orpiment , vnleackt lime , and verdigrease of each like quantity temper them with the iuice of pellitorie , blacke inke , hony and strong vinigar of each like quantity , boile them and stirre them well ●ogether , vntil they be very thicke , then make thereof smals rolles , and put them into the hollow place of the same sorance : now you are to note that both this and the last recited salue before this are onely to kill the ranckerous and sharpe humor which brings the sore vnto a fistula , which so soone as you haue killed , which you shal know by the matter which will be white and thick , then you shall heale vp the sore either with the pouder of Sauin or the pouder of hony and lime backed together , or else by annointing it with tarre and sallet oyle or fresh hogges grease mixt together . There be other Farriers which for this sorance doe first open the sore with a hot yron , and then take redde lead or blacke sope , and mixing them very well with water till it be good and thicke , taint the horse therewith till he be whole . Others vse to t●ke a quart of water , halfe a pound of roach allome , foure peny worth of Mercury , a quarter of a pound of verdigrease , and mixing them well together , wash the horses soare with this water till it begin to dry vp , and then heale it with the pouders before named . CHAP. 19. Of a Horse that is laue ear'd , and how to helpe him . For a horse to be laue ear'd , is as foule a disgrace , and as much deformity to his beauty as to want the true proportion and vse of any outward member whatsoeuer . It proceedeth from a naturall infirmity , and is ingendred euen from the first conception ; and although few of our Farriers either haue endeuored themselues , or know how to helpe it ; yet there is nothing more certaine then that in this sort it may be cured . First take your horses eares and place them in such manner as you would haue them stand , and then with two little boords or peeces of trenchers three fingers broad , hauing long strings knit vnto them , bind the eares so fast in the places where they stand that by no meanes or motion they may stirre ; then betwixt the head and the root of the eare , you shall see a great deale of empty wrinkled skinne , which with your finger and your thumbe you shall pull vp , and then with a very sharpe paire of sizers you shall clip away all the empty skin close by the head : then with a needle and redde silke you shall stitch the two sides of the skinne close together , and then with a salue made of turpentine , Deeres suet and hony , of each like quantity melted together and made into an oyntment , heale vp the sore ; which done , take away the splents which held vp his eares , and you shall see his eares will keepe the same place still as you set them , without any alteration , and this you shall euer find as certaine as the healing of a cut finger . CHAP. 20. Of the Viues or har● Kirnel , betweene the chappes and the necke . THe viues are certaine great kirnels which grow f●om the roote of the horses eare , downe to the lower part of his neather iaw betweene the chappe and the necke ; they are in proportion long , narrow , and round , and are naturall things proper and due to euery horse ; but when either through rankenesse of bloud , or aboundance of corrupt humours resorting to that place they begin to be inflamed , then they become very foule sorrances and impostumations most dangerous ; they are inwardly very full of little white salt kirnels , and they breede great paine in the horses throat . This disease as farre forth as I can finde by any demonstration , is the disease which in men we call the squinansie or quinzy , and not as some of the old Farriers suppose , the strangle , for that hath no coherence with the infirmity . For the signes of the disease there needes small repetition , insomuch as the griefe is apparant to the eye ; and the cure , according to the opinion of the oldest Farriers , is thus : If you see the kirnels to ranckle and swell , you shall take the horses eare , and laying it downe alongst the necke of the horse , at the very end or tippe of the eare , cut a hole through the skinne of the necke , the length of an almonde or better , and then with a crooked wire picke out all those kirnels which you finde inflamed ; which done , fill the hole full of salt : then about the end of three dayes you shall finde the soare beginne to matter : then wash it either with barke water , or with the iuice of sage : then take of hony , of sweet butter , and of tarre , of each halfe a spoonefull , and melte them together ; and as soone as you haue washt the soare cleane , put into it of this oyntment the quantity of a beane , and so dresse the horse once a day vntil he be whole . There be others of our most ancient English Farriers , which for this sorrance vse first to draw the soare right downe in the midst with a hot Iron from the root of the eare , so farre as the tip of the eare wil reach ; being pulled down , & vnder the root againe draw ● . strikes on each side like an arrow head in this forme : then in the midst of the first line , lance them with a lancet , and taking hold of the kirnels with a paire of fine thin pinsons , pull them so farre forward as you may cut the kirnels out without hurting the veine : that dore , fill the hoale with salt , and heale it vp as aforesaid . Now the most of the Italian Farriers vse this cure : First , take a sponge steeped well in strong vinegar , and binde it vnto the soare place , renewing it twice a day vntill the kirnels bee r●tted : that done , lance it in the neathermost part , where the matter lyeth , and let it out , and then fill vp the hole with salt finely brayed , and the next day wash all the filth away with warme water and a sponge ; and then annoint the place with hony and fitch flowre mixt together ; but in any case beware during this cure , that you touch not the kirnels with your bare finger , for feare of venoming the place , which is very apt for a fistula to breede in . Now there be other English Farriers , which vse either to ripen the soare by laying to a plaister of hot hogges grease , or a plaister of barley meale , mixt with three ounces of raisins , sod well together in strong wine , or else they cut out the kirnels Now whether you cut them out , burne them out , or rot them out ( of all which I hold rotting the best ) you shall euer fill the hole with nettles and salt being chopt and mixt together : or else taint it with tents dipt in water , and mixt with sallet oyle and salt . Others vse to burne them downeward with a hot Iron in the midst , from the eare to the iaw bone , drawing two crosse stroakes , and then lance it in the midst , and plucke out the kirnels , and fill the hole with bay salt , and the croppes of nettles well chopt together : or else put onely salt into the hole , and take the croppes of nettles well chopt and mixt with baysalt , and two spoonefull of strong vinegar , and straine it , & put in either eare a spoonefull thereof , and put some black wolle after it , & so bind vp his eares . Others vse to ripen them either by laying to the soare , wet hay , or hot horse litter , & as soone as they are ripe ( which you shall know by the softnesse , to lance the skinne , and take out the kirnels , and then fill the hole with the powder of hony and vnsleckt lime mixt together and burnt . Others vse after the kirnels are ripened & taken out , to take of Egrimony , hony , and violet leaues , of each like quantity , & stamping them well together , to plaister the soare therewith , till it be whole . Others vse after the kirnels are taken out , to wash the soare with copporas water , and then to tent the hole with flaxe dipt in the white of an egge ; and after to heale it with waxe , Turpentine , and hogges grease molten well together . CHAP. 21. Of the Strangle . THe strangle ( howsoeuer our old Farriers make a long discourse thereof ) is not ( as they suppose ) a kinde of quinzy , but a meane inflammation of the throate , proceeding from some cholericke or bloudy fluxion , which comes out of the branches of the throat veines into those parts , and there breedeth some hot inflammation ; being stirred vp either by some great cold in winter , or cold taken after labour : it is a great and a hard swelling betweene the horses neather chappes vpon the roots of the horses tongue , and about his throate ; which swelling , if it be not preuented , will stoppe the horses wind-pipe , & so strangle or choake him ; from which effect , and none other the name of the disease tooke his deriuation . The signes of this disease besides the apparant sight thereof , and the palpable feeling of the same , is , the horses temples of his head wil be hollow , & his tongue will hang out of his mouth , his head and eyes also will be swolne , and the passage of his throat so stopt , that he can neither eate nor drinke ; and his breath will be exceeding short . The cure thereof according to the most ancient Farriers , is with a round small hot Iron to t●rust a hole through the skinne on both sides the wessand ; and then after it beginneth to matter , to mixe butter , Tanners water and salt together , and euery day annoynt the soare therewith till it be whole . Other of the ancient Farriers vse first to bathe the horses mouth and tongue with hot water ; and then annoint the soare place with the gall of a bull : that done , giue him this drinke : take of old oyle two pounds , of old wine a quart , nine figges , and nine leekes heades well stamped and brayed together , and after you haue boiled these a while , before you straine them , put thereunto a little Nitrum Alexandrinum , and giue him a quart of this euery morning and euening : also you may if you will let him bloud in the palate of the mouth , and powre wine and oyle into his nosthrels , & also giue him to drinke the decoction of figs & Nitrum sodden together , or else to annoint his throat within with Nitre , oyle & hony , or else with hony and hogges dung mixt together . Other Farriers vse to rowell the horse vnder the throat , and to draw the rowell twice or thrice a day , annointing it with fresh butter and keeping his head warme . Other of our latter and better experienced Farriers , vse first ( if his yeares will permit it ) to let the horse bloud in the necke veine : then to lay to the soare this ripening plaister : take of mallowes , linseed , rue , smallage , and ground Iuy , of each like quantity ; boyle all these together in the grounds of beere : then put to a pretty quantity of oyle de bay , with a little Dia Althea : then take it from the fire , and therewith make your plaister , and lay it to the soare , suffering the horse by no means to drink any cold water : after the soare is broken , lay bran steept in wine vnto it , till it be whole . Others vse to cut the kirnels out betweene the iawes , & then to wash the soare with butter & beere , giuing the horse to drinke new milke & garlike , and iuyce of the leaues of birch , or in winter the barke of birch , or else to annoint it with tarre and oyle till it be whole . Now , for mine owne part , the best cure that euer I found for the strangle was this : As soone as I found the swelling to arise betweene his chappes , to take a waxe candle , and holding it vnder the the horses chappes close to the swelling , burne it so long till you see the skinne be burnt through ▪ so that you may , as it were , raise it from the flesh ▪ that done , you shall lay vnto it , either wet hay , or wet horse litter , and that will ripen it , and make it breake : then lay a plaister vnto it only of Shooe-makers waxe , and that will both draw , and heale it . Now if it breake inward , and will not breake outward , and so auoydeth onely at his nose , then you shall twice or thrice euery day , perfume his head by burning vnder his nosthrels either Frankinsence or masticke , or else by putting a hote coale into wet hay , and so making the smoake thereof to ascend vp into the horses head . CHAP. 22. Of the Cankerous Vlcer in the Nose . THat which we cal the cankerous vlcer in the nose , is onely a fretting humor eating and consuming the flesh , and making it all raw within , and not being holpen in time , will eate through the gristell of the nose . It cometh of corrupt bloud , or else of a sharpe hunger ingendred by meanes of some extreme cold . The signes are , the horse will oft bleede at the nose , and all the flesh within his nose will be raw , and filthy stinking sauours and matter will come out at his nose . The cure thereof , according to the ancient Farriers , is : take of greene copporas and of allome , of each one pound , of white copporas , one quarterne ; and boile these in a pottell of running water , vntill a pinte be consumed , then take it off and put thereunto halfe a pint of hony : then cause his head to be holden vp with a drenching staffe , and squirt into his nosthrels with a squint of brasse or pewter , some of this water being luke warme , three or foure times one after another ; but betwixt euery squirting giue him liberty to hold downe his head , and to snurt out the filthy matter ; for otherwise perhaps you might choake him : and after this it shall be good also without holding vp his head any more , to wash and rubbe his nosthrels with a fine clowt bound to a stickes end , and dipt in the aforesaid water ; and do thus once a day vntill the horse be whole . Other Farriers vse if they see this canker to be of great heate , and burning in the soare with exceeding great paine , then you shall take the iuice of purslaine , lettice , and night-shade , of each like quantity , and mixe them together , and wash the soare with a fine cloath dipt therein , or else squirt it vp into his nosthrels and it will all●y the heate . Others take of hyssope , sage , and rue , of each a good handfull , and seeth them in vrine and water to the third part of them : then straine them out , and put in a little white copporas and hony , and aqua-vitae , and so either wash or squirt the soare place with it : then when the canker is kild , make this water to heale it : Take of rib-woort , bettony , and daysies , of each a handfull : then seeth them well in wine and water , & wash the soare three or foure times a day therewith vntill it be whole . Others vse to take Chrystall , and beating it into fine powder , to strow it vpon the canker , and it will kill it . CHAP. 23. Of bleeding at the Nose . MAny horses , ( especially yong horses ) are oft subiect to this bleeding at the nose , which I imagine proceedeth either from the great aboundance of bloud , or that the veine which endeth in that place , is either broken , fretted , or opened . It is opened many times by meanes that bloud aboundeth too much , or for that it is too fine or too subtile , and so pierceth through the veine . Againe , it may be broken by some violent straine , cut , or blow . And lastly , it may be fretted or gnawne through by the sharpnesse of the bloud , or else by some other euill humour contained therein . The cure is , according to the ancient Farriers , to take the iuice of the rootes of nettles , and squirt it vp into the horses nosthrels , and lay vpon the nape of the horses necke , a wadde of hay dipt in cold water ; and when it waxeth warme , take it off , and lay on a cold one . Other Farriers vse to take a pint of redde wine , and to put therein a quarterne of Bole-armoniacke beaten into fine powder ; and being made luke warme , to powre the one halfe thereof the first day into his nosthrell that bleedeth , causing his head to be holden vp , so as the wine may not fall out , and the next day to giue him the other halfe . Others vse to let the horse bloud on the breast veine on the same side that he bleedeth at seuerall times : then take of frankinsence one ounce , of aloes halfe an ounce , and beate them into fine powder , and mingle them throughly with the whites of egges vntill it be as thicke as hony ; and with soft Hares haire thrust it vp into his nosthrell , filling the hole so full that it cannot fall out , or else fill his nosthrels full of ashes , dung or hogges dung , or horses dung mixt with chalke and vinegar . Now for mine owne part , when none of these will helpe ( as all haue failed me at some times ) then I take two small cords , and with them garter him exceeding hard , some ten inches aboue his knees of his forelegges , and iust beneath his elbowes ; and then keepe the nape of his necke as cold as may be with wet clothes or wet hay , and it will staunch him presently . CHAP. 24. Of the boody rifts , or choppes in the palate of the horses mouth . THese choppes , clefts or rifts , in the palate of a horses mouth , doe proceede ( as some Farriers suppose ) from the eating of rough hay , full of whims , thistels , or other pricking stuffe , or else prouender full of sharpe seedes , which by continuall pricking and fretting the furrowes of the mouth , do cause them to ranckle , swell , and breede corrupt and stinking matter ; and without speedy preuention , that vlcer will turne to the foulest canker . The cure thereof is ( according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers ) to wash the soare places very cleane with salt and vinegar mixt together , and then to annoint it with hony . Other Farriers vse ( especially if the palate be much swelled , to pricke the roofe of the mouth with an hot Iron , that the humour may issue out abundantly , and then to annoint the place with hony and onions boyled together till they be whole . CHAP. 25. Of the Gigges or Bladders in a horses mouth . THese gigges , bladders , or flaps in a horses mouth , are little soft swellings , or rather pustules with blacke heads , growing in the inside of the horses lips , next vnto his great iaw teeth ; they will sometimes be as great as a wal-nut , and are so painfull vnto him that they make him let his meate fall out of his mouth , or at least keepe it in his mouth vnchawed , whereby the horse can in no wise prosper : they do proceede either of eating too much grasse , or naughty rough pricking hay or prouender : they are most apparantly to be felt , and the cure is ( according to the opinion of the oldest Farriers ) first to draw out the horses tongue of the one side of his mouth , and then take a lancet and slit the swellings the length of a date ; and then with a probe picke out all the kirnels like wheate cornes very cleane : then take the yolke of an egge , and as much salt as will temper it thicke like leauen ; then make it into little balles , and thrust into euery hole one ; and do so once a day vntill it be whole . Other Farriers vse after they haue slit them with an incision knife , and thrust out the corruption , onely to wash the soare places either with vinegar and salt , or else with allome water . Others vse with a small hot Iron to burn the swellings , and then wash them with beere and salt , or ale and salt , and it will heale them . Now that you may preuent this disease before it come , it shall be good to pull out the horses tongue often , and to wash it with wine , beere , and ale , and so shal no blisters breede thereon , nor any other disease . CHAP. 26. Of the Lampasse . THe lampasse is a swelling or growing vp of the flesh , which ouergroweth the vpper teeth , which are the shearers in the vpper chappe , and so hindreth the horse from eating . They do proceede from aboundance of bloud , resorting to the first furrow or bare of the mouth , I meane that which is next to the vpper foreteeth ; it is most apparant to be seene , and therefore needeth no other signes . The cure is ( according to the custome of the oldest Farriers , first with a lancet to let them bloud in diuers places of the swelled flesh : then take an Iron made at one end broad & thin , and turned vp according to this figure , and heating it redde hot , burne out all that superfluous sweld flesh which ouergrowes the foreteeth ; and then annoint the soare place with fresh butter till it be whole . Others vse after it is burnt out , onely to rub the soare place with salt onely , or wash it with salt and vinegar till it be whole . Others vse to take a hooked knife made very sharpe and very hot , and therewith cut the swolne places in two parts crosse against the teeth ; but if they be little swelled , then cut but the third ranke from the teeth , and so let him bleede well : then rubbe it with a little salt , and the horse will be well ; but if you finde afterwards that either through too much burning or cutting , or through the eating of rough meate , that the wound doth not heale , but rather ranckleth : then you shall take a saucer-full of hony , and twelue pepper cornes , and bray them together in a mortar , and temper them vp with vinegar , and boyle them a while , and then once a day annoint the soare therewith till it be whole . CHAP. 27. Of the Camery or Frounce . THE Camery or Frounce in horses , are small pimples or warts in the midst of the palate of the mouth aboue , and they are soft and soare ; they will also sometimes breede both in his tongue and in his lippes : it proceedeth sometimes from the eating of frozen grasse , or by drawing frozen dust with the grasse into their mouthes ; sometimes by eating of moist hay , that Rats and other vermine haue pist vpon ; and sometimes by licking vp of venome . The signes are the apparant seeing of the pimples or whelkes , and a forsaking of his foode , both through the soarenesse of them , and through the vnsauourinesse of the food that he hath eaten before . The cure ( according to the opinion of the oldest Farriers ) is first to let him bloud on the two greatest veines vnder his tongue ; and then wash all the soare places with vinegar and salt : then get the horse new bread which is not hot , and giue it him to eate , and the horse will do well inough . Others vse with a hot Iron to burne the pimples on the head , and then wash them with wine and salt , or ale and salt vntill they bleede , and they will soone heale . Other Farriers vse to take out his tongue , and to pricke the veines thereof in seuen or eight places , and likewise vnder his vpper lippes also , and let him bleede well : then rub euery soare place with salt very much : then the next day wash all the soare places with white wine warme , or else with strong vinegar , and rubbe it againe with salt : then for two or three dayes let the horse drinke no cold drinke and he will do well . CHAP. 28. Of the Canker in the mouth . A Canker is said of the ancient Farriers to be nothing but a rawnesse of the mouth and tongue , which is full of very soare blisters , from whence will runne a very hot and sharpe lye , which fret and corrode or rot the flesh , wheresoeuer it goeth . The signes are , the apparant sight of the soare , besides the forsaking of his meate , because he cannot swallow it down but lets it lye halfe chawed betweene his iawes ; and sometimes when he hath chawed his meate , he will thrust it out of his mouth againe , and his breath will sauour very strongly , chiefly when the horse is fasting . This disease proceedeth oftest from some vnnaturall heate comming from the stomacke , and sometimes from the venome of filthy foode . The cure is ( as the oldest Farriers instruct vs ) to take allome half a pound , of hony a quarter of a pint , of collombine leaues , of sage , of each a handfull ; boyle all these together in three pints of running water vntil one pint be consumed , and wash all the soare places therewith , so as they may bleede ; and do thus once euery day vntill it be whole . Other Farriers vse first to cast the horse , and with a rolling pin to open his mouth ; then with a crooked Iron wrapt about with tow or flaxe , to rake out all the stincking grasse or other meate that lieth in his iawes , and vnder the roote of his tongue : then when you haue cleansed it thus , you shall heat strong wine vinegar somewhat warme , and then with the same Iron wrapt with new tow , and dipt in the vinegar , you shall wash all the soare places till they bleede : then wash all his tongue and his lips with the same vinegar , and so let him rise ; and then feed him at least 7 dayes with warme mashes and hot graines ; but in no wise with any hay , and he will soone be whole . Other Farriers vse to take of the iuice of daffadill roots seuen drams , of the iuice of hounds tongue as much , of vinegar as much , and of allome one ounce ; mixe these well together , and wash the canker therewith once a day vntill it be whole . Others vse to take of sauen , of baysalt , and of rue , of each like quantity , and stampe them together with as much barrowes grease , and annoint the soare places therewith vntill the canker be kild , which you may know by the whitenesse , & then heale it vp onely with allome water . Others vse first to wash the canker till it bleede with warme vinegar , to take a good quantity of allome beaten into very fine powder , and to mixe it with strong vinegar till it be as thick as a salue ; then to annoint all the soare places therewith , and do thus twice or thrice a day vntil the canker be whole . Now for mine owne part , the best cure that euer I found for this sorrance , is to take of ginger and of allome , of each like quantity , made into very fine powder : then with strong vinegar to mixe them together till they be very thick like a salue , then when you haue washt the canker cleane , either with allome water or with vinegar , anoint it with this salue , and in twice or thrice dressing the canker will be whole . CHAP. 29. Of heate in the mouth and lippes of a Horse . THe vnnaturall and violent heate which ascendeth vp from the stomacke into the mouth , doth not alwaies breed a canker , but sometimes onely heateth and inflameth the mouth and lippes , making them onely swell and burne , so as the horse can take no ioy in his foode , but through the griefe refuseth his meate . The cure thereof is , first turne vp his vpper lippe , or that which is most sweld , and with a lancet iagge it lightly , so that it may bleede ; and then wash both that , and all his mouth and tongue with vinegar and salt . CHAP. 30. Of the Tongue being hurt with the Bitte , or otherwise . IF the tongue of a horse be either hurt , cut , or galled , by any accident or mischance whatsoeuer , the best cure is ( as the old Farriers suppose ) to take of English hony , and of salt lard , of each like quantity , a little vnsleckt lime , & a little of the powder of pepper ; boile them on a softe fire , and stirre them well together vntill they be thicke like vnto an oyntment : then wash the wound with white wine warmed : after that anoint the wound with the said ointment twice a day , and by no meanes let the horse weare any bit vntill he be whole . Other Farriers vse first to wash the soare with allome water ; and then to take the leaues of black bramble , and to choppe them together small with a little lard : that done , to binde it with a little clowt , making it round like a ball : then hauing dipt the round end in hony , to rubbe the tongue therewith once a day vntill it be whole . CHAP. 31. Of the Barbes or Pappes vnderneath a Horses tongue . THE Barbes are two little pappes which naturally do grow vnder euery horses tongue whatsoeuer , in the neather iawes ; yet if at any time they shoote out , and grow into an extraordinary length , or by the ouer-flow of humours become to be inflamed , then they are a sorrance , and with the extremity of their paine , they hinder the horse from feeding . The cure of them is both according to the opinion of the ancient and late Farriers , absolutely to clippe them away with a paire of sheares close by the iaw ; and then to wash the soare either with water and salt , or with salt tartar and strong vinegar mixt together , or else with vinegar and salt . Any of all which will heale them . CHAP. 32. Of paine in a Horses teeth , of Woolfes teeth and Iaw teeth . A Horse may haue paine in his teeth through diuers occasions , as partly by the descent of humors from the head downe vnto the teeth and gums , which is very proper to colts and yong horses , and plainly to be seene by the rankenesse and swelling of the gummes , and also he may haue paine in his teeth , by hauing two extraordinary teeth , called the woolfes teeth , which be two little teeth growing in the vpper iawes , next vnto the great grinding teeth ; which are so painefull to the horse , that he cannot endure to chaw his meate , but is forced either to let it fall out of his mouth , or else to keepe it still halfe chawed . Againe , a horse will haue great paine in his teeth when his vpper iaw teeth be so farre growne as they ouer-hang the neather iaw teeth ; and therewith also be so sharpe , as in mouing his iawes they cut and raze the insides of his cheekes , euen as they were razed with a knife . Lastly , a horse may haue great paine in his teeth , when either by corruption of bloud , or some other naturall weaknesse , the horses teeth grow loose & soare in such maner that through the tendernesse therof , he is not able to chaw or grind his foode . Now for the seuerall cures of these infirmities you shall vnderstand that first as touching the generall paine in a horses teeth , which doth come by meanes of the distillation of humors , it is thought fit by the ancientest Farriers , first to rubbe all the outside of the horses gummes with fine chalke and strong vinegar well mixt together . Other Farriers vse after they haue so washed the gummes , to straw vpon them the powder of pomegranat pils , & to couer the temples of the head with a plaister of pitch , rosen , and masticke molten together , as hath bene before declared . Now for the cure of the wolfes teeth , or the iaw teeth ( acocrding to the opinion of the ancient Farriers ) it is thus . First , cause the horses head to be tyed vp high to some post or raster , and his mouth to be opened with a cord so wide that you may easily see euery part thereof : then take an instrument of Iron , made in all points like vnto a carpenters gouge , and with your left hand set the edge of the toole at the foote of the woolfes teeth , on the outside of the iaw , turning the hollow side of the toole downward , holding your hand steadily , so as the toole may not slip not swarue from the foresaid teeth : then hauing a mallet in your right hand , strike vpon the head of the toole a good stroake , wherewith you may loosen the tooth , and make it bend inward : then straining the midst of your toole vppon the horses neather iaw , wrinch the tooth outward with the inside or hollow side of the toole , and thrust it cleane out of his head : which done , serue the other woolfes tooth on the other side in like manner , and then fill vp the empty holes with salt finely brayed . Other Farriers vse ( and I haue in mine experience found it the better practise ) only when the horse is eirher tyed vp or cast , and his mouth opened , to take a very sharp file , and to file the woolfes teeth so smooth as is possible , and then wash his mouth with a little allome water . Now if the vpper iaw teeth ouerhang the neather iaw teeth , & so cut the inside of the mouth as is aforesaid , then you shall take your former toole or gouge , and with your mallet strike and pare all those teeth shorter by little and little degrees , running alongst them euen from the first vnto the last , turning the hollow side of your toole towards the teeth , by which meanes you shall not cut the insides of the horses cheekes : then with your file , file them all smooth without any raggednes , and then wash the horses mouth with vinegar & salt . Lastly if the paine do proceede from the loosnesse of his teeth , then the cure is , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , first to cast the horse , and pricke all his gummes ouer with a lancet , making them bleede well ; then rubbe them all ouer with sage and salt , and it will fasten them againe . Others vse to let the horse bloud in the veine vnder his taile next the rumpe , and then to rubbe all his gums with sage , and to giue him in his prouender , the tender croppes of blacke bryars ; or else wash all his mouth with hony , sage , and salt beaten together ; and by no meanes let the horse eate any moist meate : for cold , moist , and marrish feeding in the winter , onely breedeth this disease of loosnesse in the teeth ; and it is of all other , most proper to the Sorrell horses . CHAP. 33. Of diseases in the Necke and VVithers , and first of the Cricke in the necke . THe Cricke in the necke of a horse , is when he cannot turne his necke any way , but holdes it still right forth , in so much that he cannot bow downe his head to take vp his meate from the ground , but with exceeding great paine ; and surely it is a kinde of convultion of sinewes , which proceedeth from cold causes , of which we haue spoken very sufficiently before : it also proceedeth sometimes from ouerheauy burthens ▪ that be laid vpon a horses shoulders ; or by ouer-much drying vp of the sinewes of the necke . The cure whereof , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , is , first to thrust a sharp hot Iron through the flesh of the necke in fiue seueral places , euery one distant from the otther three inches , ( but in any case beware of touching any sinew : ) then rowell all the aforesaid places either with horse haire , flaxe or hempe , for the space of fifteene daies , and annoint the rowels with hogs grease , and the necke will soone be restored . Others vse if the cricke causeth the horse to hold his head straight forward , which sheweth that both sides are equally perplexed , to take a hot drawing Iron , & draw the horse from the root of the eare , on both sides the necke , through the midst of the same , euen downe the breast , a straw deepe , so as both ends may meete on the breast : then make a hole through the skin of the forehead , hard vnder the foretop , & thrust in a cornet vpward betwixt the skin and the flesh , a handfull deepe : then either put in a goose feather doubled in the midst , and annointed with hogs grease : or else a rowell of either horne or leather with a hole in the midst : any of which will keep the hole open , to the intent the matter may issue forth : and this you shall keepe open the space of ten daies ; but euery day during that time the hole must be● cleansed once , and the feather or rowell also cleansed , and fresh annointed , and put in againe ; and once a day let him stand vpon the bit an houre or two , or else be ridden abroade two or three miles , by such an one as will beare the horses head , and make him bring it in ; but if the cricke be such that it maketh the horse to hold his head awry vpon the one side , which sheweth that but one side of the neeke is troubled , then you shall not drawe the horse with an hote Iron , on both the sides of the necke , but onely on the contrary side , as thus : If hee bend his head towardes the right side , then to drawe him , as is aforesaid , onely on the left side , and to vse the rest of the cure as is abouesaid , and if necessity do require , you may splent the horses necke also straight strong with splents of wood . I haue cured this cricke in the neck only by bathing the horses neck in the oile of peeter very hot , and then rolling it all vp in wet hay , or rotten litter , and keeping the horse exceeding warme , without vsing any burning , wounding , or other violence . CHAP. 34. Of Wennes in the necke . A Wenne is a certaine bunch or kirnell vpon the skinne , like a tumor or swelling ; the inside whereof is sometimes hard like a gristell , and spongious like a skinne full of soft warts ; and sometimes yellow like vnto rusted bacon , with some white graines among . Now of wennes some are great and some be small , also some are very painfull and some not painfull at all . They proceede as some imagine , of naughty grosse flegmaticke humours , binding together in some sicke part of the body . And others say they proceed from taking of cold , or from drinking of waters that be most extreme cold ; but I say , that albeit they may proceed from these causes , yet most generally they proceed frō some pinching , bruising , biting , ripping , or galling either of girthes , halter , coller , or any other thing whatsoeuer . The cure thereof is this : take of mallowes , sage , and redde nettles , of each one handfull ; boile them in running water , and put thereunto a little butter and hony ; and when the hearbes be soft , take them out , and all to bruise them , and put thereunto of oyle de bay two ounces , and of hogges grease two ounces ; and warme them together ouer the fire , mixing them well together : that done , plaister it vpon a peece of leather , so bigge as the wenne , and lay it to so hot as the horse can endure it , renewing it euery day in such sort the space of eight dayes ; and if you perceiue it will come to no head , then lance it from the midst of the wenne downeward , so deep that the matter in the bottome may be discouered & let out : which done , heale it vp with this salue : Take of Turpentine a quarterne , and wash it nine times in faire water , then put thereunto the yolke of an egge , and a little English saffron beaten into powder , and make a taint or rolle of flaxe , and dip it in that ointment , and lay it vnto the soare , renewing the same euery day once vntill the wenne be cured . Others vse in this case , with a hot Iron to burne and seare away all the superfluous flesh , & then to heale vp the soare either with the ointment last rehearsed , or else with the powder of hony and lime mixt together ; and this manner of cure is by much the speedier . CHAP. 35. Of swelling in the necke after bloud-letting . THe swelling of a horses necke after bloud-letting may come through diuers occasions , as namely by striking through the veine , so as some of the bloud being gotten betwixt the flesh and the veine , it there corrodeth and turneth to an impostume ; or else by striking the veine with a rusty fleame , whereby the veine rankleth ; or by some cold winde striking suddenly into the hole : or lastly by suffering the horse too soone to thrust downe his head , & graze or feed , whereby humours resorting to that place , breedes a great impostumation . The cure is according to the opinion of some Farriers , to take hemlocke and stampe it , and then to mingle it with sheepes dung , and vinegar , and so making a plaister thereof , to lay it to the swelling , renewing it once a day vntill it be whole . Other Farriers vse first to annoint the place with the oyle of camomill warmed , and then to lay vpon it a little hay , wet in cold water , and binde it about with a cloath , renewing it euery day the space of a weeke , to see whether it will grow to a head , or else vanish away : if it grow to a head , you may then lance it , and thrust out the matter : then heale it vp by tainting it with flaxe dipt in turpentine and hogges grease molten together , dressing it so once a day vntill it bee whole . CHAP. 36. How to stanch Bloud . IF your horse either by wound or other accident , or by the ignorance of any vnskilfull Farrier that letteth him bloud when the signe is in that place , bleed so exceedingly that he will not be staunched , you shall then according to the opinion of the old Farriers , lay vnto the wound a little new horse dung , tempered with chalke and strong vinegar , and not to remoue it from thence the space of three dayes ; or else to lay vnto it burnt silke , burnt felt , or burnt cloath , any of which will stanch bloud . Others vse to powre into the wound , the iuice of coriander , or else to let the horse chew in his mouth the leaues of periwinkle . Others vse to take of bruised nettles , and lay them to the wound : or else wilde tansey bruised , or hot hogs dung . Others vse to take bruised sage , & lay it to the wound : or else the coame about the Smithes forge : or else a sodde of earth , or bruised Hyssope , or the soft croppes of hawthorne bruised : or else to take the quantity of two ounces of the horses bloud , and boyle it till it come to a powder , and then put that powder into the wound ; but when all these faile , as in some extremities I haue found them do , then for your onely refuge , you shall take the soft downe either of a Hares skinne , or of a Conies skinne , and stoppe the wound well therewith , holding it hard to with your hand till the bloud stanch ; and if it bee any grieuous soare wound , then as soone as the bloud is stayed , spread a plaister of Bole-armonicke and vinegar mixt together ouer the wound . CHAP. 37. Of the falling of the Crest . THe falling of a horses crest , is when the vpper part of a horses necke which is called the Crest , leaneth either to the one or the other side , and will not stand vpright as it ought to do . It proceedeth most commonly from pouerty and hard keeping , and especially when a fat horse falleth away suddenly vpon any inward sicknesse . The cure ( according to the oldest Farriers ) is first to drawe his crest a full strawe breadth deepe on the contrary side with a hot Iron , the edge of which Iron would be halfe an inch broad , and make both your beginning and ending somewhat beyond the fall , so as the first draught may go all the way hard vpon the edge of the maine , close by the rootes of the same , bearing your hand right downeward into the neckeward : then answer that with an other draught beneath , and so farre distant from the first as the fall is broade , compassing , as it were , all the fall ; but still on the contrary side , & betwixt those 2. draughts , right in the midst , draw a third draught : then with an Iron button of almost an inch about , burne at each end a hole ; & also in the spaces betwixt the draughts , make diuers holes , distant three fingers one from another , as this figure doth plainely shewe you . That done , to kill the fire , annoint it euery day once with fresh butter for a weeke or more : then take of mallowes , and of sage , of each one handfull ; boile them well in running water , and wash the burning away till it be raw flesh , and then dry it vp with the powder of hony and lime . Other Farriers vse for this infirmity , first to cast the horse vpon some soft dung-hill , or other easie place , and with a long knife to cut away the flesh on the hanging or vnder side of the crest , euen from the fore-end thereof to the hinder end , sixe inches broad , and two inches thicke , or somewhat more in the middle thereof where it is thickest : then groping the crest with your hands , to pare the thickest part thereof , till it come all to one thinnesse ; then holding the horse still fast bound , to couer all the place with great handfuls of swines dung prepared for the purpose , and held to the sore place an houre together , til the bloud be stanched : then let the horse arise , and leade him into the stable , tying him in such sort , that he may neither rub his necke nor lye downe : then the next morning take good store of burnt allome beaten to powder , and strew it all ouer the soare place , and so let him stand for two daies after without any stirring , lest the wound should bleed againe : then at the end of those two daies you shall bathe the soare gently with a fine linnen cloath , dipt in warme vrine ; and then drying the soare , againe throw more burnt allome vpon it ; and after annoint all about the out side of the edges of the soare with Vnguentum Album Camphiratum , more then an inch broad : thus you shall dresse him euery day once on that side of the crest which did fall : then for the contrary side you shall draw his maine thereon , and plat it in many plats : which done , you shall to those plats with thongs of leather fasten a cudgell of a foote and a halfe long : then to the midst of that cudgell , you shall hang a peece of lead with a hole in it , of such weight as will poise the crest vp euen , and hold it in his right place : then shall you draw his crest on that side the weight hangs with a hot drawing Iron , euen from the toppe of the crest , downe to the point of the shoulder , making diuers stroakes , one an inch and an halfe from another : then shall you lay vpon the burnt places , a plaister of pitch , tarre , and rosen , molten together , and so let the weight hang till all the soare places be healed , and there is no question but the crest will stand both vpright and strongly . CHAP. 38. Of Manginesse in the Maine . THe manginesse which is in the maine of a horse , and maketh him shed his haire , proceedeth either from the ranknesse of bloud , pouerty or lowsinesse ; or else of rubbing where a mangie horse hath rubbed , or else of filthy fretting dust lying in the maine for want of good dressing . The signes are the apparant rubbing and itching of the horse about the maine and necke , and the scabbes fretting both the flesh & skin , besides the shedding and falling away of the haire . The cure ( according to the opinion of some of our old Farriers ) is , first let him bloud on the neck veine , and cut away all the haire from the scabs ; then with a hot Iron as bigge as a mans finger , seare all the soare place euen from the one end to the other : then annoint all the place you so burnt with blacke sope , and now and then wash it with strong lee and blacke sope mixt together . Other Farriers for this manginesse onely take of fresh grease one pound , of quicksiluer halfe an ounce , of brimstone one ounce , of rape oile halfe a pint , mingle them together , and stirre them continually in a pot with a slice , vntill the quicksiluer be so wrought with the rest , as you shall perceiue no quicksiluer therein : that done , take a blunt knife , or an old horse-combe , and scratch all the mangy places therewith vntill it be raw and bloudy , and then annoint it with this ointment in the sunne-shine , if it may be , to the intent the ointment may sinke in , or else hold before it either a hot fire pan , or a hot barre of Iron , to make the ointment melt into the flesh , and if you see that within three daies after thus once annointing him he leaue not rubbing , then marke in what place he rubbeth , and dresse that place againe , and questionlesse it will serue . CHAP. 39. Of the shedding of the haire in the Maine . HAire , for the most part , sheddeth or falleth from the maine of a horse by reason of certaine little wormes which eate and fret the rootes of the haire asunder . The cure whereof is first to annoint the maine and crest with blacke sope , and then to make a strong lye either of running water and ashe ashes , or else of vrine and ashe ashes , and with that to wash the main● all ouer and it will helpe him . CHAP. 40. Of paine and griefe in a horses Withers . BOth to a horses withers , and also to his backe , do happen many infirmities and sorrances , some proceeding from inward causes , as of the corruption of humors , and sometime of outward causes , as through the galling , pinching , and wringing of some naughty saddle , or some heauy burthen layed on the horses backe , or such like ; and of these griefes some be small , and some be great : the small are onely superficiall blisters , swellinges , light galles , or bruisings , and are easily cured ; but the great are those which pierce to the very bone , and be most dangerous , especially if they be nigh to the backe bone . Then to speake first of the smaller gallings , whensoeuer you shall see any swelling to arise , either about your horses withers , or any other part of his backe , the cure is ( according to the opinion of some of the old Farriers ) first if the place be much swolne and festered , then to pierce it with a sharpe hot Iron in many parts on both sides of the necke , & then put into the same , tents of linnen cloath , dipt in warme sallet oile ; and then after to dry and heale it vp with the pouder of hony and lime mixt together . Others vse to take butter and salt , and to boile them together vntill they be blacke , then to powre it hot on the swelling ; & then to take a flake of warme horse-dung , and lay it on the soare backe vntill it be whole , dressing it once a day . Others ( especially the best of the ancient Farriers ) vse as soone as they see any swelling to arise , to binde vnto it a little hot horse-dung , to see if that wil asswage it ; which it will not , then to pricke it round about the swelling with a fleame , knife , or lancet , yet not too deepe , but so as it may pierce the skinne , and make the bloud issue forth : that done , take of mallowes , or smallage , two or three handfuls , and boile them in running water vntill they be so soft as pappe : then straine the water softly from it , and bruise the hearbs in a traine dish , putting thereunto a little hogges grease or else sallet oyle , or sheepes sewet , or any other fresh grease ; boyle them and stirre them together , not frying them hard , but so as they may be soft and supple ; and then with a clout lay it warme vpon the soare , renewing it euery day once vntill the swelling be gone : for it will either driue it away or bring it vnto a head , which lightly chanceth not in these small swellings , except some gristell or bone be perished . Others of the ancient Farriers vse when they see any swelling to arise about a horses backe , first to shaue the place with a razor ; and then to lay thereunto this plaister : Take a little wheate flowre , and the white of an egge beaten together , and spread it on a linnen clout , which being laied vnto the swelling two or three daies , and not remoued , will bring it to a head ; & when you come to take it off , pull it away so softly as you can possibly ; and where as you see the corruption gathered together , then in the lowest place thereof , pierce it vpward with a sharpe Iron somewhat hot , that the corruption may come out ; and annoint the soare place euery day once with fresh butter or hogs grease vntill it be whole . Others of our latter Farriers vse when they see any swelling , onely to lay wet hay vnto it : for that will either driue it away , or bring it vnto a head ; and then when it is broken you shall lay vpon it a plaister of wine lees , renewing it as often as it growes dry ; and if your lees be too thinne , you may thicken them with wheate flowre : or if you like not this medicine , then you may make a plaister of thicke barme , as great as the soare , and renew it once a day vntill the swelling be asswaged , but if you see that any corruption be knit together , then you shall lance it in the neathermost part , and let out the matter : then wash the soare either with vrine , ale , or beere , made scalding hot ; then dry vp all the moisture from the soare , either with a linnen cloath or with a sponge : then couer all the soare ouer with burnt allome beaten to powder : and thus dresse the horse once a day vntill the flesh be growne vp so high as you would haue it ; then shal you dresse the soare but once in two or three dayes . But if you see it skinneth but slowly , then may you annoint the edge of the soare al about after it hath bene washed as aforesaid , with Vnguentum Album , for that will make the skinne to come fast ; but if you do perceiue that by dressing it thus seldome , there doth beginne any proud flesh to grow , then shall you take a dram of Mercury , and mingle it with an ounce of Vnguentum album , and annoint all the soare place therewith , once in two daies , this will correct the proud flesh , and cause it to skin and heale suddenly . Others vse for the abating of these swellings , to boile mallows in the grounds of ale , & to clap it hot to the swelling : then if the swelling do breake , then wash it with pisse , and powre hot molten butter vpon it . Others vse to shaue away the haire , and then to lay very hot vnto it , a handful of leekes stampt & mixt with boares grease ; or else to take a turfe of earth burnt red , and layed to as hot as the horse can suffer it . Other Farriers vse to take nettles beaten to peeces , and mixt with hot vrine , and so lay it on hot , and then set on the saddle : and then if after two or three daies dressing , the swelling breake , then looke if there be any dead flesh within the soare , and either eate or cut it out : then take a pound of fresh grease , and a pound of sallet oyle , three ounces of white waxe , one ounce of turpentine , and three drams of verdigrease ; melt all these together , and taint the soare therewith till it be whole : for this wil both eate away the ill flesh and incarnate good . Others take greene cole-worts , and stampe them with swines grease , and then lay it plaister-wise on the soare , and it will asswage it , especially if you ride the horse a little , to make the medicine enter in . Now if there be no great swelling , but onely the skinne chafed off , then you shall wash the place with water and salt , or else with warme wine and sprinkle vpon it the powder of hony and lime ; or else the powder of Myrre , or the powder of burnt silke , or felt , or cloath , or of any old poast . Other Farriers vse when onely the skinne is gald off , to take a spoonefull of thicke creame , and to put as much chimney soote vnto it as will make it like an ointment , and then to lay it vpon the sore , and questionlesse it will skinne it presently . CHAP. 41. Of any gold backe , or Withers , how great soeuer the swelling or inflammation be . IF the swelling , pince , wringing or gall , either vpon the withers or any parte of the backe of a horse , be extraordinary great and much inflamed , so that there is no apparant hope that it can be got away , without much apostumation , then the cure according to the opinion of the ancientest Farriers , is , to take barme , and mixe it with so much soote of a chimney , and make it so thicke therewith , that it shall seeme like tarre : and with that make a plaister , and lay it to the sore place , renewing it twise a day , and it will both draw and heale it . Other● vse , to take a handfull of bay salt , a handful of great and small oatemeale , and put a quantity of old stale thereto , and stirre them altogether , and temper it like pappe or past , and then make round bals thereof ; then throw them into a fire , and make them red hot , then take them forth and beat them to fine powder ; and then strow of that powder all ouer the sore , so oft as you shall see any part thereof bare , and it will heale it . Other Farriers vse if they see the swelling to be any thing great , first to draw round about the swelling with a hot yron , and then crosse him with the same yron , in manner of this figure : then take a round hot yron , hauing a sharpe point , and thrust it into the swelling place on each side vpward , towards the point of the withers , or toppe of the backe , to the entent that the matter may issue downewards at both the holes ; that done , taint both the holes , first with a taint dipt in hogges grease to kill the fire , and also annoint all the burnt places therewith , continuing so to do vntil the swelling be asswaged , renewing the tent euery day once , vntill the fiery matter be fallen away : then tent him againe with washed turpentine , mingled with yelks of egges and saffron , renewing the tent euery day once vntill it be whole . But if for all this the swelling do not goe away , then it is a signe of some inward inpostumation , and then it shall be good that you launce it , and let out the corruption ▪ then take of hony halfe a pint , of verdigrease two ounces , beaten to powder , and mixe it together with the hony ; then boile them in a pot vntill they looke redde , then being luke warme , make either a tent or a plaister , according as the wound shall require , renewing the same euery day once vntill it be whole . But the sore may be so vehement that for lacke of looking to in time , if it be on the withers , it will pierce downewards betwixt both the shoulders euen into the body , which is most dangerous , and mortall ; therefore whensoeuer you shall feare any such hollownes , you shall tent the hole with the salue last mentioned , and thrust after it a good peece of dry sponge , as well to keepe the hole open as also to sucke out the corruption , and this you shall renew once a day vntill the sore be whole . Others of our latter Farriers vse to take butter , vinigar , and bay salt , and melting them together lay it to the sore warme vntill it breake , then strow vpon it either soote or the powder of a clay wall ; but if it be much festered ●●●● weight or knobs lying directly behind the saddle : of all bruisings on the backe , it is the most vilde and dangerous , and you shall perceiue it by puffed vp and spungie flesh looking like old rotten lights about the mouth of the sore . The cure therefore is according to some of the ancients Farriers , first to cut away all the dead or proud flesh euen to the bone , then burne a hole foure inches lower then the nauell gall , and put a rowell of horse haire through it ; then take the powder of oyster shels or of an old shooe sole burnt , and strow it on the sore , and euer as it waxeth moist put on more powder . Others for the nauell gall take the white of an egge , wheate flowre , hony , mustard , and sope , of each like quantity , and mixing them together make a plaister thereof ; and after the dead flesh is taken out , and the sore washt with ale , butter & vrine , then lay on the plaister : & if the proud flesh beginne to grow againe , then the powder of an old burnt shooe , or nerue oile , or verdigrease will kill it , and the powder of oyster shels will skinne it . Other of the ancient Farriers vse , after they haue cut out all the rotten and dead flesh , to take the white of an egge and salte beaten together , and lay that plaister wise to the sore vpon a little toaw , renewing it once a daie the space of two daies , then take of hony a quarterne of a pinte , and of verdigrease one ounce beat into powder , and boile them together in a pot , stirring it still vntill it looke red , and being luke warme make a plaister with toaw , and clap it to the wound , washing and clensing well the wound , first with a litle warme vinigar or white wine , continuing so to do once a day vntill it beginne to heale and to skinne ; then dry it vp by sprinckling thereon this powder following . Take of hony a quarterne , and as much of sleckt lime as will thicken the hony and make it like past , and in a fire-pan ouer the fire , stirre it still vntill it be hard baked , so as it may be beaten into powder ; but euer before you throw on the powder , wash the wound first with warme vinegar , continuing so to do vntill it be perfectly skinned . Others vse , to heale this gall by laying on the sore , a plaister of chimney soote and barme mixt together , or else to mixe nettle seeds and sallet oile together , and annoint the sore therewith . Others vse onely to wash the sore with warme water , and then annoint the place with fresh grease and salt mixt together ; or else to take of bettony , powder of brimstone , Ellibor , pitch , and old grease , of each like quantity , and stampe them together , and when you haue washed the sore with chamber lie , then annoint it with this ointment , vntill it be whole . CHAP. 46. Of the swaying of the backe . A horse is said to be swaied in the backe , when either by too great a burthen , or by some slippe , straine , or ouer hasty and straight turning , he hath taken an extreme wrinch in the lower part of his backe below his short ribs , and directly betweene his fillets : the signes whereof , are a continuall reeling and rowling of the horses hinder parts in his going , and also he will folter many times , and sway sometimes backewards , and sometimes sidelong and be ready to fall euen to the ground ; besides , the horse being laid will with great difficulty rise vp againe . The cure , according to the opinion of the old Italian Farriers , is , to take of the fat of the fruit of the pine tree , two ounces , of Olibanum three ounces , or rozen foure ounces , of pitch foure ounces , of Bole-armonicke one ounce , and of Sanguis Draconis halfe an ounce ; incorporate all these well together , and lay it plaister wise all ouer the reines of the horses backe , not taking it by any means away till it fall of . Others of our owne Farriers , vse first to couer the horses backe with a sheeps skinne , coming hot from the sheepes backe , laying the fleshy side next to his backe , and then lay a warme houssing cloath vpon the same , to keepe his backe as hot as may be , and so let it continue vntill it begin to smell ; then take the old skinne away , and apply a new vnto it , continuing so to do the space of three weekes , and if he amend not with this , then draw his backe with a hot yron , right out on both sides of the ridge of his backe , from the pitch of the buttocke , vnto a handful within the saddle : and then againe ouerthwart according to this figur , & let euery line be an inch one from another ; neither let the stroak be deep , & burned no more then that euery one may looke yellow ; then lay vpon the burning this charge or plaister . Take of pitch one pound , of rozen halfe a pound , of Bole-armonicke halfe a pound , made into powder , and halfe a pint of tarre , and boile all these together in a pot , and stirre it vntill euery thing be molten , and throughly mingled together , then being luke warme daube all the burning therewith very thicke , and thereupon clap as many flockes of the horses collor as you can make to abide on , and remoue it not before it fall away of it selfe ; and if it be in sommer you may turne the horse to grasse . CHAP. 47. Of speciall weaknesse in the Backe . ACcording to the opinion of our oldest Farriers ( though my selfe haue taken little notice of the infirmitie ) there is an other kind of weakenesse belonging to a horses backe , which they call the fretting or biting of the reines , which doth proceed from abundance of humors resorting to that place , whereby all the hinder parts of the horse doe l●●se their feeling and strength , and the horse falleth downe to the ground ; yea and such humors many times resorting to the hart doe suffocate the same , and in two or three howres do cause the horse to die . The cure according to their opini●n is , first to let the h●●se bloud aboundantly in the necke veine and to draw his backe with a hot yron , in such sort as is declared in the last Chapter , and then to make him swim a p●ety while in some riuer ; then rowell him vpon the haunches neare vnto the huckell bones and then to annoint the sore place , with hogges grease and three leaued grasse stamped together , vntill he be whole . CHAP. 48. Of the swelling of the Coddes or stones . THis kind of swelling or inflammation of the cods cometh either by some wound receiued , or by the stinging or else biting of some venemous beast , or else by some great straine , either in running or leaping , or by the biting of one horse with an other . The cure is , according to the opinion of the most ancient Italian Farriers is , first to bathe the cod with water , wherein hath bene sodden the rootes of wilde cowcumbers and salt , and then to annoint it with an ointment made of oile , goats grease , and the white of an egge ; or else to bathe the cod in warme water , Nitrum , and vinegar mingled together , and also to be annointed with an ointment made of chaulke , or of potters earth , oxe dung , commin , water , and vinegar mingled together ; or else to be annointed with the iuice of the hearb called nightshade , or with the iuice of hemlocke , which growes on dunghils ; and if need require , to let him bloud on the flanck veines . But out later Farriers , who hold that this disease cometh oftest after some sicknesse , or surfait with cold , being a signe of amendment from that sicknesse , doe cure it in this sort ; take of beane flowre , wheat meale , commin , and hogges grease , of each like quantity , and making a plaister thereof , spread it all ouer the horses cods and stones . Others boile groundsell in wine and vinegar , and so bathe the horses coddes therewith ; or else take a quarte of good ale-worte , and set it on the fire , with the crummes of browne bread strongly leauened , and better then a handfull of commin made in powder ; then with beane flower make a plaister of them all , and apply it to the griefe , as hot as it can be suffered ; or if this helpe not , take cowes dung and seeth it in milke , and lay it vpon the swelling as hot as may be , and it will asswage it . But if this inflammation proceed from rancknes of seed , which you shall perceiue by the moist sliminesse of his yard , then you shall first make him couer a Mare , then keepe him without prouendar , and let him bloud aboue the great veine , which is betweene his hips , & lay thereto hard egges , beaten in his owne dung , and make a plaister of the same and lay it to his coddes , and once a day wash his coddes with cold water . Others vse to let the horse bloud in his flancke veines , and then take of oile of roses , and of vinegar of each halfe a pinte , of Bole armonick halfe a quarterne beaten to powder ; mixe them together in a cruse , and being luke warme annoint the cods therewith , with , two or three feathers bound together ; and the next day ride him into the water , so as his coddes may be within the water , giuing him a turne or two therein , and so returne faire and softly home vnto the stable ; and when the horse is dry annoint him againe as before , and doe thus euery day vntill the horse be whole . Now there be other Farriers which hold that this disease may come by meanes of euill humors and corrupt bloud , which resort vnto the cods , and then the cure is to couer all the coddes ouer , with a charge made of Bole-armoniacke and vinegar wrought together , renewing it euery day once vntill the swelling goe away , or that it breake of it selfe , and if it breake , then to taint it with Mel Rosatum , and make him a breech of canuas to keepe it in , renewing the tent euery day once vntill it be whole . CHAP. 49. Of incording , or bursting , or the rupture in horses . THis rupture , or as our old Farriers call it , this incording or burstinesse in horses , is when the rim or thinne filme which holdeth the guts vp in a horses body is broken , so that the guts falleth downe either into the cods of the horse , or into the horses flancke , as I haue seene diuers : now this burstnesse cometh either by some stripe or blow of another horse , or else by some straine in leaping ouer a hedge or ditch , or by teaching a horse to bound when he is too young , or when a horse goreth himselfe vpon some pole or stake , or by forcing a horse when he is full to runne beyound his strength , or by stopping a horse too suddain●ly vpon naughty ground , whereby the stradling and slipping of his hinder feete , may stretch or teare his rim : the signes to know this sorrance before it be apparant to the ●ie are , the horse will forsake his meat and stand shoaring and leaning alwaies on that side that he is hurt , and on that side if you search with your hand , betwixt the stone and the thigh , vpward to the body , and somewhat aboue the stone , you shall finde the gut it selfe bigge and hard in the feeling ; whereas on the other side you shal find no such thing . Now for the cure , although for mine owne parte I both doe and shall euer hold it incurable as long as a horse is a beast without reason , yet for your satisfaction I will not stick to repeat what the best Farriers and my selfe haue practiced , in as much as it worketh much good though no absolute cure . The cure then is to bring the horse into some house or place which hath ouer head a strong baulke or beame going ouerthwart and strow that place thicke with straw , then put on foure strong pasternes with foure ringes on his feet , and fasten one end of a long rope to one of those rings , then thred al the other rings with the loose end of the rope , and so draw all his foure feet together & cast him on the straw ; that done , cast the rope ouer the baulke , and hoist the horse so as he may lie flat on his backe , with his legges vpward without strugling ; then bathe his stones well with warme water and butter molten together , and the stones being somewhat warme and well mollified , raise them vp from the body with both your hands , being closed by the fingers close together , and holding the stones in your hands in such manner , worke downe the gut into the body of the horse , by striking it downewards continually with your two thumbs , one labouring immediatly after another , vntill you perceiue that side of the stone to be so small as the other ; and so hauing returned the gut into his right place , take a list of two fingers broad , throughly annointed with fresh butter , and tie his stones both together with the same so nigh the body as may be , yet not ouer hard , but so as you may put your fingar betwixt ; that done , take the horse quietly downe , and leade him gently into the stable , where he must stand warme , and not be stirred for the space of 3 weeks : but forget not the next day after you haue placed his gut in his true place , to vnloosen the list & to take it away , & as wel at that time , as euery day once or twice after , to cast a dish or 2 of cold water vp into his cods , and that will make him to shrincke vp his stones , and thereby restraine the gut from falling downe ; and at the three weekes end to make your cure so much the suerer , it were not amisse to geld the stone on that side away , so shall he hardly be bursten againe on that side ; and during the cure let him not eate much nor drinke much , and let his drinke be alwaies warme . CHAP. 50. Of the Botch in the groines of a Horse . IT is the opinion of all the best horse-leaches , that if a grosse horse which is full of humors be sodainely and violently laboured , that then the humors will resort into the weakest parts , and there gather together and breed a botch , and specialle in the hinder parts betwixt the the thighes , not farre from the coddes . The signes ar● , the hinder legges will be all swolne & specially from the cambrels or houghs vpward , and if you feele with your hand you shal find a great knob or swelling , and if it be round and hard it will gather to a head ; the cure according to the generall practise is , first to ripe it with this plaister , take of wheat flower , of turpentine , and of hony , of each like quantity , stirring it together to make a stiffe plaister : and with a cloth lay it to the sore , renewing it euery day once vntill it breake or waxe soft ; and then launce it , so as the matter may runne downeward , then taint it with turpentine , and hogges grease molten together , renewing it euery day once vntill it be whole . CHAP. 51. Of the Itch , Scab , or Manginesse in the taile , or generall falling of the haire . Horses through the corruption of bloud or the fulnesse of rancke feeding , or through ouer heating and labouring , or by the infection of other horses , do many times get the generall scab , itch , or manginesse in the taile ; and sometimes in the spring time horses are troubled with the truncheon wormes in their fundament , which will make them rub their tailes , & fret the haire , yet are free both from mange and scurfe ; wherfore if then you only rake the horse with your hand annointed with sope , and pull out the wormes , you shall cause the horse to leaue his rubbing ; but if you perceiue the haire to shed and fall from the taile , through some small wormes that growes at the rootes of the haire , or through some little fretting scurfe , then you shall annoint all the taile with sope euen to the ground , and then wash it with very strong lye after , and that will both kill the wormes , and scoure out the scurfe ; but if much of the taile be fallen away , then you shall keepe the taile continually wet , with a sponge dipt in faire water , and that wil make the haire to grow very fast . Now if in the horses taile shall grow any canker , which will consume both the flesh and bone , and make the ioints to fall away one by one , then you shall wash all his taile with Aqua fortis or strong water made in this sort . Take of greene copporas and of allome , of each one pound , of white copporas a quarterne , boile all these together in three quarts of running water , in a very strong earthen pot vntill the one halfe be consumed ; and then with a little of this water being made luke warme , wash his taile with a little clout , or flaxe bound to the end of a sticke , continuing so to do euery day once , vntill it be whole . But if as I said before , through the corruption of bloud , foode , or labour , this scabbe , itch , or manginesse , spread vniuersally into many parts of the taile , you shall then likewise wash it with the same strong water , vntill it be whole . CHAP. 52. Of the generall Scab , Mainginesse or Leprosie , ouer the whole body . THe generall manginesse or leprosie , which runneth all ouer the horses body , is a cankred filthy scurfe which couereth the same , proceeding from abundance of melancholy corrupt bloud , ingendred by infection or vnwholsome food , or else by indiscreet labour . The signes whereof are , the horse will bee all mangie , and couered ouer with a white filthy scurfe , full of scabs , and raw plots about the necke & flankes , and euill fauored to looke on , and rubbing , scratching and biting , of all diseases there is none more infectious , nor will more certainely kil a horse if it be not preuented . Now the cure according to the opinion of the ancientest Farriers , is , first to let the horse bloud in the one side of the necke veine , and within two daies after on the other side of the necke , and within two daies after that , in the flancke veines , and last of all in the veine vnder the taile ; then wash all the sore places with salt brine , & rubbing them hard with a wispe of straw hard twisted , so as they may bleed well and be all raw ; that done , annoint the places with this ointment , take of quicksiluer one ounce , of hogs grease one pound , of brimstone beaten into powder a quarterne , of rape oile a pint , mingle these things wel together , vntill the quicksiluer be throughly incorporated with the rest , and hauing annointed all the raw places with this ointment , make it to sincke into the flesh , by holding and weauing vp and downe ouer it , a hot broad barre of yron , and then touch him no more againe the space of two or three daies , during which time , if you see that he rubbeth stil in any place , then rubbe that place againe with an old horse comb , to make it raw , and annoint it with fresh ointment . But if all this will not helpe , then with a hot yron round and blunt at the point , so bigge as a mans little finger , burne all the mangy places , making round holes , passing only through the skinne and no further ; for which intent it shall be needfull to pull the skinne first from the flesh with your left hand , holding it still vntill you haue thrust the hot yron through it , and let euery hole be a spanne one from another , and if need be , you may annoint those holes with a little sope , and let the horse be very thinne di●●ted , during this curing time . Now for mine owne part , I doe vtterly dislike this burning , for it is a foule manner of cure , and breedeth much eie-sore in the horse , and therefore other of our latter Farriers vse for this disease after they haue let the horse bloud in the necke veine , to take a good quantity of fresh grease , and mixe it well with the powder of chalke , then put thereto a good quantity of the powders of brimstone and ellecampany roots , and stirre them all well together ; then take a pretty quantity of quicksiluer , and kill it with your fasting spittle , or sallet oile , & mixe it with all the rest very well together , and so annoint all the sore places about the horse with this ointment . Others vse to take of lampe oile , the fine powder of brimston , of black sope , of tarre , of hogs grease , and the soote of a chimney , of each a like quantity , & then mixe them all well together , by boiling them on the fire , and then annoint all the sore places therewith , as hot as the horse can suffer it , alwaies prouided that the horse be let bloud before you vse the ointment . Others vse , after the horse is let bloud , to take of oile de bay a pound , and of quicksiluer one ounce , and mixing them together , neuer leaue stirring thereof , till the quicksiluer be kild , & incorporated with the oile ▪ then annoint all the sore places therewith , after you haue made them raw by rubbing them . Other Farriers vse first to let the horse bloud , then to wash all the sore places within two daies after , with water wherein yong broome , or the hearb of arsmanarck hath bin well sod in , and smally chopt , and mix● with a little soote ; and rubbe him well vntill the sore places bleed , then take a pound of blacke sope , a pottle of keene mustard , foure peniworth of brimstone made into powder , three peniworth of quicksiluer well killed with fresh grease , two peniworth of verdigrease , a quarter of a pint of grease ; stirre all these together in a vessell , till the grease and other things , be molten with labour and without fire , and therewithall annoint all the sore places , and with once annointing and twise washing , this will cure him . Others vse if the horse be young , to let him bloud on both sides the necke , and then to cut the skin downe the middest of his forehead two fingars in length , then with a cornet open the skin an inch wide on both sides the slit , and put therein thinne slices of the greene roote of Ellecampane or Angelica , which is the better ; so let them remaine vnder the skinne till the matter rot , then crush it foorth after two or three daies , and in twelue daies the rootes will fall out as it healeth ; and this will cure the mange , prouided , that you annoint all the sore places with the powder of brimstone , verdigrease , and oile oliue , mixt vpon a fire very well together . Others vse after bloud letting , to rowell the horse vnder the necke , that the euill humors may haue issue foorth , then to rubbe all his body ouer with an hard haire cloth or an old curry combe , vntill the horse bleedeth ; after that take of sulphur , salt , & tartar , of each a like quantity , beate them and temper them , with very strong vinegar and as much common oile , and therewith annoint all the sore places ; or else take very strong vinegar , the vrine of a boy vnder twelue yeares of age , and the iuice of hemlocke , mixe them together and wash the horse therewithall . Other Farriers vse after bloud letting , to annoint the horse with one of these ointments , the sore hauing bene before rubbed till it bleed , either with brimstone , oile , vinegar , salte , soote , swines dung , and vnsleckt lime , of each like quantity , well mixt and boild together , or else with brine water sod with nettles , or else with vinegar , allume and salte-niter boild together , or else wash the sore with beefe-broth ; then boile pepper beaten to powder , verdigrease , & cheruell in fresh grease , and annoint the horse all ouer therewith , holding a chaffing dish and coales or a hot barre of yron to his body , to make the ointment sinke in . Lastly , and as good as any of the rest , after the horse hath bene let bloud , take an old curry combe , or a wooll card , and rub euery sore place about the horse till it bleed , then take of the oldest pisse you can get , a pottell , and of greene copporas three quarters of a pound ; mixe & stir them well together , then set them on the fire , and boile them a while ; then as hot as the horse can suffer it wash him with the same ; after his washing is a littell dryed , take of oile an ounce & an halfe , of quicksiluer 2 ounces , of white Elleborus one ounce , with a good quantity of swines grease , mingle all these well together , till no part of the quicksiluer can be seene , and then annoint the horse all therewith ; and if the first time doe not cure him , the second will most assuredly , prouided that during the time of cure you keepe the horse with a very thinne diet . CHAP. 53. How to know when a horse halteth before , in what part his griefe is . THere is nothing more necessary for any mans vnderstanding that shall haue occasion at any time to vse a horse , especially for the skilfull Farrier , then to know the reason why a horse halteth , and where the griefe remaineth , as well because those griefes lye most concealed , as also because our kingdome is so full of subtill vnconscionable horse-coursers , that they are carefull most to conceale that which may soonest cozen their neighbours ; you shall know then that no horse halteth before , but his griefe must be either in his shoulders , in his legges , or in his feete : if it be in his shoulders , it must either be on the toppe of the shoulder blades , which we call the withers , or at the bottome of the shoulder blade ioining to the marrowbone , which is the fore pitch of the breast , or in the elbow of the horse , which ioines the nether end of the marrowbone and the leg together . Now for the general knowledge whether the griefe be in the shoulder or no , looke if the horse do not lift vp his leg , but traileth it vpon the ground , then it is in the shoulder , & is a new hurt : if he cast his leg more out in his going then the other , and that almost with an vnbended knee , then it is also in the shoulder , and it is an old hurt ; if you take him by the headstall of the bridle , and turne him as short as you can possible of both hands , if then you see him when he is turned on the lame side , to fauour his legge very much ( as he cannot chuse but doe ) then also his griefe is in his shoulder ; or if when a horse standeth in the stable , he stretcheth out his sore legge , and setteth it more forwarde then the other , it is partly a signe the griefe is in the shoulder , but not absolutely . Now when you know generally that the griefe is in the shoulder , then you shall learne to know in what part of the shoulder , as thus ; if the horse halteth more when the rider is vpon his backe , then when he is off , then the griefe is on the top of the withers ; if when with your hand you gripe & handle him vpon the top of the shoulder blades you find that he shrinketh much , and offereth to bite at you ( not hauing had any gald backe before , for that may deceiue you ) then assuredly the griefe is on the withers . If the horse goeth bowing vnto the ground , and tread his steps very thicke , then it is a signe the griefe is in his brest , betweene the nether parte of the spade bone , and the vpper parte of the maribone ; and therefore if with your thumbe you presse him hard in that part , you shall see him shrinke , and be ready to fall downe . Now if when you take his elbow in your hand betwixt your fingars , and your thumbe , and gripe it , the horse presently taketh his foote from the ground and lifts vp his legge , offering therewithall to bite at you , then the griefe is only in the elbow . Now if the griefe whereof a horse halteth be in his leg , it is either in his knee , in his shanke , or else in the pastorne ioint : If it be either in his knee or pastorne ioynt , he will not ●ow them in his going like the other , but will goe very stifly vpon them ; if the griefe be in the shanke , then it is by meanes of some splent , screw , windgall , or such apparant griefe most apparant to be seene . Now , if the griefe of his halting be in the foote , then it is either in the cronet , in the heele , in the toe , in the quarters , or in the sole of the foote ; if it be in the cronet , either the griefe will be apparant , the skinne being broken of swolne some manner of way , or else laying your hand vpon the cronet it will burne and glow exceedingly , & then he hath got some straine of the ioint within the hoofe ; if it be in the heele , as by ouer-reach , or otherwise , then it is to be seene , and he will tread altogether vpon the toe , if vpon any of the quarters , which is to be vnderstood from the midde hoofe to the heele , then going on the edge of a bancke or hilly ground , he will halte more then on the plaine ground , and by the horses comming towardes you , and going from you vpon such edge or bancke , you shall easily perceiue whether his griefe be in the inner quarter or the outward quarter ; also he may halt vpon his quarters by the pricking of a naile , & then you shal with a paire of pinsons●●ip the head of euery naile and his hooue together , and where he complaineth there draw the naile , and if the naile sincke , then there is his paine . If he halt in the toe , which is seldome or neuer seeme , then he will tread altogether vpon his heele ; if his griefe be in the sole of his foote , as by the treading vpon some naile or stubbe , or by surbaiting or such like , then he will halte all after one sort , vpon any ground , vnlesse it be vpon the stones , and then he will halte the most . Now to be sure in what parte of the foote the griefe is ; it shall be good , first to make him goe vpon the plaine ground , and then vpon a hard & stony ground , and after vpon a bancky ground , and by taking carefull notes , and carefully handling him , you shall easily seee of what member he halteth . CHAP. 54. Of halting behind , and where the griefe is . IF a horse halte behind , his griefe of necessity must either be in his hippe ( of some called the huckle bone ) or in the stifle , in the hough , in the hamme , in the legge , in the neather ioint , in the pastorne , or in the foote . If he halte in the hip of any new hurt , the horse wil goe side-long , and not follow so well with that legge as with the other , neither will he be able to turne vpon that side without much fauouring of his legge ; but if it be any old hurte , then the sore hippe will shrinke and be lower then the other , and it is best seene when he goeth vp a hill , or vpon the edge of some bancke , so as the worst legge may goe on the higher side , for then he will halte so much the more , because it is painefull vnto him to goe so vneuenly wrinching his legge ; if the griefe be in the stiflle , then the horse in his going will cast the stiflle ioint outward , and the bone on the inside will be farre bigger then the other , neither can he any more then touch the ground with his toe ; if his griefe be in the hough , then it is by meanes of some spauen , which is apparant both to be seene and felt , or else of some straine or blow : and then the swelling will appeare , and the like is to be said of the hamme , wherein may be seene the sellander or such like apparant sorrance causing the horse to halte ; if the griefe be either in the legge , pastorne , or foote , you shall find it by such signes as haue bene taught you in the former chapter . CHAP. 55. How to know if a Horse haue any hidden griefe in him , that may make him to halte , when he commeth to trauel , and whence it proceeds . NOw for as much as there be some horses which through long rest & running at grasse , will weare out the worst of their grieues , so that when they come to be but gently ridden they will couer their halting , and through a naturall awe they beare vnto the man will whilst he is on their backes , goe as if they were as sound as might be , yet be truly , of themselues very vnperfect ; in this case both to keepe your selfe from cosening , and to discouer the most hidden infirmitie , you shall first take the horse out of the stable in a long string , and causing one to runne him in his hand , at the length of the halter , marke how he sets downe his legges , for if any be imperfect , then that he will fauour ; but if at first he goe vpright , and fauour no leg , then take his backe and ride him a while roundly vp and downe a rode , then light from his backe , and let him stand still an howre , then as before let him be run in a mans hand , at the halters length , without any man on his backe ; and beleeue it as a most certaine rule , if he haue the least griefe that may be , he wil then shew it , and fauour that limbe which is pained ; for by this rule only are many bad horse-coursers discouered . Now to know whereof these griefes proceed , you shall vnderstand that if the griefe proceede of a hot cause , then the horse halteth most when he trauelleth or is chaft . But if it proceed from cold causes , then he halteth most when he is cold , and least when he is hot and much trauellled . CHAP. 56. Of the griefe and pinching in the shoulder . THe griefe or pinching of the shoulder , commeth either by labouring and straming the horse too young , or by the cariage of too great burthens . It is to be knowne by the narrownesse of the breast , and by the consumption of the flesh of the shoulders , in so much that the sore parte of the shoulder bone , will sticke out and be much higher then the flesh , & if it be of any long continuance , he will be very hollow vpon the bysket towards the fore-boothes , and he will goe wider beneath at the feete then at the knees . The cure thereof according to the opinion of some Farriers , is , to make a slit of an inch long , with a sharpe knife , vpon both sides , an inch vnder the shoulder bone , and blowing the skinne well from the flesh , with a swans quill , both of the one and the other shoulder , euen vp to the toppe of the withers , and stroaking the wind vp equally with your hand into both the shoulders , and then when they are full , sticke the windy places with a hasell sticke ouer all the shoulder ; then loosening the skinne from the flesh againe , rowel both the slits , either with tampins of horse haire , or with round peeces of vpper leather of an old shoe , with an hole in the midst , for the matter to issue foorth at , and let the tampins be at least two handfuls longin the skinne , and the round rowell at least three inches broad , and beeing so put as they may lie plaine and flat within the cut , then once a day you shall turne the rowels in the skinne , & thrust out the matter ; but if the hole grow so straight that the matter cannot easily come out , with a sharpe knife you shall enlarge it ▪ then put a paire of pasterns on his forelegs , and so let him stand fifteene daies , at the end whereof walke him abroad , and try how he goeth , and if he do not goe to your liking , then continue him in the same manner other fifteene daies , and he will goe sound . But our best Farriers vse , after they haue rowelled the horse , as is aforesaid , then to lay this charge or plaister all ouer his withers , shoulders , and breast . Take of pitch & of rozen , of each a pound , of tarre halfe a pint , boile all these together in a pot , & when it is somwhat cooled , take a sticke with a woollen cloath bound to the end of it , and dippe it into the charge and couer , or daube all the shoulders therewith ; that done , clap floxe of the collor of the horse , or as neare as you can get it vpon the charge , & euery other day make your rowels cleane , and put them in againe , continuing thus to do the space of fifteene daies ; then take out the rowels , and heale vp the wounds , with two tents of flaxe dipt in turpentine , and hogges grease molten together , renewing the same euery day once , vntill the wounds be whole , but let the charge lye still vntill it fall away of it selfe ; and if you let the horse runne at grasse , til he haue had a frost or two , there is no question but he will be a great deale the sounder . There be other Farriers which vse to rowell the horse , as is afore said , yet crosse wise , that is , one ouerthwart the other , then draw all the shoulder ouer , with a hot drawing yron in the comliest wise you can , making many scortches downe his shoulders : then annoint both thē and the rowels once a day , with sweet buttter & walke the horse vp and downe euening and morning , that the humors may flow to the sore places and issue foorth , and with your hands once a day at the least thrust out the matter ; this cure is to be likewise contitnued the space of 15 daies , & then the horse will be whole , yet for mine owne part , in so much as the cure is foule , I doe not much affect it . CHAP. 57. Of the wrench in the shoulder . THe wrench or straine in the shoulder , cometh of some dangerous slipping or sliding , either in the stable or abroad , or of too s●ddaine stopping , when a horse gallops , or by falles , either on the planks , or on slippery ground , or by too sodaine turning vnsure ground , or by going too rashly out of some dore , or by the stroake of another horse : you shall perceiue it by his trailing his leg vpon the ground close after him . The cure is , to let him bloud vpon the plat veine , & take away the quantity of 3 pints of bloud , which bloud you must saue in a pot , & put thereunto , first of strong vinegar a quart , & halfe a dozen broken egges , shels & al , & so much wheat flowre as wil thicken al that liquor ; that done , put therunto of Bole-armoniack beaten into fine powder , a pound , of Sanguis Draconis 2 ounces , & mingle them altogether , so as the flowre may not be perceiued , and if it be too soft , you may adde a little more vinegar : then with your hand daube all the shouder from the maine downewarde and betwixt the fore-bowels all against the haire , and let not the horse depart out of that place , vntill the charge be surely fastened vnto the skinne , that done , carry him into the stable , and tye him vp to the racke , and suffer him not to lie downe all the day , and giue him a little meat , dyetting him very moderately the space of fifteene daies , during which time he may not stirre out of his place , but only to lye downe : and euery day once refresh the shoulder point with this charge , laying still new vpon the old ; and at the fifteene daies end leade him abroad to see how he goeth , and if he be somewhat amended , then let him rest without trauelling the space of one moneth , and that will bring his shoulder to perfection : but if he mende nothing at all , for all this that is done , then you shall rowell him as is before shewed in the former Chapter , iust vpon the shoulder point , & so keep him rowelled the space of fifteene daies , not forgetting to stirre the rowell and clense the wound each other day , and then walke him vp & downe faire and softly , and turne him alwaies on the contrary side to the sore ; and when he goeth vpright pull out the rowell , and heale vp the wound with turpentine and hogges grease molten together , as is before said : but if all this will not serue , then it shall be needfull to draw him chequor-wise with a hot yron , ouer all the shoulder point , & also to make him to draw in a plough euery day two howers at the least , to settle his ioints , for the space of three weekes or a moneth ; and if any thing will helpe , these two last remedies will set him sound . Now there be other Farriers , which for this griefe first let the horse bloud in the breast veine , and then rowell him from the neather parte of the spade bone downe to the point of the shoulder , which done , you shall set a patten shoe vpon the sound foote , and so turne the horse to grasse for the space of a moneth , not forgetting euery other day to stirre and remoue the rowels , and to thurst out the matter ▪ then assoone as you see him go sound , you shall take off his patten shoe , and pull out the rowels , and then let him runne still at grasse , till he haue taken a frost or two , and no doubt but he will continue sound . CHAP. 58. Of the wrench in the wither ioint . THis wrench cometh by treading his foote in some hole , or in some rough or stony way . The signes whereof are these , the horse will halte , and the top of his backe vpon the points of his shoulder blades will be swolne and somewhat hard to handle . The cure is , take of blacke or gray sope halfe a pound , and hauing made it hot in a pan , take a handfull or two of towe , and dippe it into the sope , then lay it very hot ouer all the horses withers ; then clappe a plaister of waxe , turpentine , and hogges grease , molten together ouer it , then couer it with two or three warme cloathes , and keepe the ioints as warme as may be : thus let him stand twenty foure howres ere you dresse him againe , and continue this manner of dressing for fifteene daies , and the horse will goe soundly . Now there be other Farriers , that in stead of this sope will take wine lees , and wheate flowre mingled together , and making a plaister thereof lay it very hot to the greeued place , and so renew it once a day vntill the horse goe ●ound . CHAP. 59. Of splayting the shoulder , or of shoulder torne . THe splaiting of the shoulder , is when by some dangerous slippe or slide , either vpon the side of some bancke , or vpon the plaunchers , the horse hath his shoulder parted from his breast , and so leaues an open clift , not in the skinne , but in the flesh and filme next the skinne , whereby the horse halteth , and is not able to go : it is to be seene by the trayling of his legge after him in going . The cure whereof is thus , first put a paire of straite pastornes on his forefeet , keeping him still in the stable without disquieting of him ; then take of Dialthea one pound , of sallet oile one pint , of oile de bay halfe a pound , of fresh butter halfe a pound ; melte all these things together in an earthen pot , and annoint the grieued place therwith , and also round about the inside of the shoulder ; and within 2 or three daies after , both that place and all the shoulder will swell , then either pricke him with a launcet or fleame in all the swelling places , or else with a sharp hot iron , & then annoint it still with the ointement before said ; but if you see that it will not goe away , but swell still and gather to a head , then launce it where the swelling doth gather most and is softest vnder the fingar , and then taint it with flaxe dipt in turpentine , and hogges grease molten together , as is before shewed , renewing the taint twice a day till the sorrance be whole . CHAP. 60. Of the shoulder pighte . THe shoulder pighte is when a horse by reason of some great fall , rush , or straine , hath the point of his shoulder thrust out of ioint , which is easy to be seen in that the pointe of the sore shoulder will sticke out much farther then the other , and the horse will halte downe right . The cure whereof , as the old Farriers hold it , is , first to make him swimme in a deepe water , vp and downe a dozen turnes , for that will make the ioint returne into his true place , then make two tough pins of ashen wood as much as your little fingar , being sharpe at the points , each one fiue inches long ; that done , flit the skinne an inch aboue the point , and an inch beneath the point of the shoulder , and thurst in one of the pins from aboue downewarde , so as both ends may equally sticke without the skinne ; and if the pinne of wood will not easily passe through , you may make it way first with an yron pinne ; that done , make other two holes crosse to the first holes , so as the other pinne may crosse the first pin right in the midst , with a right crosse , and the first pinne would be somewhat flat in the midst , to the intent that the other being round , may passe the better without stoppe , and close he iuster together ; then take a peece of a little line somewhat bigger then a whippe cord , and at one end make a loope , which being put ouer one of the pinnes ends , winde the rest of the line good and straight about the pinnes ends , so as it may lye betwixt the pinnes ends and the skinne , and fasten the last end with a packe needle and a packe threed vnto the rest of the cord , so as it may not slippe ; and to doe well , both the pinnes and the cord would be first annointed with a little hogs grease , then bring him into the stable , and let him rest the space of nine daies : and let him lye downe as little as may be , and put a pastorne on the sore legge , so as it may be bound with a cord vnto the foote of the manger , to keepe that legge alwaies whilst he standeth in the stable more forward then the other , and at the nine daies end , take out the pins , & annoint the sore places with a little Dialthea , or with hogges grease , and then turne him to grasse . Other of our latter Farriers , vse first to lay good store of straw vnder the horse , & then put a paire of strong pastornes on his forelegges , and another on his hinder , then hauing throwne him vpon his back , to hang him vp by the legs from the ground with two ropes drawne ouer some beame or baulke , which will put the bone into his true place againe , then hauing let him downe againe faire and softly , loose the fore pastorne of the sound legge , and with a cord before you let him rise , tye the lame legge to the foote of the manger , so shorte as in his rising he shall be forced to hold his legge before him for feare of putting his shoulder out of ioint , and let him stand so tyed for the space of three daies ; and presently when he is vp , burne all the point of his shoulder with a hot drawing yron checkerwise , a ful foot square at the least , & let euery stroke be no more then an inch distant one from another : and hauing burned him well , charge all these burned places , and all the rest of his shoulder with pitch , rozen , and tarre molten together , and laid on something hot , with a cloath tyed to a sticks end ; then clap floxe of the collor of the horse vpon it , then charge him againe ouer the floxe , and at the three daies end loose his foote , and put a paire of pastornes vpon his feete , and let him neither lye downe , nor stirre out of the stable for the space of sixteene or twenty daies : then may you leade him abroad , & see whether he go well or no , and if he be not perfect , you may then giue him as much more rest , & that will recouer him . CHAP. 61. Of the swelling of the fore legges after great labour . HOrses not much vsed to trau●ll , will after great labour swell vpon their fore legges , because heat and violent exercise will cause humors to resorte downe into the legges , especially if such horses shal be inwardly very fat ; for the indiscreete labour will melt that inwarde grease , and make it descend downe into the legges . The cure according to the practise of some Farriers , is , to take a pound of nerue-oile , a pound of blacke sope , and halfe a pound of boares grease melten , and boile them all well together , and then straine it , and let it coole ; then annoint your horses legges therewith being made luke warme againe , and then keepe his legges cleane from dust . Other Farriers vse to bathe his legges in butter and beare , or in vinegar & butter , some with sheeps foot oile , some with neates foote oile , some with traine oile , and some with pisse and salte peeter boild together , of all which pisse & salt peeter is the best ; & after any such bathing , you must roll vp the horses legs with hay ropes wet in cold water , euen from the pastorne to the knee , but in any wise not too straite for feare of doing hurte , so let him stand continually when he resteth . Now other Farriers somewhat more curious , vse for the swelling of the legges this bathe ; take of mallowes three handfuls , a rose-cake , of sage one handfull , boile them together in a sufficient quantity of water , and when the mallowes be soft , put in halfe a pound of butter , and halfe a pinte of sallet oile , and then being somewhat warme , wash the swelling therewith euery daie once the space of three or foure daies : and if the swelling wil not go away with this , then take wine lees and cummin , and boile them together , and put thereunto a little wheate flower , and charge all the swelling therewith , and walke him often ; and if all will not serue , then take vp the great veine aboue the knee on the inside , suffring him not to bleed from aboue , but all from beneath : and it will take away the swelling . CHAP. 62. Of a Horse that is foundred in his feete . A horse is said to be foundred of his feete , when he hath such a numbnesse , & pricking or tingling within his houes , that he hath neither sence nor feeling of his feete , but is in all respects like a man that by hard or crooked sitting hath both his feete● asleepe ( as wee call it ) du●ing which passion we know we can neither well goe nor stand ; and euen so it fareth with a horse in this case , for the course of the bloud being stopped , those obstructions causeth this torment . It commeth most commonly when a horse is very fat , and hath his grease molten within him , and then sodainely cooled by taking his saddle off two soone ; or by standing still in the cold vnstirred , or else by letting him stand still in some shallow water little higher then his fetlocks . A horse also may be foundred , by wearing straight and vneasy shoo●s , especially in the sommer season , when a horse trauelleth vpon the hard ground . The signes , to know it , is , the horse goeth crouching , and drawing all his foure feete within the compasse almost of a pecke , and will stand so fearefully as though he stood vpon needles . Now you shall vnderstand , that a horse will sometimes be only foundred of his foref●ete , and not of his hinder , which you shall know in that the horse will tread onely vpon his hinder feete , and not on his forefeete , and goe as though his buttockes would touch the ground ; and sometimes he will be foundred vpon his hinder feete , and not vpon his forefeeet , and that you shall perceiue by his fearefulnes to set his feet to the ground , being also so weake behind that he will stand quiuering and quaking , and couet alwaies to lye downe , and sometimes he will be foundred of all his forefeete , the signes whereof were first declared . Now for as much as the cures be all of one and the selfe same nature , and what cureth the first , cureth also the rest , I will ioine them all together , with this aduice , that if you find the horse to be foundred of the sorefeet only , then to apply your medicine to the foreparts only , if on the hinder feete , then to the hinder parts ; but if of all foure feete , then to lay your medicine to all the seuerall parts of the body , as shall be presently declared . To come then to the cures , ( according to the opinion of a worthy Knight well experienced in this disease ) if your horse be foundred of all his foure feet , you shall cause him to be let bloud on his two breast veines of his two forelegges somewhat aboue his knees , also you shall let him bloud on his two spurre veines , and on the veines of his two hinder feete a little aboue the hoofe , betweene the hoofe and the pastorne : you shall let these veines bleed well to the quantity of a quarte or three pintes , which bloud you must saue in some vessell , and stirre it with a sticke to keepe it from clearing : and when he hath bled as aboue said , put it all into one vessell , then stoppe the 〈…〉 with some horse dung , or some earth ▪ and make a charge with the bloud in this sort : take as much wheat meale , branne and all , as will make the bloud somewhat thicke , and put it into the bloud : take eight or tenne egges , and breake them also into this bloud , shels and all : take a pinte of strong vinegar , and a quantity of Bole-armoniacke braid , and put them into the bloud also , which done , you shall stirre them altogether ; then shall you with your hand lay the said charge all along vpon the reins of the horses backe , vpon his buttockes , and downe his shoulders : when you haue laid on this charge thus , you shall take two long linnen ragges dipped in the same charge , with which so dipped you shall garter the horse aboue the knees of his forelegges somewhat hard , and likewise with two other like ragges so dipped , you shall garter him hard aboue both his hinder hoofes also : that done , cause him to be walked vpon the hardest ground you can find , for the space of two or 3 howers : if he be loath to go , as commonly he will be , let one follow him , and beate him with a stick or wand to force him to go : then after this walking let him be set vp & tyed to the racke , that he lye not downe , and there let him rest two or three howres ; which done , let him be walked againe two or three howers more as aforesaid , then set him vp , and let him feed ; and when you giue him drinke , which you may doe within two or threee howres after his feeding , let it be a warme mash of malte and water , and then let him feed a little after it , then ride him a little ; and if you let him stand an howre or two in a poole of standing water vp to the belly , and one vpon his backe , it is good also , and after that ride him againe a little : then let him be set vp well dressed and couered , and so by little and little ride him a day or two , and then may you boldly iourney him ; for it is riding that bringeth the horse to the perfectnesse of his feete , and you shall find your horse as sound as euer he was . Now during this cure , you are to take these obseruations in your memory . First you shall not need to remoue or stirre the horses shoes : then you must after twenty foure howres rub off the charge from the horse backe . Item , you shall take away his garters after twelue howres , and rub his knees & houghes with your hand , and with wispes , to take away the numbnesse . Item , if you cannot get wheat meale , you may take oaten meale . Item , if he will will not bleed in the veines before named , then you may take your bloud from the necke veine . Lastly , if you take the horse in hand to cure within twenty foure howres after he is foundred , he will be sound againe within twenty foure howres after ; if he goe longer , the cure will be longer in doing . Now the ancient Farriers of this kingdome , and amongst the Italians , differ not much in their practise from this already rehearsed , only into the charge they adde of Sanguis Draconis halfe a quarterne , and as much beane flower , as wheat flowre , and of turpentine halfe a pound ; then if they ●id see that within foure daies the horse did not recouer , then they did know that the hurtfull hum●rs did only lye in the horses feete , and there you must search his feete with your butterysse , paring all the soles of his feete so thin , that you may see the water issue through the sole : that done , let him bloud at the toes , & let him bleed well ; then stoppe the veine with turpentine , & hogs grease molten together , and laid vpon a little flaxe , & then tacke on his shoes , & cram the place where you did let him bloud hard with tow , to the entent it may be surely stopt ; then fill all the soles of his feete with hogges grease and bran boild or fried together so hot as is possible , and vpon that stopping clappe a peece of leather , and two crosse splents , to keepe in the stopping ; and immediatly after this take two egges , and beat them in a dish , and put thereunto as much Bole-armoniack and beane flowre as will thicken the same , & mixe them well together , and make thereof two plaisters , such as may close each foote round about somewhat aboue the cronet , and bind it fast with a list or roller , that it may not fall away nor be remoued for the space of two daies ; but let the soles of his feete be cleansed , and new stopped euery daie once , and the cronets to be remoued euery two daies vntill the horse be sound : during which time let him rest vnwalked for feare of loosening his houes : but if you see that he beginne to amend , you may walke him faire and softly once a day vpon some softe ground to exercise his legges and feete , and let him not eate much , nor drinke cold water ; but if his foundring breake out aboue the hoofe , which you shall perceiue by the loosenesse of the coffin aboue by the cronet , then when you pare the sole , you must take all the forepart of the sole cleane away , leauing the heeles whole : to the entent the humors may haue the freer passage downeward , and then stoppe him , and dresse him about the cronet , as is before said . Now if the horse during this cure , chaunce to fall sicke , or grow so dry in his body that he cannot dung , then you shall first rake him , & after giue him a glister of mallowes , three handfuls boild in water from a pottle to a quart : then after it is strained , put to it halfe a pound of butter , and a quarter of a pint of sallet oile , and so administer it ; then when the horse hath emptied his belly giue him this comfortable drinke . Take of malmsey a quart , and put thereunto a little cinnamon , mace & pepper beaten into fine powder , and of oile a quarter of a pint , and giue the horse to drinke of that luke-warme ; that done , let him be walked vp and downe a good while together , if he be able to goe ; if not , then tye him vp to the racke , and let him be hanged with canuas and ropes , so as he may stand vpon the ground with his feete , for the lesse he lieth downe , the better ; but these extremities do seldome happen . Now there be other Farriers , which for the foundring of a horse , only take verdigrease , turpentine and sallet oile , and ho●ges grease , of each like quantity , of bees waxe one ounce , boile altogether , and so dip flaxe or tow in it ▪ then hauing pared his feete thinne , and let him bloud on the toes , stoppe all his feete with that ointment very hot : or else they take the rootes of nettles , and hemlocke , with elder pilles of each a handfull ; boyle them tender in boares grease , or hogges grease , so let him bloud in the midst of the foote on the toe veine ; then bathe and chafe his ioynt and legge therewith all about from his knee vnto the feetlocke , and then clappe it to , and binde a cloath fast to as hot as you can . So vse this once a day till he be well . Now for mine owne part , although there is not any of these former recited practises but are found perfectly good in their kindes , yet I haue not found any so absolute either for old or new founder , as this which I will rehearse . First you shall with a very sharp drawing knife , draw euery part of the soles of the horses feete so thinne as is possible , euen till you see the very water and bloud issuing forth , and being sure to draw or pare euery part alike , which can hardly be done with a butterys : then at the very sharpe end of the frush of the horses foote you shall see the veine lye , then with your knifes end lift vp the hoofe and let the veine bleede ( which as long as you hold open the hoofe wil spinne a great way forth ) when it hath bled better then a pint , you shall close the hoofe and so stoppe the veine : then tacke on his foote a hollow shooe made for the purpose : that done , clap a little tow dipt in hogges grease and turpentine vppon the veine very hard : then take two or three hard egges roasted , and comming burning hot out of the fire , and burst them in the sole of the horses foote : then powre vpon them hogges grease , turpentine , and tarre boyling hot , and as much flaxe dipt therein as will fill vp the hollow shooe , then lay on a peece of leather to keepe all the rest in , and splint it sure : and in this manner dresse his foure fe●te , if all bee foundred , otherwise , no more then are foundred ; and thus you shall dresse the horse three times in one fortnight , and without any further trouble you shall bee sure to haue the horse as sound as euer he was . Now if the horse be foundred through the straitnesse of a shoo , which in truth is not a founder , but a frettizing which is a degree lesse then foundring , then you shall for that sorrance , you shall first take off his shooe , and let him bloud on the toes , then stopping the place with bruised sage , then tack on his shooe againe , and stop it with hogs grease and bran boiled together , as hot as is possible ; and do thus twice in one fortnight , and it will helpe him . CHAP. 63. Of the Splent as well on the inside of the knee as of any other part of the legge . A Splent is to the outward feeling , a very gristle , or rather a hard bone , sometimes as big as a hazell nut , sometimes as big as a wal-nut , according to the age thereof , growing vpon the inside of the forelegge , betweene the knee and the vpper pasterne ioynt , and somtimes iust vnderneath , and close vnto the knee , which is of all other the most dangerous splent , and doth the soonest make a horse lame : it cometh by trauelling a horse too yong , or by ouerpressing him with heauy burthens , wherby the tender sinews of his legs are offended . Now for the knowledge thereof it is easy , because it is apparant vnto the eie , & most palpable to be felt . The cure according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , is to take an onyon , & pricking out the chore , put into it halfe a spoonfull of hony , & a quarter of a spoonfull of vnsleckt lime , and 4. penywaight of verdigrease ; then closing vp the onion , roast it in hot embers vntil it be soft , then bruise it in a mortar , & as hot as the horse can suffer it , lay it to the splent & it will take it away ; but in any case cut no skin . Other of the ancient Farriers , vse first to wash the splent with warme water , & then to shaue off the haire , and lightly to scarifie or pricke the skin with the point of a razor , so as the bloud may issue forth : then take of Cantharides halfe a spoonful , & of Euforbium as much , beaten into fine powder , & mingle them together with a spoonful of oyle de bay , & then melt them in a little pan , stirring them well together so as they may not boile ouer ; & being so boiling hot , take 2. or 3. feathers & anoint al the soare places therwith : that done , let not the horse stir frō the place where you so dresse him , for an houre after , to the intent hee shake not off the oyntment : then carry him faire & softly into the stable , & tye him so as he may not reach with his head beneath the manger : for otherwise he will couet to bite away the smarting & pricking medicine , which if it shold touch his lips would quickly fetch off the skin ; & also let him stand without litter al that day & night ; the next day anoint the soare place with fresh butter , continuing so to do euery day once for the space of 9. daies : for this will allay the heate of the medicine , & cause both that & the crust of the splent to fall away of it selfe . There be other Farriers which vse with a fine hot drawing Iron to burne the sorrance downe in the midst the full length of the splent , & then ouerthwart like this figure ; then 4. houres after such burning , take cows dung new made , & sallet oile mixt & wel beaten together , & therwith anoint al the soare places ; and this must be done when the splent is very yong . Others vse to slit the sorrance with a knife the whole length of the splent , and then with a cornet to open the slit , & lay the splent bare ; then to make about the wound a coffin of clay , all open at the toppe ; then take boares grease made scalding hot , and powre it into the wound vntill the clay coffin be full ; then let it rest vntill the grease be cold : after that let the horse rise , and this with once dressing will take the splent cleane away without any blemish or eye sore . Others vse to beate the splent with a sticke , and to bruise it well , then pricke it with an awle , and thrust out the bloud ; then lay on whitleather , and with a hot Iron make the grease scald it , or else melt into it pitch and verdygrease , and then lay a plaister of pitch ouer it , not remouing it vntill it fall off by it selfe ; or else after you haue beat and prickt the splent , take out the chore of an onyon , and fill it with baysalt ; then roast it soft , and lay it hot to the splent , and in steed of the onyon you may , if you will , binde to a hard roasted egge , being fire hot . Other Farriers vse to slit the skinne the length of the splent , then to dippe a little peece of linnen in warme wine , and sprinkle verdygrease thereon , and so lay it to the slit , renewing it once a day vntill the splent bee gone . Others vse to shaue off the haire , and to rubbe the splent twice a day with tarre very hard , till the splent be gone ; but this splent must be very yong and tender , for fasting spettle is as good as tarre . Other Farriers vse to take a blacke snaile and slit her , and put in bay salt , and lay it to the splent being opened , renewing it once a day vntill the splent be gone : then let the veine aboue the knee be taken vp , and let it bleede from below , lest it feede the splent againe . Others vse if the splent bee vpon the knee , to burne it as is before said ; then take wormewood , smallage , pellitory of the wall , and branke vrsine stampt with swines grease , and lay it to the burnings , prouided that first the haire bee shaued off , and if the splent be below the knee , this cure is good also , and much the safer . Now after all these former recited practises , you shall vnderstand that the most cleanelyest way to take away a splent , is first , after you haue cast your horse , with a hazell sticke of a pretty poyse and bignesse , gently to beate the splent at the first , and then by degrees a little harder and harder till the splent grow soft in euery part ; then with the poynt of your lancet let out all the bloud and water ; then take a brick-bat , and hauing laid it in the fire when it is exceeding hot , fold it vp in a red cloath , and therewith rubbe the splent , and smooth it vpon the top till you haue dryed away the bloud , & that no more moysture commeth out ; then take of pitch , of rosen , and masticke , of each a like quantity , melt them well together , and being very hot , lay it ouer and all about the splent , then clappe floxe of the colour of the horses legge vpon it , and so let it rest vpon the splent , vntill it fall away of it selfe ; and if when it is fallen away , you perceiue that any part of the splent remaine behinde , which hardly will be if it be orderly beaten , then you shall dresse that remainder as you did the other before , and the splent will be perfectly cured . Now for the surest and most certainest way to take off a splent , it is thus : with the poynt of a sharpe knife , make a slit of more then a barley corne length iust vpon the top in the midst of the splent , and let it be so deep that you may be sure that the bone of the splent is bare ; then put into that slit with the point of your knife as much arsnicke as the quarter of an hazell nut ; and within 3. or 4 daies , it wil so haue eaten the splent , that it will fall out of it selfe ; then you shall heale vp the sore either with fresh butter molten , or with a plaister of hogs grease and turpentine , mingled & melted together ; onely in this cure you must beware that you tye the horse so as for 24. houres he may not touch the soare place with his mouth . Now in conclusion I am to giue you this smal precept , to beare euer in your minde , that is both for the healing of this , & of al other tumors whatsoever . You must first stay the falling downe of new humors to the place troubled , as by binding plaisters , as pitch , rosen , masticke , red-lead , oyle , bole-armony , and such like ; then to draw out the matter which is there gathered , with drawing simples , as waxe , turpentine , & such like : and lastly , to dry vp the relicks with drying pouders , as hony , & lime , oister shels , soot , & such like ; and also you must know , that all splents , spauens , or rubs , must either be taken way at the beginning , or after the full of the moone . C●AP . 64. Of the Serew ▪ or therrow Splent . ALthough diuers of our Farriers do distinguish & make a difference betwixt a serew & a splent , saying , that the serew is euer of the out-side of the leg , as the splent is of the inside ; yet it is most certaine , that the disease & infirmity is all one , & may as wel be cald a splent on the outside of the leg , as a splent of the inside of the leg , and this splent on the outside is euer least dangerous . Now a horse many times will haue both these splents at one time , & vpon one legge ; nay I haue seene them so iust opposite one to the other , that one would haue thought they had gone through the horses leg whence it hath come to passe , that many foolish Farriers being of that minde , haue entituled them a therrow splent ; and I haue seene my selfe some well reputed Farriers , that hauing the cure brought vnto thē , haue refused the same , saying it was a therrow splent , and therefore most incurable ; but the opinion is most absurd & ridiculous : for the shin bone being hollow , and full of pith & marrow , there can nothing grow through it but it must confound the marrow , & then the bone cannot hold , but must presently breake in sunder , especially when such a weake spongy substance as a splent is , shall possesse the whole strength of the leg . Now for the cure , as the splent & it are all one , so they haue all one cure , & what helpeth the first , with more ease helpeth the later , in as much as it is not ful so dangerous , nor so neare the maine sinewes . CHAP. 65. Of the Mallander . A Mallander is a kind of dry hard scab , growing in the forme of lines or strakes ouerthwart the very bought or inward bent of the knee , & hath hard hairs with stubborn roots , like swines bristles , which corrupteth and cankereth the flesh like the roots of a childs scabbed head ; & if the sore be great and deepe , it will make the horse go stiffe at his first setting forth , and halt much . It doth proceed either from the corruptiō of bloud , or from neligent keeping , when the horse wanteth cleane dressing ▪ for you shal know that some horses naturally are giuen to haue long haire from the top of the bought of the knee down to the feetlocke , and that haire in the bought of the knee is oft apt to curle , whereby those horses if they be not very carefully and cleane kept , are much subiect to this disease . Now for the cure according to the opinion of the old Farriers , it is thus . Take a barreld herring out of the pickell , with a soft roe , and two spoonefull of blacke sope , and so much allome ; beate all these in a mortar well together , and then lay it to the soare , renewing it once a day for three dayes , and it will kill the mallander ; prouided alwaies that before you lay any thing vnto a mallander , you euer pull off the dry scabbes first , and leaue no haire growing within the soare . Other Farriers vse to take a paring of cheese , & roasting it very hot , annoynt it with hony , and so hot lay it to the mallander , and renew it once a day till the mallander be whole : or else beate hens mucke & gillyflowers wel together , and lay it to the soare till it be whole . Other Farriers vse after they haue washt the soare cleane with warme water , and shaued off the haire and the scabs , to take a spoonful of sope , and as much lime ; mingle them together that it may be like paste , then spread as much on a clout as will couer the soare , and binde it fast on with a list , renewing it euery day once the space of two or three dayes ; and at the three daies end take away the plaister and annoint the soare with oyle of roses made luke warme , and that will fetch away the scurse or crusty asker , bred by meanes of the burning plaister : which scurfe being taken away , wash the soare place well euery day once with his owne stale , or else with mans vrine , and then immediatly strow vpon it the powder of burnt oyster shels , continuing so to do euery day once vntill it be whole . Others of our later Farriers vse to take a quart of water , hafe a pint of oyle , and as much flower as will thicken it with seething ; then lay that hot to the soare twice a day for foure daies together ; then take masticke , frankinsence , beaten to fine powder , quicksiluer , kild either in the iuice of lemans , or in strong vinegar , of each an ounce ; then of Litergie halfe an ounce , of Cer●se tenne ounces , and as much of swines grease cl●rified : incorporate and mingle all these together with vinegar and oyle , and lay it to the soare vntill the mallander bee kild ; then heale it vp as is before shewed . Others vse after they haue washed it & and shaued it , to rub it with pisse and sope vntill it be raw : then to lay to it , nerue-oyle , hony , and strong mustard , vntill it be whole . Others vse to take Sulphure , vitrioll , sal-niter , sal-gemme , mixt with oyle de bay , and to rub the mallander well therewith . Now to conclude , you shall vn●erstand that some horses will haue two mallanders vpon one legge , one aboue anot●er , and sometimes one a lit●le aboue the inward bending of the knee , and another a little below the inward bending of the knee ; but the cure is all alike , and as you dresse one , so you may dresse two or three . Now for mine owne p●rt , I haue not found any thing better for a mallander , then after the soare is cleansed , to take the ordure or dung of a man , and annoynt the soare therewith , and it will kill it and heale it . CHAP. 66. Of an vpper attaint or ouer-reache vpon the backe sinew of the flanke , somewhat aboue the pasterne ioynt . THis which we call an vpper attaint , is nothing else but a painfull swelling of the master sinew , or backe sinew of the shanke bone , by reason that the horse doth sometimes ouer reach & strike that sinew with the toe of his hinder foote , and thereby causeth the horse to halt much . Now the signes are both the swelling and the halting : and the cure , according to some of the old Farriers , is , to dresse the soare place with a plaister made of wine lees and wheat flowre laid hot too , or else to take of blacke sope and boares grease of each like quantity , scalding hot ; make a plaister or seare-cloath thereof , and clap it all about the soare place : or else if the swelling by no salue wil dissolue , take a fine thinne hot drawing Iron , & draw his legge all downward with the haire in many small striks from the one end of the swelling to the other ; & make the strikes very thicke together , and somewhat deep : then anoynt his burning for 2. or 3. daies with blacke sope , and so turne the horse to grasse ; but if he will not runne at grasse , then euery day giue him some moderate exercise ; but this burning I fancy not much , for it is soule , & all be it take away the swelling , yet the seames of the burning , when they are cured , wil keepe the member bigge , as if it were still swelled . Now other of the ancient Farriers , vse first to wash the legge with warme water , then to shaue off the haire as farre as the swelling goeth ; then to scarifie the soare place with the poynt of a razor , that the bloud may issue forth : then take of Cantharides and Euforbium of each halfe an ounce , mingle them together with halfe a quarterne of sope , and with a slice spread some of this oyntment ouer all the soare , suffering him to rest there where you dresse him for one halfe hower after ; and then you may carry him into the stable , and there let him stand without litter , and so tyed as hee may not touch the soare with his mouth : & then the next day rese him in the same manner againe : then the third day annoynt the place with fresh butter , continuing so to do the space of nine dayes , and at the nine dayes end make him this bath : Take of mallowes three handfuls , a rose cake , of sage , an handful ; boyle them together in a sufficient quantity of water , and when the mallowes be soft , put in halfe a pound of butter , and halfe a pint of sallet oyle ; and then being somwhat warme , wash the soare place therewith euery day once vntill it be whole . Others vse to cleaue a chickin or a pidgeon , and to clap it hot to the swelling , and it will abate it : or else take Dialthea , Agripa and oyle , and mixing it together , lay it to the swelling . Others vse to take of frankinsence , of rosen , of tarre , of Euforbium , of turpentine , and fenugreeke , of each a quarter of an ounce ; of suet an ounce , of oyle an ounce , of waxe three ounces , and three quarters of an ounce of Myrre ; mixe and melt them altogether , and plaister-wise lay it to the soare place till it be whole : or else take for this sorrance , 3. quarters of an ounce of Sanguis draconis , an ounce of bole-armony , as much oyle , three ounces of masticke , and as much suet , and as much swines grease ; melt and mixe them together , and lay it to the swelling , and it will take it away ; then make the shooes of his hinder feete shorter then the hornes of his toes by a quarter of an inch , and let the horne hang ouer vncut away , and make the foreshooe no longer then his heele , but rather the shorter . CHAP. 67. Of a neather Attaint , or ouer-reach on the pasterne ioynt . THe neather Attaint , or ouer-reach on the midst , and in the hollow of the pasterne ioynt is a little bladder full of ielly , like vnto a winde-gall ; and though it be not apparant to the eye , yet it is easie to be felt , and may come as well by some wrinch or straine , as by an ouer-reach , and it will make a horse halt much . The signes are , the neather ioynt towards the feetlocke will be very hot , and somewhat sweld , and the little soft bleb will easily be felt . The cure , after the opinion of the old Farriers is , take a small cord , and roll him somewhat strait from the knee to the neather ioynt , and then in the pasterne betweene the hoofe and the ioynt with a fleame strike him in the midst of the swelling , and let out the matter : then take the white of an egge , and beate it with a little salt , and then dipping flaxe therein lay it vnto all the swelling , and then vnroll his legge and renew the salue twice a day till all the griefe be gone . But in any case let him not be laboured or ridden whilest he is in curing . CHAP. 68. Of an Attaint or ouer-re●ch on the heele . AN attaint or ouer-reach vpon the heele , is when a horse striketh the toe of his hinder shooe into his heele , iust vpon the setting on of the hoofe ; and this ouer-reach if it be not looked vnto , will fret and ranckle so much inward , that it will endanger the horses hoofe , and you shall commonly see by the cut the skinne hang ouer the horses heele , and it will make a horse halt . Now the cure is , first to cut away the skinne , and also the hoofe and the flesh , till you haue made the soare euen & plaine without any hollownesse ; then wash it very well with beere and salt , then bind vnto it a little flaxe dipt in the white of an egge , mingled with a little bole-armony , renewing it euery day once the space of three or foure dayes , and that will heale it . CHAP. 69. Of the Mellet on the heele . A Mellet is a dry scabbe that groweth vpon the heele , sometimes through the corruption of bloud , and sometimes for want of cleane rubbing and dressing when he is wet set vp : it appeareth like a dry chap without any moysture , and will bee sometimes as well on both heeles as on one . The cure is , according to the practise of the old Farriers , to take halfe a pint of hony , & a quarter of a pound of blacke sope , and mixe them together : then put thereto foure or fiue spoonefull of vinegar , and as much of allome as an hennes egge vnburnt , and two spoonefull of rye flowre ; mixe them all well together , and then lay it plaister-wise to the soare as farre as the mellet goeth , and let it lye thereto fiue dayes , and then take it away , and wash all his legge and foote with salt beefe broth ; and then rope his legge all a day with wet hay-ropes , and hee will be sound : prouided alwayes that before you dresse him , you euer take off the dry scab or scurfe , and make the loare as cleane and as plaine as is possible . CHAP. 70. Of false Quarters . A False Quarter is a rift or open back seame , sometimes in the outside , but most oftest in the inside of the hoofe , because the inside is euer the weaker part ; which sides are euer called quarters : whence this sorrance taketh his name , & is called a false quarter , as much as to say , a sicke and vnsound quarter : for it is as if it were a peece set vnto the hoof , & the hoofe not all of one entire peece as it ought to be . It cometh many times by euill shooing , and euill paring , and sometimes by pricking the horse and such like hurts . The signes to know it are , the horse will halt much , and the rift will bleede , and when the shooe is off , the whole sorrance is apparant to be seene . The cure according to the ancient Farriers , is to take off the shooe , and cut away so much of the shooe on that side where the sorrance is , as the shooe being immediatly put on againe , all the whole rift may be vncouered : then open the rift with a drawer , and fill all the rift with a roll of tow dipt in turpentine , waxe , and sheepes suet molten together , renewing it euery day once till it be whole : and the rift being closed in the toppe , draw him betwixt the haire and the hoofe with a hot Iron ouerthwart that place , to the intent that the hoofe may shoot all whole downeward ; and when the horse goeth vpright , ride him either with no other shooe then this , or else with such a shooe as may beare in euery part but onely vpon the false quarter , vntill the hoofe be hardened . Others vse to annoynt it once a day with sheeps suet and oyle mixt together , and that will close the rift . Others vse to cut away the old corrupt hoofe , and then take seuen whites of egges , the powder of incence , of vnsleckt lime , of masticke , of verdigrease , and of salt , of each three ounces ; mixe them well together , then dippe in as much hurds as will couer the soare hoofe ; lay it on , and then aboue it lay swines grease an inch thicke , and likewise below it also : bind this on in such sort that it may remaine vnstird a fortnight , then renew it so againe , and it will make perfect his hoofe . But if there be any corrupt matter gathered within the false quarter , and therby causeth the horse to halt , then you shall lay your finger vpon it , and if the horse shrinke thereat , then it is ripe ; then open it with a drawing knife , and let out the matter ; then lay on horse dung , oyle , salt , and vinegar mixt together plaister-wise , and that will heale it , and make the hoofe good ; yet howeuer , you must haue care in shooing him till his hooues bee hardened , as is before shewed you CHAP. 71. Of a horse that is hipped , or hurt in the hippes . A Horse is said to be hipped when either by straine , blow , or other accident , the hippe bone is remoued out of his right place . It is a sorrance as hard to be cured as any what●●euer : for if it be not taken euen at the first instant , there will grow within the pot of the huckel bone such a thicke hard substance , that it will leaue no place for the bone , and then it is vtterly vncureable . The signes to know the sorrance , are , the horse will halt much , and goe sidelong , and will traile his legge a little after him ; the soare hippe also will be lower then the other , and the flesh will waste away on that side of his buttocke . The cure is , according to the best Farriers , if you take him in good time , first to cast him on his backe , and then hauing a strong pastorne on his grieued legge , with a rope draw that legge vpright , and with your handes on each side his thigh bone , guide it directly into the pot : that done , let it downe gently , and so suffer him to rise with all meeknesse ; then go with him into the stable , and there charge all his hippe & backe wih pitch and rosen molten together , and layd on warme ; and then some floxe of his owne colour to be clapped vpon the same , and so turne the horse to grasse vntill he go vpright . But if the ho●se be not hipped , but onely hurt in the hippe , and that newly , then first take of oile de bay , of Dialthea , of nerue-oile and of swines grease , of each halfe a pound ; melt them all together , stirring them continually vntill they be throughly mingled together , then annoynt the soare place therewith against the haire , euery day once the space of a fortnight , and make the ointment sinke well into the flesh by holding a hot barre of Iron ouer the place annoynted , weauing your hand to and fro vntil the oyntment be entred into the skin ; and if at the fortnights end you see the horse not any thing amended , then slit a hole downeward in his skinne an inch beneath the hippe bone , making the hole so wide as you may easily thrust in a rowel with your finger ; and then with a cornet and a quill , blow the skinne from the flesh aboue the bone , and round about the same , so broad as the rowell may lye flat and plaine betwixt the skinne and the flesh : and this rowell would be made of soft calues leather with a hole in the midst , and a threed tyed vnto it ; to pull it out when you would cleanse it , or the hole : and if the rowel be rolled about with flaxe fast tyed on , and annoynted with the oyntment vnder written , it will draw so much the more . Now you must thrust in your rowell first double , and then spread it abroad with your finger : that done , taint it with a good large taint of flaxe , dipt in a little turpentine and hogs grease molten together , and made warme , and cleanse the hole and the rowell euery day once ; and also renew the taint for the space of a fortnight , and before you dresse him , cause him euery day to be led vp and downe a foote pace a quarter of an howre , to make the humors come downe ; and at the fortnights end pull out the rowell , and heale vp the wound with the same salue , making the tent euery day lesser and lesser vntill it bee whole : and so soone as it is whole , with a hot drawing Iron draw crosse lines of eight or nine inches long right ouer the hippe bone , so as the rowelled place may bee in the very middest thereof , and burne him no deeper but so as the skin may looke yellow ; and then charge all that place , and ouer all his buttocke with this charge . Take of pitch one pound , of rosen halfe a pound , and of tarre halfe a pint ; boyle them together , and then being good and warme , spread it on with a clout tyed in a riuen sticke , and then clap on a few floxe of the horses colour ; and if it bee in sommer , let the horse run to grasse a while , for the more he trauelleth at his own will , the better it is for him . CHAP. 72. Of Stifling , and hurts in the Stifle . THat horse is said to bee stifled , when the stifling bone , which is a little bone of 2. inches in length , lying betwixt the neather end of the thigh bone , and the vpper end of the great hough bone of the hinder legge , is by any straine , stroake , slippe , or such like , thrust out of his right place ; but if the stiflling bone be not remoued nor loosned , and yet the horse halteth by meanes of some griefe in that place , then we say the horse is hurt in the stiflle , and not stifled . The signes are these . If the horse be stifled , the stiflle bone will sticke out more of the one side then of the other , & is apparant to the eye , and in his halting he will no more but touch the ground with his toe . The cure , according to the opinion of the old Farriers , is to thrust 2. round pins crosse the stifling bone , through the skinne , in such sort as you were taught for the shoulder pight ; but the pinnes would not bee any thing neare so bigge , nor so long , because the stifling bone is not so broad as the shoulder : and standing in the stable let him haue a pastorne and a ring vpon his sore legge , and thereunto fasten a cord , which cord must go about his necke , and let it be so much strained , as it may bring his sore legge more forward then the other , to keepe the bone from starting out ; but this cure is foule and troublesome , wherefore other Farriers of better experience , vse only to set on a patten shooe vpon his sound foot , and so turne him abroad , that hee may bee compeld to treade vpon his lame foote ; and that straining of it will in a day or two make him as sound as euer he was , and put the stifling bone into his true place againe . But if you cannot readily get a patten shooe , then you shall take either a plaine sursingle , or any other broad binding web , that will go three or foure times about the horses legge , and with it you shall garter vp the horses sound legge three fingers aboue his hamme , euen vpon his maine great sinew , so strait as your selfe and another man can draw it ; and then turne the horse abroad where he may go vp and downe , and in eight and fortie howres the horse will be as sound as euer he was ; then take off the garter , and rub the place that was gartered vp with fresh butter , for it will be much swelled . Now if this mischance of stifling happen vnto your horse in your trauell , and that your occasions will not suffer you to stay for any of these cures , then you shall take your horse either to some deepe pond or deepe riuer that hath easie going in and out , and there swimme him vp and downe a dozen turnes : which done , you may after trauell him at your pleasure : for the more he is laboured , the sounder he will go . Now if your horse be not sti●led , but onely hurt in the sti●le , either with some stripe , or some straine , then the bone will not stand out , yet perhaps the place will be much sweld . The cure , according to the opinion of the old Farriers , is to make a little slit in his skinne a handfull below the soare place , and then with a quill blow all the skin from the flesh vpward , then with your hand presse out the winde againe , & then thrust in a rowell of horse haire from the first slit to the vpper part of the stifle bone : this done , take a pottell of old pisse , and boyle it to a quart , and clense it well ; then take a handfull of mallowes , and halfe a pint of fallet oyle , and adde them to the pisse , & then boyle them well together : then bathe all the soare place therewith , euery day once the space of seuen or eight dayes , and let him not stirre out of the stable during the cure , and in twentie one dayes he will be sound . Other Fariers vse only to take a pound of bole-armony , a quart of red wine vinegar , sixe egges beaten , shels and all , two peny worth of English hony , & as much Venice turpentine , one quart of flowre , and one good handful of bay-salt ; put all these in a pot , & incorporate them wel together ; then keep them close one night , and the next day annoynt the soare place with some of it : and thus dressing it once a day the space of nine daies , it will make the horse sound . CHAP. 73. Of the bone-Spauen or dry Spauen . THe bone-Spauen , or dry Spauen , is a great hard knob as big as a wal-nut , growing in the inside of the hough , hard vnder the ioynt , neare vnto the maister veine ; it groweth at the first like a tender gristell , and by processe of time , it cometh to be a hard bone , & causeth the horse to halt much . This sorrance will come sometimes by nature or descent , as when either the ●ire or the dam of the horse haue had the same disease ; & somtimes ( which is most generall ) it cometh when a horse is laboured too yong : for a horse in that part of his hinder leg hath smal bones knit all together vpon one cluster , which being pressed before they be naturally hardened , cānot chuse but thrust forth these vnnatural excretions . Otherwhiles it proceedeth from extreme labour & heate , dissoluing humors , which do descend through the maister vein , continually feeding that place with euil nutriment , & causeth the place to swel ; which swelling in cōtinuance of time becometh so hard as a bone , & therfore is cald the bone spauen . The signes are the apparant sight of the sorrance ; and truely for mine owne part , I am of the mind of other Farriers , that it is very hard absolutly to cure it ; yet that the eie-soare may be taken away , & the halting much eased , is not hard , for I haue done it many times . Then to proceed to the cure therof , according to the opinion of the old Farriers , is thus : First , slit the skin iust ouer the head of the spauen or excretion , and open it with a cornet , and in any case haue a care that you touch not the maister veine , but put it by : then with your lancet lay the spauen all bare , then with a fine chessell about a quarter of an inch broad , or little more , strike off the head of the spauen , to the quantity of a quarter of an almond , or according to the bignesse of the spauen : then take two peny waight of verdigrease beaten to fine powder , & two peny waight of nerue-oyle , and beate them all well together : then laying some of it vpon fine lint , lay it vpon the spauen ; then lay dry lint betwixt the medicine and the veine , that the medicine may not touch the veine : then lay a plaister of pitch , rosen , turpentine , and hogges grease molten together , all ouer the hough , both to comfort the ioynt , and to keepe in the medicine . And thus dresse him the space of three daies , and it will cleanse away the spauen euen to the bottome ; at the end of three dayes you shal wash away the corrosiue and the matter either with tanners water or with vinegar , and lay no more of that salue thereto for hurting the bone ; then make a plaister of Diaculum , and lay it vpon a linnen cloath , and lay that plaister vnto the spauen , renewing it euery day once for the space of 7. dayes , and it will heale him vp . Now there be other Farriers which vse after they haue burnt it in manner aforesaid , and taken vp the maister veine , to annoynt it with fresh butter , till the burning beginne to scale , and then take of sage , and nettles , of each a handfull , and boyle them with 4. handfull of mallowes in faire water ; and then put thereto a little butter , and with that bathe him euery day once for three or foure dayes till the burning be whole , and let him not wet his feete during the cure . Others vse to pricke the spauen with a sharp poynted knife , then take a peece of a candle , and lay a peece of browne paper vpon it , and with an hot Iron melt the tallow , & after annoynt it with butter . Others vse first to pricke the spauen well , then to lay vpon it for three or foure dayes together , euery day , mans dung : after that lay to it Galbanum till the soare matter and rheume , and the humour come forth : then wash it with vrine , and lastly heale it vp with oyle and hony boyled together , for that will bring on the haire Now to conclude , that which I haue euer found to bee the surest and cleanest way to take the bone spauen quite away , if it bee vsed with discretion and care , is to take of Vnguentum Apostolorum , & of white mercury , of each a like quantity , but of mercury rather the more ; mixe them well together : then after you haue cast your horse , make a slit iust the length of the spauen , so that you touch not the maister veine : then opening it , and laying all the spauen bare , with a sharpe instrument s●all the spauen a little ; then make a plegant of lint iust so bigge as the excretion or bone spauen is : then spreading some of the salue thereon , lay it vpon the spauen : then with dry lint defend all other parts of the member , especially the maister veine from the corrosiue : then lay the plaister of pitch , rosen , turpentine , and hogges grease before spoken round about his hough , and so let him rest foure and twenty howres : then take away all that medicine , and scalling the bone a little , if you finde the corrosiue haue not gone deepe inough , then dresse it in the same manner the second time , and that will be altogether sufficient : then take of turpentine , of Deeres suet , and of waxe , of each a like quantity , and mixe and melt them well together , then dresse the soare place therewith being warmed ▪ and lint or tow dipt therein ; and within a day or two you shal see the whole crust of the spauen come cleane away , then may you with the same salue , heale vp the wound ; and this hath neuer failed me in any practice . CHAP. 74. Of the bloud Spauen , wet Spauen , or through Spauen . THe bloud Spauen , wet Spauen , or through Spauen ( for all is one disease ) is a soft swelling , growing on both sides the hough , and seemes as though it went through the hough , wherby it is called a through spauen ; but , for the most part , the swelling on the in-side , ( because it is fed continually of the maister veine ) is greater then the swelling on the outside . It proceedeth from a more fluxible and sleamy humour , and not to viscous and slimy as the other spauen doth , and therefore this neuer waxeth hard , nor groweth to a bone ; and therefore it is a much easier cure then the other . The signes thereof are like the other , the apparant sight thereof ; and for the cure , it is , according to the opinion of the old Farriers , in this manner : ●irst , wash the spauen with warme water , and then dresse it with Cantharides and Euforbium , in such sort as was at large shewed in the former chapter ; onely you shall not boyle them , but onely mixe them together , and dresse the soare therwith 2 daies together : then annoynt it with butter , and after burne it with a hot Iron both without & within , in manner as is shewed also in the former chapter ; but you shall by no means taint it : then immediatly you shall take vp the maister veine , & let it bleed , as was shewed before : and then for the space of 9. dayes , annoynt him euery day once with butter vntill the burning begin to scale , & then wash it with this bath : Take of mallowes 3. handfuls , of sage one handfull , & as much of red nettles ; boyle them in water vntill they be soft , then put thereto a little fresh butter , and bathe the place euery day once for the space of three or foure daies ; and vntill the burnings be whole , let the horse come in no wet . Other Farriers vse after they haue shaued off the haire and taken vp the veine , to take of M●stard seede , of the great mallow roote , and of oxe dung , of each a like quantity , and as much strong vinegar as wil mixe them together like a salue ; then beate them all well together , and make thereof a soft plaister , or else an oyntment , and lay it vpon the spauen ; change it euening and morning , and binde it in such sort to the sorrance with some peece of cloath , that it may not fall off or be remoued ; and when the spauen is cleane gone , lay vpon the place a plaister of pitch very hot , and take it not off ▪ vntill it fall away of it owne accord . Other Farriers vse vnto this former medicine to adde oyle de-bay , turpentine , and bole-armony . And other Farriers vse but onely to take vp the veine , both aboue and below the spauen , and suffering it to bleed well ; then to knit vp the veine , and annoynt it with butter till it bee whole , and it will consume the spauen . CHAP. 75. Of the Sellander . THe Sellander is a certaine kind of dry scab , growing in the very bent of the hamme of the hinder leg ; and it extendeth out into ill fauoured chaps or chinkes which if it bee not preuented by medicine , it will fret in sunder the sinewes of the hough : it is in all poynts like vnto a Mallander , and proceedeth from the selfe like causes , and requireth the selfe same cures ; therefore looke into the chapter of the mallander , and whatsoeuer you finde there that will cure the Mallander , the same will also cure the Sellander . CHAP. 76. Of the Hough Bonny . THe Hough bonny is a round swelling like a Paris ball , growing vpon the very tip or elbow of the hough , and commeth euer of some stripe , or bruise ; but especially when he beateth his hough either against the post which standeth behinde him , at the neather end of his stall , or against the barre which doth diuide him from another horse ; which many raunish Iades will do , when they seeke to strike at the horse that standeth next them . Now the cure thereof is thus , according to the opinion of the old Farriers , take a round Iron somewhat sharpe at the end , like a good bigge bodkin , and let it be somewhat bending at the poynt ; then holding the soare with your left hand , pulling it somewhat from the sinewes , pierce it with the Iron , being first made red hot , thrusting it beneath in the bottome , and so vpward into the ielly , to the intent that the same ielly may issue downeward out at the hole : and hauing thrust out all the ielly , taint the hole with a taint of flaxe dipt in turpentine and hogges grease molten together , and also annoynt the outside with hogges grease made warme , renewing it euery day once vntill the hole be ready to close vp , making the taint euery day lesser and lesser , till it be all whole . Now for mine owne part , both for this sorrance , or any other bruise in this part , I haue found this cure euer the best . First either with rotten litter or hay boyled in old vrine , or else with a plaister of wine lees & wheat flowre boyled together , to ripen the swelling , and bring it to putrifaction , or else to driue the swelling away ; but if it come to a head , then to launce it in the lowest part of the softnesse , with a thinne hot Iron , and so to let out the matter : then to taint it with turpentine , Deeres suet , and waxe , of each like quantity molten together , laying a plaister of the same salue ouer it , to hold in the taint vntill it be perfectly whole . CHAP. 77. Of the Curbe . A Curbe is a long swelling a little beneath the elbow of the hough in the great sinew behinde , hard aboue the top of the horne , which causeth the horse to halt after a little labour : for the more his sinew is strained the greater is his paine , and the more he hath rest , the lesse is his griefe ; it commeth as the spauen comes , either from descent , or from great burthens when the horse is yong , or else from some strain or wrench . The signes are the apparant view thereof ; and the cure according to the old Farriers , is , first to shaue off the haire , then pricke it with a fleame in three or foure places , and for three or foure dayes together , lay vnto it twice a day mans dung ; then lay Galbanum to it likewise twice a day till it rot , and that the matter doth issue forth ; then wash it with vrine : and lastly , heale it vp with hony and oyle boyled together , renewing the same twice a day till the Curbe be gone ; and in any case let all your salues bee applyed warme and new made , and if you make an issue with a hot Iron in the bottome of the Curbe , it will not do amisse . Others vse to take a very hot Iron , and hold it as nigh the soare as may be , but not touching it : then when it is warme , vent it in sixe or seuen places : then take a spoonefull of salt , halfe a spoonefull of nerue-oyle , and a peny waight of verdigrease , & the white of an egge ; mixe these well together , & dipping flaxe in the same , lay it to the Curbe : and this in few dressings will take it away . Other Farriers vse to chafe and rub the Curbe well with their hands : then take redde wall-wort leaues , and borage , and braying them well together , lay it to the Curbe , renewing it once a day for a seuen night together . Others vse to slit the Curbe all the length , then take a peece of linnen cloath , and wet it in wine made warme : then strow verdigrease therupon , & bind it to the soare , renewing it once a day vntill the curbe be gone . Others of the ancient Farriers take of wine lees a pint , of comin halfe an ounce , and as much wheate flowre as will thicken it , and stirre them well together ; and being made warme , charge the soare place therewith , renewing it euery day once the space of 2. or 4. daies , and when the swelling is almost gone , then draw it with a hot Iron made very thin in this sort , and couer the burning with pitch and rosen molten together , and laid on good and warme , and clappe thereon some floxe of the horses colour , or so nigh as may be gotten , and remoue them not vntill they fall away of themselues ; and for the space of nine dayes let the horse rest , and come in no wet . Now there be other Farriers which to this last recited salue , will adde tarre , and it is not amisse , onely it will not sticke so well . Now for mine owne part , I haue euer found this practise the best : First , with a broad inckle to binde the hough strait a little aboue the cod : then with a smooth hazell stick to beate , rubbe , and chafe the curbe : then with a fleame strike it as deepe as you can in two or three places of the curbe : then thrust out the corrupt bloud ; and after vpon the poynt of your knife , put into euery hole as deep as you can thrust it , the quantity of two barly cornes of white arsnicke , and so let the horse rest foure and twenty howres after ; then after onely annoynt the soare place with hot molten butter till it be whole , once a day at the least . CHAP. 78. Of the Paines . THe paines is a certaine vlcerous scabbe growing in the pastornes of a horse , betwixt the fetlocke and the heele , full of fretting matterish water , and cometh onely for want of good rubbing and cleane dressing , after the horse hath bene iourneyed in the winter wayes , by meanes whereof the sand and durt remaining in the haire , fretteth the skinne and flesh , and so breedeth to a scabbe ; and therefore your Frisonds , and Flaunders horses and mares , which now are so much in vse with vs for the coatch , are the soonest troubled with this disease , if the keeper bee not much the more carefull . The signes hereof are , his legges will be swolne and hot , the scabbe will be palpable to be felt , and the water will issue out of the scabbe ; which water is so hot and fretting , that it will scald off the haire , and breede scabbes where it goeth . The cure , according to the ancient Farriers , is : Take of turpentine , hogs grease , hony , and blacke sope , of each a like quantity , and hauing molten them vpon a soft fire , take it off & put in a little bole-armony , finely beaten into powder ; then worke all these things well together with a sticke in your right hand , & a dish of wheat floure by you , that with your left hand you may put it in by a little at once , till you haue made it thicke like an oyntment or soft salue : then spreade it vpon a linnen cloath , as bigge as the soare , hauing first cut away the haire , and made the soare raw , apply to the salue , and dresse him thus once a day vntill it be whole . This medicine is well approued to cure all sorts of Paine , Scratches , Moully heeles , or any other sciruy scalls whatsoeuer , that may breede in a horses leg or heeles , whether they come by meanes of euill humors , or for lacke of good dressing or cleane keeping , whether they be mattery and filthy running soares , or else drye scabbes . Others of the old Farriers vse for this sorrance to take a pint of red wine lees , and a handfull of wheate branne , a saucerfull of hony , and halfe a pound of the powder of powdred beefe burnt , and as much of barke dust , and halfe a pound of allome , and a quarter of a pound of swines grease , and halfe a handfull of veruine ; beate all these together in a mortar , and then fry them ouer the fire , and make a hote plaister thereof , and lay it to the soare as hot as the horse may suffer it , letting it abide there the space of three dayes , and in once or twice thus dressing him , it will make him sound ; yet some hold , if you doe with a hot drawing Iron seare the great veine ouerthwart , a handfull aboue the fetlocke , and then take a spoonefull of tarre , a spoonefull of butter , and a spoonefull of hony ; and warming them well together , anoynt the veine therwith euery day til the cure be perfected , and it is much availeable . Other Farriers vse , first to wash all the horses pastornes with butter & beere wel warmed together , and then his legge being somewhat dryed , clip away all the haire that doth annoy the soare : then take of turpentine , of hogs grease , and of hony , of each like quantity ; mingle them together in a pot , and put thereunto a little bole-armony , the yolkes of two egges , and as much wheat flowre as will thicken the thinges aforesaid ; and so by long working it , make it like a plaister ; then spreade it vpon a linnen cloath , and lay it round about the horses pastorne , and binde it fast on with a roller , renewing it once a day till the horse be whole ; and in no wise let the horse come in any wet during the cure ▪ Others vse , first to chafe the soare place with a hay-rope , or with a haire-cloth , till it either bleed or be raw ; then take a little strong mustard , beane flowre , and fresh grease , with a little fenugreeke ; then mixe all together in a dish , and make thereof a salue , and therwith annoynt the soare vntill it leaue mattering : then take hony , the white of an egge , and fresh butter ; mixe them together , and annoynt the soare place therewith vntill it be whole . Others vse only to bathe the soare with beefe broth , and then for foure or fiue dayes after , to annoynt it with sope , or else first to plunge his feete in scalding water twice or thrice , & bathe the soare in scalding water : then haue ready a hard roasted egge , cleaue it in the midst , and clappe it to as hot as you can , and let it lye bound all night ; vse this once or twice , and you may aduenture to ride him . Others vse to take pepper , garlicke stampt , coleworts , and old hogges grease , of each like quantity ; then beate them in a mortar till they come to a salue , and so lay it to the soare , renewing it once a day till it bee whole . Others vse first to take vp the shackle veines on both sides , then take the soft roe of a red herring , & mustard , & blacke sope , and when they are well beat together , boyle them in vinegar til they come to a salue , & apply it to the soare ; this will cure the Pains , albe you do not take vp the shackle veines . If you cannot readily get this salue , you may take butter & hony molten together , & it wil helpe them ; or else take a pound of hogs grease , a peny worth of verdigrease 2. ounces of mustard , halfe a pound of oyle de-bay , a quarter of a pound of nerue-oyle , halfe a pound of hony , halfe a pound of English waxe , one ounce of arsnicke , 2. ounces of red lead , & halfe a pint of vinegar ; boyle all these together , and make an oyntment of it : then hauing clipt and made the soare all bare , apply the medicine thereunto very hot , and renew it once a day vntill it be whole . Others vse to take 5. ounces of orpiment , 5. of tartar , once of verdigrease , halfe an ounce of Sulphur , as much of vitrioll made into powder , the iuice of foure Citrions , the whites of two egges , with three ounces of sallet oyle ; let all these bee very well beaten together , and applyed once a day to the soare , and it will not onely heale this disease , but any salt humour whatsoeuer . Mingle with soft grease , vinegar , hony , orpiment , and arsnicke : but let arsnicke bee the least , and it will cure this disease , so will also white waxe , turpentine and Camphora mixt together . Others vse to take a hundred blacke snailes in the moneth of May , slit them , and put them into a bagge with a pint of bay-salt ; then hang them ouer the fire , with a vessell set vnder to receiue what drops from them , and keep it in a close glasse : then annoynt the soare euery day therewith , and it will heale this sorrance . Others take hony and vinegar , of each a like quantity , a little oyle , and suet of a he goat , of each a like also ; boyle them with a soft fire , and stirre it well : when it waxeth redde , adde of verdigrease , and vitriolle , of each like quantity made into powder , still stirring it till it bee red and thicke ; then being warme annoynt the soare place therewith once a day after it hath bene washed with warme water : and this not onely helpes the paines , but also any sorrance whatsoeuer of like nature about the legges . Also greene copporas , & roach allome of each halfe a pound , and a handfull of bay-salt , boyld in a gallon of running water , will heale it ; or else vnto it adde a pint of hony , and boyle it ouer againe , and it will bee the better : then when you haue annoynted the soare therewith , rubbe it after with the powder of glasse , mustard and vinegar mixt together , and afterward skinne it with creame , and the inner rinde of Elder beaten to a salue , which must be applyed to the soare twice a day at the least . CHAP 79. Of the Mules , or Kybe heeles . THese Mules , or kybed heeles , are certaine drye scabbes , or chappes breeding behinde vpon the heeles of a horse , and so a little inward euen to the fetlocke , in long chaps & chi●ewes : it proceedeth either from corruption of bloud , or from being bred in wet marrish grounds , or else from vncleane and negligent keeping , in such manner as the Paines are bred : this sorrance will make the horses legge to swell much , especially in the winter , and about the spring time , and he will goe stiffly , and halt much . Now for the cure , you shall vnderstand , that whatsoeuer healeth the paines , the same will in like sort heale these kybed heeles ; yet for more particularity , you shall know , that the old Farriers did vse for this sorrance , if they tooke it at the beginning , but onely to annoynt it for two or three dayes with sope , and then after to wash it with strong vrine or beefe broth till it were whole : but if it were of any longer continuance , then first to cut away the haire , and lay the soare open and plaine ; then take two ounces of vnslekt lime , one ounce of sope , and the white of an egge , or else an ounce of vnslekt lime , and as much salt , and 3 ounces of foot , and mingling them with strong vinegar , annoynt the soare therewith , and it will heale and kill them . Other Farriers vse to calcinate Tartar , and dissolue it in water : then congeale it like salt , and mingle it with sope like an oyntment , and then dresse the soare therewith , and this will in 48. howres , heale any mules , paines , or scratches whatsoeuer . If you take the iuice of the leaues and roots of elder , it is very good to dry vp any of these euill humors . CHAP. 80. Of Winde-gales . Others vse to open the skin and put out the ielly : then take a spoonefull of oyle de bay , a spoonefull of turpentine , a penyworth of verdigrease , the white of an egge , and a quarter of an ounce of red lead ; boyle them together till it come to a salue ; then lay it to the wind-gall and it will cure it ; or else after you haue let out the ielly , take rosen , sheepes suet , & brimstone , of each a like , & melt them together , and lay that vpon the wind-gall , so it be not too hot , and it will cure it . Others take the rootes of comin and beate them well with a little salt , and lay that to the wind-gall ; or else annoynt them with the iuyce of onions or leeke blades , and that will allay them : or else ground Iuy and wormewood with the rootes sod in wine and layd to the wind-gall , will take them away . Others of our later experienced Farriers , take an ounce of white waxe , an ounce of rosen , two ounces of raw hony , three ounces of swines grease , two ounces of oyle of the yelkes of egges , fiue ounces of oyle de bay ; mixe all these well together and straine them ; then rub them into the wind-gall , by holding a hot barre of Iron against the oyntment , and it will take the wind-gall away . Now for the making of the oyle of yelks of egges , it is thus : First seeth the egges hard , then stampe them , and then seeth them in an earthen pot with a soft fire , and so straine them . Now this medicine will not onely heale the wind-gall , but the ring-bone also , it is very good for the abating of the wind-gall , & for making the medicine to work the better , to let the horse stand in a cold running streame an howre morning and euening . The scum of the foure salts sod in mans vrine , and layd to the wind-gall , will take it away . There bee others which take a pottle of vinegar , a pound of orpiment , a quarter of a pound of g●l●es , and as much of the hearbe molleyne stampt small ; mingle these well together , and put them into a pot , then euery day therewith bathe the wind-gal , and in three weekes it will dry them cleane vp ; it will also take away a curbe or a spauen , or a ring-bone , if you take them at the first breeding . Other Farriers take of Ciuill oyle and brimstone , of each like quantity , and seeth them in mans vrine , and stirre them well together ; after put in the quantity of a wall-nut of sope , to keepe the haire from scalding off ; then bathe the wind-gall with this hot , thrice together , rubbing it well in● then annoynt it aboue with nerue-oyle , & oyle de-bay , and make it , by holding to it a hot barre of Iron , or a hot-fire pan , to sinke into the flesh , and in three dayes it will dry vp any wind-gall . Now for mine owne part , the best medicine I haue found in my practise for this sorrance , and the easiest , is with a fine lancet to open the wind-gall , making the hole no bigger then that the ielly may come forth : then hauing thrust it cleane forth , lap a wollen wet cloath vpon it , and with a taylors hot pressing Iron , rubbe vpon the cloath till you haue made the cloath sucke in all the moysture from the wind-gall , and that the wind-gall is dry : then take of pitch , of rosen , and of masticke , of each like quantity , and being very hot , daube it all ouer the wind-gall ; then clappe good store of floxe of the colour of the horse vpon it , and so let the horse rest or runne at grasse , till the plaister fall off by it owne accord , and be sure the wind-gall will be gone . Now I am to giue you this for a rule , that by no meanes you vse to a wind-gall , either arsnike , or resagall : for commonly then the wind-gall will come againe ; neither must you burne much , nor make any great incision ; for any of these will turne the soft substance of the wind-gall to hardnesse , and then the horse will be lame without cure . CHAP. 81. Of a Straine in the Pastorne ioynt , or Fet locke . A Horse may be strained in the fetlocke or pastorne ioynt , either by some wrinch in the stable when the plaunchers are broken vnder him , or by treading awry vpon some stone , or vpon some cart-rout , as he trauelleth by the way . The signes whereof be these , the ioynt will be swolne and soare , and the horse will halt ; and the cure , according to the old Farriers , is , take a quart of stale vrine , and seeth it till the foame arise ; then straine it , and put thereto a handfull of tansey , and an handfull of mallowes , and a saucerfull of hony , and a quarter of a pound of sheepes suet : then set it on the fire , and seeth them all together till the hearbes be sodden soft ; and then being very hot , lay this pultus to the ioynt , and couer it ouer with a blew cloath ; and in 3. tmes dressing it will helpe the straine . Other Farriers take of Dialthea halfe a pound , and as much of nerue-oyle , mingle them together , and annoynt the soare place ther with , chafing it wel with both your hands that the oyntment may enter in , continuing so to do euery day once vntill the ointment be all spent , and let the horse rest ; but if this will not preuaile , then they will vse Cantharides , as in case of the splent ; but I do not hold that cure conuenient , because it will make a double griefe . Therefore I had rather you should take pompillion , nerue-oyle , and blacke sope , of each a like , and heate them hot on the fire , and then annoynt the soare place therewith , and it will make the horse sound . CHAP. 82. To remedy any manner of halting that commeth by straine , stroke , or any other accident . NOw forasmuch as halting is such a generall sorrance amongst horses , that not any man that is maister of a horse , but euen in his smallest trauell , is at one time or other vexed with the same , I will heere before I do proceed any further , set you downe certaine generall receipts selected and culd out of the priuate practise & experiments of the best Farriers in Christendome , of which I may giue the bolder testimony , because I haue made practise of their vertues . If then your horse haue taken any halt , either by stiffenesse of sinewes , straine , wrinch , stroke , or any other accident , if the griefe bee in his legge , you shall take smallage , oxe eye , and sheepes suet , of each like quantity , chop them all together , and boyle it in mans vrine , and bathe all the legge therewith : then with hay-ropes wet in cold water , rolle vp his legge , and he will be able to trauell the next day : or if you seeth a pound of blacke sope in a quart of strong ale till it looke like tarre , and anoynt the legge therewith , and it will supple his sinewes , & bring them to their true course . If you wash his limbs in the grounds of beere or ale made warme , and then rope them vp in hay-ropes , wet in the same , it will recouer a straine . If you take of the flowre of linseed , of turpentine , and of life hony , of each a like , and boyle them with white wine vntill they be thicke , like vnto an oyntment : then spread it on a cloath , and lay it to the griefe , and it will take away any atche or paine in the sinews : likewise a plaister of wine lees and wheate flowre , or a plaister of blacke sope and boares grease will doe the like . If you mixe nerue-oyle , oyle de bay , and aqua-vitae together , and warme it , and chafe it in , and vpon , and about any straine , it will take the anguish quite away . If the griefe be in the shoulder , or the hinder legge , then burne him vpon the very ioynt by taking vp the skinne with a paire of pinsons , and thrust the skinne through with a hot iron ouerthwart ; and if this cure him not , then his paine is betwixt the thinne skinne and the bone , which must then be rowelled . If the griefe be in the shoulder , or in the hippe , or else where , then let him bloud , and sauing the bloud , mixe therewith the powder of frankinsence , and annoynt the horse with the same . If the griefe be only in the sinews , then take the plaister cald Sologliatium , made of gum-dragant , new waxe , pitch , and turpentine mixt together ; or else take the yelkes of two egges , an ounce of frankinsence , and a little branne , and beate them well together , and lay it to the paine . If the griefe do proceed from a hot cause , then let the horse bloud , & with that bloud mixe vinegar & oyle , & anoynt him , & chafe it well in . But if it proceed from a cold cause , then let him bleed a little and with figs soaked a day in warme water , & as much mustard seed , make a plaister and lay to the griefe . If it come either by any rush or stripe , let the horse bloud , and with that bloud mingle strong vinegar , egges , shels and all , three ounces of Sanguis draconis , foure of bolearmony , and fiue of wheate meale , and daube it all ouer the soare place . If the griefe be in the shoulder , and the skinne broken , take galles of Soria pund , and mingle them with hony , and lay it to the soare . If his paine come from the stiffenesse of his ioynts , take a pound of blacke sope , and boyle it in a quart of ale till it be thicke , and it will comfort the ioynts . If the ioynts be sweld , take rosen , pitch , turpentine , and Sanguis draconis , molten together , and lay it to the swelling something warme , and it will either take away the swelling , or else ripen it & make it runne . If you take of the oyle of Camomile , oyle of Dill , butter , and Agripa , of each a like quantity ; or else make a plaister of an ounce of turpentine , halfe an ounce of verdigrease , and the marrow of a Stagge ; or bathe the horse with warme water , wherein Rosemary hath bene sod , and it will ease any paine whatsoever . If the horses paine be in his shoulder , first with a launcet pricke the skinne through betweene the spade bone and the marrow bone : then putting in a quill , blow the skinne from the flesh euen all about : then thrusting out the winde with your hand , put in a rowel ; then take a pottle of stale vrine , seeth it with a pound of butter , & as much swines grease , a handfull of mallows , a handful of tansey , a handfull of veruine , a handful of red nettles , a handful of southernwood , and a handfull of balme leaues ; then beate them all well together , and so annoynt his shoulder therwith , and let him not go forth of the stable for seuen daies . If his griefe bee in any neather ioynt , then take a handfull of laurell leaues , and of prim-rose leaues , of ground Iuy , of crowfoot , of mallowes , of red fennel , and of fine hay , of each of them seuerally as much ; seeth them well together , and then let them stand foureteene dayes ; then bathe the ioynt once a day , & binde of the hearbes vnto it for foure dayes together : then after chafe into the ioynt fresh grease and oyle mixt together , and it will ease all his paine . Now to conclude , if any ioynt or member about a horse be by the fluxe of humors sweld and growne out of shape whereby the horse goeth stiffe , and halteth ; then to dissolue those humors take wormewood , sage , rosemary , the barke of the Elme tree , and of a Pine , together with lin-seed , and boyling these together , make a bathe or pultus thereof , and lay it to the sicke member , and it will dissolue the humours , and so likewise will figs being stampt with salt , and applyed to the soare . CHAP. 83. Of Enterfearing . ENterfearing is either when a horse through a naturall straitnesse in his pace , or through euill and too broad shooing goeth so narrow behinde with his hinder feete , that he heweth the one against the other vpon the in-side of his legges , euen with the pastorne ioynt ; and by meanes of this hewing there groweth hard mattery scabbes , which are so soare , that they many times make the horse to halt much . The signes are the straitnesse of his going , and the apparantnesse of the scabbes . Now the cure consisteth as much in preuention as in salue : for the preuention , which is to keepe a horse from hewing one legge vpon another , it consisteth onely in the office of the Smith , and the making of his hinder shooes , whereby he may goe wider , and not touch ; of which wee shall speake more at large when wee intreate of paring and shooing of each seuerall foote . For the salue which is to cure the hurt being once receiued , it is thus : You shall take of May butter ( if you can get it ) or else fresh grease , or fresh butter , with a quantity of rosen , and as much nerue-oyle : then fry them all together in a pan , and then let it stand till it be cold , and put it in a pot , and put to it a little cow dung : and then plaister●wise apply this vnto the soare , renewing it once a day , and it will not onely heale this soare , but also any pricke by a naile whatsoeuer . CHAP. 84. Of the Shackell-gall , or gall in the Pastorne , either by shackel or locke . IF a horse be galled in the pastorne , on the heele , or vpon the cronet , either with shackell or locke , as it many times happens in the Champion countries , where the Farmers vse much to teather their horses : then for such a soare you shall take hony and verdigrease , and boyle them together till the one halfe be consumed , and that it looke red : then after it is a little cooled , you shall annoynt the soare place therewith twice a day , and then strew vpon it a little chopt floxe to keepe on the salue . This is excellent for any gall whatsoeuer , and chiefly for the Scratches . CHAP. 85. Of hurts in the legges which commeth by casting in the halter . THe hurts which a horse getteth by being cast in the halter , are many , and proceed from diuers accidents , as when the reines of the coller are so long , & will not run to and fro , that the horse getteth one , or both his forelegs ouer them , & then with struggling , woundeth & galleth them much ; or else when a horse hauing desire to scratch his eare with his hinder foote rubbing it to and fro , in the end fasteneth his foote either in the coller or the reines ; and then the more he striueth to loosen it , the more he galleth & woundeth it , euen somtimes to the very bone . Now for the cure , according to the opinion of the old Farriers , it is thus : Take of oyle oliue one ounce , of turpentine two or three ounces ; melt them together ouer the fire , and then put thereunto a little waxe , and working them all well together lay it plaister-wise vnto the soare , renewing it once a day vntill it be whole . Now there be other ●arriers which only annoynt the soare with the whites of egges & sallet oyle mixt together ; and then when the soare cometh to a scab , annoint it with butter being molten vntill it looke browne . Now for mine owne part , the cure which I principally vse for this sorrance , is to take of waxe , of turpentine , and of hogges grease , of each an ounce , and hauing mingled & molten them well together , put them into a pot : then take an ounce of verdigrease beaten to powder , and an ounce of hogges grease , and mixe them very wel together , & put that into another pot : then when you dresse the soare , take of the first salue two parts , and of the later a third part , and mixing them well together in the palme of your hand , annoynt all the soare place therewith , doing thus once a day till it be whole . CHAP. 86. Of the Scratches , Crepanches or Rats-tailes . THe Scratches , Crepanches , or Rats-tailes , being all but one sorrance , are long , scabby , dry chaps , or rifts , growing right vp and downe , and ouerthwart on the hinder legges , iust from the fetlocke vnto the place of the Curbe ; and as the Paines are vnder the fetlocke , so the Scratches are aboue the fetlocke : and do proceede either from dry melancholy humors ingendred by outward filth , or else by the fuming of the horses dung lying either neare or vnder him . The signes are both the apparant sight , and the easie feeling of the same , besides the staring , deuiding , and curling of the haire , as also that the sorrance will stinke much . The cure is according to the opinion of the old Farriers , to take any of these former medicines whatsoeuer , which are already recited , either for the Paines , or Mules ; yet for your more particular vnderstanding , you shall know , these medicines are most proper for this sorrance . First you shall shaue away the haire , and make the soare raw : then take of turpentine halfe a pound , of hony halfe a pint , of hogges grease a●quarterne , and three yolkes of egges , & of bolearmony a quarterne beaten into powder , of beane flower halfe a pint ; mixe all these well together and make a salue thereof , and then with your fingar annoynt all the soare places therewith , and let the horse come in no wet during the cure . Other Farriers vse ( and sure it is the better practise ) first , after they haue shaued away the haire , and layd the soare raw , to wash it well with old vrine very warme ; then take blacke sope , mustard and vinegar , of each a like quantity , and mixe therewith some of an Oxe gall ; then stirre them well together , and chafe and rubbe the place therewith , and binde thereto a cloath , so vse it once a day till it be whole : then after annoynt it with neats foote oyle to supple the sinewes againe . Others vse to take the finest hay , and burne it to ashes vpon a faire boord , then mixe it with neats foot oyle , and make a salue thereof ; then all to rubbe the soares vntill they bleed almost , and then annoynt them with the said salue , and rope his legges , and keepe them from wet . Others vse after they haue washt the soare with old stale , then to take a quantity of strong mustard , vinegar , gray sope , barrowes grease , and some quickesiluer ; mixe them together , and therewith annoynt the soare . Other Farriers take a quantity of vnsleckt lime , halfe so much blacke sope , and so much of strong vinegar as shall suffice to make it like an oyntment : then the haire being cut away , and the soare washt with vrine , lay to this oyntment , renewing it not the space of two dayes , and it will kill the sorrance : then wash the place once or twice with warme wine ; then after heale it with turpentine and hogges grease molten together , and in no wise let the horse come in any wet . Others vse after they haue washt the soare place with vrine , and clipt away the haire , and made the wound raw , to take butter and tarre , of each a like , and boyling them together , annoynt all the soare place therewith euery day till it be whole . Others take of hony and verdigrease of each a like , and boile them together vntill halfe bee consumed , and then annoynt the soare therewith once a day vntill it be whole . Others of our latter Farriers vse either to shaue off the haire , or scald it off with orpiment , and vnsleckt lime boild in strong lee ; then wash it with warme vinegar , or white wine , then when it is dry annoint it with this oyntment . Take of orpiment one ounce , of verdigrease three ounces , of soote fiue ounces , a lttle vnsleckt lime , and of hony one pound ; mingle them all well together vpon a soft fire , and being made like an oyntment vse it as aforesaid once a day to the soare ; or else take hony , sope , verdigrease , vnsleckt lime , and vinegar , and boyle them with allome , galles , and maile , till it come to a plaister , and then apply it vnto the soare ; or else boyle sallet oyle with a little suet and sope , then skinne it and take it from the fire ; then adde an ounce of quickesiluer resolued , two ounces of verdigrease , three ounces of vnsleckt lime , and one ounce of white waxe : when all these are well mixt together , and made into a salue , then apply it once a day vnto the soare , vntill it bee whole . Other Farriers vse , after they haue shaued the place , to boyle vinegar and the skinne of larde or bacon together , and to apply that to the soare three daies together : then take larde molten , litargie , masticke , verdigrease , and soote mingled together , with goates milke , and lay it to , renewing it once a day vntill the soare bee healed . The scraping of a pannes bottome mixt with the inner pilles of Elder , are also good for the Scratches ; or new mans dung applied for fiue dayes , aud after annoynt the soare with oyle and sope mixt together . Others take of vnsleckt lime , the dowder of glasse , and of verdigrease , of each-one an ounce ; of orpiment an ounce , of oyle and of fresh grease , of each foure ounces ; mixe all these well together , and apply it to the soare vntill it be whole ; If you take blacke snailes and burre rootes , and beate them together , it willl also helpe this sorrance . Other Farriers take an ounce of sope , two ounces of vnsleckt lime , and as much lye , or strong vinegar as will temper it , and so dresse the soare vntill it bee whole . Others take fenugreeke and beate it , three oranges cut in peeces , halfe a pound of sheepes suet , newe sheepes dung ; boyle all these in the grounds of good ale , and then bathe the horse therewith as hot as may bee : then rope him vp with hay ropes , and so let him stand three daies , then bathe him him so againe . Others take hogges grease , sope , brimstone , soote , and hony ; boyle them , and lay them too cold , you may also adde verdigrease ; but before you lay on this oyntment , scrape the scabbes off and make them bleed , and rubbe them with sope , mustard , and vinegar , mixt together . CHAP. 87. Of the ringbone . THe ringbone is a sorrāce , which appeareth aboue vpon the cronet of the hoofe , being a certaine hard gristell going sometimes round about the same : it proceedeth as some Farriers hold opinion either either from some blow of an other horse , or by striking the horses foot against some stubbe , or stone or such like accident : but surely I hold that it also proceedeth from some imperfection innature ; for as much as I haue seene many foales foaled with ringbones on their feete . These ring-bones do breed a viscous and slimy humour , which resorting to the bones that are of their owne nature cold and dry , waxeth hard , and cleaueth to some bone , and so in processe of time becometh a bone . The signes of the sorrance are the apparant sight of the sorrāce , being higher then any part of the cronet , the staring of the haire , & the halting of the horse ; & the cure , according to ancient Farriers , is first to scarifie the skin aboue the ring-bone with a lancet ; then take a great onion , & picke out the chore : then put into it verdigrease & vnsleckt lime : then couer the hole , and rost the onion soft , then bruise it in a mortar , & so very hot lay it to the ring-bone : do thus 4 daies together , and it will cure it . Others of the old Farriers vse first to wash the sorrance with warme water , and shaue away the haire : then scarifie it lightly with the point of a razor so as the bloud may issue forth : then dresse it with Cantharides & Eu●orbium in such sort as hath bene taught for the splent , vsing him , & curing him after the same manner ; but when the haire beginneth to grow againe , then draw the soare place with a hot drawing iron in strait lines , from the pastorn down to the coffin of the hoofe , in this maner and let the edge of the drawing iron be as thick as the backe of a meate knife , and burne him no deeper then that the skin may looke yellow : that done , couer the burning with pitch and rosen molten together , and clap thereon floxe of the horses owne colour , and about three daies after lay againe some of the last mentioned plaister , and also new floxe vpon the old , and there let them remaine till they fall away of themselues . Others vse to shaue off the haire , and to scarifie the soare with a launcet till it bleed : then strew vpon it the powder of Tartar , and salt , of each a like mixt together , and binde it straite : then after annoynt it with fresh grease ; or else soften the ring-bone with the skinne of old bacon , the fat being scraped off , that you may see through the skinne , and layd to after it is shauen and made bleede : after launce it and let out the ring-bone . Others vse to launce the skinne with a razor ; then opening the skinne with a cornet , pricke the ring-bone . Lastly , strew vpon it the powder of vitriolle , and binde it on so as it may not stirre for nine dayes ; then thrust out the matter which is dissolued . Lastly , wash it with salt , with vrine , and vinegar mixt together . Other Farriers doe vse after they haue shaued it , to lay vnto it a plaister made of bran , & hony , with the yong leaues of worme-wood , pellitory , and Branke-vrsine mingled with swines grease , and beaten together , and boyled , and vsed as hot as the horse can suffer it . This medicine will not onely cure the ring-bone , but any other hard swelling whatsoeuer . Also a plaister of the leaues of smallage being beaten to peeces , is not onely good for this sorrance , but for any wind-gall also . To wash a ring-bone continually with strong vinegar will abate it : or else to shaue away the haire , and take halfe a lemmon , and sprinkle arsnicke thereupon , and lay it to the ring-bone , and it wil eate it away off ; if twice or thrice a day you bind a hard egge burning hote vnto the ring-bone , it will take it away . Lastly , if you take Euforbium , and mingle it with the oyle of Giniper , salt , and pepper , and so apply it to the ring-bone , it will in a very short space consume the ring-bone quite away ; alwaies prouided that you keep the horse from any wet during his cure . CHAP. 88. Of hurts on the Cronet by crossing one foote on another . IF your horse by crossing one foote vpon another , chance to wound or hurt the cronet of his hoofe , you shall then , according to the opinion of the old Farriers , first wash it well with white wine , or with warme vrine , and then lay vnto it the white of an egge mixt with chimney soote and salt ; and that , if it be renewed once a day , will in two or three dayes dry vp the soare . Other Farriers vse first to pare or cut away the hoofe that it touch not the hurt , and keepe it cleane from filth by washing it with vrine : then seeth two egges hard , and take off the shels , then presse them with your hand long , and first roast one hot , and tye it to hard ; when that is cold vse the other : after make a plaister of soot , salt , and oyle boyled together , and lay it to the soare , renewing it once a day vntill it be whole . CHAP. 89. Of the Crowne Scabbe . THe crowne scabbe is a filthy and stinking scabbe , breeding round about the cronets of the hoofe , and is a cankerous & painfull sorrance : it cometh oft-times by means that the horse hath bin bred in a fēny , marrish ground , where the cold , striking corrupt humors vp to his feete , ingendreth this sorrance , which is euer more painful in the winter then in the sōmer . The signes are , the haires of the cronet will be very thin , and staring like bristles , and the cronets will bee alwayes mattering , and run on water . Now the cure , according to the opinion of many Farriers , is to take the skinne of bacon , and lay thereon soote and salt beaten together , mingled with grease or suet , waxe , and pitch molten together : and if the flesh chance to grow proud , eate it away either with verdigrease , beaten to powder , or with the scrapings of a Harts horne , or an oxe horn made into fine powder . Other Farriers vse to take of sope , and of hogges grease , of each halfe a pound , of bolearmony a little , of turpentine a quarterne ; and mixe them well together , and make a plaister and binde it fast on , renewing it euery day once vntill it leaue running ; and then wash it with strong vinegar being luke warme , euery day once vntill the soare be cleane dryed vp , and let the horse come in no wet vntill the sorrance be whole . Others vse onely to bathe it continually with old stale sod with salt , and that will dry vp the humour and heale it . CHAP. 90. Of the Quitter-bone . THe Quitter-bone is a hard round swelling vpon the cronet of the hoofe , betwixt the heele & the quarter , and groweth most commonly on the in-side of the foote : it breedeth commonly by meanes of grauel gathered vnderneath the shooe , which fretteth inward , & forceth an vlcer to breake vpward : or else it cometh by the cloying or pricking of some naile driuē by an ignorant smith , the anguish whereof looseneth the gristell , and so breedeth euill humors , whereof the quitterbone springeth : the signes are , the horse will halte much , and the swelling is apparant to the eye , which in foure or fiue daies commeth to a head , and will breake out with matter at a little deepe hole like a fistula ; and surely then this quitterbone , there is no outward sorrance whatsoeuer more dangerous to a horse . The cure thereof according to the opinion of some of the ancient Farriers is , first to cut the hoofe to the quicke : then seeth a Snake or an Adder till the flesh part from the bone , and be molten as an vnguent ; then annoint the soare place therewith very warme euen to the bottome , and during the cure keepe the foote cleane from any filth ; for this both drieth , and killeth the quitterbone . Other of the old Farriers , first burne about the quitterbone with a hot yron , in maner of a halfe circle , & then with the same yron draw another right through the midst thereof in this sort : then take of arsnicke the quantity of a beane beaten into fine powder , and put it into the hole , thrusting it downe to the bottome with a quill , and stop the mouth of the hole with a little tow , and bind it so fast with a cloth and a roller , that the horse may not come at it with his mouth , and so let it rest for that day ; and the next day if you see that the soare looketh blacke within , then it is a signe that the arsnicke did worke well ; then to allay the burning of it , taint the hole with flaxe dipt in hogges grease , and turpentine molten together , and couer the taint with a plaister of pitch , rosen , waxe , and turpentine molten together , but there must be as much terpentine as of all the rest : and thus you must continue to doe vntill you haue gotten out the chore , which the arsnicke did eate ; then shall you see whether the loose gristel in the bottome be vncouered or not : and if it bee not vncouered , then feele with your fingar or with a quill , whether you be nigh it or not ; and if you be , then raise the gristell with a little crooked instrument , and pull it cleane out with a paire of smal nippers or mullets made for the purpose : that done , thrust it againe with a full taint , dipt in the foresaid oyntment , to asswage the anguish of the last dressing , and stop it hard to the intent that the hole may not shrinke together or close vp : and the next day take out that taint , and taint it anew with hony and verdigrease boild together , till they looke redde , renewing it euery day once vntill it be whole , keeping alwaies the mouth of the soare as open as you may , to the intent that it heale not vp too fast , & let not the horse come in any wet , nor trauell vntill he be perfectly whole . Other Farriers vse to cut the hoofe open to the quicke ; then take G●lbanum , Sagapenum , pitch of Greece , Olibanum , Masticke , oyle , & white waxe , of each an ounce , with halfe a pound of sheepe suet : melt them vpon a soft fire , and incorporate them well together , and therewith dresse the soare place vntill it be whole . Others vse after the soare is opened , to put in the salt of Tartar , and when that hath eaten away the quitterbone , to heale it vp with hony and verdigrease boild as aforesaid . Others take of goates dung two ounces , of sheepes tallow three ounces , and as much strong vinegar as will suffice to boyle them well in , and then therewith to dresse the quitterbone , vntill it bee cleane whole . CHAP. 91. Of grauelling a Horse . Grauelling is a certaine fretting of grauell , sand , or dirte vnder the foote betwixt the sole and the shooe , sometimes on the inside , and sometime on the outside of the foote , and sometimes of both sides of the heele . It commeth , as I said , by meanes of little grauell stones getting betwixt the hoofe , or calking or sponge of the shooe , which by continuall labour and trauell of the horse , doth eate through the hoofe into the quicke of the foote ; and the rather if the horses heeles bee soft and weake , or that the shooe do lye flat to his foote , so as the grauell being gotten in it cannot get out againe . The signes whereof are these , the horse will halt much , and couet to goe most on his toe , to fauour his heele , and the softer the way is , the more is the horses case . Now for the cure according to the old Farriers , it is thus ; first pare the hoofe till you may see the soare , then take an ounce of virgin waxe , and a quarter of an ounce of rossen , and a quarter of deares suet , & halfe an ounce of boares grease , and beate them all well together in a morter , and then melt them together on the fire ; that done , dip good stoare of flaxe therein , and so stop vp the soare close and hard , and then you may trauell the horse whither you please ; and do thus once a day vntill the foote bee sound . Other of the old Farriers vse , first to pare the hoofe , and to get out the grauell with a drawing knife , leauing none behind ; then stop the soare place with turpentine and hogges grease molten together , and laid one with a little tow or flaxe , and then clap on the shooe , to keepe in the stopping , renewing it euery day once vntill it be whole , and suffer the horse to come in no wet vntill it be healed . Now you must vnderstand that if a grauelling be not well stopt to keepe down the flesh , it wil rise higher then the houe , and so put the Farrier to much more paine , both in bolstring it , and abating that ill growne substance . Others vse onely to pare the foot , and pricke out all the grauell cleane , then wash it well with beere and salt ; then melt into it tallow , rosen , and pitch : then couering it hard and close with flaxe , set on the shooe againe , and doe thus once a day . Others vse after they haue cleansed the soare , to lay hurds into it , being dipt in the white of egs , then after heale it with salt beaten small & mixt with strong vinegar , or else with the powder of galles , salt , and Tartar , mixt together which also is good for any cloying or pricking . CHAP. 96. Of Surbating . Svrbating is a continual beating of the hoofe against the ground , & it commeth sometimes by meanes of euill shooing lying too flat to his foot , or by going long barefoot ; and sometimes by the hardnesse of the ground , and the high lifting of the horses feete , either in his trot , or in his amble ; and the horses which are most subiect to this sorrance , are those which haue either great round feete , or such as are flatte footed , the coffins whereof are weake and tender , and also those which haue weake heeles . The signes of the griefe are , the horse will halt much , and goe creeping and stiffe , as if he were halfe foundred ; and the cure , according to the opinion of the old Farriers , is to roast a couple of egges exceeding hard , and then in the very violence of their heate , to burst them in the horses feete , and then powre hot boyling sallet oyle also amongst them , and to stoppe the shooe vp close with a peece of leather , and two crosse splents of wood , and doe thus thrice in one fortnight , and it will helpe him . Others of the ancient Farriers , take off the horses shooes , and pare him as little as may be ; and if the shooes be not easie , that is to say , long , large , and hollow enough , then make them so , and tacke them on againe with foure or fiue nailes : that done , stoppe his feete with hogges grease , and branne boyled together so hot as may bee , and also couer all the coffin round about with the same , binding all in together with a cloath , and a list fastened about the ioynt , renewing it euery day once vntill it bee sound ; and giue the horse during the cure , warme water to drinke , and let him stand drye , and not haue much trauell . Now if your horse surbate in your trauell , if euery night you stoppe his feete well with cowes dung , or with cowes dung and vinegar , it will make him endure out his iourney . CHAP. 92. Of the Pricke in the so●le of the Foote , either by treading on a naile , or any other sharpe thing . IF a horse in his trauell chance to treade either on stubbe , naile , thorne , or any other sharpe thing whatsoeuer , by meanes whereof hee is prickt in the soale of the foote , the rider shall perceiue the same by the sudden faltring of the horse , who will instantly stand still and lift vp his foote , as desiring helpe : and if it chance at any other time , then the halting of the horse , and the diligent searching of a carefull Farrier must finde out the mischiefe . Now the cure , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , is first to pull off the shooe , and pare the foote , and with a drawing knife , vncouer the hole , making the mouth so broade as a twopence : then tacke on the shooe againe : that done , stoppe it by powring into the hole turpentine and hogges grease molten together , and lay some flaxe or tow vpon it ; and then stoppe all the horses foote with cowes dung , and so couering it with a peece of leather , splent it with two crosse stickes so as the stopping may abide in , renewing it euery day once vntill it be whole , and let the horse treade in no wet . Now you must bee very carefull in the curing of this sorrance : For if it bee not healed from the bottome , besides that it is dangerous to the life of the horse , it is also a great hazard that the soare will breake out at the toppe of the hoofe , and so loosen the hoofe round about , and perhaps make it fall cleane away ; but if you see that it beginne to breake out aboue , then make a greater issue beneath , by opening the hole wider , and taking more of the soale away , that the flesh may haue the more liberty : then take of bolearmony halfe a quarterne , and of beane flowre as much , and two egges ; beate them , and mingle them well together , and make a plaister thereof vpon tow , and lay it round about the cronet , binde it fast on , and so let it remaine the space of two daies , and then renew it againe , not failing so to do euery two dayes vntill you see it waxe hard and firme aboue : for this plaister being restricktiue , will force the humours to resort alwayes downeward ; which humours must bee drawne out with turpentine and hogges grease , as before , vntill it leaue mattering ; and then drye it vp with burnt allome beaten into powder , and strewed vppon the soare , with a little flaxe layd againe vppon that , continuing so to doe euery day once vntill it bee hardened ; and let not the horse come in any wet vntill it bee whole . Other Farriers vse to taint the soare with tallow , tarre , and turpentine being molten together , and anoynt all the coffin and cronet of the hoofe with bole-armony and vinegar beaten together till the soare bee whole , especially if the thing which did pricke the horse was venemous or rusty . CHAP. 93. To draw out either Stub , Thorne , or Iron , either out of the foote , or any other part of the body . IF either the Stubbe , the Thorne , the Iron , or any thing whatsoeuer , wherewith your horse is wounded , bee gotten so deepe into the flesh that you cannot get hold vpon it to pull it out , then , according to the opinion of the old Farriers , ( if you finde that albeit it bee too deepe , yet it is not much too deepe ) you shall take a good quantity of blacke sope , and lay it to the soare for a whole night , and it will make it to appeare , so as you may pull it out with a paire of nippers : but if it lye very deepe , then you must open the place with a launcet , and thrusting in your mullets or nippers , pull it out by strength , and afterwards heale vp the wound , as was before taught in the last chapter . Other Farriers say , that the rootes of reedes being stampt and mixt with hony , it will draw out any stubbe or naile : so will also blacke snailes being stampt and wrought with fresh butter . Now if the place bee much swolne , then it is good to mollifie it with a plaister made of worme-wood , parietory , beares foote , hogges grease , and hony , well boyled and mixt together , which will asswage any new swelling that commeth by stripe or otherwise . Now when you haue gotten out that which you sought for , then you shall first powre into the wound scalding oyle Oliue ; when that is cold , powre into it as hote turpentine ; when that is cold , strew on the powder of Sulphure , and then bolster his foote or the soare with hurds , and keepe it from all wet and filthinesse . CHAP. 94. Of the Figge . IF a Horse hauing receiued any hurt , as is before said , either by stubbe , great naile , thorne , bone , splent , or stone , either in the soale , or any other part of the foote , and bee not well dressed , and perfectly cured , there will grow in that place a certaine superfluous peece of flesh , like vnto a figge , full of little white graines as you see are in figs. The cure whereof according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers is , first with a hot yron , to cut the figge cleane away , and keepe the flesh downe with turpentine , hogges grease , and a little waxe molten together , and laid on with a little tow , stopping the hole hard that the flesh rise not , renewing it once a day vntill the soare bee whole . Now other of our latter Farriers vse after they haue as before said , cut away the figge , then to take the crops of young nettles , & chopping them very small , lay them vpon a cloth , iust as bigge as the figge ▪ then take the powder of verdigrease and strew it thinne vpon the chopt nettles , and so bind it to the soare , renewing it once a day vntill the hoofe haue couered the soare , and this is a most certaine cure . CHAP. 95. Of a Retrait . A Retrait is when a horse by the ill gouernment of the smith , is prickt in the foote with some ill driuen naile , yet in such sort that it is immediatly espied , and the naile drawne backe againe ; and although it proceedeth of test from the negligence of the smith , yet it may also come by reason of the weakenesse of the naile , and the hollowesse of the shanke : for when the naile is a little too weake , the point many times bendeth awry into the quicke , when it should go right foorth ; and when it is hollow it shiuereth in the driuing into two parts , whereof one part razeth the quicke in pulling out , or else perhaps breaketh asunder , and so remaineth still behind : and this kind of pricking is the worst of all other , because it will ranckle worst , in as much as the flaw cankereth and remaineth stil in the foot . The signes hereof are , 1. the apparant shrinking & struggling of the horse assoone as the quick is touched , and next his much halting : lastly you shall search his foote with a hammer , by knocking vpon the clinch of euery naile : for when you knocke vpon that naile where the griefe is , the horse will shrinke vp his foote ; and if that will not serue , then grope the hoofe with a paire of pinsons round about vntill you haue found the place grieued . Now the cure , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers is , first to pull off the shooe , and then open the place grieued , either with a butteris or with a drawing knife , so that you may perceiue either by feeling or seeing , whether there be any peece of naile or not ; if there be , then pull it cleane out ; after take of nettles halfe a handfull , and bruise them in a mortar , and put thereto a spoonefull of redde vinegar , and a spoonefull of blacke sope , and two ounces of brocks grease , or the fat of salt bacon , and bray all these wel together , and stop well the hole of the soare with this , and then tacke on the shooe againe , & you may safely aduenture to trauel him . Other Farriers vse after they haue opened the soare to stop vp the hole with turpentine , waxe , and sheepes suet molten together ; and so poured hot into the hole , and then lay a little tow vpon it , & clap on the shooe againe , renewing it thus euery day once vntill it be whole ; during which time the horse must not come in any wet , and it must be stopped in this sort , though it be but prickt without any peece of naile remaining : & if for lacke of looking to in time , this retrait causeth the horse to breake out , then you shall cure it either with a restrictiue plaister of bolearmony , beane flowre , and egges , mentioned in the 97. chapter : or else with chopt nettles and verdigrease , spoken of in the last chapter . Now there be other Farriers , which not onely for this retraite , but for any pricke in the horses foot , vse after they haue layd open the wound , to take of turpentine one ounce , of tarre one ounce , of pitch one ounce , of beefe suet one ounce , and one head of garlicke ; boyle them all together , and lay them to it so hot as may be suffered ; and if it chance to breake out aboue the hoofe , then apply also the same medicine vnto it , and it will cure it . CHAP. 96. Of Cloying . A Horse is said to bee cloyed with a naile , or prickt with a naile , when the whole naile is stricken into the quick of the foote , and so remaineth stil in the same , & is clinshed as other nailes be , by means wherof the horse halteth extremly . Now this griefe is knowne by searching the grieued place with a hammer or pinsons as is before said . Now for the cure , according to the opinion of the old Farriers it is thus ; if the horse halt immediatly , then pul off his shooe and open the hole vntill it beginne to bleed , and then stop vp the hole with turpentine , waxe , and sheepes suet molten together , and poured in very hot , renewing it once a day vntill it be whole ; and let the horse tread in no wet , and let his shooe bee tackt on againe as soone as he is drest . Others vse onely to poure into the hole hot scalding butter , and that will heale it ; or else to burne the hole with another naile , and that will cure it . Other Farriers vse after they haue opened well the soare to take halfe a pound of frankinsence , a pound of rosen , a pound of pitch of Greece , halfe a pound of blacke pitch , a pound of new waxe , a pound of goats grease , halfe a pound of varnish , halfe a pound of turpentine , two ounces of oyle oliue ; and melt them altogether , and lay this vnto the hoofe plaisterwise , and it will not onely heale any pricke whatsoeuer , but also any crackes , chincks , or clifts in the hoofe howsoeuer they breed ; prouided that you let the horse tread in no wet during the cure ; but if the soare chaunce to breake out on the toppe of the hoofe , then you shal take two or three yelks of egges , whites and all beaten together , and adde thereunto an ounce of bolearmony , and as much beane or wheate meale as will thicken the same : then make a plaister thereof two fingers broad , and as long as will goe round on the toppe of the horses hoofe , bind it fast on with a roller , and renew it once a day vntill it be whole . Other Farriers vse after they haue searched and laid open the wound , to put into it hurdes dipt in the white of an egge , then stoppe the whole with salte beaten very small , mingled with veruin , and strong vinegar , and couer it with flaxe dipt in strong vinegar ; or else holding vp the horses foote , poure into the wound hote scalding oyle oliue ; and when that is cold ▪ poure in hote turpentine , and that being cold strew vpon it the powder of sulphure ; then lay on a bolster of flaxe , then shooe him , and keepe him from treading in any wet . Others vse to take tallow , the powder of Sulphure , mallowes , and very strong vinegar ; boyle them together vntill they be thicke like an oyntment : then lay the same to the soare , as hote as the horse can endure it , renewing it once in twelue howres till it be whole . Others vse to take of hony and vinegar , of each a like quantity , a little oyle , and suet of a he goate ; boyle them with a soft fire , and stirre it : when it waxeth redde , adde verdigrease and vitriolle , of each a like , made into powder , still stirring it till it bee thicke and redde ; then stoppe the soare euery day therewith vntill it be whole , after you haue washed it well with salt and vinegar . Others take pepper , garlicke , and cabbadge leaues beaten with swines grease , and lay that to the soare : or else take tallow , and horse dung , and mixing them well together , stoppe the soare therewith , and in short space it will cure it . Other Farriers vse to take off the shooe , then hauing opened the soare , to wash it with wine : then lay vpon it the inner rinde of Elder , and through that melte in grease with a hot Iron : then tacke on the shooe againe , and doe thus diuers dayes together , and it is a certaine cure . CHAP. 97. Generall Obseruations for the Feete and Houes of a Horse . FOrasmuch as the feete and houes of a Horse are the onely instruments of labour , and that a small griefe in that part depriues a man of the benefite and vse of the rest ; I thinke it not amisse before I speake of the particular diseases of the houes , to shew you some generall notes and obseruations which you shall obserue for the benefite of the feete . Know then that first it is meete that you let your shooes before be short , with strong spunges , but no cawkins , and your nailes to haue speciall good heads . Let your shooes behinde haue a cawkin on the out-side ; but if he enterfeare , let the cawkin bee on the in-side to make him cast outward , and let the inside of that side inward haue a welt an inch deepe , or be twice as thicke as the out-side : but if all this helpe not his enterfearing , then bring him to an amble ; but if hee will not amble , burne him with a hote Iron betwixt the legges , that the soarenesse therof may make him goe wide behinde , which is an odinary practise amongst the French-men . Let your shooes bee made of Iron that will not breake , of which our English is best , the Spanish next , and the Danske worst . Let them also be light , yet so as they may bee able to beare the burthen of the horse , being broader at the toes , then at the cawkins or spunges . Let your cawkins be short , and blunt at the points , and your spunges long and thicke . Let your shooe be full as straite as the horne of the hoofe so farre as the nayles goe , and from the two heele-nayles backward , let the shooe be broader then the hoofe , that the shooe may be without the horne . Giue vnto euery shooe nine nailes , on each side foure , and one in the midst ; and let the shankes of the nailes bee very flat and thin , that if the hoofe be naught , they may yet keepe the shooe firme with little hold , and the nearer that your nailes are driuen backeward towardes the heele ( so it bee without danger ) the faster the shooe will sit , and the harder to be puld away . Let your cawkins sit a strawes breadth behinde the corner of the coffin , and let your naile heads enter into the shooe , especially on the outside , and by all meanes hollow your shooe so little as may be . Pare very little or nothing at all from the heele of a horse ; yet open his heeles as sufficiently as may be , because euer the heele must be thicke , and the toe thin . In faire waies pare the soale thin , but in frost or stony wayes , pare as little as may be . To conclude , when the hoofe is higher on the out-side then on the in-side , it will make a horse enterfeare ; and when it is higher on the in-side , it will make a horse straddle , so that a faire smooth table is of all most conuenient . After trauell euer stoppe the in-side of the hoofe with cowes dung , and rubbe the out-side and the cronet with the sward of fat bacon : for that will keepe a tough , smooth , and a sound hoofe . CHAP. 98. Of loosening of the Hoofe . A Hoofe is sayd to bee loosened when there is a dissolution or parting of the horne or coffin of the hoofe from the flesh , at the setting on of the cronet . Now if this dissolution or parting bee round about the cronet , then it proceedeth by meanes of some foundring ; but if it bee but in part , then it proceedeth from the anguish caused either by the pricking of some canell naile , or other naile piercing the soale , or quarters of the foote ; or by some quitterbone , retraite , grauelling , or cloying , or such like accident . The signes of the disease be these : When it is loosened by foundring , then it will breake first , and the dissolution will appeare on the fore part of the cronet right against the toe , because the humour doth couet alwayes to descend towards the toe ; but if it proceede from pricking , grauelling , or such like , then the hoofe will loosen round about , equally euen at the first ; but when it proceedes from some quitterbone , or hurt vpon the cronet , then the hoofe will breake right aboue the place that is offended , and most commonly will go no further . Now the cure , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , is , of what cause soeuer the loosening proceed , first to be sure to open the hoofe in the soale of the foot , so as the humor may haue free passage downeward ; and then to binde about the toppe of it , the restrictiue plaister spoken of in the 97. chapter , and in the 100. chapter , and in such sort , as it is there written , and then heale it vp with turpentine and hogges grease molten together . Others of the ancient Farriers take three spoonefull of tarre , and a quarter of a pound of rosen , and halfe a handfull of tansie , and halfe an handful of rew , and halfe an handfull of red mints , and halfe an handfull of southernwood , and bray all these together in a mortar : then adde halfe a pound of butter , and a penyworth of virgine waxe , then melt them all together ouer the fire vntill it come to a thicke plaister or salue , then spread some of it vpon a cloth , and lay it to the soare , renewing it once a day for seauen daies , and it will heale it . Others vse to take the braines of a swine or a pig , and to stop his hoofe very wel therewith , three daies together , renewing it twice or thrice a day ; and it will grow fast , and endure as well , or rather better then euer it did . Other Farriers vse to cut out the sole below , letting it bleed well ; after stop it with hurds dipt in the whites of egs , tye this to for twenty foure howers , then wash it with strong vinegar warmed , after fill it with tartar , and salt of each a like quantity , let that remaine in 2 daies ; then annoint it with the oyntment made of Olibanum , masticke , pitch of Greece , of each a like , and a little Sanguis draconis , and of new waxe , and sheepes suet as much as of the first , and melte , and boyle them all very well together , and let this oyntment be applyed once a day till the soare be whole . But if you perceiue that any new hoofe come , then cut away the old , lest the hardnesse of the one hinder the tendernesse of the other ; and then annoynt the new hoofe with suet , oyle , & waxe , of each a like boyled together , to make it grow ; or else with pitch of Greece , mastick , Olibanum , Sanguis dracouis , & Galbanum , of each alike , being molten with suet : for this will make the new hoofe to grow also , so will also new waxe , hony , oyle , swines grease , and sheeps suet , being boyled together ; and when it is cold adde masticke , Sanguis draconis , and Frankensence , and incorporate them all together ; for nothing sooner then this will make either new or old hoofe grow . Others vse to take shell snailes and stampe them , and lay them twice a day to the soare , and they will either fasten the old hoofe , or quickly bring foorth a new . Now there bee other Farriers which first fill the soare with turpentine , and after it hath laine twenty foure howers , then wash the soare with vrine or copporas water ; then fill it either with verdigrease , or with sheepes tallow , pitch , and rosen boyld together , in which hauing dipt hurdes lay it to the soare very hot twice a day vntill it be whole . CHAP. 99. Of casting the hoofe . THe casting of the hoofe is , when the whole coffine thereof falleth cleane away from the foote ; which commeth of all the former causes rehearsed in the last chapter , & is so apparant to the eye that it nedeth none other signes . Now for the cure it is thus , take of turpentine one pound , of tarre halfe a pint , of vnwrought waxe halfe a pound , of sheepes suet halfe a pound , & of sallet oyle halfe a pint ; boyle all these things together , and stirre them continually vntill they bee throughly mixt together ; then make a boote of leather with a strong sole fit for the horses foote , to be laced fast about the pastorne ; then dresse his foote with the salue aforesaid , laid vpon flaxe or tow , and bolster or stop his foote with soft flaxe , so as the boote may grieue him no manner of waies , renewing it euery day once vntill the new hoofe come : then as the hoofe beginneth to harden , if it grow either thicke , crompled , or out of order ; with a fine rape-file keepe it smooth and plaine till the hoofe bee perfect , and then put him to grasse , that there it may take a kindly hardening and toughnesse . CHAP. 100. Of the Hoofe-bound . THe hoofe-bound is nothing else but a shrinking in of the whole hoofe in the vpper parte thereof , making the skinne to stare aboue the hoofe , and to grow ouer the same . It proceedeth from keeping the horses hoofes too dry in the stable , or from straite shooing ▪ or from some vnnaturall heate after foundring ; and the signes of the disease are , that the horse will halt much , and his hoofes will be hot ; and if you knocke vpon them with an hammer , they will sound hollow like an empty bottle ; and if both his feete bee not hoofe-bound , then the soare foote will euer be the lesser : and you shall also vnderstand that this disease of some Farriers is called a dry foundring . Now for the cure thereof according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , it is thus , take a pound of the sward of bacon , and a quarterne of a pound of white sope , and a handfull of balme , and a handfull of bay leaues , and foure or fiue branches of rew , and stampe them well together ; and then fry them , and lay them about the cronet of the hoofe very●oat , suffering it so to abide the space of fiue daies , and then renew it , but in no case let him tread in any wet , and this will helpe him . Other of the ancient Farriers vse , first to pull off his shooes , and to shooe him with halfe moone shooes called Lunets or Lunet , the shape whereof you shall see in an other place ; then raze both the quarters of the hoofe with a drawing knife , from the cronet vnto the sole of the foote , so deepe that you may see the dew come foorth : and if you make two razes on each side , it shall bee so much the better , and inlarge the hoofe the more ; that done , annoint all the hoofe aboue next vnto the cronet round about with the oyntment described before in the last chapter of casting the hoofe , continuing so to do euery day once vntill hee beginne to amend ; and let him bee ridden vpon some soft wet ground an howre or two euery day once for the space of a moneth ; and if hee goe not well at the moneths end , then take off the halfe shooes , and pare all the soles , ●rushes and all so thinne , that you may see the dew come foorth , and tacke on a whole shooe , and stoppe all the foote within with hogges grease and branne molten together , and laid very hote to the foote , renewing it euery day once the space of nine daies , to the intent the sole may rise ; but if this will doe no good , then take away the sole cleane , and clap on a whole shooe , and stoppe the foote with nettles and salte braid together ; yet stop it not too hard , to the intent the sole may haue liberty to rise ; & let this be renewed euery day once , till the sole bee growne againe , then let him bee shod with Lunets , and so sent to grasse . Other Farriers vse onely to raze the hoofe from the cronet to the verdge of the hoofe in foure or fiue places , and rubbe it twice or thrice a day with salt , and that will open the hoofe . Others vse onely to open the horse exceeding much at the heeles once a weeke , and to shooe him with very wide open shooes , and then for a moneth or two to draw him in some carte , that by beeing forced to set his foote hard to the ground , hee may thereby stretch foorth and widen his hoofe . Now to preuent this soarrance , it is good to annoynt his hoofes with neats foote oyle , or with turpentine , and to stop them vnderneath with cowes dung . CHAP. 101. Of the running or rotten Frush . THe Frush , which of some is called the Frogge of the foote , is the tenderest part of the hoo●e towards the heele , and is fashioned like a forked arrow head , being onely that part of the foot which Farriers cut forth , when they say they cut forth the soale of the horses foote . Now in this frush breedeth many times a rottennesse or corruption proceeding of humors which cometh out of the legges , by which the legge is kept cleane from wind-galles , and all other tumors or swellings by meanes that the humours haue passage that wayes ; notwithstanding the mischiefe of this sorrance is greater then the benefite , because it maketh the horses foote so weake and tender , that he is not able to treade vpon any hard ground . The signes of the sorrance are , the horse will halt much when he trauelleth either vpon loose stony ground , or vpon stiffe dirty waies , and goeth euer best vpon greene swarth ; but aboue all hee halteth most when the pas●age of the humour is stopped with any grauell gathered into the frush , and not being stopt , it will continually runne , and stinke so extremely that a man can hardly endure it ; besides , in some places it will looke rawe . Now the cure , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , is thus : First take off the shooe , and pare away all the corrupt places , and make them raw , so as you may see the water issue out of the raw places : then tacke on the shooe againe , being first made wide and large enough : that done , take of soote one handfull , of salte as much ; bruise them well together in a dish , and put thereto the whites of three egs , and temper them altogether ; & with a little ●ow dipt therein , stoppe all the foote , and especially the frush , and splent it in so as it may not f●ll out , renewing it once a day the space of seuen dayes , and certainly it will cure him . Now during the cure , the horse must rest , and come in no wet ; and at the seuen dayes end , leaue stopping him , and ride him abroad , and alwayes when hee commeth in , let his soare foote be cleane washed : for there is no greater enemy vnto the sorrance then grauell and dirt . Other of our later Farriers , onely take off the shooe , and pare him well , and keepe the soare cleane , both from dirt and his owne dung , by washing it three or foure times a day with vrine , and that alone will cure him as well as any medicine . CHAP. 102. Of euill Houes . HOrses partly through a naturall inclination , partly through the stoninesse of the soyle wherein they are bred , and partly through mischaunce or ill gouernment , will haue ill fauoured and naughty houes , as either wrinckled , or crumpled , or else moulded awry , or such like : all which needes no signes because of the apparant sight thereof : then to amend them , the best cure is with a fine rape-file to smooth the wrinckles away , and to annoynt the cronet of the hoofe with the fat swarde of bacon rubbed in foote : then let the horse stand for at least a fortnight vpon his owne dung , whereon you shall cast good store of water , onely remoue away the dung euery night ; and then presently after the change of the moone , shooe the horse with strong shooes , keeping the soale of the foote by paring , so hollow as you can possible , and it will shape his hoofe to your pleasure . CHAP. 103. Of brittle Hooues . IF a Horse either through the heate of his owne nature , or in that he hath bene either heated on his feete by labour , or foundred and euill cured , shall happen to haue his houes so brittle and short , that they will hardly beare a shooe : the signes whereof are , the hoofe will be white and crumbling : then the best cure , according to the opinion of the best Farriers , is to take Oxe dung and vinegar , and mixing them very well together , warme them on the fire , and so binde it both vnder and aboue round about the horses hoofe , and then lace on his boote of strong leather as is aforesaid in the chapter of casting of the hoofe . Other Farriers vse to let the horse stand vpon his owne dung , and annoynt all the vpper part of his hoofe with the fat of bacon sodde and mixt with turpentine : And this you must doe euery day once till you see his houes come to some toughnesse . Others vse to take turpentine , hogges grease , & hony , of each a like ; melt them well together , and being warme annoynt all the hoofe therewith : then dip tow therein , and fold it all about the horse foot both vnder & aboue ; and then put on his boote : dresse him thus once a day , and once in two daies let him stand foure houres without his boote , that his hoofe may grow as well hard as tough . CHAP. 104. How to preserue Houes . IF you meane to preserue your horses hoofes either from any of the former sorrances , or any other griefe whatsoeuer , you shall , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , take three heads of garlicke , a little bundle of rewe , sixe ounces of allome , beaten into powder , two pound of old grease , and the dung of an Asse ; boyle them all very well together , and stoppe your horses hoofes therewith once a day . Other Farriers take of vinegar a quarterne , of tarre halfe a pint , of hogges grease halfe a pound , of oyle a pint , and a good handfull of wormwod , and foure or fiue heads of garlicke ; boyle all these together to a thicke oyntment , and therewith annoynt all the horses hoofes . Others vse to boyle beanes till they burst , and then temper them with hony , and therwith annoynt all the hoofes : or else wash all the hoofes with warme vinegar , and then annoynt them with horehound , wormewod , & grease molten together . Other Farriers take of Olibanum and new waxe , of each an ounce , of Dialthea and turpentine , of each three ounces , of butter foure ounces , of old oyle sixe ounces , & of sheeps suet & plantaine , of each a pound ; boyle them all well together , & therewith annoynt the hoofes twice a day . Other Farriers annoynt his hoofes with turpentine , hogges grease , and hony warmed and molten together , of each a like quantity ; then pare the foote well , and shooe him in t●e new of the moone two or three daies after the change . Others vse to take chaulke and white lead mingled together ; or else barke-dust and hony mixt together , and being heated in a posnet , and laid hote on the bare flesh , is most excellent to make any houe grow ; to conclude if a horse stand vpon his owne dung ( being very well watered ) so he doe not lye in it , it is most soueraigne for the preseruing of the houes CHAP. 105. For any hurt vpon the houes . IF your horse shall receiue any hurt vpon his houes , either outwardly or inwardly , as either by any false treading or crossing one foote vpon an other , or by any bruise either vpon cogle stone , flint , or such like , then for the cure thereof you shall first stoppe the hoofe with hony and vinegar mixt together , for the space of three daies at the least ; and then afterward with the leaues of Tamariske , well bruised & beaten together , vntil the hoofe be sound againe . Other Farriers vse onely to stoppe the hoofe with sheepes grease and horse dung well mixt together , renewing it onely once a day vntill it be well . CHAP. 106. How to soften houes . THe houes of horses will , by long & dry standing vpon dry plaunchers , grow so hard that they will not be pared , nor cut by any butteris ; besides , they will so take from the horse the sence and feeling of his feete , that the horse wil goe very stiffe and vnnimbly : wherefore when you shall perceiue any such defect , which is best knowne by offering to pare the hoofe , then presently you shall take an ounce of sope , two ounces of vnsleckt lime , with as much strong lye as will make it soft like a lenwicke salue , then with that stoppe the horses feete dayly till they come to a conuenient softnesse . CHAP. 107. How to harden houes . AS dry standing & dry keepinng doth harden the houes too much , so wet and moist keeping , as continuall going in marrish grounds , or continuall standing either vpon dirt or the horses owne dung , will make a horses houes too soft ; in so much that the horse through the tendernesse thereof will neither bee able to goe nor to beare any shooe , which you shal perceiue by the soft and easy cutting of the hoofe ; the manner then to harden and cure them is , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , first to burne an old shooe sole , then seeth it well in vinegar , and therewith bathe the horses houes , at the least twice a day , and it will harden them . Other Farries vse to take of the powder of galles , of branne , and of salt , of each a handfull ; boyle these well in a pottle of strong vinegar , and therewith bathe the hoofes , and in a short space it will harden them . CHAP. 108. Of the Maltlong on the hoofe . THe maltlong , or as some Farriers call it , the malt-worme , is a cankerous soarrance aboue the hoofe , iust vpon the cronet , which will breake out into knobbes and branches , and out of the same will runne a waterish sharpe lye or humor , which will venome the whole foote ; as for the signes , they are the apparant sight of the sorrance , and the continuall running out of the thinne water . Now the cure according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers is , if it bee in the sommer time , to take blacke snailes , and burre rootes : and beating them wel together lay them vnto the soare , and renew them once in twenty foure howres . But if it bee in the winter , then take the scraping of a pannes bottome or of a cauldron , and put thereto an handfull of the inner greene barke or pils of the Elder tree ; and hauing beaten them well together in a mortar , lay it vnto the soare , and renew it once a day , and it will heale it . Others vse to take garlicke , pepper and hony , of each like quantity ; stamp them very well together , then annoynt his tongue with a little thereof , and then lay some to his pastorns , and that will cure the soarrance . CHAP. 109. How to skinne any soare foote . THere is nothing better to skinne any soare foote of what accident or soarrance soeuer it procede , then to take turpentine simply of it selfe , and therewith euery day to annoynt the soare foote , and it will not onely gather skinne but hoofe also , if it bee in a place where any such need requireth . CHAP. 110. Of gourded or swolne legges . THe gorge or gourded legges , is an ill sorrance , being a grieuous swelling in the neather part of the legges , proceeding either from the melting of the grease by immoderate labour , & then wanting wherewith to auoide that grease out in the excrements , it falleth downe into the limbes , and there breedeth this swelling ; or else when a horse is exceedingly heated , and then without care set vp , and taketh cold , in so much that the blood falleth downe into his legges , and there congealeth , and maketh his legges to swell . To conclude , they doe sometimes proceede from hard beating in hard waies in the sommer time , which first raiseth vp windgals , and then those windgals offending the sinews , maketh them to swell , and this is the worst gourding , because euer for the most parte lamenesse doth follow it . The signes are , the horses legges will euer bee most swolne when hee standeth still in the house , and least when he is in trauell , especially if hee trauell in much water ; and the swelling most commonly is accompanied with some small scabs , and in the end it will breake out into the scratches . The cure according to the opinion of the ancient . Farriers is , to draw him with a hot yron a handfull aboue the knee , & then rope his legs with a soft rope of hay wet in cold water , and let it so remaine a day and a night , and it will take away all the swelling . Other Farriers take two pound of nerue oile , two pound of black sope , a pound of Boares grease , and melt and boyle all th●se well together : then straine it , and so let it coole : then when you haue ●●y need , annoynt and chafe your horses legg●s therewith ; and to make it sinke in the better , annoynt him first with nerue-oyle , and hold a hote Iron against his legges to make it melte : then vse the other oyntment in the same manner : which done , keepe his legges cleane from dust by lapping a linnen roller about them . Others of our later Farriers vse to take vp the veines beneath the knee , and let him bleede well : then knitte the veine both aboue and below , and then annoynt his legges with this oyntment : Take of frankinsence , rosen , and fresh grease , of each a like quantity , and hauing boyled them very well together , then straine it , and vse it once a day as you shall haue occasion , and it will heale any Gorge whatsoeuer ; onely for the taking vp of the veines , you may if you will , forbeare it , sith if it bee not done with great cunning , it will make the horse stiffe euer after . CHAP. 111. Of the Farcy or Fashions . THe Farcy ( of our ignorant Smiths called the Fashions ) is of all outward sorrances the vilest , the most poysonous , infectious , and the most dangerous ( being any whit neglected , ) otherwise the most easiest , and with the least cost or trouble to bee helped . It is a kinde or ●●eeping ●lcer , growing in knots , euer following amongst some one veine or other , and sometimes alongst diuers or sundry veines , according to the strength of the infection . It proceedeth sometimes from corrupt bloud ingendred in the body , sometimes from outward wounds or hurts receiued by cankerous or poysonous instruments , as rusty spurres , rusty forkes , biting● of dogges or horses , bitings of tickes , hogges lice , or such like ; sometimes by the rubbing of swine against the legges of the horse , or by lying in the litter where swine haue laine , or by enterfearing , or hewing one legge vpon an other : but generally it proceedeth from an euill habite of the body , being surfaited by disorderly and vnruly trauell , whereby the bloud being heated , the grease melted , and sudden cold taken , there groweth such obstructions in the bloud , and such putrifaction in the body , that it can no way euacuate or auoyde , but by these small knots , pustules , or vlcers , which are so infectious , that as many horses as doe gnawe or enappe vpon the horse infected , will within one moneth haue the same disease : or if the horse infected doe bite any other , hee will infect him also ; and this infection without present cure , is mortall , and will kill any horse ; therefore whensoeuer you haue any horse troubled with this sorrance , see that you separate him from other horses to preuent the daunger . Now for the signes , they are the apparance and palpable feeling of the knottes , which knottes are neuer but accompanyed with great swellings and rancklinges , running alongst as the veines runne , and diuiding themselues as the braunches of the veines diuide , the number of the knottes multiplying and encreasing vntill the body bee either vniuersally couered ouer , or else that the member ( if it bee in a member ) bee vtterly deformed and mishapen . Now the cure , ( according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers ) is , first let him bloud on his necke veine , and on both his spurre veines : then giue the horse this drinke : Take a gallon of water , and put into it a good handfull or rewe , and a pound of hempe-seede , both being first bruised in a mortar : then boyle them in the water till the one halfe bee consumed , and giue the horse this to drinke in the morning , fasting , being cold , for diuers morninges together , and it will cure him . Others of the ancient Farriers vse first to let the horse bloud in that veine where the sorrance first riseth , as nigh the soare place as may bee , and let him bleede well : then fire or cauterize euery knotte one by one , taking the knotte in your left hand , and pulling it so hard as you can from his body , to the intent you may the better pierce the knotte with a round blunt hote Iron , of the bignesse of a mans forefingar , without doing the body any hurt , and let the matter out , leauing none vnburned , bee it little or much : that done , annoynt euery knotte so burned with hogges grease warmed euery day once vntill the coares bee ready to fall away ; and in the meane time prepare a good quantity of old vrine , & when you see the coares ready to fall , then boyle the vrine , and put therein a little copporas and salt , and a fewe strong nettles , and with that water being warme , wash out all the coares , and all the corruption : that done , fill euery hole immediatly with the powder of sleckt lime , continuing thus to do euery day once vntill the holes bee closed vp ; and if any bee more ranker then others , fill those with verdigrease ; and during this cure let the horse bee thinly dyetted , that is to say , with straw and water onely , vnlesse it be now and then to giue him a loafe of bread , or a little other prouender : for the lower hee is kept in flesh , the sooner hee will heale ; and in any wise let his necke either bee yoaked in an old bottomlesse paile , or else splented with the staues in such sort that hee may not come to licke any of his soares , and the lesse rest hee hath , the better will bee his amendment . Now there bee other later Farriers which for this sorrance take a good quantity of mistellthoe , hony , and blacke sope , and boyle them very well in old vrine , and being very warme , wash your horse all ouer therewith , euery day once for the space of fiue or sixe dayes , and it will helpe it . Others vse to cut the horse two inches long , downe the forehead , and open it in the midst thereof on both sides two inches , and put therto a tampin made of the inner rinde of Elder barke which is greene , and looke that it lye crosse the cut : for so it will destroy all the venemous humour in his body , and it will heale him very perfectly hauing bene very oft approued . Others vse to take a very sharpe bodkin , and to thrust it crosse-wise through the neather part of the horses nose , euen through the small gristle , so that he may bleed well , or else to let him bloud in the necke veine , then feele the knots , and as many as are sort , lance them and let them run : then take strong lye , lime and allom , and mixing them well together bathe all the soare ●herewith ; and it will cure him . Others take a sharpe launce knife , and in the toppe of the horses forehead somewhat aboue his eyes make a long slit euen vnto the skull ; then with a blunt instrument for the purpose , loose the flesh from the scalpe a good compasse , then take carret rootes cut into little thinne round peeces , and put them betweene the skinne and the skull , or for wante of carret rootes you may take redde dock rootes , and see that they be a little be●ten or bruised before you put them in , and once a day see that you thrust out the matter , but by no meanes thrust out the rootes : but if the rootes will not stay in , then with a needle and a silke stitch the wound together that it may hold in the medicin ; then once a day annoint the wound with fresh butter : this is held a very certaine cure for the farcy , for looke how this wound thus made ▪ shall rot , wast , and grow sound , so shall the sorrance breake , dry vp , and be healed ; onely the fault of this cure is , that it will bee somewhat long in healing , and is a foule eyesoare vntill it bee whole . Now there be other Farriers which after the putting in of the rootes , as is aforesaid , vse to burne all the soare places round about with a hote yron ; and then with another blunt hote yron as bigge as a mans fingar , to burne the soares in the midst till the white matter come foorth ; then with a paire of pinsons plucke out the knots : this done , annoynt all the soare places with sope , and then dresse him no more the space of foure or fiue daies , in which time you must prepare a good quantity of strong pisse , with the which you must wash him euery day , the pisse being first made scalding hote , and rubbe the soares well vntill they begin to bleed ; then hauing dryed all the soare places , throwe ●n the powder of vnsleckt lime , or of burnt allome , which will heale better then lime . Now if you see that in any of the soares through negligent dressing there riseth proud flesh so high , that you cannot c●rrect it sufficiently with the aforesaid powder , then may you burne any such place so soare or soarer as you did at the first , and dr●sle it as before . Now there bee other Farriers which when they see the farcy to haue beene old and long gone , and that it is so farre entred into one member or other , that the member is disfigured , they will then first ●urge the horse ▪ with some strong purgation , of which you may find choice in a chapter before written , and then vnder hi● belly put in one rowell either of haire or leather : and on the pitch of his shoulder of his grieued legge ( if it bee before ) or else on the stifling place , if his griefe be behind , put in another rowell , and so keepe those two places together with the issue in his forehead open , vntill the cure bee finished ; then with an other hote yron burne all his legge downe with long strikes , euen from the body to the hoofe , not aboue an inch one strike from another , the edge of the yron being not aboue a strawes breadth , and draw your stroake euer downeward with the haire , and burne him no deeper then that the skinne may looke browne . Now when by this practise you haue cured the disease , if then the member bee vnfashionable , or by swellings out of all forme , then you shall lay vnto the member a plaister made of wine lees , and wheate flower , & rolle it with a wollen roller , renewing it once in twenty toure howres till the member bee asswaged ; and this practise will heale any greate sweld legge , if it be applied and continued with patience ; but if by former dressings , burnings , manglings , or cuttings of some ignorant Farriers , there be any extraordinary hard or horny substance growne about the member which the plaister aforesaid will not resolue ; then you shall take of virgine waxe halfe a pound , of mirrhe one pound , of raysins a pound , of Galbanum halfe a pound , of Costus sixe ounces , of armoniarcke sixe ounces , of swines grease two pounds ; put your swines grease first into an earthen pot , and hauing placed it in a broad cauldron full of water , then make a soft fire vnder it , to the end that your water may boyle ; and when you do perceiue your swines grease is almost melted , then shall you put in all your other simples , except the Costus : and when they are all molten , which will aske fiue or sixe howres boyling at the least , then your Costus , which is a white roote , being beaten into fine powder , you shall adde to the aforesaid things after it is taken from the fire , and incorporate them all very well together ; then make a plaister thereof vpon a peece of sheepes leather , somewhat bigger then the soare , and this plaister without renewing will serue for at least thirty daies with a very little refreshing , onely you must once a day take it off , and rub his legge very well , for feare it itch , which may cause the horse to beate and stamped with his foote , and so rather increase then decrease the swelling ; and you must regard , that you doe not rolle him to straite , for that is most hurtfull . It shall not be a misse now and then to ride him into the water , and walke him an howre after ; then bringing him into the stable , rubbe his legge well ; then warme his plaister ouer a chafing-dish and coales , and so lay it to againe : and this practise in two or three moneths will take away any deformity of swelling , be the member neuer so vncomly . Now there be other Farriers which for this farcy if it bee but young , and especially if it bee about the head or face of a horse ; will take onely of aqua vitae two spoonefuls , of the iuice of garlicke two spoonefull , and of the iuice of rew , or hearb of grace , two spoonefull ; mixe them well together , then take plegants or round bals of flaxe , and steepe them therein , and then stoppe them hard into the horses eares ; then take a needle and thred , and stitch the tips of his two eares together , by meanes whereof he cannot shake out the medicine , and vse the horse thus three seuerall mornings together , and it will kill the farcy as hath beene oft proued . Other Farriers vse to take dragworts , or groundsell , and beate it well in a mortar with white salt , and then stop it hard into the horses eares , and so either stitch them together , or with a broad inckle bind them vp ; renewing it once in foureteene howres for three or foure dressings , and it will heale any reasonable farcy . Others vse to annoynt all the soares either with tansey and verdiuice boyld together , or else with boares grease very hote , and that will kill it . Others vse first to wash the soares with old vrine , then take the powder of glasse , brimstone , and hogges grease well stamped and beaten together ; then opening or slitting the knotes annoynt them all therwith , and it wil cure them immediatly ; Other Farriers vse to let the horse blood if it be at the beginning of the disease , or else not ; & then to burne all the knots as is aforesaid , & then to heale the burnings with tar , oyle & hony mixt together , & giue him with a pint of malmsey , two or three spoonfull of the powder Diapente : or else giue him 4 ounces of the powder of wal-wort , or dan-wort , with a pint & a halfe of malmsey , 3. daies together ; after that , take an ounce of Aloes , one ounce of Centuary , one ounce of Opoponax ; beat them all into sine powder , and giue them him to drinke in a pint and an halfe of malmsey warmed , wherein the roots of the aforesaid hearbe called wal-wort , or dan-wort , haue bene sodden : vse to ride him oft vntill he sweate ; and when the disease is killed , turne him to grasse : for running in the open aire is very wholsome . There be others which take blacke sope , Arsnicke , vnsleckt lime , verdigrease , & red lead ; work all these well together , and opening the knots , dresse them therewith till you see they begin to dry vp and dy . Others open the knots with a hot Iron , and then take blacke sope , & great salt beaten together , and halfe so much as of them of verdigrease , and boyle the verdigrease with fresh grease , and then take a saucerful of mustard , and put them all together , and dresse the soares therewith . Others take ▪ ounces of quicksiluer , and put it into a bladder , with 2 spoonfull of the iuice of orenges or lemons , and shake them together to coole the quicksiluer : then take halfe a pound of fresh hogges grease , & of verdiuice an ounce ; put all these in a trend dish , & worke them well together : then annoynt the knots with this oyntment , till they rot : then let them out with a sharpe knife , & annoynt them still , and put into his eares the iuice of rag-weed , and the soares wil dry vp . This medicine is very well approued . Others take blacke sope , mustard made of wine vinegar , and red lead ; mixe all these together , & anoynt the veine all along , holding a hote Iron close to the soare , to make the oyntment sinke in ; & do thus once a day vntil the soares dry vp . Other Farriers take of the iuice of hemlocke a good quantity , & dipping tow therein , stop his eares therewith : then open all the knots and thrust in salt . Lastly , giue him to drinke sweete worte mixt with fennell & treacle . Other Farriers take the butter burre , and being dryed & beaten to powder , strew it vpon the knots after they haue bin opened , & then giue him 2. or 3. spoonfull of the same powder with a pint of malmesey to drinke , & it will cure the Farcy , and it is also exceeding good for all manner of vlcers ; the root is strong in smell , & bitter in taste . Others take sulphure , orpiment , vnslekt lime , and mixing them together , put it into the knots , and it will kill the Farcy : which done , annoynt him with bolearmony made into powder , & incorporated with strong vinegar , the iuice of houslicke , and of white leekes , and Solatro . Other Farriers after they haue let the horse bloud will boyle in vinegar , beane flowre & swines grease , then adde a prety quantity of oyle ; and then straine it , then adde one part of aloes , & two of brimstone , & boyle it a little : then being warme annoynt all the soare places therewith , or else annoynt them twice a day with the iuice of smallage , and the yelkes of egges beaten together . There be other Farriers which take 2 ounces of oyle de bay , one of Euforbium , & 2 ounces of arsnicke ; & mixing them together , annoynt the soares therewith , & it will kill the Farcy . Now after all these many receipts , of which not any but hath bene approued to be very good , yet these 2. which I wil now rehearse , I haue euer found to be the most excellent for any manner of Farcy whatsoeuer , whether it be , as our simple Smithes tearme it , a drye Farcy , a wet or water Farcy , or a running Farcy , all being indeed but one Farcy , & proceeding from one & the selfe same cause ; only some horses not hauing such flux of humors in them as others haue , the knots will be vnwilling to breake , and then they say it is a drye farcy : others of the contrary part will breake as fast as the knots do arise , and run filthy matter ; and then they call it a water farcy : others will spread in many parts of the body , yet not breake , but as it were moue betweene the skin & the flesh , and that they call a running farcy . Now all these , as I said before , are but one farcy , and haue but one certaine cure , which is this : first , with diligent heed marke vpon what principall veine in the horses body the knots do arise , and note how they spread & run ; then if the farcy bee diuided into sundry branches , according as the veine doth diuide , you shall take the last knot of euery braunch , which , for the most part , will be hard , and not come to rottennesse ; and then slit them , and fill them with your kniues point full of white arsnicke : then those which you find to be rotten , let the matter forth , and annoynt them with blacke sope and arsnicke mixt together : then within 2. or 3. dayes you shall see those which you drest with arsnicke simply , to haue their coares fall out , and the rest which you drest with blacke sope , will dry vp : then annoynt them all with fresh butter molten till they be whole . Now if you do perceiue any new knots to arise , then you shall dresse them likewise with arsnicke simply , as was said before , & not leaue any vncured . Now if the farcy be not very contagious , but , as it were , newly begun , then if you only take blacke sope & arsenicke , as beforesayd , and annoynting your fingar and your thumbe therewith , do but nippe and bruise euery knot , and within two or three daies after , they will dry vp and heale . But if the farcy be fowle and desperate , that is to say , either vniuersally spread ouer the body , or so gotten into any limbe or member , that the limbe is deformed , and hath lost his proportion , so that a man can neither iudge which way the veines runne , nor in what part the knots are most venemous , because that healing one , two new ones will arise ; In this case you shall first giue your horse a strong scouring or purgation , according to the strength of his body , of all which a pint of muskadine , or a quart of strong ale , with halfe a pinte of the oyle of oates , is the most soueraigne : then shall you take a penyworth of tarre , and two good handfuls of pidgions dung , and twelue penyworth of white mercury ; mixe all these very well together , and make them into a salue : then with a slice daube it all ouer the soare place , leauing no parte of the member vncouered : then heating a barre of Iron red hote , hold it so neare that it may drye the salue vpon the soare : then lay more fresh salue on , and dry it in like maner , & let it so rest vntill it fall off , and it will kill any farcy whatsoeuer at the first or second dressing . Now there bee others which will stoppe the knots with the powder of verdigrease and of arsnicke mixt together , or else wash the soares with Aqua-fortis , but they are neither so good as the other before rehearsed . CHAP. 112. Of the Canker in any part of the body . A Canker is a poysonous creeping vlcer , fretting & gnawing the flesh in great breadth , whose beginning is knotty , not much vnlike vnto the farcy , & spreadeth it selfe into diuers places : and being exulcerated , gathereth together at the length into one wound or filthy soare ; from whence there runneth a thinne sharpe lye , which galleth off the skin wheresoeuer it goes ; and so both increaseth the vlcer , and maketh it more incurable . It proceedeth from melancholy and filthy bloud , ingendred either by rancknesse of keeping , or else by too extreme pouerty ; and if this naughty bloud be mixt with sharpe and salte humors , then it causeth more painefull and grieuous exulceration . It also may proceede from some loathsome wound which is neither cleane kept , nor well drest , but in such sorte that the corrupt matter thereof poysoneth the other cleane partes of the body ; for signes of the sorrance , there needeth no more but the description already mentioned . And for the cure , according to the opinion of ancient Farriers , is , first to let the horse bloud , in those veines which are next the soare , and make him bleed well ; then take of allom halfe a pound , of greene copporas as much , of white copporas one quarterne , and a good handfull of salt ; boyle all these things together in faire running water from a pottle to a quart : and this water being warme , wash the soare therewith with a clout : and then sprinkle thereon the powder of slecked lime , continuing so to doe euery day once the space of fifteene daies ; and if you see that the lime doe not mor●ifie the rancke flesh and keepe it from spreading any further , then take of sope halfe a pound , of quick-siluer halfe an ounce , and beate them together in a pot vntil the quicksiluer be so well mingled with the sope as you can perceiue no quicksiluer in it , & with an yron slice or splatter , after that you haue washed the soare with the strong water aforesaid , couer the wound with this oyntment , continuing thus to doe euery day once vntill the canker leaue spreading abroad . And if it leaue spreading , and that you see the rancke flesh is well mortified , and that the edges beginnes to gather a skinne , then after the washing dresse it with lime , as before ▪ continuing so to doe vntill it be whole ; and in the dressing suffer no filth that commeth out of the soare , to remaine vpon any whole place about , but wipe it cleane away , or else wash it away with warme water : and let the horse during this cure , bee as thinly dicted as may bee , and throughly exercised ; now if this cankerous vlcer happen to be in the taile of the horse , as it is often seene , and which you shall perceiue as well by the falling away of the haire , as also by the wound , then you shall make a bolster either of soft cloth , or spunge , and wet it with vinegar both within and without , and so bind it fast to the soare ; & alwaies when it waxeth dry you must wet it againe ; do thus twice or thrice a day , if it be done oftener it is better : so shal you continue for three or foure daies , and then heale it vp , as you heale vp any ordinary wound ; that is with hogges grease and turpentine molten together , or such like . There be other Farriers which for the canker on the body doe take one ounce of the iuice of the roote of Affedeli , three ounces of vnsleckt lime , two ounces of orpiment or arsnicke ; put this in an earthen vessell close stopt , and either boyle or bake it in an ouen till it come to a powder ; then first wash the soare with strong vinegar , and after strow this powder thereon . Others vse to take garlicke , and beate it in a mortar with swines grease till it come to a salue , and then hauing washt the soare either with vinegar , allome water , copporas water , or old vrine , then annoynt it once or twice a day with it till it bee whole . Other Farriers take the hearbe Mullen and bruise it , and mix it with salt , and verdigrease , and then dresse the soare therewith morning and euening for the space of three or foure daies ; then vse the same salue as long againe without verdigrease : then lastly vse the hearbe alone ; but if at any time , you see it doe beginne to waxe raw , then beginne againe as is aforesaid , and euer before you annoynt it , wash it first with vinegar and grease mixt together . Others take sauin , bay salte , and rew stampt with barrowes grease , and annoynt the soare therewith , and when the ill humors are kild ( which you shall know by the whitenesse ) then heale it with tarre , oyle and hony mixt together lastly , ( and which I hold the best ) take vinegar , ginger , and allome , and mixe them together , till they come to a salue , and with it annoynt the soare , and it will both kill the poyson , and heale the vlcer . CHAP. 113. Of the Fistula . AFstula is a deepe , hollow , crooked , mattering vlcer , and for the most parte commonly a great deale straiter at the mouth then at the bottome , being ingendred in some wound , soare , bruise , or canker not throughly healed . The signes to know it are , the hollownesse of the soare , descending downewarde from the orifice , and the thinnesse of the matter which issueth from the same ; besides , the crookednes which you shall finde in the vlcer when you search it . Now for the cure , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers it is thus : first search the bottome thereof with a goose or swannes quill , or with a small rodde , well couered with fine linnen cloth ; and hauing found the bottome thereof , cut it so large with a razor that the matter may haue free passage downewards ; but take heed in launcing it , that you cut not any master sinew or maine tendant : then hauing stanched the blood either with swines dung or such like , take of good hony a pint , of verdigease one ounce , & boyle them well together vpon a soft fire three quarters of an howre ; then hauing cleansed the soare by tying a taint of flaxe or fine linnen cloth to the point of your quill , with a threed draw it softly into the wound : then cut off your quill , or feather so long that you may take good hold in the neather end of the tent , which then shall come out at the bottome of your soare : then dip another tent in the aforesaid salue , and then with a needle & a thred , make fast your tent to your first clout at the vpper end thereof ; then draw out your first tent downeward , so shal you draw your tent with the medicine easily into the wound , and your first tent will haue cleansed the soare very cleane ; & if the matter do abound much , then it shall be good to dresse him twice a day , but you must not dresse him with this medicine , no more but one day , and afterward you shal dresse him with this medicine following : Take of turpentine , of swine grease , of hony , and sheeps suet , of each a like quantity , & melt them together , and make a salue thereof , wherewith you shal dresse your horse foure daies for one day that you dresse him with your former medicine made of hony and verdigrease ; and take heede that you make your tent of very soft linnen cloath , or fine flaxe , and let not your tent be too big after the first and second time dressing , but presently after the first dressing , you must couer the soare place , & round about the same , with this Pultus here following : First , take two gallons of faire water , and hauing boyled and scummed it so long till you haue perfectly cleansed it of all corruption , then take two or three handfuls of mallowes , and as much of violet leaues , and two or three handfuls of oat-meale , and hauing boyled all these 3. things well in your former prepared water , you shall adde thereto of hogges mort , and fresh butter , of each a pound : then shall you let it boyle so long till it become thicke , like paste , or pap , and then apply it hot to the soare ; and take heed that in opening this soare you let not any aire strike into it : and on the other side , that you keep it not too hot . And if this fistula be in the horses withers , you must take heede that you ty his head to the racke so as he may neitherly down , nor put his head lower then his manger : for if you suffer him to feede on the ground when he hath any grieuous soare in his withers , it shal hardly be possible euer to cure him ; but if you perceiue the wound to heale apace , and that it matter but a little , then shall it be enough to dresse him once a day : and also it shall be good to take great heed that you make not your tent too big , and see that you vse your Pultus till it be perfectly cured . Now there be others of the ancient Farriers which vse for this cure , first to search the depth of the fistula either with a quill , or with some other instrument of lead , which may be bowed euery way : for vnlesse you finde the bottome of it , it will bee very hard to cure : and hauing found the bottome , if it be in such a place as you may boldly cut and make the way open with a launcet or razor , then make a slit right against the bottome , so wide , that you may thrust in your fingar to feele whether there be any bone or else gristle perished , or spungy or loose flesh , which must bee gotten out ; and then taint it with a taint of flaxe dipped in this oyntment : Take of Mirre , of Aloes , and of Sarcocolla , of each one ounce , of good hony sixe ounces , and of verdigrease two ounces , and melt all these on a gentle fire , and make them into a salue ; then being luke warme , dresse the taint therewith , and bolster the tent with a bolster of flaxe , and if it be in such a place as the tent cannot conueniently be kept in with a band , then fasten on each side the hole , two ends of a shooe-makers threed right ouer the bolster to keepe in the tent , which ends may hang there as two laces to ty and vnty at your pleasure , renewing the tent euery day once vntill the soare leaue mattering , and then make the tent euery day lesser and lesser vntill it bee whole : for you shall vnderstand that this salue doth purge this fistula of putrifaction ; incarnateth & breedeth flesh ; conglutinateth , and eateth away all naughty flesh . Now when you haue done as aforesaid , then you shal close it vp by sprinckling thereon a little sleckt lime : but if the fistula bee in such a place as a man can neither cut against the bottome , nor nigh the same : then there is no remedy but euery time you dresse it , to powre into it either through some quill , or by some small squirt or serring , some strong white copporas water , or some allome water , so that it may goe downe to the bottome , and drye vp the filthy matter : and this you must doe twice a day at least vntill it bee whole . Now there bee of our later Farriers which vse this cure , after they haue searcht the Fistula to the bottome , to take a pottle of white wine vinegar , of camphaire halfe an ounce , of mercurie precipitate halfe an ounce , of greene treacl● three ounces , of redde sage an handfull , of yarrow and rib-wort , of each an handfull , of hony halfe a pint , of boares grease halfe a pint ; boyle all these together till a quart hee consumed , and with this you shall wash and cleanse the wound : then to heale vp the same , you shall take oyle of roses , virgin waxe , and rosen , of each a like quantity , of turpentine fiue ounces , of the gumme of Iuy and Deeres suet as much , boyle these together vnto a salue , and then dresse the soare therewith vntill it be whole , obseruing euer , both in this cure , and all the rest , that as soone you haue put in your tent , to clap a plaister ouer it of pitch , rosen , masticke , turpentine , and hogs grease , molten together , which will both comfort the wound by taking away euill humors , and also keep in the tent from falling out Now if the fistula be in or about the head of the horse , then you shall take the iuice of houslicke , and dippe therein a locke of wolle , and put it into the horses eares , and it will stay the inflammation ; but if it be exvlcerated and broken , then you shall cut away all the rotten and false flesh , and then bathe it well with the grounds of ale made warme , and then wipe the bloud cleane away : then take butter , rosen , and frankinsence a little , and boyle them altogether , and boyling hote powre it into the wound , & then clap on the plaister ; do thus once a day till the horse bee whole . Now if there be any inflammation behind the horses eares , or that it grow to any impostumation in that place , then you shall boyle the roots of mallows in water till they waxe tender , then bruise them and straine out the water cleane , & being warme apply it to the soare , and it will heale it . There be other Farriers , which for this g●nerall fistula vse as a preuention thereof , to take hony , and sheepes suet , and making it scalding hot , to scald the soare extreamely therewith , vpon the first swelling , and it will keepe the fistula that it shall not breed ; but if it be bred , then you shall launce it in the neathermost part , and put into it as much Mercurie Sublimatum as a pease , being first abated with sallet oyle , and laid on with a feather ; after that take of verdigrease foure penyworth , of vitriolle a halfe penyworth , or redde lead three penyworth ; beate these together , and euery day wash the wound with copporas water , made with copporas and Elder leaues in Sommer , and with the inner greene barke in Winter ; after the washing , take the powder , & put it on the soare , and after it drop on a little oyle . Other Farriers take the outermost greene shels of walnuts , and put thē in a tub , strowing 3. or 4. handfuls of bay salt vpon them , some in the bottom , some in the midst , & some on the top , & so keep them all the yeare ; & when you will vse them , take a pint of them , & a little bay salt , & halfe a quarter of a pound of blacke sope , with halfe a spoonefull of May butter ( & for want thereof other butter ) and mixe and incorporate them together ; and then spread it on the soare , or taint the sore therewith ; but two howres before you lay it on , annoynt the soare with Venice turpentine , and do thus till the fistula bee whole . Other Farriers take Vnguentum Egyptiacum ( which is made of hony ) a pint , vinegar halfe a pint , allome a quarterne of a pound , and verdigrease one ounce and an halfe ; and seeth them altogether till they be thick , and of a tawny colour ; this is called Egyptiacum , and to make it the strongest way , is to put in of Mercurie Sublimatum one ounce made in powder , and of arsnicke two scruples , and boyle it together : with either of these , especially the strongest , dresse any fistula , canker , or foule old vlcer whatsoeuer , and it will kill it ; and the weaker of these which wanteth the Mercury and the arsnicke , may bee applied to a fistula in the mouth of a horse . Other Farriers take of Sublimatum made into powder one ounce , the midst of well leauened bread slacke baked three ounces , of Nenin ten drams ; mingle them together with a little rose water , and make tents thereof , and dry them vpon a tile ; and at your pleasure tent your fistula therewith , and it will assuredly kill it . Others take strong lye , hony , roach allome , and Mercury , and seeth them together : and squirt it into a fistula , and it will kill it at the bottome ; and when you meane to dry vp a fistula , take redde wine , goats dung , and beane flowre , and seeth them together , and apply it to the fistula , and it will dry it vp . Now if you intend to sinke downe the swelling of a fistula , first of all seare it with a drawing yron in this proportion , and then take rosen , sheepes suet , & brimstone , and boyle them together , and lay it vpon a fistula very hot with a cloth : and it will sinke downe the swelling . It is also most excellent to take away a windgall if it bee laid on after the windgall is prickt , but not too hote , but very reasonable , and it will keep it also very cleane . There bee other Farriers which for a fistula take verdigrease , butter , and salt , melted together , and poure it scalding hote into the soare , and vse this till all the flesh looke redde ; then taint it with verdigrease , burnt allome , wheate flowre , and the yelks of egges well beaten and mingled together : last of all , skinne it with barme and soote mixt together . Other Farriers take of that Resagallo that is made of orpiment , vnsleckt lime , and brimston , and it will kill a fistula being applied vnto the bottome ; yet it is a strong corrosiue , and desireth much descretion in the administration . CHAP. 114. Of the Anbury . AN Anbury is a great spungy wart full of blood , which may grow vpon any part of the horses body , chiefly about the eye browes , nostrels , or priuy parts , & it hath a roote like vnto a cocks stone . Now the cure , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers is , 1. to tye it about with a threed , so hard as you can pull it , and the threed will eate in by little and little , in such sort as within seuen or eight daies it will fall away of it selfe ; & if it be so flat that you can bind nothing about it , then take it away with a sharpe hote yron cutting it round about , and so deepe as you leaue none of the roote behind , and then dry it vp with the powder of verdigrease ; but if it grow in such a sinewie place so as it cannot bee conueniently cut away with a hote yron , then it is a good to eate out the coare with the powder of Resalgar , and then to stop the hole with flaxe dipt in the white of an egge for a day or two , and lastly to dry it vp with the powder of vnsleckt lim , and hony as is before taught . Other Fariers in stead of tying the wart with a thred doe tye it with two or three horse-haires ; and that is a great deale the better , and will rot it off sooner and safer . CHAP. 115. Of the Cordes . THe cordes is a certaine string , which commeth from the shackell veine to the gristell in the nose and betweeene the lippe , the length of an almond ; or they be two strings , like threds which lye aboue the knee , betwixt the knee and the body , and goeth like a small cord through the body to the nosthrels , making the horse to stumble much , and sometimes to fal also ; & it is a disease very much incident to many yong horses . The signes are , an apparant stiffe going , and much stumbling , without any outward or visible sorrance ; and the cure is , according to the opinion of our ancient Farriers , to take the end of a crooked hartes horne that is sharpe ; put it vnder the cordes , and twind it ten or twelue times about , till the horse be constrained to lift vp his foote , then cut the corde asunder , and put a little salt into the issue , or cut it first at the knee , then at the end of his nose ; and so draw it vpwards , a spanne length , and cut that off . Other Farriers let the horse blood in the veine that descendeth in the inside of the legge , by the breast , and take away at least a pottle of blood , and after seauen daies wash him with beefe broth , and it wil heale him . Other Farriers take mustard , aqua vitae , and sallet oyle , & boyle them on the coales , & make a plaister , & bind it to the place grieued ; and it will helpe . Others take the grounds of ale , and being made warme bathe his legges therewith , and then rope them vp with wet hay ropes , and it will make the horse perfectly sound . CHAP. 116. Of the string-halte . The string-halt , of some called the mary-hinchcho , is a sodaine twitching vp of the horses hinder legges , as if hee did tread vpon needles , and were not able to indure his feete vpon the ground ; the signes whereof bee , an apparant ill fauoured manner of halting , most visible to the eye . And the cure is to take vp the middle veine , aboue the thigh , and vnderneath the same ; then vnder the said veine , there lyeth a string , which string must bee cut away : and then annoynt him with butter , and salt , and he will both doe well , and goe plainely . CHAP. 117. Of a Horse that is spurgald . IF a horse by the indiscretion of an euill rider bee spurre-gald , which is a disease most plaine both to bee felte or seene , then the cure is either to bathe it with vrine and salt mixt together , or with water and salt , or with warme vinegar , or else binde vnto the place the crops or leaues of nettles stamped ; and any of these will cure him . CHAP. 118. Of Wounds in generall . VVOunds , according to the opinion of all Farriers , is a solution , diuision , or parting of the whole : for if there be no such solution or diuision , then it is rather called a bruise then a wound ; and therefore wounds are most commonly made with sharpe or piercing weapons , and bruises with blunt weapons : notwithstanding if by such blunt weapons any part of the whole bee euidently broken , then it is to bee called a wound as well as the other ; and these wounds do proceed from some stroke , pricke , or violent accident . Now of wounds some bee hollow and some bee deepe and hollow : againe , some wounds chance in fleshy parts , and some in bony & sinewy places : and those which chance in the fleshy parts , though they be very deepe , yet they bee not so dangerous as the others , and therefore I will speake first of the most dangerous . If then a horse haue a wound newly made , either in his head , or in any other place that is full of sinewes , bones , or gristles , then according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers , you shall first wash the wound well with white wine warmed , and keepe it euer whilest you are in dressing it , couered with cloathes wet in warme white wine : that done , you shall search the bottome of the wound with a probe , or small instrument of steele made for the purpose , suffering the wound to take as little winde or aire as you can possible : then hauing found the depth , stoppe the hole close with a cloute vntill your salue bee ready : then take of turpentine , of Melrosatum , oile of roses , of each a quarterne , and a little vnwrought waxe , and melt them together , stirring them continually that they may bee well mingled together ; and if the wound bee a cut , make a handsome rolle or round plegant of soft tow , so long and so bigge as may fill the bottome of the wound , which , for the most part , is not so wide as the mouth of the wound : then make an other rolle or plegant somewhat bigger to fill vp the rest of the wound , euen to the hard mouth , and let both these rolles bee annoynted with the oyntment aforsayd made luke warme ; onely this you must euer obserue , that if the wound bee long and large , that then it is best , if you can conueniently , to stitch the wound together with a needle and a crimson silke : for that will make it heale the sooner , and make the scarre lesse . But if the hurt bee like a hole made with some pricke , then make a stiffe tent either of tow or lint , such a one as may reach the bottome , annoynted with the aforesaid oyntment , and bolster the same with a little tow ; and ouer both this & the other , or any wound whatsoeuer , assoone as your rolles , plegants , or tents , are put in , you shal clap a sticking plaister made of pitch , rosen , masticke , and turpentine melted together , as hath bene before taught , both to keepe in your salue , and to comfort the soare . Now if the mouth of the wound bee not wide inough , so as the matter may easily runne forth , if it be in such a place as you may do it without hurting any sinew : then giue it a pretty slit from the mouth downward , that the matter may haue the freer passage , and in any wise haue an especiall regard that the tent may bee continually kept in by one means or other , and also that it may not be drowned within the wound , but by tying some threed about the vpper end thereof , so kept that it may bee taken out at pleasure . Now if the hole bee deep , & in such a place as you may not cut it , then make your tent full as bigge as the hole , of a drye sponge that was neuer wet , so long that it may reach the bottome ; and the tent being made somewhat full , with continuall turning and wrying of it , you shall easily get it downe , & then dresse the wound with this twice a day , cleansing the wound euery time with a little white wine luke warme : for this sponge annoynted with the oyntment aforesayd , will both draw and sucke vp all the filthy matter , and make it so faire within as is possible ; and as it beginneth to heale , so make your tent euery day lesser and lesser vntill it be ready to close vp , and neuer leaue tainting it so long as it will receiue a taint , bee it neuer so short : for hasty healing of wounds breedeth fistulaes , which properly bee old soares , and therefore must bee healed like fistulaes . Now if the wound proceed from any ancient impostumation , then you shall take two or three great onyons , and taking out the coares , put therein a little baysalt , and a litle whole saffron , and so roast them in the hote embers : then plaister-wise lay them all hote on the wound , renewing it once a day till the wound bee healed . Now if the vpper skinne of the wound bee putrified , and you would haue it away , then make a plaister of cowes dung sodde in milke , and clappe it to for foure and twenty howres , and it will leaue nothing that is vile about the wound . Other Farriers vse generally for any cut whatsoeuer , to take a quarter of a pound of fresh butter , of tarre and blacke sope , of each halfe so much , and a little turpentine ; boyle all but the sope together : then when you take it from the fire , put in the sope , and with this oyntment dresse any cut , and it will heale it . Others vse onely to take hogs grease and Venice turpentine and to melt them together , and it will heale any wound . Other Farriers take eight drammes of turpentine , foure drammes of new virgin-waxe ; melt them in a pewter vessell , and stirre them well together , and when they are well melted and mixed , take them from the fire , and by and by whilest they be hot , powre into them halfe a pint of white wine , then after they be cold throw away the wine , and annoynt your hands with oyle of roses , and worke the waxe & turpentine well together : after that put them into the pewter vessel againe : then put to them halfe an ounce of the gum of fir-tree , & three drammes of the iuice of bettony : then seeth them well together vntill the iuice of bettony be wasted : then put to it 3. drams of womans milke , or the milke of a red cow , and seeth them once againe vntill the milke be wasted ; and then put it in a close pot or glasse , and with this dresse any wound whatsoeuer , & it will heale it . Others vse to take rosemary , & dry it in the shadow , and beate it to powder , then wash the wound with vinegar , or the vrine of a child , & strew thereon the aforesaid powder , & it will heale any indifferēt wound . Other farriers take wormwod , Marioram , Pimpernel , Calamint , Olibanum ; beate them all into fine powder , then take waxe and barrowes grease , and boyle them on a soft fire , vntill they bee as thicke as an ointment or salue ; with this dresse any wound and it will heale it . Others vse to take the toppes of nettles , butter , and salt , and beating them well in a mortar till it come to a salue , and it will draw and heale a wound . Now the powder of hony , and l●●e ▪ or turpentine simply by it selfe will dry vp and skinne any wound . Take turpentine , hony , hogges grease , waxe , and sheepes suet , of each a like , melt them well together to a salue , and they will heale any wound . Now if a horse be goared vpon a stake , then you shall cast him , and powre into the wound butter scalding hote , and so let him lye till it be gone downe into the bottome , and doe thus once a day , till the wound be whole . If you desire to keepe a wound open , put into it the powder of greene c●pporas , and it will doe it , but if you intend to heale it speedily , then wheate flowre and hony well beaten together to a salue wil do it , dressing the wound once a day therewith . CHAP. 119. Of a hurte with an Arrow . IF a horse be shot or hurte with an arrow , taint the hole only with hogges grease and turp●ntine molten together , & renew it once a day vntill the wound be whole . CHAP. 120. Of the healing of any old soare , or vlcer . OLde vlcers or soares are of three kinds , the first deepe , hollow , and crooked , and they be called f●stu●aes ; the second , broad , shallow , but much spreading , and increasing , and they bee called cankers : & the last broad , deepe , blacke about the sid●s , and bottome , yet not much increasing , although not at all healing ; and they be onely called old soares or vlcers : they proceede either from some great bruise , wound , or impostume , which is either venomed or abused in healing by contrary salues ; or through the fluxe and abundance of humors flowing downe to those parts th●ough the negligence of a most vnskilfull Fa●rier . The signes are , the long continuance of the soare , the thinnesse of the matter , which issueth away , and the blackenesse of the soare which is euer full of inflammation . Now for the cure , according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers it is thus , first cleanse the soare well with white wine ; then take copporas and the leaues of Lillyes , beate them well in a mortar with swines grease till it come to a perfect salue , and lay it vpon the soare with flaxe , and then couer it with a plaister as in case of wounds , and renew it once a day , and it will heale it . Other Farriers take lime , and tough horse dung , and mixe it very well together with pepper and the white of an egge , and lay it to the soare , renewing it once a day , till the vlc●r be whole . Other Farriers strow on the soare the powder of galles , and that will dry it vp . Others scald it once a day with hote oyle oliue , and that will heale it . CHAP. 121. Of brusings or swellings . ALL bruisings and swellings come vnto a horse either by accident , as by some blow , rush , pinch ; or outward venoming ; or else naturally , as through the fluxe of cold or hote humors ; or through the corruption of blood , or through the aboundance of winde . The signes are , the sightly apparance in what place or member soeuer they be : and the first , which are those which come by accident , are properly called bruisings or swellings ; and the other if they do rotte or corrode , and so turne to matter , are called impostumes . Now for the generall cure of any bruise or swelling , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers it is thus , take of dry pitch , of gumme , of each an ounce ; of Galbanum , of lime , of each foure ounces , of Bitumen two ounces , of waxe three ounces ; melt and boyle them very well together : then annoynt the soare place therewith once a day , and it will heale it . But if the swelling proceede onely from some bruise or rush , then you shall take two pints of verdiuice , one pint of barme , and putting a little fine hay thereinto , boyle them very well together , then bind the hay to the swelling very hote , and after powre on the liquor : doe thus three or foure daies together , and it will take away the swelling . Other Farriers take the toppes of wormewood , pellitory of the wall ; Branck vrsnie , beate them well together with swines grease , then seeth them ; then adde a pretty quantity of hony , lin-seed oyle , and wheate meale ; then stirre it ouer the fire till all againe be sodden together , then lay it to the swelling , and renew it once a day till the swelling bee goe . Other Farriers vse first , to pricke the swelling with a fleame : then take of wine lees a pinte , as much wheate flowre as will thicken it and an ounce of comen ; boyle them together , and lay this somewhat warme vnto it , renewing it euery day once vntill the swelling , either depart or else come to a head , which if it doe not , then launce it , and heale it according to a wound . Other Farriers take of rosen , of turpentine , and of hony , of each halfe a pound , dissolue them at the fire : then straine them , and adde of myrrhe , Sarcocoll , and the flowre of fenegreeke , and of lin-seed oyle , of each an ounce , incorporate them altogether , & then make it thicke like a salue , with the meale of lupins , and lay it to the swelling , and it will asswage it . Other Farriers take of Galbanum , and of Ceruse , of each an ounce , of oyle two ounces , and of waxe three ounces , mixe them together ouer a soft fire , and when they are brought to a salue ; then lay it vnto the swelling , and it will asswage . If you take onely rotten litter , or hay boyld in strong vrine , and apply it dayly vnto any swelling , it will take it away . Now if the swelling be vpon the legs , and come by any straine , then you shall take of nerue-oyle one pound , of blacke sope one pound , of boa●s grease halfe a pound ; melt and boyle them al well together , then straine it , and let it coole ; then when occasion serueth , annoynt and chafe your horses legs therewith , holding a hote yron neare thereunto , to make the oyntment enter in the better ; then rope vp his legges , and keepe them cleane from dust or dirt ; but if the swelling be vpon any part of the backe or body ; then take of hony and tallow of each a like , and boyle them together : then spread it on a cloth , and lay it on the swolne place , and let it there sticke till it fall away of it selfe . Now if the swelling proceede from any windy cause , and so appeare onely in the horses belly , then you shall take a sharpe pointed knife or bodkin , & arme it so with some stay that it go not to deepe for piercing his guts : then strike him therewith through the skinne into his body , before the hollow place of his haunch bone , halfe a foote beneath the backe bone , and the winde will come out thereat : then if you put a hollow quill therin , or some feather to keepe it open a while , the winde will auoyd the better : then heale it vp againe . It is also very good to rake the horse , and to annoynt all his belly with the oyle of sauen , and to ride him vp & downe a little : but if the swelling be vnder the horses iawes , or about any part of his head , then you shall take his owne dung hot as soone as hee makes it , and with a cloath binde it fast thereto , renewing it twice a day till the swelling be gone . CHAP. 122. Of Impostumes , and first how to ripen them . IMpostumes are a gathering , or knitting together of many most corrupt humors in any part or member of the body , making that part to swell extremely , & growing into such violent inflāmation that in the end they rot & breake out into foule , mattery , and running soares : they commonly proceed either from corruption of foode , or corruption of bloud ; they are at the first appearance , very hard & very soare ; which hardnesse is the principall signe that they will rot . And of these impostumes , some be hot impostumes , and some be cold ; yet forasmuch as euery impostume must first be ripened and brought to matter before it can bee healed , we will first speake of the ripening of them . If therefore you will ripen an impostume ( according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers ) you shall take of Sanguis draconis , of gum Arabicke , of new waxe , of mastick , of pitch of Greece , of incense , & of turpētine , of each a like quātity ; & melting thē together , & straining them , make a plaister thereof , & lay it to the impostume without remouing it ; and it will both ripen , breake , and heale any impostume . Other Farriers take swines grease , red waxe , and the flowre of Euforbium , and mixing them on the fire well together , lay it to the impostume , and it will do the like . Other Farriers take of hony , and of wheat meale , of each a like quantity , and either boyle it in the decoction of mallows , or else mixe it with the yelke of an egge , and it will ripen , breake , and heale ; yet it must bee renewed once a day . Other Farriers take barley meale , and boyle it with wine and pidgions dung , and so lay it to the impostume plaister-wise , and it will ripen exceedingly . Other Farriers take a handfull or two of sorrell , and lapping it in a docke leafe , roast it in the hot embers as you would roast a warden , and then lay it to the impostume as hot as may be , renewing it once a day , and it will ripen , breake , and heale . A plaister of shooe-makers waxe will doe the like also . Other Farriers take mallow roots , and lilly rootes , & then bruise them , and put thereto hogges grease , & linseed meale , and plaisterwise lay it to the impostume , and it will ripen it , breake it , and heale it perfectly . Chap. 123. Of cold Impostumes . IF the impostume do proceed from any cold causes , as those which rise after cold taking , or when a horse is at grasse in the winter season , then you shall take the hearbe balme , and stampe it and hogges grease well together , and so plaister-wise apply it to the soare , & it will heale it : or else when the impostume is ripe , open it in the lowest part with a hot Iron , then wash it with warme vrine : after that , annoynt it with tarre & oyle well mixed together ; and if you make your incision in the manner of a halfe moone , it is the better . Other Farriers take white mints , & seeth them in wine , oyle , ale , and butter , and so lay it to hot , and it will heale it . Other Farriers take cuckoo-spit , and stamp it with old grease , and so apply it , and it will heale it . Other Farriers take a handfull of rew , and stampe it well with the yelke of an egge and hony , and then apply it plaister-wise , and it will heale any cold impostume . CHAP. 124. Of hot Impostumes . IF the impostume proceed from any hot causes , as from the extremity of trauell , the parching of the Sun , or the inflammation of the bloud , then , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , you shall take liuer-wort , and stampe it , and mixe it with the grounds of ale , hogs grease , and bruised mallowes , and then apply it to the soare , and it will ripen , breake , and heale it : but if you would not haue the swelling to breake , then take the grounds of ale or beere , and hauing boyled mallowes therein , bathe the soare place therewith , and it will driue the swelling away . Other Farriers take either lettis seede or poppy seede , and mixe it with the oyle of redde roses , and lay it to the soare plaister-wise , especially at the beginning of the swelling , and it will take it cleane away . CHAP. 125. Of the Tetter . A Tetter is a filthy kinde of vlcer like vnto a canker , onely it is somewhat more knotty , and doth not spread , but remaineth most in one place , aud many times it will remaine betweene the skinne and the flesh , like a knotted Farcy , and will not breake . The cure thereof , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , is to make a strong lye with old vrine , ashe-ashes , and greene copporas , and to bathe the knots therewith , and it will kill , and heale them . Other Farriers take a snake , and cut off the head and the taile , and cast them away , the rest cut into small peeces , and roast them on a spit : then take the grease that droppeth from them , and being hot , annoynt the sorrance therewith , and it will heale it in very short time , but looke that you touch no part of the horse therewith , saue onely the sorrance onely : for it will venome . CHAP. 126. Of sinewes that are cut , prickt , or bruised . IF a horse by the mischance of some wound , shall haue any of his sinewes either cut , prickt , or soare bruised , then if there be no conuultion of the sinews , you shall , according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers , take tarre , and beane flowre , and a little oyle of roses , and mixing them together , lay it hot vnto the place , and if it do not present good , take wormes and sallet oyle fryed together , or else the oyntment of wormes which you may buy of euery poticarie , and applying either of them , they will knit the sinewes againe if they be not cleane asunder ; but if there bee a conuultion , then with a paire of sheares you must cut the sinew in peeces , and then take rosen , turpentine , pitch , and Sanguis draconis ; then melting them together , clappe it somewhat hote vnto the soare ; then take flaxe , and put vpon it , for that will cleanse and defend it ; and then this medicine there is none better for any swolne ioint whatsoeuer . Now if the ioint bee not much sweld , but onely that the sinewes are exceedingly stiffe , through the great bruisings , then you shall take of blacke sope a pound , and seeth it in a quarte of strong ale , till it waxe thicke like tarre ; then reserue it , and when you shall see cause vse to annoynt the sinewes , and ioynts therewith , and it will supple them , and streatch them foorth although they bee neuer so much shrunke , as hath been approued . CHAP. 127. Of fretting the belly with the fore-girths . IF when you saddle and girde your horse , the girths bee either knotty , or crumpled , and therewithall drawne too straite , they will not onely gall and wound the horse vnder the belly very much , but they will also stoppe the blood , which is in the principall veines ▪ called the plat veines , in such sorte that they will occasion most extreme and hard swellings . The cure whereof is , according to the generall opinion , to take of oyle de bay , and oyle of balme , two ounces , of pitch two ounces , of tarre two ounces , and one ounce of rosen ; mingle them well together and then annoynt the horses fore bowels therewith ; then take either floxe , or chopt flaxe , and clappe vpon it , and so let it abide vntill it fall away of it selfe ; and it will surely cure him . Other Farriers vse to take vinegar , and sope , and heate them well together : and stir it with a sticke or cloth , and then all to rubbe and wash the galled place therewith , and doe thus at least twice a day , and it will dry it vp in two or three daies at the most ; but if the galling be about any parte of the horses necke , then you shall take the leaues of Briony ( called the hedge vine ) and stampe them , and mixe them with wine , and then plaister-wise lay it to the soare , and it will heale it . CHAP. 128. Of Blisters . BListers are certaine waterish hollow blebs , which doe arise betwixt the skinne and the flesh , proceeding either from some sleight burnings , scaldings , or chafings , and they bee very full of thinne matter . The cure thereof , according to the opinion of the most generall Farriers is , first in the Sunne to fret them till they bleed ; then take of the rootes of Iuy , and stamping them in a mortar , mixe them with as much tarre , brimstone , and allome till they come to a salue ; and then dresse the blister therewith , and it will heale it . CHAP. 129. To take away all manner of bones , knobs , or any superfluous flesh . VVHen a horse hath any bone growing vpon any part of his body , more then naturall , or when he hath any lumpes or bunches of superfluous flesh , otherwise then of right doth belong to his true proportion ; then such bones , knobs , or bunches , are called excresions , proceeding from tough & flegmatique substances , stirred vp either by most soare bruises , imperfect healed wounds , or other naughty putrifaction of the blood , being most apparant to the eye , and most palpable to the hand . Now for the cure ( according to the generall opinion of the most Farriers ) you shall first vse corrosiue medicines , after drawing medicines , and lastly drying medicines ; or more particularly thus you shall cure them , first with an incision knife scarrifie the excression ; then apply sulphure and Bitumen , or Coloquintida burnt , and sifted , and when it hath eaten the excression away , then heale it vp with drying salues , as the powder of hony and lime , or bolearmony , or such like . Other Farriers vse after they haue made the excression to bleed well , then to take two ounces of the ashes of Vitis , and as much vnsleckt lime , mixt with sixe ounces of strong lye first strained , then sodde till halfe be consumed , and so brought to a firme substance ; then keepe it in a glasse in a dry place , and apply it to the excression till it haue eaten it away , and then heale it vp as is before said . Other Farriers vse to take a pound of strong lye , and sope , and a quarter of a pound of vitrioll Romane : one ounce of Sal-armoniacke , and as much roach allome , and boyle them altogether vntill they bee very thick , and then with that oyntment eate away the excression . Other Farriers take of Gipsiacum the strongest kind , and lay it on the excression with a cotton , three or foure times , and it will take it cleane away : this medicine is most excellent for any splent , and of no small importance , if it bee vsed against a fistula ; for it wil sinke it , although it were in the crowne . CHAP. 130. How to eate away any superfluous or dead flesh . IF when your horse hath any wound , vlcer , or other soare , you shall perceiue that their groweth therein any dead flesh , which dead flesh you shall know partly , by the insensibility thereof , and partly in that it is a spungy , hollow , naughty flesh , not substantial as the true flesh is ▪ and either of a blackish , or an high redde colour ; then it shall be meete that you seeke all meanes possible , how to consume and eate away that superfluous and naughty flesh , because the soare that is pestred therewith , neither can nor will euer heale , till it bee cleansed of the same ; therefore according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers , the best meanes to eate it away , is , to boyle fresh grease , and verdigrease , of each a like quantity together , and either to tent or plaister the soare therewith , till the dead flesh bee consumed . Other Farriers take either the scrapings of harts horne , or oxe horne , and mixing them with old sope , dresse the soare therewith , & it will eate away dead flesh . Other Farriers take Spongia Marina , or sea spung , & therewith d●esse the soare , and it will do the like . Other Farriers vse the powder of Risagalio or Risagre , but it is a great d●●le too strong a f●●tter . Oth●rs vse Litergie or lime , in lye , but they are likewise very violent and strong eaters . Others vse to take either white or blacke Eleborus , incke , quicke Sulphure , orpiment , Litergie , vitriolle , vnsleckt lime , roche allome , gals , soote , or the ashes of Auel●an , of each halfe an ounce , and they will consume dead flesh ; likewise quicke-siluer extinct , and verdigrease , of each an ounce made into powder , will do the like : the iuice of Borrage , of Scabious , of Fumitarie , and of a docke , of each halfe an ounce ; a little old oyle and vinegar , boyled with a soft fire ; put to it tarrre , and it will likewise eate away any dead flesh . There be other Farriers which take Cantharides , oxe dung , and vinegar and mixe them together , and lay it to the soare , and it will fetch away the dead flesh . Others vse first to pounce the soare with a razor , then annoynt it with grease , and strew vpon it a pretty quantity of orpiment . Other Farriers vse in steed of Risagallo , to take the powder of verdigrease and orpiment , of each an ounce , of vnslekt lime , and tartar , of each two ounces ; mixe them together , and therwith dresse the sore , after you haue washt it wel with strong vinegar ; and if you please , you may adde thereunto vitriol , and allome ; for they are both great consumers of dead flesh . Other Farriers take the powder of tartar , and mans dung burnt with salt , and then beaten into powder , and strewed on the soare ; or else take salt , vnslekt lime , and oyster-shels ; and beate them in a mortar with strong lye or old vrine , till it bee like a paste : then bake it in an ouen , & after beate it to powder , and strewe it on the soare , and it will eate away dead flesh . Other Farriers vse first to wash the soare with ale , wherein nettle seeds haue bene sodden , & then strew vpon it the powder of verdigrease . Now to conclude , you must euer obserue , that before you vse any of these medicines , you do shaue away the haire , that it be no impediment to the salue ; also after you haue drest it once , and see that there is an asker raised , then you shal dresse it with some mollifying , or healing salue , till the asker come away , and then dresse it with your eating salue againe : and thus doe vntill you behold that all the dead flesh be consumed , and that there is nothing but perfect and sound flesh , and then heale it vp as in case of wounds . CHAP. 131. For Knottes in Ioynts , Hardnesse , Crampes , or any Inflammations . THere do grow in ioynts three sorts of swellings , namely , a hot swelling , a hard swelling , and a soft swelling ; all which you may easily distinguish by your feeling , and they doe proceede either from aboundance of grosse humours , ingendred by foule keeping ; or else by accident , as from some wound , rush , or straine . The cure whereof , according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers , is to beate the powder called Diapente , together with oyle , till it be like an oyntment , and then apply it once a day to the griefe , and it will take it away , especially if it be a crampe , or an inflammation . Other Farriers vse to incorporate with oyle , halfe an ounce of liquid Storax , two ounces of turpentine , sixe of waxe , and ten of bird-lime , and apply that to the griefe , and it will ease it . Other Farriers take wine , old oyle , and tarre , mingled and boyled together , and therewith dresse the soare place , and it will helpe it . Other of our later Farriers take halfe a pound of grease , three scruples of mustard , and the like of baysalt ; mixe these with vinegar , and apply it to the griefe . Others vse to make a plaister of figs , and the roots of fearne and rocket , or mingle them with grease and vinegar , and apply it to the griefe . Other Farries vse to take the Vnguentum basilicon , which is made of hony , Storax , Galbanum , Bdelium , blacke pepper , bay-berries , the marrow of a Stag , of each a like quantity ; twice as much of Armoniacke , and of the powder of frankinsence as much as of any of the other , and incorporate them with sheepes suet , and apply it to the griefe , and it will helpe it . Other Farriers take dry pitch , pitch of Greece , of each one part , of Galbanum , and of lime , of each foure parts , of Bitumen two parts , of waxe three parts ; melt them all together , and annoynt the place therewith very hot , and it will take away the griefe , and peraduenture also the eye-soare . CHAP. 132. How to cure any wound made with the shot of gun-powder . ACcording to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers , you shall first with a probe or long instrument , search whether the bullet remaine within the flesh or no ; and if you finde that it doth , then with another instrument for the purpose , you shall take it forth if it be possible , if otherwise , let it remaine : for in the end nature it selfe will weare it out of it owne accord , without any griefe or impediment ; because lead will not corrode or canker ; then to kill the fire you shall take a little varnish , and thrust it into the wound with a feather , annoynting it well within euen vnto the bottome : then stoppe the mouth of the wound with a little soft flaxe dipt in varnish also : then charge all the swolne place with this charge : Take of bolearmony a quarterne , of linseed beaten into powder , halfe a pound , of beane flowre as much , and three or foure egges , shels and all ; and of turpentine a quarterne , and a quart of vinegar , and mingle them well together ouer the fire ; and being somewhat warme , charge all the soare place with part thereof ; and immediatly clap a cloath or a peece of leather vpon it , to keep the wound from the cold aire , continuing both to annoynt the hole within with varnish , and also to charge the swelling without , the space of foure or fiue dayes : then at the fiue daies end , leaue annoynting of it , and taint it with a taint reaching to the bottome of the wound , and dipped in turpentine and hogges grea●e molten together , renewing it euery day twice vntill the fire be throughly killed ; which you shall perceiue by the mattering of the wound , and by falling of the swelling : for as long as the fire hath the vpper hand , no thicke matter will issue out , but onely a thinne yellowish water , neither will the swelling asswage ; and then take of turpentine washed in nine seuerall waters , halfe a pound , and put thereunto three yelkes of egges , and a little saffron , and taint it with this oyntment , renewing it euery day once vntill the wound bee whole . But if the shotte haue gone quite through the wound , then you shall take a few weauers linnen thrummes , made very knotty , and dipping them first in varnish , draw them cleane through the wound , turning them vp and downe in the wound at least twice or thrice a day , and charging the wound on either side vpon the swolne places , with the charge aforesaid , vntill you perceiue that the fire be kild ; then clappe onely a comfortable plaister vpon one of the hoales , and taint the other with a taint in the salue , made of washt turpentine , egges , and saffron , as is before said . Other Farriers vse onely to kill the fire with the oyle of creame , and after to heale the wound vp with turpentine , waxe , and hogges grease , molten together . Other Farriers kill the fire with snow water , and charge the sweld place with creame , and barme beaten together : and then heale vp the wound , by dipping the taint in the yolke of an egge , hony , and saffron well beaten and mixt together . CHAP. 133. Of burning with lime , or any other fiery thing . ACcording to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , you shall first wash the soare round about , and in euery part very cleane with warme water ; then kill the fire , by annoynting the place with oyle and water beaten together , dressing him so euery day vntill the soare bee all raw , and then annoynt it with hogges grease , and strew thereupon the powder of slecked lime , dressing him thus euery day once , vntill hee bee whole . Other Farriers vse first to wash and cleanse the soare with sallet oyle onely warmed ; then to kill the fire with creame , and oyle beaten together , and when it is raw , then to spread vpon it creame and soote mixt together ; and lastly to strewe vpon it the powder of hony and lime vntill it bee perfectly skinned . CHAP. 134. Of the biting with a madde dogge . IF your horse at any time bee bitten with a madde dogge , the venome of whose teeth will not onely driue him into an extreame torment , but it will also infect and inflame his blood , in such sort that the horse will bee indangered to dye madde : The cure therefore , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers is , to take of goats dung , of flesh that hath laine long in salt , and of the hearbe Ebulus , called generally dan-worte , of each halfe a pound , and fourty walnuts ; stampe all these together , and lay part thereof to the soare , and it will sucke out the venome , and heale vp the wound ; but vpon the first dressing , you shall giue the horse wine and treackle mixt together to drinke . There be other Farriers , which first giue the horse sacke and sallet oyle to drinke , then with a hote yron cauterize and burne the soare , and lastly heale vp the wound , with the salue first recited . Other Farriers , first giue the horse two or three spoonefuls of the powder of Diapente to drinke , in a pint of muskadine ; then take a liue pidgeon , and cleauing her in the midst , lay it hote vnto the wound and it will draw out the venome ; then heale the soare with turpentine , and hogges grease well molten together . CHAP. 135. Of hurtes by the tuskes of a boare . IF a horse bee striken by the tuskes of a boare , you shall take copporas , and vitrioll , and the powder of 2 dogges head , being burned , after the tong hath ben pulled out , and cast away ; and mixing them together , apply it once a day to the soare , and it will cure it : yet yet before you dresse it , first wash the soare very well either with vinegar or with white wine . CAAP. 136. To heale the biting , or stinging of Serpents , or any venomous beasts whatsoeuer . IF your horse be either bitten or stung either with serpent or any other venomous beast , which you shall easily know by the sodaine swelling either of the body or member ; then you shall first chafe him vp and downe till the sweate , and then let him blood in the roofe of the mouth ; and lastly , take a young cocke or a pidgeon , and cleauing it in the midst , clap it hote to the wound , and then giue the horse white wine & salt to drink . Other Farriers take a good quantity of the hearb called Sanicula ; stampe it and distemper it with the milke of a cow , that is al of one colour , and giue it the horse to drink , and it will heale him . Other Farriers clappe to the soare hogges dung , or oxe dung , or henbane bruised , or else the ashes of reedes ; then giue him to drinke mugworte , or great tansey , with wine and camomill stampt together ; or else giue him wine and Oleum Rosatum mixt together . Other Farriers make a plaister of onions , hony , and salt , stampt and mingled together , and lay that to the soare place , and giue the horse wine and treackle to drinke , or else white pepper , rew and Time , mixt with wine . Other Farriers take Alphodillus , Hastula regia , stampt with old wine , and laid to the ●oare : for it is most soueraigne good . CHAP. 137. Of lice or vermine , and how to kill them . THe lice or vermine which breed vpon a horse bee like vnto geese lice , but somewhat bigger , and do breed most commonly about the eares , necke , maine , taile , and generally ouer the whole body ; they doe proceede from poue●ty , or feeding in woodes , where trees are continually dropping vpon them : the signes are , the horse will bee alwaies rubbing and scratching , and all be he eate much meate , yet hee will not prosper ; and with his continuall rubbing hee will fret and weare away all his maine , and taile , and you shall also perceiue the lice when the Sun doth shine , running on the tops of the haires . The cure , according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers , is , to take of sope one pound , and of quick-siluer halfe an ounce , mixe and beate them together well , vntill the quick-siluer bee killed , and then annoynt the horse all ouer therewith , and it will consume the lice sodainely . Other Farriers take stauesaker and sope , & mixing them together , annoynt the horse all ouer therewith . Other Farriers take vnripe Mulberries and their rootes , or stalks , and seeth them in strong vrine , & then wash the horse therwith ; after that annoynt all his body ouer with Sanguis draconis , the iuice of 〈◊〉 , salt , pitch , oyle , and swines grease , very well mixt together . Others vse to chafe all his body ouer with quicke-siluer and soft grease mixt together , till the quick-siluer be kild , and in two or three dressings the lice will be consumed . CHAP. 138. How to saue Horses from the stinging of Flyes in Sommer . IF you will saue your horse in the Sommer time from the stinging or biting of flyes , which is very troublesome vnto them , then you shall anoynt all the horses body ouer either with oyle and bay-berries mingled together , or else binde vnto the head-stall of his collar , a sponge dipped in strong vinegar : some vse to sprinckle the stable with water wherein hearbe of grace hath bene layd in steepe ; or else to perfume the stable with the smoake of Iuy , or calamint , or with Githe burned in a panne of coales : But the surest way of all , both in the stable and abroad , is to make two good wispes of rew , and therewithall to rubbe the horses body all ouer , and no flye will light vpon him , or touch him , as hath bene often approued . CHAP. 139. Of bones being broken or out of the Ioynt . OVr common English Farriers are very farre to seeke in this cure , because they neither do perfectly acquaint themselues with the members of a horse , nor haue so much inuention in this extremity , to make a horse , being an vnreasonable creature , to suffer like a reasonable person ; and also in that the old traditions in Horse leach-craft affirme , that all fractures aboue the knee , are incurable ; and so despairing , they ceasse to make practice : but they are much deceiued : for neither the fracture aboue the knee , nor the fracture below the knee , is more incurable in a horse then in a man : if the Farrier can tell how to keepe the horse from struggling or tormenting the member grieued . If therefore your horse haue any bone broken , which is most easie to be discerned by the depriuation of the vse of that member , & as easie to be felt by the separation of the bones , the one part being higher then the other , besides the roughnesse and inequality of the place grieued : you shall then for the cure thereof , first take a strong double canuasse , which shall bee as broad as from the horses foresholder to the flanke ; and shall haue another double canuasse , which shall come from betweene the horses soreboothes vp to the top of the withers , where meeting with the rest of the canuasse , & hauing exceeding strong loops , to which strong ropes must be fastened , you shall by maine force sling vp the horse from the ground , so as his feete may no more but touch the ground : and if it be a forelegge that is broken , then you shall raise him a little higher before then behind : if a hinder leg , then a little higher behinde then before , so that the horse may rest most vpon the members most sound . When your horse is thus slung , then you shall put the bones into the right place ; which done , wrappe it close about with vnwashed wolle newly pulled from the sheepes backe , binding it fast to the legge , with a smooth linnen roller , soaked before in oyle and vinegar mingled together , and looke that your roller lye as smooth and plaine as may be ; and vpon that againe lay more wolle dipt in oile & vinegar , and then ●plent it with three broad , smooth , & strong splents , binding them fast at both ends with a thong ; and in any case let the horses legge be kept out very straight , the space of 40. daies , and let not the bonds bee loosned aboue thrice in twenty daies , vnlesse it thinke , & so require to be new drest and b●u●d againe ; but faile not euery day once to powre on the so●re place through the splents , oyle and vinegar mingled together : and at the forty daies end , if you perceiue that the broken place bee sowdred together againe with some hard knob or gristle , then loosen the bonds , and ease the canuasse , so as the horse may treade more firmly vpon his soare foote ; which when he doth , you shall loosen him altogether , and let him goe vp and downe faire and gently , vsing from thence forth to annoynt the soare place either with soft grease , or else with one of these plaisters or oyntments : Take of Spuma argenti , of vinegar , of each one pound ; of sallet oyle , halfe a pound , of armoniacke , and of turpentine , of each three ounces ; of waxe and of rosen , of each two ounces ; of Bitumen , of pitch , and of verdigrease , of each halfe a pound ; boyle the vinegar , oyle , and Spuma argenti together , vntill it waxe thicke : then put thereunto the pitch , which being molten , take the pot from the fire , and put in the Bitumen , without stirring it at all ; and that being also molten , put in then all the rest , & set the pot againe to the fire , & let them boyle altogether , vntill they be all vnited in one : that done , straine it , & make it in plaister forme , and vse it as occasion shall serue . Other Farriers take of liquid pitch one pound , of waxe two ounces , of the purest & finest part of frankinsence one ounce , of Amoniacum , foure ounces , of dry rosen , and of Galbanum , of each one ounce , of vinegar two pints ; boyle first the vinegar and pitch together : then put in the Amoniacum , dissolued first in vinegar , and after that all the aforesaid drugges ; and after they haue boyled all together , and be vnited in one , straine it , and make it into a plaister , and vse it according to occasion . Other Farriers take of old sallet oyle , a quart , and put thereunto of hogs grease , of Spuma nitri , of each one pound and let them boyle together , vntill it begin to bubble aboue : then take it from the fire , & when you vse any of the ointment , let it be very warme , and wel chafed in , & then one of the two former plaisters folded aboue it , and it is most soueraigne & comfortable for any bone that is broken . CHAP. 140. Of Bones out of Ioynt . IF a horse haue any of his bones out of the ioynt , as either his knee , his shoulder , his pasterne , or such like , which you shall both perceiue by the vncomlinesse of the ioynt , and also feele by the hollownesse of the member that is displaced : then your readiest cure is to cast the horse on his back , and putting foure strong pasterns on his feet ▪ draw him vp so as his backe may no more but touch the ground : then drawe the g●ieued legge higher then the rest ▪ till the poyse and waight of his body haue made the ioynt to shoote into its right place againe ; which you shall know when it doth , by a sodaine and great crack which the ioynt will giue , when it falleth into the true place ; then with all gentlenesse loose the horse , and let him rise : and then annoynt all the grieued place ouer , either with the last oyntment rehearsed in the last chapter , or else with the oyle of mandrake , or the oyle of swallowes , both which are of most soueraine vertgue . CHAP. 141. To dry vp humors , or to binde being astrictiue or binding charges . TAke of Vnguentum Triapharmacum made of Lithergie , vinegar , and old oyle , boyled till they bee thicke , onely take as much oyle as of both the others , and it will stay the fluxe of any humors . If you take strong lye , it is a great dryer and a binde of humors . Dissolue in vinegar Rosen , Affalto , & Myrrhe , of each an ounce , of redde waxe , halfe an ounce , with a little Galhanum , of Bitumen halfe an ounce , & of armoniack halfe an ounce ; mingle them wel together in the boyling : for this salue dryeth wonderfully , bindeth al loose members , and comforteth all parts that are weakened . Take of lard two pounds , and when it is sodden straine it with three ounces of ceruse , and as much allome molten , and it both dryeth and bindeth exceedingly . Dry figges beaten with allome , mustard , and vinegar , doth dry very aboundantly . Oyle or soft grease beaten to a salue with vitrioll . Gals and allome , and the powder of pomegranetes , salt , and vinegar both dry and binde sufficiently . Sope and vnsleckt lime mixt togethe● dryeth perfectly after any incision Verdigrease , orpiment , Sal-armoniack , and the powder of Coloquintida , of each a like , made into a plaister with milke or waxe , drieth and bindeth . The grease of snakes roasted , the head & taile being cut away , is a great dryer . To conclude , the barke of a willow tree burnt to ashes is as great a dryer , and binder , as any simple whatsoeuer . CHAP. 142. A plaister to dry vp superfluous moisture , and to bind partes loosened . Take of Bitumen one pound , of the purest part of Frankensence three ounces , of Bdelium Arabicum one ounce , of Deares suet one pound , of Populeum one ounce , of Galbanum ounce , of the drops of Storaxe one ounce , of common waxe one pound , of Resin Cabial halfe a pound , of Viscus Italicus one ounce and an halfe , of Apoxima one ounce , of the iuice of hyssop one ounce , of the droppes of armoniack one ounce , of pitch halfe a pound ; let all these bee well and perfectly molten , dissolued , and incorporated together according to art , and then make a plaister thereof . CHAP. 143. Another plaister to dry vp any swelling , wind gall , splent , or bladders , in or about the ioints . TAke of virgin-waxe halfe a pound , of rosen one pound and a quarter , of Galbanum one ounce and an halfe , of Bitumen halfe a pound , of Myrrhe secondary one pound , of armoniacke three ounces , of Costus three ounces ; boyle all these things together in an earthen pot , sauing the armoniacke , and Costus , which beeing first ground like fine flowre , must bee added vnto the other things , after that they haue bene boyled and cooled , and then boyled altogether againe , & well stirred , so as they may be incorporated together and made alone substance , and then applied as occasion shall bee administred . CHAP. 144. Receipts to dissolue humors . TAke of wormewood , sage , rosemary , and the barke of an elme , or of a pine , of each a like quantity , and boyle them in oyle with a good quantity of lin-seed ; and making a bathe thereof , bathe the grieued part , and it will dissolue any humors that are gathered or bound together . A pound of figs stampt with salt , till it come to a perfect salue , dissolueth al manner of humors , by opening the poores , and giuing a large passage . CHAP. 1●5 . How to mo●lifie any hardnesse . TAke of lin-seed pund , and of Fenegreeke , of each foure ounces , of pitch , and rosen , of each three ounces , of the flowres of roses two ounces , pitch of Greece sixe ounces ; boyle them together , then adde three ounces of turpentine , sixe ounces of hony , and a little oyle ; and then applying this salue , it will mollifie any hard substance . Maluauisco wel sod , and stampt with Oleum Rosatum , being laid hote vnto any hardnesse , will make it soft . Boyle Branck vrsin , & mallowes together , & beate them with grease , oyle , and lard , and they will mollifie , and heale most exceedingly . Maluauisco , coleworts , Branck vrsin , hearbe of the wall , and old grease , being beaten together , mollifie very much . The oyle of Cypresse , both mollifieth and healeth . Wheat meale , hony , pellitory , Branck vrsin , and the leaues of wormewood , being beaten with swines grease , and laid hote vnto any harde tumor , doth sodainely mollifie it , and is passing good for any stripe also . Grease , mustardseed , and comen , boyled together , doth mollifie very much , Take of sope halfe an ounce , of vnsleckt lime an ounce , and mixe them well with strong lye , and it will mollifie , euen the hardest houes . The iuice of the leaues and rootes of Elder , or a plaister made thereof , doth dry vp and mollifie humors maruellously . So doth the iuice of the toppes of Cypresse , and dry figges macerated in vinegar and strained , of each three ounces ; and if you adde to it of Sa●●niter an ounce , of armoniack halfe an ounce , of alloes & opoponaxe a little , and make it into an oyntment , it wil mollifie any hardnesse very sufficiently . Mallowes , nettles , Mercorella , and the rootes of cowcumbers , and turpentine , being beaten together with old grease , wil mollifie any hardnesse speedily . CHAP. 146. To harden any softnesse . THe soale of an old shooe burnt , and sodden in vinegar , wil harden houes , & so will also the powder of gals boyled with bran and salt in strong vinegar . The powder of hony & lime , or the powder of oystershels , or the powder of burnt felt , or thicke creame & soote mixt together , wil harden any soare whatsoeuer . CHAP. 147. To conglutinate . IRis Illiri●a beaten and sifted , mingled with pepper , hony , corrants , and giuen the horse to drinke with wine , and oyle , helpeth and conglutinateth any inward rupture or burstnesse whatsoeuer . Dragant , saffron , the fruit of the Pine , with the yelkes of egges , giuen likewise to drinke with wine and oyle , doth also conglutinate any inward member or veine broken . Incense , masticke , and cute , doth the like also . Poligano sod in wine , & giuen to drink , is good also . The roots and seedes of Asparagus sodde in water , and giuen to the horse : then after for three dayes giue him butter and opoponaxe , with hony and myrre , and it will conglutinate any inward vlcer or rupture whatsoeuer . CHAP. 148. To mundifie or cleanse any soare TAke oyle of oliues , swines grease clarified , the grease of a yong Fox , turpentine , allome , and white waxe ; seeth them all together , till they be most throughly incorporated together ; and with this oyntment dresse any foule soare whatsoeuer , and it will mundifie , and cleanse it most sufficiently . CHAP. 149. Of repercussiue medicines , or such as driue backe humors . REpercussiue medicines , or such as driue euill humors backe , are commonly called amongst Farriers , plaisters , or salues defensitiue , and are to be vsed about euery great wound and vlcer , lest the fluxe of humors flowing to the weake part , both confound the medicine , and breede more dangerous exulcerations . Now of these repercussiue medicines these are the best , either vinegar , salt , and bole-armoniacke beaten together , and spread round about the soare , or else white lead and sallet oyle beaten also together ; or red led and sallet oyle , or else Vnguentum Album Camphiratum , and such like . CHAP. 150. Of burning Compositions . BVrning Compositions are , for the most part , corrosiues , of which we shall haue occasion to speake more at large in a chapter following ; yet forasmuch as some are of better temper then others , you shall here vnderstand that of all burning compositions , the gentlest is Vnguentum Apostolorum : next to it is verdigrease and hogges grease beaten together ; next to it is Precipatate , and turpentine mixt together ; next to it is ar●nicke allayd with any oyle , or healing salue ; next to it is Mercurie sublimate , likewise allayd with some cooling salue ; and the worst is lime and sope , or lime and strong lye beaten together : for they will corrode & mortifie the soundest part of mēber whatsoeuer . CHAP. 151. For all maner of hurts about a horse , whatsoeuer . TAke an ounce of oyle , two ounces of turpentine , and a little waxe ; mingle them at the fire : this will heale any wound or gall , and keepe it cleane from filth , water , and dirt . Take vinegar and hony , & boyle it together , when it is cold , adde the powder of verdigrease , copporas , and brasse , burnt ; mingle them well together : this will take away all ill and dead flesh , and cleanse and heale any old vlcer . Take waxe , pitch , swines grease and turpentine , and mixe them well together : this will heale any bone or spell , or any other stubbe . Take house snailes , and seeth them in butter , and they will draw out any thorne or naile , being oft renewed . So will also the roots of reedes being bruised and applyed . The roots of an Elder beaten to powder , and boyled with hony , is good for any old soare . Take salt , buter , and hony , or white waxe , turpentine , and oyle Rosatum , of each a like quantity , with twice as much beane flowre as of any of the other ; mixe it very well together , and make it into a salue , & it will heale any soare , either old or new , whatsoeuer . Take waxe , turpentine , and Deeres suet , or the marrow of a Stagge , and mixe them well together , and it wil heale any wound or impostume : so will also wax , oyle , masticke , frankinsence , and sheepes suet , well molten together , or the powder of masticke , frankinsence , and aloes , mixt and molten well together . The whites of egges beaten with Oleum rosatum , and salt , and so layd vpon flaxe hurds , healeth any wound that is not in any principall part where the muscles are . If you will ceanse and heale any soare , take three pints of well clarified hony , and boyle it with one pint of vinegar , and one of verdigrease , and so apply it ; or else take of masticke , and verdigrease , of each halfe an ounce , of frankinsence one ounce , of new waxe foure ounces , of turpentine sixe ounces , and of hogges grease two pound ; boyle and incorporate all these together , & then apply it to the loare , and it will both cleanse and heale . Chick-weed , grounsell graise , and stale vrine , very well boyled together , will heale any galling or hurts by halter , or other accident , or any straine , or stripe , or swelling , which commeth by any such like mischance . Take of new milke three quarts , a good handfull of plantaine ; let it boyle till a pint bee consumed : then adde three ounces of allome made into powder , and one ounce and an halfe of white sugarcandy , made likewise into powder : then let it boyle a little , till it haue a hard curde : then straine it ; with this warme , bathe any old vlcer : then dry it , and lay on some Vnguentum Basilicon : this cleanseth , dryeth , strengtheneth , and killeth the itch , and healeth the foulest vlcer either in man or beast , that may bee . Also , if you take of milke a quart , of allome in powder two ounces , of vinegar a spoonfull ; when the milke doth seeth , put in the allome and vinegar , then take off the curde , and vse the rest , and it will likewise dry vp and heale any foule old soare whatsoeuer . CHAP. 152. How to make the powder of hony , and lime . TAke such a quantity of vnsleckt lime , as you shall thinke fit , beat it into very fine powder ; then take so much hony as shall suffice to mingle it together , & make it into a stiffe past , in the forme of a thick cake or loafe : then put the same cake or loafe into a hot ouen , or a burning fire , till it bee baked , or burnt glowing redde ; then take it foorth , and when it is cold , beat it into very fine powder , and then vse it as any occasion shall serue . It dryeth , healeth , and skinneth any soare whatsoeuer very maruailously . CHAP. 153. The order of taking vp of veines , and wherefore it is good . FIrst before wee speake of the order of taking vp of veines , you shal vnderstād , that al veines except the neck veines , the eie veynes , the breast veine , the palate veines , and the spurre veines , are to bee taken vp , and not stricken with the fleame ; partly because they bee so little and thinne , that if you strike them you shall either indanger the striking thorrow them ; or partly because they are so neere adioyning to arteries and sinewes , that if in striking you should hit and pricke either artery or sinewe , it were a persent laming of the horse , as I haue oftentimes seene and noted in the practise of many ignorant smiths . Now touching the order of taking vp of a veine , it is thus . First you shall cast your horse either vpon some soft ground , grasse , some dunghill that is not very moist , or in some lightsome house , vpon good store of sweete straw ; then when the horse is thus cast , you shall looke for the veine which you intend to take vp , and if it be either so small , or lye so deepe , that you can hardly perceiue it ; then you shall with warme water , rubbe , chafe & bathe all that part where the veine lyeth ; then take a narrow silke garter , and a handfull or two aboue the veine ( if it bee of any of the horses legs ) garter the member very strait ; but if it bee a veine to be taken vp on the body , or breast ; then with a sufringle either close behinde the hinder point of the shoulder , or within a handfull of the place , where you meane to take vp the veine , gird him very straite , and presently you shall see the veine to arise ; then marke that part of the skinne which couereth the veine , and with your fingar and your thumbe , pull it somewhat aside from the veine , and then with a very fine incision-knife slit the skinne cleane through , without touching the veine , and in any wise cut no deeper then through the skinne , and that longwise too , in such sort as the veine goeth , yet not aboue an inch at the most in length : that done , remoue your finger and your thumbe and the skinne will returne againe into his place , right ouer the veine as it was before , insomuch that but opening the orifice , or slir , you shall see the veine lye blew , and bare before your eyes ; then take a fine smooth corner made either of the browantler of a stag , or of an old bucke , and thrust it vnderneath the veine , and lift it vp a prety distance ( that is to say , halfe the thicknes of the cornet ) aboue the skinne ; that done , you shall then loose either the garter or the sursingle , for they are but onely helpes for you to find out the veine ; and where the veine will appeare without them , there by no meanes you shall vse them . Now when you haue thus taken your veine vpon your cornet , you shall then either put a redde silke threed , dipt in oyle , or butter , or else a small shoomakers threed , vnderneath the veine also , somewhat higher then the cornet , which silke or threed must serue to knit the veine when time requires ; then the cornet standing still as before , with your kinfe slit the toppe of the veine longwise , the length of a barly corne , that it may bleed ; then stopping the neather part of your veine with the silke or threed , suffer it to bleed well from aboue ; then with your silke or threed remoued aboue , knit it fast with a sure knot aboue the slit suffering it onely to bleed from beneath , and hauing bleed there also sufficiently , then knit vp the veine beneath the slit with a sute knot ; then fill the hole of the veine with salt , and heale vp the wound of the skinne with turpentine and hogges grease molten together , or else with a little fresh butter , laid on with a little flaxe or tow . Now the vertue which redounds from this taking vp of veines , first it is very necessary , and doth ease all grieues , straines , and stifnesse of the limbs ; for the taking vp of the plat veins easeth al paines in the breast , and grieues in the chest ; the taking vp of the fore-thigh veines easeth farcies , and swellings of the legges ; the taking vp of the shackle veines before , helpeth gourding , quitter bones , and the swelling of the ioynts , scabbes , and scratches ; the taking vp of the hinder hough-veines , helpeth spauens of both kinds , most especially any farcy in those parts , and generally all swellings or impostumes ; the taking vp of the pastorne veines behind helpeth swellings about the cronet , or neather ioints , Paines , mules and all manner of kibed heeles , besides sundry other such like diseases . CHAP. 154. Of cauterizing or giuing the fire , the kinds and vses . THe giuing of fire which amongst the best Farriers is called cauterizing , and amongst the simpler , burning , searing , or blistering , is ( according to the generall opinion of all the most ancientest Farriers ) the chiefest remedy , and as it were the last refuge of all diseases incident to any horses body , whether they be naturall or accidentall ; for the violence of fire separating and disgesting all manner of humors , into a thinne aire , and loose body , cleanseth and auoydeth those grosnesses which are the materiall causes of all putrifaction , and vlceration . Now of cauterization there bee two kinds , the one of them actuall , which is that which is done by the hand , and with the instrument : that is to say of the hote yron of what fashion soeuer : the other potentiall , which is done by the applying of medicine , whose nature is either corrosiue , putrifactiue , or caustique . Now the first of these , which is the cautery actuall , is principally to be vsed when there is any appostumation in any sinewie part or member , or amongst any of the most principall veines : also when you shall dismember or cut away any ioynt , or make any incision where there is feare of any fluxe of blood , or where you shall finde either the skinne or muscles shrunke or straitned , and in many such like cases . The cauterising potentiall is to bee vsed in old cankered vlcers , wennes , or any spungy excresion either of flesh or bone whatsoeuer , of whose natures , and properties you shall reade more hereafter in a following chapter . CHAP. 155. Of the cauterize actuall , and the forme of Instruments . AN actuall cautery , according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers , being moderately vsed , is a notable remedy to stop all corruption in members , to keepe perfect the complexion of the same , and also to staunch the bloud ; onely you must haue a carefull regard that in the handling of your yron , you touch neither sinewes , tendants , cords , nor ligaments , lest you doe vtterly disable the member , or breede crampes or conuultions ; except it bee when you dismember or cut away any ioynt ; as when you doe make curtals , geld horses , or such like : and then your cautery is to bee vsed onely to feare the veines , sinewes , and ligamens , till such time that you are perfectly assured that all fluxe of bloud is stopped , whatsoeuer . Now againe the actuall cautery bindeth together parts loosened ▪ it doth attenuate parts blowne , and puffed vp , it dryeth vp superfluous moysture , it looseneth , disperseth , and diuideth euill matter gathered together into knots , it asswageth old grieues , it rectifieth those parts of the body that are corrupted by any manner of way , reducing them to their first perfect estate , and suffereth no aboundance of euill humours to grow or increase : for the skinne being separated and opened with the hot Iron , all putrifaction through the vertue of the fire , is first digested and ripened , and then so dissolued , that the matter doth issue out aboundantly at the holes , whereby the grieued or sickened member is now healed , and eased of all paine and griefe ; yea , and insomuch that the holes being once closed , and cleane shut vp , the place is stronger and better knit together , and couered with a tougher skinne then euer it was before ; onely the great●st ●lemish that can any way be found in cautery , is , that it commonly leaueth a great scarre , which is many times an eye-soare more then is tollerable ; and therefore the vse of cauterizing is onely to be preferred but in desperate cases of great extremity ; for albeit it worke foule , yet it is most certaine , it workes most sure . Now as touching the instruments wherewith you must cauterize , their substance , and proportion , you shall vnderstand that the most curious Farriers doe preferre either gold or siluer to be the best mettal to make them of , in that few or no euill accidents doe follow where they burne : But the wisest , best , and most skilfullest Farriers take copper to be sufficient inough , and a mettal without any lawful exception ; yet where copper instruments cannot be had , there you may , with commendations inough , vse such instruments as are made of iron , and finde your worke no deale at all hindered . Now for the fashion or proportion of your instruments or Irons , they are to be referred to the soare , or place grieued , wherewith you are to meddle , according to the diuersity whereof your instruments are to bee made of diuers fashions , as some are to bee made knife-wise , either with thinne edges , or broad edges ; and they bee called drawing kniues , or searing kniues , because they are principally imployed in the drawing of strait lines shallow , or deepe , and sometimes in circular or diuers squares : some are made like straite , and some like crooked bodkins , and they are imployed either in fleshy excresions , to cause exulceration ; or else in impostumes to open small passages for the matter ; some are made like hookes or sickles , and they are to bee vsed where the wound is crooked , for the burning out of dead flesh , or such like hidden euils , which cannot bee reacht by any straite instrument : others are made either with great buttons , or little buttons at the end ; and they are vsed to open impostumes , or else to burne into the sound flesh where you intend to make any new soare or issue for the drawing or keeping backe of other euil humors : and in making of these irons , the Farrriers owne iudgement is to be of great valew , because he must either increase and diminish them according to the manner of the place grieued ; and be sure that he euer make them fit for his right purpose . Now for the vse of these instruments , there are two principall things to bee regarded : First , the heating of the iron , and next , the true temper , or bearing of the Farriers hand . Touching the heating of the iron , you shall vnderstand , that the backe of the iron must neuer bee so hote as the edge , that is to say , you must neuer make the backe of the iron redde hote , for feare that thereby it yeeld too much heate , and so consequently breede inflammation : therefore whensoeuer you see the backe of your iron as hote as the edge , you shall a little coole it with water . Now for the temper , or bearing of your hand , you shall vnderstand that the more euenly , and lightly it is done , so much the better it is done ; and heerein is to bee considered , the finenesse or thicknesse of the horses skinne , which you shall know most commonly by his haire : for if it bee short and fine , then the skinne is thin ; if it be long and rough , then is his skinne thicke and boysterous . Now the skinne that is fine , must bee cauterized or feared with a very light hand , in as much as the skinne is soone pierced through , and the thicke skinne with a heauy hand , and both of them with such a tempered hand , that the skinne must no more but looke yellow ; wherein you shall euer finde that the fine skinne will sooner looke yellow then the thicke skinne , the reason being , because the thicknesse and roughnesse of the haire of the thicke skinne doth coole and choake the heate of the Iron , insomuch that if it be not layd to with a more heauy hand , and the instrument so much the more and the oftener heated , it cannot worke that effect which in art it should do . Now you shal also obserue , that in drawing of any line or other cauterize whatsoeuer , that you euer draw with the haire , and neuer against the haire , whether the lines be short , long , deepe , shallow , straight , crooked , or ouerthwart , according as the griefe doth require . Now to conclude , you are to obserue in cauterizing , these fewe precepts : First , that you doe not giue fire to any sinewie place , except there bee some apparant swelling , or else impostumation ; secondly , that you giue not fire to any bone that is broken , or out of ioynt , for feare of breeding a general weakenesse in the whole member . Thirdly , neuer to giue the fire so deepe , or suffer your hand to be so heauy , that you may either mis-shape or deforme the horse , either by vnnecessary figures , or vncomly scarres . Thirdly , not to be too rash or hasty in giuing fire , as if euery cure were to be wrought by that practise onely ( as I know some very well reputed Farriers holde of opinion , ) but onely to attempt all other good meanes before ; and when all hope else is desperate , then to make the fire your last refuge , as an extremity that must preuaile when all other practises doe perish . Lastly , I would not haue you like those foolish Farriers which know nothing , vtterly to contemne and neglect it , as if it were vselesse , but with all moderation and discretion to apply it in fit time and place , whereby the poore horse may gaine ease , your selfe good reputation , and the owner profite ; which is most certaine , as long as you are gouerned by wisedome . CHAP. 156. Of cauterize by medicine , which is cauterze potentiall . THe potentialll cauterize or ●earing of the flesh by medicine is ( as I said before ) when the medicines are either corrosiue , putrifactiue , or caustick ; corrosiue , as when they doe corrode , rot , gnaw , and fret the flesh ; putrifactiue , when they doe corrupt the complexion of the member , and doe induce a maine scar like dead flesh , causing infinite paine , in such sort that they are often accompanied with feuers & mortality , and therefore are not to be administred , but to strong bodies , & in very strong diseases ; & caustick , which is as much to say as burning , when the operation is so strong , that it inclineth , and commeth nearest to the nature of fire , and so burneth and consumeth whatsoeuer it toucheth . Now these potentiall cauterizes doe exceed and excell one another , by certaine degrees , as thus , the corrosiues are weaker then the putrifactiues , and the putrifactiues are weaker then the caustickes ; the corrosiues worke vpon the vpper part in the soft flesh , the putrifactiues in the depth of the hard flesh ; and the causticks haue power to breake skin sound or vnsound , both in hard and soft flesh , & that very deepely also . Now of corrosiues , some bee simple , and some bee compound ; the simple corrosiues are , roach allome , burnt or vnburnt , the spung of the sea somewhat burnt , lime , redde corrall , powder of mercury , shauings of an oxe or harts horne , Precipitate , verdigrease , and such like : the compound corrosiues are , blacke sope , and lime , Vnguentum Apostolorum , and Vnguentum Aegyptiacum , and Vnguentum Ceraceum , and many such like ; and these are to be applied vnto soares , vlcers , or excressions , after they are corroded . The putrifactiues are arsnicke , either white or yellow , Sublimatum , Resalgar , or any medicine compounded with any of them ; besides Sandaracha Chrysocollo , and aconitum . Now if you would haue your putrifactiue medicines to be crustiue , that is breeding a great scar , and hote in the fourth degree ; then they are vnsleckt lime , and the burned dregges of wine ; and these are to be vsed to carbunckles , cankers , and anburies . The causticke medicines are those which are made of strong lye , called Capitellum or Magistra , of Vitriole Romane , Sal-niter , Aqua fortis , Apium , Cantharides , Ciclamine onions , strong garlicke , Melanacardinum , the stones or graines of briony , and many such like . Now in the conclusion I would wish , euery diligent Farrier , seldome or neuer to vse either Arsnicke , Resalgar , or Mercury Sublimate , simply of of themselues , but rather to allay them ( if the substance whereon they are to worke be very great ) with Vnguentum Apostolorum ; but if it be very little , then with hogges grease , turpentine , or such like : and thus much for this potentiall cauterizing and the proper vses . CHAP. 157. Of the rowelling of horses , and the vse thereof . THe rowelling of horses is , amongst our ignorant and simple smiths , the most ordinary and generall practise of all other whatsoeuer , insomuch that not any disease can almost be found , about a horse either how sleight or great soeuer it be , but presently without any reason or sence therefore , they will rowell him for the same ; whereby they not onely put the horse to a needlesse torment , but also bring down now and then such a fluxe of naughty humors , that they lame the horse which otherwise would be perfectly sound ; but it is not my theame to dispute of their ignorances , onely this I must say of rowelling , it is a practise as necessary & commendable for the good estate of a horses limbs , and body , as any medicine whatsoeuer , so it be applyed in his due time , and in his due place ; otherwise on the contrary part , it is contrary to all goodnesse . The helpes which are got by rowelling , are these , it separateth and dissolueth all euill humors , which either through naturall or vnnaturall corruptions are gathered , and knit together in any one place , hindering the office of any member , or deforming the body by any superfluity of euill substance ; it looseneth parts that are bound , and bindeth those parts that are weakened ; it giueth strength vnto sicke ioynts , & comforteth whatsoeuer is opprest with any cold fleame , or hote chollericke substance ; the generall vse of rowelling is , either for old inward straines , especially about the shoulders or hips , or else for great hard swellings , which will not be mollified , or corroded by any outward medicine , which is either plaister or vnguente : for you must vnderstand , that when a horse receiueth any straine or bruise , either in the vpper ioynts of his shoulder , or his hips , which ioynts doe not stand one vpon another , as the lower ioyntes do , but they goe one into another , as the one end of the marrow-bone into the pot of the spade-bone , and the other end into the pot of the elbow , which is a double bone : now as I say , when a bruise is receiued in these parts , if by present application of hote and comfortable medicines the griefe be not taken away , then eftsoones there gathers betweene the pot and the bone a certaine bruisd jelly , which continually offending the tender gristell which couers the ends of euery bone , makes the horse to halt vehemently ; and then is this corrupt matter not to bee taken away by any outward medicine , but by rowelling onely ; & as I speake of the shoulder , so I speake of the hips also where the vpper thigh-bone goeth into the pot of the cannel-bone , & there beeedeth the like infirmitie . Now for the manner of rowelling it is in this sort : First , when you haue found out the certaine place of the horses griefe , as whether it bee on the forepitch of the shoulder , on the hinder elbow , or on the hippe , then you shall ( hauing cast the horse vpon some dung-hill , or soft ground ) make a little slit more then a handfull below the place of his griefe through the skinne , and no more , so bigge as you may well thrust in a swannes quill into the same : then with your cornet raise the skinne a little from the flesh , and then put in your quill , and blow all the skinne from the flesh vpward ; euen to the toppe , and all ouer the shoulder ; then stopping the hole with your finger and your thumbe , take a smalll hazell sticke , and all to beate the blowne place all ouer ; and then with your hand spread the winde into euery part , and after let it go : then take a tampin of horse haire twound together , or which is better , of red sarcinit , halfe the bignesse of a mans little finger , and aboue a foote , or sixtcene inches in length , made in this forme : putting it into your rowelling needle , which would bee at the least seuen or eight inches long ; thrust it in at the first hole , and so putting it vpward , draw it out againe at least sixe inches aboue ; & then , if you please , you may put in another aboue that : and then tye the two ends of the tampins or rowels together , and moue & draw them to and froe in the skinne , in any wise not forgetting , both before you put them in , and euery day after they are in , to annoynt them well with butter , hogges grease , or oyle de bay . Now there bee other Farriers which in that they are opiniated that these long rowels , or tampins of hairemor silke , doe make both a double soare , and a great scarre , therefore they make their rowels of round peeces of stiffe leather , such as is the vpper part of an old shooe , with a round hole in the midst , according to this forme : and then doubling it when they put it in , as soone as it is within , to spreade it , and lay it flatte betweene the flesh and the skinne , and so as the hole of the rowell may answere iust with the hole that is made in the horses skinne ; and then once in two or three dayes to cleanse the rowell , and to annoynt it , and so put it in againe . Other Farriers do vse to make the rowell of lanthorne-horne , in the same fashion as it is made of leather , and in like sort to vse it . But for mine owne part , I haue vsed them all , and truly in my practise , finde not any better then other ; onely the leather or the horne is somewhat more cleanly , and lesse offensiue to the eye , yet they aske much more attendance . Now if you rowel your horse for any swelling , then you shall euer put in your long rowell the same way that the veines runne , and seldome , or neuer crosse-wise , and the more you blow the skinne for a swelling , so much the better it is : for the winde is it which onely occasioneth putrifaction , and makes the festered humours to dissolue , and distill downe from the secret hollowes of the ioynts , into those open places where it falleth away in matter , and so the beast becomes cured . CHAP. 158. How to geld Horses or Colts . THere is to be obserued in the gelding of horses , first , the age ; secondly , the season of the yeare ; and lastly , the state of the Moone . For the age , if it be a colt , you may geld him at 9. dayes old , or 15. if his stones be come down : for to speake the truth the sooner that you geld him , it is so much the better , both for his growth , shape , and courage ; albeit some hold an opinion , that at two yeares old should be the soonest , but they are mistaken , and their reasons are weake therein . Now if it be a horse that you would geld , then there is no speech to be made of his age : for it is without any question , that a perfect Farrrier may geld a horse without danger at any age whatsoeuer , being carefull in the cure . Now for the season of the yeare , the best is in the Spring , betweene Aprill and May , or in the beginning of Iune at the furthest , or else about the fall of the lease , which is the later end of September . Now for the state of the Moone , the fittest time is euer when the Moone is in the waine : as touching the manner of gelding , it is in this sort , whether it bee foale , colt , or horse : First , you shall cast him either vpon straw , or vpon some dung-hill ; then taking the stone betweene your foremost finger and your great finger , you shall with a very sine incision knife slit the codde , so that you may presse the stone forth and no more : then with a paire of small nippers , made either of steele , boxe-wood , or brasill , being very smooth , and clap the strings of the stone betweene them , very neere vnto the setting on of the stone , and presse them so hard , that there may be no fluxe of bloud : then with a thin drawing cauterizing Iron made red hot , seare away the stone ; then take a hard plaister made of rosen , waxe , and turpentine , wel molten together , and with your hot Iron melt it vpon the head of the strings : then seare the strings , and then melt more of the salue , till such time as you haue layd a good thicknesse of the salue vpon the strings : then loose the nippers , and as you did with that stone , so do with the other also : then fill the two slits of the codde with white salt , and annoynt all the out-side of the codde , and all the horses belly and thighes with hogges grease cleane rendred ; and so let him rise , and keepe him either in some very warme stable , or in some very warme pasture , where he may walke vp and downe ; for there is nothing better for a horse in this case , then moderate exercise . Now if after his gelding you doe perceiue that his codde and sheath doth swell in any extraordinary fashion , then you shall chafe him vp and downe , and make him trotte an howre in a day , and it will soone recouer him , and make him sound without any impediment . CHAP. 159. Of the making of Curtals , or cutting off of the tailes of Horses . THe curtalling of Horses is vsed in no nation whatsoeuer , so much as in this kingdome of ours , by reason of much carriage , and heauy burthens which our horses continually are excercised and imployed withall , and the rather sith wee are strongly opinated , that the taking away of those ioynts doth make the horses chine or backe a great deale the stronger , and more able to supporte burthen , as in truth it doth , and we daily finde it by continuall experience . Now for the manner of curtalling of horses , it is in this sort . First your shall with your fingar and your thumbe , grope till you find the third ioint from the setting on of the horses taile ; and hauing found it , raise vp all the haire , and turne it backeward ; then taking a very small strong corde wrappe it about that ioynt , and pull it both with your owne strength , and an other mans , so straite as you can possible pull it : then wrappe it about againe , and draw it as straite or straiter againe , and thus doe three or foure times about his taile , with all the possible straitnesse that may be ; and then make fast the ends of the cord : then take a peece of wood , whose end is smooth and euen , of iust height with the strunt of the horses taile , & setting it betweene the horses hinder legges ( after you haue tramelled all his foure legges , in such sort that he can no waies stirre ) then lay his taile thereupon , and taking a maine strong sharpe knife made for the purpose , set the edge thereof so neare as you can gesse it , betweene the fourth and fift ioynt , and then with a great smithy hammer striking vpon the backe of the knife , cut the taile asunder ; then if you see any blood to issue foorth , you shall know that the corde is not straite inough : and therefore you must draw it straiter ; but if no blood follow , then it is well bound ; this done , you shall take a redde hote burning yron of the full compasse of the flesh of the horses taile , made round after this fashion , that the bone of the taile may goe through the hole , and with it you shall seare the flesh , till you haue mortified it ; and in the searing you shall see the ends of the veines start out like pape heads , but you shall stil continue searing them , vntill you see all to bee most smooth , plaine and hard , so that the blood cannot breake through the burning ; then may you boldly vnloose the cord , and after two or three daies that you see the soare beginne to rot , you shall annoynt it with fresh butter , or else with hogges grease , and turpentine , vntill it bee whole . CHAP. 160. To make a white starre in any part of a horse . IF you will at any time make a white starre , either in your horses fore-head or in any other part of his body , you shall according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers , take a tile stone , and after you haue burned it , beate it into fine powder ; then take lilie rootes , dasie rootes , white bryer rootes , of each a like quantity , and hauing dryed them beate them also into fine powder , and mixe them with the first ; then with a razor shaue that part of your horse where you would haue your starre : and then with this powder rubbe it so vehemently , that you scarce leaue any skinne on ; then take a good quantity of hony-suckle flowres , and a like quantity of hony , & the water wherein a moule hath bene sodden ; & then distill them into a water , and with that water , wash the soare place the space of three daies together , and keepe the winde from it , and you shall presently see the white haires to grow ; for this receipt hath bene often very well approued . There bee other Farriers , which take a crabbe , and roast it , and being fire hote , bind it to that part which you would haue white , and it will scald away the old haire , & the next haire that groweth wil be white . Other Farriers vse after they haue shaued the place to take the iuice of sharpe onions or leeks , and to bathe the place very much therewith ; then to take barley bread , as fire hot as it commeth from the ouen , and clap it to the shauen place , suffring it to lye so till it be cold : and then after annoynt it with hony , and the white haire will come . Other Farriers vse to annoynt the shauen place with the grease of a moldy-warpe sodde , and that will bring white haires . Other Farriers vse after they haue shaued it , to rub the place well with salte , and then twice euery day for a fortnight , to wash it with the broth wherein a mouldy-warpe , and some swines grease hath bene sodden . Other Farriers vse to boyle a mouldy-warpe in salt water for three daies together , or else in strong lye ; and euer as one liquor consumeth , to supply it with an other ; then with this decoction being warme , annoynt the shaued place , and it will bring white haires sodainely . Other Farriers take the gall of a goate , and rubbe the shaued place therewith , and it will bring white haires also . Other Farriers take sheepes milke and boyle it , and in that wet a linnen cloth , and being very hote lay it to , renewing it till you may rubbe off the the haire with your fingar ; this done , apply the milke to twice a day luke warme , till the haire doe come againe , which without all question will be white . Other Farriers take the rootes of wilde cowcumbers , and twice so much Nitrum mingled with oyle and hony , or else adde to your cowcumbers Sal nitrum , beaten , and hony , and annoynt the shauen place therewith , and it will bring white haire . Other Farriers vse to take a peece of a bricke-bat , and with it gently to rubbe and chafe the place , till by the continuance therof , you haue rubbed away both the haire and the skinne , so broad as you would haue the starre , and then after to annoynt it with hony , till the haire come againe ; or else to roast a colewort stalke like a warden , or an egge , til it be stone hard : and then as they come hote out of the fire , to clappe either of them to the horses forehead , and it will scald off the haire , then to annoynt it with hony till the haire come againe . Now to conclude , and to shew you the most perfect & absolute experiment which I haue euer found to bee most infallible , it is thus ; you shall take a very fine , sharpe , long bodkin , made for the purpose , and thrust it vp betwixt the skinne and the bone vpward , so long as you would haue the star ; and in thrusting it vp you shall hollow the skin from the bone , the bignesse that you would haue the starre : this done , you shall take a peece of lead , made in the true shape of your bodkin , & drawing out the bodkin , thrust in the lead into the same hoales ; then you shall thrust the bodkin croswise , the forehead vnderneath the lead ; and then thrusting in such another peece of lead , you fhall see it in the horses face to present this figure , which being done , you shall take a very strong packe-threed , and putting it vnderneath all the foure ends of the leads , and drawing it with all straitnesse , you shall gather all the hollow skinne together on a purse , folding the packe-threed oft and oft about , and stil straiter and straiter , so that you shall see it then to present vnto you this figure : this done , you shall let it rest at least the space of eight and forty howres , in which time the skinne will bee , as it were , mortified : then may you vnloose the pack-threed , and draw forth the leaden pinnes , and with your hand close the hollow skinne to the fore-heade hard againe ; and shortly after you shall see the haire to fall away , and the next haire which commeth will bee white ; and this experiment is most infallible . Now there bee some Farriers which will not put in pinnes , nor vse any packe-threed , but onely will slit the fore-head , and open the skinne on both sides , and then put in either a horne or a plate of leade as bigge as the starre , and so let it remaine till the skinne rot ; then take out the horne or lead , and annoynt the place with hony , and the water of mallowes sod , and it will bring white haire : and surely this experiment also is most infallible , but it maketh a foule soare , and is somewhat long in bringing his vertue to effect . CHAP. 161. How to make a blacke starre , or white haire blacke . IF at any time you would make vpon a white horse a blacke starre , you shall take a scruple of inke , & 4. scruples of the wood of Oliander beaten to powder ; incorporate this in as much sheepes suet , as will well suffice , and then annoynt the place therewith , & it wil make any white haire black . Other Farriers vse to take the decoction of fearne roots , and sage sod in lye , and wash the place therewith , and it will breede blacke haire ; but you must wash the place very oft therewith . Other Farriers vse to take the rust of Iron gals , and vitrioll , and stampe them with oyle ; or else take soutter inke , gals , and rust , and beate them well together , and then annoynt the place therewith , and it will turne any white haire to blacke . CHAP. 162. To make a red starre in a Horses face . IF you desire to make in your horses face , or any other part , a red starre , you shall take of Aqua fortis an ounce , of Aqua-vitae a penyworth , of siluer to the valew of eighteene pence ; put them into a glasse , and heate them well therein , and then annoynt the place very well therewith , and it will immediatly turne the haires to be of a perfect red colour , only it wil endure no longer then till the casting of the haire ; and therefore at euery such time you must renew the haire againe , if you will haue the starre to continue . CHAP. 163. How to make haire to come very soone , very thicke , and very long . IF you would haue haire to come very soone in any bare place , or to grow thicke where it is thin , or long where it is short , you shal take ( according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers ) the vrine of a yong boy , and with it first wash the place ; after that , take lye made of vnsleckt lime , Ceruse , and Litargie , and with it wash the haire oft , and it wil make it come soone , long , and thicke . Other Farriers vse to wash the place with water wherin the roots of Althaea haue bene sod : then after drye it gently with your hand , and it will encrease haire much . Other Farriers vse to wash the place with oyle mingled with the ashes of nut-shels burnt , or else snayle-shels burnt , and it will encrease haire also . Other Farriers take Agrimonte pund with goats milke , & with it annoynt the place , or else oyle wherein a mouldiwarpe hath bene boyled , and annoynt the place with either of them , and it will encrease haire very much . Other Farriers take the dung of goats , allome , hony , and the bloud of a swine ; mingle them altogether , and stirre th●m till they be ready to boyle , and being hot , rubbe the bare place therewith . Other Farriers take nettle seeds bruised with hony , water , and salt , & then rub the place therewith . Other Farriers take the roote of a white lilly beaten and sodde in oyle , and annoynt the place therewith . Others take the iuyce of a long onyon , or else the iuyce of radishes , and annoynt the place therewith . Others take tarre , oyle oliue , and hony boyled together , and with it annoynt the bare place . Other Farriers take the soote of a cawdron mixed with hony , and oyle , and anoynt the place therwith . There bee other Farriers which take greene wall-nut-shels , & burne them to powder , and then mixe it with hony , oyle , and wine , and annoynt the place therewith , and it will encrease haire wonderfully . CHAP. 194. To make haire smooth , sleeke , and soft . IF you will make your horses coate to be smooth , sleeke , soft , and shining , you shall with sufficient store of cloath , keepe him warme at the heart ; for the least inward cold will make the haire stare : then you shall make him sweate oft : for that will rease vp the dust and filth , which makes his coate foule and hard : then you shall , when the horse is in his greatest sweate , with an old sword blade , turning the edge towards his haire , scrape , or as it were , curry away all the white foame , sweate , and filth which shall bee raised vp , and that will lay his coate euen , and make it smooth ; and lastly , you shall when you let him bloud , rubbe him all ouer with his owne bloud , and so let it remaine two or three dayes , and then curry and dresse him wel , and this will make his coate shine like glasse . CHAP. 165. How to take off haire in any part of a Horse . IF you will at any time take off the haire from any part of a horse , you shall dissolue in water , ( according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers ) eight ounces of vnsleckt lime : and then boyle it till a quarter bee consumed , then adde vnto it an ounce of Orpiment , and then lay a plaister thereof , to any part of the horse , and it will in very few howers bring all the haire away . There bee other Farriers which boyle in running water rust , and Orpiment , and with it beeing very hote , wash the place , and it will soone bring the haire away . CHAP. 166. How to cast or ouerthrow a horse . WHensoeuer you intend to cast or ouerthrow your horse , after you haue brought him into a conuenient place , as namely either vpon some greene swarth , or vpon some dunghill , or in some barne vpon good store of soft straw , you shall take and double a long rope , and cast a knot a yard from the bought : then put the bought about his necke . and the double rope betwixt his foure legges , and about his hinder pasternes , vnderneath his fetlocke ; then put the ends of the rope vnder the bought of his necke , and draw them quickly , and they will ouerthrow him , then make the ends fast , and hold down his head , vnder which alwaies you must bee sure to haue good store of straw . Now if you would at any time ▪ either brand your horse on the buttocke , or doe any thing about his hinder legges , that he may not strike , take vp his contrary forelegge ; and when you doe brand your horse see that the yron be redde ●ote , and that the haire be both scared quite away , and the flesh scortched in euery place before you let him goe , and so you shall lose no labour . CHAP. 167. How to know the age of a horse . THe age of euery horse is knowne , either by his teeth , or by his hoofes , or by his taile , or by the barres in the roofe of his mouth . It is knowne by his teeth thus ; at two yeares old , h●e changeth foure foremost teeth in his head ; at th●ee yeares old he changeth the teeth next vnto them , & leaueth no more apparant foales teeth but two of each side , aboue and below ; at foure yeares old he changeth the teeth next vnto them , and leaueth no more foales teeth but one on each side , both aboue and below ; at fiue yeares old , he hath neuer a foales tooth before , but then he changeth his tu●hes on each side ; at sixe yeares old , hee putteth vp his tu●hes , neare about which you shall see apparantly growing a little circle of new and young flesh ; besides , the tush will be white , small , short , and sharp ; at seuen yeares old , the two outmost teeth of his neather chap on both sides will bee hollow , with a little blacke specke in them ; and at eight yeares old , all his teeth will be full , smooth , and plaine , the blacke specke beeing cleane gone , and his tushes will bee somewhat yellow , without any circkles of young flesh ; at nine yeares old , his foremost teeth wil be very long , broad , yellow , and foule , and his tushes will be blunt ; at ten yeares old , in the inside of his vpper tushes wil be no hoals at all to be felt with your fingars end , which till that age , you shall euer most perfectly feele ; besides , the temples of his head will beginne to bee crooked and hollow ; at eleauen yeares of age , his teeth will bee exceeding long , very yellow , blacke , and foule ; onely he will cut euen , and his teeth will stand directly opposite one against another ; at twelue yeares old , his teeth will be long , yellow , blacke , and foule : but then his vpper teeth will ouerreach , and hang ouer his neather teeth ; at thirteene yeares , his tushes will be worne close to his chappe , if he bee a much ridden horse , otherwise they will bee blacke , and foule , and long like the fanges of a boare . If a horses hoofes bee rugged , and as it were seamed , one seame ouer another ; if they bee dry , full , and crustie , it is a signe of very old age : as on the contrary part , a smooth , moyst , hollow , and well sounding hoofe , is a signe of young yeares . If you take your horse with your fingar and your thumbe by the sterne of the taile , close at the setting one by the buttocke , and feeling there hard ; if you feele betwixt your fingar & your thumbe of each side his taile , a ioynt sticke out more then any other ioynt , by the bignesse of an hazell nut , then you may presume , the horse is vnder ten yeares old ; but if his ioynts be all plaine , and no such thing to be felt , then hee is aboue ten , and at least thirteene . If a horses eies bee round , full and starting from his head , if the pits ouer his eyes be filled smooth and euen with his temples , and no wrinckles either about his brow or vnder his eyes , then the horse is young : if otherwise you see the contrary caracters , it is a signe of old age ; if you take vp a horses skinne on any part of body , betwixt your fingar and your thumbe , and plucke it from the flesh : then let●ing it goe againe , if it sodainely returne to the place from whence it came , and be smooth and plaine , without wrinckle , then the horse is young , and ful of strength : but if beeing pulled vp it stand , and not returne to his former place , then hee is very old and wasted . Lastly , if a horse that is of any darke colour shall grow grissell onely about his eye browes , or vnderneath his maine , it is then an infallible signe of most extreme old age : and thus much touching a horses age . CHAP. 166. How to make an old horse seeme young . TAke a little small crooked yron , no bigger then a wheate corne , and hauing made it red hot , burne a little blacke hole in the toppes of the two outmost teeth of each side the neather chappe before , next to the tushes ; and then with an aule blade pricke it , and make the shell fine and thinne ; then with a sharpe scraping yron make al his teeth white and cleane : this done , take a fine launcet , and aboue the hollowes of the horses eyes which are shrunk downe , make a little hole onely but through the skinne , and then raising it vp , put in a quill , that is very small : as the quill of a rauen or such like : and then blow the skinne full of winde till all the hollownesse bee filled vp , and then take out the quill , and lay your fingar a little while on the hole , and the wind will stay in , and the horses countenance will be as if he were but sixe yeares old at the most . CHAP. 169. How to make a horse that hee shall not neigh either in company , or when he is ridden . IF either when you are in seruice in the warres , and would not be discouered , or when vpon any other occasion , you would not haue your ho●se to ney , o● make a noyse , you sh●ll take a list of wollen cloath , and tye it fast in many foldes about the midst o● your horses tongue ; and beleeue it , as long as the tongue is so ty●d , ●o long the horse can by no meanes ney , or make any other extraordinary noise with his voyce , as hath bene oft●n tryed . CHAP. 170. How to make a horse exceedin● quicke of the spurre . IF your horse either bee dull of the spurre through his naturall inclination , or through tiring , or any other accident , you shall fi●st haue ●im he breadth of a saucer on both the sides , ●u●t in the spurring ●l●ce , on both sides the veine : then with a launcet make sixe issues , or small orifices on both sides : then raising the skinne from the flesh , you shall put into the holes a pretty quantitie of burnt sal● , which will make the soare to ranckle . In this sort you shall keepe it 3. dayes , and by no meanes ride the horse : the third day being ended , you shall set a child on his backe with spurs , & make him spurre the horse in the soare place : which done , you shall wash the place with pisse , salt , and nettles , sodden well together : and this will make his sides smart so extremely , that hee will neuer abide the spurre after . Now you shall let him stand after his washing three dayes more , and then take halfe a pint of hony , and with it annoyn● his sides once a day till they be whole . CHAP. 171. How to make a horse that tires , or is restife , to goe forward . IF your horse ( as it is the common nature of iades ) through the naughtines●e of his nature , or dulnes●e of spirit , be either ●o restife , or so tired that hee will not goe forward a foote , but standeth stocke still ; you shall then make a running suickle of a small cord , and put it about his coddes , and stones in such sort that it may not slippe : then you shall draw the rest of the cord betweene the girths and the horses body , and bringing it vp betweene the horses forelegges , be sure to hold the end of the cord in your hand as you sit in the saddle : then ride the horse forward , and when he beginneth to grow restife , or to stand still , then plucke the cord , and crampe him by the stones , and you shall see that immediatly hee will goe forward : and in this manner you shall vse him for at least a fort-night , and it will cleane take away that euill quality . CHAP. 172. How to make a Horse to follow his maister , and to finde him out , and challenge him amongst many people . IF you will haue your horse to haue such a violent loue towardes you , that hee shall not onely follow you vp and downe , but also labour to find yo● out and owne yo● as soone as he hath found you ; you shall then take a p●und of oat-meale , & put thereto a quarter of a pound of hony , and halfe a pound of Lunarce ; and then make a cake thereof , and put it in your bosome next vnto your naked skinne : then runne or labour your selfe vp and downe vntill you sweate : then rub all your sweate vpon your cake : this done , keepe your horse fasting a day and a night , and then giue him the cake to eate , which as soone as hee hath eaten you shall turne him loose ; and he will not onely most eagerly follow you , but also hunt and seeke you cut when he hath lost , or doth misse you ; and though you be enuironed with neuer so many , yet he wil find you out , and know you ; and you shall not faile but euery time that he commeth to you , you shall spet in his mouth , and annoynt his tongue with your spettle : and thus doing he will neuer forsake you . CHAP. 173. The nature and speciall qualities of all the simples that are spoken of in this whole worke , set downe in the manner of Alphabet . A ABrotonum , which we cal in English southernwort is hot and dry in the third degree , and openeth the pipes of the body , and is good for short winde . Absinthium , which we call wormewood , is hote in the first degree , and dry in the second ; it cleanseth and bindeth , and is good for the stomacke . Aceto , which we call vinegar , especially if it bee of wine , is cold and piercing , to wit , cold in the first , and dry in the third degree . Agaricum is hote in the first , and dry in the second degree ; it expelleth humors , purgeth all fleame and choler , and is good for the liuer and kidneyes . Allium , which we call garlicke , is hot and dry in the fourth degree ; it draweth , openeth , and expelleth all euill humors . Agrecum , which we call cresses , is hot and drye in the fourth degree ; it burneth , draweth , and resolueth , & is good for scurse , or wild scabs , or for the lungs . Agripa is a knowne vnguent that is good against all tumors . Allome , called roche allome , it hot and dry in the third degree , and is good for cankers . Alder , or Elder tree is hot and dry , it purgeth choler & fleame , and healeth wounds . Aloes is hot in the first , and dry in the third degree ; it cleanseth and dissolueth , and also comforteth . Althea , which we call white mallowes , is hot and dry : it looseth & scattereth humors , warmeth & moisteneth . Almonds is hot and moist in the first degree : it prouoketh vrine , and is good for the lungs or liuer . Ambrosia , which we call wood-sage , represseth , driueth backe , and bindeth humors . Ammoniacum is hot in the third , and dry in the second degree , it softeneth and dis●olueth humors . Anetum , which we call Dill , is hot in the third , and dry in the second degree : it ripeneth crude humors , & expelleth heate . Aniseseeds is hot and dry in the third degree , expelleth cold , & dissolueth humors , and prouoketh vrine . Antimonium , or Stibium , is cold and dry , it bindeth , mundifieth and purgeth . Appio , which we call smallage , or parsley , is hot in the first , and dry in the second degree : it ripeneth , cleanseth , openeth , and prouoketh vrine . Aristolochia , which we call birthwort , or hartwort , is hote , and cleanseth : but if it be Ro●unda , then it is so much the stronger , being hot and dry in the fourth degree : it draweth , and purgeth thin water & fleame , and is good to open the lungs . Armoni●cke d●hieth , cooleth , softneth , and draweth . A●tem●si● , which wee call great tansey or mugwort , is hote in t●e second , and dry in the third degree ; it is good fo● the wormes , and swellings in the sinewes . A●siuck of both kinds i● hote in the third , and dry in the second degree ; it bindeth , eateth , and fretteth being ● very strong corrosiue . Assafetida is a gum that is hot in the third , and dry in t●e fi●st degree ; it cleanseth euill humors . A●phaltum is a pitch that is mixt with Bitumen ; it is hote and dry , and comforteth any swelling . Asso●teo , is hote in the first , and dry in the second deg●ee : it cleanseth and dryeth , and is good for the stomacke . Assungia , which we call soft or fresh grease , is hote and moist in the first degree : it mollifieth , ripeneth , and healeth any wound , impostume , or vlcer . Auena , which we call oates , are naturally dry ; they doe dry , binde , cleanse , and comfort all the inward parts , and are the onely principall simple which doth naturally agree with the compositiō of a horses body ; and therefore the oyle or quintes●ence of them is the onely absolute and perfect medicine that can be administred for any inward sicknesse , as experience will approue and make perfect . A●elanne , which wee call the ashes of nut-shells burnt , are hote and dry , and do skinne or stop the flux of matter . B Bay-berries are vehemently hote and dry , and are g●od ●or al● manner of rhcumes , or shortnesse of wind , especially for any disea●e in the lungs . Balsamum is hote and dry in the second degree ; it clean●eth , draweth , and comfo●t●th . Bdel●um is a gum that is hot● and dry ; it so●tnet● and draweth away mois●ure , and is exc●ll●nt ag●inst all hard swellings whatsoeuer . Ber●o●icum or Bettonicum , which we call dogs●ene or k●gw●●t is hote and dry in the first degree ; it purgeth and cleanseth all euill humo●s . Bi●cca is cold & dry in the second d●gree ; it closeth things opened , it ●o●tens hardnes , filleth places emptied , and doth extenuate all ex●●essions . Bictole , which we call Beets , is cold and moist , and cleanseth vlcers . Bitumen is a kind of brimstone , or fatnesse from the sea , and it is hote and dry in the second degree , and is comfortable against any swelling . Bottiro is hote in the first , and moist in the second degree , and it ●ipeneth impostumes . Bolearmonia is a certaine earth which is cold & dry ; which bindeth , and driueth backe euill humors , and is also an excellent defensiue against fluxes of blood . Branck vrsin is a wonderfull great mollifier . Brasica which we call coleworts , is very dry , it doth conglutinate wounds , it healeth vlcers and tumors ; it holdeth the seed , and killeth euill humors . Brotano which is the same that Abrotonum is , looke there . Brusco which we cal butchers broome , or knee holm , is ho●e in the ●●cond d●gree , and dry in the fi●st ; it prouoketh vrine . Bry●nie of it are two kinds , the white and black , but th● white is more ●ff●ctuall ; th●●oote of it is hote and dry in the second deg●ee ; it cleans●th & 〈◊〉 , and is good for all cold diseases , it also dryeth , draweth , and mollifieth all manner of hardnesse . C Cal●fonia or Colophonia doth incarnate vlcers , & doth conglutinate things which are separated . Calamamento which wee call wilde penyriall or wilde mint , of which that which growes on the mountaines is the best , is hote and dry in the third degree , doth resolue tumors , and draweth away humors . Calcina vina which we call vnsleckt lime , is hote & dry in the fourth degree ; it adusteth , dryeth , and corrodeth . Camamila which wee call camomile , is hote and dry in the first degree ; it mollifieth & dissolueth al grieues , and is good especially for the liuer . Camedros which we call geomander , is hote & dry in the third degree , and is good against al moist colds . Camphora is a kind of gum which is cold , and dry in the third degree ; it preserueth the body from putrifaction , and bindeth humors . Canabis which wee call hempe , is hote , the seede whereof driueth away extraordinary colds ; it ripeneth and dissolueth humors : and mollifieth and dryeth inflammations . Cinamon is hote and dry in the third degree ; and is comfortable in all inward sicknesses . Canna which we call reeds , especially the hegde reede , draweth out pricks , if you lay the rootes too with the knobbes . Cantharides are certaine flies , which are hot and dry in the third degree ; they wil raise blisters in the sound parts . Capilli Venere which wee call maidens haire , is dry , and bindeth loose humors . Cardimonium is hote ; it extenuateth humors , and being mixt with vinegar killeth scabbes . Cloues are hote and dry in the third degree , and are very comfortable to the inward parts . Carrowaies are hot and dry in the third degree ; it helpeth wind , and cleanseth euill humors . Cassia is hote and moist , in the first degree ; it expelleth wind , dissolueth humors , and purgeth the stomacke of choler and fleame . Castoreum is hot and dry , and purgeth much . Cabbage is hote in the first , and dry in the second degree ; it cleanseth and ripeneth humors . Cenere which wee call ashes , are hote and dry in the fourth degree , and cleanse mightily . Centauria which wee call wilde running Bettonie , smelling like Marioram , is hote and dry in the third degree ; it bindeth wounds , and conglutinateth , and is good for diseased liuers , for the wormes , old soares and wounds , and is commonly called centuarie . Cepe which we call onions , is hote in the fourth degree : it doth cleanse corruptions , & ripens swellings . Ceruill is hote and dry , and bindeth much . Cerusi is a white oyntment made of oyle & white lead , it is cold and dry in the second degree : and for the effects it hath all those which Braccha hath . Cereocollo : see Serococollo ▪ Chelidonium which wee call Seladine , is hote and dry in the third degree ; it cleanseth al putrifactiue humors , & is excellent against inward sicknesses , especially yellowes or iaundies . Cicuta which wee call hemlocke , is cold in the fourth degree : it numbeth and astonieth . C●coria , which we call succory , is cold & dry in the first degree , and bindeth much . Com●n is hot in the third degree , and dry in the second : it mollifieth and ripeneth . Cipolle , which is leekes , or as wee call them , chiues : see Cepa . Cinaber , or Sanguis draconis , or as we call it , Vermilion , is a certaine mettall drawne from quicke sulphure , and quick-siluer ; it dryeth , healeth , incarnateth , bindeth , and comforteth vlcers . Cito , or Cisto , is dry in the second degree , and bindeth much . Citrons , or Cithrons , are cold & moyst in the second degree , they do cleanse and pierce . Coloquintida , is hot and dry in the third degree , and mundifieth onely . Colofonia , which wee call earth-pitch , or Greeke pitch , is hot & dry in the third degree : it conglutinateth and gathereth together . see Pece Graeca . Cocumeri , see Cucumeri . Cowsolida which we call Camphrey , is cold : it conglutinateth and bindeth , & is good against ruptures . Costro , or Cosso , being bitter , is hot , & healeth vlcers . Costus is hot in the third , and dry in the second degree : and it raiseth vp wormes , and is that which we call hearbe Mary , or the roote of Angelica . Corno di Ceruo , which we cal harts horne , is dry , yet it strengtheneth very much . Crocum , which we call s●ffron , is hot in the second , & dry in the first degree : it bindeth , comforetth , and resolueth impostumes . Cucumeri seluaggi is hot and dry in the third degree : it dissolueth , softeneth , and purgeth fleame . Cucumerielaterium is cold & moist in the second degre ; it cleanseth much , & is made of the iuice of wild cow cumbers . D Dates are hot and moyst in the second degree ; they do resolue and disperse things knit together . Diacatholicon , purgeth all offensiue humors which offend the body , whatsoeuer . Diasinicon , or Diaphenicon , purgeth winde exceedingly , and compacteth all grieues of the belly which are begot by crude humors , springing from cholickes or such like paines . Dialtea , or Dialthea , is an oyntment made of holy-hoxe , or sea-mallowes : it warmeth and moysteneth . Dragonwort is hot and dry , and bindeth much . E Ebuli which we call Elder , is hot & dry in the third degree : it drieth and driueth out water , and expelleth choler and thin fleame , see Sambucus . Edera terrestris , which we cal ground luy , see Hedera . Elaterium , see Cucumeri . Elleboro , which we call neesing powder , of it are two kinds , the white and blacke : it is hote and dry in the third degree . Eruca which we call rocket , and of which the wild is the best : the seeds thereof are hot and dry , and expelleth vrine , wormes , and water . Esula , which is an hearbe like spurge , is hote in the fourth degree , and dryeth and cleanseth exceedingly , and of some is called wolfes milke . Eusorbium is a gum that is hot in the fourth degree : it drieth , purgeth , cleanseth , and exulcerateth much . Exerusion which is that which we call Oxicration , is a certaine composition or mixture made of Aceto , and water , and is good to allay swellings and tumors . F Faha , which we call a beane , is cold and dry , and it cleanseth , and dissolueth . Farina , which we call bran , is hot and dry in the first degree , and dissolueth very much . Fearne is dry and binding , but the roote is hote and cleansing , and killeth wormes . Felle which we call gall , is hot and dry , & it cleanseth and mundifieth . Ferugo , which we call the rust of iron , is hot and dry in the second degree , it comforteth and restraineth euill humors . Fici aridi , which we call dry ●igges , are hot and dry in the second degree : they ripen tumors , soften and consume hardnesse , and are good for pursicknesse , coughes , and diseases of the lungs . Filomontano , which we call a dodder , being a thing that cleaueth to hearbes , winding about them like threeds ; it openeth the liuer and milt , and purgeth all fleame and choler . Filonio is a composition , which will astonish or benumbe any part or member . Fennel is hot in the third , and dry in the first degree : it doth dissolue all manner of grosse humours , and is good for the liuer or lungs . Foligine , which we call foot , is hot & dry , and it dryeth maruellously , and so doth all soots whatsoeuer . G Gallanga which we cal Galingale is hote & dry in the third degree : it easeth the stomacke of all grieues which proceed from cold causes : it strengtheneth the braine , and comforteth the senses . Galbanum is hote in the third degree , and dry in the second : it softeneth , stoppeth , and draweth away euil humors , and is good against colds . Galla , which we call gals , or a light fruit of okes , are hot and piercing . Garifilata , which we call hearbe bennet , is hote and dry in the second degree . Garofoli , which we call cloues , is hot and dry in the 3. degree , & are very comfortable for inward sicknesse . Genger is hot , and is excellent to preserue heate in the inward parts . Ginista , or Ginestra , which we call broome , is hote and dry in the third degree : it killeth worms , and scoureth much . Gentian , especially the root , is hot in the third , & dry in the second degree : it doth extenuate , purge , and cleanse all euill humors , and is good for the liuer and stomacke , and for wounds and soares . Giglio which we call lillies , softeneth sinewes , and are good for wounds and soares . Giniper is hot and dry in the third degree . Gramen , which is any manner of graine or pulse , is cold and dry , except wheate , and that is temperatly hot and moyst : they do incarnate and mundifie . Grasso , which is any manner of fat , is hot and moist , and doth ripen and soften . H Harundini● cortex , which we call cane reed , is hot & dry in the third degree . Hedera , which we cal Iuy , is a great drawer , & opener . Helxine , which we call pellitory of the wall , cleanseth and bindeth , and is good for any old cough , or for any inflammations . Hyssopo , which we call hyssope , there is both wilde and that of the garden , but the garden is the best ; it is hote and dry in the third degree ; it cleanseth and warmeth , and is good for inflammations of the lungs , old coughs , poses , rheumes , and short winde . Hordeo which we call barly , is cold and dry in the first degree , and it mundifieth and cooleth . I Incenso which we call Frankinsence ; it dryeth , and incarnateth : see Olibanum . Ipericon which we call Saint Iohns wort , expelleth moisture , and healeth burnings , Ireos Florentina which we call Flower de luce , especially the roote , it warmeth , ripeneth , and cleanseth , and is good for the cough , and is hote and dry in the third degree . Iride Illyrica : see Helpine . Iris is a roote that is hote and dry : it cleanseth and ripeneth , and is good against colds , & purgeth vlcers . Iasquiani which wee call henbane , is cold in the fourth degree : it astonieth , and benumbeth . L Ligustum which wee call louage , is hote and dry in the third degree ; it expelleth winde , especially the seed and roote . Lapathum which wee cal a docke , is cold and moist , and it mollifieth . Lauri which we call laurell , or bayes , are hote and dry , and they cleanse and mundifie . Lentisco is a gumme that is like maslicke ; it is dry in the second degree , and moderately bindeth , it is bitter in tast , and euer greene . Linosa which we call slaxe or line , the seed thereof is hote and dry , & it ripeneth and mollifieth tumors . Lee is hote and dry in the fourth degree ; it is very adustiue , cleansing , and piercing . Lithargirio of which there are two kinds , the one of the colour of gold , the other of siluer ; it is very dry , it bindeth , softeneth , incarnateth , cooleth , and closeth vp ; and of these two , that which is like gold is the best . Lolium which wee call cockle , is hote and dry in the third degree , and dissolueth much . L●mache which we call house-snailes without shels , doe conglutinate very much . M Mal●a is cold and moist , it stoppeth , softneth , and mitigateth paine . Maluaniscus is very dry , it softeneth , looseneth , and incarnat●th . Mace is dry in the third degree , without heate , and onely bindeth . Manna is of equall temper hote and dry ; it openeth , it mollifieth , and incarnateth . Mariaton or Martiaton , is a hote vnguent against all cold humors ; it helpeth the griefe of sinewes , purgeth cold watry matters , and ripens tumors . Marrobio which we call horehound , of which there are two kinds , the white and blacke , but the white is the better ; it is hote in the second , and dry in the third degree ; it helpeth obstructions in the liuer , openeth and purgeth , and is good against colds , or for soares . Masticke is hote in the first , and dry in the second degree ; It draweth , and dryeth , bindeth , and sofineth , and is good against old cold . Medulla which we call marrow , of what kind soeuer , is cold & moist , & mollifieth vlcers ; now the best marrow is that of the hart or old stagge , the next that of a calle , the next that of a sheepe , and the last that of a goate . Mel which wee call hony , is hote and dry in the second degree ; it cleanseth the stomacke and entrails , stoppeth humors , and incarnateth wounds . Melissa which we call balme , is hote in the second , & dry in the first degree ; it cleanseth , & conglutinateth . Mentha which we call Mints , is hot in the third , and dry in the second degree ; of which the wilde minte is best , it killeth wormes , it bindeth , it dissolueth , and is good for the stomacke , or a cold liuer . Minio which we cal redde lead , is cold and dry , and good against swellings . Mirre or Mirrha is a soueraigne gum ; it is hote & dry in the second degree ; it conglutinateth , bindeth , and cleanseth wounds , is good against al colds , killeth wormes , and helpeth the pursicke : for though it doth cleanse much , yet it doth not exasperate the arteries ; also it doth incarnate . Morcosita or Marcasita is hot and dry ; it comforteth , bindeth , and melteth humors . Mertilla is the fruite of the mirtil tree , it is dry in the third degre ; it doth bind good , & loosen euil humors . Morcas which we call the mulbery , the vnripe is cold and dry , in the second degree ; the barke , but chiefly the roote , is hote and dry in the third degree : it doth cleanse , purge , and bind ; the roote thereof killeth wormes , and the gumme thereof doth loosen , and the iuice of the berry doth heale cankers or soare mouths . N Narcissi radix which we call the roote of white Daffadill , ●● , or else prim-rose pearlesse , is dry , it cleanseth , and draweth , and healeth wounds Nardiradix which wee call setwal , is hot in the first , and dry in the second degree ; it bindeth , and Spico Nardo prouoketh vrine . Nasturtio is hote and dry in the fourth degree ; it burneth , it draweth and melteth , and killeth wormes : see Agrecum which wee call cresles . Nigilla which we call git , is hote and dry in the third degree ; it stayeth wind , killeth wormes , and looseneth ; yet to giue too great a quantity is dangerous . Nitro is of the same nature , that salte-peter is , and it mundifieth exceedingly . O Olibanum is a gumme , it is hote and dry in the second degree ; it warmeth , bindeth , closeth woundes , and incarnateth . Oyle of Oliues is of a very temperate nature , and changeth his qualities according to the nature of the simples which are mixt with him . Opium , is cold and dry in the fourth degree ; and is a liquor made of poppy dried and mixt with saffron ; it doth astonish and prouoke sleede . Opoponax is a gumme , that is hote in the third , and dry in the second degree ; it softeneth and stayeth humors ; is good against all colds : see Papauer , Galbanum , Bdelium , and Sagapenum . Orpimento is a kind of mettall , of which the artificial is called Arsnick , is hote in the third degree , and dry in the second ; it bindeth , corrodeth , burneth and fretteth , and is a corrosiue . Origono which wee call wilde marioram , or penyrial , is hote and dry in the third degree ; it taketh away stoppings , and is good for coughes . Orobus , which we call fitches , are hote in the first , dry in the second degree : they do open & cleanse . Orzo , which we call barley , is cold and drye in the first degree ; it ripeneth and cleanseth . Ortica , which we call nettles , are hote and dry : they are biting , & wholesome for the lungs , or for soares . Oria which we call egges , the white is cold , and the yolke is hot , and doth incarnate . P Panacea , is that hearbe whose fruite wee call Opoponax . Panico is a graine which wee call panicke , it is cold and dry , and bindeth . Papauer , which we call poppy , the seeds thereof are white , and hote in the fourth degree : see Opium . Pastinache , which we call parsnips , are hot , and doe prouoke vrine . Pece which we call pitch , is hot & dry in the second degree , it draweth , drieth , and ripeneth . Pece liquida , which we call tarre , is hote and dry in the second degree , is good against colds , or euill humors gathered together in the breast , and draweth wounds . Pece Rasina , which we cal rosen , or pitch of Greece , it draweth , healeth , and incarnateth . Pece Rasina , & liquida , which we call turpentine , it doth draw , skinne , incarnate , and conglutinate things together . Pepper is hote and dry in the fourth degree , it is both attractiue and mundificatiue , and good for all diseases of the breast or lungs . Peaches are cold and moyst in the second degree : they binde , and stirre vp wormes . Petasites , which we call butter burre , is drye in the third degree . Petrolium is a certaine oyle made of salt-peter and Bitumen , it is hot and dry in the second degree : it healeth wounds , and comforteth weake members . Petrosellium , which we cal parsley , or stone parsley , is , & especially his seed , hot and dry in the third degree : it staies winde , openeth , and prouoketh vrine . Phylonium , of which there are two kinds , Phylonium Romanum , & Phylonium Persicum , are excellent compositions , and most comfortable after the losse of bloud . Poligono , which we call knot-grasse , is cold in the second degree , and keepeth backe humors . Plantago , which we call plantaine , is cold and dry in the third degree : it comforteth , dryeth , bindeth , and incarnateth wounds . Porrl , which we call leekes , scallions , or onyons , are hot & dry , and do extenuate obstructions , and raise vp and loosen all euill humors in the body . Puere or porrum , is hot in the second degree , and is good for all cold waterish stomackes . Pulegum , which we call penyryall , is hot and dry in the third degree : it doth vehemently dry vp moisture , warmeth , ripeneth , and is good for the lungs : see Origono . Punicum Malum , which we cal pomegranate , is cold & dry : it bindeth , prouoketh vrine , & is good for the stomacke . R Rasano , or Raphanus which we call radish , is hot in the third , and dry in the second degree : they comfort , and are good for old colds ; but especially they prouoke vrine . Resina , which we call rosen , is hot and dry in the second degree ; it stoppeth , softeneth , cleanseth , draweth , and purgeth wounds , and is good against cold causes . Resalgar . See Risigallo . Regoritio , or Rigolitio , which we call licoras , is temperat● in heate , & moisteneth , & ripeneth , and is good for heate in the stomacke or liuer , and profitable against wounds . Risigallo , is a composition of Sulpure , orpiment , and vnsleckt lime ; and is a most strong corrosiue . Rosaeflos which we call rose leaues , or rose cakes , are dry and binding . Rubea , which we call madder , is dry , it comforteth , and incarnateth , the root thereof prouoketh vrine , & is good for the yellowes . Ruberb or Rubarb , is hote and dry in the second degree : it purgeth choler and fleame , and putteth away stoppings . Ruta , which we call rue , or hearbe of grace , is hote and dry in the third degree : but the wild rue in the fourth degree , and therefore exulcerateth : the garden rue disgesteth , and mightily comforteth all inflammations , it ripeneth , and dryeth , and expelleth winde . S Sauina , which we call Sauine , is hot and dry in the third degree : it openeth , dissolueth , and dryeth mightily , and is most soueraigne against wormes . Sacaro is hot and moyst and comfortable . Sagapenum . See Serapino . Sagina , or Saggina , or Sorgo , of some called panicum Indicum , is onely hote and dry . Sale which we call salt , is hot and dry in the second dregree ; and it cleanseth . Salamora , which we call brine , or water and salt , is of the same nature that salt is . Sal●armoniacke is hot and dry in the fourth degree , & it cleanseth . Salee , which we call sallowes , or willow , it bindeth and drieth vehemently . Salgemma is a kinde of salt which is hote and dry , it cleanseth and mundifieth . Saluitro , some vse for this salt-peter ; it is hot & dry , & euaporateth : it comforteth sinewes , and taketh away tiring or wearinesse . Saluia , which we call sage , is hot and dry in the second degree : it cleanseth and bindeth , is good for wounds or exulceration of the lungs . Sambucus , which we call Elder tree , or wal-wort , that is like Elder tree , is hot in the second degree , and dry in the first : it dryeth , disgesteth , and conglutinateth . Sandolo , which we call saunders , are cold and drye in the second degree , and driue backe humors . Sandolo Rosso , or Sandolo Bianca , which wee call red sand , or whitesand , are hote and dry , and bring on skin . Sanguis draconis , see Cinaber ; yet some take it for the red docke , or red patience , but it is not so . Sapone , which we call sope , is hot ; it draweth , mollifieth , drieth and purgeth . Sassifragia , which we call saxifrage , is hote and dry , and binding . Scabioso , which we call scallions , is hot and dry in the second degree : they do regenerate , and are good for scabs , for the lungs , or for soarenesse in the breast . Seamonium which is the iuice of a roote , is hote in the third degree ; it disgesteth and purgeth choler , but must neuer be giuen inwardly , vnlesse it be corrected . Scariola which we call endiue , is cold , and dry , and binding . Scarcocolla is a gumme of the kind of Euforbium : it is hote and dry in the second degree , it cleanseth , incarnateth , and comforteth wounds . Sea onion is hote in the second , and dry in the first degree ; it ripeneth and expelleth humors : it hindereth putrifaction , and preserueth health . Semola which we call young coleworts , are hot and dry in the first degree . Semperuine which we call housleeke , and some call stonecrop , is cold in the third , and dry in the second degree ; it is good for burnings , or frettings , or for inflammations of vlcers , it driueth backe humors , cooleth , and bindeth . Seua dolce is hote in the second and dry in the first degree : it cleanseth , and openeth . Serapino is a gum of Ferula , it is hote in the third and dry in the second degree ; it mollifieth , looseneth , and is good for colds . Serpillo which we call wilde running Bettonie , or Time smelling like marioram , is hot & dry in the third degree . Sinapi which wee call mustard , is hote and dry in the fourth degree ; it draweth and resolueth , and is good for scurfes or wild scabbes . Solatro which wee call night shade is cold in the third degree . Sulphure viue which we call brimstone , is hote and dry in the third degree ; it draweth , disperseth humors , 
A06903	----	Cauelarice, or The English horseman contayning all the arte of horse-manship, as much as is necessary for any man to vnderstand, whether he be horse-breeder, horse-ryder, horse-hunter, horse-runner, horse-ambler, horse-farrier, horse-keeper, coachman, smith, or sadler. Together, with the discouery of the subtill trade or mistery of horse-coursers, & an explanatio[n] of the excellency of a horses vndersta[n]ding, or how to teach them to doe trickes like Bankes his curtall: and that horses may be made to drawe drie-foot like a hound. Secrets before vnpublished, & now carefully set down for the profit of this whole nation: by Geruase Markham. Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637. 1607 Approx. 1200 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 386 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2003-07 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A06903 STC 17334 ESTC S120787 99855980 99855980 21493 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A06903) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 21493) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1475-1640 ; 851:18) Cauelarice, or The English horseman contayning all the arte of horse-manship, as much as is necessary for any man to vnderstand, whether he be horse-breeder, horse-ryder, horse-hunter, horse-runner, horse-ambler, horse-farrier, horse-keeper, coachman, smith, or sadler. Together, with the discouery of the subtill trade or mistery of horse-coursers, & an explanatio[n] of the excellency of a horses vndersta[n]ding, or how to teach them to doe trickes like Bankes his curtall: and that horses may be made to drawe drie-foot like a hound. Secrets before vnpublished, & now carefully set down for the profit of this whole nation: by Geruase Markham. Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637. [16], 88, [4], 212, 233-264, [4], 67, 58-72, [4], 54, [4], 56, [4], 64, [4], 11, 10-81, [5], 21, 25-40 p. : ill. (woodcuts) Printed [by Edward Allde and W. Jaggard] for Edward White, and are to be solde at his shop neare the little north doore of Saint Paules Church at the signe of the Gun, [London : 1607] Imprint from subsidiary title page; printers' names from STC. In eight books, each with separate dated title page and pagination; register is continuous throughout. Reproduction of the original in the British Library. 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Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Horsemanship -- Early works to 1800. 2002-06 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2002-07 Apex CoVantage Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2002-08 Jennifer Kietzman Sampled and proofread 2003-03 Apex CoVantage Rekeyed and resubmitted 2003-04 Jennifer Kietzman Sampled and proofread 2003-04 Jennifer Kietzman Text and markup reviewed and edited 2003-06 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion CAVELARICE , Or The English Horseman : Contayning all the Arte of Horse-manship , as much as is necessary for any man to vnderstand , whether he be Horse-breeder , horse-ryder , horse-hunter , horse-runner , horse-ambler , horse-farrier , horse-keeper , Coachman , Smith , or Sadler . Together , with the discouery of the subtill trade or mistery of horse-coursers , & an explanatiō of the excellency of a horses vnderstāding , or how to teach them to doe trickes like Bankes his Curtall : And that horses may be made to drawe drie-foot like a Hound . Secrets before vnpublished , & now carefully set down for the profit of this whole Nation : By Geruase Markham . TO THE MOSTE HIGH and most mightie Prince , Henry eldest Sonne of our Soueraigne Lord the King , Prince of greate Brittain and Ireland , Duke of Cornwall , Lord of the Isles in Scotland , and Knight of the moste noble order of the Garter . IT is not out of ambition ( most excellent Prince ) to get vnto my selfe a more particular name , then the meanest Groome in your Highnesse Stable , which hath moued me to offer vnto your sacred handes , this poore volume of mine experience in this Arte , which euen from mine infancie I haue pursued so farre forth , as either mine abilitie or obscuritie had power to extēd it self . But because it hath pleased God through the glorie of your countenance to giue a new life to this Art , which not long agoe was so much neglected , that I thinke ( if it had beene possible for vertue , to haue receiued so greate a staine ) it would haue drawn neare to the danger of dispising ; so many vnfurnished stables , like vnpeopled townes , and so many worthie spirits ( ignorant in the noblest action ) beeing prophetique signes of following desolution , but by your highnesse fauours it is not repayred ( for that were but to pecce vp olderuines ) but there is ( as it were ) a new and an eternall foundation laid , which will continue til al the corners of the world be consumed : which as it hath inflamed mee to offer vp this tribute of my zeale and knowledge , so I wish it would likewise kindle some sparkes in others , who hauing attained the top and height of all best perfectiō , might leaue vnto the world some famous recordes of their worthie admirations ; and not by their neglect , suffer a deuine gift to perish with their naturall bodies , knowing that if either Xenophon , Russius , or Grison had beene so vncharitable , they should themselues with much more difficultie haue attained to that in which nowe they haue no equall ; and being by them manifested vnto the world , they shall not onely blesse and make happie posteritie , but also so acertaine vncertaine resolutions , that how euer the world shall boast eyther Spaine , France or Italie , yet it shall then be knowne , that they haue not brought foorth so good Horsemen as haue beene bred , and are now liuing in this Empire of great Brittaine , to whome albe the world may immagine I haue broken the way with too great bouldnesse , yet mine humble soule knowes , I haue doone it with such care and zeale , that they shall neither taske me for absurditie , or misaplycation , to which I will not be able eyther by arte or demonstration to giue an account or satisfaction ; holding it in my selfe a sin vnpardonable to offer to your gracious presence that which shall not taste both of true art , and true duetie : and how euer the first may be mistaken , yet the latter shall be so much vnblemished , that ( though a wor me ) yet my faith shall not be exceeded , but I will liue and dye your highnes Beades-man and vassaile . Geruase Markham . To the three greate Columbes of this Empire : the Nobilitie , the Gentrie , and Yeomanrie of greate Brittaine . NO sooner shal this worke of mine breake foorth into the world , but I know it will stirre vp manye thoughts in many persons : some wondring what new matter I haue to speake of , some fearing old repetitions , and some resting satisfyed in their opinions with that small treatise which I formerly published ; but to all these I knowe the worke it selfe will giue indifferēt satisfactiō , only touching that small treatise of horsemanship , which about foureteene yeres agone ( when myne experience was but youngly fortified ) I brought foorth into the world : giue mee leaue to deliuer you these few reasons . First it was not gathered for any publique viewe or benefit , but onely at the intreatie of a deare kinsman ( in those daies much inamored with delight in riding ) was as essayes or tastes collected for his priuate vse ; and that he might with lesse difficultie attaine the perfection at which he aymed . Next , beeing intended for him , who was well grounded in the arte before , I was lesse carefull to obserue those plaine rules of demonstration , then otherwaies I would haue beene , my thoughts not then plotting the benefit of any such as were ignorant , and so I must confesse I let passe the worke with more obscuritie & darknes then otherwise I shold haue done . Lastly a coppie thereof being corruptly taken , and couetouslye offered to the printing without my knowledge . I thought it as good my selfe to publish it with his naturall wants , as to let it come abroad by others with vilder deformities : and hence proceeded the appearance of my first Epitomie in the world ; which because it hath found fauour both amongst my friendes and strangers , and the better to satisfie them , who haue done me honour in giuing allowance to mine imperfect labours , I thought good to publish this larger volume , wherein I haue not only at full laid open al the obscurities & concealements which haue beene hidden both in it , and in other wrightings , but also made such an euen & dyrect pathe to lead the most ignorantest spirit , through the bowels & hart of this praise-worthy arte , that not any man whatsoeuer ( who will bestow the reading therof ) but shal in his greatest doubt touching any intricate proposition in Horsemanship , finde both reason & satisfaction , whether he be generall , as delighting in al things wherin the vse of horse is imployed , or particular as adicted to anye peculiar braunch or member : wherin as my labour & the expēce of my best houres , hath only tended to a publique good , so I desire my reward may not be either an especiall misconstruction , or a particular enuie ; & that as the strength of my wish hath been to help those which know nothing in this art , so it may be an attractiue perswasion to those which knowe much more then my selfe , to publish their skils , and so to make it a moste compleat art , till when let this booke & my loue be a true testimony of my zeale & seruice to my Countrie , whose flourishing estate and wealthy peace I pray may neuer end , til the last of al times be ended . G. M. A Table of all the Chapters contained in euery seuerall Booke through this whole volume . The Table of the first Booke . Chapters . 1 OF the breeding of Horses , and first touching the choice of grounds , their vses and seperations . 2 Of horses and mares , and of their diuers kinds . 3 Of the mixture of races , for which purpose each is best , and for the breeders commoditie . 4 Of the choice of Stallions and Mares , the knowledge of their age by diuers obseruations , and of the shapes . 5 How and at what time of the yeare horses and Mares should ingender : signes of a Mares desire , how many Mares for one Stallion , and how long hee shal continew with them . 6 Of couering Mares in the house , the dyeting of the Stallion , the time of the day for the act , and to know when she hath conceiued . 7 That Mares may bee made to conceiue either horse-foales or Mare-foales at pleasure , and of what colour the breeder will. 8 If Mares should before'd to take the Horse , and how to moue lust in horse and Mare , and how to abate it . 9 Which Mares should be couered , which not , & which shall not goe barraine . 10 The vse of Mares when they are with foale , and of the casting of Foales . 11 Helpe for a mare that is in danger in foaling & other secrets . 12 How to make a Mare cast her foale . 13 The vse of mares when they haue foaled : of the suckking of foales and other helpes . 14 The knowledge of a Horses shape , and how it is to be knowne when he is new foaled . 15 How horse-foales and Mare-foales grow , and how to knowe the continuance of their goodnes . 16 Of the weaning of Colts , of their ordering , and seperating according to their ages . 17 Of the gelding of Colts and Horses , the cause , the age , the time of the yeare , and manner . 18 When , and at what age to take vp Colts for the saddle , and of the first vse and haltring . 19 Of the cutting of Colts mouthes or tongues , and of the drawing of teeth to help the byt to lie in his true place . 20 Of the seperating of bad colts and mares from the good , and which shall maintaine the race still . The Table of the second Booke . Chapters . 1 OF the natures & dispositions of horses : how they are to be knowne by the collours of the horses , & other especiall markes . 2 The vse and benefit of the Chaine , Cauezan , Head-straine , Musrole and Martingale . 3 Howe to make a colt gentle , how to bring him to the blocke , and of the first bridle and Saddle . 4 Of helpes and corrections , and of the vses and seueral kindes thereof . 5 How to correct a horse that beareth his head or necke awrye , and of all vices belonging to the head . 6 How to correct a horse that doth ouer-reach or strike one foote vpon another . 7 How to correct the euil motions in a horse , which are shewed by the carriage of his head or eares , or other outward signes . 8 Corrections against restifenes , and the seuerall kindes thereof . 9 How to correct a horse that runneth away , and the cause of such euill . 10 How to corect a horse that will reare vpright , or come ouer with his ryder . 11 How to correct a horse that will lye downe in the water as he passeth thorow . 12 How to correct a horse that is skittish and fearefull and findeth many boggards . 13 How to correct a horse that is dull of spirit , and slouenly in his trott . 14 Of the treading of the large rings , and their vse . 15 Of stopping , retiring , aduancing , and the vses . 16 Of yarking behind , and the vse . 17 Of turning vpon both handes , and the seuerall kinds of turnes . 18 Of managing , and the seuerall kindes . 19 Of the passing of a Carrier . 20 When and how to bytt horses , and to make the heade constant . 21 Of bounding aloft , and the manner thereof . 22 Of the Coruet , Capriole , gallop galliard , and of going sidelong . 23 Of running at the ring , and the vse of the Launce . 24 Of the teaching of young schollers , and the ryding of a ridden horse to the best shew . The Table of the third Booke . Chapters . 1 OF hunting horses in generall , and of their chases . 2 The chusing of the hunting horse , & of his shape . 3 At what age horses should hunt , of their first taking from grasse , and of their housing . 4 Of the first fortnights diet , exercising , and dressing . 5 Of the ayring of hunting horses . 6 The second fortnights diet , and first hunting . 7 Of hunting bread , both ordinarie ( as for trayning of horses ) and extraordinarie for matches . 8 Of all manner of purgations or scowrings that are fit for hunting horses , and of their natures . 9 The third fortnights diet , and of sweating . 10 Why horses should haue their sweates after the dogs , and of their cloathing . 11 Of making a hunting match , the obseruations and aduauntages . 12 The dietting of a hunting horse for a match . 13 Of the ryding of a match , and of the aduauntages in ryding . 14 The Triers office and the aduantages he must obserue . 51 The office of the Groome , and helpes in rubbing of hunting horses . The Table of the fourth Booke . Chapters . 1 OF ambling ingenerall , and of the vse & commoditie . 2 Why foales amble from their dammes , and how to make them amble if they doe not . 3 How to teach a horse to amble by the helpe of a newe plowed field , and the faults therein . 4 Of making a horse amble from his gallop , or by ouer-ryding , 5 How to make horses amble by vse of weight . 6 Of making a horse amble out of hand . 7 Of making horses to amble with the help of the hand onely . 8 Of making horses to amble by the help of shoes only . 9 Of teaching horses to amble by the vse of the tramell . The Table of the fift Booke . Chapters . 1 HOw a stable shal be made , the seat and commodities . 2 Of a trauelling horses meate , and the seuerall kindes and vses . 3 Of the seuerall kindes of waters , which is best , and which is worst . 4 Of the dressing , combing , and currying of horses , and of their diet in the time of rest . 5 Of a horses labour or exercise , and how he shall be ordered when he is iourneyed : 6 Of sleeping , waking , fulnesse and emptinesse . 7 Of the soile or scowring horses with grasie , and of other foode : . 8 Of the passions which are in horses , & the loue which keepers should beare vnto them . 9 The office of the Coachman , and obseruations for his place . The Table for the sixt Booke . Chapters . 1 OF running horses ingenerall and their choyce . 2 How running horses shall bee first trayned vp and of their diet . 3 Of the making of a match , and the obseruations . 4 Of the seuerall kindes of ayrings , and foodes belonging to a running horse . 5 Of : he seuerall kindes of sweates , and of their vses , 6 Of the ordering and dieting a running horse for match or wager . 7 Obseruations to bee vsed and inconueniences which happen during the dietting of running horses . 8 Certaine helpes and rules for the ryder , and howe hee shall runne his match to the best aduanntage . 9 The office of the Sadler , & the shapes of his best commodities . 10 The office of the Smith touching the shoing of horses . The Table of the seuenth Booke . Chapters . 1 OF the composition of horses , and the qualitie of the things they are compounded of . 2 Of the Sinues Veynes , and Bones of a horse . 3 Of a horses vrine , and of his excrements . 4 Of letting of horses blood , the time , the cause & signes . 5 Of sicknesse in generall . 6 Of feuers and the diuers kinds thereof . 7 Of the pestilence or gargill . 8 Of the inwarde diseases of the heade , and first of the headach . 9 Of the frenzie or madnes in horses . 10 Of the sleeping euill or lethargie . 11 Of a horse that is taken . 12 Of the staggers . 13 Of the falling-euill or falling-sicknesse . 14 Of the Appoplexie or Palsie . 15 Of the Witch or night mare . 16 Of crampes or conuulsion of sinewes . 17 Of the pose or colde in the head . 18 Of diseases in the eies , & first of watrish eies 19 Of bloodshotten eies . 20 Of dimnes of sight , pin , web , pearls , or spots . 21 Of the Haw . 22 Of the lunatike or moone eies . 23 Of the canker , vlcer , or fistula in the eie . 24 Of diseases belōging to the eares , & first of laue ears or hanging eares . 25 Of the impostume in the eare . 26 Of the poll euill . 27 Of the Viues . 28 Of the cankerous vlcer in the nose : 29 Of bleeding at the nose : 30 Of diseases in the mouth , & first of the bloody riftes : 31 Of the bladders . 32 Of the lampas : 33 Of the canker in the mouth : 34 Of heate in the mouth : 35 Of the tung being hurt with the byt : 36 Of the pappes : 37 Of the paine in the teeth , and of the wolfes : 38 Of the cricke in the necke . 39 Of wennes in the necke . 40 Of swelling in the necke after blood-letting . 41 Of stenching of blood , whether it come by blood letting or by any wound receiued . 42 Of the falling of the crest . 43 Of Mangines or scabs within the maine . 44 Of shedding the haire from the maine or taile . 45 Of the swelling of the withers , either by pinching , or galling with an ill saddle . 46 Of the impostumations in a horses withers . 47 Of hard hornes , knobs , or sitfastes growing vnder the Saddle . 48 Of the nauell Gall. 49 Of the swaying of the backe . 50 Of the weakenes in the back . 51 Of hide bound . 52 Of the strangle . 53 Of the cough . 54 Of the inward and wet cough . 55 Of the frettized , broken , & rotten lungs . 56 Of the putrified or rotten lunges : 57 Of the shortnesse ofbreath or pursiuenes . 58 Of a consumption , and the seueral kinds . 59 Of griefe at the brest . 60 Of the Anticor . 61 Of tyred horses . 62 Of diseases vnder the midriffe . 63 Of the loathing of meate . 64 Of casting out drinke . 65 Of surfaits . 66 Of the hungrie euill . 67 Of the diseases os the liuer . 68 Of the consumption of the liuer . 69 Of diseases in the Gall. 70 Of diseases in the Spleene . 71 Of the yellowes . 72 Of the Dropsie . 73 Of the diseases in the Guts . 74 Of costiuenes or belly bound , 75 Of loosenes . 76 Of the bloody sluxe . 77 Of the bots or wormes , 78 Of paine in the kidnies . 79 Of pissing bloud . 80 Of the colt euill . 81 Of the matering of the yarde . 82 Of the shedding of seede . 83 Of the falling of the yarde , 84 Of the swelling of the cods or stones . 85 Of incording or bursting . 86 Of the botch in the griones . 87 Of the itch or manginesse in the taile . 88 Of pinching , splating , or wrinching the shoulder . 89 Of the swelling of the legs after labour . 90 Of foundring in the legs , 91 Of the splent or Serewe , 92 Of the Mallender or Sallender 93 Of an ouer-reach : or attaint vponthe sinew of the shanke , 94 Of an ouer-reach vpon the heele . 95 Of halting eyther before or behind . 96 Of being hipped . 97 Of being stis●ed . 98 Of the bone spauen . 99 Of the bloud spauen . 100 Of the Kurbe . 101 Of the paines . 102 Of kibd heeles . 103 Of windgalles . 104 Os wrinching the neithe ioint 105 Of the shakell gall . 106 Of the Scratches . 107 Of the Ring-bone , 108 Of the crowne scab . 109 Of hurts vpon the cronet of the hoofes . 110 Of the quitterbone 111 Of grauelling , 112 Of sarbatting . 113 Of a pricke in the soale of the foote . 114 Of retreate . 115 Of Cloying . 116 Of loosening the hoofe . 117 Of casting the hoofe . 118 Of hoofe bound . 119 Of the running frush . 120 Of the leprosie . 121 Of the Farcion . 122 Of the Canker . 123 Of the Fistula . 124 Of an Anbury . 125 Of woundes . 126 Of brusing or swellings . 127 Of sinewes cut or prickt . 128 Of woundes made with gun shot . 129 Of burning with lime . 130 Of the byting of a mad Dog. 131 Of being shrew runne . 132 Of the warble or felter worme . 133 Of being stung with adder or Snakes . 134 Of eating Hens dung . 135 How to kill lice . 136 To keep horses frō the stinging of flies . 137 The cure of broken bones . 138 Of the taking vp of veanes . 139 Of Glisters . 140 Of purgations . 141 Of calteryzing , and the vses . 142 Ceraine speciall receites for speciall purposes . The Table of the eight Booke . Chapters . 1 OF Horse corsers in generall . 2 The obseruations Horse-corsers vse in the choice of horses , and the deceits they vse in couering their saults . 3 Of the discouerie and preuention of the Horse coursers deceites . 4 Of the excellencie of Horses vnderstandings . 5 How a horse may bee taught to doe any tricke doone● by Bankes his Horse . 6 Of drawing drye-foote , and the aptnesse of Horses thereunto . The end of the Table . CAVELARICE . The first Booke : CHAP. 1. Of the breeding of Horses , and first touching the choice of groundes , their vses and seperations . HAuing resolued inwardly in my selfe ( euen to the vttermoste of my best powers ) to giue to euerie creature that shall reade these my labours , a full and vndoubted satisfaction touching anie scruple , misterie , or other Inigma , that hath hitherto beene concealed in this moste famous Art , making a plaine , euen and direct way , where there hath formerly beene much roughnes , some hilles , and many interchangeable turninges ; I thought it moste conuenient to begin with the Art of breeding of Horses ; which how euer it bee not so generally appertayning vnto all men , as the other members of the same Art in this volume following ; yet for as much as bringing fourth , must goe before the vse of the thing brought fourth , and that this Art of breeding is onely appertaining to Princes , Potentates , and men of best place and estimation , it must necessarily challenge the precedent place . Wherefore to you that are the owners of the earth , and desirous to inrich her and your selues , with Beastes of the greatest vse and vertue , I dyrect my discourse . Know then the first obseruation in breeding , is the knowledge of groundes , their natures , clymats , fertilnesse or barrennes . The second , the distinguishment of Horses and Mares according to their breedes , or proportiōs : coupling each kinde together , in such sort as may bee moste commodious for that purpose to which you intende . And the last the disposing and vsing them , being brought foorth both in their foleage , best strength , and old age . For your grounds , I am of opinion with Zenophon and Grison , that you must principally , respect both the quantitie and qualitie : the one for surcharging , the other for too grosse feeding : the quantitie , that your Mares and Colts may not bee throng'd vp , and as it were kept in a pin-folde , wanting libertie to scope and runne vp and downe at pleasure ( then which there is nothing more commodious ) and the qualitie which is the scituation & fertilnes of the soyle : For the scituation , it would be ascending with hilles & dales , & those hilles open vppon the fresh ayre : if the plaines be full of Moale-hills it is much better : For the fertilnes , it wold be a ground neither exceeding ranke , nor extreame barreine , but of an indifferent mixture , rather inclyning to barrennes ; then much rancknes , apportioning to the fruitfulnesse of the ground : the number of your Mares in such sort that they may neither want foode nor surfett with too great aboundance , neither grow so exceeding fat that they be either disabled for bringing foorth , or indangered with rotting ) which onelie springs frō such grossenes ( nor brought so weak with want of foode that they neither take delight in generation , or for lacke of strength die with hunger-bane : an indifferent meane must therefore be obserued , which must be applyed according to the nature of the groūd ; obseruing this order , eyther to increase or diminish the number of your race-mares , as you perceiue them eyther growe fatte or leane in the place of their abyding . Some are of opiniō , that as much ground as will serue a Cowe , will serue a Race-mare , and I am not much opposite to that opinion , onelie I holde it a proportion som what with the moste ; for I haue found in mine owne expe●ēce , that the ground which wold summer but eigh● Kine well , hath sommer●d a douzen Race mares very sufficiently ; but for as much as euerie countrie , nay almoste euerie Lordship differeth one from another , eyther in fruitfulnes , or barrennes ; there cannot be appo●ioned any certaine number or stint to euerie ground , but it must bee referred to the iudgement of the owner , either to increase or decrease his stocke , according as they either prosper or decay . Groūds that be rancke , marrish , cold & wet , are most vilde to breede vpon , for the foode being vnwholsom , the layre vnnaturall , and the treading incertaine ; the foales that are bred thereon , are heauie , slowe , fat headed , great bellyed , round leggd , and weake ioynted , chieflie in the pasterne : your ground therefore ( as before I saide ) must lie hye and firme , and such commonly are the Parkes of Princes , and great Persons , whose imployments in my conceite are moste fitte for this purpose , mixing with the delight of Deare , the delightful benefit of a braue race of Horses , in which euen Kinges of the best memories haue taken vnspeakable pleasures : whosoeuer therefore hath eyther Parke or impal'd ground ( for a lesse fence will hardlie serue a good race ) which hee purposeth to this vse of breeding , must first know that he must not keepe it as one entyre ground , but with a sufficient rayle of so conuenient a height as may controle a Horses leaping : deuide it into three seuerall pastures : the first containing the Launde or plainest part of the Parke , where there is least shelter , water furrowes , or drye ditches , which must bee for your Mares to foale in ; and after their foaling , for the stallyon and the Mares to runne together in : in which it shall be good if there be no other water more then some sayre fresh Pond . Now the reasons for all these choyces are these : first , that it should bee plaine and without shelter , because a Foale at the first foaling would haue all the bitternesse and sharpenesse that the latter end of the Winter can put vppon it , which will so harden and knitte him , that when the warmth of the Spring and Summer shall beginne , he will prosper more in one weeke then another contray-vsed in a Month : and when the Winter shal come vppon him againe , he shall holde both his flesh and courage , when others shall hardly hold life in their bodies : this being a rule amongst all good breeders , that euerie Foale should haue two Winters in the first yeare . Next , that there should be no water furrowes nor drye ditches , is because a Mare out of her owne disposition euer couetteth to foale in the water , or so nere as she cā get : by which meanes , I haue knowne many foales drowned . And againe , in that a Mare commonly foaleth standing , she lesse respecteth where she foaleth , whether in the water , by a ditch side , or other where . The next pasture you are to diuide , would consist partly of good ground , partly of bushes , brouse , and some hie or thick trees for shelter ; it would be ascending , and that ascent plaine and open vpon the ayre ; Moale-hills , small gutters , & vncertain treading is verie good in this ground : Also if some fresh riuer , or rundle issuing from a cleare spring , runne through this ground , it is much the better . And in this ground you shall sommer your Mares and Foales as soone as the Stallion is taken away : the reasons for the former choyses are these ; first , it must be good ground , because it may make your Mares spring with milke : next for bushes and brouse , it is that a Foale taketh great delight in , and makes them hard . The shelter of trees is to defend the heate of the Sun , & the stinging of Flies . To be mountainous & plaine , is that a Foale may by the sharpnesse of the ayre euery morning and euening , recouer stomacke , strength , and liuelihood , or by scoping or galloping vp and downe the hill , come to a purenes of winde , and a nimblenes of bodie . For Moale-hils , smal gutters , or other vncertaine treading , they are to bring a Foale by his wanton gallopping and playing about them , to a nimblenesse and truth of footmanship , to a fine treading , and a suretie of not stumbling . That the water should bee either fresh riuer or spring , is because the puritie thereof ingendreth no euill nutriment or grosnesse , but rather sprightinesse and quicknesse . The third or last ground wherin I would haue you winter your mares & Foales , would bee of reasonable fruitefulnes , & free from al enundation or ouerflow of waters : it would be also vpon the knole of an hill , and if conueniently it may be , full of trees or bushes for shelter . On the top of the hil , I would haue you build certaine crosse houells of stone or other close stuffe , ouer which you may stack your Hay , Oates , or other winter prouision : the quantitie whereof you must measure according to the number of your Mares & Foales . The opēsides of your houells , I would wish to lye East & west , the closse endes north & south , insomuch that in what quarter so euer the winde or wether standeth , they may haue warmth & shelter from the same . Within these houels I wold haue rackes wherein to put the Hay or Oates in the strawe , which will not onelie sau●much from losse & spoyling , but also increase the appetite of a Foale by labouring at the same . I would also haue vnder the rackes , maūgers ; in which you may cast the ouerchauinges of Wheate , Barley , or otherwhite corne , but by no meanes any Pease pulse , for it ingendreth many foule diseases ; as the gargill , strangle , mawe worme & such like : It shal be also good to cast in the maunger that which Horse-men call garbadge , which is wheate straw and the eares , chopt small together , with a fine cutting-knife , for it rayseth the crest , and makes it hie , strong , firme and thin . Now for those great Princes , who are the owners of many Parkes , many wasts , and many large contynents ; they may ( if it seeme good in their eyes ) make these three seuerall grounds , three seuerall Parkes , multiplying their stockes as it hath pleased God to multiply their possessions ; but for him that hath but one Parke , or one peece of ground , fit for this purpose , the course I haue formerly prescribed , I hold most Husbandly for his profit , and the goodnes of the Beast he intends to breede . As for the Yeoman or Husbandman , who neither haue choice of perticular grounds , nor meanes to breed after any exact method , as hauing but onely the benefit of the common fieldes ; yet both for his profit & credits sake desireth to breed a good Horse , To him I can but set downe these few rules : First to foresee that his Mare be of good shape & mettall : next that he put vnto her so good a Horse as either his credit or abilitie can procure : Next , that after his Mare hath foaled , hee keepe her in the teather , shifting her foure or fiue times in a day vnto fresh grasse which wil be a sufficient meanes to preserue the Mares milke , al be she labor and worke much . Next , that she may be teathered so neare as may be vnto corne lands , that whilst the Mare feedeth , the Foale may at its pleasure crop & eate the green blades of Corne , which wil scowre & make the foale grow : & when the Corne is of better ripenes , then it may crop the eares of Corne also , especiallie wheate , which wil bring vnto the Foale such strength , full groath & liuelines , that he will sauor of that seasoning all his life after , so that in the winter he be not brought vnto too great a weakenes ; which to auoide , I would haue the Husbandman euer to winter his Foale in the house , giuing it good store of Chaffe , light Corne , & such like : but in any case neither Pease nor Pease pulse , till March be past at the soonest . And thus much touching the vse of groundesand their diuisions . CHAP. 2. Of Horses and Mares , and of their diuers kinds . FOr mee to enter into as friuolous and idle a discourse of the kindes of Horses and their coulers , as Conradus Gesner hath , filling leaues with names scarce heard of , at least neuer experienced in any of our climates , some being more vgly then prodigies , and some more strange then euen vntruth it selfe can imagin , were to distast the most worthy eares , and make my selfe a second Trumpet of other mens falshoods : but forasmuch as mine ambition is to satissie the world with truths , & not to amaze mē with miracles , I will onely deliuer the kinds and generations of such Horses as I haue approued and knowne within mine owne experience . And first of all , for as much as I know almost all English men , whether out of the inconstancie of their natures ( which is euer most delighted with new sangled nouelties ) or out of the bashfulnesse of their modesties , are euer apt to giue precedencie and prioritie of place to strangers , strange creatures , and strange fashions : yet for as much as I haue formerly , and do dayly find in mine experience , that the vertue , goodnesse , boldnesse , swiftnesse , and indurance of our true bred English Horses , is equall with anie race of Horses whatsoeuer : I will first of all begin with him , and his discription . Some former writers , whether out of want of experience , or to flatter nouelties , or else collecting their workes from others writings , in which not finding the English horse named , they haue thereupon concluded that the English horse is a great strong Iade , deepe ribbed , side-bellied , with strong legges , and good hoofes , yet fitter for the cart thē either the Saddle or any worthy imployment . How false this is , all English Horsmen knowe , and my selfe dare boldly iustifie : for the true English Horse indeed , him I meane that is bred vnder a good clime , on firme ground , and in a pure and temperate ayre , is of tall stature , and large proportion : his head , though not so fine as either the Barbaries , or Turkes , yet is it leane , long , and well fashioned : his crest is hie , only subiect to thicknesse if he be ston'd ; but if he be gelded , then is it thin , firme , & strong : his chyne is straight and broad , and all his lims large , leane , flat , and excellently ioynted , in theym exceeding any Horse of what Countrey soeuer . Now for their inward goodnesse ; first for their valure and indurance in the warres , I haue seene them suffer and execute as much and more then euer I noted in any other of forraine creation : I haue heard it reported , that at the Massacre in Paris , Mongomerie taking an English Mare , first in the night swam ouer the riuer of Seine , and after ranne her so many leagues , as I feare to nominate , least misconstruction might taxe me of too lauish report . And I haue heard Master Romano say , the most induring beast that euer he rid , was an English Mare . Againe , for swiftnesse , what Nation hath brought foorth that Horse which hath exceeded the English ? for proofe whereof wee haue this example : when the best Barbaries that euer were in my remembrance were in their prime , I sawe them ouer-runne by a blacke Hobbie at Salisburie of maister Carltons , and yet that Hobby was more ouer runne by a horse of maister Blackstones called Valentine , which Valentine neither in hunting nor running , was euer equalled , yet was a plaine bredde English Horse both by Syre and Damme : to deseend to our instāt time , what eu● I men may report or imagine , yet I see no shape which can perswade mee that Puppie is any other then an English Horse : and truly for running , I holde him peerlesse . Againe , for infinite labour , and long indurance , which is easiest to bee descerned in our English hunting matches , I haue not seene any horse able to compare with the English horse , so that I conclude , the English horse is of tollerable shape , strong , valiant , swift and durable . Next to the English Horse , I place the Courser of Naples , which is a horse of a strong & comely fashion , of great goodnesse , louing disposition , and of an infinite couragiousnesse : his limbs , and generall features are so strong and well knit together , that he hath euer beene reputed the onely beast for the warres , beeing naturally free from feare or cowardise : the best carracter to knowe him by , is his heade , which beeing long , leane , and verie slender , doth from the eyes to the nose bend like a Hawkes beake : he hath a great and a full eye , a sharpe eare , and a straight legge , which in an ouer-curious eye might appeare a little too slender , which is all the fault , curiositie it selfe can finde . They bee naturally of a loftie pace , they bee louing to their rider , easie to bee taught , most strong in their exercise ; and to conclude , so good in all poynts , that no forraine race hath euer borne a tytle of so much excellencie . The Horses of the Iles of Sardinia , and Corsica , are the nearest of all other horses to the Courser of Naples , onely they bee somewhat shorter bodied , and of somewhat a more fierce and fierie nature , but that by the temperance of a good Rider is casie to be qualified , and conuerted to an excellent vertue . Gesner amongst his other absurdities , saith they bee exceeding little horses , whereas indeed they carry proportion with horses of the best stature . Next these , the Turkie horse is an excellent beast ; I doe not meane those horses which haue beene bred in the Turks first dominions , as in the vpper parts of Scithia , Tartaria , Parthia , Medea , Armenia , Capadocia , & other his Asian countries , albe if we wil beleeue the report of old writers , each of these Countries haue seuerall good races , as Sithia and Tartaria for greatnesse of bodie : Parthia , for limbe and courage : Media , for beautie and comelinesse of shape : Armenia , and Capadocia , for heauinesse of head , and strength of body , with many other such like descriptions : but sith for mine owne part . I haue neuer found grosser vntruthes , ( I speake for horse-manshippe onelye ) then in the recordes of these olde Writers ; and for-as-much as mine experience ( and as I thinke the eye of our Nation ) hath had little dealing with Horses of these Countries , I will omit thē , & referre the curious , who only delight in nouelties , to reade Absirtus , Vegetius , Gesner , and such like , who may happily please their eares , but neuer better their experience ; and for mine owne part I will write of the horse of Greece , which for as much as it is now vnder the Turkes gouernment , the Horses that come from thence are called of vs Turkes ; of which I haue seene diuers , ridden some , and knowne them bred vppon in many parts of England : but first to report what others write of the Horses of Greece : One saith they haue good legges , great bodies , comely heades , hie of stature , and well made forward , but not backeward , because they are pinne buttockt : they bee verie swift , and of exceeding great courage . Now another saith , they be foule , ill shaped , rough ouer all their bodies , great shoulders , ill dispositions , Camell-backt , vnsure pac'd and crook'd legged . Now how these contrarie descriptiōs can agree I vnderstand not , only they say the better horse is of Thessalie , the other of Thracia ; but for mine owne part , touching those Turks which I haue seene , all which haue beene said to come from Constantinople , which is a part of Thrace ; they haue beene Horses of most delicate shape , pace , and mettall : they haue not beene of any monstrous greatnesse , but inclining to a middle size , or indifferencie of height ; they are finely headed almost as the Barbary ; they haue most excellent forehandes , both for length , depth , and proportion ; their limbs are straight , yet rather small then great ; their hoofes are long and narrow ( a great signe of swiftnesse ) their coats are smooth and short , and all their members of sutable qualitie ; they are of great courage & swiftnesse , for I haue seene them vsed at our English Bell-courses . Naturally they desire to amble ; and which is most strange , their trot is full of pride and gracefulnesse . Next the Turk , I place the Barbarie , which are horses bred , either in one of the two Mauritanias , or in Numidia , or the lesser Affrick : they are beyond all horses whatsoeuer for delicacie of shape and proportion , insomuch that the most curious painter cannot with all his Art amend their naturall lineaments . They are to be knowne before all horses by the finenesse of their proportions , especially their heades and necks , which Nature hath so well shap'd , and plac'd , that they commonly saue Art his greatest labour : they are swift beyond other forraigne horses , and to that vse in England we onely imploy them ; yet are their races onely vpon hard grounds , for in soft or deepe grounds , they haue neither strength , nor delight : they are exceeding well winded , which breedes in them a continuance of their swiftnesse : Their colours for the most part are gray , or flea-bitten . I haue seene blacke and bay , but not so generally ; they seldome or neuer founder ; they aske lesse care then others in keeping , beeing both of such temperate diet , and such abilitie of body , that they seldom surfeit , onely they are ( especially such as I haue seene ) of such little and slender stature , that they are vnfit for the warres , or to support armes . Next these horses of Barbarie , I place the Iennet of Spain , which albe Gesner in his ignorant discriptions reports to be a horse of great stature , buttockes short , weake , and vncomely ; of bodie fat and bigge , slow , and cruell to his rider ; yet those which better know by their experience then he by his readings , And for my selfe , both those I haue seene here in England , and also those I haue seene in Spaine , and other places of the King of Spains dominiōs , assure me of the vntruth of such writings . For the Iennet Indeed is a horse but of a middle stature ; finely made , both head , bodie , and legges ; his buttocks though they be long , yet are they well shap'd and strong : but whereas some write they doe exceede al horses in swiftnes , or for that Old wines tale of breeding with the west wind , and ouer-running all winds , I haue in them as little beleefe , as there is in such tales little possibilltie : onely this I thinke , that the Ienes being a horse of great mettall and courage , and therewithall of nimble , light , and actiue proportion , may passe a carrere , that is , runne some twelue or twentie score , with great puissance & swiftnesse ; but for running our English courses , which commonly are three or foure miles , we haue not seene any such vertue or goodnesse in them : their limbs , for the most part , are weake and slender ; yet in the warres they are esteemed to be of wonderfull prowesse , and indurance ; they are cōmonly full six yeares old or more , before they come to any perfection of shape , for they grow one yeare before , and another behind . And the last thing which is complete in them , is their crests , they are many of them naturally giuen to bound , & to performe salu●s ; aboue ground ; but by reason of their weake lymbs , they continue not long without lamenesse ; their trot is somewhat long and waueing : but if at any time they be put to amble , they it take naturally . Next this I place the Polander , or horse of Poland , which is a beast but of a middle stature , well composed and knit togither , their limbs and ioynts are exceeding strong in all proportions , like to our true bred English horses ; their heades are somewhat fine and slender , verie like in proportion to the Irish Hobbie : their necks & crests are well raised vpright , and exceeding strong ; their eares are little and extraordinarily short : they haue exceeding strong backs , broade chines , and the best hoofes of any horse liuing , which is the reason that they are many times trained vp , & made stirrers , as being horses which take an especial delight in bounding , yarking , and other strong saults aboue ground , which most cōmonly they do with such couragious violence & smartnes , that they haue been seene many times to throw their shooes frō their fect , with an almost incredible furie ; they are also exceeding good in trauell , and will indure iourneying beyond many other horses ; they are also exceeding good in the coach , & as some of our English Nobilitie haue experience , equall or beyond most of the best Flemmish races ; onely their generall fault is their littlenesse of stature . Next the Pollander I place the high Almaine horse who is generally of an exceeding great and high stature . And albe he haue neither neatnesse nor finenes in his shape , yet is there great strength in all his proportions ; so that howsoeuer other men esteeme him for the shorke or the manage , yet I account him best for draught , or burthen ; they are much vsed in the warres , but I thinke like their Country-men , rather for a wall or defence , then either for assault or action ; they are great , slow , and hard trotters . Next them is the Hungarian horse , who hath a great flat face , crooked nose , and thick head , great eies , narrow nostrils , and broad iawes ; his maine rough , thicke , & almost extending to the grounde , a bushe tayle , weake pasternes , and a leane bodie : generally , his deformities are so well coupled together , that they appeare comely ; hee is of a temperate courage , and will abide much hardnesse , by reason whereof they are of much vse in the warres . Next the Hungarian , I recken the Flemming , who in most of his shapes differeth little from the Almaine : His stature is tall , his heade shorte and thicke ; his bodie long and deepe , his buttocke round and flat , his legges bigge and rough , and his pace a short & hard tro : : the principall vertue both of the Horses and Mares , is in the draught , in which they exceede all other horses , otherwise for the Saddle they are both vneasie & slothfull ; the Mares are tall , large and wondrous fruitfull . Next these , I place the Friesland horse , whose shape is like the Flemmings , but not full so tall ; he is of a more fierce & hot courage then the Flemming , which makes him a little better for seruice , as being able to passe a short carreire , to manage , beat a coruet and such like : but for his inward disposition , it is diuelish , cruell , and ful of al stubborne frowardnesse ; they are apt to all restiffe and malicious qualities , if the discretion of the ryder preuent not their frenzie ; their pace is a short and hard trot . Next them I place the Sweathland horse , who is a horse of little stature , lesser good shape , but least vertue ; they are for the most part pied , with white legges , and wall eyes : they want strength for the warres , and courage for iourneying ; so that I conclude , they are better to looke vpon then imploy . Next and last , I place the Irish Hobbie , which is a horse of a reasonable good shape , hauing a fine head , a strong necke , and a well cast bodie ; they haue quicke eyes , good limbs , and tollerable buttocks : of all horses they are the surest of foote , and nimblest in daungerous passages , they are of liuely courage , & very tough in trauell , onely they are much subiect to affrights and boggards . They will hardly in any seruice ioyne with their enemies , the reason I imagine to bee these : first , they are for the moste part bredde in wilde races , and haue neyther communitie or fellowshippe with any man till they come to the Saddle , which many times is not till they come to seauen , eight , nine , or ten yeares olde , at what time the countrie rysing , doe forciblie driue the whole studd , both Horses , Mares , Colts , and Fyllies into some bogge , where being layde fast , they halter such as they please to take , and let the rest goe . This wilde bringing vp , and this rude manner of handling , doth in my conceite ingender this fearefulnesse in the Beast , which those ruder people know not how to amend . This Horse though he trot very wel , yet he naturallie desireth to amble : and thus much I thinke sufficient , touching these seuerall kindes of Horses , and their generations . CHAP. 3. Of the mixture of these former races , for which purpose each is best , and for the breeders commoditie . HAuing in the former Chapter , declared the kindes , Generations , shapes and dispositions of all such Horses , as eyther our nation hath been acquainted withall , or my selfe hath tryd in mine owne experience , it shall bee meete that now I mixe these races together , showing which will agree best with our clymate , for what purpose , and howe they bring the best commoditie . First , for the agreeing with our clymate , it is not vnknowne to all Horse-men and men either of greatnesse or experience , that al those races , of which I haue written , haue beene , and are daylie bred in this kingdome , and that of so great vigor , worth and goodnes , that euen their owne nations haue not brought fourth anie of better estimation , as by infinit instances I can approue were it not both teadious and needelesse . Wherefore for me to enter into a Phylosophycall discourse touching the height of the Sunne , the disposition of the ayre , or the alteration of heats and coldes , drawing from their effects the causes or hindrances of conception , were to trouble my felfe to no purpose , and to tyer others with idle ceremonies . But for as much , as diuers men compose their breeds to diuers purposes ; some for the wars , seruice or pleasures of great Princes : some for swiftnesse in running , or toughnes in hunting : some for easinesse of pace , and the vse of trauell ; some for the draught and the portage of great burthens . I will as plainelye as I can , show how each race should become pounded . First , if you couet a race for the warres , or the seruice of Kinges , the Neapolitan courser is of all Stallions the best , to whome I would haue ioyned the sayrest English Mares that can be gotten . The next to him is the Turke , who would bee mixt with the Neapolitan Mare , whence springes a braue race ▪ next him , the Horse of Sardinia or Corscica , who begettes a braue race from the Turkie Mare : lastly the Iennet of Spaine , breeding vpon the fayrest Flaunders Mares . To conclude , any of these Horses vppon faire English Mares , beget much brauer Horses then of their owne kindes , and fayre English Horses vppon any of these countrie Mares , doe begette moste seruiceable beasts : but if you will breede onelie for swiftnesse , then the Barbarie Horse is onelye best ; breeding eyther vppon a Mare of his owne countrie , vppon Turkie Mare or English : the Turkie Horse vpon the English Mare likewise doth beget a swift beast : But if you would breede onelie a tough hunting Horse , there is none better , ( as by daylie experience we finde ) then the fayre bred English Horse , and the English Mare , but if you would breede , easie ambling Horses for trauell and the vse of Iourneying , there is none better then the Turke , or Irish Hobbie : so they be mixed with either English ambling Mares , or bastard Mares of their owne cuntrie , that likewise amble perfectlie . I haue seene many ambling Horses bredde from Ienets of Spaine , yet by reason of his slendernesse of limbes , and length of pasternes , I esteemed him not altogether so good as the two former . Now lastlye , if you would breede Horses for the draught , as eyther for Coach or Cart , or Horses for the portage of great burthens : as eyther for Sumpter or Packe man , the Flaunders , Friesland , or Almaine Horse are your best stallyons , the Flaunders or Friesland , for the Coach or Cart , and the Almaine for the burthen , and for eyther of these purposes the Mares are in all parts as seruiceable as the Horses , according to our present experience in England at this instant . Now you are to vnderstand , that as all these Horses in their seuerall fore named vses , are most best , so likewise their colts thus begottē ( which of some Horse-men is called bastardie ) are likewise excellent Stallyons . For mine owne part , I wold to chuse breede sooner of a Bastard Courser , bastard Ienet , Turke , or Barbary , then of the naturall Horse of the owne countrie ; and my reason is , by their mixture with our Mares , all the imperfections of their owne Countries are amended ; as in the Courser , his length of head , and want of crest , which many times is imperfect . In the Ienet , his weakenes of ioyntes : and in the Turke and Barbarie , their slendernes of limbes : the Flaunders and Friesland which are so extreame rough and hayrie about their pasterns , that the best keepers cannot preserue them from scratches , paines and Mallanders , are by mixture with our Mares brought to a cleane race of sufficient tollerable limbes , so as they neede not be kept , but will keepe themselues from sor●ances : they also by mixing with our Mares , haue their heads much amended ; & their hoofes infinitely much better hardned , which of all the partes of those countrie horses , is the worst , & of least indurance : all which me thinks when a perfect iudgement shall take into his consideration , it shall appeare great honor to our nation , and much shame to them who haue wrongd it with former misreportings : and thus much for the mixing of races . CHAP. 4. Of the choyce of Stallions and Mares : the knowledge of their ages by diuers obseruations , and of their shapes . FOr as much as euery thing is made moste perfect , sufficient , and of longest continuanee , by the strength and surety of his first ground work or foundation , which indeede is the chiefe maister-peece of all that growes frō that beginning : I therfore aduise al those worthy ones , who wil be the breeders of the best Horses , to haue an especiall care to the first choice & creatiō of their studd , sith if in the beginning , there be either insufficiēcie or blemish , it is most likely such staines will by continuance , grow to bee more & more vilde & vgly , & in this circūspection , there is nothing of more importance , then the well chusing of your Stallyons and Mares , sith they are the liuing bodies , from whence you are to deriue both your delight and profit ; he therefore , that will chuse a perfect Stallion ( saith one writer ) must respect his beautie , goodnes , and age . Another saith , shape , colour , merrit , and beautie ; which indeede is all one with the former , and I holde them principall obseruations , but I would likewise haue added vnto them , his descent and generation : for albe , a Clowne may beget a beautifull Son , yet shall he neuer begette an Heroy●call spirrit , but it will euer haue some touch of basenesse : and an ill bred Horse may beget a Colt , which may haue saire colour & shape , which we cal beauty . Toughnes , which we cal goodnes , & youth , which is few yeares , yet stil his inward parts may retaine a secret vildnes of disposition , which may be insufferable in breeding . Now for his beauty , which only is cōtained in his colour & shape , al be I haue in the next book writ sufficiētly touching thē too , yet I wil here a little glaunce at them , by cōparing with thē the opinions of some other writers . First , for the opiniō of Gesner , which mearely is no good opiniō at al in horse-māship , but a collection of idle tales : hee saies the best colours are bay , white , carnatiō , golden russet , mouse colour , fleabittē , pide black & pale , pide blew & gray ; had he put in also orēgtawny , willow colour , & such like , al the world could not haue gone beyōd him , neither shold the Spaniards nor Italians haue need to haue dyed their horses maines & tailes , if horses could haue bin bred of such colors . But to let passe such friuolous notes , the best colour for a stalliō , is browne bay dapled , daple gray , bright bay , or white lyard : the roane , the pure black , with white starre , white foote , or white rach , or the black bay , which hath neither mealy mouth , norred flank , is also sufferable . A stalliō wold be al of one colour , yet not according to the opinion of Gesner , his main & body of one colour , for that is most vilde : for a bright bay horse would haue a black mayne & taile , & black out partes , as the tips of his eares , legs , & such like : a dapple gray , would haue white mayne & taile , & so foorth of the rest : but I would not haue a pide stallion , except it be for him , who esteeming more the strāgenes of colours , thē the goodnesse of horses : places his delight in motleye generations : to such an one a pide Stallion is best : and of pides , the blacke and white , & bright bay & white are most choice : & not blew , carnatiō or goldē pide . For his shape in general , I refer you to the next book , where I haue not as I hope omitted , the least tittle in preportions ; onely for some particular things , which are to be most respected in a stalliō , then in any other horse , I wil giue my opinion . First , for his head , it must be leane , slēder & smal about his mussell , at the setting on of his head to his necke you must haue an especiall regard that his necke swell not vp about his chaules , or that the kirnells which run betwixt his necke and his chaule bee thicke or big , for it is a great signe of sloath , and thicknesse of winde , which is a great fault in the Stallion , especiallye if his maister expect to breede frō him either running horse , hunting horse , or good traueller : neither must hee haue wall eyes , or white spects in his eyes : you must haue care that your stallions yarde be al of one colour , & not pide or spotted : for what stalliō hath such a falr , begetteth weake foales , or for the most part of flegmatick cōplexions , which are sildome good , either for vse or hardnes ; his stones wold be of a meane size , without warts or knobs , wel trussed vp , & close to his body , for if either they hāg side , or one hang lower thē another , it is a signe of surfer , sicknes , or dulnes of Spirit . If your stallion haue vnder his chappes , long thin haires like a beard , which also extend downward euen to his brest , It is much better , and a great signe of swiftnes . Also , you must take care that your Stallion bee free from all natural diseases : as excressions , which are splents , Spauens , Serew , ringbones , Curbes , or such like ; If they put foorth , or appeare before a Horse come to handling : or if he be subiect to lunaticke eyes , or to wenns on his body , or such like . And thus much for his shape . Now for his goodnes , t is true , as some write , that it is of two sortes , eyther naturall or artificiall ; his naturall goodnes consisting in his strength and abilitie of bodye , for the performance of the Arte of generation , in his health , agilitie , swiftnesse , and good disposition . His artificial , in the manner of showing his naturall vertues , which is alwaies the best descerned vnder his rider : but in as much , as that artificiall grace doth little auaile in generation , it shall bee the breeders principall office to take especiall knowledge of his naturall perfections , which if hee shall finde answerable to my former demonstrations , he may presume vppon his fitnes for that purpose : and yet I would not haue you so seriously to regard his naturall goodnesse , that you vtterlie neglect his artificiall : but rather if you shall beholde a Horse vnder the ryder of infinit spirit and indurance , or of wonderfull speede , pride , and statelines , that albe there be some thinges in him you could wish amended , yet to beare with them , and breede vppon him , for the benefit of his other vertues . Now forasmuch as some , whether out of curiositie to appeare excellent in the knowledge of supernaturall things , or to giue a satisfaction to such as out of their too much search , would become Horse-midwiues ; haue set downe as an especiall regarde in the naturall goodnesse of a Stallyon , to knowe the goodnesse or illnesse of the Horses seede , which experience ( for mine owne part ) I haue euer shunned as a thing loathsome , vngentill , vnnaturall , and moste vnmanlye ; yet , for as much as in this worke , I couet to satisfie euerie seuerall desire ; I will set downe what others thinke touching that poynt , and not what I haue approoued ; leauing the triall to such as out of their flemye womanishnesse seeke for such secrets . One Writer saith , that if you will know the goodnesse of your horses seede , you shall when he couers a Mare , cause him to shed some of his seede into water , and if it sinke it is good , if it float aloft it is naught : another saith , if you take the seede of the Horse into wooll , or betweene your finger and your thumbe , and if it rope and be slimie like birdlime , then it is good : but if it be thinne and loose like whey , then it is naught : with other such like midwifely precepts , which I wish euery good breeder rather to hazard , then proue the experiment . Now for the age of your Stallion , though Plinie be of opinion , that a Horse may bee put to a Mare at two yeares olde , and continue getting Foales till he be thirtie three yeares olde : yet for mine owne part I like neither the beginning nor the ending , hauing in them both too much extremitie ; for the beginning is too early , and the continuance too long to prosper : the best age therefore in these dayes ( how euer it hath bin in former ages ) for to put a Horse to a Mare , is when he is betwixt foure and fiue yeares olde , at what time he getteth the goodliest , greatest , & best spirited colts . In Spaine I haue heard the Spaniards say , they let their Colts runne with their Mares , till they couer their Dammes : & indeed I haue seene very yong Horses in some of their Iland races ; but I vtterly dislike such breeding , for it is vild and vnnaturall : for as Plinie reports , a Horse being hoodwinkt whilest he coured a Mare , after perceiuing it was his owne Damme , ranne vp to the rocks , and brake his owne necke : and also that a Mare in the territorie of Realte , kild her keeper for the like ; which reports albe they carry not the fairest liuries of truth , yet are they precedents vnto vs that such māner of breeding is not by former hors-men alowed of : and this in mine own experience I haue both found and know , that if a man will continue his breede altogether in one straine , without any alteration or strangenesse , shall in the ende finde his studd to decay and loose both stature , strength and comelines , which doth intimate to mee , that there is a great dislike in such kinde of breeding . Let your Horse therefore ( as before I said ) be of the age offoure or fiue yeares olde , or betwixt that age , and fourteene or fifteene at the most ; for after that time he is past the vse of generation , except he be some principall rare horse , as some I haue seene , that haue gotten verie sufficient Foales at eighteene and twentie yeares olde , clearely disproouing the opinion of Gesner , which saith , that olde Horses get lame Foales , a thing both false and ridiculous , except he account the hollownesse of the eyes , or sadnesse of countenance lamenesse , which are the greatest faults an olde horse begetteth : For wheras some holde opinion , that an olde Horses Foale is more tender thē the other , and more subiect to sicknesse and infirmitie , I haue for mine owne part found the contrarie , not approouing many Colts more sufficient for health , or of more abilitie in nature to indure sickenesse when it chanceth , then the Colt of an olde Horse ; yet that such an old Horse would haue begot a much better Colt in his youth I make no question ; by which I conclude , that the young Horse is for breed the most principal : but the good olde horse in extremitie or necessitie , not to bee forsaken ; prouided alwayes that he be sound of his limbs and bodie , vnlesse it bee such disease as commeth meerly by mischance or casualtie . And now sith I haue proceeded thus farre in the age of Horses , it shall be requisite that I shew you how you shall knowe the age of any Horse whatsoeuer : First by the pride , fulnesse , and cheerefulnesse of a Horses countenance we adiudge his age : for first if his eies be round , full and starting from his heade ; if the pits ouer his eies be filled , smooth and euen with his temples ; and his countenance smooth and free from sadnesse , then we gesse and knowe that such a Horse is yong : and by the contrarie aspects , we know he is old . Another way , is to take his skin betwixt your finger and your thumbe , and plucke it from the flesh , then letting it goe againe ; if it suddenly returne to the place from whence it came , and be smooth and plaine , without wrinckle , then is he yong and full of vigor ; but if being pulled vp it stande , and not returne to his former place , then is he olde and wasted . Others approue a Horses age in this sort , take him with your fingar and your thumbe by the sterne of the tayle , close at the setting on of the buttocke , and feeling there hard , if you feele betwixt your finger and thumbe , of each side his taile , a ioynt sticke out more then any other ioynt , by the bignesse of an Hasell Nut , then you may presume he is vnder ten yeares olde ; but if his ioynts be all plaine , and no such thing , to be felt , then bee assured he is aboue tenne yeares old . Others approue the age of Horses by their teeth , and that is of all wayes the moste certaine : some will put their fore-finger into the horses mouth , and feele the inside of his vpper tushe : and if therein they finde a little hole or nicke , then they are sure he is vnder ten yeares olde : but if it be plaine and full , then he is aboue ten . Lastly , and the surest way to know a Horses age , i● to looke in a Horses mouth , and if he haue changed no more but his foure formost teeth , then is he but two yeares olde : if he haue two teeth aboue , and two below of each out side to change , then he is three yeares olde : if he haue one tooth aboue , and one belowe of each outside to change , then he is foure yeares olde : at fiue yeares olde he changes his tushes , and at six yeares olde all his teeth are perfite , only his vnder tushes haue a little circle or ring of yong flesh about them , different from his gumme , and his outmost teeth of each side haue little blacke holes in the toppe of them ; which as soone as they be worne out , and are smooth , the horse is past eight yeares olde : if when that marke is gone , and the teeth smooth , the horses teeth beelong , yellow and foule , although he cut euen and close , then he is aboue twelue : i● his vpper teeth ouer-reach his neather , and be worne vneuen , & his tusks long , foule & thick , then is he aboue fifteen ; but if his teeth be foule , vneuē , and his tusks worne close to his chaule , then hee is rather aboue then vnder twentie . Also , if a horse of dark colour grow grissell aboue his eye browes , or vnder his maine , it is a signe of extreame olde age : and thus much touching the Stallion . Now to speake some litle of breeding Mares , which as well as the horse would haue all the three properties of beautie , age , and goodnesse ; by the consent of mine opinion , I woulde haue a breeder to chuse his Mare ( after he is resolued touching her naturall goodnesse and generation ) by the largenesse and goodlye shape of her bodie , not respecting a gaunt , cleane , and eye-pleasing proportion , in any sort comparable with a well fore-handed , side-ribbed , cleane lim'd , and large wombd Mare . For if a Foale haue an ample bed , hee cannot chuse but be of great stature : The best age for a Mare to take the horse in , is at three yeares olde and vpwarde , and the time of their decreasing at twelue : yet for mine owne part , I did know the two and twentieth Foal of one Mare , which was an exceeding good and goodly horse : but that example I holde for no generall rule . Now if you demaund of me why a Mare should go sooner to the Horse then the Horse to the Mare , mine auswere is , because she commeth a yeare sooner to her fulnesse and perfection : for a Horse is not complete , till after six , and a Mare is perfite at fiue . Pline and other Philosophers , are of opinion , that Mares may beare Foales till they be fortie yeares olde , not beeing vsed for other purpose : but I whose Philosophie is mine owne experience , haue found it in generall otherwise , and therfore would wish no Prince , nor man of greatnesse or estate , whose power and purse may vphold his breed in the best maner , to preserue his Mares longer in his studd , then from three yeares olde till ten ; vnlesse it be some such principall Mare of whom you haue such sufficient proofe of extraordinarie goodnesse , that you may aduenture a more then vsuall continuance : for Mares being more apt to the Acte of generation then Horses , are euer founde sooner to decay and grow barraine . That your Mares which you preserue for your studd should runne wilde and vntamed , as I haue seene them doe in Spaine , Ireland , and in some races here in England I vtterly dislike : for albe great persons respect not their worke or labours profit , yet such wildnesse indangers them as oft as they are driuen or remoued from ground to ground , either for casting their Foales , swelting , or other violent euill proceeding from wildnesse : therefore it is most necessarie that your Mares be made as domestical and tame as may be , both that great men may not loose the pleasure of their breed , nor the meaner sort the profite of their worke and labour ; which labour if it be moderate , is most wholsome for the Mare , and makes her more apt and readie for conception ; and moreouer makes her fit either to bee couered in hand , or out of hand , at your will or pleasure . CHAP. 5. How and at what time of the yeare Horses and Mares should ingender : signes of a Mares desire : how many Mares for one Stallion , and how long he shall continue with them . THe next and immediate precepr after the choise of Stallions , and Mares , is to know the time of the yeare , and season when they should ingender : the opinion of Plinie , Palladius , and some other writers is , that the Stallion and Mares should bee put togither , from the midst of March , till the midst of Iune ; and truly the opinion is verie good , & agreeable with our clime : but in the strictnesse of mine own opinion ; & experience , I haue euer found from the beginning of March till the end of Aprill , the very best time of al , for May and Iune are somewhat with the hottest , & a little too late in the yeare ; so that the Foales falling in those times , neither hauing taste of frosts , nor sence of colde dewes ; in the latter end of the yere , when they shall be compelled to endure them , and feele them to increase euery day more and more , the bitternesse will be so extreame , that for want of former custome , they will loose their flesh , grow weake , and mishapen : notwithstanding , if a Mare be not readie ( as it will often happen ) so earely in the yeare : yet rather then shee should goe ouer , or you loose her profite , it shall not be amisse to let her be couered , either in May or Iune , so that the Mare going with Foale ordinarily eleuen Moneths , and tenne dayes , or there abouts , shee may foale though not in the beginning of the spring ( which I woulde euer wish ) yet at such a tollerable time , as both for the tēperature of ayre , and benefite of foode may bee allowed , though not much praysed . Diuers horsmen heere in England ( but not any expert breeders ) I haue heard , hold strong argument against this opinion of mine for early couering of Mares , concluding that to couer Mares in May , is somewhat of the soonest , reasoning thus ; that forasmuch as Italie , Spain , and other Countries much hoter then ours , couer not their Mares before mid-March , or the beginning of April : ours that through the coldnes keeps grasse slow and long ere it spring , may right necessarily stay a month after them , but they are deceiued in their iudgements : For albe our clime be colde , and that grasse be long in growing ; yet this is a certaine rule , that if a Mare haue meate inough to sustaine nature in any good fashion , she wileuer haue milke inough to bring vppe her Foale . Againe , if a Foale fall early in the yeare , as the yeare increases , so both meate and milke increases : but if a Foale fall in the prime time of the yeare , then as the yeare decreases , so meate and milke decreases ; so that the Foale tasteth in his first month his best foode : and when he can eate least , hath the greatest plentie , which is contrarie to rule . Lastly , our Winters being almost double to the Winters in those hot Countries , if our Foales haue not a little taste or seasoning of Winter before our Winter begin , they wil hardly ( as before I said ) indure our Winters . An other Argument those Horsemen haue , which is that our Mares wil not couet the Horse before May , but that is more absurd then the other ; for all men of experience know , that a Mare which is not with foale , will euer couet the Horse before mid-March , at what time if she be suffered to goe ouer , shee will not desire the Horse for a Month after . Againe , if the Mare be with Foale , it is an infallible rule , that as soone as shee hath foaled , she will euer couet the Horse nine nights after : so that it is rather a naturall course , then the pride foode , which makes a Mare couet or not couet the Horse . Now the signes to know when a Mare coueteth the Horse be these : They will runne extraordinarilie vp and downe , and sildome rest in anie one place , and their coursing for the moste part is euer towards the North or South ; they will pricke vp their tailes , wooe one another , and leap one vpon another , they wil pisse oft , and as some doe report in their writinges ; if they may not haue the Horse in the extremitie of their desire , they will runne madde . The time of the yeare beeing thus : from the beginning of March , till the end of Aprill or May : and your Mares being readie for the Horse , the next rule is , the manner of their putting together : t is moste true that , for Princes and great Persons , who haue multitudes of Mares , and great choice of Horses , to whom the spoying of a horse , or the goeing ouer of a Mare , is no losse . The onelie best manner of couering , is to put your Stallion into a well fencst ground , full of fresh water , good shelter , and cleare water , where hee may runne from March till the midst of May , and then to put vnto him so many Mares as with good conueniencie his strength is able to indure & serue : which must be preportioned according to his youth and strength . Plyny is of opinion , that a good Stallion may couer fifteene Mares , and our English horsemen haue ordinarylie preportioned twelue and ten , but for the best Horses that haue beene within my experience , I haue found eight at full suffycient , vnlesse a man would neuer expect more of the Horse , then that one two monthes Ieruice . For a Horse then if youth , strength , and lustinesse eight Mares are a ful number , but if he be old or feeble , then foure is enow , fix to many . According to this preportion , hauing seuered your Stallions & Mares into their proper places , You must appoint such as may be carefull of the fences , least either your stallions shold breake one into another , and so eyther marre the determination of your breede , or spoyle thēselues by fighting ; For Horses like Deare are Iealious of their mares , as may appeare by their keeping them together , & not suffering them to stray or feede a sunder , as in such cases you may easilie obserue , and which as some thinke , is the cause that they are more apt for generation , and doe conceiue more speedily : and truelie for the first , second or third mare , I am of the same opinion : but that it holdeth so in the rest , I differ ; for a Horse which is at such liberty , and is of a mightie spirit , doth so extreamly ; and with such disorder spend himselfe , that in lesse then one weekes space , he bringes such feeblenes vpon him , that he is almost disabled for the purpose you imploy him : and for mine owne part , I haue knowne diuers excellēt horses that haue kild themselues with the violence of their lust . Yet as before I said , for such as haue multitudes of mares , there is no other meane , but the sufferance of this hazard . As soone as you shall perceiue that al your Mares be couered , which necessarilie must bee within the compasse of six weekes , because euerie emptie Mare at that time of the yeare , desireth the Horse once in a month , you shal foorth-with take your horse frō your mares : for it is not good to let him goe any lōger , for these reasons : first for the losse of his vse & seruice , which may be after his recouerie to some good purpose ; but chiefly , least if he run too long , he spoile what hee hath formerlie created : for a Mare , contrarie to the kinde of other beasts , is of so strong a lust , that albe she haue conceiued , yet if she be proud in flesh , fat , full , and lustie , she will notwithstanding desire and take the horse againe , which if at any time she do , she immediatly casteth the Foale where withall formerly she went , which experyment I haue known diuers times approoued , yea euen when a mare hath bin within almoste amonth of her reconing : for which cause I would haue you euer obserue to remoue your stallyō , so soone as he hath doon his office . And thus much for the races of Princes , and Potentates . Now for such priuate Gentlemen , as hauing but one Stallyō , yet diuers mares , they may by no meanes run the hazard of this former course , least by spoyling their horses , they loose both their hope & benefit together , wherfore it behooueth thē to obserue an other course : yet not in mine opiniō , according to the demonstratiō of some of our late English writers , by turning mares single , and by one vnto the Horse , whilst hee runneth in some priuate ●enc'st ground , as some pond-yarde , or such like : for this taketh as sore of the Horse as the other course first mencioned , or rather sorer , by as much as the change and nouelties of new Mares , brought almoste at the end of euerie three daies fresh vnto him , stirreth & inflameth him with a more greedy & eager ●ust , then otherwise he would haue if they were his cōtinuall obiect : therfore he that hath but one Stallion , & popes to inioy him long , ( yet manie Mares for him yearely to couer ) let him obserue the order prescribed in this next Chapter . CHAP. 6. Of couering Mares in the House , the dyeting of the Stallion , the time of the day for the Act , and to know when shee hath coneiued . ALbe this course wee are now about to treate of , be much more troublesome , and a little more chargeable then the former , yet it is by manie degrees safer , and in my conceite much surer . Hee therefore , that out of little meanes will preserue a good breede : Let him first prepare to keepe some warme spott of ground , as eyther Orchard , Garden , or such like : with not being eaten al the yeare before , may haue grasse readie to mow by mid April , at what time you shal put your horse into the soyle , feeding him thoroughlie with bread made of pease meale and mingled with barme and water , well knodden & baked in great housholde loaues : then when you haue a Mare readie to be couerd , let her as soone as the Sun is in setting , be brought into some large emptie barne , and there turned loose : let then the Horse be also brought vnto her , and turned loose , where let him remaine with her all night , till halfe an houre after Sunne rise : then let him be taken and led into the stable , and the first thing you giue him , let it bee a sweete warme mash of malte and water : after that , let him haue grasse and prouender as before he was accustomed : then let the Mare likewise be turned to grasse . This order you shall obserue three nights together , and there is no doubt but your Mare shal be sufficientlie serued : In this māner , & with this dyet , your horse may well serue one after another , ten or twelue mares ; during all which time of soyle & couering , your horse must by no meanes be ridden . Now for as much as some English writers prescribe in this time of soile , for your horses dyet , dryed wheate or dride Pease and Wheate branne , or cleane fytches , and his mashes of wheate , meale and water , I for mine owne part , doe dislike them all , and this is my ground : first , for dride wheate , albe it be a cleane , heartie , and strong foode , yet it is agraine , which of all other dooth soonest cloy a Horse , & is moste dangerous , if a horse shall surfait thereon : besides , it is with vs heere in England , of so little vse for Horses , that when you shal giue it a Horse , his nature ( vnaccustomed thereunto ) receiues it rather as a medcine , then as any familiar foode , and by that meanes takes little or no pleasure therein : Lastly , it is so costlie , that no good Husband ●ut will grudge the expence , except he were assured of some extraordinarie benefit thereby , which I assure ●im he shall neuer reape . Now for pease and branne , who knowes not that ●ath any experience , that it is of all foodes the moste ●ilde , ingendering grosse humors , & bad nutryment , occasioning hart-burning , and manie other scalding ●assiōs in a Horse . And for fytches they are ( if possible ) worse then the other for besides that they are rancke , fulsome , and vnwholesome foode : they haue also in ●em such a dangerous poyson , that by surfetting vpon them , they breede euen the plague amōgst horses . For the mashe of Wheate and Water , it is tollerable , and may bee vsed , but not in this time of couering , because it carryeth neither the strength , pleasant taste , nor sweetenesse , which Malt and water doth . And thus much for the couering of Mares in the house . There is yet another manner of couering of Mares , and that is , for such as eyther hauing some one principal Horse , which they esteeme so pretious , that they wil not aduēture him loose a night together , least they mare either in her wooing , or out of her toying knauishnes , should giue him such a blowe , as might either breede in him griefe or lamenesse ; yet are desirous to haue some one or two especiall Mares couerd with him : or else it is for them who being desirous to get into good races , are fayne to get leapes for their Mares , eyther by courtesie , bribes , or stealth : for these , they must bee content to haue their Mares couered in hand ; which albe it bee not altogether so sure as the former prescribed was , yet the Foales so begotten , are altogether as good as the former : and whereas some haue held opinion that the Horse being at hard meate ( that is , at Hay and Prouender ) and the mare at grasse , or the mare at hard meate , and the horse at grasse , that if these two shall ingēder together , the mare will neuer conceiue or holde , I haue found it meere vntruth , for I haue knowne a horse the night before he shold haue runne for a wager ; who then was not onelie at hard meat , but also in straite dyet , which is the extreamest of hard meate , couer a grasse mare , which mare hath held to that horse , & brought foorth a foale , which both for his shape & vertue , might well challenge his Syre . He therfore that wil haue his mare couered in hand , must obserue this order : as soone as you finde your mare readie for the Horse , which you may knowe by the signes before mencioned , or if for a better assurāce , you may if you please , bring some bad ston'd Iade vnto her , and if you see her wrie her taile , & showe willinges to receiue him , then it is most certaine she is ready : then you shal halfe an houre after Sun-rise ●n the morning , bring your mare into some close court ●r backe yarde , neare vnto the Stable , or for want of ●ch into some emptie barne : then you shall cause the ●orse keeper to bring foorth the Horse , in a watering ●ench , with a strong long rayne : and if at the first sight ●f the mare , the horse ( as it is verie likely hee wil ) fall to ●ound or leape , let not the keeper bee affrayde . ●ut rather cherrish and fortefie the Horse in such salts , ●nely let him so much as is in his power restraine ●im frō comming too suddainely to the mare , that ●f it bee possible hee may bee readye when hee commeth to her , and as soone as hee is vppon her , let ●im haue all the libertie the Horse-keeper can giue ●im . But whereas some would haue the Horse-keeper to helpe the Horse , as by putting his yarde ●o the right place , or such like : I am vtterly against 〈◊〉 , ( except it bee in case of great neede ) for it is so ●uch against the nature of a Horse , so to bee hand●d , that I haue seene a Horse when he hath beene ●adie to couer a mare , by such officiousnes of the keeper , to come immediatelie off frō the mare , & leaue her ●nserued , for more then an houre after . As soone as ●e Horse hath serued the mare , & is comed from her ●ack , let a stander by ( prepar'd for the purpose ) immediately throw a peale of colde water vpon the priuye partes of the Mare , which wil keepe her from shedding the seede ( which naturally a mare wil doe ) and so soone as the water is thrown , let him which holds the mare , runne vp and downe with her the space of a quarter of an houre , making her trot a good pace , which chafing will also make her holde the seede , and whilst this is in dooing , let the Horse be ledde into the stable : and haue some breade giuen him , then within halfe an houre after , let him be brought forth againe as before , and let him couer her the second time , and then no more for that time , & looke , how you doe in the morning , the same you must also doe in the euening , continuing so to doe for three mornings and three euenings together : and it will be sufficient . Now that you may know whether she hath conceiued or no , you shal within ten daies after her couering , offer her some bad stonde Iade againe : which if shee refuse to receiue , it is an euidēt token that she holdeth ; but if at that time month after her couering , you offer her the Horse againe , and she resuse him , it is moste infalliable that she holdeth . Againe , if when you couer your Mare in hand , and let her stand still , she doe not then loose or cast out her seede , it is most certaine that she holdeth . Also when a Mare hath conceiued , her coate will scower , and shee will looke more smooth , sleyght , and full then before she did . The onelie time of the month for couering of Mares , is three daies after the change of the Moone , & three daies before the full of the Moone . And thus much for the couering of Mares . CHAP. 7. That Mares may be made to conceiue either Horse Foales , or Mare Foales at pleasure , and of what colour the breeder will. ALbe euer , euen frō mine infancie , my vttermost ends & ambition hath bin onely to be expert in this art of Horsmanship which I professe : & although I haue not omitted any time , labour , ●r rest ( according to the substāce of mine estate ) which ●ight any way inrich me with any secret belonging ●o the same ; yet whether it hath been the strength of ●y misbeleefe , or the nature of my condition ( which ●ath euer desired in these naturall courses , a naturall ●nd comely proceeding ) I know not , yet well I am assured , that I coulde neuer relish or well disgest these needlesse secrets , into which the fond curiositie of man ●oth to so small purpose wade ; yet for my promise ●ke , and least by this omission some other man might ●ome & deny my CAVELARICE , I am content to ●port the vttermost of other mens opinions , ioyning ●o them mine owne obseruations . One writer therefore saith , that if you wil haue your Horse get a Colt Foale , you must tie vp his left stone with a lace or ribband : but I feare if he haue not the vse of both those instruments , he will get neither Colt nor Fillye : The ●inding vp of the right stone getteth the fillie Foales . Another saith , if you couer a Mare when the north winde blowes , she will conceiue a Colt Foale ; if when the Southwind blowes , a Fillie . Others report , that if you constraine your Horse to stand a good space by the Mare wooing her , and priding himselfe before her , that the Mare out of the conceit of his comlinesse , will at that time conceiue a colt Foale , Others are of opinion , that if you annoint the Horses yard and stones with the oile Petrolium , that it wil occasion him to beget colt Foales : but in all these experiments , I haue little trust . Mine obseruations therefore for this begetting of Males , or Females , hath beene euer these : first , let a Mare be couered three daies after the change , or 3. dayes before the full of the Moone , & it is commōly a meane to make her bring forth a colt Foale : To couer a Mare the third night , or the ninth night after she hath foaled , is a good way to get colt Foales : lastly and which is of all the surest , let your Horse when hee goeth to your Mare , be in as great lust and strength as you can make him , and let your Mare be rather leane then fat , so that in the worke of nature , the horse may be the stronger doer : and from these obseruations I haue many times seene horse-colts to issue . Now that you may know when your mare is couered , whether shoe hath conceiued a horse Colt , or mare Colt : one obserueth , that if the horse when the act of generation is ended , doe come off from her backe on the right side , that then she hath conceiued a colt Foale , if on the left side , then a mare foale . Others obserue , that if when the horse commeth off from the mare , he seeme to be much deiected and ashamed , that it is a strong argument he hath got a colt foale ; but if he shew any alacritie of spirit , or doe ney , it is a manifest token he hath got a mare foale : but both these ob●uations in my conceit are friuolous , nor do I thinke 〈◊〉 ought in truth seeke such superstitious knowledge . Now that your Mare may conceiue her Foale of ●hat colour you will , many Philosophers and some Hors-men are of this minde , that looke what colour ●u shall put vppon the horse when hee couereth the Mare , or what other colour you will present to her eie ●hen she is in couering , that the Foale which she then ●nceiueth shall haue the same colour : Others report , ●at of what colour you will staine or paint the haires 〈◊〉 your Horse , when he goeth to couer your Mare , ●at she wil conceiue herfoale of that colour . Another ●iteth , that if you will paint the portrature of a Horse ●on boord or canuasse , and holde it before the eyes 〈◊〉 the Mare whilest she is in couering , that looke what ●lour or speciall markes the picture containes , that ●e same colour andmarkes the foale shall haue which ●e Mare then conceiueth . How euer these opinions 〈◊〉 maintayned by the Scriptures , or by Labans sheep , ●r mine owne part I hold neither trust nor truth in ●em : for were there a certaintie in such practise , I ●ow so many fantasticall wits in this Nation , that we ●uld not be without a worlde of Gesners Horses , I ●eane horses of all maner of colours in the Rainbow : ●ay some madde men I knowe would haue their Mi●esses names grow on their horses buttockes , But let●g these iugling tricks passe , the only sure way to haue ●our foale of good colour , is to haue both your Horse ●d Mare of a good colour , and that doth neuer faile 〈◊〉 nature . CHAP. 8. If Mares should be forest to take the Horse , and how to moue lust in Horse and Mare , and how to abate it . THough in former ages , as in the dayes of Plintus secundus , & Varro , it hath b● an vsuall custome to force Mares to take the Horse , when they haue had no lust , as by crosse shackling them , tying them to a Poast , and such like violent compulsions : yet I for my part doe vtterly dislike it , and hold it both barbarous & vnnatural : for in al those natural actions there should be a natural accord & agreemēt , or otherwise the labour is lost : or if it auaié , it is the first meanes to bring forth prodigies : therfore if at any time you be offered the benefite of a principall Horse , and because of your Mares vnreadinesse you are likely to loose that faire oportunitie , vnlesse you shall force her by compulsion : mine aduice is , that rather then you shall loose the one , or make vse of the other , that you trie all the meanes that may bee to stirre and mooue lust in your mare , which one writer saith you may thus doe : take Shrimps and beate them in a morter with water , till they be as thicke as honie , then mixe therewith mares seede , and so annoint her priuie parts , and her nose , and it will procure lust ; or else take the powder of Horses stones , and mixing it with sweete wine , giue it the mare to drinke . Another writer saith , that the iuice of a Sea Onion 〈…〉 ng laid vpon the Mares matrixe , will stirre vp lust , 〈◊〉 else to annoint her matrix with Hennes dung and 〈…〉 urpētine mixt togither . But aboue al these vncleanly 〈…〉 eits , the best & surest prouocatiō , is to rub her priuy 〈…〉 rts with keene nettles , for that will not only violent 〈…〉 stirre vp her lust , but also make her conceiue and 〈…〉 ld when she is couered , as I haue seene by due proofe 〈…〉 sūdry times : yet before you make trial , either of this 〈◊〉 of any of the former , I would haue you first put to 〈…〉 ur Mare some bad ston'd Iade , who being so shack 〈…〉 that he cannot couer her , may runne with her a 〈…〉 y or two , in which time , if by his chasing & wooing 〈…〉 r he stirre her to lust , ( as it is most likely he will ) then 〈◊〉 that onely suffice ; otherwise you may follow your 〈…〉 wne opinion : but if it be so that your Mare bee readie 〈…〉 r the Horse , & only the Horse out of a cold or sullen dispositiō refuseth to couer your Mare , as I haue seene any faire Coursers of that nature : thē you must im 〈…〉 oy your Art by stirring lust in your Horse , which 〈…〉 me writers report you may doe , by giuing him to 〈…〉 inke the taile or pizsel of an olde Stag burnt to pow 〈…〉 r : & mixt with sweete wine , and also annointing his 〈…〉 nes therewith , or else to mingle with that powder 〈…〉 e powder of Anny-seedes Saterion , Basil , and Date 〈…〉 ones , and giue them in sweete wine to drinke ; but rather then you shall approue any of these medicines , I 〈…〉 ould wish you to stay the long leasure of the Horse , 〈…〉 nd by often offering to take the Mare from him , seeke 〈…〉 o moue and inflame him ; if you doe with nettles rub 〈…〉 is yard a little it will prouoke him , and is a thing ordinarily vsed . But nowe of the contrarie part , if eyther your Horse or Mare be so proud and strong in lust , that nothing you can doe will abate their heate , you shall then annoynt his stones and yard , and the Mares Vdder and priuie parts with Sallet Oyle , wherein hath beene steeped before Mallowes , Sorrell , and Lertice : but if that preuaile not , you shall twice a day swimme your Horse or Mare im some deepe Riuer . As for that idle opinion of them that thinke the cutting off of a Horse or Mares maine , or taile , will abate their courage , it is most grosse ; for Horses & Mares haue not like Sampson their strengthes in their haires : and thus much touching these naturall secrets , which if to modest eares they bring any euill sound , they are the rules of the best respected Writers , and not by me published but repeated . CHAP. 9. Which Mares should be couered , which not , and which shall not goe barren . PAlladius , Columella , and my selfe am much different in opinion ; for they would haue such Mares as are beautifull , and faire , and there with all haue beene well couered , and haue faire Colt Foales , not to bee couered euerie yeare , but once in two yeares , nay , once in three yeares : their reason beeing , that their Foales may thereby haue the longer time to sucke , and for such Mares as are soule , and haue foule Foales , to be couered euerie yeare , as if they would giue rules to breed bad things often , and good things seldome . Now for mine opinion ; first , where they make a distinction betwixt faire Mares , and foule Mares , I would haue euerie breeder , so neare as hee can , not to preserue one foule or vncomly Mare in his race , or if hee haue any such , to breede so seldome vpon them as may bee ; so that composing his studd all of faire Mares , hee should by Palladius rule , breede but once in three yeares , a husbandrie in my conceyte verye vnprofitable . But to come to our purpose : I woulde haue euerie one that breedes Horses , not to let anye Mare he hath to goe ouer , except it bee that some of his Mares miscarie , and cast their Foales ; which if any doe , then I would haue such Mares to goe ouer for a yeare at least , because if they be couered the next yeare after , they are in danger to cast their Foales againe , although they haue no mischance : as for Palladius reason , that they should goe ouer for the bringing vp of their Foales , hee is much mistaken : for a Foale dooth not sucke any great quantitie of milke aboue nine Monethes , the other three Monethes he sucketh but by snatches , and for wantonnesse ; so that the Mares being with Foale , doth not any thing at all hinder the Foales nourishment . Besides , the Foales sucking vpon the Mare , keepes the Mare in a good estate of bodie , rather leane then fat ; so that when she shall come to bee couered shee will sooner holde , sooner bring forth a Colt foale , and haue more roome , and a larger bedde for her foale to tumble in : Whereas should she be suffered to go ouer a yeare or two , in that time of her barrennesse , she would grow so fat , that she would hardly hold ; or if she did hold , her wombe wold be so closed vp with fatnesse , that when shee shoulde come to foale , shee would bring foorth nought but a wreckling ; mine opinion therefore is , that no Mare should goe ouer , that is worthie the couering , except ( as before is said ) mischance constraine : now to be sure that none of your Mares shall goe barren , trie euerie Mare you haue the Month day after her couering , except such as be fat and proud , but by no meanes trie thē ; & if the other couet the Horse againe , let thē haue him , and so you shall be sure that not any of them shall goe barren : but for turning a Stallion amongest your Mares about Lammas , ( as some aduise ) O it is moste vilde : first through the mischiefe hee may doe to those which haue alreadie conceiued , and next the latenesse of the yeare , at what time I had rather the Mare should goe ouer , then bring a Foale at so bad a season : and albe I haue seene my self , & heard also of many good Lāmas Foales , yet I neuer sawe any such , as thereon to ground a president . And thus much for Mares and their barrennesse . CHAP. 10. The vse of Mares when they are with Foale , and of the casting of Foales . AS soone as your Mares haue conceiued and are with Foale , those great persons which keep their studds onely for breede , and no other labour , are to respect that they may goe in good short , yet sweete pasture , especially if they giue sucke , and that for a month before and after Michaelmasse they be not chased , strained , or troubled , for then is the time of their knitting and quickning , so that a small rush at that time breedes aborsment ( which is the casting of their foales . ) But for such men as must by labor make some especiall vse of their mares , they must haue care , that after their Mares haue conceiued , they labour and worke them very moderately , shunning by all meanes to put them to the cariage of heauie burthens , or the toyle of hastie iourneyes : but aboue all , as before I saide , a month before and after Michaelmas ; Mares that are with Foale , and haue Foales sucking vpon them , must haue in the Winter besides grasse , good store of sweet hay , and light Corne : they must haue good shelter , as house or houel , & dry layre . The houses or houels , where they eate their winter meate , must bee large and spacious , so that they may not bee throng'd vp together , for feare by rushing or striking , they bee forc'st to cast their Foales . Some haue beene of opinion , that the change of strange pastures , and strange waters , will make a Mare cast her foale , but it is not so , onelie a man may by dryuing Mares from pasture to pasture , with vnruely chassing make them cast their foales , with is the cause I would haue mares with foale seldome remoued or dryuen : but that fresh pasture should doe them such hurt , it is senceles . As for the mast of Cedar trees , the treading vpon Wolues or such-like , all which some writers say , wil cause aborsmevt , we here in England need not feare them . But for stinking smells , as the shuffs of candles , carrion , or such like , I hold it verie daungerous , and doe often occasion aborssement : fatnesse in a Mare is dangerous for aborssement also ; or if they scape casting their foales , yet fatnesse puts a Mare to great hazard in her foaling , which is the reason that many good breeders which I know , willet their Mares after they are quickned , be moderately trauelled or wrought , till within some month or six weekes of their foaling , but not any longer : for the onely time of danger is at the first conception , and at the time of teaming . And thus much for this matter . CHAP. 11. Helpe for a Mare that is in danger in foaling , and other secrets . MAres naturally ( contrarie to the custom of other beastes ) doe foale standing : and as certaine ancient Writers report ( for I haue not at any time seen it ) the foales when they are new foaled , haue vppon their foreheads a little blacke thing like a figge called Hypomanes , which they say will procure loue , the dam bites it off , and eates it as soone as the foale is falne , but if she be preuented therof , she will neuer suffer the foal to sucke ; as if the tendernesse or naturall loue which a Mare beares to her yong , sprung from this accidentall cause , and not from the motion of her naturall inclination : but for mine owne part , hauing seene so many Mares foale as I haue done , and neuer perceyuing any such obseruation , I cannot imagine it any other then a fabulous dreame . But to proceede to our purpose : if your mare either by mischance , or by naturall defect , as by taking the Horse when she was too yong , as vnder two yeares olde , or vpon her first foale , which euer hath the greatest perill , be in danger at her foaling , or put to extraordinarie torment in foaling ; you shal ease her by these meanes : first one is of opinion , that if you make one stand before the mare when she is in foaling , that shall holde her nost●ls close , in such sort that shee cannot take her breath , it will procure her to foale with much ease : but for the 〈◊〉 I doubt , onely I knowe it will procure he● more speed in her businesse : but the most 〈◊〉 and surest remedie for this euill is , to take the 〈◊〉 part of the Crab-fish feere , and beating 〈◊〉 to powder , mixe it with sweete Wine , and Sall● Oile , and giue it the mare with a horne to drink , and i● wil bring her ease presently , of which I haue knowne good experience : but if it shall faile , then I woulde haue you take the helpe of some discrete woman , whose better experience knowes best howe to handle such an occasion . Now if after your mare haue foaled , shee doe not scowe away her Secundine , which is the skin wherein the foale is wrapped , after that naturall maner which is requisite in such a case : some thinke it best to giue her this medicin : first to boile two or three hādfuls of fenel in water ; thē to take half a pint of that water & as much old sweet wine , & a fourth part of sallet oile , & mingle them together vpon the fire , thē when it is luke warm , to power it into the mares nostrils , and to holde her nostrils close after it , which will bee a present meanes that she shal expel the former substāce : but for as much as this medicine is somewhat teadious in making , and that a Mare should not be so long in scowring , as this : in compounding , boyling , and cooling . I haue euer obserued , that as soone as my mare hath foald , to giue her a little bottle of green forrage , that is , the blades of young Wheate or Rye , but of the two Rye is the better , and it will both expel and clense a Mare presently : touching the eating of the Secundine , which moste commonly mares doe , some think it is verie vnwholsome , and that it maketh a Mare sicke and vnlustie , which opinion I hold for great truth , adding this with all ; that it is a greate hindrance to the Mares milke : wherefore so far foorth as is in a mans power , I would haue it preuented . And thus much for this matter . CHAP. 12. How to make a Mare cast her Foale . SOme say , it hath beene a practise amongst ancient Horsemen , in times past , that when they haue had a Mare vnworthylie couered , as when a fayre Mare hath either by stealth , or mischance , taken some ill fauoured ston'd Iade , or when a mare of some especiall hope or vertue , as eyt her for ryding , running or hūting , is preseru'd from the horse , and yet not withstanding through some negligence , gets to the Horse , and is couered : In this case , it hath beene a practise to force the mare so couered , to aborsment , which is to cast her Foale , and it is a thing my selfe haue practised vpon a mare , in whose speede I was infinitelie much perswaded , the rather because I know this generall rule neuer to fayle , that a mare which once giueth a Foale sucke shall neuer boast of that speede which in her maydenhood , she inioyed , both because al her powers , organs , and instruments of strength haue then a contrarie imployment ; and also , because nature in foale-bearing looseth the pride and luster of her greatnes . Againe , if you preserue your Mare for beautie , and eye-pleasure , the bearing of foales vtterly taketh away that delight , because the wombe being stretcht out , the vdder broken , and the full parts falne , there is little more then the head & limbs which a man cā call beautiful ; he therefore then which hath eyther swift , mare , or beautifull mare , which is vnworthylie couered , if he would disburden her of that euill burthen , there is no course but to make her cast her Foale : which although some writers holde , may be doone two waies , that is , either by strength of hand or vse of medicine , yet for mine owne part , for that handy course , I vtterly dislike it , both for as much as I know it can neuer be done but to the great hazard of the mares life , & also because I haue seene some mares die in the deed dooing , for that which is to bee done by hand , is not to bee doone , tyll the Foale be so great , that it haue hayre , at what time they cause one to thrust his hand into the wombe of the mare , and to crush the head of the foale , how monrous , immodest & vnnatural this is , who cānot Iudge ? but for the medieinable course , it is lesse dangerous , & by all degrees more tollerable ; Yet for as much as I haue euer vsed such experymēts , but in extreamity and that the medicines are all in other mens records ; I will for modestie sake , referre them to their writings ; and at his instant saue my selfe a labour in repetition , aduising all Horse breeders and Horsemen whatsoeuer , rather to indure the inconuenience of mischances , then the mischiele of these subtile knowledges . CHAP. 13. The vse of Mares when they haue foaled ▪ of the sucking of Foales , and of other helpes and vses . IT is to be intended , that according to the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are prescribed in the first chapter of this booke , all your 〈◊〉 hold be in that groūd which being plam● and most voide of water furrowes , ditches , and such like , is the safest from danger in foaling : but when your mares haue al foaled , if then you haue any fresh and v●bitten ground , which not being racke , deepe , nor soft , but sweete grasse , short bit , and hard to tread on , with good shelter and fresh water : it shall be good to put your race mares and their foals therin , to the end that their milk may spring & that your foales may come to a fulnesse of strength , beautie , and courage : in which albe some Authors giue aduice ●o chase and rechase your mares vp and downe the ground at certain times , as the best meanes to bring the mares milke into her Vdder , yet I am of a contrary opinion , knowing this by due proofe , that such exercise doth rather hurt then good , because whatsoeuer is don vnwillingly is done with paine , & that painfulnes takes away the sence of profite : as for bringing downe the milke , that the foale it selfe euer doth , whom as hee sucks , you shal euer see with his nose and head to iump and strike against the Vdder of the mare , which is to no other purpose but to break the kernels of the mares Vdder , and to haue the milke haue its passage , so that to conclude , I would haue your mares run with al the quietnesse that may be , knowing this principle , that all horses and mares , which are either in lust or strength , will out of their owne natures , either against raine , wind , or stormes , run , chase , and scope about the groūd where they pasture ; so that where nature is so good a helpe , constraint need to be of little vse . Now for the sucking of foales , although one man writes , that all Authors do agree , that foals should suck two yeres at least : nay , that after the Spanish manner , they shold suck til they couer their dams , I for my part & as I thinke all good English breeders are of a contrarie opiniō ; for how euer in the daies of Plinie , Aristotle , or Anatolius , two years might be thought litle inough ; yet in these our dayes we find it ful one year too much ; wherefore leauing the variable opinions of sundrie men , I cōclude , that in the races of Princes , Noblemen and Gentlemen , for a foale to sucke a yeare complete , that is from his owne foaling , till his dam foale againe , is a time full out sufficient ; but for the husbandman , who may not loose the worke and labor of his mare , it shall bee sufficient for him if his foale sucke but full sixe Moneths complete ; and howe euer some men haue written that Foales sucking so small a time , must necessarylie want much of their inward pythe , strength and healthfulnes , yet by proofe I knowe it doth not generally hould so , and for mine owne part , I could almost giue consent to the wayning of all foales at sixe and seauen monthes , were it not for the greate danger of the Gargill , and maw-worme , which vnto foales wayned so young , are diseases both incydent & common : so that in conclusion , I would haue those which are of abilitie , to let their foales sucke a yeare , & no more . For those which want means , to make their hazard at sixe monthes and vpward . For the housing of foales at their first foaling , which is the opinion of Varro , and some others . I am vtterly against it , because as I haue formerly written , the perfect Horse must euer in one yeare haue the taste of two winters , and therefore in Gods name let your Foale taste the worst of winters farewell . Now for the exercysing of your Foales to eate prouender after they be fiue or sixe monthes old ( which is likewise the opinion of Varro ) it is exceeding good , and nothing more necessary , but that the prouender shold bee either ground Barly , or dride Barley and wheate branne mingled together : That might in those countries , wherein he was experyenst be tolerable , because peraduenture there was no other choice : but with vs heere in England , where we haue so many choices of good foodes , that foode is of all other the vildest , and worst , both because it affordeth the worst nutryment , and also both Barly and wheat bran , are of a hot burning nature , ingendering hot feauers and other drye diseases . The prouender best for foales then , is olde Oates in the sheafe , the ouer chaueing of wheate , garbadge ( which is wheate eares and the straw chopt altogether ) and now and then barly in the chaffe , or if your foales grow drie in their bodies , and costiue , then now & then a sheafe of Rie amongst them . This maner of feeding will not onely make them acquainted with the seuerall taste & vse of meates but also breed such familiaritie betwixt them and their keepers , that they wil be much more domesticall and tame then otherwise they would be , which is a great benefite , both to the breeder , and also to him which shall be the rider ; but in any wise let not their keepers handle or stroke them too much , for that will but hinder their growth , because for the most part , all foure-footed beasts do take dislike in their infancie to bee much handled . The houses or crosse houels which you preserue for winter shelter for your foales , would be faire paued with pibble , boulder , or some other kinde of small stone , and therewithal dayly kept cleane from myre or dung : from myre , that by soft treading the hoofes of your foales growe not weake and tender : and from dung , least standing therevpon it burne and drie vp their hoofes , making them short and brittle . But if naturally you perceiue any of your foales to haue tender houes , then you shall seeke by medicinable meanes to recouer them , as by annointing thē with the vpper sword or skin of fat bacon , or els by taking the eares of Garlike , Swines grease , Goats grease , and Brimstone mixt togither , and annointing their hoofes therewith , or by rubbing the cronets of their hoofes with Tarre and Hogges grease mixt togither , and such like , of which I will speake more in my ●ooke of diseases . CHAP. 14. The knowledge of a horses shape stature and qualitie : and how it is to be knowne when he is new foaled . THis knowledge and experience I haue oftentimes noted , and therefore dare the more boldly protest it which is that a mā may haue almost a certaine knowledge when a Foale is new foaled , what shape , stature , and qualitie hee will carrie when he is a Horse of complete strength and growth : Wherefore , first as touching his shape ; looke what shape , proportion and beautie he hath when he is a full month olde , the same shape and beauty he wil carrie when he is full sixe yeares of age : and the same defects which he then retaineth , the same he will hold when hee comes to his growth , and all his life after . Then for his stature , this is an infallible rule , that for the shinne bone ( which is betwixt the knee and the pasterne of the fore legges ) that bone neuer increaseth , no not from the first foaling , neither the bone from the cambrell to the pasterne of the hinder legge ; insomuch that if those bones be long and large , we are euer assured that the Foale will proue a tall and a large Horse . But for a general knowledge of the height of a Horse by his foalage , take an Incle or Ribband , and measure the Foale when hee is newe foaled , from the knee to the Withers ( which is the toppe of his shoulder ) and double that length he shall be of height when hee comes to be a Horse of complete age . Now for his disposition and qualitie , I am of Varros opinion , that if a Foale be of a stirring and liuely spirit , valiant against all strange sights , and suddaine noises ; wantonly leading the way in his sportings , and to bee the formost in euery chasing , that will voluntarily leap hedges and ditches , boldly passe bridges , straite lanes or places of couert , or to swimme waters , and therewithal to shew a most tractable patience , when they are by ordinarie meanes restrained , This foale or colt I say , and this I haue euer approued and obserued , will proue a horse of all good vertue , tractabilitie , and indurance ; whereas Colts of contrarie dispositions , proue horses of dull , cowardly , and most vnseruiceable qualitie . And thus much for these hopefull and prophetique imaginations . CHAP. 15. How Horse foales , and Mare foales grow , and to know the continuance of their goodnesse . TOuching the groath of horses & mares euen from their first beginning to their complete age , diuerse men are of diuerse opinions : for one supposeth that Horse-foales are sooner fashioned in their Dammes bellyes then Mare foales : and indeede there is some naturall reason for such conceite : but in as much as no man can make any iust proofe or experiment thereof , I will referre it to the readers discretion to beleeue it as hee list . Another is of opinion ( and to that opinion I must needs condiscend , for I find it in dayly experience ) that after foales are foaled , the mare foale commeth to her full growth of height and length at fiue yeares of age : but the horse-foale not before he be full six ; and from that time , although some imagine they spread & grow in breadth and largenesse till they be ten yeares of age ; yet I for mine owne part haue diligently obserued , and foūd by experience , that no horse doth spread , or grow broder , or larger after he is eight yeares of age , at which time onely he is complete , and full in euery member . There is another which writes , that horses with bald or white faces do not grow old so soon as other horses : how he meaneth that saying I scarce vnderstand , for most sure it is , that nature as soone decayeth in them as in others : but if his meaning be that they doe not appeare olde so soone as other horses , then I am of his opinion , because those grisseld haires which in horses of darke colours are the onely markes of olde age , doe neuer appeare in a horse that hath a white face : as for the length of life in such horses , I thinke it is shorter then in the others , for bald faces , white legges aboue the knees or cambrels , and such like superfluities of whitenesse , are the euident tokens of the imperfections of nature , and where nature is imperfite , there life is of least continuance . Now for as much as all horses doe not ▪ attaine to their full growth in one manner and fashion , I will shew you how they growe , according to their seuerall breedes : and first for our English horses , they commonly doe holde their shapes till they bee two yeares olde ; but at three , they loose al beauty and proportion , appearing to the eie weake , loose , and ill fauouredlye cast , no member answering other , either in shape or fitnesse : then at four yeares olde they recouer againe the shape and good fashion of their bodies , only they want necke and crest , which begins not to rise or extend its comelinesse till he be fiue yeares olde , and becommeth perfite and complete at sixe yeares olde . The English horse groweth altogether euen and iust , and not as other horses doe , one while before , and another while behinde ; for whensoeuer you shall perceiue him to grow vneuen , that is higher behinde then before , or hygher before then behinde , be you well assured , he will euer continue so all his life after : so that when you shall see any English Colt of any such vneuen making , neither chuse him , nor preserue him , otherwise thē for present sale or profit . According to the growth of your English horses : so for the most part grow your Almaines , Flemings , and Frisonds . Now for the Neopolitan Courser , he looseth his shape as soone as hee is a yeare olde , and recouereth it not againe , till he be full fiue yeares olde : during all which ●ime he is of loose shape , raw-bond , weak-ioynted , and ●hinne neck'd : at two yeares olde he is higher behinde ●hen before : at three , higher before then behinde : ●t foure , higher behind then before : and at fiue , of euen height , all his ioynts being come to their true euennesse ; and at sixe yeres old , his necke , crest , breast , and buttockes , come to their full beautie , and comelinesse . Nowe it is to bee noted , that if any true bredde Courser doe either at two yeares olde , or three yeares olde , shew the beautie of a good shape , appearing to the eye to be firmely knit , round and close trust together , with all those shapes which should be discerned in his full age : such a Colt euer doth loose his shape at foure and fiue yeares olde , and neuer recouereth it againe during his whole life after . So that I conclude , the worse shape a Courser carrie that two , three , and foure yeares of age , the better hee will beare it at fiue , and sixe , and all his life after . According to the growth of the Neapolitan ; so for the most part growes both the Ienet of Spaine , the Turkes , and Barbaryes . As touching the continuance of a Horses goodnesse , it often appeareth by the Horses hoofes . For if they be tender and soft , as for the most part your Flemings , Almaines , and Frisons are , then are they but of short continuance , as wanting much of their vigor and strength . But if they haue hoofes which are strong , hard , and sounding , as for the most part our English horses , Neapolitans , Ienets , Turkes , and Barbaries haue , then are they of long life , continuance and goodnes , as wanting no benefite that nature can giue . Other obseruations wee haue for the continuance of a horses goodnes ; as from the healthfulnesse of his bodie , or inclination to infirmitie , from his strength or weaknesse of stomacke , or his good or bad disgestion , from his sleepe or watching , and many such like ; by whose excesse we may euer iudge of a horses good or euil habite . And thus much for this matter . CHAP. 16. Of the weaning of Colts , of their ordering , and separating , according to their ages . SO soone as your Foales haue suckt a yeare , or within a month of a yeare , which is till your Mares bee readie to foale againe , which as neare as you can compasse would be about the middest of March , you shall then some three or four dayes before the full of the Moone , about nine or tenne of ●he clock in the fore-noone , take all your foales from ●our Mares , and shutte them vppe in a close house , where they may neither heare the noyse of their dams , ●ortheir dams heare their whinneing . In this house would be either some fewe Oates in the sheafe , some Hay , or some other prouender , not so much as will ●ll their bellies , but so much as will sustaine nature . The Foales hauing thus rested in this house all ●ight , the next morning , although one Authour woulde haue you putte them to their Dammes againe , that they might sucke whilest they are able , ●et in my conceyte it is verie insufficient aduice , neyther woulde I haue you by any meanes to obserue 〈◊〉 , but in steade of putting them vnto their dammes , ●t them bee taken by the strength of men , one ●fter an other , and giue to each of them two or three slips of Sauen , which done , let them rest an houre or two without meate , then after giue them both Hay , Prouender , and water , as much as they wil eate till night , but all night let them fast , and the next morning giue them Sauen againe as before , and in this sort vse thē for three mornings together . This Sauen is the moste wholesomest thing in the world for young foales , because all foales naturally , what through the flegmatick humor of the milke which they sucke , & the raw & movst coldnes of the grasse which they eate , are euer subiect to great aboūdance , both of Maw-wormes , Grubbes , and Bots , which as soone as foales are weaned wanting halfe the nourishment on which formerlye they fedde , they then begin to feede and corrupt the vitall partes , bringing vnto foales manye times a suddaine and vnexpected death : nay , I haue knowne from the corruptiō of these maw-wormes , many times the gargil to proceede , which is a disease little differing from the plague , and is deserned onely by a great swelling about a foales face and neather chaps , which swelling doth not rise aboue two or three houres before the foales death , and when it ryses the Foale is past cure , from all which mischiefes and diseases , this receite of Sauen doth both saue and defend foales : and truely before I knew or found out this medicine , I haue seene foure or fiue foales , which ouer night haue beene scoping , and playing as wantonly as may bee , and in the morning haue beene dead in the house , whome when I haue with mine owne hands opened , I haue found no other occasion of their death , but the extreame aboundance of these maw-wormes , & since I vsed this Sauen , I neuer had any that dyed . When your Foales haue had Sauen giuen them thus three mornings together , you shall then driue thē to that pasture wherein you intend they shall runne all the yere following , which pasture wold be a firme , hard ground , and full of short sweete grasse , and some cleare Springs , pond , or fresh riuer , & not as one of our English writers perswade , keepe them fourteene dayes together in the house : because after a Foale is a yeare old , there is neither in him such fondnes towards his Dam , nor such delight in milke ( which a foale naturally refuseth after he comes to sixe or seauen monthes of age ) as will inforce him to put himselfe into anye danger or hazard . Now the reasons why your pasture for your wean●ings should bee so good , is , because if in this first yeare ( which is the spring time of their growthe ) your foales shall eyther indure thirst , hunger or colde , they will be come staruelings , or such as wee call stockt foales , which is small of stature , weake both of bodie & reines , and full of euill diseases : wherefore I would haue all good Horse-breeders , the first yeare after the weaning of their foales , to put vpon their foales all the strength , ●ust , and liuely-hood , which may begot eyther by food or otherwise . But as soone as your foales haue past the age of two yeares , then I would haue you put them into some ●arge , wilde , hard , and hungrie ground , where , by their vttermoste paine and trauell , they may not fill their bellyes aboue once in the day , which will be sufficient for their growth : for by such meanes of sharpnesse , labour and hunger , they will be made hard , durable , and exceeding healthful : where , on the contrary part , rankrancknes of grasse ▪ and fatnesse of bodie breedes both vnwholesome humors and incurable diseases , so that by keeping such obseruations , as are before prescribed , you shall breed a Colt , nimble , hard and strong ▪ with good legges and sound hoofes , free from surfet , corruption of blood , or outward members . Now lastly ( according to the agreement of all good Horsemen ) I would haue you to seperate your horse-colts from your Mare Colts , in seuerall pastures , and your yearelings from your two yeares old , and your two yeres from your three ; that none going together but such as are of equall age and strength , there may be no disorder or tumult , the great ones beating the lesse , or robbing them of their foode or nourishment . And thus much for the weaning of foales , and the partition of pastures . CHAP. 17. Of the gelding of Colts , and Horses , and the cause , the age , the time of the yeare , and manner of gelding . I Cannot finde in any Author whatsoeuer , that the vse of gelding of Colts , is in any nation whatsoeuer , of so great antiquity , as with vs heere in England , from whence ( as I imagine ) the first originall of that practise began ; and I am the rather induced so to thinke , because I neither know , nor haue heard of any counttie whatsoeuer , that can boast of so many good , goodly , and seruiceable Geldings as Englād at this houre can shoe , the cause wherof I think ●ath proceeded from our continuall vse of trauelling winter & Sūmer , in which men desire to ride easily , fast , ●nd quietly . Now for as much as stond horses naturally out of the pride of their courage , doe most cōmonly trot , & therwithal are exceeding rāmish , & vnruely , especially in the companie of mares and other horses , there sprung from some inuenting brayne , both the ●euice to make horses amble ( which is the pace of ease ) and the practise of gelding horses , which is the meanes of quietnes . Now wheras one of our English writers ●aith , that a stond horse wil not trauell so farre in a day , as a Gelding ; in that he is infinitlie deceiued , and I impute his error onely to his want of experience , for all Horsemen knowe this ( especially those whose practise consists in hunting Horses , or running Horses , that the good stond horse will euer beate and ouer labour the good Gelding : nay more , whereas the Gelding , if once ●e be ouer laboured or tyred , doth neuer againe recouer his first goodnes : the ston'd horse , on the contrarie part , if he be neuer so sore tyred , with a little refreshing getteth againe his strength , and is againe as good as e●er he was for new labour : the reason whereof , I take to be this , that the Geldings wanting that natural and liuelye heate which a stond Horse inioyeth , are of more abiect and deiected spirits , so that when their labour comes to exceed their strength , their faintnesse , and cowardlines of their dispositions , makes them yeeld to tyring , the sence whereof they neuer forgoe all their liues after : but to returne to our purpose , howsoeuer this practise of gelding of Colts was begū , yet for as much as we finde a profit therein , both in our trauell and also in our light seruice in the wars , it shal be requisite that I set downe the age , time of the yeare and moone , which is most fit for the gelding of Colts . And first for the age : although some of our late Authors would haue Colts gelded when they are two yeares old , which in truth is a very good , sure , and tollerable time , because at that age a Coltes stones will be come downe , and hee is of good strength and abilitie to indure both the griefe and torment , yet I doe not holde it the best and choycest time of all , for that purpose : because the longer that a Colt goes vngelt , the thicker and fatter his head will growe : his crest also will be thicke and heauie , and the act it selfe by reason of the toughnesse and hardnesse of the strings and cordes , will be both more dangerous and more painefull . Now therefore the onely choice , and best time of all for gelding of Colts , is euer when the foale is iust nine daies olde , for at that time nature hath so little force in those partes , and the cords and stringes of those instruments , are so tender and easie to be broken , & fluxes of blood and other grosse or impostumating humors , are so little incident to foales of such youngnes , that there is no more danger at that time in gelding of a Foale , then in gelding of a Lambe : neyther is there greater labour ; for to foales of such youngnesse , there needes no caulteryzing with hot yrons , stytching , or other implastering , which elder Colts must of necessitie haue : besides , a Foale of such youngnesse , sucking vpon the Damme , eates no bad or vnwholsome meate , but liuing onely vppon milke , keepes that dyet which preserues the sore from ranckling , swelling , or rotting : insomuch that my selfe haue gelt a foale at that age ( when ●ine experience was almoste in that matter as young ●s the foale ) and haue had him soūd & whole in seauen ●aies , applying nothing to the sore but sweete butter , which is an euident proofe to confute those which say ●at the gelding of a foale young , decayes the growthe ●f the foale , for sure the paine being ended in lesse then ●auen daies , the griefe therof can neither lose growth , ●or strength , but if they meane that the depriuing the ●oale of those instruments so earelye , doth decay his ●owth , then by all reason to geld at two yeares old , ●ust decay it much more , both because the foale at ●at age hath more sence , vse and strength , in those instruments , then at the former age : by meanes whereof ●he losse of them , is by a thousand degrees more painfull & greeuous , & the cure therof , is neuer finished in 〈◊〉 month , many times not in two , and sometimes not ●n three monthes : which teadiousnes of griefe cannot ●huse , but abate both growth , strength and courage . Now the benefit which is gotten by gelding Foales thus yong is , First , besides the safenesse & no danger in the cure , it maketh your Gelding haue a delicate fiine leane head , of comely shape , well fauorednesse and proportion , many times not vnworthy to be compared with the choycest Barbarie : it makes him to haue 〈◊〉 gallant crest , high , thinne , firme , and strong : it is a great cause of swiftnesse , nimblenesse , and courage , by which it is certaine they will not tyer so soone as those which are gelt of elder age . But if it bee so , that your Foale haue not let downe ●is stones so soone , neither that you can by chafing or towsing his codde compel him to let thē come downe , which none but some fewe dull Foales will doe , you must then of necessitie let him ouer-slippe that time ; and stay till the fall of the leafe after , for by no meanes I can allow gelding of Foales in Summer , both because of the excessiue heate , and the crueltie of the flye , both which are dangerous , and sometimes mortall to young foales : but if at the fall of the leafe , hee doe not let downe his stones , then you must stay till the Spring , for the extremitie of the cold in Winter is as euill as the heate in Summer , occasioning inward swelling , canker , and putrification : so that the time to geld Foales , is eyther in the Spring , or at the fall of the leafe : the age from nine daies olde to two yeares olde , and the state of the Moone euer when it is in the weane . If after your foales bee gelt , their cods and sheathes happen to swell exceeding much , as there is no question but they will , especially if they be aboue sixe months olde , when they are gelt , & such swellings doe euer beginne fiue daies after the gelding , you shall then ( notwithstanding someof our English writers giue precepts to the contrarie ) cause those Foales which doe swell to be chafed vp and downe an houre together , both morning and euening , till the swelling cease , which it will doe in lesse then a weekes space , holding this obseruation , that if the foale be aboue a yeare olde when it is gelt , then the more it rotteth , the better and safer is the cure . Now as you may geld foales , so you may also gelde elder Horses , nay horses of almost any age , & that with great safenes also , as I haue diuers times approued in mine own experience , without the vse or help of any o●er instrument or medicine , then such as in those cases ●re vsd about foales . Lastlye touching the manner and way to gelde foales or horses , all be there bee sundry practises , yet there is but one sure and perfit methodde . Some there are which wil take eight or ten strōg horse ●ayres , & knit them fast & strait about the horses cods ●oue his stones , & so with the continuāce & eating of ●e haires , make the colts stones to rot , & fal away , but ●is fashion of gelding , I do vtterly dislike , for it is both 〈◊〉 dāger to mortifie the mēber , & bring it to Gangeran which is deadly without cure ) & also it is so paineful , ●at neither horse nor foale can indure it without the ●azard of madnes . Others vse after they haue slit the ●od , & takē out the stone , to cut the stone away , & only ●o melt a little yellow wax vpō the roote of the strings , & so to anoynt the cod with fresh butter , and let the ●orse or colt goe , but that is not so good neither , because vpon such a cure , a flux of blood may followe , which may kil either horse or foale . The only perfit & certaine way , therfore to geld either foale or horse is : after you haue slit the cod , and taken our the stone betweene a paire of nippers , made of wood for the purpose , thē with a sharpe knife to cut away the stone , then with a hot calteryzing yron to seare the cords & strings of the stone , & then to melt vpon them , waxe , Deare-suet , and Venice Turpentine , made together in a plaister , then to fill the inside of the cod with salte , and to annoint the outside of the cod , the horses sheath , and all betweene his thigh & his bodie , with fresh butter , and so to loose him , and put him into a close house ●or three or foure daies , ( if it bee a Foale or Horse of age ; but if it sucke vpon the Dam , then turne it to the Dam , & the danger of the cure is past . And thus much for the gelding of Horses or Foales . CHAP. 18. When , and at what age to take vp Colts for the Saddle , and of their first vse and haltering . TOuching the taking vp of Colts that they may be broke , and come to the vse of the Saddle : there bee sundrie opinions , according to mens seuerall experiences , yet there is but one most substantiall , allbe the rest haue their groundes of probabilitie and reason : for if when you take vp your Colt that you may make him for the vse of the Saddle , you also determine at the same time to put him either to trauell vpon the high way , or to the exercise of any vyolent lessons : as galloping the large Ringes , passing a Careyre , or managing either in straite or large turnes : then I say , to take vp your Colte at foure yeares olde and the vantage , is full soone enough , or rather with the soonest : but if according to the rule of good Horsemanship , you intend when you take your Colt vp first , onely to make him but acquainted with the saddle , Stirrops , garthes , crooper , brydle , watering trench , musrole & martingale , & other such necessarie implements as are needeful in those cases , And that for the Ryder , the Horse shall the first Winter but only learn to know his waight , in what manner to receiue him , how to goe or walke vndet him , and with what quietnesse to part from him : making all his exercises recreations , and benefites , and not labors or seruices . In this ●ase , and with a firme resolution thus to order your ●orse , you shall then take him vp at three yeares olde ●nd the vauntage , which is at three yeares old and as ●uch as between the time of his foaling , and the midst ●f October , but if you shal faile in this course , & either ●ut of indiscretion or furie , or finding your horses aptnesse to preceed your imagination , put him to any violence or extremitie , you shall not onely indanger the Swaying of his backe , and the dulling of his better spirits , but ( his ioynts being tender and vnknit ) make him ●ut forth wingals , and bonie excressions ( which are splents , spauens , curbs , and ringbones , or such like ) wherefore the onely thing I can aduise any horseman ●nto , in the whole worke of horsmanship , is vnto temperance and patience , especially in the beginning , because the choysest time for taking vp of Colts to the saddle , is in my conceite at three yeares olde and the ●antage , chiefly if they bee Neapolitans , Ienets , Turkes , ●r Barbaries , and keeping the obseruations before prescribed . For if horses of their breede and spirit shal run wilde and vntamed , without either acquaintance with ●e man , or the furniture needfull in riding , till they bee ●oure or fiue yeares olde , they wil be of that stubbornnesse , furie & disobedience , that they will not only put ●e ryder to a three-fold greater trouble then the other which are but three yeares olde and vauntage : but also ●pon the least contention or crossing of their natures , ●ter into restise , dogged & rebellious qualities , which 〈◊〉 reclaime , asks as great labor & industry , as to bring a horse of good qualitie to his best perfection . Againe , if a man will but measure time by an euen proportion , if a horse be foure yeares olde , and the vauntage , ere he be haltered , he must of necessitie be full fiue ere he bee reclaimed from his wildnesse , made familiar with the man , brought to be shod , & to take the saddle with patience : then before he be made to receue the man , to haue his heade well placed , and his raine right fashioned , before he will trot foorth-right in a comely order , change turnes on both handes , trot and gallop , both large and strait rings , and performe other ground manages , he must needes bee full sixe yeares olde . Then before hee come to the vse and perfectnesse of the bytt , or to perform those saults and manages aboue ground , which are both delightfull to the beholders , and wholsome for the health of such as haue them in practise , he will accomplish full the age of seuen , so that more then halfe of the horses life , shall be spent in precept and instruction , whereas beginning at three yeares olde and the vauntage , a horse out of his youth and ignorance will bee so tractable , that in the first sixe Moneths hee will gaine as much knowledge as the other in a yeare and more , neither shall you finde restifenesse or churlishnesse , except it spring from your owne furie ; so that there is no doubt but your horse at the ende of fiue yeares of age , will be absolutely perfite in all that is fit for his vnderstanding . At three yeares old therefore and the aduantage , & in the latter end of the month of October , I wold haue you driue your colts vp into a house , where hauing a halter made of principal hempe , after the fashion of ordinarie halters , onely a size bigger at the least , and the ●ine thereof must be at the least three or foure yardes ●ng , taking some old quiet Iade in your hand , goe amongst them , and with all the patience , lenitie , & lea●e that you can deuise , put the halter vpō one of their ●ads , which if the colt will not suffer you to doe with ●ur hand ( as it is very likely he wil not ) you must then ●e to steale it on , by winding the halter about the end ●a long poale , and holding it before the colts face , you ●all see him with ducking his head downe to thrust it ●to the halter : this is an ordinarie way , and you shall ●uer find it faile as long as you take leasure , and vse no ●olence . When the colt is haltred , you shal prouide , ●at good strength of men take hold vpon the end of ●e chase halter , which done , you shall cause one to se●r the rest of the colts from him that is haltred , and as ●were to driue them to the other end of the house : but the haltred colt offer in furie to rush after them ( as it 〈◊〉 no question but he will ) then shall they which haue ●ld vpon the chase haltar , with a forcible and strong ●itch pull him backe , in such sort that they almost ●ake his necke cracke againe ; which done , let his kee●r after , leasurably , and with gentle words to go vnto 〈◊〉 : but if the colt refuse him , and offer either to ●nne , leape , or strike , let them which haue hold vpon ●e halter , with twitchings & strainings torment him : ●t if that preuaile not , then let them leade him forth ●the house , and when he comes abroade , let some ●nders by chase him about on both handes , till hee ●so tame that he will suffer his keeper ( or some other ) ●come vnto him to cherish him , and clawe him , and ●t he will leade vppe and downe quietlye , which when you haue effected , you shall then forthwith lead him into the stable , and putting on a coller made of strong leather , both broade and flat , and with two reines ; tye him downe to the manger , and take off his chase halter . As for making your first coller of wollen yarne , or of horse haire ( as some Authours aduise ) it is a curiositie , but too curious , and the expence may bee saued : for after a Colt hath beene once well maistred , twicht and conquered in a chase halter , hee will neuer after straine his coller so much as to hurt himselfe . You shall when you place your Colt in the stable , either set him by some old ridden horse , vnder whose couert the keeper may safely come to him ; or else in such a roome where there may bee space inough without danger to come & goe on both sides of him . The keeper after the Colt is in the stable , must neuer be idle , but euer either rubbing , picking , clawing , or cherishing the colt , clapping him somtimes vpon the backe , somtimes vpō the necke , sometimes vnder the belly , betweene the fore-boothes , & about his cods . He must oft stroke his legs down euē vnto the pasterns , & often take vp his feete ; and first with his hand , & after with a little sti● knock him vppon the soales of his feete as if he were shooing him , and euer as the keeper shall find the horse to giue a sufferāce to these motions , so shall he not only increase his cherishings , but also for reward , giue the colt either bread or other prouender , such as he finds him to take most delight in , by which meanes hee shall not onely bring the colt to be tame , but also to take a delight in his tamenesse . If your colt be of so stubburne and rebellious a disposition , that these gentle courses wil not preuaile , you shall then but only augment your labor , and what you not attaine to in one day , you must seeke to win in ●o : for it is no losse of labour if you be two dayes in ●ning your horse to let you but stroke him , so in the ●d with gentle means you compasse it ; and that your ●se in the meane space learne no knauish qualitie , as ●ite , strik , or such like : which to eschue , you must euer ●erue , that what you do to a colt , you must doe with ●stancie , boldnesse , & resolution , and not with fear●esse , starting , or tickling , for they are the first occa●s of a horses wickednes . Now , whereas some horse● aduise you in this case to keepe your horse from ●p , and so by ouerwatching him , to make him tame . ●ough it be a course which in mine own knowledge ●d experience , will tame either man or beast , yet to 〈◊〉 it to a colt of such yongnesse , and for faults which ●ly proceed from nature & ignorance , I cannot alow for besides that , it is vnwholsome & breeds infirmi●n such yōg yeres : it is also too cruel , & brings a colt too much faintnesse & weaknesse : wherfore I wold ●uer wish any horseman to tame any with ouer wating , but such as are old ridden horses , & either out of ●ir owne natures , or misgouernment , are not onely come restife and furious , but euen mad & desperate . When you lead your colt either to the water , to aire , such like , you shal let some other ridden horse which ●nds next him be led before him ( which will not only an incouragement , but also be an example ) the colt ●ll with more willingnesse imitate . After your colt is brought to a perfit tamenesse , and ouing familiarity with his keeper , so that he will bee ●'d , drest , clothed , shod , and led vp and downe , you shall then vse him to weare 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Cauezan and Chaine : you shall also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with the Musroll , and Martingall ; which done , you shall then bring him to weare the saddle , the maner whereof is set downe in the next booke . All this perform'd , you shall then put vpon his fore legs a paire of soft and wel-lin'd pasterns , but for tying his hinder foot with a wollen cord , as one of our auncient horsemen aduiseth , I doe not like it , because a colt being fearefull , and suddaine in all his motions , may by starting , or some apprehension of affright indanger the spoyling of his hinder parts . Againe , a horse that is so tyed can not lie downe , neither take rest nor delight in his stall , which you should endeuour to procure him with all industrie ; and for mine owne part it is a toy I did neuer practise : but when I had a horse of diuelish qualitie that would strike and yarke at his keeper with his hinder heeles , or turne himselfe crosse in his stall , to strike at the horse which stood next him , in these cases I haue vsed it but in no other . You shal whilest your colt is in taming ( as neare as you can ) suffer neither fantasticall men , nor apish boyes to come into your stable , who with toying or other foolish affrights may moue those distemperatures in a colt which will hardly be reclaimed . In this maner as I haue prescribed for one colt , so must you vse the rest one after one , if your number be neuer so many . And how euer other riders perswade you to take vp your yong mares for the saddle a yeare sooner then your colts , yet I cannot be induc'd to be of that opinion , but would haue both one age , and one time of the yeare obserued in both kinds . And thus much for the taking vp , and taming of colts . CHAP. 19. Of the cutting of Colts mouthes or tongues , and of the drawing of teeth , to helpe the bit to lie in his true plae . THe braine of man being a busie and laborsome workemaister , to bring to our desires the depth and secrets of that Art which we professe ; often times out of its owne contriuings brings to our ●owledge such false shapes and experiments , as ●ing but onely clad in the colours of Art , for loue to ●r selues , and to our owne inuentions , wee are wil●g to Intertaine them not onely as grounds , but euen the arts best perfectiō . Hence it hath come to passe , ●t some of the best horsemen of the old-past-times , ●ing got both by rule and practise more speculation this Arte then other men , did not yet thinke ●eir skill great inough , except they could both finde ●lts , and approue reasons to controll and amende ●e worke of nature : of which sort Laurentius Russius most principall , who amongest his better knowledges hath set downe certaine precepts for the drawing of a horses teeth , affirming peremptorily , that is impossible for a Horse to haue a good or per●e mouth , except his two tushes of his nether ●appe , & the two wongge teeth of the same next to ●e tushes bee first drawne out , because ( saith hee ) if a ●orse bee once heated or chaft , it is impossible for the rider to hold him frō running away , hauing those teeth : and thereupon prescribes the maner of drawing them out , which should be with an instrument made for the purpose like a crooked paire of Pincers : And the teeth being drawne , to dresse the gums with salt , or with Claret wine , honie and pepper , warmd together , or with wine and honie onely , till the sore place be whole . To make answere to these allegations : First , that the generall proposition is not good , and that the horse should not loose any teeth at all , euerie one knowes that hath seene the worke of nature , that in her creations shee hath not made any thing superfluous , nor can we ( how euer out of our follies wee suggest inconueniences ) diminish one iot of what shee hath made , but by bringing to the beast farre greater mischiefes . For the teeth being the strength of his food , the maintainers of his life , and the instruments both of his defence and strength , take any of them from him and what shall become of those powers ? And againe , a horse hath not any one tooth , which in true iudgement a man can say may bee spared : for first , the two first rankes of teeth which are euen before , serue him onely but to cut vp and gather his meate : of which in number they are not commonly aboue twelue , both aboue and below , and who can alow him a lesser proprotion ? Next those which stand higher in the vpper parts of his chaps , which we call his grinders or woing teeth , they are to chaw & shred his food being gathered vp , & to make it fit for disgestion , & they are in nūber commonly not aboue ten of a side , both aboue and below , which are so few , that if you take any of them away , you doe not onely take away his strength , but a great part of his life also : as for his foure tushes , they ●e to holde in his foode as he gathers it , and so to con●ey it vp to his grinders , so that you may see euerie ●oth hath such an especial office , that not any of them ●n be spared . Now where hee saith a horse cannot haue a good ●outh , except these teeth before named be drawn out , 〈◊〉 if the bytt lying vpon the horses tushes , shold by that meanes be defended from the chap , so that the horse ●uing little or no feeling of the bytt , should therefore ●e vnto the bytt no obedience longer then during his ●ne pleasure . To this I say , all Horse-men knowe ●t the true place of the byt is directly aboue the two ●shes the neather side of the mouth of the byt resting ●t vpon the tush , but against the tush , so that the tush ●a stay and helpe for the byt and no hindrance , but the ●mer Author would haue men imagine , that if the ●t rest aboue the tush , that then there cannot be space ●ugh for the bytt to lie betwixt the tush and the ●ngge teeth , but whosoeuer pleaseth to looke into ●t part of a horses mouth , shall finde that there is full ●re inches betwixt the tush and the horses wongge ●th , and I hope there was neuer any mouth of bytt ●de so broad , especiallye in that part which lyeth ●on the chap. Thus you may see this curious inuention , if it bee ●kt into with a right sence , is both needeles and friuolous , yet because of the greate authoritie of the Author , I know it hath beene retayned , and held authenticall by sundrie horse-men , and by one of our English authors , is not onely commended , but also left in re●rd to posteritie ; which Author , to showe the loue he beareth to noueltie , hath to this deuise of drawing of teeth , added another of his owne of selfe like nature and vertue , and that is , for as much as hee supposeth that a Horses mouth may naturally bee so shallow , that the bytt cannot haue any firme resting place , but shall bee inforced to lye vppon his tushes , or else so inconueniently , that it will much disturbe both the Horse and man ; hee would therefore haue you to make some expert Horse farrier , to slit vp the weekes of your Horses mouth , equallie on both sides of his cheekes , with a sharpe raysor , and then to seare it with a hot yron , and so heale it in such sorte , as the sydes thereof may no more grow together , but appeare like a natural mouth : to whome I make this answere , that I imagine neither hee , nor any other Horse-man hath heere in England seene a horse of that shallownesse of mouth , which wold not giue place for a reasonable bytt to lie in ; or if they haue , surely I knowe it hath beene so seldome , that I holde such Horses rather of a stigmaticall then naturall proportion : but suppose there are Horses of such shallownesse of mouth , yet I say they ought not to haue their mouthes cut to make a place for the bytt , but to haue the bytt moulded and proportioned according to the shallownesse of the mouth , for were it necessarie that all bytts should be of one quantitie & proportion , then I should draw some what nearer to their opinions ; but in as much as they are to bee made eyther in length , roundnes , thicknesse , sharpnes , or flatnes , according to the nature , shape and temper of the mouth , why should horsemen make thēselues eyther tyrants or Fooles , to torment without cause , or inuent to no purpose , those tortures or stratagems , which shall rather make vs scornd then imitated ? Againe , these inconueniences , a horse-man shall finde that wil slit vp his horses mouth : first , the skilfulst horse●each that is , shall neuer heale it ( according to the order prescribed ) in such sort , that euer it will meet close againe , because the searing of the skinne with hot yrons , doth so seauer and dispresse it , that it wil neuer after meete close together againe ; insomuch , that when he eateth his meate , it will fall out of his mouth , and put him to a double trouble , and a double time in eating . Also when hee drinketh , the water likewise wil run out of his mouth , and both annoy and grieue ●im . Lastlye ( and which is of all the foulest eye-sore ) you shall euer haue a horse that is so cut , both in the house and abroad , continually slauering , because the moysture which commeth into his mouth , cannot be ●elde in , but will issue foorth at those open places , to ●e great trouble of the horse himselfe , and the annoyance of such Horses as shall stand neare him ; for this by dayly experience we see , that those barbarous & ignorant Horsemen , which with distempered hands , rough ●rackes , or twound snaffles , doe teare and breake their horses mouthes , that euen those horses haue all the inconueniences before mencioned . Now besides this drawing of teeth , and cutting of mouthes , there is also a third practise , which many yeares since , I haue seene vsed by Prospero , and now to my no little admiration , I see the opinion fortyfide by Salamon de la Broue , a man of exquisite practise and knowledge : and that is , when a horse dooth in his riding thrust foorth his tongue , and will not by any meanes bee made to keepe it in his mouth , he would haue you to take an instrument , made according to the proportion of this figure here presented , which opening and shutting like a paire of flat nippers , you may in it take and hold the horses tongue so hard and flat , that he cannot stirre it , and then according to the circkle of the instrument , which must carrye the proportion of the horses tongue , with a sharpe rasor cut so much of his tongue away , as hee puts out of his mouth . The fashion of the instrument is this : Truely , vnder the correction of his better knowledge , I can giue no allowance to this kinde of dismembring ; for besides that , it is both vnnaturall and hurtfull to the beast , whose tongue is his onely instrumēt for the taking vp of his prouender , & for the conueyance of euerie seuerall kinde of foode downe into his stomack : I see not , but if any part of it taken away or diminished , but that the horse by such lacke , must incur many mischiefes . Againe , this I knowe , that no man hath euer seene anye foale foaled with his tongue , eyther to lōg or too big for his mouth , nature making euerye member sutable to his place and imployment , so that if a horse eyther by custome , torment or sufferance , come to be disfigu●ed , with such a foule and odious falt . I must for mine ●wne part impute the whole ground and cause thereof ●o be onelie the vnskilfulnesse of the Ryder , who wan●ng knowledge or discression , either to make his bytt ●ccording to the modell of the horses mouth , or to ●uowe when the tongue is either at too much libertie , ●r too much streightned , brings on these foule errors , ●hich are not to be cured , but with much greater mis●iefes , and so by these deuises doe imagine to couer ●e deformitie of their Ignorance , for had I euer seene 〈◊〉 my worthy olde Maister , Maister Thomas Storye , or ●ight in these daies see by the example of noble Sir ●obert Alexander , or any of their equall knowledge ●hich without flatterie , I thinke Europe scarse con●ines ) that this drawing of teeth , cutting of mouthes , ●d dismembring of tongnes , whereby they eyther allowed or practised , I should ( whatsoeuer I thought ) ●e more amazedly silent , but because I see horses of ●eir makings , haue no such aparant deformities , & be●sides in my selfe , know that al the errors frō whence ●sius and others draw the groundes of these inuenti●s , haue many better , safer , and more comelie reme●s , I could not chuse but make thys protestation , and ●fence against this tyrannical martyring of poore hor●s , concluding thus : that if eyther your horses teeth ●nd too straite , or his mouth be too shallowe , that you ●ake the preportion of the bit lesse , and fit with the ●orke of nature : and if he thrust out his tongue , as ha●ng too great libertie by the opennesse of the byt , that ●en your bit be made closer , so as it may restraine the ●ngue from too much freedome : but if it proceede from too much closenes and pressing down of the bytt , that then the libertie thereof be augmented , eyther by whole and smooth port , vpset mouth or such like . Lastly , fit proceede from neither of these causes , but euen frō an euill habit & naughty conditiō of the horse , you shall then as soone as the bytt is in his mouth , if hee thrust out his tongue , first knocke it in with the great end of your rodd , and then buckle the nose-band of your brydle head-stall so straight , that he shall not be able to open his teeth , and thus riding him but a weeke or a little more , hee will soone both forget and forgoe that vice : and thus much for these cruell inuentions . CHAP. 20. Of the seperating of bad Colts and Mares from the good , and which shall maintaine the race still . IT is not the dilligence of man , neither the curyositie of his choice ( although they bee the two moste especiall cares which begets a man his owne desires in this matter of breeding of Horses ) which can acertaine vnto any man , that he shall breede horses all of one stature , strength , beautie , and goodnesse , sith thereby diuers casualties ( as sicknesse or infirmitie in the Mare or Foale , negligence in keepers , rushes , straynes , heates or coldes and such like ( which may make foales ( though they be all of one breede ) much different and almoste contrary in proofe , some proouing good , some bad , and some indifferent : wherefore I would wish euerye good breeder once a yeare , especially at Michaelmas , to looke ouer his whole studde , and amongst those Mares and Foales , which shall be three yeres old & the vauntage , to cull out them which be most beautifull , strong , nimble , and couragious , and to seperate them for his owne vse : the rest , which either by infirmitie , or casualtie , haue lost the pride of their naturall ●erfection , I would haue you take into the house , and hauing made them fit for the Saddle and other mens vses , to send them to such fayres and markets as shall bee conuenient , and so sell them to their best profit . But if the greatnesse of the breeders place ●oe disdaine such profit , it shall then bee worthie in ●im , if hee bestowe them either of his officers , or o●her men of merrit : and in this coyling of Studs , there 〈◊〉 great arte and iudgement to bee vsed , for it is not at ●at age , the Colt which is fattest , best proportioned to the eye , round , and close knit together , which maketh the best horse ; nor he that is long , loose , gaunt , & fauoured , which is to be coyled and cast away : for the ●rst when hee commeth to ripenes of age , looseth his ●eautie and goodnesse , and the other increaseth , and when his age is complete , is most worthy and gallant : wherfore as I said , there must be art vsed in the choice ●f coylings , for I haue my selfe seene a Stud coyld whē●here hath beene none so good left behinde as those which haue been sold , & made away for a little money After you haue coyld your Colts and Mares of three yeares olde , and the aduauntage , you shal then take a ●uruay of your younger sorte , and if you shall finde amongst them any that are diseased , as with Ag● or inward sicknesse , with pestilence , Staggers , Ap●plexie , glaunders , strangle , or such like , all which are infections , you shal forthwith , seperate the sound from the vnsound , least the infection of one , breede the losse of all the rest . Lastly , you shall take a Suruey of all your olde breeding mares , and if any of them , eyther through naturall defect , mischance or age , shall become barraine , or 〈◊〉 you shall perceiue any of them , which from yeare to yeare bringeth foorth vncomely foales : or if anye of them hauing brought foorth comely foales , shall not nursse & bring them vp wel , but eyther through want of milke , or the doggednes of some vnnaturall quality , shall stocke and starue their foales ; in any of these cases , it shall be good for you to sell or make away such mares as being vnworthy to be bred vpon , and to store your selfe with none but such as shall bee both good , full of milke , and moste naturall . And thus much I thought good to write , touching the breeding of Horses , and al such necessarie obseruations , as are incident for that art or knowledge , wherin if I haue ascribed to mine owne knowledge or experience , too seueare an authoritie of iudgement , I craue onely to be censur'd by their excellent wisdomes , who being both owners of reason , and maisters of this Art , will not condemne me till there bee iust approbation of mine errors , and in that hope I liue their Seruant . The end of the first Booke . CAVELARICE , Or The Arte and knowledge belonging to the Horse-ryder : how horses are to be handled , ridden , or made perfit , eyther for seruice or pleasure . The second Booke . By Geruase Markham . LONDON Printed for Edward White , and are to be solde at his shop neare the little north doore of Saint Paules Church at the signe of the Gun. 1607. To the High and mightie Prince of greate Brittaine . WHen with seuerer iudgement Ibeholde , The customary habits of our Nation : Nothing I finde so strong or vncontrolde , As is of great mens Actes the immitation . Whence comes it , that to immitate your praise , Our lesser greate ones , ( which would else neglect The noblest acte of vertue ) now doe raise , Their spirits vp , to loue what you respect : O may you euer liue to teach them thus . Those noble Actes which gets the noble name , And may the grace you doe the Arte and vs , Liue to out-liue , Time , Memorie , and Fame , That many ages hence the world may say , You gaue this Arte the life shall neare decay . Geruase Markham . To all the Noble and famous Horse-men or Horse-riders of this Land. IT may seeme in me ( by a strict construction ) more presumption and boldenesse then either art or iudgement thus to publish my rude collections , and prostitute to your censurings the depth of my knowledge , sith I cannot let passe so sleight an error , which to you wil not appeare most grosse , & lie discouered in the playnest nakednesse , because you knowing all thinges which in right shold belong to a wel accomplisht rider are the best able both to correct and condemne mine errors , as hauing in you the onelie sufficiencie both of power and authoritie : but my hope is , that my worst fault is the rudenes of my phrase , not mine ignorance in the arte which I handle ; and though this subiect might haue beseemed ( some of you that are my Maisters ) much better then my selfe , yet since it is the fortune of my forward spirrit , to which you haue giuen an especiall libertie through your silence , let me be helde excused , and what you shall finde to differ either from your owne rules , or from the square of auncient practise , after you haue argued it with reason and the nature of the beast , of which I treate of , if then you haue cause to condemne me , I wil with al humblenes submit to my punnishment which I perswade myselfe shall be moste charitable , because I rather desire your loues then any other mens admirations . G. M. CAVELARICE : The second Booke . CHAP. 1. ●f the natures and dispositions of Horses , how they are to be knowne by the collours of the Horses , and other especiall markes . FOr as much as there is nothing more propper or necesarie to the Horse-ryder then the true knowledge & iudgement of the nature , disposition , complexion , and inclination of the horse , as being the onely dore and perfit entrance into ●e Arte , all other waies being full of absurdities & ●nnatural blindenesse , it shall to me seeme most ex●edient to shewe the true charracters and faces , by ●hich a man shal with the greatest easinesse attaine ●hat speculation : Frederic Grison saith that as a horse ●s colored , so is he for the most part cōplexioned : and according to his complexion , so is his disposition of good or euill qualitie : and according to the predominance or regencie of that Element , of which hee dooth moste entyrelye participate , so for the moste parte are his humours , addictions , and inclinations ; for if he haue most of the earth , then is hee melancholie , dull , cowardlye , and subiect to much faintnesse : and the colours incident to that complexion , is moste commonlye , eyther kyte-glew'd , blacke , both sortes of dunnes , Iron-gray , or pyed with anie of these colours . But if hee haue moste of the water , then is hee flegmaticke , full of sloath , ill vnderstanding , faint spirited , and subiect to much tendernesse : and the colours following that complexion , are Chesnutte colour , Milke-white , Fallowe deare colour , or pyed with any of those colours . If hee haue moste of the Ayre , then is hee sanguine , free of spirite , bolde , nymble , and pleasant : and the colours appertayning to that complexion are , Bright-bay , Darke-bay , Flea-bitten , White-lyard , Ashie-gray , or pyed with anie of these colours : But if hee participate moste of the fire , then is hee chollericke , light , free , stirring , and full of anger : the colouts wayting on this complexion being Bright sorrels , Cole-blacks without whites , or pyed with eyther of those colours . But those complexions are sayde to bee the best , which hauing an equall mixture or composition , dooth participate indifferently of all the foure Elements : and those colours for the moste ●art are browne bayes , plaine , or dapled . Dapple●rayes , Blacke with siluer haires , or well myxt ●oanes , the white Liard , which hath his ●utwarde partes , as the tippes of his eares , maine , ●ile , feete , and such like , blacke . The Ashie gray ●hich hath his feete stryped , Grison also com●endes as good complexions , and notes of trac●ble dispositions : and from this generall opinion ●lomon de la Broue dooth little or not at all differ , ●r there is a strong rule both in nature and reason , that these colours shoulde as well bee the In●xes or Tables to direct our knowledges to the ●derstanding of the Horses disposition , as the ●ce or complexion of a man , in which wee ma●e tymes reade , the verie secrete workings of his ●oste priuate dispositions . It shall therefore bee ●oste behoouefull for euerie good Horse-man , ●st , constantlye , and with a remarkeable iudge●nt to beholde the colour and complexion of 〈◊〉 Horse , together with all the shapes , beauties , ●arkes or figures whatsoeuer wherewith nature ●th eyther adorned or deformed him , and for●much as the best coloured Horses are so much ●e better , by howe much they beare in their ●athermoste partes signes of adustion or blacke●esse : In like case are the woorst coloured Horses ●uch amended in the beauties of their complexi●ns , if their outermoste partes beare any visible markes of blackenesse , onely your browne Bay , your perfire Blacke , your redde Sorrell , and your darke Chesnutte , are much graced , if for a mittigation of their fiercer complexions , they bee accompanied with any white markes , as white Starres in the face , white snippes on the nose , or white feete : the white starre in the face is generally good , and giueth greate hope of a good disposition , so it bee plaine without mixture of contrarie hayres , stande full in the middest of the forehead , and somewhat hie a little aboue the eie browe , the feather of the face making his turninges euen in the middest of the white : next it the white rache downe the face is exceeding good , and the smaller the better : for if it extende to anie greate breadth or largenesse , then is it sayde not to bee a rache , but balde , and that is of great defect , and a signe of euill inclination in a Horse , shewing him to be faint , dull , and of ill memorie . The white snippe vppon the nose is both good and beautifull , so it bee alwaies accompained with a starre in the face , & that the snip bee so small that there appeare vpon the nose no rawnesse or want of hayre , for where eyther of those defectes meete , there the nature altereth , and there is to bee expected contrarye workinges in the Horses disposition : to haue halfe the Horses face white , as from the nose to the eye , or from the roote of the eare to the Ball of the checke , the bodie beeing of one entyre colour , is both an euill marke , and a note of great imperfection ; for white feete , some be good some bad , but generally all are bad , whose whitenesse extendeth it selfe aboue the setlockes , and the higher the worser ; for nothing doth more demonstratiuely snow weakenesse both in minde and bodie . For white feete which are vnder the fetlockes , some of them bee good , some badde : the good are , the white fore-foote , on the right side commonly cald the farre side : the white hinder foote on the left side , commonly cald the neare-side , & both his hinder feete white : and to haue in anie of these whites blacke spots , the bignesse of our english shilling or more , it is an assured signe of great courage , & much aptnes to learne . The white heele , on what foote soe●er it be , is a very good marke , and of the Italians espe●ially commended . The white feete which are badde , ●re these : the neare foote before , the farre foote be●nde , both the fore feete , the fore-foot and hinder foot ●th of one side , or the fore foote or hinder foot crosse ●auersed : as for example , the farre fore-foote , and the ●arre hinder foote , or the narre fore-foote , and the far ●nder-foote . To haue al the fore-feete white , to haue ●oth the hinder feete white : and the farre fore-foote , 〈◊〉 very good , & to haue the hinder feete , and the neare ●ore-foote is tollerable ; but to haue both the fore-feete ●nd any of the hinder feete white is exceeding euill , & ●acke spots to bee mingled with any of these euill ●hites , makes the signes worse , and the horse of lesse ●stimation . The horse ( whose rumpe or docke vnder●eath , is full of white spots , is moste commonlye an excellent good horse , stout & industryous : the horse that is fleabitten by nature ( as from his first foaling , or vppon the casting of his first hayre ) is moste commonlye an excellent Horse and of the best temper , as for the moste parte your Barbaries are : but such whose Flea-bitings come through late Foaling , olde age , or by Arte , or tycke-byting : in them these spots are signes of much euill , faintnesse and weakenesse , and they commonly appeare moste aboundant vppon their shoulders and flankes ; but if they appeare onely about his cheekes , eyes , and nose , holding , their colour more tawnie or redde then ordinarie , then they be signes of stubbornesse , ill will , and restifnesse . The horse that is whale-eyde , or white eyed , is for the most part shrewd , craftie , ful of toyes , and dim sighted , chiefly when snowe is vpon the ground . The Horse that is pure blacke , and hath no white at all vppon him , is furious , dogged , full of mischiefe and mis-fortunes : but if hee bee browne-bay , bright-bay , ches-nut , sorrell or dunne , altogether without white , he may notwithstanding , be tractable and apt in teaching , onely in his pace and naturall motions , he will be fantasticall , forgetfull and incertaine , more or lesse according to the nature of that elemēt , which hath moste predominance in him : but aboue all the markes or Charracters , which declare vnto vs eyther the vertuousnesse or vitiousnesse of a Horses nature , there is none more plaine or infallible then the Ostreige feather on each side of the Horses crest , for in my life time I haue not found one horse naturally euill , which hath been foaled with that mark or ensigne ; and albe those feathers , are euer accounted the best vppon the crest , yet are they also exceeding good vpō any other part or member of the horse , and chiefly when they are pla●ed so as the Horse cannot behold them , euery horse ●y the rule of nature hath a feather in his fore-head , & ●hat feather is euer the better , the higher it standeth . Euerie horse likewise hath feathers vppon his brest , ●nd those feathers are better , the higher they ascend ●pwards towards his throate : moste horses haue fea●hers vppon their neckes , euen vpon the vaine , which ●ee commonly strike them blood of , and they are the ●etter , the broader , and rounder they are : some horses ●aue feathers vpon the pitch of their buttockes , next 〈◊〉 the setting on of the tayle , and they haue a●ongst Horse-men beene taken for a beautie and a ●ertue . Now when the hors-man is able by colours to distin●uish complexions , and by these markes and figures , ●en as it were to reade the good or euill habite of the ●inde , it shall bee necessarie for him then to beholde ●e shape and preportion of the beast : for as stigma●all and abortiue shapes in a man , prognosticate ●ill fortunes and the euents of wickednesse , euen 〈◊〉 vncomelye and monstrous shapes in a Horse are e●er accompained with the worst vices , nature neuer ●owing her selfe a worthy mistresse , but there where ●ee imployeth the best of her graces . Therefore to ●ow the picture of a perfect horse in wordes , albe in ●ome respects I differ much both from Grison , Xeno●hon , and diuers others : yet notwithstanding I will ●ast out mine opinion in this discription ; and although ●iuers Horse-men ( my Maisters ) haue set it downe for 〈◊〉 perfect rule , that in these discriptions we should be●in at the neather most parts , as the members whereon a horseman ought first to fixe his eyes and minde ; yet I not grounded in that beleefe , wil begin with the vppermost partes , as being the moste worthie , fullest of beautie , and of greatest maiestie ; and so consequently to our eies , the best , fittest and moste especiall obiect : wherefore to begin with the head of a Horse , I would haue it in generall leane , so as euerie vaine might be beheld in a natiue plainnesse : his fore-head large , broade , & well rising in the midst , like the fore-head of a Hare , for to be smooth and flat , mare fa●st , showeth dulnesse of spirit , much faintnesse and disabilitie : his eyes should bee big , blacke , round , fierie , and as it were leaping out of his head : the hollownes of his eye-browes would be fild , and as it were swelling outward : his iawes would bee slender , leane , thinne and wide a sunder : his throple , bigge , full and round : his nostrell wide , round , & open : his mouth large , and his mosell aboue his neather lipp , small and slender : his eare small , sharpe , and standing vp right : if they belong , slender , and standing vpright , though they bee not so beautifull , yet bee they especiall notes of greate life and courage : his necke would bee long , vpright , great towards the brest ; bending in the midst , and slender at the setting on of the head : his mayne , neither bushie , thicke , nor too exceeding thin : for as the first showes dulnesse , so the latter showes too fierie madnesse , but of a reasonable and indifferent mixture , which is a proofe both of strength and aptnes : his crest thinne , hye , firme , and strong at the bottome : his withers sharpe pointed , close , and well ioyned ; yet so as a man may discerne from thence the motion of the shoulders : his backe short , plaine , broad , and of a iust leuell , in whose strength consisteth the beautie of all his motions : his sides long , large , and much ben●ing , with a very small space betwixt his shortest ribbe ●nd his huckle bones : his fillets short , thicke , full , and ●welling , euen with his chinne : his flancks full and ●ound , hauing Ostrige feathers , rising vp frō the lowest ●art of their thinnesse , euen to the bottome of his fil●ts : his belly large , yet wel hidden within his ribbes : ●is buttocke round , plumpe , and full , without eyther ●utter or deuision of ioynts , or any vncomely appea●ance of the hippes or huckle bones : his thighes large , ●und and bigge , well let down euen to his houghes : ●is hams leane & straight , his houghes large and croo●ed like a Stag : his legs broad , short , straight and leaue : ●is knees great , plaine , & firmly knit : his fore-thighes , ●newye , short-bon'd , & of iust proportiō : the brawnes ●hereof , when he standeth vpright , and with his legs ●gether , must bee more distant one from another , a●ue next his brest , then beneath his shoulders : long , ●ge , and fleshie : his brest large , round , and bearing ●tward : his ioyntes beneath his knees great , with ●ng feawter locks : his pasternes short & straight , the ●ownets of his hoofes small and hayrie ; his hoofes ●acke and smoothe , large , dry , round , and hollow : ●s heeles swelling and straight : his tayle long and hay●e , but not bushie , but rather crispe and thinne ; the ●erne whereof , small and strong , and close coutched ●etwixt his buttockes : his stones and yarde small and ●acke without white spots , and all his shapes in generall , according to the proportion of his sta●ure , which ●hat horse soeuer hath , doubtlesse hee cannot chuse ●ut be of good disposition : for t is harde to finde a horse 〈◊〉 good shape and colour , which is by nature euill ●clinde . Salomon de la Broue , is of opinion that the temperatures and climes , vnder which a horse is bred , is an especiall Index to declare the nature and disposition of the horse , and questionlesse his iudgement is moste sound : for generally those horses , which are bred nearer to the Sunne , as the Ienet of Spaine , the Barbarie , the Arabyan and the Turke ; ( by which Turke as I take it , hee meaneth the Greeke : for the true naturall Turke indeede , is bredde in the colde partes of Sithia , and is a horse of exceeding largenesse , strength , and sufferance , but not of franke spirit and courage , equall with the other , are euer of more pure mettal , more corragious valour , and more strength and nimblenesse , then either the Almaine , Flemming , or any other discending from the Northerne , colde and barraine races : the reason beeing , that the Sunne , doth with his hot beames expel , dispeirse , and exhall in the first , those grosse , moyst , and corrupt humors , which the colde and frost coniealeth , byndeth , and incorporateth in the latter ; but whereas La Broue , placeth in his first ranke , as worthie the onely soueraigntie amongst horses , as the fittest seare for Kinges , and the best renowned in battayle , the Horse of Spaine : let mee in that take leaue to bee of a cleane different , and contrarye opinion , and to his superlatiue hardlye bee inty●st to lend him a comparatiue , for if I ackowledge him fayre , Noble , gratious and braue , I must not say moste , for then I shall erre exceedingly , for if wee will stand to the opinions of our auncient Maisters in this arte , wee shall finde that one saith they bee of too slender a molde in the hinder partes , their buttockes too narrow , and their limbs too slender . Another saith , they bee weake and cowardly , and a ●ird saith they haue bad hoofes , no pace , and bee ●r the moste part , of curst , and froward dispo●ion : and shall this Horse beare away the prize , ●th for inward or outward perfection ? But let vs compare his vertues with these former de●ctes , the same Authors affirme , hee is finely made , ●th of head and bodie , full of lightnesse and quicke●sse , strong , and able for the induring of trauell , ●d in swiftnesse exceeding , not onely the Parthyans , ●t all other Horses whatsoeuer . T●uelye in shape ●ey are not in any thing comparable with the mea●st of manye Barbaryes , and for their swiftnesse , it ●ot to bee spoake of , chiefly in long courses , where ●e indurance of labour is to bee approoued , in com●rison of many of the meanest of our English races , ●which wee haue spoke more amply in the former ●oke : but to come nearer to our times , and to bring 〈◊〉 best proofes from our owne experiences , I haue my ●e beheld some of the Spanish Studdes , their Mares , ●olts , and Horses , and for mine owne part , I haue ●t seene any whereat to admyre : manye I haue ●held of vncomely molde , loose and ill ioynted ; ●haue seene some serue in the fielde , and haue ●ted in them greate fearefulnesse , chieflie at the ●ght of fire : some I haue ridden , and albe I haue ●und them tractable enough , quick spirited , and full of ●gor , yet haue I found thē with al fantastical , apish , apt 〈◊〉 forget , & prone to restifnes vpon the least indiscreti● , so that I conclude the Ienet is a good horse , but not ●e best : witty , but not of the best vnderstāding : feirce , but not of the most approoued valour : before whome I prefer ( as most principal ) the Courser of Naples . next them , our English bastard Coursers , and true English●d ●d horses . Then the Greeke , next the Barbarie , and then the Spaniard : and all these , are for the most part eyther of wel compounded & mingled complexions , or else Sanguine , or Chollericke , which makes them apt to learne , able to performe , and least deseruing the surie , eyther of torture , or correction . And thus much for the distinction of complexions , and the iudgement by markes and shapes of the inward dispositions , which the hors-man must correct according to his experience in practise . CHAP. 2. The vse and benefite of the chaine Cauezan , Head-straine , Musroll , and Martingall . CAuezzanna , of the ancient Italians was taken both for the Chaine , Headstrain , Musroll , and that to which here in England we giue no other attribute but Cauezan , or any other binding fillet ouer the nose of the horse , to which was vsed anye reynes , whether leather or corde ; but time bringing forth diuers practises , and those practises sundrie experiments , not formerly knowne : we haue not onely altered the names and titles , but euen the vse and maner of imployment : the olde Neapolitans which were indeede the Schoole-masters to all Christendome in the Arte of horse-manship , vsed for their cauezan , nothing but a plaine halter of strong wel twound corde , ●e Musroll , or Noseband , being 〈◊〉 least foure cords broad , well ●w'de together with strong ●ackthreed , with two noozes 〈◊〉 loops ; through which a long ●ne crosse-wise passeth , so as 〈◊〉 pulling or strayning it , you ●ay pinch the Mussell of the ●rse , and force him to bring in 〈◊〉 head , and shew obedience ●hout further compulsion , 〈◊〉 figure whereof is this which ●ere prescribed . The Cauezan or Headstraine . There is no question but this ●ner of Cauezan was inuen●to exceeding good purpose , 〈◊〉 was found of great vse and ●ation amongst the Neapo●es , both by reason of the ●ctability of those horses , their ●ellencie of shape ( wherein ●re doth giue them all the ●sible helpes which may bee the attaining of their per●ion ) and their quicke appre●sion of euery correction ioy● with the moderation , arte , ●ience , and the industrious la●r of the skilfull horse-man ; 〈◊〉 when it once arriued with ●n England , where the horsemans charge consisted , both of Neapolitan courses , Spanish Ienets , Flemings , Frizonds , & our owne English mares : there this maner of cauezan was foūd , sometimes through the naughtie and rebellious disposition of the horse , somtimes thtough naturall defects , as either in the shortnesse of necke , straitnesse of chaule , or dulnesse of spirit , to be of too great lenitie or gentlenes , whence sprang the inuention of another cauezan more full of torment , and therefore reputed of much more especiall vse or authoritie . The figure whereof is this . The Cauezan or chaine with teeth . The cauezan made in fashion of a Chaine● , and in our English phrase commonly called the Chaine , was much accounted of amongst principall horsmen , and found a sufficient correctiō for horses of most seuerall dispositions ; for being vsed with a temperate hand , without extreme haling or pulling , it makes the horse light before , firme and iust in his turning , brings the necke into his true compasse , & setleth the head without any impeachment of the mouth : but when this cauezan chaine came into the hands of the ●uder , and more vnskilfull , who wanting patience to let the horse knowe his fault before they corrected him for his fault , or being as ●tantick in their corrections as the horse wilfull in his disobedience , they haue with their extreame pulling , or ●anging vpon the reines of the cauezan ( which commonly are broad thōgs of leather ) held him 〈◊〉 such a continuall torment , that ●e horse neither vnderstanding ●is riders meaning , nor able to ●dure the punishment , hath faln 〈◊〉 such a wilfull opposition a●inst his rider , that he hath euē●sted and hung his heade vpon ●e cauezan , albe the rider did pul 〈◊〉 hale nener so extreamely : ●hich fault when the rider per●iued in the horse , but wold not ●ehold in himselfe ; forthwith , he ●egan to inuent tormēts of grea●r & more violent nature , hol●ing this ethnicke opinion that ●e greatest feare begat the grea●est obediēce , & hence came this ●ther chaine cauezan , the figure ●herof is here represented : the ●nks which go ouer the nose be●g made hollow , and full of ●arpe teeth . The Cauezan or chaine . This Cauezan I haue seene very good hors-men vse but with such a temperate and Lady-soft a hand , that in my conceite a silke garter woulde at any time haue beene as painful . Many haue attributed the inuention of this cruel cauezan to Seigneor Prospero , but for mine own part I haue seen it vsed before his comming into England , especially in the leading of horses , for which vse I esteemed it , and neuer for other purpose ; yet I muste confesse Prospero was a most tyrannous and cruell ryder , and out of the depth of his knowledge in hors-leach craft ( in which he was most famous ) would aduēture sundry bloodie stratagems & cruelties , beyond reason . And as touching the cauezan which hee most vsed , it was more cruell then the former , and made after this figure . The Cauezan or Chaine with teeth and rings toothed . This cauezan or chaine thus made with these turning rowles , by reason of the extreame crueltie thereof , as it made some horses of slothfull , dogged , and rebellious disposition , more obedient and louing , of more tractable natures whereby the rider tooke some delight , and hope in his trauell : so it made horses of free , quicke and apprehensiue qualitie , ●t times desperate , and so opposite to all the good ●opes which their complexions promised , that no●ing seemed more impossible , then what appeared in ●ason most easie ; and the oftner it so hapned when ●ch violent corrections came into the hands of such ●orse-men , who exercised the same more from the tra●tion and vse of others , then from any certaine know●dge in themselues , of the nature and qualitie of such ●tremities ; for my selfe haue diuers times seene and ●gued with sundrie hors-men , whom I haue behelde ●e with these cruell Cauezans , of the reason and cause 〈◊〉 that extraordinarie terror , who could yeeld mee no ●isfaction but this : that such and such good horsmen ●d vse them , and therefore they ( forgetfull , that ●oso euer will be any mans Ape in such practise must ●essarily haue his iudgement , his temper of hande , 〈◊〉 his discretion in gouernment ) haue them in ●ctise ; for as amongst Scriueners , he which hath a ●ie hand must write with a hard pen ; hee that hath ●ght with a soft : so amongst horsmen , hee that hath a ●iciall temperate hand , may draw good effects from ●el instruments ; but he that hath a rough and stub●rne feeling , cannot haue his instruments made with ●o great softnesse and gentlenesse . Hence it came to 〈◊〉 , that our best horsemen , seeing the euils which ●se euil Cauezans did beget by the roughnes of their ●ne shape , and by the indescretion or the barbarous ●ndler : but most of all by reason of the reynes of such ●ezans , which being alwayes broad thonges of lea●er running cross●-wise ●ugh the eies of the two ●tmost rings , when they were once drawne straight , albe the rider did afterward ease his hand , yet woulde not the reynes recoile or giue appeasment to the horses griefe , but helde him in a continuall paine : which considered , they forthwith inuented an other cauezan of two peeces of Iron writhen abour , which is nothing so cruell as these former Chaines , and made the raynes thereof , of a kinde of soft twound roape , beeing in thicknesse as big as an ordinarie Cart-roape , which running crosse wise through the ringes , did no longer holde the Horse in paine then the hand did pull , but with euerie ease of the hand , recoyled and gaue ease , & libertie to the horse so pained . The figure of which Cauezan is this . The wrythen Cauezzan . This kinde of Cauezan put both the head-straine , & chaines out of all vse , & as it is , & hath beene euer seene , that our English nation is euer moste adicted to strangers & strange trickes ; So now this & none other was reputed most perfect & moste exquisite : which when Prospero perceiued , and saw the adiction of our natures , which esteemed that best for which we could giue the least reason of goodnesse : hee foorth-with in●nted another Cauezan made of two peeces , of yron , ●llowed and ioynted in the midst , full of teeth , long ●d sharpe like a Horse-Combe , with raynes of rope ●e the former fashion , of which this is the Cauezan●t ●t followeth . The Cauezan of two peeces . But he was no sooner seene to vse this cauezan , when almost euerie man that would seeme a horseman , began forthwith to apparell his horse in this new Italian fashion : not arguing the vertues or the vices of the instrument , but onely the quaintnesse and strangenesse , so that euerie one could now imagine faults , and imperfections in all the former cauezans , and now this onely was good and no other : and this was for a long time in such vse , that not any man almost was seene to ride without them : which when Prospero perceiued to be so much diuulged , and grow so generall , Italian like being iealous of his honour , and seeking onely to bee particular ( like the Souldior which renounst his own discipline , because it was made common amongst the wilde Irish ) refuzd the vse of this cauezan , and inuented an other of the same fashion , and with the same like reines only , it was compounded of three peeces , which made it more pliant about the horses nose , and by that meanes more full of sharpe correction . The figure whereof is this which followeth . The Cauezan of three peeces . With this Cauezan I haue seene him ride manie times , and in his right hand a hammer , wherewith hee would strike the Cauezan into the Horses nose , by which meanes I haue seene many foule Farcions , and other cankerous sores breede in the horses face , which for hee could easily heale , hee lesse respected to hurt ; but those violences I absolutely hold brutish , & in euerie rule opposite to all art and horse manship . Now to come to the experience of these latter times : we doe finde all these Chaines and Cauezans formerly expressed to be good , so they be gouerned by art , and according to the propertie of each of their seuerall natures , for which they were inuented , yet Salomon de la Broue will allow ( at least commendeth to our memories ) none but the three last Cauezans , and the first plaine chaine , betweene whome and mee is this difference , that I allowe none of them all , but in cases of great extremitie , where the sufferance of euill hath brought the horse to a habit of euill , so that ordinarie meanes being taken away , there then remaineth nothing but extraordinarie practise : for that they should be as he pretendeth like the swadling clouts to a child , the first garments a Colt shold weare , I holde it mearely against the Arce of Horsemanship , and against the greatest substance of his owne precepts : for if as hee prescribeth , and all arte teacheth , we are to fortifie our Horses vnderstanding with all manner of meekenes , lenitie , and patience , and that we must in no sort begin to correct till we be assured of some apparant & grosse vice , then must we lay aside these instruments , which euen punish in the verie wearing before the mans hand come to be laide vppon them . For first the peeces and ioyntes of which they consist being so plyant and bin●ng about the nose and cheekes of a Horse , together ●ith the sharpnes of their teeth , euen in the sence of ●ason must breede much griefe to the Colt , if either ●e Ryder haue feeling of the Colts head , or the colt a ●nce of his ryders hand , and for the one to be without ●e other was neuer seene in good Horse , nor good ●orseman , nor can the fine temper of any mans hand 〈◊〉 a lawfull excuse for these beginning cruelties : wher●e if it were so as this french Gentleman supposes , that Colt should bee first trainde vp with the Cauezan , ●ich I can neuer allow in my sleight iudgement , yet ●e of these three holde I tollerable : but rather the ●uezan which consisteth all of one intyre peece , ac●ding to this figure following . The Cauezan . In this Cauezan , neither is the teeth filde sharpe so as it can much pricke the Colt , neither is the substance so plyant that it can binde the correction longer , then is the will of the ryder , but as his hand abateth , so the paine van sheth , so that I conclude , of al these Cauezans this is the worthyest to begin with , If there were not a better way of beginning alreadie knowne and approued , and the other to followe , either as vice , stubbornesse , or restie qualities , shal giue occasion , or as the defects in naturall proportions , shall inforce a man to more violent practise . The vse of all these head-straines , chaynes and Ca●ns , only tendeth to one purpose , which is but to as●e and make firme the head , to bring a horse to light● ; and as it were an inward delight of his owne com●es , and to preserue the mouth in sensible and tender ●ing , which being either dul'd , or hardned , there ●ight followeth disobedience , frenzie and disorder . 〈◊〉 that it worketh all these , I haue both seene the ●rarie in others , and found it in mine owne pract● for where a Horse is naturally light headed , forget● , or fantasticall , or where the Horse hath a thicke ●t necke , and a strait narrowe chaule ; there a 〈◊〉 may with the Cauezan and plaine cannon , bestow ●h arte and more labour ; but shall hardly eyther ●g the one to a stayednes , or the other to any come●s , nature being a stronger Mistresse , then art of such ●ke playnnes : and I doe well remember a Gentle● , who at this day in this kingdome , is not reputed ●h inferior to the best Horse-men , who rid a short●kt courser , aboue two yeares with the Cauezan and ●ine cannon , yet brought him to little better per●ion , then at the first day of his backing , when the ●e Horse being brought to the moste famous ●leman , & worthy all praise-ful memorie , Maister ●mas Story of Greenewich , was by him in lesse then ●e halfe yeare made the moste principall best doing ●se which came vpon the Black-heath , and myselfe at ●t instant riding with him , did so diligently obserue ●th his art , his reasons , & his practise , that euen from ●t man , and that Horse , I drew the foundation and ●ound of my after practise . Finding in the vse of the Cauezan , so much insufficiencie , losse of time and libertie to disorder , that I dare confidently maintaine , it is neither the best nor second way to bring a horse to perfection : if thē I shal be questioned what I doe prefer before the Cauezā , as the first instrumēt to bring a horse both to beauty & obediēce , my answere absolutely is , the Musrole and the Martingale , which how euer it be either vnassayde , or vnremembred in the Italian or French practise , yet Iam well assured it is of much better effect , & hath brought foorth moe better examples of perfect arte , then they haue either deliuered vs in their writinges , or wee haue beheld in their practise : But in asmuch as no man hath writ against it , I will imagine all men hold with it , and not goe about to defend , what none in the Arte I think wil impugne . The Musrole therefore would be made after the fashion of the writhen Cauezan , onelye it should bee all of one peece after the fashion of this figure . The Musrole . This Musrole must be couered with strong leather , and a buckle at one end to buckle vnder the Horses chaps , like the nose-band of a brydle : then must a ●s-stall be ioyned vnto it , to goe ouer the Horses ●d . As touching the Martingale , it would be made ●verye stronge leather , with two buckels , a foote ●ant one from another , after the fashion of this fi●e . ●his Martingale must haue the shorter end thereof ●led to the Garthes vnder the Horses bodie , and so ●ght betweene his fore-legges to his head , and the ●er end buckled to the nose-band of the Musrole , ●r the Horses neather chaps . ●he vse of this Musrole and Martingale , is to keepe ●ine and firme a Horses head from tossing shaking ●hing or such like Antick countenances : it rayseth ●e necke , bringeth in the head , and fashioneth the ●e , it keepeth a Horse from plunging , rearing ●e , or running away , and to conclude , doth 〈◊〉 good office , and breedeth that tractabilitie in 〈◊〉 daies ( albe with a meane Horseman ) which the ●ezan or the Chayne will hardly effect ( though 〈◊〉 the best Artes-maister ) in two monthes : so that I ●lude , and dare without ostentation or ambition ●ose my selfe against any man of contrarie opini● to make my Horse sooner and more certaine with Musrole & Martingale , then he with the Chaine or Cauezan , how euer his estimation doe precede my fortune and obscuritie , The place or seate for the Musrole is vppon the strength and midde part of the Horses nose , vnder his eyes more then a handfull , and aboue the tender grisle , about some two inches or there abouts . Grison from whome all Horse-men , and all nations haue taken a greate light , both of their Art and immitatiō , seemeth to giue the least allowāce to these , chieflye the Martingale , which hee esteemeth as a correction , and therefore dooth limmite the vse to certaine perticular and necessarie times , and not to anye generall benefit ; the reason whereof I holde onely to bee this : Euangelista , who was the first inuentor thereof , vsing it alwaies to correct such horses as would reare vpright , and flye ouer and ouer , Grison , not willing to bee beholden to any mans practise but his owne , not proouing the other benefits , was vtterlye ignorant of the vertues , ( this for which it was inuēted , being the least of al other ) & so like one of our old Bel-founders that neuer knew how to melt his mettall , but by the force of a payre of Bellowe● thought it impossible that the new inuented furnaces should bring any profit ; but had our Maister Gryson once put it in practise , I doe not thinke eyther chaine or Cauezan wold haue held with him any estimation . Now for the Musrole , that hee commendeth exceedingly , and to speake truelie , it deserueth all his commendations , and this shall suffice touching the knowledge and vse of the cauezon . CHAP. 3. How to make a Colt gentle , how to bring him to the blocke , and of the first Bridle and Saddle . I Did in my first Treatise of hors-man-ship which I writ many yeares since , for sleight tastes or essayes , to season the knowledge of a young Gentleman , my most especiall friend , & deer ●man , set downe a method how to tame and make ●tle a Colt , being come to full age fitte to weare a ●dle , as namely of three yeares and seuen Mo●s , or at foure yeares at the most ; at which time his ●ts will be knit , his strength compleate , and his ●erstanding fit to intertaine instruction , and both of ●phon , Grison , Baptista , & la Broue , and all hors-men ●ght the time most conuenient , and in the self same ●on I still confidently doe continue : which was , 〈◊〉 hauing housed your colt , and with good strength 〈◊〉 helpe , got a chase haltar made of strong Hempe , 〈◊〉 the reine aboue three fadome long at the least , 〈◊〉 the gentlest meanes that may be vpon his heade : ●n you offer to lead him forth , if he offer ( as it is ●st likely ) he will either to leape , plunge , or runne a● , that then with strong and sharpe twitches , you ●e his necke , and maister his head , in such sort that ●e ende the smallest straine of your hand may bee ●cient to bring him backe , and inforce him to obe●e . This mastring of his head with the halter , brings him to feare and obey the man , make him tender to all other corrections , and assures his keeper when he shal leade him in his hand , or bring him to his rider . But if he be so stubborne that he refuse to leade , and onely hangeth backe , then let some standers by vrge him forward , by threatning him with their voyce ; which if it preuaile not , then let one with a rodde giue him a small yerk or two , till he presse forward ; which if he doe too hastily , or with too suddaine a surie , you shall twitch him backe with the chase halter , and vpon euery instant that he doth any thing orderly , or pleasing to your minde , you must not forget to cherish him , both with sweete words , and by giuing him somthing to eate . After he will leade a turne or two gently , you may set him vp in the stable , take off the chase halter , and put on a smooth coller : let his keeper euer bee trifling and doing something about him , rubbing and handling him most , where he is most coy to bee handled , mingling gentle wordes , and kinde speeches in all his doings , till with your modest curtesie , without any suddaine affright or rashnesse , you haue made him so tractable , that he wil suffer his keeper to handle him in the most ticklish partes , to let his feete be taken vp and shod , and euerie conuenient member to be vsed according as you shall thinke necessarie , which with labour , patience and gentlenesse , will soone bee brought to passe , where as furie , rashnesse , and sodaine approachings , are the first meanes which makes a horse learne to start , strike , bite , and take dislike euen in his keepers countenance . After your horse is thus mand , & made gentle to be drest , shod , and handled , you shal then present vnto him the Saddle , which how euer Grisons opinion is it should only at first be but a pad of straw with●ut any tree , for feare of hurting : yet I hold it neither ●o be disproportion in arte , nor offence to the horse , if ●t first you set a sufficient and seruiceable Saddle , made 〈◊〉 proportion and fashion answerable to this figure . The perfite Saddle . This Saddle when you first present to the Horse , let him smell to it : then rubbe his shoulder with it , his sides and his buttocks , and so breeding acquaintance by degrees , and with faire and gentle wordes , in the end set it vpon his backe : then take it off , and set it on againe twice or thrice before you let it settle , continually giuing faire wordes , and cherishing the Colt : in the ende set it on firme , and place it rather forward then backwarde , except the horse by imperfect shape be too extreamely lowe before , which your eye must iudge and distinguish ; for it is a rule , that the more forwarde the Saddle standes , the more grace the horsman gaines . This done , with the help of another groome that may deliuer the girthes , let the Saddle be girded on ; at the first so gently that he may no more but feel the garths ; then by degrees drawing thē from hole to hole , straiter and straiter , girde it of such a reasonable fastnesse , that it may neither mooue when he goeth , nor pinch him when he either straines himselfe , or breatheth : this once finished , let the stirrops which al this while should be buttond vp close be let down , that they may dangle and beate vpon his sides as he goeth , to make him acquainted both with the Stirrop and Leathers , and such like implements . Now for that the Stirrop is an instrument of especiall consequence in this Arte , as beeing the ground , strength , and stay of the horse-mans legges , sometimes a helpe in the horses lessons ; sometimes a correction for his slouth or errors : and generally the sole grace or ornament of the mans faire seate and comelinesse , it shall not be amisse for me to shewe the true shape and proportion of the right and well fashioned Stirrop , which hitherto for the most part , and of moste men ●ath beene infinitely neglected , some making their ●tirrops of such an extraordinarie waight , compasse ●nd greatnesse , that it is almost impossible for any man 〈◊〉 holde them vpon their ●eete in any sault or leape a●oue ground , or in any swift or double turnings : I ●ue seene some whose feete and anckles haue runne ●ite through the Stirrops , to the great danger of the ●an , and the dislike of the beholders . Some other Stirrops I haue seene also made , of such 〈◊〉 immeasurable straitnesse , that when an armed man ●ing greaues ) vpon his legges , hath put in his foote , 〈◊〉 could not without much difficultie , shake it off a●ne , in such sort that should either the horse by mis●nce haue falne , or the man beene ouerthrowne , his ●ges being fast in the Stirrops , there had beene no ●anes of preseruing his life : which to preuent , I wish ●tirrops to be made after the fashion of this figure ●wing in the next page . The perfite Stirrop . Which bearing his compasse , or bowe out in the midst , and likewise both straitned at the bottome , and the top , giueth the foote a perfite libertie to goe in and out at pleasure ; and yet by his shallownesse giueth the man that certaintie and sure holde , that it can neither at any time shake off against his will , nor easily slide past the hart of the foote , which is euer the most certaine part which should rest vpon the stirrop ; where on the contrarie part , those Stirrops , which in former time , and euen at this present are generally in vse , being made in the fashion of a Scutchion , turned the ●ng endvpward , are made by a direct line , either of 〈◊〉 widenesse , or one straitnesse , and such a large di●ce betwixt the top and the bottome , that the rider ●h no sure foote hold therein , but by extreame pres● or treading vpon it , whereas indeed he ought , but ●peare to touch it and no more , keeping onely the ●op-leather streight and no further ; wherefore for 〈◊〉 satisfaction and that you may auoid the vse ther●u shall beholde the fashion of the euill Stirrop in ●gure following . the euill stirrop . Now as touching the perfite Saddle , and the perfite Stirrop , both which I haue formerly expressed and figured , they are allowed generally of all horsemen , and by la Broue in his booke of precepts , principally commended and figured ; wherefore by some shallow sence best pleased in fault-finding , it may be alledged , that I rob him of his figures , and depriue him of his euention , Truly for the figures , I would our Nation were so industrious , that they would cut them in such perfection as his are , which questionlesse are the best done I haue seene ; or our Nobilitie and Gentrie so much inamoured in the Arte , that mens paines and arts might not be misregarded ; sure it would auaile much to their more vnderstanding . But for the inuention of the Saddle , sure it is , it was neither la Broues , nor mine , but were long before wee were , of much vse amongst the ancient italians , & with vs here in England in the time of Seignier Prospero of especiall estimation , insomuch that amongst our Horsemen , and Sadlers , they were and are still called Prosperos Sadles . Now for the Stirrop , I caused of them to bee made aboue fourteene yeeres agoe , when I was deepe in the practise and vse of riding , hunting horses , and running horses . Where noting well the fashion and proportion of those Stirrops , which we found most commodious for that practice , which are those we can hold fastest in the horses running or leaping , and the soonest shake off in extremitie when he falleth : I foorth-with from the model of the hunting Stirrop , caused the like in proportion ( though stronger , & of more massines ) to be made for the great horse Saddle , and found them better & more certain then any I had before induced . Now to proceed to my purpose ; when your horse is thus man'd , sadled , and firmely gyrt , your crooper sure and strongly buckled , and your stirrops of their euen and due length , which ( according to the opinion of la Broue , ) I would haue the right-foote stirroppe a thought shorter then the left , because when a man encounters his enemie with his Launce , he must a little lean to his left side , putting his right shoulder the more forward ; or when he encounters with the sworde , the lifting vp of his right arme to raise his blow , makes him ease his right foote stirrop , and tread the firmer on his left : for these and such other like reasons , it is found fit to make the left stirrop the longer . When this is done , you shall present vnto your horse the bridle which hee shall first weare , which according to the opinion of my maister Grison , should be the Cauezan head-straine , for he vtterly disallows the byt at the first riding , til a horse can trott forward , and turne readily on both hands : la Broue , he would haue the Cauezan chaine plaine without teeth , which indeede is more generally good , for hauing in it more force of correction , it bringeth the sooner and easier obedience : both haue beene and are good in their kinds ; and diuers horses I know will ride as obediently with them , as with bitte or any other inuention : for , for mine owne part , I once rid a blacke bastard Courser , which was afterwards giuen to the Earle of Essex , in whom I found that tractabilitie and sencablenesse , that before euer I put byt in his mouth , he would haue set a turne on both hands , either double or single , managed faire , or done any ordinarie ayre or sault meete for a horse of seruice : but when he came to weare a byt , I found his mouth so exceeding tender , and out of the greatnesse of his courage , I found him euery way so apt vpon the least torment to disorder and grow franticke , that I condemned my selfe , and found it was a course to spend a double time for one single horse making : wherefore , differing both from Xenophon , Grison , la Broue , and others , I onely relie ( as vpon the surest rocke & foundation layer of this Arte ) vpon my famous maister , maister Thomas Storie , who was so exquisite in euery perfection of horsmanship , that many at this day , who would disdaine to h●e other ranke then amongst the best horsemen , were but groomes and leaders of horses to his schoole , and onely attained their skils by beholding , and obseruing his practise , their eyes and memories being their best school maisters : and according therefore to his rule , I would haue you put vpon your horses heade , the Musroll before prescribed , which done , you shall put into his mouth , ( hauing it fastned to a strong head-stall , & with strong reynes of broad leather ) a trench , in thicknesse as bigge as a Canon of the smallest size : which for your better instruction , you may behold in this figure . The Trench . Notwithstanding I haue seene , who rather to mend the intēperance of their owne hands , then for any iust fault belonging to the trench , haue in stead thereof vsed a plaine watring snaffle , made according to this figure . The outside of the watring snaffle . The inside of the watring snaffle . But this watring snaffle I cannot allow for any other vse thē to leade a gentle horse , or to tie vp a horse withall during the time of his dressing , or for the groome to ryde a ridden horse withall , when there shall be occasion to swim him in the water , as whē he l●eth in the soile , or at such times which is most wholsome . For to apply it according to the nature of the trench , it is too smooth , and doth rather dead and dul the mouth , then preserue it in any sencable feeling : for euery horse naturally , when he shall feele the gentlenesse thereof , will hang vpon it , an● when any cause of contention shall grow betweene the rider and the horse , rather rebell against it , then go about to obey it : the trench therefore I conclude to be of all things most fit for the mouthing of a yong Colt at his first riding . The trench being put on , which you must not forget at the first putting on , to annoint with honie and salt , that the colt may take pleasure therein , you shal then take the Martingall , and buckling the one end vnder the horses brest , you shall buckle the other ende to the neither part of the Musroll , but at such large length , that neither in the tossing vp of his head , nor in thrusting out his nose , he find any impediment thereby ; which done , you shall make the Groom by laying his hand on the left side of the Musroll to leade him to the blocke , which should euer bee placed neare vnto some euen wall , so that the horse might be lead alongst the wall to the blocke : but if hee be of such a flegmatike or melancholie disposition , that either he refuse to lead , or to approach vnto the block , you shall at first ( according to the opinion of la Broue ) fortifie him with incouragements , faire wordes , clappings , and strokings ; but if it auaile not , then you shall cause some by-stander with a rod in his hand to stand behind him , and first with a threatning voice without touching him with the rod , to force him to approach to the block ; but if he still rebell , then shall he that standeth behinde giue him a Ierte or two vpon the nether part of his buttocks , & so inforce him to come to the block ; when he is come to the blocke , both his rider , his leader and his driuer , shall cherish him , and clap him , and giue him grasse , or something els to eate ▪ but if he refuse to stand quietly at the block , and couet to presse forward , then shall another stander by , with a rodde in his hand stand before his face , and threaten him , but not strike him ; if being thus assaild , both before and behind , and on euery side , hee shall fall into any franticke passion , and either seeke to plunge , reare vpright , bite or strike ; then I would haue you ( according to the opinion of Grison ) and the present vse of the Italians , to desist from further molestation , and forthwith lead him to some peece of new plowde ground , where holding the long reine of the trench in your hande , let the standers by chace him about you , first on one hand , then on another ; which done , goe to him , and offer to put your foot in the stirrop ; at which if he seeme coy , you shall then chase him againe , and not leaue him till hee will stand quietly ; suffer you to put your foote in the stirrop , and to heaue your selfe from the ground three or foure times togither ; which effected , you shall instantly cherrish him , and then before you mount , you shall look that the headstall both of the Trench , & the Musroll , lie close behind his eares , that the Musroll lie in his due place ouer the midst of his nose , that the trench lie neither too hie nor too low , but rest iust aboue his nether tush , that the reynes of the trench be strong , then you shal looke that the Saddle keepe his true place , and that the gyrths be close and fast , that the stirrops be not slipt , and that the crooper be not too strait : lastly , and most principall , ( according to the opinion of la Broue ) and for mine owne part I holde it one of the best notes amongst all his precepts , you shall confidently , and with a heedfull eye , marke the countenance & gesture of the horse , which is euer the largest Index or Table for a man to finde out his secret disposition ; for if hee clap both his eares close to his necke , or if hee clappe downe but one , and pricke forward the other , if hee turne the eye next to the man backward , as if he would looke behinde him , or if he snore , or cracke in his nostrils , all these are verie euill signes , shewes that hee is displeased , wrathfull , and intendeth mischiefe ; which wicked purposes you may driue from him by vse of the former chasings : but if you see his coūtenance vntroubled ; his eye cheerfull and liuely , and his eares carried in due comelinesse , you may be well assured of his gentle disposition . It is good also to haue a respect to his maner of standing ; for when a horse doth stand but firme vpon two feete , or three feete , heauing and fauoring the other , it is an euill signe of a churlish disposition : but when he standeth fast of all foure , it is a signe of meeknesse . Hauing satisfied your mind in all these caracters , and found euerie thing to your contentment , you shall then by rubbing the horses nose vppon the palme of your hande , or by offring something to the horses nose to smell , drawing your hande inward , you shall see him pull in his heade , and fashion his reyne , to which proportion I would haue you buckle downe your Martingale , so that carying his heade in that place , he may haue no more but a feeling of the Martingale . All these things obserued , you shall then put your foote in the stirrop : and after you haue heaued twice or thrice vp and downe from the ground , and sometime brought your leg halfe way ouer the Saddle , & downe again , at euery motion cherishing the horse exceedingly , you shall at last put your legge cleane ouer ; & seate your selfe fast in the saddle ; that is to say , with your bodie straight & vpright , neither bending forward , nor leaning backward , your eyes fixt betwixt his eares and your nose directly ouer the pommell of the Saddle , which shall euer be a rule for you , to know if your seat be comely : the chine of your backe must directly answer the chine of the horse , your thighs and knees must be close and fast to the Saddle , your legges hanging straight downe , as when you stand vpon your feete , the ball and heart of your feete must rest vpon the stirrops , & your toes and heeles must be so orderly placed , that when you onely moue your head , and not your body , on the one side to looke to your stirrop , your toe may answer with the tip of your nose : Now for the cariage of your hands during the time you exercise your horse vpon the trench , it must be thus 〈◊〉 , you must take the reynes of the trēch , & fold the one side ouer the other , making each side of an euen length , & somwhat short ; then laying both your hands vpon the reynes , about an handfull one from another , you shall neither draw your hands to the saddle pomell , nor close to your bodie , but placing them ouer the midst of the horses crest , cōtinually labor to bring vp his head , which with a sweet hand , comming and going , with gentle motions you shall easily doe : in your right hand you shall carry your rod , with the point directly vpright by your right shoulder ; or if you carry it trauato , crosse wise ouerthwart your brest , and vp by your left shoulder , it shall not bee vncomely . B●ing in this order mounted , seated and accoutered , after you haue paused and cherish your horse , you shall by thrusting your feete forwarde somewhat stiffely vppon your stirrop-leathers , moue your horse to goe forward , which if he doe not , because he vnderstands you not , his keeper shall forthwith lead him some doozen paces forward , where pawsing a while , both your selfe and the keeper shall cherrish him . Then shall you thrust him forward again , and so continue , till the horse finding your meaning will goe forward of himselfe , which will be at the most not aboue an houres worke ; and note , that in al his goings you respect not how he goes , neither which way he goes , so he goe at all ; but the first day suffer him to take the incertaintie of his owne pleasure . Assoone as you haue brought him to go forward , you shal then in the gentlest manner you can ride him home , and light from his backe at the blocke , where you must not light sodainly , but with many heauings , risings , & halfcommings off and on againe : you must dally with him continually , mingling with euerie motion store of cherishings , If when you are lighted off , he offer of himself to depart away , and will not stay at the blocke , you shal force him to come againe to the blocke , where you shall mount vpon his backe againe , and neuer leaue him till he stand still at the blocke , whilest you ease his Martingall , his gyrths , and other implements , which when he doth , you shall giue him something to eat , and so deliuer him to his keeper . CHAP. 4. Of Helpes and Corrctions , and of the vses and seuerall kindes thereof . BEfore I proceede any further into the Horses lessons , because it is reputed the moste substantiall part of Horse-manship , to knowe when to helpe , how to correct , and at what time to cherrish : I wil spend some little time therein . And first for helpes in Horse-manship , Gryson and the other Italians wil allowe but seauen , that is , the voice or tongue , the rodde the brydle , the calues of your legges , the stirropes , the spurres and the ground : he aloweth also as many corrections , which are likewise the voice , the rod , the brydle , and so foorth as before is mentioned , but for the cherishing , he speakes but onely of two wayes , which is either the voice , or the hand ; now for that , both helpes and corrections hold but in their doing this difference , that to help goeth before as to preuent a fault , and correcting comes after as punishment for a fault . I will speake of them seuerally . And first for the voice , as it is the sound which naturallye all creatures moste feare , so it is in disorders the needefullest remedie : and according to the signification of the word , so it is eyther a correction or a helpe , as for example , if it bee roughly or terryblic deliuered , as Hatraytor , Ha Villain , or such like , then t' is a correction for shrewdenesse or obstinacie , but if you crie Hoe , Hoe , or Hey , Hey , or Via , Via , then t is a helpe eyther in gallopping , in turning , or any ayre or sault whatsoeuer . But if you will cherrish , then you must in the myldest manner that may be , cry Holla , Holla , or So boy , so boy , and such like . Now whereas some horsemen would haue a horse be helpt in his going backe , by crying Back I say , or back Boy , and in his aduanncing by saying Hup Boy , Hup , or such like , I am vtterly against it , for neither is it comely in the Rider in euerie motion to vse his tongue so liberally , nor would I haue a horses memory clogd with so much seuerall language : but for this helpe of crying Darrier , Darrier , when a horse should yerke behinde , t is as absurd as fantasticall , and neuer in vse since spurre or rod was inuented . Now for the rod or cudgell , it is both a correctiō & a helpe of great effycacie , especially against eyther a fantasticall , quicke spirited horse , or a stubborne dull Iade , so that the Ryder loose not his time , but correct euen in the moment of the offence dooing : but that it should be vsed as Gryson directs about the head , I am of a cleane contrarie opinion , for such corrections doe distemper and incertaine the head , and makes the horse so fearefull , that if after , the shadowe of the rodde but come in his sight , he will cast his head on one side or other verye disorderly & frātickly , which of al the members about a horses bodie should bee moste stayed and certaine . I doe very much also differ frō the opinion of La Broue , where hee giues allowance for the beating of a horse about the head . Gryson would not haue a ryder , to ride with a rod till his horse come to weare a bytt , but I holde that for no good precept , for it must either argue in the ryder indiscretion to gouerne it , or want of arte to make his horse indure it . Besides , I knowe that euen in the first backing of a Colt , the sound of the rodde stirreth vp life in him , correcteth the disordering of his head , and puts toyes and fantasies out of his minde , Besides , it is such an ornament to a Horseman , that without it , hee lookes like an Alderman or Mule-ryder . Lastlye by rubbing the withers of the Horse with the but end of the rodd , you shall more cherrish and delight your horse then with any thing else whatsoeuer : the rodde doth present to the Horse-man , the vse of the Launce , the sword , and the Battle axe , and is seuerally to be carried after their fashions ; as in short manages , : it presenteth the sword or battail-axe , & is borne either directly vpright by the right shoulder of the mā , or else crosse the horses crest , & thwart the mans body . In long manages or careires , it presenteth the Lance , and is borne lowe by the ryders thighe , but not vppon his thighe with the point vpward , and before you come to the place of turning , you may let it fall of the right side of his head : if you turne on the left hand , and when the turne is made , you may rayse your rodde vpward againe . Now for the helpes and corrections , they bee these : first it helpeth a horse in his aduauncing , if with the close of your legge , you either shake your rodde ouer his head , or let it fall vppon his shoulder : it correcteth a horse if he aduaunce too hie , or when you would not haue him , or reare vpright , if in the very instant of the falt , you iert him vppon the shins , not ceasing to strike him so oft as he aduaunceth against your liking : it is also a great help to a horse in his setting of turnes , double or single : if on what hand you turne your horse , you carrie your rod with the point downeward , ouerthwart the contrarie shoulder , it correcteth a horse that is sloathfull or vnnimble in turning , If you giue him a good Ierte or two orethwart his contrarie shoulder , or if he trayle his hinderfeete , you giue him a good Ierte or two in the flanke of the contrarie side . It helpeth if when in the Coruet , Capryole , or such like ayres you would haue him rayse his hinder parts , you turne the point of your rod directly ouer his rumpe , and let him onely feele it , or heare the sound of it : and it correcteth if when hee will not gether vp his hinder partes , you giue him a good Iert or two , eyther in his flanke , or ouer his buttocks : many other helpes and corrections there bee with the rod , which shall be shewed amongst the horses lessons . For the helpes and corrections of the Bridle , they be as infinite as mens inuentions , and as varyable as our opinions , for according to the nature of the horse , the skill of the Horseman , and the sence or hardnes of the horses mouth , so the helpes and corrections are eyther abated or increased , for as Grison saith , the Sterne doth gouerne the bodie of the Ship , so doth the Bytt gouern all the motions of the horse , and as the bit doth consist not of one entyre peece , but of many : as of mouth , cheeke , kurbe , and such like : nor of one fashion , but of sundrie , so doth the helpes & corrections deuide themselues according to the proportions and seuerall fashions of the bytt . Now , for it is the Ryders office to knowe when to 〈◊〉 his horse with the bytt , how to vse the bytt when 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 int● the horses mouth , in what part of the mouth it should rest ; then how to holde the 〈◊〉 when to vse the false reynes , when to correct , when ●o helpe , and lastly what kinde or fashion of byt is fittest for a horse : you shall vnderstand , that when your horse can ●rott cleane , both in euen furrowe , and large ringe , stop firmely , and turne on each hand readilye : you shall then put a bytt in his mouth . Now for the vse of the bytt , you shall by no meanes put a new bytt , but a worne byt in your horses mouth , and as you did with your Trench , so shal you annoynt your byt the first time with Hony and Salt. The place where the byt ought to rest , is vpon his neather gums , aboue his great tush . For the reynes of the byt , you shal holde them in your left hand , so as your ring finger may be betweene the reynes , your little finger on the contrarie side to your fore finger and great finger , and your thumbe close vppon the reynes , with the brawne thereof turned toward the pomell of your saddle . You shall carrye your reynes ordinarily about the middle of the pommell of your saddle , so that when you eyther stop him , or rayse him , your hand rise not aboue the top of the pommell , nor when you correct him , it fall not lower then the setting on of the pommell . Diuers horsemen vse , and it is also the opinion of Grison , when they take from the Horse either the headstraine , chaine or Cauezan , to put to the eyes of the bytt false reynes , for they correct a horse , if his head be vnsteadie , incertaine , or wrything to one side or other , and of this opinion also is absolutely La Broue , from both which I thus farre differ , that I would not haue the false reynes put to the eyes of the byte , for thē the false reyne and the perfect reyne worke so contrarie one to another , that which of them you moste vse : from the other you take all his opperation ; as for example , if you will beare your horse vpon his bytt , then cannot your false reynes be felt , or serue they for any purpose , because then the Kurbe is in vse , which kurbe cannot bee felt when the false reynes are vsed ; for the drawing in of the false reynes , draweth the Kurbe from the lip , whereas when a horse comes to be ridden onely with the bytt , the Kurbe should neuer bee from his feeling , as the thing of most delight and commaundment : and againe , the false reynes thus placed , doe so drawe the mouth of the bytt out of his due place , and sometimes so presse the lippe with the straitnesse of the cheeke , that I haue found them rather the begetters of th●se vices , then the reformers , and yet I doe allow the false reynes , both for an amender of these falts , and for the moste principall instrument to breed the best acquaintance betwixt the Horse and the bytt , but then I would neuer haue them vsed but to the smoothe Cannon , made with the flying Trench ; and the false reynes to be put onely to the flying Trench , the figure and vse of which bytt you shal see in his due place . Now to proceede to the vses , fashions and properties of seuerall byts , you shall vnderstand that the first bytt a Horse shold weare , should be a smoothe Cannon for it is of all byts the sweetest , as carrying in it no offence or dislike : the fashion wherof is contained in this figure following . The plaine smooth Cannon . This Cannon ordereth and sweeteneth the Horses mouth , helpeth to settle the head , fashion the reyne , and bringeth pride and lightnes to his pace : but for asmuch as nature is a diuers worke woman , and giueth not to euerie creature euerie perfection , but that in euerie member there may be some imperfection , it shal be necessarie for the horseman to haue a diligent eye to euerie part of his horse , especially to his mouth ( whence commeth the ground of all order and disorder ) and if hee shall perceiue that the tongue of his horse shall be so vnnaturally bigge and round , that this plaine Cannon consisting of euen proportion , shall lye so hard , & pressing vpon his tongue , that it robbe him of his delight , which both your eye may discerne if you looke , and also the effectes will show , which are gaping , wrything the mouth , or thrusting out the tongue , you shall then make your Cannon with aduauntage , according to this figure in the next page . The Cannon of aduantage . This mouth , & for this purpose La Broue commendeth ; and his reason is exceeding good , for it giueth libertie to the tongue , offendeth not the barres , and keepeth the mouth in tendernesse and sweetnesse , but where he proceedeth further , and for a more libertie to the tongue , giueth allowance to the cannon , with the vpset mouth made in fashion of this figure . The Cannon with the vpset mouth . To this I can neither out of mine experience nor reason , giue any authority , for I haue euer since I could first gouerne a brydell , beene mearely opposite to all vpset mouthes , ports , trenches , and byts of crueltie as holding them rather to be inuented , eyther to showe caprytchyousnes , of c●ing mens braines , or else to busie the byt-maker with superfluous worke ; or to make the ignorant beleeue there is a curyositie in the arte , more then either sence or reason can diue into , as I will declare heere after more amplye ; yet if such an imperfection be in the greatnesse of the horses tongue , that it must of necessitie haue more libertie then the second figure of the Cannon can allow , I then thinke it not vnfit to make vse of this other Cannon , made all of one peece ; which many yeares a goe I haue found to good purpose , and now finde it by La Broue commended to eternall memorye , the figure whereof is this . This mouth giueth all libertie possible to the tonge , presseth not the gums , nor draweth in the lippes , but giueth that spatiousnesse to euerie seuerall member of the horses mouth , which can be desired . Now after you haue made your horse perfect vpon one of these mouthes , which neuer should bee vsed without the helpe of the Cauezan , then the next bytt you shal vse , and which is the first bytt wherewith you should ride your horse , without any other help , is the smooth Cannon with the fly●g trench made according to this figure . The Cannon with the flying Trench . This Cannon with the flying Trench , is of al byt●s the onely assured best , for the finishing and making vp of your horse , for it consisteth of as much helpe and correction as anie of the former cannons doe , with the helpe of the Cauezan , and all those helpes and corrections being within the mouth , and both naturall & propper to euerie bytt breeds that knowledge and vnderstanding in a horse that no other doth : for this flying Trench is to be made in all proportion like a plain full english Snafle , hauing at each outward end a round ring , whereunto you must fasten your false reynes , which false reynes in ryding , you must hold in this sort : the left side reyne you must lay vpon the perfect reyne of your bytt vnder your thumbe , the right side reyne you must holde of euen length with the other in your right hand , vnder your rod , and when you will haue your horse to feele the bytt and Kurbe , you shall rayse your hand vp to the top of the Saddle pommell , and when you wil sweeten the Horses mouth by easing the Kurbe and bytt , you shal descend your hand to the wythers of the horse , for raysing your hand drawes vp the reynes of the bytt , and le ts loose the false reynes , and putting down your hand drawes strait the false reynes , and eases the bytt , by which meanes you may keepe your horse in what sweetnesse and temper of mouth your selfe best please . This flying Trench is a great helpe to a Horse in all his Turnes and Manages , and a correction when hee refuseth the exchange of eyther hand : it keepes the head staide , the mouth from wrything , and the lippe from being suckt inward to withstand the Cannon . When your horse is absolutelie perfect vpon this byt , both in euerie turne of each seuerall fashion , all kind of Manages , short and long , each Salt , ayre , or other motion aboue ground , according to the nature , abilitie , or aptnes of the horse , you shall then forbeare to ride him any longer with the Cannon , for to holde him to that mouth continuallie , or to iourney him therewith , would in time bring his mouth to an insencible dulnesse , both by reason of the smoothnesse and fulnesse , and also for want of a little pleasant roughnesse , which should sometimes in trauell reuiue and quicken the horses sences : A gaine , though euerie horse ought , and will be brought to perfection , and perfitenes with the Cannon , yet shall the carefull ryder during the time of his instruction , finde such diuers tempers of Horses mouthes , some being too tender in generall , some too hard , some tender below , & hard aboue , some hard belowe & tender aboue , with diuers other infirmities : some cōming from nature , some frō custome , and some from other euill habits , that he shall be constrained to trie his best wits to finde a bytt sutable and fit : to amend the faults of which hee shall haue plaine vnderstanding , wherfore to make you acquainted with other byts , that you may helpe such errors as you finde , I will heere deliuer mine opinion . If your horse be of a temperate and good mouth , sweete , sensible , and without fault , then the next byt you shall vse after the Cannon , shall bee the plaine Scatch , the figure whereof is this . The plaine Scatch with a watryng chaine . aboue . But if your horses mouth be shallow and not great , yet very tender and good , then instead of the Scatch , the Mellon of some cald the Oliue byt is the next best byt , hauing onely a watering chaine aboue , and those mellons or Oliues , must be very smooth and full of holes which the Horse wil take great pleasure to sucke and champe vpon : whose figure is this . The Mellon or Olliue . But if your horse doe sucke in his lippe , to defend the byt from his gums ; if his barres be tender , and his gums a little hard , or if he put out his tongue , you shall then take that bytt which is called the peare bytt , whose figure is this . The peare bytt . But if your Horse sucke vp his tongue , haue hard Barrs , & a large mouth , or if he defend very much with his nether lippe , or wryth his nether chappe , you shall then take that byt which we call the Campanell , and it must be round and imbost ; but if his mouth be litle and straite , the bytt must be flat : both which shapes are comprehended in this figure . The Companell or Bell byt . If your horse haue a hard drie mouth , couets by lowe reyning to rest , and lay euen the waight of his heade vpon his bytt , as if hee disdained to beare anye part of his owne burthen , or if hee continue the thrusting out of his tongue , and will not be reformed , then you shall take a Scatch with two turning rowles , which is the hardest bytt I would wish any hors-man to vse , and is made in the fashion of this figure following . A Scatch with turning rowles . For the same faultes for the which this Scatch with turning rowles is to be vsed , I haue seene some horsmen vse that bytt which wee call the Bastonet or Ieiue bytt , which is made with rounde buttons or great rough rings , made high like wheeles , and sometimes filed rough like a Sawe ; sometime sharpe like the rowel of a Spurre : but of what fashion so euer it be it is naught , nor of any great vse , but amongest such as are tyrants ouer horses : yet for satisfaction sake , and that you may know it to eschue it , the fashion of it is conteyned in this figure : The Bastonet . Of all these byttes both Grison , La Broue , and some others haue written verie largely , & skilfully , & thinke them ( as indeed they are ) mouthes sufficient enough and diuers enough , for any horseman to approue anye practise with . But for mine owne part , I haue in mine experience both prooued and taken especiall note of two other byts , which they haue omitted , and haue found them to exceede almost all these other byts , for some especiall purposes . The first of which byts I cal the Ball byt , or poppie byt , because the cheife peeces are made round like a ball , yet smoothe and inden'ted like those round heads , which containe the seedes of poppie , the fashion whereof is presented in this figure . The Ball bytt or poppye byt . The other I call the ryng bytt , for it consisteth all of ringes , one smoothe , the other rough , and mingled with sundrie small players , according to this figure in the next Page following . The ring Byt. Both these Byts are exceeding sweete and good for a perfite mouth , they make a horse labour his nether lippe , take delight in the Kurbe , and keepes his mouth close : but of the two the ring byt is the harder , for being all of one equall bignesse it presseth the tongue and gummes more ; and were it not for the moouings of the Rings , it were a byt of great extremitie , and might verie well haue place of the hardest ; but beeing as it is , it is of a good composition , and will breede obedience euen in the stubburnest nature . These two byts I haue founde aboue all other most excellent for tracconers , I meane ambling Geldings , or small Nagges , such as are preserued onely for the vse of trauaile , or iourneying , and for such men as not professing the Arte of Hors-manship , respect onely their owne ease , and their horses patience . For albe the hand be extraordinarie rude , yet it can hardly distemper a horses mouth with one of these byts . Againe , these two byttes of all other , I haue noted to bee moste excellent for Coach-horses , or Chariot-horses , where the man sitting farre behinde the horses , and gouerning them with such a long distance , cannot by any meanes carrie so temperate a hande , neither helpe so readily , nor correct so gently , as he which sitteth on the backe of the horse ; for by reason of the farr distance , his strainings are more violent , and his eases more liberall , the first breeding in a horse a dislike , the latter a will to doe euill , both which these two seueral mouthes so temper , that I perswade my selfe , the most skilfull Coachman cannot take exception against eyther of their vses for his office . To all these mouthes for byttes , which I haue formerly prescribed in this Booke , which may well be remembred by the name of close byttes , many excellent and singular horsemen , partly out of their practise , and partly out of their Arte and inuention , which euer out of the best knowledges produceth the rarest deuises , haue added in steade of the plights which fold the two partes of the bytte together , another Peere in fashion of a round hoope , or a halfe moone , which they call a Port , and some times this Port must consist of one peece , and then it is called a whole Port , sometimes of two peeces , and then it is called a broken Port. The fashion of both which are conteined in these figures . The whole Port. The broken Port. After these ports were inuented and put in practise , their cruelty being by many degrees greater then could be found in the close bytt , could not chuse but at the first make the horse beare much more tenderly then with the close byt , for what throgh the extream galling the horse vpon the roofe of the mouth , or the bars , and what through the pressing the tongue with the two sharpe corners of the neather ende of the Port ; ( albee the libertie of the tongue is all the reason men haue for these kind of bytts ) it did bewitch men with an imagination of some profite ; yet in the ende of the worke , I neuer sawe it turne to any thing but disorder : to these Portes were added by the Italians another mouth in steade of them much worse then they , which are called vpset mouthes , for they haue both sharpe corners aboue and belowe , and carrying an euen breadth in the vpper part , consisting of many foldings and peeces , hurt not onely in one place , but generally ouer all the mouth . I haue seene both of these portes , and vpser mouthes , which to make them more cruel , haue had in the tops of them high wheeles , sometimes filed rough , somtimes made like a spurre rowell , bigger then in the Bastonet byt , which hath made me admire how men for pittie could bee so tyrannous , when the greatest fault in a horse is the soonest reclaimed with gentlenes : others to these vpset mouthes , haue added from the eye of the byt to the outside of the vpset , a st●g ●nch , which makes euerie crueltie in the byt grea● 〈◊〉 ●of it owne nature . The fashion of which vpset● , for you● satisfaction , you shall behold in these figures . The 〈◊〉 mouth . The vpset mouth and trench . Both these ports and Vpset mouthes haue receiued alowance both from Grison , and diuers other ancient Italian ryders , and likewise in these daies , not onely passe vnder the authoritie of La Broue , but euen in our best nurceries , or stables of England , we shal see of thē put in vse dayly , whence of necessitye it must come to passe , that I shall bee infinetlie condemned , so peremptorily to condemne that which so generally is allowed : to which I must answere as our great Lawyers doe , ( which holde contrarie opinion in manie cases , how euer otherwise censured in the daies of their forefathers ) and I must say , what euer other ryders haue done , I haue found these bytts naught in my practise . But they will say that was either mine abuse in prepounding false shapes , or my mis-use in wan● of knowledge ; to both these allegations I will make no answer , onely to show the eu●nes of these mouthes , I will propound my reasons . First all the arguments of goodnes that Grison or any other can giue for them , is the libertie of the tongue , which absolutely I deny ; the port doth if it be made in his iust cōpas , for the two nether ends , almost meeting together , euen presse down the tongue hard to the chaule , with more sharpnesse then any other bytt , except you will haue a horses tongue to be no bigger then a mans finger : but say you will not allow it that straitnesse , but that the port shall be much wider , I say , if it be so wide as to giue libertie to the whole tongue , the bytt shall then consist of little or no mouth but the porte onely , which all Horsemen knowe , would be an vnpleasant bytt . Besides , this all Horsemen knowe , that the too greate libertie of the Horses tongue , is the first occasion of a horses drawing vp his tongue , seeking to swallow the bytt , striuing to put his tong ouer the bytt & such like , wherefore it is not good too giue the tonge to great libertie . But conclude they had this one vertue , what were it to the many vices which follow : first they gaule a horses bars , & make thē insensible , they force a horse to gape , & the outward part of the bytt doth presse so sore vppon the horses chap , that they either burse it , or breede in it a nūnes , which taketh away al feeling , whence springeth incōstancy of head , rebelliō , & flat running away . But you wil answere me with Grison , that these ports should not be so hie as to touch the roofe of the mouth , & thē not to accasiō gaping : thē I say they cannot be ports at al , nor carry any more compasse then the close bytt , whose plights I wil stād to it , whensoeuer the cheek of the byt is drawn inward , do cōtinually touch the bats , to conclude , there was neuer that horse made or corrected , with these open mouthes , I meane ports & vpsets , but may bee better made & better corrected with one of the close byts before specified . Some paraduenture wil aske me , what can the ancient Italian riders err in their inuentiōs , O , no , men more grosely , witnesse Prospero & his schoolemaisters . Besides I knew a Gentleman of great practise who being wholy brought vp in Italy , to the art of ryding , was mearely opposite to ●l Chaines , Cauezans , Snafles , Trēches , & false reines , & only wold make his horse frō the first hower of his backing , with the byt ; hauing byts of so many seuerall fashions , as there be falts or disorders in a horse , to his bytts I haue seene such rings mounted one aboue another ▪ that a Germain clocke hath not consisted of more confused peeces . this Gentlemā did I neuer see bring forth an absolute perfect horse . But for run awaies & madde Iades , I haue known him haue seauen or eight in his charge at an instant . But now leauing the praise & dispraise of these bytts , to your experience in practise : I will proceed to the cheekes of bytts & their proportions . First , albe there be many fashions in vse , & sundrie figures set forth by La Broue & some others , yet I will only recōmend vnto you but three , the first is a straight cheeke , which indeed is the first cheek , I would haue a Colt weare , for it putteth vp the horses head , giues him sence of the Kurbe , & breedes a constancy in the carryage of his fore parts , the second is the broken ch●ek , which is to be vsed wlth the flying Trench , and when you lay aside your Chaine or Cauezā , this cheeke as it holdeth vp the necke , so it bringeth in the moosell and boweth the crest to the best fashiō of the reine : the third is the perfect or trauelling cheeke , which is to be vsed when a horse is at his ful perfectiō , & made complet , so as he is either for trauel , pleasure or seruice ; this cheeke carying a larger cōpasse then either of the other , bringeth in the head more then any other , & giueth a more comely grace , both to the horses reyne , and the eye of the beholder , for t is to be noted that the more cōpasse a byt carryeth , the more it compasseth & bringeth in the horses head ; & the straighter the cheek is , the more it putteth vp , & aduaunceth both the head necke and muzzel . Now frō these three cheeks are deriued diuers other cheeks , as the straight cheek broke in two parts , & sometimes three parts , or the cōpasse cheek broken in 1. 2. or 3. parts , & al the breakings made inward , contrary to the breach of the first broken cheeke , and each breach made more inward thē other , & al these cheeks are to bee vsed according to the length or shortnesse of the Horses necke , the straitnesse or widenesse of his Chaule , according to his pride or euill disposition , to reyne well , which your arte & knowledge must better iudge by your practise , then I by writing can giue any discription . Now the cheeke considered , which imitating Gryson , I take to be but from the neathermoste part of the eye of the byt downeward , to the vtmost length of the byt , you are then to respect the eye of the byt , which should be a halfe circular compasse of iust proportion or bignesse , with the mouth of the byt , so as it may come and goe without rubbing or sticking : then from the eye of the bytt vpward , to that part whereunto the headstall of the brydle is fixed , which the Italians call Stanghetta , you are to obserue such a length , that through the shortnesse , the Kurbe doe not fall belowe the round ball of the neather lippe , nor through the length thereof , fasten or binde about part of the bare chap , but lie in his due place , which is to rest vpon the thicke of the neather lippe , where the two neather chappes meete , and make one entyre bone . Now that your eye may giue your eare better instructions , you shall behold the fashion of the three principall cheekes in these figures following . 1. The straite cheeke . 2. The Broken cheeke . 3. The trauelling cheeke . Now forasmuch as I did formerly show vnto you amongst the mouthes of byttes , two mouthes which I did not onely commend for great horses for seruice , but also for abling & traueling Geldings , and aboue others for coach or Charryot horses , I thinke it not amisse , sith the purpose of this my whole discourse is to giue generall satisfaction to all people which desire knowledge in this arte , to showe you heere also the true proportion and fashion of that cheeke which is moste fit for the Coach-horse , with this generall note , that the cheekes of the Coach-horse bytt are euer to be deuided one from another at the neather end , not with any chaine , least the horses in rubbing one vppon another , or in casting their heades vpward or downeward , doe fasten their bytts together , & so cause trouble or disorder : the fashion of the cheeke is contained in the next page following . The Cheeke for the Coach bytt . Hauing thus showed you both the mouthes and cheekes for byttes , it resteth now that I shew you the true Kurbe and the nature thereof . Of Kurbes , diuers horsemen haue inuented diuers fashions , as some of Square linckes , some of square peeces fyled sharpe with poyntes l●ke Diamonds , some made all of one peece of yron and ioyned to the porte within the mouth of the horse , and sometimes those whole peeces of yron hauing sharpe prickes of yron , which as the bytt is drawne vp runne into the chappe of the horse : all which being cruelties and tortures , both barbarous & vnnaturall , I both condemne and loath exceedinglye as being onely brought fourth by error and absurditie . The true Kurbe therefore which is in vse and practise with al good horsemen , is that which is made of round linckes of yron , foulded according to the fashion of the Romain S. & the bigger such linkes be , the better euer they be , and doe lesse hurt and gaule a horse then the small Chaine , which through his smallnesse , when it comes to bevsde with a rough hand , doth euen cut as it bindeth , or being vsde with a moderate han , din his oft motions , or euen with the playing of the horses lip which is the only tokē of a good mouth , it many times frydgeth off the haire , I & sometimes the skinne from the horses neather chap , by reason wherof there many times growes vnder a horses chinne , hard kirnels , or tough skinnes , which takes away both the sence and vse of the Kurbe . The fashion of the perfect Kurbe and hooke you may behold in this figure following : The Kurbe and Hooke . Now whereas some horsemen giue aduise , that wh● the Kurbe hurteth or galleth , either to ride without a Kurbe , or else to make a Kurke of thicke double Inckle , or great Fillet Lace well platted together . For mine own part I dislike thē both : for first to ride without a Kurbe , is cleane to take away the true vse of the ●ytt , & to make the horse take such an euil habit or false custome by such needles forbearance , as wil aske much labour after to redresse , and loose much time , which might be spēt for the horses better knowledge . Thē for this kurbe of Inckle , it is both in nature & feeling so cōtrarie to the perfit Kurbe , that where it should prepare a horse for the wearing of the Kurbe , it rather makes him v●terly to forsake it , and neuer after constantly to endure it , how euer labored by the best meanes whatsoeuer : therefore if there bee any such gallings in the place of the Kurbe , I wish the horse-man rather to an●oynt it ; and by his owne temper of hand , and the vse of the Cauezan to heale it , then by forbearance of the Kurbe , or making strange Kurbs , hazard worse euils : And to obserue this generall rule , that a man must not ●e halling and pulling at the Kurbe , but bring his horse to such a temper , that resting his head vpon the bytt , he may feele the Kurbe and no more . Hauing thus shewed the helpes of the bridle , & byt , the next is the help and corrections of the calues of the legs , which I can neither so well deliuer , nor you so well vnderstand as you shall hereafter when I come to the horses lessons ; yet some little taste I will giue you : you shall vnderstand that when you either trot or gallop any large ring , manage , or set any turne whatsoeuer , looke of what hand you doe any of those rounde ayres : as for example , if you would turne on your right hande , if your horse sticke , and doe not bring his bodie round and close together , but cast out his hinder parts , if then you giue him a stroake with the calue of your legge vpon the left side next behind the formost garth , it is then in nature of a correction , and giues the horse warning of the Spurre , which doth second if amendment be not : if when your horse doth stoppe , and you by leysurely laying the calues of your legges to his sides make him aduaunce ( which is an ornament to his stoppe ) in that place it is taken for a help ; if when you set any loftie or swift turne , you doe coue●tly lay the calue of your legge to his contrarie side , at or vpon euerie aduauncemnet ; it is then also taken for a helpe ; but this must bee done to a readie horse , with such artificiall closenesse , that euen the finest eyde beholder must hardly perceyue the motion , otherwise it is grosse and vncomely : for in that I consent with La Broue , that these farre fetcht motions with the legges , these flancke spurrings , and vniuersitie riding , euer digging in a horses sides , are the most preposterous motions that can be seene in a horseman , and are with vs of too great vse here in England , and chiefly with some who take vpon them the skill of instructing others . Next this is the helpe of the stirrop , and the stirrop leather , which how euer it be neglected is yet doubtlesse exceeding good , and helpeth a yong horse much ere hee come to knowledge : for if by carelesnesse or neglect , hee eyther carrie his necke or heade awry , if you giue him a good clappe with your stirroppe behinde the foreshoulder on the contrarie side , it will correct the fault , and put him in remembrance of his lesson . Againe , if in any gallopping , manage , turne , ●ault , or carreire , your horse begin to grow idle , and doe ●ot pursue his lesson with spirite and agilitie , if with ●our feete you doe but ierte out your stirroppes and ●athers stiffely , and with a good strength , it shall as ●uch auaile to his quickning , as if you gaue him the e●en stroke with both your spurs ; and therein it is coun●ed a great helpe : againe those Iertings and thrustings ●orward with your legges , stirrops , & leathers , are and ●hould be the first motiues to make a horse go forward ●t his first backing . The next helpe and correction is of the spurs , which ●urs , although some riders haue fixed a limitation , or ●refixed time when they shall bee worne , or vsed , yet ●am of this opiniō , that if he be a horsman which wears ●em , can gouern both his body and legs , and knowes ●hen to correct , when to helpe , and when to cherish , ●at the spurs are to be worne euen from the first brea●ng of a colt ; for be wel assured that the sooner a horse 〈◊〉 made to knowe the vse and correction of the spurs , ●e freer hee shall be from restiuenesse , madnesse , and other franticke qualities : Now to knowe when you shall first correct a horse with the Spurres , it must seldome be in the violence or chiefe exercise of any of his first lessons , as in trotting the Ring fast or gallopping : but rather in the beginning when you teach him to go or trot forwarde ; for if from the Stable you trot him through some towne , where he finde scarres or frights , seeming to be fearefull , and loath to passe : if after you haue violently thrust him forward with your feete & stirrop-leathers ; yet notwithstanding he still stickes , it shal then be good for you to giue him the euen stroak of your spurrs , and thrust him into a swift trot for some twentie paces , and then cherish him . Thus you shall vse him at least a doozen times in a day , till hee come to both a knowledge , tendernesse , and feare of the Spurre . The Spurre of all other is the seuerest correction , and is generally vsed in euery lesson , wherein he sheweth extreame dulnesse , too much apish wantonnesse , too fierce couragiousnes , or too dogged restines as shal be more amplie declared both in his lessons , & the particular corrections of vices ; it is a helpe in euery Manage , salt and ayre aboue ground ; and makes them be done with more life and quicknesse , as likewise shall hereafter be declared . Lastly , for the helpe or correction of the ground , it consisteth in the vse and treading of the Rings ; for if the horse take not vp his feet nimbly and roundly , then it shall be a good helpe for him to bee exercised vppon deepe newe plowed lands : but if he be too fierce & raging , insomuch that he will not trot with any temperance or pacience , then you shall correct him by exercising him likewise vppon deepe newe plowed landes , whose softnesse and painfull labour will soone bring him to a calme and quiet riding , with diuerse other such like helpes and corrections , which shall bee more largely spoke of when we come to the horses lessons . CHAP. 5. How to correct a horse that beareth his head or necke awry , and of all vices belonging to the head . DIuers horses , partly through the badde complexions , and constellation , vnder which they are bred , & partly through the rude and vnskilful handling of most indiscreete Riders , are many times cumbred , with most foule and vnsufferable disorders , such as are oft times difficult euen to the best riders to redresse , nature begetting , and custome fortifying their euils against the strength of all industrie ; wherfore that I may as well as I can , d●rect such as are desirous of knowledge , through these darke obscurities , they shall vnderstand , that faults ingendred by these two euils , haue two seueral remedies ; for if they doe proceed from nature , thē must art correcting the euilnesse of that nature instruct to a better dispositiō ; but if they proceede from custome & licence to do euill , then the liberty taken away , the effect therof must needs perish ; wherfore to my purpose , if your horse carry his heade and necke awry , you shall first as he trotteth outright , strike him with your contrarie spur on the contrarie side , & withall carry the reine of the bytt on the contrary side somwhat shorter then the other ; and if at first it auaile not , you shall then carrie the calfe of your legge close to the contrarie side , and at euerie foure or fiue steps , let him feele the euen stroke of that Spurre . At the vse of which if you finde he any thing amendeth , foorthwith you shall take away your legge , and begin to cherish him , that knowing his euill he may eschue his euill ; for horses naturally are like schoole-children , vnwilling to do shrewdly , chiefly vnder their ryders . It is verie good also , on the contrarie side , to giue him a good stroke with your stirrop neare the shoulder , which will make him cast his head the other way to looke at the blow ▪ which assoone as he doth , ease your bridle hand , take away your foot and cherish him . The vse of which correction ioyned with your cherishing , will in time bring him to the knowledge of his error , and when it is once known , it is also reclaimed : to these former correctiōs , wold also be added the correction of the rod vpon the contrary shoulder , for to some horses both are little inough to awake their remēbrance : to these correctiōs you shal also adde now & then a sharp & suddē twitch or two with the cōtrary reine of the cauezan , which wil bring him to as suddain an apprehensiō of that fault , as any other correctiō before shewed , euer obseruing vpō the lest imagined amends , not to forget to cherish him . It is good now & then also to giue him a twitch or two with the contrary reine of the flying trench , which will awaken him , & if it be but only in a gaze , yet it wil make him looke straight , which you must carefully watch , & in the very instant of his straight looking , not forget to cherish him . But if nature & vse haue so incorporated this vice in him , that all the corrections auaile not , then shall you carry him to his rings : & if it be so that he carrie his head & neck to the right side , then shall you trot him about in a swift trot on the left side , some 20. or 30. times without intermission , according to the strength & ability of the horse ; & as he trotteth , labor his cōtrarie side with the calfe of your leg , the reine of the cauezan , and of the flying trench , and if he bee come to that lessō , it shal be most good to labor him some quarter of an houre togither in the Incauallare & there is no question but by these means ( and these corrections , ioyned with a watchfull eie and minde , to cherish him at euery well doing ) he will in very short space he brought both to the perfection of head and necke , and to carry all his body in an euen proportion : in all which corrections I would haue you mingle the vse of the spurre but now and then ; yet when you strike , to strike freely , & soūdly , for the tickling or fridging of a horse with the spurre is a grosse fault , and doth breed manifold disorders . But if it be so that he wrieth onely his moozell , that is his nose and mouth awry , and vncomely , except he haue taken it vp of a long custome , the verie bearing of the contrarie reyne of the bytt shorter then the other will amende it ; but if it faile , I would then haue you gyrde his chappes close together with a Musroll , that hee may not mouth or writh them , and then in stead of a rod ride with a good hand cudgel , & of that side which he wryeth his mouth , beate him with your cudgell , yet so moderately , that you neyther bruse nor hurt his chappes . And after such correction , still to carrie your cudgell in his eye of that side which hee most writheth : This meanes applyed but two or three dayes will without all faile helpe any horse from this fault ; I haue seene some horsemen vse another course , but I stand doubtfull of the goodnesse ; yet this it is ; they haue put three or foure little sharpe nayles on the inside of the Ports-mouth of the contrarie side , & likewise three or foure nayles in his Musroll , and as many in his headstall all of the contrarie side . These nayles you may keepe hidde from sight at your pleasure , eyther if your headstall be of double leather , or if you set them in a thinne plate of Iron , not so broade as the headstall , with these ride your horse about some fortnight , and it will reclaime him : yet I am very doubtfull of this remedie , because there is no end of the correction , nor shall the horse when he obeyeth your pleasure , find any ease of his punishment ; by which not knowing his fault from his well doing , hee shall the longer continue in his euill . But if your horse carrie out his nose , and reyne not well , how euer any man defend such carriage , yet euen the iudgement of our sightes , and a world of reasons purposeles to repeat , assures vs of the cōtrary . Wherfore when your horse hath taken vnto himself any such fault , or vse , you shall first draw in your bridle hande , against which if hee rebell , you shall then holde your hand at that certainty , and with striking him with your spurres one after another , giue him knowledge of correction : & if vpon the correction he offer to presse forward , you shal clap your right hand vpō the midle of his crest , & hold his neck down hard , & draw your left had vp a little straiter : this doing 3. or 4 times togither , you shall find he will bow his necke , and a little put in his nose ; vpon the instant perseuerance whereof you must not forget to cherrish him , but if out of his melancholly or flegmatique complexion , he withstand and rebel against this correction , you shall then compell him to go backe eight or ten paces , and then trot him forward againe , then backward againe , and forward at the least a dozen paces together . This is a moste readie remedie for this error , but if stubbornenes haue taken away the benefit of this , you must to these corrections adde the benefit of your bytt , which must be made of more compasse , as consisting of at least three broken descents all broken inward , vpon which kinde of bytt it is impossible for a horse to stay or settle his head but he must needes bring in his nose , and though at the first out of stubbornesse hee may seeme to carry his head of him ●elfe without the helpe of the bytt , yet after long exer●ce and wearinesse , he wil be forc'd perforce to bring in ●is nose , and rest vpon the bytt . But if contrarie to this ●ice , he haue taken a custome to duck downe his head , when he standeth stil , which is a moste vncomely sight yet verie incident to diuers horses . You shal then vpon your stop , holde both the reines of your bytt , & of your Cauezan firme as at the stop , & by pressing your feete stifly forward vppon your stirrops , holde him that hee retyre not backe , and if then hee offer to ducke downe his head , you shall then giue him a good chocke both with your brydell and Cauezan . After which if hee offer the like againe , you shall then giue him a stroake with your spurres , one after another , but if hee bee of a hot and chollericke nature mad and furious , you shall ●hen vpon euerie correction instantlie cherrish him , that he may vnderstad you correct him , not for going , but for some other disorder in his going , and this shall not onely detaine him from stryuing against his bridle , or running away , but also giue him so easie an apprehension of his fault , that hee will in verie short space amend it , but if hee haue taken such a generall custome of ducking downe his head , that euen in his ordinarye trotting , or galloping , or going , he wil stil vse the same ; you must then leaue exercising him in any lesson whatsoeuer , and onely pace or trott him fairely foorth right , neuer giuing him the least taste or feeling of any correction , til he ducke downe his head ; in the very motion wherof , giue him the euen stroke with both your spurres , & a good chocke in the mouth with your brydle hand , that he may vnderstand his fault proceedeth from his mouth : which done , pace him fairely forward againe , and as oft as he shall offend , vse this correction , and feare not but within three or foure daies hee will be sufficently reclaimed . Many other corrections I haue seene for this fault of much more cruelty , but they haue neuer tasted well in mine experiences , as for example : I haue seene some , that for this fault haue made the Kurbe of their bytt al of one peece of yron , and the one end thereof fastned within the mouth of the bytt , then haue they had that parte which lay without vppon the lip , all full of sharpe prickes , which when the horse hath offered to thrust downe his head , by drawing or holding the reynes in one constant fashion , the prickes haue run into his chaps , by the sence of which torment , the horse hath been reclaimed , the reason I confesse is probable enough , yet where more lenitie will serue with as little labour & lesse cost , there I wish rather the forgetfulnes then the vse of these cruelties , & for mine own part I haue neuer sound the horse which the former corrections would not order & bring to a most setled constancie . CHAP. 6 How to correct a Horse that doth ouer-reach or strike one foote vppon another . OVerreaching is a fault incidēt to yong horses , weake horses and euil trotting horses ; it is also begotten by the vnskilfulnes of the rider , when at the first handling hee will thrust the Colt into 〈◊〉 swift a trot as he can possible without respecting the ●orses strength or naturall skill in trotting , by meanes ●hereof the Colt striuing to goe beyond his ordinarie ●anner , is inforced to ouer-reach and clap his feete one ●on another , which in small time growes to an euill ●stome , wheeras euery horseman before hee backe a Colt , should haue a diligent eye to his naturall pace , & ●it be comely & short , thē he may venture more bold●y , to enter him into a swift trot , which will but make ●im stretch out his legs , & bring lightnes to his body , ●ut if his trot be long and weake , then must he by any meanes keep him to a slow trot , & feeding him with ●is hād , which euen in the instant that it giueth libertie , it must restraine it againe , bring the horse to a pride in himselfe , & a shortnesse of pace . He must also refuse to ●et a weake or loose trotting horse come vppon deepe ●lowd lands , til he haue attained his pace , & brought it ●o a conuenient shortnes , but if it so happen ( the reason ●ot being to be disputed on ) that your horse doth ouer-●each , and it is now your office to redresse it , you shall first ( hauing shodd him with shooes extraordinarilye short at the heeles ) bestowe some three or foure dayes labour in bringing him by the tendernesse and gentill vse of your hand to a soft and slow trot ; in with slowe trot , you shal with the helpe of the calues of your leggs , the sound of your voice , shake of your rodde ouer his eares , and now and then with the euen stroke of both your spurres so quicken and stirre him vp , that partly out of courage partly out of feare , he may gather vp his feete so thicke , and set them downe also so thicke , that he may seeme to trot as hee standeth , and gayneth no ground , which vse will bring him to such a shortnes of treading , that within a little space he will cleane forget his ouerreaching , and loose long trotting , but if he bee of so dull and heauie a disposition , that this agilitie & quicknesse will not bee forc'd into him , then it shall not bee amisse if you digge your large ringes full of stayres and degrees , such as you shall see worne by tracke of horses in the foulest winter wayes , and for a weeke or there abouts onely exercise him in the same , and as hee growes conning in them , so to increase the swiftnesse of his pace . I haue not approued any correction better then this , for this fault . To ride your horse in a hard groūd that is verieful of thistles , or amōgst short gorsse or whinnes is exceeding good , both to remedie this euill , and to make a horse ●rot loftilie and cleanely , for it wil euen make a natural ambler to trot . As touching the strowing of your tinges with stones of all sorts , thereby to take from him his ouer-reaching , I am much against it , for there is no reason leades the vse , and sure I am , there be many euills which pursue it , as namely the brusing or tearing of his hoofes , the bea●ing him vppon the neather Ioyntes ; which will not onely bring foorth windgalles , but also lamenesse ; and the incertaintie of his foote-holde , which to the weakenes of his pace will bring not onely stumbling but also falling . And thus much I thinke sufficient for the amendment of of this fault . CHAP. 7. How to correct the euill motions in a horse , which are shewed by the cariage of his head or eares , or other outward signes . DIuers horses when they are corrected for any fault , and especially with the spurre , will shake their heads , which is a signe of much malitious doggednesse , and desire of reuenge ; which when you shall perceiue , immediately giue him the euen stroake of your spurres , and if he double his offence , doe you also double your correction , not giuing ouer till you haue got the conquest ; and to that correction mingle two or three good strokes with the bigge end of your rodde , vpon his head betweene his eares , but if you perceiue that he pricketh forward one of his eares , and clappeth the other close to his neck , be then moste assured he intendeth some mischiefe : as to plunge , to byte , to strike or to lye downe , which to preuent , omit not to interrupt him , by giuing him a sound stroake on the contrarie side to that eare which hee most mooueth , with your spurre , and if hee instantlye rayse not both his eares together , second that stroake with two or three moe , that your correction going beyond his frenzie , you may tourne his sullennes into fearefulnes : it shall not be amisse if to these former corrections you adde the terrour of your voice by threatning him with a lowde voice ; and presently vpon his amendment , both conuert your corrections to cherrishinges , and your threatnings to sweete language . Now you are to take this obseruation euer with you , which is , that you bee sure when hee vseth any of these motions , that they doe proceede from the sullennesse and euill habyt of his disposition , complexion , or ill instruction , and not from other second causes : as if at the time of the yeare a horse be stung with flyes , or a flye chance to get into the horses eares , if it bee so that the headstall of the brydle shall hurt him about the top of the head , or about the rootes of the eares , or if the Saddle shall wring or pinch his backe ; or if you shall ride so close with your heeles that your spurres tickle him vpon the sides , there is not any of these causes but will make a horse shake his head , lay downe his eares , and showe these frowning countenances of much sullennesse ; which if at any time you finde , doe but remoue the cause , and the effect will little or not at all trouble you , which if it doe , you may soone eyther by thrusting him roundly forward , or with the euen strok of your spurres , put such to yes out of his remembrance . If either in your trauelling , marching , or consorting amongst other horses , your horse shall be so rammege and vuruely , that he will not indure their companie , but fal a whynning , byting & striking , you shal immediately vppon any of those offers , giue him the euen stroke of your spurs● , doubling it so oft as his franticke disposition shall giue occasion , to which correctiō you shall adde the terror of your voice , and in great extreamitie the stroake of your rodde betweene his eares . La Broue is of opinion , that to take from a horse this fault , and to breede in him an acquaintance and familiaritie both with other horses & the vse of trauell , that it is verie good now & then to hunt your horse amongst other horses , & sometimes to follow the chase . Questionlesse it cannot doe amisse in his sence , and his reason is verie well to be allowde of , for hee doth not meane our English manner of hunting , but the French manner where the chase is neither so swift , so painefull , nor so long induring as ours heere in England are : for to tak a horse in the fulnesse of flesh and fatte keept ; in the height of pride and ease , and runne him but one sent after our English houndes , and amongst our hunting horses ; beleeue it he shall be the worse for it the whole yeare after , albe his keeper performe his full office and dutie , but the meaning of La Broue : is moderate exercise and trauel , either in hunting or otherwise amongst other horses , according to the abilitie of the horse , brings a horse from such vilde corruprions of minde & nature , and to such peaceable acquaintance with other horses , that neither in trauell in the land of peace , nor in seruice in the warres , he will show any barbarous or rude disposition . CHAP. 8. Corrections against restifenes , and the seuerall kindes thereof . REstifnes proceedeth from two causes , Nature or Custome , Nature as if the horse be of base and vilde spirit , or of too stout and couragious feircenesse ; Custome , as from the tolleration and sufferance of the vnskilfull ryder , who either wanting knowledge how to correct , or valure to dare to correct , fortefies by his ignorance or cowardise , those errors in the horse , which with much arte and difficultie are reclaymed . Now for naturall restifnesse , that which proceedeth from basenesse , is when a horses exercise exceedes his owne will , or that hee is a little wearyed , foorth of faint spirit he immediately giueth ouer , and will doe iust nothing . That which proceedeth from pride of courage , is when any labour exceedeth his owne appetie , he immediately falles to plunge , striking , byting or such like , thinking to ease himselfe by the disease of his ryder : as for those plungings , or leapings , which a horse doth vse at the first mounting , I holde them rather to come from ignorance then restifnesse , and are soone amended . Customary restiuenesse is when a horse findes , his ryder affraide of him , and that hee rather suffers him in his euil , then dares to punish him , from whence the horse takes such stoutnesse , that what hee will doe hee will doe , and more he will not doe , euen in dispight of his Ryder , Of these kindes of restifnesse , that which comes of custome is the worst , because it addes as it were to these another worse then any ; that is , when naturall restifnesse , and customarie restifnesse meete both in one subiect , and so ioyning both their forces stretch art to his highest knowledge . Wherefore to begin first with such horses as are restife out of the basenesse of their natures ; if such a one you chance vpon , and that he will not by any meanes goe forward , you shall then leade him to some straight wall , and there mounting his backe , offer to put him forward , which if he refuse to doe , you shall your selfe 〈◊〉 stil without offer of correction , and make some standers by with long poales beate him about the thighes ●d legges , rating him with their voyces without cea●g till he goe forward ; which assoone as he doth , let ●em leaue striking , and begin you to cherish him ; in ●is sort let them pursue him from one ende of the wall 〈◊〉 the other seuen or eight times togither at the least , ●ntill such time that with the verie motion or thrusting ●orward of your legges , hee will freely and of his owne ●ccord goe forward , And if at any time during this ex●rcise , he shall cast his buttockes or hinder legges from ●he wall , you shall forthwith cause the standers by with ●heir poales to beate him about the houghes till he car●ie his bodie euen . It may be at the first rather then he will goe forwarde , he will runne backward ; but respect 〈◊〉 not , & let the stāders by vse stil their correction , til he ●ake his way according to your owne fancie : which ●one , light from his backe , cherish him , and giue him ●omething to eate , and so lead him to the stable , where ●fter he hath rested two or three houres , take him out againe , applying him as before : and doe thus three or ●oure times a day for the space of foure daies at the least , and there is no doubt to be made of his reclaiming ; but for the vse of this in the plaine field , ●or vppon newe plowed ground , I holde it altogether preposterous and against Art , albe Grison agree with it ; for the plaine fielde giueth too great libertie for other as grosse disorders : and for the newe plowed ground , the horses fault proceeding from weaknesse , and faintnesse of nature , that were euen the way to make him growe desperate in his faintnesse ; yet thus farre I will excuse Grison , that in his dayes I thinke the vse and benefite of the straight wall , was eyther not knowne , or at least not practised . Nowe where as some horsemen in reclaiming such horses vse al violent courses , neuer ceasing beating and striking the horse till they force him to gallop and run euen to the vttermost of all his force : this I dislike as much as the other : for whereas in these cases of restifnesse a horse shold haue the vnderstanding of his fault giuen him in the plainest maner that might bee ; these violences take both from the horse the apprehension of his euill , and from the man pacience to deliuer the cause of his euill . Other horsemen I haue seene , and it was the ancient practise of old Clifford , to tie a long cord , platted fast in the haires to the sterne of the horses taile , and when the horse refused to go forward , to haue a stander by to pull at the cord with all his force , as if he would haile the horse backward , whereat the horse out of his doggednesse , rather then he would be haild backe , would presse forward , which as soone as hee offred to doe , the by-stander let goe the cord , and the ryd●r cherisht the horse . But if it happen so , that none of these corrections will auaile , then I would haue you vpon his standing still , to make a stander by take a drie wispe , & writhe it hard about a Po●le , then set it on a flame of fire , and bringing it before the face of the horse , thrust it against his buttockes , and against his cods , and there is no question to be made , but hee will goeforward , and onely to be feared that hee will doe it but with too great violence : for fire of all things is that element which a horse will not indure , you may if you please , and if his stubbornnesse drawe you therevnto , cause some stander by to prick him in the buttock with a hot burning yron or goad : but the former corrections I thinke will be sufficient . Now for the horse whose restynes proceedeth from pride , and stoutnesse of courage , ( which oft is found in sanguine and chollericke complexions ) you muste vnderstande , that his faults are plungings , boundings , and such fierce disorders wherefore if at any time you finde him so addicted , you shall immediately put vpon him the Musroll , and the Martingall , binding the Musroll to such a straitnesse , that when hee shall at any ●ime exceed the limits of his trench , & the due proportion of his best reine , hee may foorth-with feele the pinching of his Musroll . And if you shal ( till this error be reclaymed ) take from him the vse of the bytt and onely vse the Musroll , Martingale , and Trench , you shal doe much better ; for this is a generall rule , and infallible , and I dare verie well auerre it vpon many sufficient and experienced trialls , that any horse of what nature or qualitie soeuer hee bee , I will keepe him from all disorderly plunging or leaping with the Musroll , and the Martingall onely , for the reason is this ; if a Horseman bee vppon such a restiffe horses backe , and first see that the Martingall holde the horse to the orderly proportion of his reyne , and then the ryder hold vp his head , so as by no meanes hee may thrust it betweene his legges , or win it to such a loosnesse from the riders hand , that he may yarke vp his hinder partes at his pleasure : then of necessitie it must folow , that the horses head being held at such a constancie , betweene the ryders hand which holdes vpward , and the Martingale which holdes downward , that there is left vnto the horse no possible meanes or abilitie to disorder by plunging . Wherfore to conclude , if his restifnes consist onely in disorderly plunging , there is not in all the Art of Horsmanship , a more infallible remedie then the Musroll , and the Martingall ; Other remedies I know both Grison , La Broue , and diuers other Horsemen haue prescribed , which carrie in them sufficient reason , but much care , more toyle , and most losse of time ; as for exāple , to ride a horse in the open field , & if whilest he is in the exercise of his lessons , you shall perceyue that he prepareth himself for such disorders , that then vpon such imaginations you shall begin to rate him , beate him about the head , and vpon the fore-legs , when it may fall out your thought may erre , and then your corrections preceding his faults , may out of desperatenesse beget a fault the horse neuer thought of , so that in this your too great haste to preuent a fault , you may ingender a fault . And I hold it more in excusable , when with lesse trouble it may bee preueuted ; then with the expence and losse of time , hardly reclaymed . Others vse to ride with a sharpe naile in their hand , with which they pricke the horse continually behinde vpon the rumpe , neuer remouing the punishment , till the horse leaue his stubbornnesse . This sounds in mine experience verie grosly , for such compunctions and tortures wil euen force the best and most gentlest disposed horse , to leap , plunge , and disorder , & then if a man will suffer a horse of free and stout courage , nay more , compell such a horse to plunge whilest he is able , you shall not onely reclaime him from that vice , but also from all vertues , for it is the hie way to kil such a horse ; and of this I haue good experience , for I had once vnder my hande a Mare , bredde from an excellent race of Coursers , which out of her hie pride and stomacke , was naturally giuen to this vice of plunging , which when I perceyued , and noted the manner of her leaps , which were euer exceeding hie , and so round , that she would haue fetched twentie or thirtie together , all in the compasse of her length , by meanes whereof shee would plunge her Riders so blinde , that not any man was able to sit her : my selfe ( beeing then young , and somewhat idly witted ) intending to trie experiments , I reclaymed that Mare , onely to mine owne vse , and for mine owne Saddle , to which shee was as gentle , and as orderly in all vses , as any beast whatsoeuer , but to all other men so diuelish , and full of stubbornnesse , that I neuer sawe any man whatsoeuer hee was , that was able to keepe her backe , insomuch that of diuers Horse-men I wanne diuers wagers ; amongst whome , a Coatchman that was a stronge rough Ryder , and had receyued of her two or three falles , whether mooued with passion , or desire of conquest , I knowe not , but when my selfe was at dinner , and the whole housholde also , hee tooke the Mare priuately , with a great Horse Saddle on her backe into a straitewald place , which was not aboue seuen or eight yards square , and their taking her backe ( as he confest ) hee thought she gaue him aboue twentie falles ; but he not desisting , did continue till she was able to cōntinue no longer , and in the end maistered her , and made her to trot about gently : but the next morning I found the Mare deade in her Stall , which amazing me , I opened her with mine owne hands , both to find the cause of her death , being so suddaine , and also for other experiments , and I found that her rimme was hroken , her cal cleane consumed , and her heart swelled as bigge as fiue hearts , and the blood about it as blacke as I eat , which signes assured me the cause of her death , but by no means it would be confest , till almost a quarter of a yeare after , when both griefe and furie being spent , the Coach-man of himselfe declared the maner of his trial ; from whence I conclude that whosoeuer to a horse of right breed , courage , and complexion , wil giue or inforce libertie of plunging , he shall ( as mine old maister worthy maister Storie was wont to say ) neither euer be good horsman , nor euer make good horse : but if the horses frenzie and rebellious nature , be either so great , that the former rules preuaile not , or the Riders vnderstanding so little , that out of true Arte and iudgement in ryding , he knowes not well how to reclayme him from these plungings , I woulde then haue him to watch his horse , and for three or foure nights and dayes by no meanes suffer him to sleepe , or close his eyes , which hee may doe either by keeping candells light in the Stable , or else by some extraordinarie noyse or other diligence . After he is thus ouer watcht , 〈◊〉 ●e is readie to sleepe as he standes , you shall take him foorth and ride him vppon some newe plowed peece of ground : and if you chuse your houres for this purpose , to bee at such time as the nightes are darkest , It is a great deale the better : and by this meanes onely I haue seene most desperate horses reclaymed , prouided alwayes that you obserue in the time of your ryding , to ride him with the trench , Musroll , and Martingall . There be diuers horses which haue such euill habits of minde , and bee so vnrepressable in the violence of their furies , that when they cannot preuaile by their plungings , eyther to cast their Ryders , or to gayne to themselues that ease which they couet , they will after they haue plunged themselues wearie , fall downe , and in dispight of all strokes , or ordinarie corrections , not stirre from the ground till they haue gotten breath , and then rise vp and plunge as before . In this case , I woulde haue you as soone as hee falleth downe , ( as neare as you can possible ) to keepe your selfe in the Saddle , and to lie with your horse for companie : then you shall cause presently some stander by , to take a Bottle of drie strawe , and lay it round about the horse , especially about and vnder his nose and face : then instantly to set it on fire round about him ; at the sight wherof , there is no question but he will rise vp , and partly out of feare , partly out of furie , take his way forward , which when hee doth forget , not instantly to cherish him , nay if he but rise vp onely , although hee doe not presse forward , yet forget not to cherish him . By this course onely I haue reclaimed diuers , and seene diuers reclaymed by others : forget not then so oft as he thus offendeth , but thus to torment him and I dare almost assure you , this practise will not neede aboue twice or thrice for one horse at the most . There are another sort of horses , which hauing plunged , and leapt disorderly , whilest they haue either breath , or strength , and not beeing able to leape any more , wil foorth with stande stone still and not stirre any foote , how euer vrged by the violence of any correction . Remedies for this fault I haue prescribed in the beginning of this Chapter , where I speake of the basenesse of the horses nature , for it proceeds but seldome of mettall or good courage ; yet forasmuch as euery one in such cases as these , must inuent for himselfe new remedies , where he findes olde precepts faile him , for thence springs the proofe of his Arte : and for that there be diuers practises at this day , both amongst vs and strangers , for the amending of these faultes , some carrying in them apparance of reason ; some no similitude of sense ; yet because I will not be the onely peremptory Iudge , that am the meanest of many schollers , I will shew you both theirs and mine owne , and referre the vse to the liking of best wisdomes . It hath beene the practise of some Horse-men , when they could not make their horse goe forwarde , to tie a shrewd Cat to a Poale , with her heade and feete at libertie , and so thrusting it vnder the horses bellye , or betwene his legges , to make her scratch , byte , and clawe him by the Coddes , and other tender partes of the bodye : the strange torment and violence whereof , will make any horse starte , and runne away . Others haue taken a Hedgehogge , and tying it straite by the foot vnder the horses taile , the Hidiousnesse of the crie of that little beast , will make a Horse not onely goe forward , but also run away violentlie . The like wil the crie of a young whelpe doe , and to say truth any suddaine or strange noyse , or any instant affright or amazement , wil make a horse runne away . Others haue vsed a long peece of yron of a foot lōg , al ful of pricks like a Heckel , which being fastned to the crooper , and hanging down by the horses buttocks , it must haue a long cord made fast to the other end , which cord passing betweene the horses legges , must come vp to the hand of the rider , so that he may at his pleasure torment or ease the horse as he list , and by this instrument , some say horses haue beene reclaymed . Others haue vsed to put a corde with a running knot about the horses stones , and to take the other end of the cord into their hand , and so at their pleasures to pull it straighter , which torment being moste insufferable hath made a horse to goe forward violently . This practise I finde allowed both for this and other purposes by La Broue , & some other horsemē , but as before I said , so I say again , that ( vnder the reformation of their better knowledges ( I neither like nor would haue anye man either practise this or any of the other experimēts ; my reason being , that they are al of that crueltie , eyther in outwardly tormenting the bodye with extraordinarie paine , or inwardly appalling the minde with affright and amazement , that they do not so much good in redressing that one fault ; as hurt in breeding manye faultes of much more worse nature . For a horse that is of good courage and mettall , when hee eyther feeles any of these suddain torments , or apprehēds affrights , doth not instantlie goe forward , for it is against his nature , but first begins to leape , plunge , kicke with one legge , or offer to byte or such like motions , which whē he findes not to auaile he falles euen out of desperation to runne violently away , for when a Horse is payned and neither knowes from whence it proceeds nor for what offence hee is punished , hee hath for himselfe no remedie but plunging , byting and running away , as for example : I haue seene wise men ( as they haue beene ryding abroad ) to make themselues sport with Fooles , haue made one put a nettle vnder the Fooles horses tayle , but the horse hath not vpon the act runne away , but first falne to plunging and leaping , and in the end if the torment haue continued , hee hath runne away ; euen of the selfe same nature , that the nettle is , the same is the scratching of cats , the crying of hedgehogs , the howling of whelpes , the pricking of yrons , and the pinching of the stones , so that to conclude , it is as good the horse should stand still , as by teaching him to goe , to learne him to plunge , byte , strike and runne away . If then you demaund of me in this case , what is to be done , I answere , if you haue a horse infected with this kinde of restifnesse of standing still , ( which continually proceedes from folly ) you shal first when you take his backe , after you are well setled and haue paused awhile , first by thrusting foorth your feete hard and stiffe vpon your stirrops , you shall offer to put forward your horse ; which motion if he wil not vnderstand , after you haue done it twice or thrice euerie time stronger then other , you shall make a stander by , inst●ntly take him by the head , and leade him forward ad 〈◊〉 paces and more , your selfe and the stander by also cherrishing him as hee goes , and with putting your feete forward stiffe vppon your stirrops , quicken him vp , and make him goe chearefully , which when hee doth , the stander by may lay off his hand , and you may make him goe three or foure steps of his own accord , which when hee hath done , immediatelye stop him , cherrish him , and giue him grasse or something else to eate . In this sorte I would haue you to labour your horse three or foure times in a day , for a weeke together , in al which time , I would haue you to vse no correction whatsoeuer , either of spurre , rodde , voice or any thing else , that your horse may by your patience and temperance , come to a perfit knoweledge of your minde or intention ; which hee no sooner knowes but out of the tractabilitie of his owne nature , hee is as willing to performe as you to proffer . After you haue assured your horses knowledge so much that he knowes when he shall goe forward , then if eyther out of his churlishnesse or restife nature hee rebell and withstand your minde , then you shal correct him with the euen stroke of both your spurres , with your rodde ouer his left shoulder , and with the threatning of your voice , all which , if they doe not preuail : you shal then as before make vse of the stander by who shall not onely leade him , but also beate him till hee performe your minde with chearefulnesse , which as soone as hee doth , foorthwith cherrish him , and giue him somewhat to eate . By this lenitie and gentill meanes , first making your● horse to knowe your minde , and after to vnderstand the cause of his punishment for disobeying your minde , you shall make no doubt but hee will performe all you can desire , with both feare and dilligence , for it is a maxime in horsemāship , that as knowledge is the misteris of arte and obedience , so Ignorance is the roote of all euill and disorder . Now albe some horsemen , & especially La Broue is of opinion , that this gentilnesse in restrayning restife horses , is onely to bee vsed but to Colts , and such young horses , whose faults onely proceede from follie , and naturall weakenesse , for mine owne part , I haue found both by experience , and doe approue it in naturall reason ; that these gentill courses which doe giue a horse the surest knowledge , and playnest instruction are the onely assured meanes to bring our desires to a perfect end . Other trickes or violences being but like superficiall workes , which may carrie a showe or apparance , but neuer continue or worke in a naturall fashion : & thus much for restifnes and their seuerall kindes . CHAP. 9. How to correct a horse that runneth away , and the cause of such euill . THis vice of running away , how euer othermen are contrarily opinionated , yet for mine owne part , I hold it for most vndoubted truth , that it euer proceeds from ignorance , and want of discretion in the Horseman , and neuer from any naturall defect or inclynation in the horse , for it is questionlesse that a horse taketh no delight in running away , but rather feeleth offence and dislike ; the causes which make a horse to runne away be these : First , if a horse be of a short fore-hand , that is haue a short , thicke necke , and a strait chaule , if then his rider ( wanting arte ) goe about by compulsion eyther of ciuell and sharpe byts , or by tormenting chaines and cauezās , to make him haue a better reyne then nature or proportion will allowe . In this case a horse beeing tormented aboue his power , and neither knowing ●he cause , nor hauing abilitie to ease his paine , he presently beginnes to runne away , foolishly thinking to ouer goe that which he carries away with him . Secondly if the Ryder haue an vntemperate hand , which euer pulleth and hangeth vpon the horses mouth , neuer giuing him ease or sweetnesse , the horses mouth will grow so dead and sencelesse , that when hee shall bee put to any thing contrarie to his owne minde , hee will presently run away , hauing lost the tendernesse of his mouth , which euer kept him in obediēce Lastlye if the ryder for euery sleight offence in the horse , or to show in him more spirit and courage then he retayneth ; when he would haue the horse doe that which neither himselfe nor the horse knowes how to doe , if he fall to spurre and strike his horse in any of these cases , the horse findes no ease but by running away : If then it be your chance to light vpon the reuersion of any such horse , who by these former ignorances , hath got this fault of running away , you shall first put in his mouth a swoothe wo●ne trench , and vppon his head a strong Musroll and a good Martingale , then taking his backe , you shall ride him i●to some sandye or grauelly way , where you shall at the end of euerie ten or twenty yards , make him stop & go backe , thus shal you do for a myle or two ryding , during which time if he take any suddain toy , & so run away , you shal in his rūning let the reynes of your bridle slack , thē suddainly draw thē vp againe , then ease them againe , & draw them vp againe , and questionles by so doing 3. or 4. times together , you shall make him stay ; the reason being , that his liberty giues him such a perfect feeling of the correction , in one instant feeling two cōtraries , ( that is Ease and Paine ) that euen with amazement he will yeelde and stay . Where on the contrarie parte , if you shall continuallie as hee runnes pull and hang vppon his head , not letting him feele anye ease or libertie at all , the verie want of that contrarie knowledge , shall make him runne away the faster . This course of reclaiming a horse by gentlenesse , and oft stopping and going backe , I haue found much to auaile , and it is verie well allowed of by manye horsemen , especially by La Broue . But if the mallice of your horses nature be so great , that notwithstanding the former obseruations , the horse still continueth running away , you shall then as soone as hee refuseth to yeelde to your hand , thrust him foorth of the hie way vppon some deepe newe plowdeland , and there euen force him to runne till he beginne of himselfe to yeelde , which when you feele , you shall then stay him , and returne againe to the hye way . Where as you did before , you shall againe trot him twentie yardes , and stoppe him , then galloppe twentye yardes and stoppe him , and so as before continue the space of a mile , obseruing at euerie stoppe to make him goe backe two or three paces , in which space if againe hee offer to runne away , you shall againe thrust him ouer the deepe landes as before ; and doe but obserue this order thrice a day at the least for a weeke together , and there is no question but you shall reclaime him . Some will obiect that this course which I haue prescribed , is of too great violence , and may indanger both the Horses strength and winde , but they are deceiued ; for I doe not giue directions that you shall force your horse to runne ouer deepe lands so long as hee is able to runne ( for that were not to hurt but to kill ) but till such time as either hee shall yeeld to your hand , or else through his owne wearinesse fall to a flower pace in his running , which if you obserue , be well assured the horse will neuer doe himselfe hurt out of his owne nature . Againe , this manner of reclayming a runne away horse , doth neither hurt the horses mouth , or bringes him to other inconueniences , which will aske as much or more labour to amend , then the fault it selfe . There bee some Horsemen , which when they haue a runne away Horse , will ride him into a straite lane , & there thrust him into a swift Cariere , then comming to the place of the stop , if the horse doe refuse , and offer to runne further , then he will haue some standers by with long poales to strike the horse vpon the nose and face , and so compell him to stay . Others will haue wispes of fire vppon their Poales , and thurst them into the Horses face , but both these waies I vtterlie dislike , for they breede in the Horse such a cowardlinesse and fearefulnesse , that a horse so reclaymed , will loose his natiue valure ( which aboue all things should bee preserued ) and neuer after be brought eyther to indure the man or any warlike incounter . Againe , I did once see a Gentleman goe a-about to reclaime a runne away by this meanes ; but the standers by instead of striking the horse , stricke the Rider , and knockt him beside his horses backe ; since when I was neuer much inamored of such a practise . There be others that will tie a string about the horses stones , and then bringing it betweene the horses legs , fasten it about the pōmell of the Saddle , and then when the horse runneth away , to draw vp the string so straite , that by the crāping of his stones to force him to stop . This is allowed by some horsemen , yet I cannot but dislike it , for it is nothing but torment that maketh a horse runne away , and therefore mee thinkes the increasing of torment should also increase the fault , and that by consequence if this practise will make a horse stoppe , why then spurring him will doe the same , for they be punishments both of a nature , but our experience assures vs no such effectes issues from such practise . There be others that will haue a strong cord which hauing one end fastned exceeding stronglye to the pōmell of the saddle , will then put a verie strong pasterne vpon one of the horses hinder feete , then passing the other end of the corde thorowe the pasterne , bring it againe to the saddle pommell ; then when the horse runneth away to pull the corde vp with all your strength , by which meanes you shall take from the horse the vse of one of his hinder legges , and compell him either to stoppe or fall downe , by vse where of the horse will be brought to forsake his fault , and wil stop at your pleasure . Both this practise and the other next before it , I haue seen vsed by Prospero , & finde them at this day allowed of by La Broue : for mine own part , the former I would neuer vse neither this latter , but either my wit failed me for better inuention , or when for experience sake I trie the nature of euerie practise . But for generall satisfaction , be well assured that if the first precept in this chapter be followed with good labour & diligence , it wil reclaime any run away horse of how vilde condition soeuer he be ; yet some perhaps may vrge vnto me this doubt , that a horse which out of strength of head , and churlishnesse of nature , runnes away , will not bee turned of which hand a man pleases , but the more a man striues to turne him , the faster hee will runne the contrarie way , and truely I doe confesse it , many times falls out so , which as soone as you shall perceiue , you shall then vse those helpes & corrections , which are heereafter deliuered where I speake of Horses that are harder to turne of one hand then the other ; the least of which remedies will amend this fault . After you haue with the smoothe-worne Trench and Martingale reclaimed your horse , you shall then put into his mouth a smoothe Cannon bytt , and vpon his head the Cauezan of one peece , & with them ride him , and instruct him in such lessons , as eyther hee hath not learnd , or is in learning , and if you shall at anyetime finde him to rest his head too heauily vpon your hand ( which is a testimonie of his hardnesse of mouth ) you shall then raise the bytt a hole higher in his mouth , and so place it in such a place , where formerlie it hath not rested , by which meanes you shall instantlye finde in him such tendernesse of mouth , and lightnesse of head , that hee will performe your will with greate obedience : And for mine own part I haue diuers times reclaimed runne away horses , with no other meanes but by raysing the bytt higher in the horses mouth onely . Now to conclude , albe there are some ( which take vppon them the name of Horsemen ) which when they haue eyther hard mouthd horses , or runne-away Iades , seek only the amendment of such by the cruelty of their byts , as by hye ports with trenches , & rough roules or buttens , or vpset mouthes with Trenches of vnreasonnable length with burres vpon the tops of them like spurre rowels , and many other such like cruelties , yet I aduise all men to shunne them as the onely venomes and poysons of horsemanshippe , and the greatest groundes of horses running away : which the more boldly I affirme , because I haue had some hard mouthes , and some runne awayes , who hauing by others beene brought to their faults by such cruelties , I haue reclaimed and ridde after with smoothe Scatches ; for it is crueltie which takes away sence , and lenitie that giues a horse the best feeling . And thus much for horses that will runne away . CHAP. 10. How to correct a horse that will reare vpright , or come ouer with his Ryder . THis fault of rearing vpright , although it be naturally incident to manye horses , and that oft times to those of best spirit , yet if you shall first ride your horse with the Trench and Martingale , it is almost impossible that you shall finde that vice : and when the horse is of such perfitnesse , that he is fit to forsake the trench and Martingale , then is his experience such , that you can hardly compell a horse to such a fault : so that I conclude , amongst good Horsemen this fault is of least expectation ; but forasmuch as diuers men haue diuers methods in ryding , and that ignorance & libertie may bring a horse to this fault , which all be others beget , yet you may be intreated to amend ; You shall therefore when you haue such a horse , obserue this practise following . If when you either stoppe your horse , and with the helpe of the calues of your legges , compell him to aduance before : or when you would haue him to retyre or goe backe , or in the vse of any other correction hee aduance higher then you would haue him , or aduance when you would not haue him , You shall first , as you draw in your bridle hand , lay your other hand vppon the midst of the horses crest , and holding him downe hard , restraine him for aduauncing , but if eyther his aptnesse in aduauncing , or his sullennesse to adaduance be so great , that you cannot holde him downe with your hand , but that he will aduance whether you wi●l or no , you shall then as hee aduanceth , with your rodde giue him a good ierte ouerthwart his knees , and threaten him with your voice by saying : wilt thou villaine , wilt thou , or such like , and as oft as he aduaunceth , so often strike him , not ceasing till hee keepe his feete fast to the ground , neither strike him in any place but ouerthwart his knees onely . But if the violence of his naughtinesse be so great , that hee not onelie aduaunceth contrarie to your minde , but also in his aduauncing reareth vpright so hie , that either hee commeth ouer backward , or else is in great daunger of the same , you shall then vpon the proffer of such wickednes , and euen in his rising giue him the libertie of his head , and with the euen stroke of both your spurs together ; make him leape forward . This being done in due time , & so oft as occasion is ministred , I haue many times seen to reclaime a horse from this fault : but if he bee so infinitely desperate that it will not preuaile , you shall then cause him to be ledde foorth into some plaine peece of ground , & hauing a long string fastned to the reyne of his brydel , you shal as he trotteth before you , force him to stop and rise vp before , which if he dooth any thing extraordinarily hie , you shal then with the strength of your own hands pull him quite backewards , and assure your selfe , after you haue but giuen him two or three such falles , you shall neuer afterwards compell him to rise so hie , that he will bring himselfe into like daunger . For a horse naturallie , is as much affraide of falling , and as loath to hurt himselfe , as any man is , wherefore when by this meanes he commeth to the knowledge of his euill , he will without any more warning eschue it , and this course in all my practise I haue found most infallible ; yet forasmuch as the vse of the Musroll and Martingall , is an ordinarie way , to represse and keepe a horse from this fault , I would wish euery horsman first therefore to make vse of them , and where they faile , then to make triall of those experiments which are before rehearsed . And thus much for horses that will reare and come ouer with their riders . CHAP. 11. How to correct a horse that will lie downe in the water as he passeth thorow . OF this fault I haue had great experience and find it to be most incident to horses of chollericke complexions , or to such as are foaled in the dogge dayes ( which is from the midst of Iuly , till after the midst of August ) or to such horses as wee call Cades , which are those that neuer sucke their dams , but vpon their first foaling are put vp into a house , and brought vp vpon the finger . These horses haue many times this fault of lying downe in the water , with which if at any time you shall encounter , you shall thus seeke to reclaime him . First you shall faire and softly pace him through some water , not aboue knee deepe , being hard and firme in the bottome : and if you shall finde him offer to stande and draw in his hinder feete , as if he would lie downe , you shall immediately giue him the euen stroke of both your spurres three or foure times together , and make him gallop thorow the water with all violence ; which done , after you haue paused a while , you shall pace him backe againe : and if he offer to lie downe againe , you shall ( as before ) make him gallop thorowe againe ; but if after you haue done thus twise or thrise together , hee notwithstanding still proffereth to lye downe , you shall then cause two or three footemen to follow you into the water , who assoone as he profereth to lie downe , shall suffer him ; but immediatlye when hee is downe , they shall with all their strength holde him downe , and ducke his head vnder the water , holding it there a good space , then letting him take breath , ducke his head againe vnder the water , and this they shall doe twice or thrice before they let him rise , all the while rating him with their voyces , and striking him with their handes , but not by any meanes with any roddes or cudgels , albe Grison commend them both ; for I haue seene that course bring a horse into great desperation . After you haue vsed him thus twise or thrise with the helpe of footmen ; there is no doubt to be made , but he will vtterly refuse to lie downe especially when he eyther seeth , or heareth the footemen followe him : you shall therefore then cause the footemen to forbeare , and onely your selfe ride him into the water ; yet before you ride into the water , you shall make fast with a strong thong of leather to each side of your Saddle-tree iust vnder both your knees , two large and strong rings of Iron , so that nothing but the rings may appeare without the pannell : to these rings you must fasten two cordes that are plyant , and will runne and goe easily . These cords you shall passe from the rings thorow the eye of the bytt , trench , or snaffle , then thorow the rings againe , and thorow the eye of the bytt , trench , or snaffle , and then winde the remainder of the cords about the pōmell of the saddle , but in any case let that which passeth from the rings to the eye of the byt , be so slacke that it may giue the horses head all the libertie possible , then when you come into the water , if the horse offer to lie downe , you shall suffer him , and with all nimblenesse you can , auoiding his backe , looke vpon what side he lyeth most and setting your foote against the saddle , plucke the corde on that side , & it will immediatly , not only pluck his head vnder the water ; but also keepe him that he cannot rise , then at your pleasure you may let the cord goe , and giue him breath . If thus you shall but vse him twise , I dare venture much of my reputation in horsemanship , he will neuer need it the third time . Now forasmuch as some authors giue aduise , to put a cord with a running knot about the horses stones , & to crampe him therwith in the water , I for mine owne part vtterly dislike it : for I haue seene a horse so vsed , who through his violence and strugling in the water , hath so pincht himself , that his stones haue not onely sweld , but also impostumated and rotted , so that there was no remedie but to geld him , to the great blemish of the horsman , and danger of the horses life ; wherefore I would aduise all yong riders , to approue no more , but the former practise , til such time as their owne experience & Art can createthem better knowledge . If when you haue in maner aforesaid reclaimed your horse frō this vice , he shall after , eyther through the violence of nature , or the forgetfulnesse of the correction , begin to fall to it againe ; if vpon the first proffer thereof you doe but put him in remembrance , and quicken him vp with your spurres , and rate him with your voyce , you shall soone perceiue he will amend and eschue it . Yet euer I woulde haue you to keepe this caution in your minde , that when you haue a horse of such qualitie , to be verie carefull of him when you passe thorow any water , and rather to let your correction go before your fault , then your fault before your correction . And thus much for a horses lying downe in the water . CHAP. 12. How to correct a horse that is skittish , and fearefull , and findeth many Boggards . THis fault of skittishnesse , or fearfulnesse proceedeth from foure seueral grounds , that is to say , either from nature , youth , custome , or imperfitnesse of sight . If it proceede from nature , then it is founde in horses of flegmaticke and melancholie complexions , who out of their owne natiue cowardlinesse will start and be affraid of euery strange apprehēsion of the eie , and at euery suddaine noyse or clamor which their care shall receiue . To helpe this defect in nature , you must vse all the lenitie and gentle meanes that may be to fortifie and strengthen his valure ; so that when hee shall finde any affright , as either at windmils , blockes , stones , noyse of drums , trumpets , or such like , you shall not at his first starting eyther with spurre , rodde or threatning voice , compel him to approach to the thing which he feareth , but with gentle wordes and incouragements , first make him stand still , and a prettie space constantly to beholde the thing he feareth ; which done , you shall with the motion of your legges and bodie , by little and little bring him nearer a●d nearer to the thing he feareth , which if he doe with great vnwillingnesse ( if he be a horse that knoweth what correction is ) you shall then quicken him vp and make him aproach to the thing he feareth , by giuing him now & then the euen stroake of both your spurres . Assoone as you haue brought him to the thing he feares , you shall then make him stand by it , and smell vnto it , your selfe all the while cherrishing him , then you shall make him trott about it , and cherrishing him , make him againe smell vnto it . But if it be a man who either through the strangenesse of his apparell , or the carriage of some burthen the horse feares ; then you shal intreat the man to stand still till you bring your horse vnto him , who assoone as your horse approacheth him , let him first cherrish your horse , then stroake him , & if there bee any grasse , let him giue the horse some to eate , and by this meanes he will bee so imboldned , that he will not after be anye thing so readie to aprehend like amazement . If it bee any sound or noyse which hee feareth , you shall then acqaint him with those soundes by little and little , as first in a low and scarse-heard sound , after by degrees , increasing the noise , til it come to the vttermost loudnesse . You shall also let him see and smell both the thing which soundeth , and him that soundes , and by these vses and acquaintances , you shall both depriue him of feare , and create in him a constant valure , obseruing alwaies , neither to doe nor suffer to be done vnto him any thing soddainely or with violence , but after a moste temperate and modest fashion . If the horses fearefulnesse proceede from his youth and youngnesse , you shall then cause an olde ridden horse ( in whose valure you are assured ) to be ridden for a week or a fortnight continually before your colt , who may leade him thorough waters , thwart darke crosse wayes , and vp and downe the streetes of market Townes , where hee may see and heare all manner of noyses , as the fire of Smithes shoppes , the knocking , and beating of Armorers , Puterers , Coopers , Tinckers and such like , with the passing too and froe of all sortes of people , by which vse and acquaintance you shal soone finde him so valiant , that he will not starte for any terror whatsoeuer . But if his fearefulnes proceed from custom ( which is , that hauing been formerly scar'd , eyther with some vndiscreet & foolish sights , or with some strange noyses presented to the horse , with amazement , whēce euer after he feareth , the same sights & noyses ) you shall first in the Stable , after a gentle and familiar fashiō , present the same sights & noyses vnto him , suffering them not all the day to bee from before his eies , till with the acquaintance therof , you see he neither respects or feares them ; which done , you shal then take his backe , & ryding him into the fields , cause those affrights which he most fears to be presented vnto him , either by the corner of some turning lane , vnder some hedge , or in such a couert place , as the horse may not perceiue them , till he be close vpon them ; at which if he chance to starte , you shall first stay till he haue throughly lookt vppon his feare , then forcing him with your bodie , and sometime with your rod and Spurre , make him approach & touch that which he feared , then cherrishing him , & trotting him about it , acquaint him but in this manner , three or foure daies together , and his fearefulnesse will soone forsake him . If his fearefulnesse spring from his want of perfi● sight , which is of al feares the most incurable : you haue but only two helps to reforme it ; the first when hee apprehendes any feare to stay him , and make him with better consideration behold the thing he feares , then to bring him by the helpe of your rodde and spurre a little nearer his feare , and then let him gaze at it againe , then somwhat nearer , & stay againe , & thus by degrees bring him so neare that his owne sight may distinguish what hee feares , which as soone as hee beholdes and knowes what he sees , you shall see him without cōpulsion presse to the thing he formerlie feared , & without anie amazement , both touch & smel to that hee feared to come neare . Your second helpe is , to haue a vigilant and carefull eye to his countenance , as he trauelleth , and when you shall perceiue him to pricke both his eares directly forward , and so holde them any long space together , or if you shall heare him snore or cracke in his nose , or raise vp his head to a more extraordinarye height then vsuallie hee dooth carrie it ; vppon anye of these motions ; you shall bee assured that the Horse apprehendeth some amazement , whereuppon you shall instantlye drawe him to a slowerpace , and with all the encouragement you can giue him , bring him leasurely to that he feares and if the horse of himselfe offer to stay , you shall then both with your spurres , and a Iert with your rodde , compell him to goe forward , yet but ●erie slowlie , least taking any affright in the swiftnesse of his pace , hee by flying out of the way , doe not onelie indanger to hurt himselfe by some suddaine straine or slippe , but also to cast or mischiefe his ryder . Now that you may knowe the true Carractars of these feares , and iudge in your riding which horse is infected with which feare , you shall holde these obseruations . First when you make an olde ridden horse leade you the way where there bee manie Scarres and Boggards , if when the olde horse taketh no affright , but passeth quietlie on , the following horse taketh Scarres almoste at euerie thing he heares & seees , both his eies and eares beeing the ministers of his feare ; when this you note , be assured that horses feare proceedes from the cowardlines of his nature and complexion : if hee followe the olde horse stoutly without any feare , and onely when hee is alone , apprehendeth all manner of feares , then bee assured all his fearefullnesse proceedes onely from his youth and ignorance in those strange sights and noyses which he sees and heares ; but if hee passe stoutlie by many strange sights and stranger noyses , onely at some particular sights and noyses ( paraduenture lesse feareful then those he stoutly endureth ) he finde Scarres and affrights , then assure your selfe that his error comes from custome , and that hee hath in former times beene affrighted with those thinges which then he feareth . If he onelie take affright at what hee sees , and not at what he heares , starting at showes , but not at noyses , then you shall assure your selfe , that all his feares proceede onely from the imperfectnesse of his sight , and from no other cause . But for as much as some horses may haue more then one , nay all these imperfections , as both being naturally fearefully , yong , formerly scard , and imperfect of sight , I would wish all horsmen to haue in their stables , both Drums and Trumpets , which beating and sounding continually in the horses eares , will embolden them , and make them hardie agaynst all soūds whatsoeuer ; yet you must not at the first let such soundes be hard in their full lowdnesse , but making your Drumme first beate verie softly , after increase the lowdnesse , as the horse increases in boldnesse , till in the ende you may beate the Drumme to his vttermost height . And likewise for your Trumpet , you shall at first make it sound verie lowe , by stopping the great ende , either with a Clarin , or with a Gloue , or such like , till the horse bee acquainted there-withall , and then you shall cause the Trumpet to sounde as lowde and shrill as is possible . It is good also when your horse stands in the stable , to fasten to the head-stall of his coller , in stead of reynes , two long Chaines of yron made with rounde long wrythen linkes , which running to and fro through the Maunger , may make a gingling and noyse when the horse mooueth ; you shall also sometime when you ride your horse , cause his heade and necke to bee armed with a Shaferne and other peeces belonging to a horse : and as you ride euer to be rapping vpon the armour with the great ende of your rodde , that you may acquaint him with the noyse thereof ; you shall also at sometimes when the groome dresseth your horse , cause him to bee armed at all peeces aboue the waste , onely his face bare : and being so accoutered , to rubbe and dresse him , which when the horse indureth with pacience , then the groome shal put vpon his heade a close caske , and with it couering his face , goe to the horse , and standing directly before his face , rubbe the horses heade and necke all oner ; which done , hee shall giue him bread , oates , or other prouender . When hee is thus imboldned , you shall arme your selfe at all peeces aboue the waste , and then taking his backe , you shall receyue into your hande a small long Poale , no bigger then a Hawkes Poale , and carrying it vpon your thigh like a Launce , you shall ride him into some conuenient peece of ground , and first vpon his trot , charge it betwixt both his eares ; then on the one side of his head , then on the other , so as he may see it as it is charged on each side of his face , then you shall do the like vpon his galloppe ; And lastly , as he galloppeth , you shall clappe the Poale ouerthwart your breast vnder your arme , and so break it , that your horse may heare the noyse thereof . After you haue practised this a good space , and that he shewes all liuelinesse and spirite in the action , you shall then cause another man also to arme himselfe , and beeing mounted vppon some olde ridden horse , well vsed to such practise , hee shall also take another such like Poale , and beeing come into the fielde , hee shall place himselfe threescore or fourescore yardes from you , and directly opposite against you ; then shall you trott one against the other , yet in pathes so different , that you may passe by each other without touching , or rushing one vppon another : and when you come within twise the length of your Poales one of another , you shall charge your Poales one agaynst another , but not touching one the other with your Poales , you shall passe by each other . After you haue thus done fiue or sixe times together vppon a swift trott ; you shall then doe the same vppon an easie gallop : and at the last , as you come directly one by the other , you shall each of yon breake your Poales vnder your armes , so that your horses may heare the noyse or crash , which done , you shall alight , cherish your horse , giue him either grasse , breade , or some thing els to eate , and so set him vp in the Stable for that time . When your horse is thus perfite in the vse of armour and staffe , you shall then in the stable drawe a bright sworde , before your horses face : and first making him smell to it , you shall then rubbe him about the head , face , and necke with it ; then putting a Shaferne vppon the horses heade , you shall softly and in gentle maner rappe him with the sworde vppon the Shaferne , and vpon those peeces which are vppon his necke , which when hee paciently indureth , you shall then with your sworde in your-right hande , mount vppon his backe , and all the way as you trott to the riding place , you shall brandish the sword about your horses face , so as he may see the sworde , and now and then with the pommell thereof , knocke vpon the horses shaferne : when you come to the riding place , you shall there haue an Image made like a man , and armed at all peeces , from heade to foote : To this Image you shall trott ; and first making your horse smell thereto , you shall then trott about it , and euer as you pace or trott about it , you shall strike vpon it with your sworde , making the armour sounde and ring in the horses eares , your selfe euer cherishing and encouraging your horse in all his exercises . This done , you shall cause an other armed man to mount vppon an olde ridden horse , who comming faire and lostlye towardes you ; as soone as you ioyne knee to knee you shall with each of your swordes rappe softly vpon each others armour , and sometimes softly vpon your horses Shafferns , and other armed peeces : then you shal cause the other horseman to retyre backe from you , whome you must pursue , striking softly , somtimes at the horse , sometimes vpon the man : in the ende you shall make him turne his backe vppon you , and offer to trott away , but you shall followe him , and strike him softly vppon the hinder parts : which done , you shall alight from your horses back , cherish him , and giue him something to eare , and so set him vp . After your horse is perfi●e in these incouragements , you shal then begin to acquaint him with fire and gunshot after this maner . When he standeth in the stable with his heade from the Manger , you shal take Rosen beaten to fine powder , & lay a good deale in the palme of your hand ; then you shall take a little peece of a waxe candle , and setting it betweene your great finger and your Ring finger , you shall throw the powder thorow the blaze of the Candle , and it will rayse vppe a greate flame , which beeing done , directly before the face of the horse , may at first mooue amazement in him : But beeing done fiue or sixe tymes together , the Horse finding neyther annoyance by the flame , nor mislike in the smell ; he will be carelesse and seeme to delight in the sight , which as soone as you perceiue , then you shall instead of the rozen take halfe a thimble full of Gunpowder & laying it in the palme of your hand , doe as you did with the rozen . This is onely to acquaint the horse with the smell of gunpowder , which being done , you shall then take a pistoll which goes with a Snaphaunce , and putting powder onelie in the pan , and no where else , you shall s●ute it off before the horses face halfe a dozen times together , that he may be acquainted with the suddainenesse of that little noyse , This done you shall then charge the pistoll , and first shuting it off a pre●ie distance from your horse , you shall after discharge it nearer and nearer , till in the ende hee will suffer you to discharge it close vnder his nose , which done , you shall then take his backe and ride him into the open fieldes , where you shall cause some footeman , hauing charg'd a ha●quebushe with powder to meete you , and discharge it a prettie distance from you , yet iust before the horses face . Then as soone as hee hath discharged the peece , let him come to the horse , and giue him eyther breade or other prouender to eate , then let him charge the peece againe , and discharge it somewhat nearer then he did before , and euerie time he dischargeth the peece , let him come and cherrish the horse , and giue him something to eate , till there bee such a familiaritie betwixt him and the horse , that euen the horse will take a pride and delight in his shooting , which so soone as you perceiue , you shall vse him to the noyse of shot , both in his trotting and gallopping , making him charge the footeman home , and to galloppe abou● him , the Footeman euer obse●uing to discharge his peece in the face of the horse ; when your horse is thus made perfit for the indurance of the shot , you shall then when you ride him , abroad , make some stander by to flourish an ensigne before him , and then comming towards the horse , set the ensigne so as the winde may blowe the silke about the horses face , the ensigne bearer all the while with his hand cherrishing and fortefying the horse to indure the ratling and waueing of the silke about his eares , which when constantlie hee doth , then hee shall take vp the ensigne , and flourish it both about the horse and your selfe , then setting the staffe downe cherrish the horse againe , and giue him somewhat to eate ; you shall also encourage your horse verie much ▪ both to this and many other such like strange sights , if as you ride you doe but rattle papers about your horses eares , or anie other stuffe , which maketh the lowdest noyse . And thus much for the correction of affrights , and fearefulnesse . CHAP. 13. How to correct a horse that is dull of spirit , dull of the spurs , and slouenly in his trott . SO soone as you haue tamed your Colt , & made him that he will receiue with patience both the Saddle , bridel , and their ornaments , and the Ryder & his postures , and that hee will onely walke forward ( as not knowing any other lesson ) you shall then enter into iudgement of his nature and condition , which you may descerne in his first backing by these carracters . If you finde him light of head , so that hee will carrie it by his owne supporte , and not by the assistance of your hand , and that the tendernesse of his mouth disdaineth the touch or feeling of the Trench , if hee bee more willing to trott then to walke , to gallopp then to trot , or more willing to bound and leape , then either walke , trott or gallop , if you finde that the quicke motion of your bodie , the stirring of your legge , or the sound of your voice , are as greate motiues , as either spurre or rodde ; if this you finde , you shall conclude in your iudgement that hee is a horse of good constitution of bodie , light , tractable , valiant and of the worthiest disposition , so that you are by your owne lenitie and temperate a●te , onelie to seeke to moderate and keepe such good spirit in his height of goodnes by repressing it , till age and strength shall affoard better abilitye , and without further strife or toyle proceede to those lessons which are fit for a horse of his courage , which are the large ringes and other lessons of such like qualitie . But if you finde your Colte ( at first backing ) to be of a contrarie nature , that is to say , of heauie head and countenance , such as your strength shall sooner bee wearie to lift vp , then hee to ouer burthen ; and of a spirit so flemye or melancholly , that hee will rather refuse to doe , then want power to doe , the sullennesse of his nature beeing a traytor both to arte and his beautie ; you shall then ( hauing backt him , and taught him to goe forward , according to the rules prescribed in the third Chapter ) ride him foorth either into some open hard hye way , or into some playne fielde where hee may haue no treading but such as is light and easie : and carrying your handes vppon the reynes of the trench , as is taught in the third chapter : You shall all the way as he goes , with gentill motions easing your handes and drawing them softlie in againe by little and little worke vp his head to the full length of his necke , not at any time suffering your handes to abide firme without motion ; But letting them goe & come continuall with easie , soft , and vndisturbing mouings : such as with their greatest straytnesse may not giue him any checke in the mouth to make him stop : not with their largest libertie ( were he a horse of franck spirit ) giue him leaue to runne away . This comming and going of your hand will force the dullest horse in the world to rayse vp his head of his owne accord , it sweetens and makes tender his mouth , and makes him plyant to a good rayne and countenance . To this motion of your hands , you must adde also the motion of your legges by thrusting thē earnestly forward with a good stiffe Ierte vppon your stirrop leathers , and your bodie likewise by moouing forward to accompany the motion of your legges , yet this moouing of your legges must not bee vsed aboue once or twice in ten or twleue paces going , but when you doe vse it , you must doe it violentlie , for beleeue it ( as an infallible rule in horsemanship ) there is not any motion or torment whatsoeuer , which stirreth more spirrit or alacritie in a horse , then this moouing forward of your legges onelie , as you shall finde by proofe whensoeuer you please to trie it vppon a horse that is moste shamefully tyred . To this forward motion of your legges , you shall now and then adde ( according as you finde the dulnesse of your horse ) a good Iert with your rodde in his flancke , and vnder his bellie ( for spurre as yet you must not by any meanes vse . ) In this sorte , and with these helpes , you shall ryde your horse forward in a slowe trott , aboue sixe or seauen score-yardes , and there stop him by drawing your hand somewhat hard & firme to the pommell of your Saddell , and after a little pause , you shall make him goe backe or retire two or three paces , by drawing your handes to you and easing them againe halfe a dozen times together , euen in the selfe same sorte as you did when he went forward , but that it must be a little more firme and hard , yet not so hard as shal striue to compel , but as it were worke with a milde intreatie . If your horse shal refuse to retire at these motiōs , you shall not much respect it , but thrust him forward again as farre furth●r , and there doe the like , and in this sorte vppon an easie trotte , you shall ride him foorthright aquarter of a mile , and then taking a large compasse about ( of at least fortie of fiftie paces ) turne him homeward , and so rid him backe to the stable , not forgetting but both in going foorth and comming home , to make him stop & retire at the end of euerie sixe or seauenscore yardes . It may bee the first morning you ride him , what through the dulnesse of his spirit , and sloathfulnesse of his nature , you shall neither make him trot with pleasure , stop with willingnesse , nor go backe with any art you can vse , but let not that discourage you , but in the afternoone doe the like againe , by no meanes vsing any violence more then the former motions prescribed : nor exceeding the limits of a quarter of a myle ; also it may be the second time he will bee as little tractable as at the first , yet regarde it not , but as you did at morning and noone , doe the same againe , & after the same manner at the closing vp of the euening , at which time if you finde him as peruersse and as rebellious as in the other two former times , you shall ( as before you did ) with all patience bring him home , and hauing drest him , and giuen him meate for all night , you shal before you goe to bed , come into the Stable , and taking a well dryed bulls pizell , nailde & made fast to a longe staffe ; first cause your horse to turne his forepartes and buttockes from one side of the stalle wherein hee standeth to the other which hee dooing at the first slouenlie , and vnnimbly , you shal take occasion thereupon , and with your buls pizell , beat him about the buttocks , houghes & sides so soundly , that you may make his flesh sore , not by any meanes leauing to beate him til you see him euen with a sprite futye and an actiue nimblenes , passe & repasse in his stall with the sound of your voice onlie : which done , let him rest for that night , & the next morning as you did before , so take him out , & ride him forth right ( with those helps & encouragemēts before taught ) at the least halfe a mile & more only instead of your rod you shall ride with a dryde buls pizell , the correctiō wherof you shal mingle with your former helps , whose sharpenes & tormēt exceeding much the sharpnes of the rod , wil so quicken your horse vp ( especially through the sorenes of his flesh , by his former beating ) that you shal feele him to trot much lighter then before , & to shoe much more tractability & obedience , You shall ( as before you did ) this day , at the end of euery 6. or 7. score yardes , make him stop and retire , obseruing this rule , that if he do not retire vpon the first motion of your hand , not to make any stay at all , but fourthwith to thrust him forward againe , both with the violence of your body , help of your legs , & a good stroak with the buls pizel , giuing him no ease nor respite till hee eyther shoe obedience to your will , or some likelye token of obediēce ; which as soon as you apprehend , you shal instantly cherrish him , and giue him somewhat to eate , then trie him againe the second time , & if then he show more obediēce then before , you shal then cherish him , light from his backe and walke him vp and downe awhile in your hand ; then taking his back againe , trott him fairly homward & as you did this morning , so shal you doe in all pointes againe in the afternoone , onelie you shall increase the swiftnesse of his trot : and as you did in the after noone you shall so doe againe at the closing of the euening , euer increasing the swiftnes of his trot more and more , till you haue brought him that he wil with the motion of your body , raise vp his spirits , & trot both freely & chearefullie : the third day you shall likewise take him foorth , and then you shall trot him out right a mile & more , obseruing stil to mak him stop , & retire euer at the end of sixe or seaueēscore yardes , till hee bee brought to such perfitnes and true knowledge of your minde , that with the least motion of your hand , hee will retyre either as speedilye as you wil , or as far as you will , & in the swiftnes of his retyring , you must obserue to giue him that leasure , that he may take vp his feete one after the other , & not by ouer much haste take them vp so preposterously that he be in danger of ouerthrowing himselfe , for that were as the prouerbe is , more hast the worst speede , but by taking them vp leasurely , and in order , he will come to that perfitnesse that he will euen trot backward , with as comely beautie as many horses doe forward . Which is both exceeding gallant to the eye , and exceeding profitable in seruice , showing hye arte in the horseman , and much obedience in the horse . This third day also to the other helpes and corrections , you shal ad the help of your spurres , mingling with the helpe of your rodde or bulls pizell , now and then the euen stroake of both your spurres , the sharpenesse whereof will take from your horse the melanchollye thoughts and faintnesse , which are the onelie grounds of all his dulnesse , and make him not onely more mindfull of his labour and lessons , but also inspire him with much better spirrit and chearefulnesse , for as to horses of great mettal and couragiousnesse , all torture , extremitie , & prouocation is to be auoided , so to these melanchollye and dull Iades , there is nothing to bee done without violence quicknes , sodainnesse of voice , and helpe of correction ; prouided alwaies that such motions be euer attended on with such temperatenes , that by no meanes they drawe the horse either into amazement or desperation ; but that hee may knowe that all his punishment dooth proceede from his owne sloath and disobedience . And allbe I doe to the reclayming of this dulnesse , prescribe you but onelie three daies labours , yet you must vnderstand , that if euery one of these daies works aske you a weekes worke , you must not thinke much , or holde your time mis-imployed . For mine owne parte I haue beene my selfe three monthes in bringing a horse to spirit and lightnesse , and in the end thought it the best part of my labour . After your horse will trotte forward freelie , & with good courage , stoppe and retire at your pleasure , You shall then for a weeke or tenne daies , onelie● exercise him in trotting forward or round about some greate heathe , plaine , or greene fi●lde ; first a mile , then two mile , after three mile , not stopping him aboue once in a mile , or a mile and a halfe , & by this exercise , & continuall labour , at least once in a day , or not aboue twice at the moste , you shall bring him to such lightnesse of head , nimblenesse of foot , and sence of correction , that nothing you shall put him to ( as long as you keep your selfe within the limits of reason ) will be either troublesome to you or laboursome to the horse . Some there are , as namely Grison and his Schollers , who to the reclaiming of a horse subiect to this dulnes & sloathfulnes of spirit , would haue you ride him vpon newe plowde lands ; reasoning thus : that the deepnesse of the landes will make him plucke vp his feete , bestirre himselfe with more labour , and so consequently bring him to more quicknesse and sharpnesse of spirite . But ( vnder the reformation of his more auncient knowledge ) I am of a cleane contrarie opinion , and so is also La Broue , who absolutelie holdes deepe lands , & rough waies , the worst meanes to bring a horse to spirrit or lightnesse , for if dulnesse proceede from the coldnesse and weakenesse of nature , ingendering faintnesse and floath , then must that which bringeth foorth toyle and labour , without any ease or rellish of pleasure , not onelie increase that faintnes , but bring it to the verie heigh● of all cowardise , as thus for example : a Horse that ▪ sloathful & dull , in so much that you shal hardlie force him to go vpon the paine & smoothest ground ; thinke you he wil trott in deep landes , where stepping euerie foot in earth aboue the pasterne , & sometimes wherewith his best force , hardly drawing his leggs after him , shall feele nothing but toile beyond his strength ? no it is most impossible , but forth with he growes desperate , and where before vpon the plaine ground hee woulde haue gone a little by this ouer-sore vse , he will neither vpon plaine nor deepe ground goe at all ; and from hence many times springeth the groundes of restifnes , tyring & basenes of courage : yet I doe not somuch dislike the vse of the new plowde ground , that I vtterlie prohibite it , but as I discommend it for these faint & dull horses , so I commend it for such horses as are of too ficrie mettall , who out of the pride of their courage will obserue no temper in their going , but one while trotting , another while prauncing , and another while offering to gallop , they both disorder themselues , and trouble their rider ; for these double minded Iades , whose fantastical lightnes & incertain spirits transports them beyond al compasse of moderation , there is nothing better thē the new plowd landes , which with the labour & toyle wherūto they wil put a horse , they easily correct his madnes , & makes him with carefulnes & diligence attend to his labor , & the wil of his rider . Now if your horse haue mettall , courage & strength in ough only out of his stubbornnes of nature , wil not shoe it , you shal thē not only ride him in deep grounds , but also prouide that those grounds be ascending , and mountainous , by labor wherupon , he shal be compeld ●o take vp his feete more roundlye and with greater strength then on the leuel earth , and be forced to more vse of his strength then on the other groundes ; which when at any time he shall slacke , & for such slacknesse feele correction , he will forthwith thrust out the best of his powers , nothing being more contrary to his nature & courage , then the indurāce of torment . When you haue by the method before taught , broght your horse to a quicknes & lightnes of spirit , that he wil trot freely vnder you , answere to the motiō of your body , & yeeld with obedience to the cōmaundmēt of your hand , yet whē you sput him , you find him no more to be moued with the sharpnes of that correctiō , thē with the ease of the other helpes , as if he had no more feele of your spur then of the calfe of your leg , or the Iert of your stirrop leather : when this you finde , you must conclude that your horse is dul vppon the spur , & if you let him passe with that fault vnreformed , then when other helps shal faile you , there shal be nothing left , whereby eyther to bring grace or quicknes to your horses lessons , or to show by the testimonie of his obedience , by what arte and rule you hold him plyant to your commaundement . When therefore your horse is dull vpon the spurre , you shall at first forbeare to spurre him for any sleight fault or omission , but rather vse the correction of your voice or rod , but whē he shal fal into any grose error ( especiallie such an error whereof hee hath had fore knowledge ; then you shal spur him soundly that is , you shall giue him halfe a dozen strokes together , as neare as you can all in one place , & that close behind the hind most garthe , making euerie stroake at the least to draw blood , which done & the fault amended , you shall then cherrish him , and by no meanes spurre 〈◊〉 againe , till you haue the like occasion , which once offered , do as you did before : & thus I wold haue you doe three or foure times in a morning , obseruing not by any meanes to giue that stroake , which shall not fetch blood , nor to spurre him for anie fault at all , but such as shall deserue and haue at least halfe a dozen stroakes together . Your horse being thus wel spur'd & blood drawn vpō both his sides , as soone as you bring him into the Stable , cause the Groome to bathe both his sides with olde pisse and salt , rubbing the same into the sore place so violently , that it may search into the verie bottome of the prickes . This medicine will keep the sore place either from rotting or ranckling , yet notwithstanding it will keepe the sore place so tender and sore , that the least touch of your heele will bring him as great torment as before the greatest stroake with your spurre did . After your horse hath beene thus drest , you sh●ll the next day following take him forth againe , and as you did before , so in all pointes you shall doe againe , spurring him seldome , yet soundly , and as neare as you can in the sore place , and no where else . This practise beeing vsed but three or foure daies together , you shall finde your horse so tender and sore vpon his sides , that the least offer or touch with your spurre will mooue him as much as the greatest stroake you can giue him : which when you haue brought to passe , you shall then with all carefulnesse forbeare to spurre him for any fault whatsoeuer , where there is any other help or correction that wil auaile , for it is a most certaine rule that there is nothing which sooner bringes a horse to bee dull vpon the spurres , then often spurring him , or when you spurr , eeyther to strike your heele false , so that the spurre doth but glaunce vpon his sides , and giues him a taste , but not a perfite feeling of the prickes , which we call tickling a horse with the spurres , or els to hold the rowels of your spurres in your horses sides still , after you haue striken him therewith , as for the most part , Lawiers , Marchants and Schollers do : for these maner of compunctions , and disorderly torments , doe not onely make a horse dul and carelesse of the spurre , but also so faint harted , that a horse will euen tire outright when hee is in his best strength and lustinesse . Whence it comes to passe ( & I haue often approued it vpon the hie way ) that when a horse hath beene to all mens seemings so extreamly tyred with an ignorant rider , that he would goe no further : a horsman lighting vpon the same horse , hath made him goe with as good courage and mettall as any horse in the companie , his helpe beeing nothing els but the forbearance of the spurre , and the vse of the other more moderate helpes and corrections : wherefore I conclude , that to bring your horse to a quicknesse vpon the spurre , is to spurre seldome , but when you spurre , to spurre most surely , and not to spurre at all but vpon great occasion , and that your horse haue a perfite knowledge euer of the offence for which he is spurred . When you haue thus taken frō your horse the dulnes of his spirit , & the dulnesse of the spur , you shal thē considerately looke how he carieth his bodie , and demeaneth his legges , that is whether hee trott cleane , gallantly , and with a good & grace countenance , for so to trott is the first lesson or motion that a horse must learne ; but if you finde that he trotteth slouenly , and foule , that is , he either taketh not vp his feete roundly and loftily ; or he waueth or rowleth as he goes , or taketh too wide strides , or els fetting downe his feete vncertainly doth often stumble and snapper ; if any of these faults you finde , you shall thus correct it . First if he take not vp his feete loftily and roundly , if hee bee a horse of yong yeares , or of faint nature , you shall then onely trott him vp and downe in some harde ground , which is full of Thistles , or short pricking gorsse , or Whinnes , as I declared in the former chapter of ouer-reaching : but if he bee a horse of better age , and fiercer courage , so that when you trot him amongst the sharp prickes , hee will fall to bounde or leape ouer them , then you shall onely exercise him a weeke or more , ouerthwart a new plowed field : and when he begins to grow slow thereupon , then you shall bring him to the hard Thistlie earth , where the grounde beeing more firme , he will then take more delight to trot thervpon : this practise , when the labour of your hand , and other helpes failes you , will neuer faile you . But if hee waue or rowle in his going , or take too long strides , and that you finde the restraint of your hande will not restraine the libertie of his feet ( as before I told you in the chapter of ouer-reaching ) you shall trot him forth-right in some furrow digged full of little ouerthwart gutters , one within lesse then a foote of another . Now wheras in that former chapter I bid you digg your large rings full of such little gutters , you muste there vnderstand , I speake of such horses as at the first , trot faire and comely : but by exercise of their lessons , and by compulsion to trot swiftly , take to themselues the libertie of long strides , ouer-reaching , and foule trotting . But here I speake of such horses who naturally trot long and foule , before eyther they come to know the waight of the man , or the vse of any ting or other lesson ; insomuch that these gutters & degrees must be made in some straight sorrow , wherein as hee learnes to goe , so he may learne to forget his fault . But if it happen as necessarilie it must , that by this practise he learne to trot short and cleane , yet notwithstanding he still waueth and rowleth in his pace , you shall then onely for a weeke or ten dayes , trot him along by a straight wall ( the vse and benefit of which wall is more largely discribed in a Chapter following ) and you shall not make any doubt but that error will be sufficiently amended . Now lastly , if by the incertaintie of his treading , he be much subiect to snapper and stumble , you shall then if he be yong and weake spirited , at such time as the nights are darkest , when neither your self nor the horse can discerne either the way before or vnder you , ride him forth into some plaine grasse fielde which in times past hath been errable , & stil retaineth hye ridges , and deepe sorrowes ; and there exercise him for an houre or two ouerthwart and crosse those leas or ridges , first vpon an ordinarie racke , or footpace , then vpō a slow trott , & after as he growes cunning vpon a swift trott , which sometimes may bee mingled with 2 , or 3. strokes of a gallop : thus exercising him seuen or eight nights , you shall make no doubt of his amendment . You may also , if you please , when you haue your horse skilfull vpon this kinde of ground , ride him vpon some plaine or leuell earth , as either Heath or Moore , which beingful of myerie Ruttes , or Gutters , the Horse by lighling vnawares into them , will growe so carefully fearefull , that hee will take vp his feete so roundly , and set them downe so surely that he will seldome or neuer stumble . If your horse be of great courage , and full strength , it shall not be amisse after you haue exercised him , and made him by night perfite vpon these two fore-named grounds , if thē for two or three nights you trot him swiftly ouer a new plowed field , which wil both make him take vp his feete , and also a certaine his pace most sufficiently ; I haue seene some horsmen , that to helpe this fault , haue ridden their horses hoodwinckt ; but for mine owne part I much disalow it . For besides that the depriuing of the sight taketh away from the horse both hope and delight , it also stirreth in him that amazement and excesse of feare , which many times robbeth him both of remembrance and attention to the businesse about which he goeth : besides , the blind-folding of him is such an actuall and grosse correction , that what fault soeuer is by it reformed , the libertie of the sight againe , brings with it such delight , and contentment , that the former reformation is quite forgotten , and he remaines the same horse hee was before , both in disorder and faultinesse . Many other deuises and compulsions there bee to amend these errors , albe it be but for a short time , which forasmuch as they haue onely beene brought forth by couetousnes , practised by craft , and credited by ignorance and folly , I will banish them this place , where nothing but Art should haue luster ; and referre them to the mystery of Horse-cosing , wherein I will set them down in their true colours , And thus much for the dulnesse of spirit , sence , or pace . CHAP. 14. Of the treading of the large ringes , and of their vse . AFter your horse will with obedience & patience receiue you , and deliuer you both too & from his backe , when hee will with good courage , sencible spirrit , comelie light reyne , and gallant pace trot forward with you ; which as it is the first lesson or A. B. C. of horsemanshippe , so it is to bee regarded , and lookt into with moste vigilant watchfulnesse , because what sleight fault or omission you shall escape in that time of beginning , will so strongly increase in his other lessōs , that in the end they wil proue incurable : when as I say you haue brought him to this first goodnesse , you shall then proceed to the large ringes , after this manner . You shall trot your horse forth into some broad grauelly or sandy way , where the print of your horses feet may the best be seene , which hauing breadth enough for the largenesse of your ringes , you shall first hauing trotted forward 50. or 60 paces , pace out a large ring vppon your right hand , at least fortie paces in compasse , and hauing pac'd it three or foure times about , so that your eye may wel descerne the compasse of your ring , which if it carrie not the proportion of a true round , then be assured there is a fault in the carriage of your hand , which after you must indeauour to amend . You shal then trot him straight forward fortie yardes , or three abouts , and then make out an other ring ( of the same largenesse & compasse vpon your left hand ) by trotting it about three or foure times also , so that both your rin● being ioyn'd together by the furrowe which passes b●weene them , they will carrye this figure or proportion . When thus you haue markt out both your ringes , you shall then instantly enter into consideration , vpon which hand your horse with the moste willingnesse , nimblenesse , and best grace , couetteth to trott , and on the contrarie hand , on which he is onelie vnwilling , you shall labour him at the least three or foure turnes more then on the other , making both your begginning and your ending , on that hand on which hee is moste imperfect ; as thus for example , if your horse ( as for the moste part all horses are , ) be more vnwilling to trotte vpon your right hand then on the left , you shall then trot three or foure times about vppon your right hand againe , so that beginning and ending vpon your right hand , that hand may exceede the other by so many tournes as you made in your first beginning , which done , you shall then trott him downe the straight fur●owe to the verdge of the left ring , and thereby mode●ately drawing in your hand , cause him to stop , which done , after a little pause , you shal make him retire three or foure paces , and then cherrishing him , let him rest a good space , then gently putting him forward againe , walke him so softly as foote can fall about the left ring , ●hen downe the straight furrowe to the right ring where you may beginne the lesson againe as before . Now as I speak of the right hand , so I meane likewise of the left hand ▪ if he be either harder or lesse nimble thereupon . In this sort I would haue you exercise your horse dayly , till he be so perfect , that euen of himselfe he will trot these large ringes with such courage , lightnesse , arte and nimblenesse , that he will neither stand in need of helpe or correction , which when you perceiue , you then shall trot him a dozen or fourteene times vppon that hand of which he is hardest , then as oft on the other hand , then as oft vpon the first hand againe , then forthright , then stop , retire , & cherrish . During the exercise of these large ringes , you shall deligentlie keepe these obseruations : first you shall be carefull with the gentill motions of your handes , to keepe his mouth in sweetnes and tendernes , neither pulling so hard at the trench , as to make the horse gape , nor giuing his head such libertie , as to bring him to a loose reyne , but to make him trot with all pride and comelines of countenance . Next you must obserue that his head and necke stand streight , looking directly forward , & not a wrie or inward to that hand of which he trotteth ; for suretie wherof you shal euer carry the outmost reine euer a listraiter then the inmoste , holding it of the two , more tollerable that the horse carrie his head rather from his ringe , then inwarde towards his ring ; for the f●rst will shoe him firme and all of one peece , which is the greatest beautie and glorie of a horse ; the latter shewes him weake neckt , crookt , and apt for disorder ; the bringing of his head into the ring , beeing the first meanes that casts his hinder parts out of the ring . Next you shall obserue , that of what hand soeuer you trott your horse , you shall for a helpe in his beginning vse the calue of your contrary legge , or the thrusting forward of your contrarie foote , and contrarie stirrop leather , or your rodde vpon the horses contrarie shoulder , or ells before the eye of the horse on the contrarie side : as for example , if you trott on your right hand you shall helpe your horse with the calue of your left legge , with your left foot , & with your rod before his left eye , and so on the left hand with the like helpes on the right side . Your voice also is both a verie profitable helpe and a greate encouragement to a horse in the treading of these ringes , as namelie either in his sloath , or forgetfulnes , to crie via , via , or how how , with a shrill voice , & accompayning it now and then either with a lert of your rodde , or the thrusting forward of your feete stiffe vpon your stirrop leathers . I haue found it excellent good also , and it is wel allowed of both by Grison and La Broue , if in the beginning of the treading of these ringes ( chiefly when your Colt is young and foolish ) you make an olde ridden horse to leade him the way , and to treade out the rings before him , for it will both giue him good encouragement and also keep him from amazement & disorder ; yet your horse being brought to the carriage of his head , to perfitnesse of his pace , and readines of the way so that he will keepe an euen pathe , before he come to the vse of these ringes , this helpe of an old ridden horse will be a great deale the lesse needfull . Some will wonder , and happilie out of that wonder mightly condemne me , because the fashion of my rings are different from all those showed by former authors ; for Grison and other writers , would haue the first rings to be Ioyned together , & then as it were from betwixt them to goe the straight furrowe , where they would haue the horse stoppe and turne about in a narrowe compasse . These ringes they woulde haue to bee trodden out vppon newe plowed ground , they woulde haue a certaine number of turnes to bee obserued of both handes , with diuers other such like Cautions , to which I am clearely opposite , for first , that the ringes should be ioyned together I dislike , because the chang being so sodaine , and vnexpected , and a colt so Ignorant and vnnimble , the sodainnes thereof cannot chuse but eyther breede disorder , or make the colt weake neckt , because such quicke changes , doe euer compel the ryder to vse that reyne of the inside more then in arte it should be : then when hee commeth at the ende of the straight furrowe , where hee must stoppe , that there he should turn about in any narrower compasse then the former ringes , is against arte , because a horse ought not to bee taught any straighter compasse till the larger be made perfit , Next that they should be trodden out vppon new plowed ground , that is no good generall rule . For ( as before I saide ) It is onely but for such horses as out of the greatnesse of their courages are of such distempered humors , that they will neither goe nor learne with patience , which faults being ( as they ought to be ) reclaimed before hee bee brought to the vse of these ringes , why after the fault is amended , the horse should indure punishment , I neither vnderstand nor allowe : wherefore for mine owne part , I would haue the ringes made on such ground as might bee most easie for the horse to treade vpon , surest for soote-hold , and moste pleasant for the horse to delight and continue vpon . Lastly , for the certaine number of turnes , which they would haue obserued , as so manie times two , or so many times three and such like , by no meanes either increasing , or decreasing , that I am as much against as anye of the rest , for this Horsemen knowe , there is no creature whatsoeuer which doth so much obserue custome , or beares in his remembrance the forme and manner of thinges taught him , as the horse dooth , so that holding him to anye constant number , or anye prescript forme , when you shall eyther exceede or deminish what you haue accustomablye vsed ; you put such doubtfulnesse in his minde , that from thence proceedeth disobedience and restifnesse , wherefore for mine owne part , I both haue and euer shall ( till I be controled by a much better master ) obserued neuer to obserue any certain number in my turnes , but euer to proportion them according to the aptnesse , strength , and agilitie of my horse . But leauing to discourse vppon other mens mistakings , and to returne to my former purpose . When your horse hath beene exercised so long vpon these two distinct and seuerall ringes , that hee will pace or trot them either slowe or swiftlye with all comelines and perfitnes , which commonly in a month or lesse you may bring to passe & that you finde in his dooing thereof neither error nor disobedience , you shall then begin by little & little to make him galloppe those ringes ; as first in the swiftnes of his trot to gallop two or three stroakes , & then to trot againe , then gallop fiue or sixe paces more , then trot againe , & thus increasing by stroke and by stroke , till in the endefinding in him both a willingnes & an abilitie , you make him gallop the wholering about , taking into your minde this maxime ( which is allowed both by La Broue and others , ) not by any meanes to let your horse galloppe till hee bee moste perfit in his trot ; least by making a confusion in his paces you vtterly disable him for any pace whatsoeuer : during the time that you thus teach your horse to galloppe these ringes ; you shall diligentlie keepe this obseruation , first not to correct him either with spur or rod for anye offence hee shall commit in galloping , but vpon the appehension of any fault to stay him from gallopping , and to put him into his ttott againe , and in his trot to correct such ordinarie errors as shall happen , as the writhing of his bodie , bowing in of his necke inward , or the casting out of his hinder partes . Secondly , you shall obserue that in his gallopping he carrie his head in as constant and firme a place , and his necke with as comely and gracefull a reyne , as when hee trotteth in his greatest pryde , so that if eyther hee offer to thrust out his nose or topresse and hang his head vpon your handes , you instantly stoppe him from gallopping and make him trot againe , labouring him therein till out of the pride of his courage he will gallop and keepe his best beauty , which when hee doth , you shall not then continue him so long therein till he be wearie , and so growe in dislik of his owne goodnes , but after two or three stroakes , performed to your contentment , you shall put him againe into his trott , and cherrish him . This order obserued with care and diligence , you shall make your horse take more delight in gallopping then trotting , & after hee feeles the ease which cōmeth by the constant carriage of his head , hee will not disorder it , or beare it in other place , albe an ignorant ryder should thereto compell him . Lastly you shall obserue in his gallopping , that hee take vp his legges roundly and loftelie one after another , that forelegge which is outmoste , going euer as it were before the other , and his hinher legges following the fore-legs one after another , both closely & roundly trogether , the beating of his hoofes going so distinctly one after another , that they make as it were a kinde of musique in their sounding . To these obseruations you must accompany the helpe of your bodie , which being as it were a fixt member with the horse , must in euerie motion moue as he moueth without either disorder or contraritye . You shall also to quick en him in his gallopping ; helpe him now and then with the calue of your leg , or by letting him heare the noyse of your rodde ouer his head , for other helpes of more violence , I doe not allowe . Now for as much as young horses partly out of their owne willingnesse , partly out of a naturall feare they beare vnto their riders , will in these first lessons she we more aptnesse and strength , then either their knowledge apprehends , or their powers are able to maintaine : you are therefore with great consideration to regard that you put not your horse to so much as he will of himself do , but that you euer in all his doings , ( much more in his beginning ) leaue him in his best strength , with both an vnwearied bodie , and an vntroubled mouth ; by which meanes you shall be assured hee will day by day , both increase in his strength of teaching , and in his willingnesse to be taught : where being contrarily vsed , hee will from doing a little , come in the end to iust nothing , labour bringing faintnesse ; faintnesse dispaire and desperation , absolute restifnesse and rebellion . When your horse can gallop these two rings perfitly , you shall not by any meanes vse him thereuuto aboue twise or thrise in a weeke at the most : and when you doe gallop him , you shal not at the first gallop him aboue fiue or sixe times vpon one hand , and as much vpon the other ; and after increasing as his strength shal increase , till you find him of the abilitie that he is able to indure it for a whole mornings worke : which when you perceiue , you shall then leaue the vse of those two seuerall rings , and onely trot out one single ring of not aboue thirtie paces in compasse , which hauing trotted about vpō your right hand three or foure times ( so that you may descerne the ring perfitely ) you shall then by drawing your left reynes little more firme : and laying it somwhat close to the horses necke , and holding your left reyne no more but straite , and laying the calfe of your left legge close to the horses side , drawe him into the middest of the ring , making a semi-circle from the verge of the ring to the center of the same , according to the proportion of this figure . Then changing your hande ( that is to say ) drawing your right reyne a little fyrmer , and laying it closer to your horses necke , and keeping your left reyne stiffe , and laying the calfe of your right legge to the horses side , you shall make another semi-circle on the left hand from the center of the ring , to the opposite verge of the other side of the ring : which two semi-circles will make within the ring a perfite Roman S. according to this figure . When you haue thus done , you shall trott your horse about the large ring vpon your left hand , three or foure times , and then in that maner and forme , and with those obseruations before prescribed , you shall make your changes againe in two other semi-circles , which meeting euen in the center , will make within the large ring two compleat rings or circles , according to the forme of this figure . In this ring you shall exercise your horse the space of three weekes , or a month , according to his strength and aptnesse , making him pace it , and doe his changes first vppon foote pace onely : when he can pace them perfitely , then you shall make him trot , and make his changes vpon his trot , both slow and swift , and when hs is perfite vpon his trot , then you shall ( as you did in the first rings ) by degrees , and by little and little make him gallop it , and make his changes vpon his gallop , obseruing that in his changes vppon his gallop , you make him take vp his forefeete a little more roundly , and loftily togither then in his ordinary gallop , & that his hinder feete follow his fore-feete a little closer and swifter : which you may doe , if onely when you begiu to straiten your reynes , you either thrust your feet forward hard vppon your stirrop leathers , or shake your rodde ouer his heade , that hee may heare the noyse thereof , or els moue your body forward , which motion must be so couert and close , that all be the horse feele it , yet no by stander may perceiue it . Also that his head and necke ( as wel in the narrowe changes , as in the largenes of the ring ) doe keepe the beautie and true proportion of a good reyne , without either writhing , bending , thrusting out the nose , or striuing for better liberty , any of which faults whē you shall perceiue , you shall instantly correct it before you proceed any further , as eyther by drawing he martingale a little straiter , or carrying the reyne of your trench a little straiter on that side from whence it bendeth , & also by carrying a tender and sweete hand vppon his mouth , which being kept in good temper , brings euerie other parte of his bodie into obedience . This gallopping of these large rings , is the first most constant ground-worke which sweetneth a horses mouth , makes it tender and obedient , certaine and immoueable , & stirreth vp life & courage , nimblenes , and lightnesse in a horse , with many other such like benefits . When your horse is perfit vpon this ring , and will both trott and gallop it lustelie , and with a good courage , you may then according as you feele his strength and abilitie to indure labour , encrease his tournes and his exercise thereupon , making it sometimes his whole mornings worke , sometimes halfe , sometimes more , sometimes lesse at your pleasure : prouided alwaies that the moste turnes you giue him at one time , before he come to a full stop or rest , bee not ( after hee haue pac'd the ring twice or thrice about ) aboue sixe time about on each hand vppon his trot , and sixe times on each hand vpon his galloppe : then stoppe , retire , cherrish , and stand still a good space ; then as before walke him foote pace about the large ringe halfe a dozen times to get him breath , then thrust him into his trot againe , & as you did before , so now againe first trot him , then galloppe him , then stop , retire , cherrish and rest . It may be your horse by long vse & continuance vppon this ring ( as horses naturally are subiect to obserue olde customes ) will with all perfitnesse , strength , and liuelyhood , both pace , trot , and galloppe it , yet if you shall chance eyther vpon the correction of any fault , or vpon the approbation of his credulitie , to put him out of that ring , and offer him another , eyther in another place , or after another fashion , then I say it may chance that he wil not onely at first out of his ignorance , strike and show vn willingnes to performe your will , but also doe that he doth , both with disorder and disobedience , or it may be that when the horse is come to such a perfitnesse of this lesson , that like a toward scoole-boy , he can as it were say it without booke , he will then growe so carelesse and negligent of what he dooth , that out of the frenzie of his spirit , and selfe trust in his owne dooings , he wil exercise his lesson with such wantonnesse & apish toyishnesse , that he will blemish all that which in the beginning he did with best comelinesse . Lastly , it may be , that out of the peruerssenes of his nature ( subiect to rebell against euerie new knowledge ) when you shall either alter his lesson from the forme of his owne vnderstanding , or bring him to any labour more then hee hath ordinaryly vsed , hee will not onelie disorder , but giue signes of plaine restifnesse ; any ofthese three errors , when you shall by your owne iudgement perceiue in your horse ( which euer for the moste part are found in his gallopping ) you shall then without intermission thrust him out of this Ring , and trotting him vpon a swift trot a dozen or twentie paces foorthright , there treade out first a large Ring on the right hand , then another on the left hand , then a third on the right hand again ; which three rings when they are trodden out , will carry the proportion of this figure following , the straight lines markt with this letter . A. being the marke of the euen furrowe , where you shall both enter in and goe forth of the Ringes . Vpon these three ringes I would haue you exercise your horse first in his trot , and after in his galloppe , for many daies together , obseruing euer both to begin & end vpon that hand of which you find him the harder and more vnwilling to goe , yet not to keepe him onely to these three ringes , but to mingle with them the other ringes before discribed ; as thus for example , when you come first to your riding place , you may beginne with the two distinct or seuerall ringes , which after he haue pacd , trotted & gallopped , then riding him forth-right in an euen furrow twentie or thirtie paces , there stoppe , retire , cherrish and rest , which done , then you may treade out these three conioyned ringes , which after you haue pac'd , trotted and gallopped , you may likewise ride foorth in an euen furrow , & there againe stop , retyre , cherrish and rest . After which , you may then treade out the single large ring , containing the two smaller ringes , and when you haue pac'd , trotted and gallopped it , you may then ride him foorth againe in an euen furrow , and there stoppe , retyre , cherrish & rest : when you haue done all this , if notwithstanding you finde this exercise not to be sufficiēt , but that your horse is able to indure much more , or that you finde he doth not treade them with that perfitnesse , so that another repetition would be much auaileable for your horses vnderstanding , in eyther of these cases you may beginne againe with one , two , or all of the aforesaide lessons , continuing til you haue either giuen your horse exercise sufficient for his strength , or your selfe a full contentment according to the proportion of Arte. If it so fall out that your horse in this lesson of these three conioyned ringes , either amazedlye sticke as showing an vnwillingnes to the exercise ; or that hee be of so good a temper of mouth , and nimblenesse of bodie , that he craues no more helpe of one hand , then of another , that is , if he turne of both handes with like cunning , you shall then to these three ringes adde a fourth ring oflike compasse , which being trodden out , shall beare the fashion of this figure following ; the letter , A , showing the entring in , and the going foorth of the ringe : and the letter B , the change or alteration of the hand , as it appeareth . After you haue excercised your horse vpon these foure rings so long that you finde in him besides a cōpleate perfitnes and skil , an extraordinarie lightnes , corage & delight in the lesson , you may thē cōclude that you haue done as much in these large and plaine compasses as Art desireth , so that to proceed to any other confused rings such as some authors haue propounded only to amaze weake sences , & stir admiratiō in none but the ignorāt , is both friuolous & needles ; the rather sith the horse that is expert in these rings before mentioned , cannot be ignorāt how to trot or gallop any ring of what shape or fashion so euer it be moulded : & for other rings thē such as are to be trotted & gallopped , as yet I write not of , but preserue thē for their dew place . The errors which most commonly pursue these large rings , are onely the distemperatures of the horses head , the weaknes or wrything of his necke , the casting outward of his hinder parts , & the sloathfull and slouenly taking vp of his feet , for all which I haue showed you former remedies in the foregoing chapters . For the vses & purposes wherfore these large ringes serue ( to speak generally as ofal rings ) you must vnderstand that the cheife part or soule of this art of horsemāship is but only to make a horse turne teadilie on both hands , his best strength , beauty , and nimblenesse being both redoubled , & adorned by the power of art , which no man can by any other meanes bring better to passe then by continually exercising a horse in these round circles , these large ones being as it were the first letters or alphabet , which makes him cunning in more curious lessons . But to speake more particularly , the first two distinct ringes before shewed , are but onely to acquaint the horse with labour , giuing him a glimpse or little light of cunning , yet in such sort that it neither distemper his minde , body , nor pace , but keepe them all in concord , and albe he goe round , yet he goes at as great ease , as if hee went straight forward . The second ring containing two smaller ringes , that teaches the horse a little more cunning , making him take vp his legs more roūdly & nimbly together , by meanes wherof when hee is brought to a straiter compasse , hee will neither be amazed for want of knowledge , or stagger or reele for want of skill or true vse of his feete , the perfitnes of this ring being a good introduction to all other lessons , how curious or how intrycate soeuer . The last ringes which consist of three ringes , & foure ringes , both bring to the horse breath and nimblenesse and are of great vse and seruice in the warres , chieflie when a man is to charge vpon shot , or to be imployed vppon discouerie , or other light seruice , so as hee neither may stand still , neither keepe on euen and direct foorthright line in his passadges , but first to gallop vppon one hand then on the other , with such incertainty that it shall bee impossible for the best mark-man to take any constant ayme against him ; whereupon , as I imagine , it was termed of horsemen , the gallopping of the field . And thus much for large ringes and their vse . CHAP. 15. Of stopping , retyring , aduauncing , and the vses thereof . ALthough I haue in diuers of the former Chapters spoken of stopping , & of the time and place moste meete when to vse it , yet for as much as I haue not so plainelie explande it as is necessarie for euerie ignorant vnderstanding : I wil heere somewhat more largely discourse of that lesson , and first that you may knowe what stopping is , it is a suddaine staying , or distance from any motion which a horse vseth with his legs , as namely when he either walketh , galloppeth , boundeth , Coruetteth or such like , and it is done by a suddaine & firme setting downe of all his fore-legges together without any further motion . When therefore you will make your horse stoppe which in the first beginning of a horses lessons , would euer be done in an euen furrowe which goeth straight foorth from your Ringes , you shall when you come within three or foure yardes of the end of your furrow , by the liuely motion of your bodie , and by thrusting foorth your feete vpon your stirrope leathers , make your horse ttott with more life and quicknesse , and then with a suddaine , firme , and somewhat hard drawing in of both your handes iust and euen together , you shal make him stop . The thrusting him foorth so freelie immediatelie before the stoppe , beeing an occasion to make the horse coutch his hinder loynes , and to trust more to them then to his fore-parts , and-so stoppe both more comely , and more strongly : but if vpon his first stopping ( as it is a fault almost naturally incident to all horses ) your horse as you drawe in your handes , doe thrust out his nose , or offer to thrust it downe towards the earth , both which motions shew disorder and opposition ; you shall first with your hand giue him a little checke in the mouth ; and then holding your handes constant and firme , giue him no libertie of head till he stand still with obedience : but if notwithstanding hee vse this fault once or twice more , you shall then make some by stander to stand before him at the stoppe , who with the bigge end of a rodde , shall knocke him vpon the nose , when he either thrusteth it forth-right , or downward : but if hee yeeld to your hand , and stand iust with good constancie , then both your selfe and the by stander also , shall cherish the horse exceedingly , and then giue him libertie of head , easing both the Trench and Musroll . If when your horse stoppeth , he doth not stop euen and iust in the furrow , but thrusting his hinder parts out of the path , stoppeth crosse-wise or ouerthwart ; for this fault albe Grison would not haue you by any means to vse either the helpe of your contrarie legge , rodde , or spurte , but onely the assistance of a by stander ; yet I for mine owne part , am not altogither so precise , as knowing that albe a horse is but a beast , yet he hath more vnderstanding then any other beast : wherefore if your horse haue this fault of stopping crosse-wise , I woulde haue you vse the helpe of your legge , or rodde in this maner : if he stoppe crosse , that is thrusting his fore-parts ouerthwart toward your right hand , and his hinder parts ouerthwart towards your left hand , you shall then by giuing him a prettie sharpe twitch with the left reyne of your Trench , and giuing him a clappe with the inside of your right foot , either vpon his foreshoulder , or before his formost gyrth , you shall set his fore-parts euen in the furrow againe : wi●h which reformation of his fore parts , it is verie harde but hee must also reforme his hinder parts , because the bringing of his fore partes to the left hand euer brings his hinder parts to the right hande . But if it bee so that either through his wilfulnes , or want of vnderstanding , he notwithstanding continues in his vice , then you shall make a by stander to remooue his heade and hinder partes into the euen furrow , to whose helpe you shall also accompanie your owne former helpes , that thereby hee may come to a better vnderstanding , both of your will , & to what purpose formerly you vsed those other helpes and corrections ▪ which hee will no sooner perceiue , but he will diligently obey . Now if it fall out so that when he stoppeth , he keepeth his heade and fore-parts firme and euen in the path , onely he puts his hinder parts out of the furrow , you shall for amends thereof , whilest he standeth still , first wi●h gentle-motions giue him two or three little clappes with the calfe of your legge vppon the contrarie side from whence hee swarueth , accompaning therewithall the vse of your rodde , with which you shall not strike , but onely lay vnto his thigh a little aboue his cambrell , on the contrarie side likewise from whence hee turneth : as thus for example , If he cast his hinder partes out of the furrowe towardes your left hand , then you shall lay the calfe of your left legge , and your rodde to his left side and left thigh , which ( because all horses naturally flie from correction ) will make him remoue his hinder partes to the right side againe . But if your horse ( contrarie both to Nature and Arte ) not onely refuses to vnderstande you , but also the more vou vse those helpes , the more hee augments his fault ( as I haue both seene , and had horses of such qualitie ) you shall then cause a stander by with his handes , first to thrust his hinder parts into the furrow with all gentlenesse ; but if the horse shew eyther vnwillingnesse or contention , then the by-stander shall not onely threaten him with his voyce , but also giue him a good stroke or two with a small cudgell , vpon that hough to which hee swarueth , and to his threatnings and stroakes , you shall accompanie those helpes of your owne before prescribed , that your horse may thereby vnderstande , that whatsoeuer before you did , was but by gentle meanes to bring him to that , whereto he is now forc'd by compulsion : and be assured after you haue vsed this course three or foure times , it shall be inough : so that vpon the least motion either of your legge , or rodde , he will amend his vice , with obedience . After your horse is thus brought to know his fault and mend his fault ; if then at any time he happen to vse the same fault ; you shall then obserue , that such vice neither proceedes from ignorance , follie , or want of Art , but merely out of the euill habite of his minde , vildnesse of complexion , and aptnesse to doe euill ; which to reforme , you shall in steade of the calfe of your legge on the contrarie side , giue him the full stroke of your spurre on the contrarie side , and in steade of laying your rodde vnto his hough , giue him two or three good Ierts vpon his hough , augmenting your punishment as he augments his fault , and not desisting till he reforme his vice , which he shall no sooner doe in the smallest measure , but you shall immediately conuert your corrections into cherrishings , obseruing this caution ( both in this errour and all others ) not to continue your correction till he amend the whole substance of his vice : but whensoeuer hee doth but hitch , or remoue one foote , or one steppe in way of amendes : vpon that diminutiue of goodnes not to omit to leaue punishing , and presently to cherish him ; nay if he doe but in semblance show a willingnes to amend , though in motion he doe it not , you shall cherish him for that good show onely , that being thereby fortified and encouraged , hee may with more willingnesse pursue amends and goodnea . When your horse thus with the temperate drawing in of your hands will stop iust , firme , straight and strongly , couching his hinder legges in comely order , and carrying his head constantly without disorder , you shall then after he hath stopped and paused a while , as it were to fetch his breath , and calld together his wits , make him retire and goe backe in this maner . First , you shall drawe both the reynes of your Trench euen together a little more hard then ordinarie , towards the pommell of your Saddle . And if your horse happen ( as it is most likely ) out of his want of knowledge to stand still , and rather , presse his mouth vpon the Trench , then by going backe yeeld to your hand , In this case you shal immediately ease your hand , & with the same motion of ease , drawe it tenderly in againe , dauncing as it were with your handes , and making them come and goe with swift , yet verie soft motions , till in the end hee remoue some one of his feete , which how confusedlye so euer he doth , yet notwithstanding cherish him , that hee may vnderstand your meaning is but the remoouing of his legges , which done , beginne againe , and labour him as before , it may be then he will remoue two of his legges , at which againe pause and cherrish him ; continuing thus to doe till you haue made him goe backe a step or two , which when hee doth , you shal immediately cherish him , light from his backe , and giue him somewhat to eate : then hauing walkt vp and downe awhile , you shall take his backe againe , and solicite him as before : obseruing , that at the first beginning of this lesson , you neither respect nor correct your horse , because he goeth backe either ilfauoredlye or vnnimbly , because this lesson of all other lessons is moste vnnaturall and fearefull , as well because hee hath not the vse of his sight therein , as also it is a motion quite contrarie to that he first learnd of nature ; so that at first you must be satisfied , if he doe but go back though with little or no comelinesse . After you haue brought your horse to goe backe a step or two , if then he sticke , and will goe backe no further , you shall then by no meanes hale or pull at his mouth , but vsing the former tender motions of your hand , turne the point of your rodde downward before his brest , not striking him , but letting him feele the rod , at which if he stirre not , you shall then giue him a Iert or two with your rod vpon the brest , if that auaile not , then you shall giue him a good stroake first of the one side , then of the other with your spurres , at which if hee either start , presse forward , or goe sidelong , bee not you mooued , but staying him , vse againe the same helpes and the same corrections without ceasing , till you haue made him retyre at least sixe or seauen paces , which when hee doth ( albe neuer somuch ill fauoredly ) immediately forget not exceedingly to cherrish him . If it so fall out that your horse at his first beginning to learne to goe backe , eyther out of his dulnesse of spirit , or doggednesse of nature , will not withstanding all your paine and gentill instructions , eyther disobedientlie rebell , or like an insensible blocke stand still without spirit or motion ; in eyther of these extreamities , you shall make a stander-by to stand at the place of stoppe , who as soone as you offer to make your horse retyre , shall with a rodde in his hand threaten him but not strike him , saying vnto him backe , backe : but if the horse notwithstanding continew in his stubbornenesse , hee shall then with the bigge end of his rodde , giue the Horse a rappe or two vppon the nose ; yet this correction I would haue to bee verie sildome vsed for feare thereby the horse grow fearefull of the man , which is a vilde error , but rather to make the stander-by to take the horse by each side of the Musroll and so thrust him backe , but by no meanes let him handle the cheekes of your bytt , ( albe it be the vse of many horsemen , ) for feare the distemprature of his band breed disorder in the horses mouth . After the by stander hath thus three or foure times thrust your horse backe , & by that meanes giuen him a full knowledge of your meaning , if then your horse shall not vppon the first motion of your hand retyre and goe backe , you shall then neither spare the correction of your Spurres , by striking them one after another , neither the vse of your rodde by Ierking him soundlye ouerthwart the brest and shinnes , nor the threatning of your voice , nor anye punnishment , those three helpes , can inflict vpon him , till with obedience he fulfill your minde , and retire at the first motion . This lesson of retyring , you shall not cease dayly to labour him in , till hee bee so perfect , that hee will retire when you will , as farre as you will , and as swiftlye as you will , yea euen with such speede , that taking his legges croswise , nimbly , and cleane from the ground , hee may not onelie seeme to trot , but trot indeed backward , which is a lesson which showes in the ryder great art , and in the horse greate nimblenesse and obedience . All the obseruations you shall respect in this lesson ; is that your horse in his retyring , carrie his head and reyne close and perfect , and yeelding his head inwarde to your hand , and not outward from your hand , which if he doe , you shall correct him by drawing the Martingale so much straiter , as his head in thrusting out seemes to haue got libertie . Next you shall obserue that hee retyre backe as iustlye , and in as euen a furrowe as he trotted forward , not thrusting his hind● partes awry , o● going backe croswise or vneuen ; which if he doe , the same corrections which are prescribed for the amendment of the like fault in the stoppe , will reclaime this error in retyring . Lastly you shall obserue tha● in your Horses retyring you a little , draw your owne legs backeward ; yet not so much that either it may be so groslie perceiued by your beholders , that you may loose the beautie of your seate , nor with that closenes that you touch the horses sides , and mooue amazement , but in such moderate and comelie order , that it may bee onely by your selfe and no other iudged ; then when your horse hath retyred so far as you thinke sufficient , you shall immediately thrust your feet forward stiffe vpon your stirrop leathers , which will presently stay him from retyring any further . When your horse will stop firmly and surely , with a good grace and an humble obedience , and when hee will retire backe , either as swiftly or as slowlye as you will , and as farre as you will ; you shall then teach him to aduance before , which is not onelye an exceeding great ornament and grace vnto all the horses lessons , but also so necessary and profitable , that without it a horse can neither manage , turne vpon either hand , or doe any other ayre or salt with beautie or comlines . To aduance before , is to make a horse raise both his forefeete together from the ground , & set them down instantly in the same place , with as good comelinesse as hee tooke them vp , wherefore the fittest time and place to make a horse aduance , is at the stoppe onelie , and you shall doe it in this manner . After you haue trotted your horse in some grauelly or sandy way , about a dozen or twentie yardes , you shall there stop him , and in the verie instant that you stop him ( that is euen as you drawe vp the reynes of your Trench ) you shall clap both the calues of your legges hard to his sides , holding the reynes constant & firme still , but if at first he will not aduaunce ( as there is no likelihoode he should ) not yet vnderstanding your minde , but rather offreth to retire backe , you shal then by thrusting your feete forward stiffe vpon your stirrop leathers , not onely keep him from retiring , but also thrust him forward into his trot againe as far as before : where stopping him , and giuing him againe the same helpe , with the calues of your legges , it may bee then the horse perceyuing you will neither suffer him to goe forward nor backward , neither yet to stand stil , he wil out of the amazednesse of his owne coniectures , shew some strange motions , all which you shal diligently heede , obseruing that if he take vp but one foot , and set it downe againe , that instantly you ease your hand , and cherish him : which done , trott him forth againe , and vpon the stoppe doe the like , not ceasing vntill you haue inforst him to take both his fore-legges from the ground , in a round and comely order , and so set them downe againe . But if you shall perceiue that in this lesson he sheweth exceeding slouth and dulnesse , and out of the peeuishnesse of his nature ( albe hee vnderstand your will ) yet will not performe your will , in this case you shall nowe and then , in steade of the helpe of the calues of your legs , giue him your spurres one after another , but in any wise not both together , for that will bring him not to aduauncing , but to bounding , an Arte yet too earely for his learning : you may also for your better speede , and to moue spirit and quicknesse in the horse ; now and then as you helpe him with the calues of your legges , giue him a good iert or two with your rodde ouer the left shoulder . To some horses of good mettall , the shake of the rod wil be sufficient when you haue brought your horse that hee will aduance with the helpe of the calues of your legges only , you shall then accustome him to doe it twice , thrice , or foure times togither , euen so oft as it shall please you to giue him warning by the former helpes ; not forgetting to cherish him exceedingly , so oft as he doth performe your pleasure . Now for obseruations in this lesson ; first you shall obserue that you make him stoppe and aduaunce vpon his foote-pace , then vppon his trott , both slowe and swift , and lastly , vppon his galloppe , yet let your greatest exercise at the first bee vppon a swift trott , for it soonest brings a horse to lightnesse , nimblenesse , and vnderstanding . Next you shall obserue , that when you stop your horse , and giue him the helpe of the calues of your legs , that you carrie your leggs so euen and straight by your horses sides , that as it were by an vnperceiued motion you may helpe your horse , & not be discerned by ignorant gazers ; which indeed is the true grace of horsmanship , and not like our S. George riders , carrie your leggs beyond the fore-shoulders of your horse ; so that euerie time you bring them to the horses sides , you fetch a cōpasse , as if you would strike your legs thorow him , both to the scorne of Art , and the dislike of all iudiciall spectators , which fashion is by much too much practised here in England , and makes many times our riders excellent inward knowledges to be vtterly condemned for their outward practise , and for mine owne part I neuer saw , either Italian , Frenchman , or other stranger , equal some of our English riders in any thing , but in the couertnesse of their motions ; which I must confesse is wondrous praise-worthie , because by such Art a horse appeares to do what he doth , rather by nature thē mans industrie ; where on the contrarie part , when the mans motions are so grosse , the horse ( how well spirited soeuer ) seemes to doe nothing but like a cart-●ade which hath the whip euer vpon him . Next you shall obserue that when your horse aduaunceth before that he couch his hinder loynes towards the gronud , and that hee so conueniently trust vpon his hinder feete , that he slide vpon them , and as it were digge vp the ground before him ; which if he do not , you shal then obserue euer to stop him vpon hanging or descending ground with his head downe the descent ; insomuch that vpon necessitie , he cannot aduance , but he must couch his hinder parts . Then you shall obserue that your horse aduaunce not too hie or reare vpright , or that raising vp his fore-leggs , he cast them not out ill fauouredlie , as if he wold spraule or strike with them ; any of these faults if you perceiue , you shall vse those remedies formerly prescribed in the chapter against horses that will reare vpright . Lastly you shal obserue that your horse do not aduāce at any time , no not so much as at his stopp except you giue him the helpe of the calues of your legs ; for auoidance whereof , and for asmuch as horses naturally after they haue got the tricke of aduauncing , will vpon any sleight correction or displeasure , fall to aduaunce and rise before , you shall therfore neuer ( but vpon great extremitie ) vse the help of your spur in aduancing , nor to stop oft in a short course , neither shall you ( although it be the rule of Grison ) teach your horse to aduaunce by the helpe of your voice , as by crying Hup hup , or such like , nor with the sound of your rodde onely , without the helpe of your legges , for such customes doe bring disorders breeding in the horse such an extraordinarie lightnesse , that he wil aduaunce when you would haue him goe forwarde , and in his wanton or sullen motions be so contrarie to your will , that he will fall in the ende to plaine restifenes . Now for the vses and benefits of these three lessons , there is none so ignorant that knowes not the necessity of stopping , because it is the onely ground of order and obedience , and also that it should be sudden , and in an instant , because in seruice the pressing forwarde of one yarde more then should bee , is oft times the losse of both horse & horsman , with many other reasons both probable and effectuall , which I will omit , because I will not be too tedious . Next for the vse of retiring or going back it is almost as necessarie as going forward ; for as it chargeth and annoyeth the enemie ; so this auoydeth and saueth the Rider , giuing him leaue in his combate to take his best aduantage : it maketh a man retreite honourablie from his foe , both with his face vpon him , and vnder the gard of his owne sword and other differences , where contrarie wise , if a man should euer turne his backe , he doth not onely depriue himselfe of all safetie , but euen giues himselfe to the aduantage of his enemie : it is also verie profitable in trauaile , or iourneying , as if a man in an vnknown way shall be so compassed about eyther by bogges , waters or ditches of daunger , that hee can not goe forwarde , neyther turne of eyther hande , if then his horse can not retyre , into what a perplexitie and mischiefe is he drawne ? Lastly going backe , setleth and stayeth the horses mouth , makes him light and easie of reyne , and in the end makes him so nimble of his ●ecte , that not any other lesson but is learned after with a great deale lesse trouble and vexation . Now for the vse of aduauncing ( as before I said , ) it is both an ornament to the horses lessons , and the first introduction which makes a horse turne gallantly and strongly , it brings a horse to knowe the vse and power of each of his feete , making him doe as much with three feete , two feete , and sometimes with one , as other horses do with all foure . And thus much for stopping , retyring , and aduauncing . CHAP. 16. Of yarking behinde and the vse thereof . AFter your horse will stoppe close and firme , retyre readilye , and aduaunce gallantly , if then ( your horse being of complete age and strength , which is fiue yeares olde at least , ) you find him of such quicke spirit and liuelye courage , that hee hath as it were a naturall inclynation to lightnesse , which you shall perceiue both by his tractabilitie and quicke aprehension of his lessons , and also by his agilitie and nimblenes in dooing of his lessons ; when this you finde , it shall not bee amisse if then you teach him when hee stoppes and aduanceth , that hee a●o yarke behinde ; which for mine owne part how euer other precept writers haue s● downe compulsorie meanes , which way to bring a horse vnto it , yet would I neuer haue horse vrg'd therunto , but when you finde him so naturally adicted , that euen of himselfe he beginnes the practise of the lesson ; for besides that it is a lesson of great strength , violence , and hard vnderstanding , it is also so subiect to straines and painefulnesse , that it oft beates the limbes , and bringes both disease , and the effects of age , before nature would bee acquainted with it ; But being so that you haue a horse apt therevnto , and that hee wants but onelye Arte and your helpe to make him perfect , you shall then when you haue trotted your horse about twentie paces , euen in the verie instant that hee stoppeth and aduaunceth , you shall giue him a Iert or two with your rodde in his flanke , to make him gather vp his rumpe , not ceasing till hee take his hinder feete from the ground , which as soone as you shall perceiue him to doe you shall immediately stand still and cherrish him , nay if you finde hee takes vp but one legge , albe he strike it out il fauoredly like a cowe , yet shall you cherish him for so doing , that he may thereby vnderstand to what end your correction serueth . When you haue thus done , you shal labor him againe , euer obseruing in the verie instant of his aduauncing to Iert him vnder the flanke with your rod , til in the end you make him yarke out both his hinder legges , iust and euen together : which when hee doth , you shall cherish him , light from his backe , and giue him somewhat to eate ; which done , you shall take his backe , and doe as you did before , labouring him dayly in this lesson , with such diligence and painefulnesse , that in the end if when hee aduaunceth , you doe but Iert your rodde by his side , and not touch his side , he will foorth with yarke out both his hinder feete euen and close together . Now whereas some giue out precepts to bring a Horse to this lightnesse or yarking behinde , first in the Stable , by beating him vppon the ●umpe with a sharpe rodde , the perch or such like instruments , I for mine owne part , cannot but much discommend them ; both because it is a motion of all others , which in the Stable should bee least vsed ; as well because of the vncomelinesse thereof in the house , as also the danger of the rider or beholders , if he should hap ( as it is vsual with such horses ) to throw off any of his shoes , for casting filth or durt in their faces which stand behinde , that is moste common , yet most loathsome . Againe , a horse that is so vnapt to yarke behinde , that he will not learne it in the fielde , except first it bee made a house lesson ; truelie I holde such a horse vnfit to learn the lesson at all . Now for obseruatiōs in this lesson , you shal first obserue that your horse neuer yark out his hinder legges , whē his forelegs are vpon the ground for that is grose , vncomely , and like a cowe , but that he yarke behinde , when al foure feet are from the ground , contrarie to which when he doth , you shall immediately giue him the euen stroak of both your spurres together , & it will not onely reforme him , but also bring vp his legs with more Spirit . Secondly , you shall obserue that when he yarketh , he ya●k out his hinder feete euen & close together , not one further out then another , neither striding one from another , nor more a wry of one side then the other , any of which whē he doth , you shall immediatly vpon that side on which he moste offendeth , giue him the stroake of that spurre , and not of the other . Lastly , you shall obserue that hee neuer yarke but when you giue him the helpe of your rodde , neither that you carrie your hand in this lesson with any more hardnesse or intemperance , then when you taught him the ordinarie stoppe ; by which meanes if hee shall presse forward at his first teaching , you shall neede no other correction then to make him retire backe as much as against your will he prest forward . Now for the vse of this lesson , it is onely to make your horse light , nimble , and apt to such ayres & salts aboue ground , as are to bee taught after ; eyther for your own instruction in the art , or for the delight of others ; it is good also in seruice , if after you haue incountered your enemye , he seeke to catch aduantage by comming behinde you , or if you shall bee compassed about with moe then one enemie , in any of these cases , if your horse will yarke behinde , you shall finde it verie profitable both for your owne safetie , & the hurt of those which seeke your destruction . And thus much for making a horse to yarke behinde . CHAP. 17. Of turning vpon both hands , and the seuerall kindes of turnes . OF turnes there bee diuers & sundrie kindes , which for in our english tong wee haue no proper nor distinct names , I thinke it not amisse to vse those titles , which the auncient Italians vsed ; being both proper & significant ; at the Incauallare which is the first straite or narrow turne that a horse should learne , which indeede importes a lapping or folding ouer of the outmost legge ouer the inmost ; yet is not done in any such straitnesse , but that the horse hath libertie to vse his hinder legges , as well as his fore-legges , and so to goe as it were in a narrowe ring . The next they call Ciambetta , and that is when a horse turneth his whole bodie , keeping firme vpon the ground but onely one hinder foote . And this turne of al other is the straitest . Thē is there another turn which they call Terra , Terra , and that is when the horse dooth with equall motions raise vp his fore-legges both togither , and pursuing them after with his hinder leggs , beates a ring round about , either of large or strait compasse , and this turne of all other turnes is of most vse , best beautie , and greatest profite . From this turne is deriued diuers other turns , as that which is called Carogola , or snaile-turne , or that which they call Serpegiare , & such like , of all which wee will speake in their seuerall places ; for as touching that method which hath formerly beene prescribed of halfe turnes ; whole turnes , & double turnes , although they in teaching be of good vse , yet to the ignorant Reader they giue not a full satisfaction . Wherefore first of all to begin with that turn which the Italians call Incauallare , you shall thus instruct your horse : first riding him in some grauellye or sandie way , you shall gently walke out a straite rin g on your right hand , beeing at the most not aboue eight yards in his greatest compasse , and in the making therof you shall haue an especiall regard by the carriage of the left reyne of your Trench somewhat more straite then accustomably ; that your horse carrie his head and necke very iust and euen without bending or looking inward to your right side , which done after a little pause , you shal then walke him in an euenline , about two yardes , or two yardes and a halfe at the most forward , and there , by laying your left reyne close to his necke , your left legge close to his side , and your rodde vpon his left shoulder , make him bring his body about , and make iust one quarter of a compleate Circle vpon your right hand : then walk him againe in an euen line as farre further and with the same helpes , and on the same hand make another quarter of a circle , doe thus the third time and the fourth time , till the lines wherein you walke present vnto you this figure following . In this figure you shall walke your horse about at least a dozen times vpon a hand , making at euery point your quarter circles closer & closer , till you perceiue at last he lap & throw his outmost legge ouer his inmost . It may be that at the first practise of these square circulars , the horse will bee so vnnimble , that he wil knock one legge vpon another , and not lap them ouer in order as becommeth , but of that take you no respect , for euen those knocks shall be corrections ynow to bring him vnto reformation ; let your care be only to preserue his reyne , necke and head , constant and firme , and to take that leasure and time in this lesson , that your horse by your haste may not be brought to any doubtfull thought or amazements ; when you haue walkt your horse thus a dozen times on the right hand , you shall then make the like figure , and doe as much vpon the left hand , vsing euer the contrarie helps to the contrarie hand , in these two figures you shall exercise your horse euerie day , at least two or three houres together for the space of eight or ten daies at the least , till he bee so perfit therein , that you shall no sooner mooue your legge , or stirre your hand , but hee wil eftsoones lap his outmost legge ouer his inmoste , and turne with all comelinesse , which when he doth , you shal then make those quarter circles full semycircles , and so change your proportion to this figure . In this figure , you shal exercise him a week at the least till he be so perfect , that by his nimblenes & quicknes , therevpon you find him both apt and cunning inough to make those semycircles whole rounds , which the Italians call cōpleat single turnes , or if you list he wil do them ( onelie with the helpe of your hand ) full twise about , which is a iust double turne , and as you finde him perfect vpon any hand , so you shall alter the ring , and practise him vpon the other , till he be vpon both so cunning , that neither hath aboue other any superioritie . When your horse will thus doe this Incauallare in a ring , which must bee from the center to the verdge , but iust the horses length , you shall then for a dozen turnes together , nay sometimes twentie turnes , exercise him onely therein , making his hinder feete onelie moue in the center , and his fore feet lapping the outmost , ouer the inmoste to beate out the proportion of the outmoste ring ; In this sort , after you haue laboured him , and made him perfit , you shall then after hee hath made two or three turnes on your right hand , cause him to retire three or foure paces , and then without any stay doe as many times on your left hand , then retire as farre againe , and doe as before on the right hand againe , and thus till he be perfit , you shall practise him : onely helping him with your legge , rodde , and the motion of your bodie , leauing a little on the contrarie side to that whereon he turneth , till custom haue brought him to that cunning , that your hand onelye shall be helpe sufficient for this motion . Now for as much as some horses , partlye out of folly , partly out of vnnimblenesse , and partly out of euill inclynation , are many times more apt to turne vpon one hand then vpon another ; nay some so dogged , that they will turne on one hand and not on the other at al , I thinke it not amisse , before I proceed any further , to show you how you shal reclaime so foule an error : first if it proceed from folly & vnnimblenes , thē onely custome and practise will amend it , for the one brings knowledge , the other agilitie , but if it proceede from euill inclynation , or stubbornnesse of will , then must there be some more extraordinarie art vsed , and in it many excellent horsemen haue laboured both their wits and bodies , finding out remedies of sundrie natures , all which though experience haue found them profitable in some Horses , yet the same experience hath also found them vtterlye fruitlesse in horses of other conditions , for there is nothing more hard to reclaime then this vice , insomuch , that I dare not confidentlie say this one practise shall reclaime this fault in anye horse whatsoeuer : albe the goodnesse thereof haue beene esteemed neuer so generall : but to returne to the fault it selfe , if your horse will turne readilie on the right hand , but moste vildelye or not at all vppon the left , ( though in nature Horses euer doe turne more readilie on the left hand then the right ) you shall then treade out your first square with quarter circles on your left hand , and exercise him first thereon , then on the right hand , and then on the left againe , both beginning and ending vppon that hand on which he is moste vnreadie : you shal also to the other helpes before prescribed , adde this , to carrie euer your left reyne a little shorter then the right . Some will in this case of vnwilling turning , haue a Foot-man stand before the horse with a rodde in his hand , who when you would haue your horse to turne , as you vse the helpe of your legge and hand , shall with his rodde strike the horse on the right side of the nose , & threaten the horse by crying turne here and turne there , but in my conceit though it were the precept of Grison himselfe , I holde it barbarous and vnprofitable , for it will both bring the horse to weakenesse and incertaintie of his head , to rearing and plunging , & lastly to such a cowardly fearefulnes , that he will hardly after indure anye man whatsoeuer . Others haue vsed to tye a thong of leather , to the eye of the Trench , on the left side , and the other end ( the thong being drawne verie straite ) to the formoste gyrth on the same side , and then turning him loose into some straite Lane , eyther betweene two walles , or else between two hye fences , and there your selfe being at one end , & some other footeman at the other with roddes in your hands to driue him vp and downe from one end of the Lane to the other , forcing him euer to turne vppon the left hand , as of necessitie hee must doe , because hee cannot turne vppon the right hand , his head being so tyed so much to his left side , but this is more friuolous then the former , and neither hath taste of Arte nor agreement with good sence . For besides that , the manner thereof is full of frantike violence & amazement , rather making a horse mad with his fault , then giuing him knowledge howe to amend his fault , it is also so subiect to indiscretion & misgouernment ; that it is impossible to worke any good effect out of such loose tryall . Another way is vsed to amend this fault by tying a corde either to the chaine or Cauezan , and bringing it through the ring on that side of which he is vnwilling to turne , and making a by-stander holde the cord in his hand : if when you would haue your horse turne on that hand , hee resuse , then shall the by-stander giue him a good twich with the corde , and make him turne whether he will or no. This is somewhat more tollerable then the other , yet not of sufficient goodnesse , for it marres the horses reyne , and makes weake the neck , both which must be with all care preserued . Now for changing the hooke of the Kurbe to that side of which the horse is hard to turne , and hauing sharpe prickes thereon next the horses lippes , or to place sharp nailes through the ports-mouth of the byt , on the contrarie side to that on which the horse will not turne , or if hee will not turne on the left hand , to turne him so oft on the right hand , that you euen tyer him , and so through his dislike of turning on that hand thinke to make him turne on the other : although these be Grisons precepts , and may worke some effect to this purpose , Yet for mine owne part , I would haue them sildome vsed : for the prickes on the Kurbe makes a horse loose the delight in the Kurbe , which is the onely figure that shoes a sweete mouth ; and the prickes in the ports-mouth , makes a horse shake his head , & vse fantastical countenances , which are mightilie to be eschewed , but for tyring him in that lesson wherein hee dooth well , is so preposterous , and giueth him such discouragement , that he will neuer doe any thing but ill afterward . But to come to corrections of some better nature , if your horse refuse to turne as before I saide on your left hand , you shall to the right eye of the trench , fasten a small twound chaine , which chaine you shall bring from thence betwixt the horses neather lippe , and his chappe thorow the left eie of the trench , and thereby casting a knot vppon the chaine , keepe it that it slip not backe , nor fall from betwixt his lippe and chappe , then the remainder of the chaine you shall beare in your left hand like a false reyne , and then practising your horse in the first square roundes , if he sticke or refuse to turne on your left hand you shall then at first twich the chaine gently , that hee may but feele the correction , but if notwithstanding hee perseuer in his stubbornesse , you shal then drawe the Chaine hard , and compell him to turne whether hee will or no , ioyning to this correction a good stroake or two with your spurte on the contrarie side . And as I prescribe this rule for the left hand , so if he bee harder to turne on the right hand , ( which is more common ) you shall but then alter your chaine , your helpes and corrections to the other side , & it will work all one effect . I haue seene some , that instead of this chaine , haue vsde a small corde , but it hath so gald and cut the horses mouth , that I haue seene foule Cankers grow therby ; so that I conclude the Cord to be exceeding ill . I haue seene others , that vsing this Chaine , haue ridden into a new plowde fielde , and there haue trotted him too and froe , as it were in a managing furrowe , and when hee hath shewed any disobedience , they haue not onelye tormented him with the Chaine , and the threatnings of their voice , but they haue also spurred him exceedinglye on both sides , beate him betweene the eares and about his sides with a cudgell so exceedinglye , that I haue seene some borses grow desperate & some so deiected , that they haue stood stil , & would not stirre though a man should haue kild them . This violent course is to be shund . And the grauelly or sandy way , and the gentill manner of instruction , which carries knowledge with it is the best way to reclaime this fault ; yet obseruing this rule , when you eyther vse this Chaine or anye other correction , neuer to desist or suffer your horse to come out of the square rounds , til with Help only , & without the vse of correction , hee performe your pleasure , no not though you be compelled to continue him therein from morning till night , for to leaue him when hee doth euill is to fortefie him in al euil , as also to torment him when he doth well , is to make him loath well dooing , & hold his goodnes his worst error , wherefore as you must labour and trouble him till he do well , so when it is done you must not forget to giue him ease and cherrishings . But to come to a conclusion of these many remedies for this single fault , you shall vnderstand there is one more remayning , in my iudgement , & as I haue found by practise , farre exceeding the rest ; wherefore I would aduise all men not to vse any other till this faile , & thus it is . If your horse be harder to turne on the right hand then on the left , you shall take away the Musrole made of wrythen Iron , and instead thereof , put vpon him a Cauezan , which hauing a short leather fastned to the two ringes , whereto to put the Martingale , it must also haue two raynes to runne crossewise thorowe the ringes , which you must carrie in your hands with the raynes of your Trench . This Cauezan must bee made smoothe without teeth or nickes , but onely for the breadth of two or three inches on the left side , which must not onely be full of sharpe teeth , but also haue certaine sharpe punches or prickes to runne thorowe the Cauezan , and stand euen with the teeth , so that when you shall at any time draw the right reyne ; the teeth and prickes may both bite vppon the side of the horses face , and when at anye time you ease your hand , that then the Cauezan may carrie such compasse , that it no longer presse or hurt the horse : for you must euer obserue , that your correction continew no longer then the reformation of the vice , the fashion of the Cauezan is contained in this figure . I haue seene this Cauezan made with a little stiffe plate of steele , full of holes , through which the prickes and teeth did passe , so that when you doe drawe the reyne and presse the plate , then the prickes would run into the horses cheeke , and when you did ease your hand , the plate of steele would thrust the prickes from the horses face ; this was not amisse , but verie necessarie , neuerthelesse , if the Cauezan bee made in round and iust compasse , it will hurt no more then it if had the plate of steele . Now as these teeth and prickes being placd on the left side of the cauezan , make a horse turne on the right hand , so being placd on the right side they make him turne on the left side . With this Cauezan , and the helpes of the hand , legge and rodde , as aforesaid , I would haue you exercise your horse first in the squares with quarter circles , then in the long furrowe with semycircles , after in whole circles , and so foorth till he be so perfect in this straite turne , that hee will double and redouble it at your pleasure : obseruing euer that in this turne hee carrie his head and neck in euen and iust proportion , that hee lappe his outmoste legge ouer his inmoste with all comelinesse , and lastlye that hee keepe true time with his hinder legges , and remoue them in equall proportion with his fore legges , neither so swiftlye , as if hee would playe Iacke ouer the Chaine with his hinder partes onelye ( which is the fashion of the Almaines ) nor so slowlye , as if his hindder legges were glewed to the ground , and would haue no motion . When your horse is perfect in this turne , the next strait turne is called Ciambetta , and Grison writes therof a very teadious & lōg discourse . The maner of the turn is to make a horse take vp both his fore-leggs from the ground , and not to set them downe till hee bring his head to the place where his buttocks stood , which hee calles a halfe turne ; but if hee bring his heade to the place where before it stoode , then it is a whole turne , and if he doe it twise together , then it is a double turne . In this turne , the horse must keepe firme vppon the ground but onely one hinder foote , which makes the turne so weake , incertaine and vncomely , that ( as there is good cause ) it is meerely out of vse with all good horse-men : for if a man shall come to ioyne with his enemie at the sworde , if in euerie straite turne a horse take three of his feete from the ground : howe easie a matter is it for the enemie by rushing in vpon him , to ouerthrow both him and his horse to the ground : yet in the dayes of Grison , partly because of the straitnesse and curiositie thereof , and partly for want of better experience , it was thought the onely artificiall turne ; and questionlesse in his practise hee did approoue ( as appeares by his writings ) many wayes to bring his horse vnto it , as namely by ryding him in a drie dyke , made about nine ynches deepe , and eighteene ynches broade , wherein stopping him , and making him aduaunce before , in the verie instant of his aduauncing to make him turne about , so that his forefeete may not touch the ground till they come where his hinder parts stood ; or by exercising the like in some narrowe way , deepe worne with water , or by teaching the horse in the stable ( by knocking him vnder the knee with a sticke ) to holde vp one of his legs as long as you list , with many other such like experiments , which because the turne is both naught , dangerous , and out of vse , I wil not clogge your memories with the idle ceremonies thereof , but thinke this I haue already spoken of , to be with the most , vnlesse the matter weare to better profite or purpose . The next turne , and of all the most artificiall , and profitable turne , is that which I tearme ( wanting a more proper name ) Terra , Terra ; for there is in it both beautie , arte , strength , and profite . And albe it carrie a larger compasse then the former turnes , yet when it is brought to perfitnesse , you may make it as straite as any of the other , and with a great deale of lesse danger . The way to bring your horse vnto this turne , is after you haue made him perfite vppon the Incaualare , first in the square , with quarter circles , then in the semicirckles , and lastly in the whole rounds ; you shal then in some grauelly or sandie way , marke out a Ring vppon your right hande , which must be at least a dozen yardes in compasse : which done , you shall pace another of the selfe same compasse vpon your left hand , and ioyne it close to the first : then you shall enter into the first Ring againe , and after you haue trotted your horse once or twice about it , you shall then vppon the trotting of three yards ( which is the ful quarter of your Ring ) by laying the calfe of your left legge close to the horses side , and drawing your hand a little in , make your horse aduaunce before , and then instantly vppon his aduauncing , thrust him forwarde againe into his trot , not suffering him by any meanes to sticke or stay , and so trotting him other three yardes , make him aduaunce againe , and then thrust him into his trott againe other three yards , doing thus till you haue made him to aduaunce foure times in the whole compasse of the Ring , that is to say , once in euerie quarter of the Ring , which done vpon the right hand , you shall then make him doe as much vpon your left hand in the left ring : and for a better explanation whereof , looke vpon this figure following : and where you see the small strokes , there are the foure places where you shal make your horse aduance . In these rings you shall exercise your horse , onely vpon a swift trot , till he grow so light and nimble , that vpon the least motion of your legge hee will presently aduaunce , and away againe without any sticking , neyther disordering his head , reyne , or any other part of his bodie , but carrying euerie member in his place and comelinesse ; When your horse is thus made perfite vpon these foure aduauncements ; then you shall deuide the quarters of your ringes into halfe quarters : And where before he did aduaunce at the end of euery three yards , you shall make him aduaunce at euerie yard and a halfe , so that then your whole ring shall carrie eight aduauncements , according to the lines in this figure following in the next page . Vpon this Ring , and with these eight aduauncings , you shall practise your horse so long , till hee either grow to such perfitenesse , that if as soone as hee hath aduaunced and set downe his fore-feete againe , going but one foot forwarde , you giue him the least helpe with the calue of your legge that may bee , hee will presently aduaunce againe , and then going againe but one steppe forwarde , aduaunce againe , doing thus till he growe so perfite , that as he aduaunceth with the helpe of your legge ; so putting your feete forward , hee will likewise followe with both his hinder feete euen together , and set them down euer in the same place , where he tooke vp his fore feete , onely carrying his inmost fore-foote , and his inmoste hinder foote a little more forwarde then his outmoste feete . whilest hee doth any thing in circle ; but when hee doth it straight forward , then to take vp his fore-feete euen together , & his hinder feete euen also , first not aduauncing thus forward aboue twice or thrice together without cherishing , till he come to that perfection and cunning , that he wil with the helpe of your legge , with these aduauncements beate the whole ring round about : wherein you must obserue , that besides the carriage of his head and reyne , ( which must euer bee constant , round , and in the best grace , ) he doe also follow his aduauncings with his hinder leggs so close and iust , that by no meanes hee may seeme to sticke in his passage , or appeare as if either his hinder parts were glewd to the ground , or else too heauie for him to raise from the earth , as in these dayes you shall see many horses doe , yea euen sometimes vnder those who take vppon them to be as good as the best schoolmaisters ; but it is a fault , vilde and insufferable , springing euer from corruption in teaching , as thus ; when a man will bring his horse to make his turne , by forcing him to aduaunce three or foure times together in one place , and then going a steppe or two forward to aduaunce as oft more : And thus by continuance of these many aduauncings , and few steps going , at last the horse is brought to take vp both his hinder feete together , and so to followe his fore-feet , setting the turne round about ; but those many aduauncings together in one place , is euer the cause of a horses slouthfull bringing on of his hinder partes , because hee thinkes ( according to his first custome ) that he should not remooue vppon the first aduauncement , or if he doe remooue , it 〈◊〉 so little , that it is almost as good as nothing at all , wherefore if you will haue your horse cunning and gallant in this turne , by no meanes let him aduaunce aboue once in his first teaching , before he stoppe forwards . You shall a●so obserue in this turne that your horse keepe true time and lesure , that is , that he aduaunce not faster nor slower at one time then at another , neyther take greater strydes at one time then another , but euer obserue that iust time and measure , which he vndertakes at his first beginning ; the fault whereof ( when at any time it happens ) must euer consist more in the horsman then in the horse ; for the horse neuer aduauncing , but when you giue your helps , look what time you obserue in your helpes , necessarily the same time hee must keepe in his motions , and in this time keeping lieth much arte , because euerie lesson that is rudely done without it , is better vndone , as hauing in it neither grace nor profite . When your horse will with these aduancings beate this large ring about , both strongly , iustlye , and with a good grace , you may then drawe your ring to so small a compasse , that with foure aduauncings , you may make a compleate circkle , according to the small ring in the center of the former ring : obseruing this generall note , that in your first teaching , vppon euerie single turne setting , that is , vppon making one circle compleate , you cherrish your horse , but by no meanes suffer him to stand still , but vpon the finishing of his turne , to make him then trott about the ring that hee may recouer newe breath , and in his trotting cherrish him ; and looke whatsoeuer you doe vppon the right hand , forget not to doe the same vpon the left hand also ; or if he be apter to one hand then the other , looke vpon which hand he is most vnapt , and vpon that hand you must euer double his exercise . After you haue once begunne with this turne , you must not cease dayly to practise your horse therein , till you haue brought him to that perfitenesse , that with the least feeling you can possible giue with your legge , he will both begin and contiuue his turne , by meanes whereof you shall not be compelled to vse those grosse and farre fetched motions , which many of our English Riders vse , but performe your helpes so couertly , that though they be felt , yet they shall not be discerned . You may then also double his turnes ; and where hee went but once about , make him goe twise , thrise , or foure times , according to his strength and courage ; you shall then also leaue these large double rings , & onely mark out one single ring , bearing but halfe the compasse of the former . And after you haue paced and trotted it about , you shall then giue him the helpe of your leg , and make him ( as was before shewed you ) beat the ring round about , raysing vp his fore parts , and following them swiftly with his hinder partes , till hee haue gone twise , thrise , or foure times about , according to your pleasure on your right hand ; which done , you shall then trott him againe aboute the ring foure or fiue times to recouer his breath , and then trotting him out of the ring , take a little compasse about , and turne him vpon your left hand , on which hand you shall doe in all poynts as you did vpon your right hande : the maner and proportion of your change you shal behold in this figure following . When by exercise vppon this Ring , you haue brought your horse both to perfitnesse and constancy ; insomuch that he performes euerie lesson with great Arte , nimblenesse & lightnesse , you may then aduenture to proceede further , and put him to the Caragolo , or Snaile ring , wherein you are to vse no other Art or helpes then were vsed in the former rings , for the difference is onely in the continuance of the labour and the fashion of the roundes and not in any other substance : for as in the former ringes you kept one certaine line without alteration ; so in the Caragolo you shal do otherwise , for when you doe it , you shall at first marke out a ring of about a dozen or fourteene yards in compasse , which after you haue pac'd and trotted , you shall then by giuing the helpe of your outmost legge to the straitnesse of your hand , make your horse beate the Ring round about , and when you come to the closing of the Ring , by drawing your handes a little more straite and inward , keep him still in his aduauncing , and draw the ring to a lesser compasse , which second ring , when you come to close , you shall as you did before againe strai●en and thus straitning ring after ring , bring your horse within the compasse of his own length , which is the straitest turne that may be , & there finish and close vp your turne , which done , trott him crosse the Ring to the largest compasse , and thereby changing your hands , turne vpon your left hand , and doe in all points as much as you did vpon your right hand , the fashion of this Snaile ring , you may beholde in this figure , the first letter A. being the entrance into the ring , the letter B. the closing vp of the turne , and the second A. the changing of the hands . When your horse will perfectly set this turne you may then conclude him to be perfit in all turnes , for there is none more hard or full of difficultie , and it is verrie much commended by Claudio Corte , a man verie famous in this arte , yet for mine owne part , after you are once assured that your horse will doe it sufficiently , you shall then practise your horse therin verie seldome for it weakneth a young horse exceeding much , and abateth his mettall greately , especially if it should bee made a dayly lesson . And thus much for turning , and the seuerall kindes thereof . CHAP. 28. Of Managing and the seuerall kindes thereof . ALthough euerie lesson which is done , eyther artificiallie or beautifullye may by true interpretation be said to bee a manage , yet for asmuch as we heere in England , giue the atribution of that name onely to one particular lesson and no other : which indeede is onelye that we vse when we encounter our enemie with the sword , or else practise in turning , where we vse to galloppe our horse in one direct path , at least twentie or thirtie paces in length , and at either end to turne in a strait or narrow circkle , gallopping too and froe many times together , I thinke it not amisse both for custome sake , & for your better vnderstanding , to holde the title still to that lesson and no other . Now of this kinde of manage , which onelye is proper to the sword , Grison writes both diuersly , & makes diuers kindes thereof , as manage with halfe time , that is after he hath stopt , not to turne him til the second aduancement . manage with whole time , that is to turne vpon the third aduauncement : and manage without time , that is , to turne him presently vppon the stoppe without further respit . Of all these hee hath written both largelye and seriouslie , and doubtles in his daies , and vppon the first foundation of this art , they were found not vnnecessarie ; yet in these daies of ours , where art is brought to a better perfection ; they are all found vselesse and inconuenient , the two first hauing in them a kind of sloath or delay , both discommendable and vncomelye , the other a kinde of quicknesse or sodainnesse full both of danger and incertaintie : wherefore to come to the true manage indeede , which hath in it both Beautie , Art & Profit , You shall after this manner bring your horse vnto it , first in some grauellye or sandye hye way , you shal trot your horse forth-right in one pathe , about some 20. or 30 paces , and at the end therof trotting as it were a halfe moone vpon your right hand , trot down another dyrect path to the point where you began , and thereby making an other halfe moone vpon your right hand againe , ioyne the two pathes together at that end also , so that then the figure wherein you shall trot , will present to your eyes this proportion following in the next page . When you haue walked and trotted in these two pathes twice or thrice about , you shall then thrust your horse forth into a little more swifter trott then before ; and when you come at the end of the path , you shall by drawing your hands a little straiter inward , and by giuing the helpe of the calues of your legges , make your horse stoppe and aduaunce , and presently vpon the aduaunce thruste him forwarde with your feete againe , and then giuing him the calues of your legges againe making him aduaunce againe , you shall as you did in your former turnes , make him beate that semicircle about : which when he hath done , you shall then put him into his trot , and trott him swiftly downe the other path , where stopping him againe , and vsing the former helpes ( as you did before ) you shall now beate the other semicircle about on the same hand also with aduancings as before . When you haue thus done vpō the right hand three or foure times together , you shall then doe as much vpon your left hand , continuing this exercise so long , till he grow so perfit and cunning , that when he comes to the stoppe he will euen of his owne accord , set the halfe turnes without almost any assistance ; which when you perceiue , you shall then put him from his trot , and make him doe the same vpon an easie and stately gallop . In this lesson you must be verie diligent to help and assist your horse in euerie needful time , because in this lesson is comprehended many other lessons , as the grace & perfection of his gallop , the strength and certainty of his stoppe , and the agilitie and nimblenesse of his straite turnes . When you haue made your horse perfit vppon of these Semicircles , and double pathes , then you shall bring him into whole roundes and single pathes after this maner . First you shal pace about a small ring vpon your right hande , not aboue sixe yardes in compasse , which being plainly marked out that you may discerne it , you shall then from that ring trot downe an euen path the length of thirtie paces , and there marke out an other ring vpon your left hand of the same compasse also ; then you shal put your horse into a slow gallop , & so gallop to your first ring , where when you come , by drawing your hands a little inward , and giuing him the calues of your legges somewhat harder then vsuall you shall make him raise both his fore feete from the ground , and then following them closely with his hinder legs , beat the ring roūd about , as he did in his turns . Then you shal galloppe him backe againe , and doe the like vpon the left hand , gallopping him thus from ring to ring , in one direct path , till hee haue set vpon either hand at least three or foure seuerall turnes , in which you shall neither finde difficultie nor disorder , if before you bring him vnto this lesson ( as is before prescribed ) you haue him verie perfit in his strait turnes , I meane onely the Incauallare , and the turne Terra , Terra . Some of our Horsemen of best respect in this kingdome , doe for the manage not so curiously respect the setting of any turne , but being come to the end of the managing path , onelie gallop the straite ring about with a little more firme loftinesse , by drawing the brydell hand in , letting the horse feele , see or heare the rod of the contrarie side , the man carrying his bodie vpright , & at the close of the ring with his contrarie spurre to giue him a good stroake or Iobbe to bring him with spirit againe into the managing path . This lesson of all other is to bee done with great alacritie and chearefulnes both of the man and horse . Now for obseruations in managing , you are to obserue all those rules which you did obserue in your straite turnes , you are likewise to obserue in his gallopping , that hee keepe his path iustlie and euen , without eyther swaruing of one side or other , or casting his hinder parts out of the pathe , as many horses naturallye will doe , which is a moste vild fault in this lesson aboue all other , because if he keepe not his path iust , hee can neither be good for sword nor Launce . If then your horse haue this fault , and that the fault proceede from nature or follye , you may redresse it , if you ride him euerie day , by some euen or straight wall , hauing your ringes at each end of the wall , and the wall so placd that you may ride by either side of it . As you trott him along this wall , if your horse cast his hinder parts from the wall ; you shal first giue him a good iert or two with your rodde vpon his hinder houghes , which are from the wall , and if he take no notice , not amend therupon ; you shal thē giue him a good stroakeor two with your outmost spurre , iust by his hinder garthe , but hy no meanes in the flanke , as many of our riders vse to doe , for it is both vncomely and disorderly , and if at the first hee doe not amend his fault with this correction , doe not you take any care , but still continew your correction , and the riding him by the wal , till he take notice of his vice , and so reforme it . The figure to be cut in the earth . In these deepe ringes , and this deepe furrowe , you shall exercise your horse first vpon pace , then vpon trot and lastly vpon gallop , changing your handes as you shall either finde him apt or vnapt , till hee be both so perfit and so well fortefied , that hee will goe at an inch without either swaruing his bodie or anye other member , which be assured in lesse then a weekes space you may moste easily bring to passe , so that afterwards he will in the playnest field keep his path as iustly as in this deepe furrowe . An olde drie dike is also for this fault as good as this digd surrowe , and where you can finde such a one , you may there saue this labour . Next you are to obserue , that when your horse hath set the turne about , and is come euen to the clofing vp of the circle , and so to depart downe the straite furrow againe , that euen in his departure from the circle , you giue him the euen stroake of both your spurres together with a firm hardnesse , that you may make your horse departe away with a liuelye and good courage , which is an excellent grace in a manage ; and if you doe it so violently , that you make him raise all his fore-feere from the ground , and as it were at the last closing of the ring , euen to bound it away is much more beautiful , which the euen stroake of your spurres will bring him vnto in lesse then two mornings . Lastly , you shall obserue , that if your horse bee one of those horses which our English Horsemen call hot mouth'd horses , that is , which will for a time , and whilest they are well pleased doe any thing with obedience and order : but if once they be moued to anger , or to labour more then is agreeable with their owne willes , they will presently fall to flat running away , not that they take delight in running away , for the labour is worse then their other exercise , but that they imagin by running away , to run from their paine . When this fault you finde , you shall then make your managing course in some faire hie way , neare to some deepe new plowedlandes , and if after you haue giuen him halfe a dozen turnes vpon each hand , and done as much as you can with good order to vexe him , if then he fall to runne away , you shall immediatly thrust him vpon the new plowde lands ; and there threatning him with your voice , and correcting him both with your rodde and spurres , neuer leaue him till you haue made him vpon those deepe lands both galloppe large ringes and straite ringes too and froe , in such a confused manner , that hee may apprehend the true order of no one certaine lesson , but euen toyle and turne vp and down at your owne pleasure , til you feele either his breath or strength weaken by your labour ; then bring him to the hye way againe , and hauing walkt him vp and downe in the Managing furrowe and rings , till hee haue recouered breath ; then fall to manage him againe as at the first . This correction if you vse but twice , I am verifie perswaded it will neuer neede the third time . And thus much for manages , and the kindes thereof . CHAP. 19. Of the passing of a swift Cariere . THis word Cariere is by many ignorant men and some Schollers taken for leaping , bounding , & saults aboue ground ; for I saw in a late trāslated author , where speaking of those loftie ayres , hee calles them Cariering horses ; an epithiton most vnproper : for indeede Cariere is but onelie to runne swiftlye ; and to passe a Cariere , is but to runne with strength and courage such a conuenient course as is meete for his ability ; which euerie horseman must measure according as he findes the spirit and shape of his horse : the heauie & vnweldie horse hauing the shorter course , and the light spirited and fine shapt horse the longer : yet for as much as there is a mediocritie and indifference amongst the moste part , I thinke , and it is also confirmed by manye good Horsemen , that fourescore and ten paces is a verie conuenient Cariere , neither being too long for the slow horse , nor too short for the swift . Wherfore whē your horse is moste perfit in al the lessons before specified , ( and not before ) you shall then make him passe a Cariere in this maner ; being com'd into some large & euen hie way without either ruts or gaules to occasion stumbling , after you haue pacd him three or foure times on your right hād , about a little narrow ring ; you shal then trot him straight forward ( as neare as you can gesse ) at least fourescore and ten paces , and there walke him three or foure times about a narrowe ring on your left hand , & then setting his head directly downe the way you came , make him stand still a prettie space , setling your selfe euen and firme in your saddle , easing your hand , and cherishing your horse , which don , yeilding your bodie a little forward , and Ierting your legs forward with all your strength , stifly vpon your stirrop leathers , and crying with your voice hey or how , start your horse sodenly , into a swift gallop , and then giuing him the euen stroake of your spurrs twice or thrice together , make him runne with all the strength and furie he hath , till he come to the verdge of your first ring , & there , by drawing both your hands hard into the pomel of your sadle , & laying the calues of your legs close to his sides , make him stop close vpon his buttocks , and aduance with all twice or thrice together , & then stand still a good space , whilst you cherrish the horse and case your hand , which done , you may then walk him about a narrow ring againe on your right hand , till hee haue recouered breath and strength , and so trott him home to the Stable . Now that your horse may at the stoppe couch his hinder legges the better , and so make it more close and beautifull , it shall bee good that you chuse such a peece of ground to passe the careire vpon , as may at the last end where your horse shall stop , bee somewhat descending downe the hill , yet so , that it may bee grauelly and firme ground , on which your horse may valiantlie trust his feete ; & not slippery or grasse ground , which once fayling a horse , will make him euer after , out of his distrust both haue worse willnd stop with much lesse beautie . After you haue past your horse a cariere or two , and find that he will doe it strongly , swiftly , and obediently , you shall then not passe him a Cariere aboue once in two or three moneths ; especially after he comes to weare a bytt ; for nothing doth distemper a horses mouth so much as passing many Carieres . And thus much for this lesson . CHAP. 20. When and how to bytt horses , and to wake his head constant . AFter your horse hath beene thus farre trained vp , and taught perfitly in all these former lessons , onely with the Trench , Martingale , and Musroll , and that you find he doth euerie lesson with a comely grace , good courage , great lightnesse , and settled constancie , you shall then take away his Trench , and in stead therof put into his mouth a plaine smooth Cannon bytt , somwhat formerly worne , of the proportion & shape of the first figure of cānons formerly described , & this byt you shall at the first putting on anoynt with hony and salte ; the kurb thereof must bee rounde , smooth , long , and verie full , by any meanes not pressing , but onely lying gently vpon the nether lippe . The cheeke of this first bytt must be straight , according to the first figure of cheekes , and the length according to the proportion of the horse , as thus for example : when your horse standeth in his best glorie , and reyneth most comely , and closest as you may make him doe if you stande by him , and hold either a peece of bread , or a perfumed gloue to his nose ; or if you make a strange horse stande before him , as it were to ouer-face him . Take thē your ryding rodde , and measure him from his neather tush to the vpper part of the fore point of his shoulder , and iust so long must the cheeke of your bytt bee from the eie of the bytt , to the neathermost part thereof . Now when you haue put this bytt into your horses mouth , and placed it in his due place , which is euer aboue the neather tush , so as it may touch , but not rest vpon the tush , you shall then take the last Cauezan formerlye shewed , which cōsists all of one peece , not hauing sharp teeth , but blunt teeth , as appeares by the figure , & with long reynes of good round rope , being both soft , and but halfe twound , put it vpon your horses heade , placing it iust vnderneath the nose-band of your brydle , which is so much lower then your Musroll lay by the iust breadth of your nose-band ; insomuch that the Cauezan shall rest vpon the gristle of the horses nose , which is the tenderest part of the horses face . Now for as much as the weight of the yron , when you ease the reynes of the Cauezan will fall downe , and peraduenture slip ouer the horses nose , you shall vnderstand that all your Cauezans must haue their out-sides couered with leather strong and good , so that the yron may not be seene ; then through this leather you shal put a string , with which string you shall tie the Cauezan vp to the noseband of the bridle , and the noseband in any wise at the first you shall buckle close and straite about the horses chaps , least at the first wearing of a bytt , which is a mouth more full and large then the Trench , he take vnto him the foule vice of gaping . When your horse is thus trimmed , after he haue stoode a while vpon the bytt in the stable , and felt the Kurbe and other implements , you shall then bring him to the blocke , and take his backe . As touching the carriage of the reynes of your bytt , I haue formerly shewed you : and for the reynes of your Cauezan you shall carrie them in all poynts , as before I taught you to carry the false reines of the flying Trench , which is , the left reyne in your left hand , and vnder your left thumbe , and your right reyne in your right hande , of an euen length with the other . After you are wel setled , and euerie thing about your horse orderly disposed , you shall then thrust forward your horse , and trott him faire and softly into some large sandie hie way , bearing his heade onely vpon the Cauezan , and letting him but feele the bytt and no more , no sooner drawing it with the least motion , but instantly easing it againe . You shall the first day neyther put him to large ring , nor any other lesson , but onely trott him straight forwarde , and make him stoppe and retyre , vsing the helpe of the bytt little or nothing at all . After you haue thus ridden him the first day , you shall the next day likewise also ride him straight forthright , & only stop and retire also , yet that day you shall carye an indifferent hand , which is to say , you shall beare him as much vpon the Cannon as vpon the Cauezan , as thus : when you draw vp the reynes of your bytt , you shall let loose the reines of your cauezan , and when you draw downe the reynes of your Cauezan , you shal ease the reines of your bytt , & with these equall and indifferent motiōs , you shall exercise him the second day , bringing him to a little more familiaritie and acquaintance with the bytt , yet euer preseruing his mouth in all sweetnesse possible : When you haue done thus two dayes together , you shall then the third day put him to the same exercise and no other , onely you shall beare his heade , for the most part vpon the Cannon , and little or nothing at all vpon the Cauezan , except in time of necessitie , as to helpe him in turning , or to giue sweetnes to his mouth , least in resting his heade too much vpon the bytt , his mouth should loose some part of it's tendernesse : by these three dayes exercises , the horse will growe both to vnderstand the bytt , and to take knowledge as well of the helpes , as of the corrections , he will find pleasure in the Kurbe , and a constant rest in his mouth whereon to settle and firme his heade . Now for the Cauezan , this is the helpe that it bringeth ; it is in correction and vse of so neare an alliance with the Musroll and Martingall , bindiug and loosing in the selfe sort that they doe , so that the horse imagining he is within his former olde bandes , he dare neyther tosse vp his heade , nor ducke it downe , but beares it in the same constāt maner which formerly he did , til beine acquainted with the bytt , and finding the ease and staidnesse thereof , he will not then vse any of those vilde qualities , albe he haue neuer so great libertie . Againe the Cauezan is as readie a helpe in euerie turne as the Trench , and puts into the horses vnderstanding the vse of the Kurbe , which way it bindeth when it moues a horse to turne vpon the right hande , when vpon the left , and the reynes therof , you shall vse as you vsed the reynes of your Trench , as thus . When you turne vppon your right hand , you shall draw the left reyne of your Cauezan firme , and lay it close to the left side of his necke , to keepe his head and necke straight , and the right reyne you shal draw a little more then ordinarie , giuing him as it were a warning of his turne , and so immediately ease it againe . After these three daies exercises , you shall then put your horse to the large ringes in the selfe same manner as you did at his first breaking ; as first pacing , then trotting , & lastly gallopping , yet so that he be perfit in euery one of them seuerally , before he proceed to other , & not trot before he can pace readilie , nor gallop till hee can trot most perfectly . From two ringes you shall put him to three , from three to foure , and from foure to one large ring , containing two smaller rings within it , all which are in their figures formerly described ; and in all these ringes as you labour your horse , you shall euer by little vse your Cauezan lesse and lesse , and your byt more and more , till you haue wrought in your horse this contrarietie , that as at the first the Cauezan was of moste vse , and the bytt but either a cipher or a verie small helpe , so you must now bring your byt to be onlye of vse , & the Cauezā to lye vpon the horses face to little or no purpose , by degrees , long labouring , and gentill motions , bringing your horse to such a perfect knowledge and delight in the byt , that when at any time you turne or change from hand to hand in your rings , you shall if you turne vpon your right hand , no more but turne the thumbe of your bridell hand which stands vpright , but a little downewards , toward the right shoulder of the horse , and when you turne vppon your left hand , you shall but turne your bridle hād a little backewards towards the left shoulder of the horse , the knowledge of which two motiōs the horse wil sodainly learne , if at first teaching you euer accompany with them the vse of the Cauezan in the verie instant that you mooue your hands : you shall also make your horse so perfit vpon the stop , that if he bee in the fulnes of his cariere , you shall not by any meanes draw your bridle hand aboue the height of your Saddle pommel , nor when you make him retire , you shal not draw your hande hygher then halfe so farre as at the stop , for the bytt being an Engine of the greatest commaundment , which rayseth vp a horse ; head and bodie , both in pace and other motion , with more ease then any other instrument ; if therefore your strayninges , should bee as hard vppon it , as vpon the Trench ( which hath no violence more then what it takes from your hand ) you could not chuse but disorder , or else take from the horses mouth the best sence and feeling : therefore in anye case let your straynings vppon the bytt bee tender and temperate , yet not so verie soft , but that both you and the Horse may haue a full constant feeling of one another . Now for obseruations & notes in this first bytting of a Horse , there bee manye , as first when you haue put the bytt on , to looke within the mouth of your horse , an● see whether your bytt lye in his due place , then tha● the mouth of the bytt bee neither too bigge nor ●oo ●ittle for the Horses mouth , but of a iust proportion and fulnesse , for to bee too bigge makes a horse gape , hurts his vpper barres , and duls his mouth , and to bee too little makes a horse drawe his tongue ouer the bytt , thrust it out of his mouth , either of one side or other ; and lastly ( giuing him no perfit feeling ) takes from him all perfit tendernesse . For them and other faults whatsoeuer , you may finde remedies and alteration of mouthes in the former chapter treating of bytts : you shall also obserue that the Kurbe lye vpon the neather lip , in his due place , yet so loose and without pressing , that albe your horse keepe his teeth fast together , yet he may play with his neather lip vpon the Kurbe , which is a great signe of a sweet & tender mouth . Next these , you shal obserue the shape of your horse , and if you finde he haue such a long , large , Swanne-like neck , that not withstanding the straightnes of your byt cheeke , which is onely to put vp his head , he yet bringeth it somewhat rounder then you would haue him , & so looseth some parte of the beautie of his reyne , you shall then ride him with the broken cheeke according to the second figure of cheekes , where the neather parts are broke more outward thē the vpper , & if one breach bee not sufficent you may vse two , if two faile , three doubtles wil work your pleasure , & put vp his neck so hye as nature will giue it leaue , but if contrarie to this shape , a horse haue a short necke , and a narrow chaule , so that your straight cheek puts vp his head hie enough , but yet it bringeth not in his mozell , nor boweth his neck to anie proportion ; In this case you shal ride him with the broken cheek , but the breach shal be made inward as the other was outward , & if one breach benot sufficient , you shal make two , or else three , til you haue brought his head to the place you desire ; you shall also obserue , that by no meanes at the first byttting of a Horse you drawe your bytt r●shlye or suddainely ; for that is the first occasion which makes a Horse thrust out his nose , and rebell against the bytt , but taking leasure , and drawing the reynes gently , giues him such a knowledge , that hee will yeeld and follow the bytt : which once vsed , he will neuer after contend . Now for the Cauezan , you shal obserue , that if your horse be of hard head , and short neck , so that he presses & hangs vpō this Cauezan of one peecc , which is of all the gentlest , you shal then instead therof vse the wrythen cauezan , consisting of two peeces , which binding somewhat straiter , is of so much the more force in punishing , and breedes a quicker obedience . But if your horse haue been before time in some ignorant hors-mans hād , who for want of art to vse gentil Cauezans , hath so dulde and hardned your horses head , that neither of these Cauezans will preuaile , nor bring lightnesse to your horses head , then in such extreamitie you may vse the other Cauezan , consisting of two peeces , with sharpe teeth , or that which is of three peeces , so you haue this diligent care , that by no meanes you either fridge haire , or take any skinne from the horses face , which is a fault both disgracefull to the horse and man , to the horse , as taking away the beauty of his countenance , and to the man in shewing the hard rudenesse of his hand without either moderation or temper . The Chaine with teeth , and the Chaine with teeth and ringes toothed , are both more sha●he then the former Cauezans , and may ( where the rider hath so lady-soft a hand , as not to bruse or wound ) be vsed in case of great extremitie , and not otherwise . Now some that happily looke not into the true method of my precepts , may taske me of some opposititions or contrarieties in my writings , because in the second Chapter of this booke , I there discommended all these sharpe Cauezans , and yet in this Chapter doe ( after a certaine sort ) allow them ; but they must carrie in their memories these considerations , that I discommended them vtterly as the first instruments or sternes wherwith to gouerne a Colt at his first backing without any other assistance ; and I allow them after a horse is readie in euerie lesson fit for seruice in the warres , for the making him firme , steddie , and perfite vpon his bytt , or where ignorance and a rude hand hath done hurt , there with art and cunning to amend those faults with the helpe of these instruments . Nowe when you haue vpon the smooth Cannon , and Cauezan , made your horse perfite and readie in all the lessons which are formerly taught ; so that hee will doe them with a good grace , and a free spirit , you shall then lay away the Cauezan , and in steade thereof ride him with a smooth Cannon , and a flying Trench , according to the figure in the fourth Chapter , putting to the rings of the flying Trench a paire of false reynes , answerable to the perfite reynes of the Bridle , the carriage of which reynes , are also shewed in the same chapter , and keeping the proportion of the ch●ek as before . Vpon this bytt , and with these false reynes you shall practise your horse both in large rings , strait turns , and all other lessons which are formerly taught in the selfe same maner , as you did with the Cannon and Cauezan , vsing the same helpes , corrections , and obseruations which you did in the vse of the Trench , Musroll , & Martingall , till your horse be so perfit , that a curious eie shall not iudge he hath any other helpe in his motions then onely your imagination ; which lesse then two moneths will fully compleate and perfite . At which time ( if your horse bee of full strength , spirite , and nimblenesse ) proceede to the other lessons , which are ayres and saults aboue ground : and though not fully so necessarie as the former for seruice in the warres , yet are they such , as not without profite may bee practised in those places : And for the pleasure of Princes , and health of a mans bodie , are hoth delightfull and commodious . CHAP. 21. Of bounding aloft , and the manner thereof . WHen you haue made your horse perfite in all the lessons before taught : if then you finde in him a naturall iuclination to lightnesse , and a spirit both apt to apprehend and execute any sault aboue ground , as hauing both good limbs , & a cleane strength . The next lesson you shall teach him , shall be to bound or rise aboue ground with all his foure fee● , euen and iust together , carrying his heade in a iust and due place , without loosing his reyne : and gathering his bodie round and close together , rising & falling againe in one and the selfe same place , which manner of bounding aloft is fittest and easiest to bee taught at such place as you stoppe your horse , as thus for example ; When you haue trotted your horse a dozen or twentie yeards forward in a sandy way , you shall there make him stoppe and aduaunce at least twise together , obseruing euer that at his second aduauncing you giue him the euen stroake of both your spurres together , close by the hindmost gyrth , at which if at first he onely but shewe amazement , or aduaunce higher as not yet vnderstanding your meaning : you shall then trott him as farre forwarde againe , and there ( as you did before at his seconde aduauncement ) giue him the euen stroake of your spurres a little harder then you did before , at which if hee rise not , you shall then not onely spurre him againe , but also giue him a good iert with your rodde vnder his bellie , which putting him into a little more amazement , forth-with tro●tforwarde againe , and as you did the seconde time , doe so nowe the thirde time , onely forbeare your rodde as much as is possible , because the correction thereof tendes to another purpose , and it is your spurres which shoulde onely raise your Horse vppon all foure . When you haue done thus three times togither , doe it the fourth , fift , and sixt time , e●etic time increasing your correction till hecraise all his foure feete from the grounde , which when so euer hee dooth , or howe euill fauouredlye soeuer hee dooth , yet notwithstanding cherish him exceedingly , and bee assured that in twise or thrise bounding hee will amende what fault soeuer was in his first beginning : and surely except hee bee a verie dull Iade , and so not fitte for such practise , you shall not giue him this helpe of your spurre twice before hee will bounde from the grounde vppon all foure . There be some Authors that would haue a horse to doe this bound or leape with the helpe of the calues of your legges , and not with the spurres , saying , that the calues of the legges will make a horse rise higher then the spurres , but the reason is neither good , nor the practise to bee allowed . For if you make your horse bound with the helpe of the calues of your legges , then you make that helpe vselesse for all other purposes ; so that when your horse should but aduaunce , hee will bound ; when he shoulde beate a turne , it will bee all in boundes : and to conclude , hee must either haue spurre-galde sides , or else with euerie lesson hee must mixe boundings , which beeing both vnfitte , and out of order , you shall onely follow the course first prescribed . There be some horsemen , that when their horses do bound , would haue them in the same motion also to yarke out their hinder legges ; as an ayre both full of arte and comelinesse . As touching yarking behinde , and the way to bring your horse vnto it , I haue sufficiently written alreadie in the sixteenth Chapter : Wherefore , if in this lesson also you woulde haue him yarke , you shall do no more but in the verie height of his bounding , giue him euerie time a good ierte with your rodde vnder the bellie , to which after hee is anye long time accustomed , and doeth vnderstande your meaning , hee will growe so perfite , that hee will neuer bounde , but hee will yarke withall , albe you neither giue him helpe nor correction . Now for obseruations in this lesson , besides the beautie and comelinesse of his reyne , there are but two any thing materiall ; the first is , that if hee rise not so hie with his hinder parts , as with his fore-partes , that you accompany with the helpe of your spurres , a good iert with your rod vnder the horses belly , as neare the flanke as you can strike it . The second is , that if in his bounding hee doe not keepe his ground but presse forward as if he stroue how farre he could leape , & not how hie he could leape , that in such a case , looke how much ground he gets in his leape , that so much you make him retire backe ; and being come to his first place , there make him bound againe . Now for the vse of this lesson , it is thus : if when you ride your horse before any great assembly , vpon the finishing vp ofeuerie lesson , whether it be Ring-turne , Manage , Strait-turnes of all sortes , or what lesson soeuer ; if vpon euerie stop and conclusion , ( as the last of all labour ) you make your horse bound and yarke out with all , it is moste comely ; if you shall set the turne Terra , Terra , altogether vpon bounds and yarkings out behinde , ( as I haue seene diuers horses doe ) especiallye a red Roan'd horse of the Earle of Southhamptons , it not onely showes in the Horse a good courage , cleane strength , and a strong chine , but in the horseman a readie hand , a quicke legge and a moste perfit seate : And thus much for bounding aloft or leaping . CHAP. 22. Of the Coruet , Caprioll , gallop Galliard , and going sidelong . THis ayre or sault which we call Coruet , albe it bee deriued from the Spanish word Corua , which is the hinder heele of a horse , yet we haue the best presidents for the doing thereof from the auncient Italians the motion is a kind of dauncing which the horse is made to vse by taking his fore-legs a good height frō the ground , and his hinder legges not halfe so much , prauncing vp and downe all in one place , and in the fiercenes of his contenance & cariage of his bodie , seeming as though he would runne , and yet is restrayined . The labour therof , albe he take his fore-feete vp higher , consisteth most in his hinder partes , because hee must couch and bowe them more nimblye , and also presse them downe the harder . The manner to bring him vnto it is thus : hauing trotted him foorth right in some sandie hie way , at least a dozen paces ; stop him , & with the helpe of the calues of your legges , make him there aduaunce three or foure times together , al in one place ; then trott him as farre further , and there make him aduaunce at least a dozen times , continuing thus to make him aduaunce at the end of euerie dozen paces , sometimes six times sometimes eight timessomtimes more , till in the end you feele him lift vp his hinder parts ; which if he doe heauilie or slowly , you shall then with your rodd iert him vnder the belly , yet so tenderly , that the noise therof may more moue spirit in him , then the smarte , by meanes whereof he will instantly take both his hinder feete from the ground , and as he aduaunceth before , so he will also mooue his hinder parts , and keep a prauncing with both parts indifferentlie . Now if you finde that in his dooing of the Coruett he stand too vpright vpon his loynes , and doe not bow as he ought , you shall then teach him the Coruett vpon the Knowle of some hill , his head being turned downe the descent . Now whereas the Italians ( from the imitation of the Spaniards ) doe in the Coruet , vse to ride shorter then in anye other lesson , and to that purpose haue set downe certaine precepts , I for mine owne parte do not like such rules , neither would haue anye man alter his stirrops from their true place : for what lesson soeuer will not be done with the help of the legge in his best cariage , is either a lesson vnfit to be taught , or else doth carrie in it the vse of some barbarous correction . After your horse is perfit in his Coruet , the next ayre you shal teach him is that salt which Grison and the other Italians call Caprioll , and wee heere in England the Goates leape . It differeth from the Coruet a greate deale more in motiō then in teaching , for whereas the Coruett is an ayre onely to bee done as it were in one place , and the hinder feet not to rise any thing neare so hie as the fore seete , the Capriol contrarilie is an ayrie altogether to be done forward , and the hinder partes euer to rise in equall height with the fore parts , the maner to teach your horse to do it is in this fort ; you shall ride him vppon some sandie or grauellye earth , and there stopping him , you shal make him aduaūce twice or thrice together , then you shall trot him not aboue a step or two at the most , & there make him aduaunce twice more ; then another step or two and aduaunce againe . And thus aduauncing at the end of euerie two steps for the space of thirtie or fortie paces going , you shall bring him to such a custome , and lightnesse in his aduauncings , that in the end instead of the two steps , he will with the helpe of the calue of your legge , raise vp his rumpe and hinder partes , and so passe from stop to stop in aduauncings before , and persuites behinde of one equall height and order ; in which if you finde hee any thing at all sticketh , and doth not raise his hinder partes so hie as you would haue him , you shall then turne your rodde in your hand with the point backward , iust ouer the midst of the horses rumpe , and your hand close against your right side , then when hee aduaunceth ; in his passage forward you shall shake your rodde ouer his rumpe , and now and then Iert him vppon the same , making him thereby to gather vp his loynes from the earth , and to passe with better comelinesse . But if either out of his heauie composition , or stubbornnesse of his nature , this gentle correction doe not auaile ; you shal then ride your horse into some narrowe hollowe hie way , where he cannot flie out of eyther side , or into some olde drie dyke , and there as you practise him in the same lesson , you shall cause a stander by to come behinde you with a long instrument of yron in his hand , bowde at one end , and hauing therein like a greate extraordinarie rowell of a Spurre ; which instrument is called a Peerch , & is made after the fashion of this figure following in the next page . The Perche . With this Perche the stander by shall strike your horse vpon the rumpe , and make him raise vp his hinder parts , whilst your selfe shall onelye but helpe him with the calues of your legges , & the forward ierte with your stirrop leathers : and thus dooing but too or three mornings together , you shall neuer after neede any other help , more then your rodde turned backeward , or the sound of your voice crying Hey , Hey , or How , How. The next lesson to this , is the galloppe Galliard , which Grison demonstrateth to be don vppon the gallop , as thus : putting him into a lustie strong galloppe to cause him at the end of euerie two paces of the gallop to boūd aloft , and yarke out his hinder legs with all , and so to do for the space of twentie paces or more , according to the strength of the horse , and this , from the deriuation of the word gallop-galliard is very probable ; yet with vs this lesson is not of such vse , but we rather doe it in the Coruette or Caprioll , as thus : after your horse hath beaten the coruett three times together , thē giuing him the euen stroake of both your spurres , and a good ierte with your rodde to make him bound aloft , and yarke out withall , and so doe for a dozen boundes together , or so many as his strength may conuenientlie endure : and so likewise in the Capriole after hee haue made three leapes , then to giue him both your spurres together , and the iert with your rodde , and so make him bound and yarke withall , doubling these leapes and boundes according to his strength . These lessons are all verie forcible , and beate a horses limbes exceedinglie , wherfore you are to vse them very sildome , and to teach them to none but such horses as are both couragious , actiue , and strong , to whome nature hath beene so good a mistrisse , that your art shall not create , but keepe in exercise what he brought , euen from the wombe of his damme . The next and last lesson you shall teach your horse , is to goe sidelong , both with his fore parts and hinder parts in equall motions , as farre as youwill , & as little a wayas you will : and though I place it here the last amongst those loftie ayres and hie saults , yet it is as necessarie as any other lesson whatsoeuer , beeing both of great vse in the warres , and of much delight in the place of pleasure ; yet , should it bee taught before other lessons be perfited , it is of that nature , that it would breed disorder : wherefore to bring your horse vnto it , you shal thus doe : as you ride him vpon some plaine peece of ground , if you would haue him to goe sidelong to your right hand , you shall turne your brydle hand a little ouer to his right shoulder , and lay your left legge close to his side , so that hee may not onelie feele your legge but your spurre also , yet in such sorte that your spurre doe not pricke him , and if at the first hee will not remooue his legges , you shall continue still to holde your legge close , and let him feele the spurre more and more ; if then he remoue contrarie to your minde , that is , rather to the left hand then to the right , you shall not respect it but still keep your legge close , and increase your correction till in the end hee begin to remoue his legges right : which as soone as euer you perceiue , immediatelye take away your leg , cherish him , & make him a while stand still . After a little pause , doe as you did before , exercising him therein , til with the least motion of your single leg he will goe sidelong as farre as you will haue him : this done , you shall make him doe as much to his left side , by turning your bridle hand a little backeward , & laying your right legge close to the horses side . When your horse wil thus goe sidelong of which side you will , you shall then by oft practising him therein , make him goe side long so fast , as if he did euen trot , which is both gracefull and profitable ; but if in this lesson you finde his foreparts ( because they are much the nimbler ) to goe faster sidelong then his hinder parts , so that he drawes his hinder parts after him , In this case youshall turne the point of your rodde downeward , crosse ouerthwart his houghes beneath his thighes , and lay it close vnto them , and if at the feeling thereof , hee doe not presentlie amend his fault , you shall then giue him a good iert ▪ or two orethwart his houghes and that wil make him bring on his hinder parts roundlye . When thus your horse will perfectly goe side-long off which hand you please , you may then by the helpe of your contrarielegge , and a little more firme carrying of your brydle hand , make your horse both Coruet and passe the Caprioll side-long to which hand you please , which is a salt much vsed amongst the Italians , yet for mine own part I would haue it practisd but sildome , because in my conceit the best grace that those ayres carrie , is when they are done straight forward , for then they show their best shapes , and the truest Arte in the horse-man , aproueing that his legges keepe one euen time in their motions , and giue one equal sence in their touchinges ; where should hee doe rudely , that is , strike one legge harder then another , or mooue one leg faster then another , why these disorders are the meanes which will make a horse doe these ayres sidelong as well as the vse of the best art . Now to conclud : in these lessons , & all other you are diligētly to obserue true time & measure in your dooings , neither showing furie or amazement in too much haste , nor want of Arte or agility in too much sloath or dulnesse , but holding as your chiefe Iewell this golden treasure , excellent Mediocritie . And thus much for these lessons of pleasure . CHAP. 23. Of running at the Ring , and the vse of the Launce . WHen your horse is compleately perfited , in all the former lessons of seruice and pleasure , and that by labour and Arte you haue brought your worke to a wished end , it thē remaines that you make vse of the benefit of your former labours ; eyther if you liue in the land of peace by imploying your horse for the exercise of your bodie , and sometimes for your benefit in trauaile as occasion shall be ministred , or if you liue in the place of action , by putting him to seruice , and the encounter of your enemies . Yet by the way I must giue you this one note more , which is , you must vnderstād that the Cannon bytts formerly described , being mouthes of such exceeding smoothenes and fulnesse , if you shall either trauell your horse thereupon in long iorneyes , or vse them in the trouble and turmoyle of the warres , where the ouerplus of exercise brings a horse to a certaine faintnesse and wearinesse ; In any of these cases , the horse being compeld to rest much vpon these full smoothe mouthes , will in the end grow both dull , insencible , and hard of mouh , wherefore as soone as you haue perfited your horse in all his lessons and brought his head and reyne to a setled constancie , you shall then according as you finde the temper of the horses mouth , bytt him with either Scatch , Mellon , Peare , Campanell , or some other mouthe formerlye described vnto you , fashioning the cheeke thereof according to the third figure of cheekes formerly described ; onely the length thereof must be according to the proportion of the horses necke , for if the horse haue along vpright necke , and his head rest comelye vpon the same , then the cheeke would bee two inches short of the highest part of his brest , but if his necke bee short and vpright , or long and round bending a little downeward , then the neather part of your bytt checke must come full to the vpper part of his brest , but no lower . Your horse being thus bitted and well setled vppon this bytt , if you haue a delight in the exercise of armes , and the vse of the Launce , it shall bee good for you to practise twice or thrice a weeke to run at the ring , that is , to set a small ring ofyron about eight inches in compasse at the moste , either vpon the top of a tilt barre , or vpon a staffe sixe foote from the ground , close by the midst of the furrowe , where you passe your Cariere , & then standing with your horse & your Launce in your hand , 45. paces or more from the ring , trie how neare you can goe to runne your staffe thorow the ring as your horse passeth his Cariere . Now for as much as in this lesson , there be manye nice and curious obseruations , and also great arte both in the gouerment of your horse and of your hand , and for as much as this lesson being truely and artificially learnd , containeth all other lessons whatsoeuer wherein the Launce is imployed , I will ( according to mine own experience & instruction ) shew the manner therof , wherein if either I faile in arte or garbe , I humbly submit to the correction of those of better iudgement , hoping that albe I showe not all thinges in their best perfection , yet I will show nothing which shal carrie in it any grosse absurditie . Now therefore if you will practise to runne at the ring , after you haue placd your ring in his due place , ( which should euer bee ●the midst of your Cariere ) your horse then beeing brought to the fielde , to the end of the Cariere . As soone as you come vnto him , you shall ere you mount looke that your bridle and bytt bee in their due places , that your Saddle bee fast girt , and your Crooper buckled at his iust length ; then taking the reynes of your Bridle into your left hand , holding them as hath beene formerlie taught you : you shall then mount vppon his backe , and then placing your selfe iust , euen and vpright in your Saddle , with your feete firme vppon your Stirrops and your toes bending rather inward then outward , Some by-stander shall then deliuer into your right hand a Launce , which you shall receiue by no part but that , which is purposelie made for your hand . As soone as you haue receiued the Launce , you shall place the butt ende thereof vppon the midst of your right thigh , bearing the point thereof straight & vpright , so as the outside of your Launce may answere the out-side of your right eie , onelie the point thereof must a little thought leane forward . Being thus seated in your saddle , & your Launce thus truely placd you shal then put forth your horse , and pace him to the end of the Cariere where you intend to start , and there make him stand still , and pause a good space , during which rest you shall conceiue in your mind foure lines which you shall imagine to passe from your Launce to the ring . The first an euē straight line frō the neather end of your Launce or mid thigh , which answering the height of your horse , passes in one euēnes to the ring , & serues for a demonstration of the streightnes of the furrowe wherein you runne , or the euennesse of the tilt barre , in which furrowe or barre should there bee anie crookednes , there could not chuse but in the running be disorder . The second line you are to conceiue is from your right eye or thicke part of your Launce , to the verie center of the ring , from which your eye in running must not swarue . The third line is a dyrect line downward from the point of your Launce to the center of the ring , and your fourth line is from the point of your Launce also to the center of your ring , but it is deuided into three partes : the first third part ( which is at the starte of the Cariere ) being a straight euen line , the length whereof you must carrie your Launce in an euen line without bending , being from the taking your Launce from your thighe to the vttermost putting out of your hād , & it must contain a third part of your half Cariere ; the second third part is a line bending inward , & is from the putting out of your hand to the bringing of your hād to your Rest , & it containeth a secōd third part of your half Carier , the last third part of this fourth line is a little more descending then the second , and is frō the bringing of your Launce to the Rest , to the verie touching or taking of the Ring . The proportion and fashion of which lines for your better satisfaction , you shall beholde in this figure following in the next page . After you haue taken these lines into your consideration , and from rhe leuell of your eie , taken the direct line from your eie to the ring , you shall then start your horse into his Cariere , yet by no meanes suddainelie , or with any furie , but first putting him forward a step or two gentlie , then thrust him fourth into his Cariere , and as soone as hee is started , you shall take your Launce from your thigh , & putting your arme outward , bring your hand downe as lowe almoste as your midd thigh , your arme beeing stretcht out to the vttermost length , and held outward from your bodie , the point of your Launce being stil kept in an euen line : this being your first motion must continew doing , the first third part of your course . Then must you turne your hand from your wrist forward leasurelie inward ; and holding your elbowe outward , bring in that part of your arme from the elbowe to the hand , close to your brest where your Rest should stand , and as you bring in your arme , so you shall descend the point of your Launce a second third part nearer to your Ring , and this being your second motion , must continew doing the second third part of your course . Then your Launce being brought to your Rest , you shall by lifting vp , and keeping open your elbowe from your bodie , and by putting downe your thumbe and fore parte of your hand descend the point of your Launce softlie downe till it fall as it were into the ring : which beeing your third motion must continewe dooing the last third part of your course : and thus hauing taken the Ring , you shall runne your Horse to the end of the Cariere , raysing your staffe againe to his former place , with the same three motions , that is , the first taking your staffe from your Rest , The second to bring your hand to your thigh , and the third to bring vp the neathermoste ende of your Launce vpon your thigh , as it was before you started : And these three latter motions you shall doe so speedilie , that they shall all three bee finished in one third part of the course , running the other two partes of the course out , with your Launce on your thigh gallantlie , and when you come to the vtmoste end of the Cariere , you shall therestoppe your horse close , firme and iust , making him aduaunce once or twice , and then after a little pause , to turne him about , and set his head forward againe towards the ring as hee was before : so that if you please , you may passe another Cariere backe again to the place where you first started , doubling your courses as you finde strength in your horse and abilitie in your owne bodie . Thus you see the whole substance of art in this course at the Ring ; is contained in three distinct motions , the first in discharging your Launce from your thigh , the second bringing it vp to the Rest , ( which is on your brest against your right pappe ) and the third , the fine descending downe of the point of your Launce , till it meete with the marke whereat you run . Where it is to bee noted , that after you haue once started your horse , & begun to discharge your staffe frō your thigh , you shal not stay or rest , but as if all your motions were but one motion , bee continuallye mouing , till your Launce euen as it descends , fal iust into the Ring . You shall also obserue that by no meanes you coutch your Laūce lower thē the ring , & so bring it back vp againe to take the ring , for that is an error of great grosenesse ; neither shall you turne your hand so much in to your left side that you put your Launce wide of either hand the ring , and then bring it backe againe to hit the ring , for that is almoste as ill as the other ; you shall obserue that you carrie your elbow , and that part of your arme from your elbowe to your shoulder of one iust height , giuing your hand libertie to gouerne your Launce euerie way , and not by thrusting downe your elbowe to hugg , or gripe your Launce , whereby it shal be carryed in an euen line , iust from your right shoulder , and so not come neare the ring by diuers yardes , because the ring is euer placd wide of your left shoulder , this fault you shall amend onelie by carrying vp and open your elbowe , and so by turning in your hand , charge your Launce directly ouer the left eare of your horse , which ( the length of your Launce considered ) will carrie it directly vpon the ring which standes a little wider vpon your left hand : you shall also obserue that in the passage of the Cariere , you sit fast , firme and vpright in your saddle : neither bending so much forward , that ( like an ordinary horse runner ) you loose the beauty of your person , nor bending so much backeward that the horse may seeme to carrie you away contrarie to your will and liking ; or to your great disaduauntage , when either in tryumphes you shall bee cald to runne at the Tilt , or in the field , when with your Launce you shall incounter with your enemie : for you must vnderstand that both running at the ring and tilting haue one and the selfe same motions , helpes and obseruations : and he that can hit a ring of fiue or sixe inches , cannot misse a man of much greater quantitye . But sitting gallantlie and vprightly , you shall onely turne your right shoulder a little thought more inward then your left . Lastly , you shall obserue to carrie your bridle hand close vnder the pommell of your Saddle , somewhat lower then the middest , neither giuing the reines such libertie that you shall haue no feele of the horses head , nor restraining them so hard , that he cannot run fourth with his greatest courage , but holding an indifferent meane , force your horse with spurre and legge to passe his carreire with all speed possible , and in such sort , that when you come to the stoppe , you may not draw vp your bridle hand aboue the toppe of the Saddle pommell , nor seeme in that motion either to haue your seat troubled , or to bend your bodie backeward ; and in the whole passage of the carriere , if you run either alongst a wall , or a tylt barre , you shall turne your bridle hande a little backeward towards your left side , to keepe your horses fore-partes close to the wall or barre , and when by your horses slouth occasion is giuen you , you shall spurre your horse rather vpon the right side , which is from the barre then on the left side next to the barre . Now for asmuch as both the former motions , and these obseruations will seeme exceeding difficult to an vnexperienced hand , And forasmuch as Tilt barres & places conuenient for his practise are euer about the Pallaces of Princes , where is continuall concourse of people , to whomscollers at first are loath to prostitute their ignorance : If therefore you would practise in a more priuate maner , it shall not be amisse for you thē in some remote peece of ground , which is both leuell and hath good foot-holde , by setting vp strong stakes and such like stayes , first to passe one line or strong rope from the height of your midde thigh as you sit on horsbackes , the whole length of a cariere , which may serue as the figure of at barre , then in the middest thereof , to set vp your Ring , of the hight formerly described in this Chapter : then shall you by the helpe of hier stakes passe another smaller line from your eie or midde Launce , iust to the center of the Ring ; then by the helpe of two long Poales , passe a third small line from the toppe of your Launce ( as it standes vpon your thigh ) to the center of your Ring also , carying the first thirde part of that line in an euen straightnesse , and the other two partes descending , according to the figure before shewed . And when you haue thus placed your lines , you may then ( as if you were at a tilt barre ) start your horse into his Cariere , and by the directions of the lines direct the motions of your Launce , till by continuall vse and practise , you become so cunning , that you are able to doe euerie motion to a haire , without anie assistance , either of line , or other modell , more then the skill onelie of your hand and bodie , which you shall doe much the better , and sooner attaine vnto , if you cause some man of good vnderstanding ( to whom you haue declared both the beauties & faults of the course ) to stand by you in your first practice , & without flattering you , to tell what faultes you commit in euerye course , which when you knowe , you must by labour and industrie reforme , till you come to the full perfection you wish for . And thus much for this warlike and noble practise . CHAP. 24. Of the teaching of young schollers : and the riding of a ridden horse to the best show . ALthough the precepts and rudiments formerly expressed in this booke , may bring a man ( if he bee of good courage , witte , memorie and actiuitie ) that was neuer trained vp in the rules of horsemanshippe , to frame a horse to some indifferent fashion of good riding : yet for asmuch as the rules are verie intricate , horses natures and conditions exceeding various , and the motions a man must vse full of arte and contrarietic , so that it is impossible without some instruction into the arte : some construction of the arte , and some long practise howe to doe with arte , but a man must spoile and marre manie horses ere hee attaine to the making of one , which to eschew , I would aduise euerie noble spirit , of what qualitie soeuer hee bee , not to meddle with the making of any young horse , till hee haue from some good horsman learned how to ride a ridden horse ; wherefore to giue you some tast of the rules of a hors-schoole , which like an A. B C. or Primmer , & not like a Grammer may prepare you , and make you more capable of better demonstrations , I will in this Chapter set you downe some principall obseruations . First therefore , whē you begin to learne to ride , you must come to the Stable , in such decent and fit apparel , as is meet for such an exercise , that is to say , a hat which must sit close and firme vpon your heade , with an indifferent narrow verge or brim , so that in the saults or bounds of the horse , it may neither through widenesse , or vnweldinesse fall frō your head , nor with the bredth of the brim fall into your eies , and impeach your sight , both which are verie grosse errors . About your neeke you shall weare a falling band , and no ruffe , whose depth or thicknesse , may either with the winde , or motions of your horse , ruffell about your face ; or according to the fashion of the Spaniards , daunce Hobby-horse-like about your shoulders , which though in them it is taken for a grace , yet in true iudgement it is found an errour . Your doublet shal be made close and hansome to your bodie , large wasted , so that you may euer be sure to ride with your points trussed ( for to ride otherwise is most vilde ) and in all parts so easye , that it may not take from you the vse of anie part of your bodie . About your waste you must haue euer your girdle , and thereon a smal dagger or punniard , which must be so fast in the sheath that no motion of the horse may cast it forth , and yet so readie , that vpon any occasion you may draw it . Your hose would be large , rounde , and full , so that they may fill your saddle , which should it otherwise bee emptie and your bodie looke like a small substance in a great comasse , it were wondrous vncomely . Your bootes must be cleane , blacke , long , and close to your legge , comming almost vp to your midde thigh , so that they may lie as a defence betwixt your knee and the tree of your saddle . Your boote-hose must come some two inches higher then your bootes , being hansomely tied vp with points . Your spurres must be strong and flat inward , bending with a compasse vnder your ancle : the neck of your spurre must be long and straight , and rowels thereof large and sharp , the prickes thereof not standing thicke together , nor being aboue fiue in number . Vpon your handes you must weare a hansome paire of Gloues , and in your right hande you must haue a long rodde finely rush-growne , so that the small ende thereof bee hardly so great as a round packe-threed , insomuch that when you moue or shake it , the noyse thereof may be lowde and sharpe . Being thus accoutred like a Gentleman and a horsman , and the horse ( on which you are to ride should bee verie readie ) perfite , and staid in all lessons whatsoeuer , doing them with an extraordinarie pride and loftinesse : being brought to the block , where you shall get vppe , you shall before you come to the blocke , put off your spurres ; because hauing not learned the vse of your legges , you cannot knowe the vse of your spurres : and then mounting the blocke , turning your left side close to the shoulder of your horse , with your backe rowardes his heade , and your face towardes his buttockes , you shall take vppe the bytt reynes into your left hande , and place your hande and fingers as is shewed you before in the fourth chapter of this Booke : Which done , you shall take the remainder of your reynes vp in the right hande , which stretching out to their vttermost length , you shall pull so euen that one of the cheekes of your bytt shall not hang sider then the other , and withall drawe your bytt to such a limit , that with the straitnesse thereof your horse shall not offer to goe backe , nor with the loosenes offer to goe forward . When you haue thus assured your bytt , and the reynes thereof , you shall with your left hand placed close vpon the Saddle pommell ( standing in the maner aforesaid ) lift vp your left foot , and put it into the stirrop , neither so farre that your stirrop may beat against your shinne , not so little a way that you shall bee forced to get vp by the strength of your toes onely ; but indifferently , a little short of the hollownesse of the soale of your foote : which done , you shall without any heauings , or anticke showes ( as if you would leape ouer your horses backe ) gently and with an actiue nimblenesse raise vp your bodie , by laying your right hand vpon the hinder croope of the saddle , and bringing your right leg in an orderly circle or compasse , set your whole bodie firme and iust in the middest of the Saddle , where contrarilie , shoulde you stand with your face and breast against the Saddle , and so bring vp your bodie and right legge , you would not onely with your waight and force , hazard the pulling of the saddle vnder the horses bellie , but also your motion would be so ill fauoured and slouenly , that in appearance you woulde looke like a Thatcher that were climbing vp a Ladder . When you are hansomly seated in your saddle , that is , when you haue placed the hinder parts of your buttocks fast against the hinder part of your Saddle , the neather part of your bellie against the fore-part of your Saddle , and both your knees harde and firme vnder each of the fore Pillowes of the Saddle , and when you haue againe stretched out your Bridle reynes , and made both the bytt cheekes of an euen sidenesse , you shall then by moouing your feete forwarde , put forth your horse softly a pace or two from the blocke , and there againe stande still whilest thee groome dooth buckle vp both the stirroppes close vnder the skirtes of the Saddle : for you must vnderstande , that till you haue gotten the perfitenesse and certainty of your seat , and that you haue out of your practise and iudgement , found when and where you sit most sure , where moste vnsure , fortifying your selfe in that which you find the best , there is nothing more hurtfull then to ride with stirrops , and the reason is , because ( till you haue found your seate ) you will so much trust vpon your stirrops , that when the horse shall doe any thing roughly , you will with pressing your feete violently vpon them , either ( if you ride long ) loose the place , and fast holde of your knees , or else ( if you ride short ) raise your whole bodie from the Saddle in a moste vncomelye manner . And againe , the stirrop being to the horse both a help and a correction ; if till you knowe how to carrie and vse your legges , you shoulde by anie meanes weare them , your ignorance and vnskilfull motions , woulde sometimes correct , where there were no cause , & some times helpe where there were neede of correction , all which to preuent , you must patiently indure a while to ride without stirrops . When your stirroppes are thus buckled vppe , and you seated as aforesaide , you shall then ( carrying your rodde vpright by your right shoulder , or crosse your breast vppe by your left shoulder ; the first presenting the launce , the latter the sword , & your legs straight , your heeles and toes of one euen height , and your-toes turned a little inwarde towarde the horses shoulder ) put forth your horse , and trott him with a good grace to the place of riding ; where hauing the figures of your ringes formerly made , so as you may plainly discerne them , you shall then first trott one large Ring three times about vpon your right hande bowing your bridle hand a little downward towardes the horses right shoulder : & if the horse be very sloathfull or hard to turn about , you shal thē giue him a good iert with your rod ouer theleft shoulder : whē you haue trotted three times about vpō your right hād , you shal then by turning your bridle hand a little backward towards the horses left shoulder , trot another large ring three times about vpō your left hand ; which done , chāging your bridle hand againe , you shal trot three times more vpon your right hand : and then being come to the place where you first began , you shal there by drawing your bridle hand euen vp almost to the top of the saddle pommell , make the horse stopp close and firme : which done , after a little pause , you shall by drawing in your bridle hand , make him retire backe : then easing your hand , let him stād still , & cherish him . This lesson you shall repeate ouer fiue or sixe times in a morning , till you bee so perfite that you can doe it with a good grace , carrying your head , bodie , handes , legges , and euerie other member in their due place without disorder ( as is formerly shewed you , which that you may attaine to with more certaintie and lesse omission , it is good , if you want a schoolemaister , to let some man of discretion to whom you haue declared your obseruatie on s you are to keepe , to stande in the center of your rings , and to tell you of all your faults ; as when either your body , head , legs or hands , moue in any vncomely order , by which you shal as easily correct them , as if you ●ada skilfull master by you . When you haue made perfit your first lessō , you shal then after you haue trotted your ringes about , by the moouing of your bodie and leggs forward with a liuely spritines , thrust your horse into his galloppe , and in the same manner as you trotted your ringes , you shall now gallop them , obseruing in your gallopping the same vprightnesse ofbodie , constancie of hand , and comelinesse of legges , which you did in trotting : the stander by continually telling you of your escapes and errors . But if in this lesson of gallopping , your horse show any sloathfulnesse , you shall reuiue him with a good iert or two of your rod on the contrarie shoulder : and if he take not vp his feete nimbly and truely , you shall giue him a good clap or two with the calues of your legges vpon his sides : and when in his galloppe you stop him , you shall lay the calues of your legges to his side , and make him aduaunce . This lesson when you haue got so perfitly by long practise and reformation , that you can doe it cunningly without any disorder , your next lesson shall bee to practise to set the turne Terra , Terra , which you shal do first by walking your horse in a narrow ring , the compasse wherof is before set downe , & hauing walkt your horse three or foure times about on your right hand , you shall draw vp your bridle reines , and clapping the calue of your left legge close and hard to the horses side , make him aduaunce , and then with your bodie helping him forward , make him beare the ring round about , helping him in euerie aduaunce with the calue of your leg , & in his going forward with your body , & the sound of your voice , by crying hey , hey , or how , how : & when he hath finished his turne , thrust him into his trot by easing your hand , & then stop him , & cherrish him . This lessō you must practise til you haue it so perfit that you can make your horse do it with the least feeling of your leg that may bee , & you must alwaies obserue in this lesson , that when you begin to raise your horse , you euer let your out most legge ( which is the leg of help , fal neare to the horses side , so that when you help your horse , the motiō may be fetcht so smal away that a by stander may not behold it , and you shall make your horse doe this lesson more cherefully if in euerie motion of the horse you shake your rod ouer the horses eares , that he may heare the noise , but in any case , as you shake your rod , keepe your arme and elbowe close to your side , & not let your arme ( as if you had not the gouernment thereof ) flie at foule libertie , both to your owne disgrace and the breach of your horses time in his lessons , which is so carefully to be regarded , and is by nothing sooner broke then by the least disorder of your bodie , armes , legs , or other members . After you haue made all these lessons perfit , so that you can doe them with a good grace , you may then aduenture both to put on your spurres , and to weare yout Stirrops , , the vses , helps , and corrections of both which , and the times when you shall imploy them , are alreadie sufficiently declared ; so that for any lesson you are to practise after you come to weare spurs and stirrops , as namely Manages of all kindes , the Coruett Caprioll and other ayres aboue ground , I referre you to the former Chapters , where the manner of doing them is amply ynough set downe ; so that this which I haue alreadie writ , I thinke will bee sufficient to satisfie any ingenious scholler , who desirous to be a Horseman , is compeld to be his owne tutor . Now when you finde that you are able to ride a riden horse , both with good arte and comelinesse , if then it shall bee your chance to ride either in any assemblie , or in the presence of some great Potentate , it is not vnnecessarie for you to knowe how in such a case to behaue your selfe , and how to put your Horse to the best showe . If therefore you shal come to ride your horse before a man of worth ; if you haue libertie to chuse your ground , you shall chuse such a place as you may haue a prettie short managing furrowe in the same , and the man of reputation to stand a little distant from the midst thereof . Then you being mounted and seated in good fashion , you shall trot foorth your horse in the verie pride and gallantrie of his pace , and as you passe by the person of esteeme ; if he be either Prince , Nobleman , or a man of great place , you shall as you trot by him , with an humble bowing downe of your bodie towards the Crest of your horse ; doe him solemne reuerence , and then raysing your bodie vp straight again , you shall passe to the end of your short furrowe , where you shal presentlie set the turn Terra , Terra , single once about , and then putting your horse into the Capryol bring him in those hie faults downe the straight furrowe againe , till you come against the person of note where presentlye by the stay of your hand , you shall put your Horse into the Coruett , and so as it were in slowe motions daunce before him a little space . Then ( if he bee a Horse of greate courage ) put him into to the Galloppe Galliarde , till he come to the other end of the furrowe , and there setting another single turne Terra , Terra , at the closing vp thereof , and when the Horses head is toward the great person , you shall make him bound aloft vpon all foure , and yarke out his hinder feet withall , and so stand stil till he haue taken new breath , your selfe rubbing him vpon the necke with the great end of your rod which a horse takes great delight in , and is indeede a greate cherrishing . This done , if you bee assured of his strength , and good winde , you shall trot him towards the greate person , & there casting an indifferent ring about vpon your right hand , you shal beate the Carogolo or Snaile-turne , & when you come into the center , where the horse turnes vpon al soure , you shall not there stay him or bring him fourth of the ring , but changing your hād you shal cause him to make as many straight turns vpō your left hand , and then as before you did by degrees straighten your rings on your right hand , so you shall now inlarge them vpon your left hand , keeping one due time & measure , till you come to the place where you first began your turne , where for the finishing vp of the worke , you shal make your horse bound aloft , & yarke with al , & then stand still with your face opposd against the great person . This done , ( after your horse hath taken breath ) you shall make him retire back very swiftly , then you shal trot him forward again , euen close to the great person ; then you shall make him goe verie swiftlie sidelong from him , then you shall make him come sidelong almost to him againe . When you haue done al this , if in your horse stil remaine good strength , it shall not be amisse if you manage him vp and downe for some two turnes at most vpon a hand , vpon a loftie gallop , & in a furrow not aboue 16. yardes at the most : then stopping him directly against the person of estate , do him againe solemne reuerēce , & so depart ; for these lessons doe containe all lessons whatsoeuer , how euer the face of them doe alter ) and al art & skill that can possible be included in this maner of riding , so far forth as either mine experience vnderstands , or my wit is able to deliuer : both which I will prostitute & humbly yeelde to the controle and censure of our famous and well knowne horsemen , but armed with all violence possible against fooles , parasits and men of ostentation . The end of the second Booke . CAVELARICE OR That parte of Arte wherein is contayned the choice , trayning , and dyeting of hunting Horses , whether it be for pleasure or for wager . The third Booke . LONDON Printed for Ed. White , and are to be solde at his shop nere the little North doore of Saint Paules Church at the signe of the Gun. 1607. TO THE MOSTE NOble and moste mightie Lord , Lewes Duke of Lennox , Earle of Darnley , Baron of Tarbanton and Methuen , great Chamberlaine and Admiral of Scotland , & Knight of the moste noble order of the Garter . THe greatest and most excellent name which the famous Poet Virgil could finde out wherewith to adorne the most renown'd King Picus , was to call him a horseman : & that the Pegasian horse was not onelie fayned to be begotten by the son of Neptune , but also to be the first founder of the learned Wel and the arte of memorie : then I doubt not but this famous Arte of horse manship , which with my best indeuours I haue carefully collected , wil in your graces moste noble thoughts finde both defence and acceptance ; and rather sith it is an Arte wherin I holde your grace as excellent as any prince in Christendome ; & is such on ornament of state , that there is no actiue greatnes vnblemished which pleadeth absolute ignorance in so royal a professiō . Now albe this part of horsemā , ship , which I consecrate to your noble name , be not contained within the rules or principles of the Iralian or french riders ( who albe they can ride wel , yet are ignorant how to make a horse ride long ) yet your grace whose daylye experience and knowledge both of the worth and vse of these hunting horses can best iudge the profit of the art as wel in pleasure , as in vrgent occasiōs wil I hope neither esteeme my labour vaine , nor fruitlesse , for the cuntrie wherin I liue : & strengthning that hope with the noble fauours which you extend to your admirers , I liue to be commaunded by you . Geruase Markham . To all Hunts-men and louers of Hunting . THere is not any pleasure ( Gentlemē ) in the iudgement of my sence , which I can allow to be held equall with hunting , both for the full satisfaction it giues to the minde and bodie , and also for the noble figures and imitations it carries in the exercise of the delight , as long as it is accompained with his true members , which is a readie sent ; perfit Dogs , and aboue all a pure winded horse : for if he be wanting , the other not obseruing the leasure of your foote-steps , wil flie so fast from you , that there will be left nothing but imagination to content you ; which to preuent , and that you may enioy your delight without impeachment , I haue publisht this work ; which being purposely framde for a general good , and not a priuat vse ( as my first little treatise was ) wil ( I doubt not ) giue you all that reasonable satisfaction , which is requisite to be desired eyther in this or any thing belonging to this part of horsemanship , wherein as you shall reape profit , so let me bee repaid with thankes , that when you haue what you wish , I may not want what I desire : and so farwell . G. M. CAVELARICE . The third Booke . CHAP. 1. Of hunting Horses in generall , and of their chases . OF all the fielde pleasures wherewith olde Time and mans inuention hath blest the houres of our recreations , there is none so excellent or so worthily to be pursued as the delight of hunting , being compounded like an harmonious consort of all the best parts of most refined pleasure , as Musicke , Dauncing , Running , Ryding , Hauking , and such like ; nay , what house sport is it which hath not from it some imitatiō ; as Chesse , Cards , Tables , or any such like , where there is pursute one after another : It is the figure of a well composed battaile where the stronger chaseth the weaker to the poynt of destruction : It resembleth the state of a good common-wealth , where the vertue of the Magistrates pursue and finde out the euill pathes of their contraryes : and to conclude , being the best of sports , what should a man say more then that it is most excellent . But letting passe the maine bodie of the pastime , let vs returne to the principall member of the same , which is the hunting Horse , whose strength and puissance carries our bodies and enriches both our eyes , eares , and other senses , with all the delights that are therein conteyned . This hunting horse both for his vertue , strength , goodnesse , and indurance , I place next to the horse of seruice , for two causes . First , because themselues both for their courages , lineaments , and educations are seruiceable in the wars , & in all other places : in the warres , as in sodaine and desperate exploytes , as vpon surprises , Ambascados , long marches , or such like : or vpon discoueries , scowtes , or any thing else wherein either the strength of bodie , puritie of winde , and the puissance of his mettall is to be discorned ; In the land of peace , as vpon the necessitie of some long & tedious iourney , wherin either a mans life or estate is ingaged ; or for a mans pleasure in this sport of hunting , or for his profite , where a man hath tyed him selfe to any greate match or wager : in any of these cases it is almost a thing incredible to speake , what a good Horse being rightly dieted and kept ( and therewithall orderly trayned ) wil performe , but that in this Ilande of great Brittaine we haue before our eyes continuall and dayly witnesse ; and yet I must needes say , that if the recordes of auncient writers bee true , these horses in our daies are nothing so tough and induring as were the horses of former ages : for one authour writes , that the Sarmaria●s being intended to take vpon them any longiourney , would keep their horses fasting for two dayes before , but onely for a little comfortable drinke , and then would gallop them an hundred and fiftie myles without breathing : others tell vs other tales of as much incredulitie , of the Horses of Scithia , Greece , and Barbarie , by which wee may gather , that questionlesse Horses haue indured labours beyond imagination ; and truly in these our dayes should a man but compute and measure the many miles , the rugged and deepe wayes , and the intricate and winding passages which a hunting Horse passeth in a day in one of our English hunting matches , and therewithall takes into his consideration with what wonderfull swiftnesse , strength , and spirit they are performed , hee shall finde them little short of those olde reports , and farre beyonde eyther our hopes or expectations ; yet thus much I must let you vnderstand , that there is not any Horse which naturally out of his owne spirit , being put to his owne choyse of foode , and to the libertie of his owne order in feeding , which is able to doe the least part of those infinite labours which we see dayly performed by horses of cōtrarie keeping : neither can any horse ( how choycely fedde or dieted so euer he be ) performe any extraordinarie labour or imployment , if to the perfection of his feeding he haue not conuenient and moderate exercise ; so that in conclusion to attaine to the substance and depth of this Arte , you are first to learne by shapes , markes , and other semblances howe to chuse a Horse most fitte for this purpose of induring vnspeakable trauaile . Secondly , how to diet and keepe him that he may performe as much as is comprehended within the power eyther of his strength , spirit , or winde , without either daunger of life , or hurt of inferior member . Thirdly , and lastly , what manner of exercise is most conuenient and wholesome for perfiting and bringing to passe your owne desire in this Arte or Science . These three heades or rootes bearing vp the bodies and trees of this knowledge , from whence springs many other branches . Now for asmuch as many of our English horsmen , and those not of the Comparatiue , but Superlatiue degree , who hauing spent their dayes onely in the ryding & trayning vp of great horses for seruice , vtterly neglecting as vndesirous to knowe the secrets of this ▪ Arte whereof I meane now to intreate , and haue some of them in mine owne hearing held long ( but weake ) arguments , both against hunting and dieting of horses , may impugne and kicke against those precepts which I shall discouer , let mee vnder the reformation of their skilles be bold to tell them that such neglects takes from their Arts much reputation and glorie . For who can call himselfe master of that Arte in whose especiall principles he is vtterly ignorant ? as for example , if I haue Arte to make my horse in euery turne winding , & interchangeable motiō to exceed in nimblenesse either Cat or Munkey , and in euery bound , salt , or ayre aboue ground to outmatch either wanton Kid , or sporting Faune ; yet in the same exercise want skill , either how to preserue his wind from breaking , his grease from melting , or his spirit from tyring , I say then my first Arte were better vnlearned , then for want of this latter to doe euill by misimployment : and such are horsemen that can ride , but canot dyet . Againe La Broue , who is the grand-maister of the French Cheuelaria , and whose precepts carie generall authoritie with our English Riders , hee sayth , that for great horses for seruice in the warres there is nothing more profitable then sometimes to hunte them and ride them after swift chases , both because it makes a horse light and nimble , inabling his winde and making him fitt for trauaile , and also breedes in him a kind of ciuilitie and acquaintance with other horses , and takes from him euill thoughts and malicious humours , prouing by his proposition , that this hunting of Horses brings to a horse two benefits , that is , nimblenesse and strength , and takes from him two vices , barbarous ramegnesse and fantasticke restifnesse . Now if you will hunt your horse after swift chases , and know not how to prepare and dyet him , for such violent exercise ; I will bee your moste assured warrant , that you shall either soone spoile your horse or else behold no hunting , but your owne imaginations . Now for as much as I haue hetherto generally spoake of hunting , which word appertaines to chases of all kinds whatsoeuer , I will before I proceede any further , tell you what kinde of hunting , and which chafe is fittest for your horses strength and exercise . To tell you of all the chases , which at this day is either hunted amongst vs , or in other nations , or but to reckon halfe so many as Gesner hath collected into his volumne , as namely of the Lion , the Leopard , the Pauther and such like , were but as a priuileged Traueller , to tell you a long tale of that which rarely or neuer shall come within your experience ; and because the end of mine endeuours is the benefit of this nation , which first gaue me breath , I will trouble you with no other Chases , then those which are exercised in this kingdome , and are moste fit for men and horse to pursue . First for the Chase of the Otter , although it be a cūning chase , and exceeding pleasant to those tastes that can relish such moist delights , yet to exercise your horse therin , I much dislike , because the sent lying for the most part in the water , and he that will faithfully followe it , must hazard his horse to the danger of swimming , it cannot chuse but be both vnwholsome and vnprofitable . Next this is the chase of the Foxe or Badger , which although it bee a chase of much more , swiftnes , and is euer kept vpon the firme ground , yet I cannot allowe it , for the trayning vp of horses , because for the moste part it continues in woody and rough grounds , where a horse can neither conuenientlie make foorth his way , nor can tread without danger of stubing , or other as mischeuous inconueniences The chase which is much better then any of these , is the hunting of the Bucke or Stagge , especially if they bee not confyned within the limits of a parke or pale , but haue libertie to chuse their waies according to their own appetites , which of some Hunts-men is cald hunting at force . This chase is much better then where a Deare is kept within boundes , because when hee is so straightned , for the moste part hee keepes the thicke wood , where a horse can neither enter , nor a man take delight to follow : where otherwise when hee is at libertie , hee will breake fourth his chase into the winde , sometime foure , fiue , and sixe miles foorth-right , nay I haue my selfe followed a Stagge better then ten miles fourth right , from the place of his rousing to the place of his death , besides , al his windings , turnings , and crosse passages . This chase for the time it indures , is moste swift and violent , so that by no meanes it can be allowed off , for the trayning and bringing vp of young horses , but rather to be an exercise for a horse of staid yeares and long practise . Besides , the time of the yeare , for these chases , is from midde May , to midde September , which is the whole cōunuance of al Sommer , & the drie time of the yere , when the sun burneth hottest , and the earth is hardest , o that if a man should hunt a horse of puissance and worth , at such an vnseasonable time of the yeare , the heate of the Sunne mixt with so extream a labour , would both parch and melt him , and his own waight beating vpon the hard earth , would both surbate and bring him to an incurable lamenesse . Now you must vnderstand , that although I disalowe this Chase for the trayning vp of the best horses , yet I do not meane it should be depriued the company of horses : for being of all chases with vs the moste worthiest , and belonging onely to Princes and men of best qualitie , there is no horse too good to be imployed in such a seruice ; yet in that all noble spirits delight to keepe an order and profitable comelinesse in all their pleasures , t is fit they knowe that the Horses which are aptest and best to bee imployployed in this Chase , is the Barbarie , Ienett , or light made English Gelding , beeing but of a meane or middle stature . There is a certaine race of little Horses in Scotland , called Galway Nagges , which I haue seene hunt the Bucke and Stagge exceeding well , and indure the chase with good courage : and not any of these horses but will indure the hard earth without surbating or lamenesse , much better then horses of great puissance and strength . But to conclude , and to come the chase , which is of all chases the best for the purpose wherof we are now to intreate ; it is the chace or hunting of the Hare , which is a chase both swift , pleasant , and of long indurance ; it is also a sporte euer readie and equallye distributed , as well to the wealthie Farmer as the greate Gentleman : It hath his beginning contrarie to the Stagge or Bucke , for it begins at Michaelmas when they end , and is out of date after Aprill , when they come first in season , so that Princes , whose pleasures are their greatest labours , may with these two delightes finish vppe the yeares circuite . And this sport being a Winters sport , is so much more full of labour ; and though the deepnes of the ground shoes the horses strēgth so much the better , yet the toile is not so vtterly without ease and respit , but that by the many stops and stayes which are made therein , the horse recouers his winde , and his strength new increaseth , as when the dogs are at any default or losse , or when the sent is so colde that the Dogges cannot pursue it with any furie . These staies and recouerings of wind in the horse my maisters , the northerne riders call Sobs . If you demaund of me if you may not bring your horse as well to perfection without hunting , as with hunting , I answere no , for to toile a horse vp and downe in the field after nothing , and in no certaine way or path , where hee neither knowes whether hee labours , to what end he labors , nor when he shall finish his labouring . so to doe , I say brings to the Horse amazement , wearines , and dislike in his exercise , for as an old beaten post Iade will runne his knowne course , and stage with all courage and good spirit , yet if you put him but to twelue score beyond his Inne , or turne him into any other pathe which is out of his remembrance , will presently stand still , and tire moste shamefully : euen so the best metald Horses , if they be chast and rechaste , without either delight or some incouragement , will by degrees growe worse and worse in their labour . Now for the following of Houndes , Horses euen naturallie haue taken great delight both in their crie , and in their company , and will ( as I haue often noted ) when they haue heard the crie of houndes by pricking vppe their eares , gazing aloft , and forcing to runne or galloppe , shewe the pleasure they take therein ; and for mine owne part I haue ridden an olde hunting horse , that when pleasure and forgetfulnesse hath so rudely transported mee , that I haue vnhuntsman-like ridden in amongst the dogs , yet haue I found , that no negligence of mine could make the horse touch or treade vppon a a dogge : but shewing more loue then I did iudgement , hath contrarie to my minde shund and auoyded them : from whence I gathered , that questionlesse that horse ( and as he , so others ) take a singular delight and pleasure in the exercise . There is also another chase ( if I may without offence so tearme it ) at least a sport I am sure it is ; and that is when swift Houndes hunt a Cat , which is by some Huntsman drawne in a long string three or foure mile at the most , vppe and downe the fieldes , eyther crosse plowed landes , or thwart greene fieldes , leaping Ditches , Hedges , or other Pales , Rayles or Fences , or running thorow Waters , as the leader of the Catte shall thinke best for the aduauntage of the Horse , for whose benefite hee rydeth . This chase or sport wee here in England call a traine sent , because the sente which the Houndes hunt is trayned alongst the feildes , according to the discretion of the leader therof , and not according to the will of the beast . This chase of all chases is the swiftest , because the sente thereof is hottest , so that the Hounds runne it forth with all the power they haue , making neyther stoppe , nor stay till they eyther ouer-take the traine , or els the man stay and goe no further , insomuch that with the verye egernesse of the chase , and franticke running of the Houndes , bee they Dogges of neuer so free mouthes , yet they shall not bee able to open or spende their mouthes , or if they doe open , it will be verie seldome . This chase is altogether vsed for the tryall of matches betweene Horse and Horse , because it is euer readi● when Hates are incertaine , and the swiftnesse there●●nges a Horse sooner to the height of his speede , and ●o the sense of wearinesse , then any other whatsoeuer . It is also verie good and profitable for the trayning vp of a young Horse , after you haue brought him to cleannesse , and some little perfection of speede , if once or twice in a Weeke , at the latter ende of the day , when you haue finished the hunting of the Hare , you cause one of these traine sentes to be made , vpon such earth as your Horse takes most delight to runne vppon , and of such length as you shall thinke fitte for his strength ( the vtmost of any traine sente beeing not aboue foure myle ) and then laying on fresh dogges ( which dogges indeede should be kept for no other purpose ; for to hunt traine sent dogs with good Har●ers , they wil with their madnes and ●inging spoyle the chase ) make your Horse run the traine with good courage and liuelinesse , and so in his warmenesse trot him home . There is yet another chase which Horsemen call the Wilde-goose chase , and it is neuer vsed but in matches onely , where neither the hunting of the Hare , nor the running of traine sentes is able to decide the doubt which Horse is the better . In this case Horse-men found out ( for the auoyding of controuersie ) this chase , which is called Wilde-goose chase , resembling the manner of the flight of Wilde-geese , which for the moste parte flie euer one after another , keeping as it were an equall distance one from another : so in this chase , after the Horses are started , and haue runne twelue score , then which Horse can get the leading , the other is bounde to followe whether soeuer hee goes , and that too within a certaine distance , as within twise or thrise his length , or els to be beaten vp by the Triers which ryde by to see faire play , being Gentlemen or others chosen for the purpose . And if eyther Horse get before the other tweluescore yeards , or according as the match is made , then the hinder Horse looseth the match : And if the Horse which came first behinde , can gette before him which first ledde , then is hee likewise bounde to followe , till hee can eyther get before , or els the match bee wonne and lost . In this Wilde-goose chase , there is no order or proportion to bee vsed , but the formost Horse to leade howe and which way hee please for his best aduauntage , which is the reason that in this Wilde-goose chase there bee manie aduauntages , such as hereafter shall bee more at large delared . And thus much for the hunting Horse , and the chases fittest to be hunted . CHAP. 2. The chusing of the hunting Horse , and of his shape . ALthough some men hold an opinion that euery horse which can galloppe may bee made an hunting Horse , and albee wee daylye see that manye Horses , which indeede can doe no more but gallop ( and that not long together neyther ) are ordinarilye vsed in this exercise of hunting , yet I am of that minde , that if a Horse haue not some vertue more then ordinarie , as eyther in his swiftnesse , toughnesse , winde , or courage , that hee is not worthie the name of a hunting horse , & neither doth deserue the labour , cost , and good foode which he must eate , nor the grace to be imployed in such an honorable pastime . Now therefore to saue ill imployed cost , and the repentance which folowes houres that are in vaine wasted , you shall ( being admitted to pursue this pleasure ) bee exceeding careful in the choyce of that horse which you intend for hunting : for as before I tolde you in the breeding of horses , some are good for seruice in the warres , some for running , some for coach , some for cart , and some for the hamper , now all these in their kinds good , yet verie few excellent In generall for all these vses whatsoeuer , and those fewe which are so well compounded , both of minde and bodie , that they are fitt for any purpose , they onely and none els are most excellent for this pleasure of hunting , as hauing the strength of the warre horse , the toughnesse of the hunting horse , the good pace of the traueller , the swiftnesse of the runner , a good breast for the coach , a strong ioynt for the cart , and a backe like a beame for the hamper . But forasmuch as there be three especiall caracters or faces by which a man shall chuse a good hunting horse , to witt , his breed , his colour , and the shape of his lineaments , I will by them shew you what obseruations you shall regard when you make choyse for this purpose . And first for his breed , if he be either bastard Courser , bastard Ienet , or bastard Pollander , his breed is not amisse ; for I haue knowne of all these sortes of bastards excellent hunting horses . Now if you demaund what I meane by this worde Bastard ; it is when a horse is begotten by any ●f these Countrie horses , vpon a faire English Mare , or by a faire bred English Horse vpon any of these Countrie Mares ; but neither to flatter other Countries , nor to take from our owne that which is due vnto it , the worlde dooth not affoorde in all poyntes ( both for toughnesse and swiftnesse , being ioyned together ) a better Horse then the true bredde English Horse for hunting : which assertion shoulde I maintaine by the best proofe , which is example , I coulde repeate so manye instances as were sufficient to fill vppe the rest of this volume , but I will not at this instant bee so troublesome . Next to his breede , you are to respect his colour and markes , which forasmuch as I haue most amplie set them downe in the first Chapter of the former booke of ryding , I will referre you thereunto , and not tyer your eare with oft repetitions : your last obseruation is his shapes , which although also I haue in the other booke set downe largelie , yet I must here giue you other notes because a hunting Horse hath certaine proportions , and secrete figures , which doe more agree with goodnesse then beautie . First therefore , you shall looke to the shape and proportion of his minde , obseruing that it be milde , tractable , louing , and familiar with the man , free from dogged maliciousnesse , melancholie sullennesse , or lunaticke frenzie ; but for wantonnesse , running away , leaping , plunging , or other apish trickes ( so they proceede not from hate or enuie ) neuer respect them , for they are ( like the conditions of shrewed boyes , which we say will make good men ) no other but the faces of good spirit and courage : and beeing tempered with Arte , make the Horse not worse but much better . Now for his inwarde shape : his head should be somewhat long , leane , and large , with a spacious wide chaule , both thinne and open ; his eare if it be short and sharpe , it is best , but if it bee long and vpright , it is a signe of speede and good mettall . His foreheade long and rysing in the middest , the feather thereof standing aboue the toppe of his eye ; his eyes full and rounde ; his nostrils wyde , and without rawnesse ; his mouth large and hairie ; his throppell within his chaule as much as a man can gripe & by no means fleshly or so closed with fatnesse , that a man can hardly finde it , ( as many fine shaped Horses are : ) the setting on of his heade to his necke woulde bee strong , but thinne , so as a man may put his hande betwixt his necke and his chaule , and not Bull-cragge-like , thicke and full , that one cannot easilye discerne where his chappe lyeth , his crest strong and well rysen ; his necke straight , firme , and as it were of one peece with his bodie , and not ( as my countrey-men say ) withie craggd , which is loose and plyant . The throppellor nether part of the neck which goes from the vnder chaps to the brest , should when the horse reyneth be straight and euen , not bending like a bowe which is called cocke-throppled , and is the greatest signe of an ill winde : If the neather chaps , and that neather part of the necke also bee full of long haire , and bearded downe to the setting on of the breast , it is a signe of much swiftnesse : a broad strong brest , a short chyne , an out ribbe , a well hidden bellie , shorte and well knitte ioyntes , flat legges , exceeding shorte , straight and vpright pasternes , which is a member aboue all other to be noted : his hoofes both blacke and strong , yet long and narrow : and for his maine and taile , the thinner the more spirit , the thicker the greater signe of dullnesse ; to bee ( as some tearme it , ) sickle hought behinde , that is somewhat crooked in the cambrell ioynt , as Hares and Greyhounds are , is not amisse , though it bee a little eye-sore . And for mine owne part I haue seene many good which haue borne that proportion . And thus much for the choise of hunting horses , their breedes , colours , and outward lineaments . CHAP. 3. At what age Horses shauld hunt : of their first taking from grasse , and of their housing . ALlthough I haue often seene ( and those which followe this pleasure doe dayly see ) Horses trayned vppe to hunting at foure yeares of age , and some not so much : yet for mine owne part I woulde haue no Horse trayned in that exercise till hee bee past fiue at the least , as hauing changed all his teeth , and his ioynts beeing come to their vttermost largenesse , for to put him to the violence thereof in his former tendernesse doth not onely weaken his ioynts , and makes him putt out sorances , but also euen appaalls his minde , and takes away much of his naturall courage , bringing rhumes to the heade , stiffenesse to the ioynts , melancholy thoughts to the minde , and all other effectes of olde age , before those which shoulde bee his best dayes , come to bee numbred . Your horse therefore being full fiue yeares olde and the aduauntage , you shall take him from grasse aboute Bartholmew tide , or within a Weeke after at the furthest , for then Frosts beginning to come in ( which nippe and kill the pride of grasse , making it not so nourishing as before it was ) and the colde Deawes falling from aboue , making the Horses haire beginne to stare ( which though but fewe Horse-men regarde , yet is a rule as worthie as anie other to bee respected ) it is fitte that you suffer your Horse to runne no longer ; but in anie case take him into the Stable whilest his haire lyes smooth & close to his necke and bodie : and that his stomacke haue receyued no ill sustenance , by the rawe coldnesse of the season . When your horse is thus taken from grasse , and set vp in the Stable ( the scituation , fashion , and commoditie of which Stable , is shewed hereafter in the fift Booke ) You neede then but onely looke vppon him , and your eye will tell you whether he be fatte or no : if he be fatte , ( as of necessitie hee must bee ) hauing runne all the former Summer , vnlesse hee be vnsounde and diseased , and so not fitte for your purpose , you shall then let him stande all that night , and the next day vncloathed , and giue him no foode but a little Wheate strawe , and water , and two howers before you giue him anie water , you shall giue him foure or fiue handfulls of Rie , well sunn'd , or dried . This Rie will clense away his grasse , emptie his great bagg , and yet keepe him in good lust and spirit . The seconde day at night you shall make a Groome rubbe him all ouer with a harde wispe , and then girde about him with a Sursingle ( stopping it with soft wispes ) a single Canuasse cloath , then if his Wheat strawe bee spent , put more into his Racke , and throwe some also vnder his bodie to lye vppon , and so let him stande that night , and the nexte day also with nothing but Wheate strawe , Rie and water . The third day at night you shall rubbe him againe ouer with nothing but an hard wispe , then cloath him againe , and let him stand with nothing but wheate-straw till the next morning , at what time as soone as you come vnto him , looke first vppon his dung , and if you finde that all the dark greene colour which formerly it had , is gone , and there is no signe of grasse left in his bodie , but that now his dung is of a pale yellow colour , neither inclyning to blacknes nor drines , you shall then neither giue him any more wheate-strawe , nor any more Rie . Now by the way , although I haue giuen you this rule of giuing your horse rye , for the first three daies after hee is taken from grasse , yet you shall out of your owne discretion gouerne it according to these obseruations : First if your horse be new taken from grasse ( because all grasse is scowring ) if his dung be more soft then ordinarily other horses be , which is a signe he is of a colde constitution , & subiect to much solliblenes , you shall then forbeare the first night , to giue him any Rie at all , because nature beeing a better worke-mistris then arte , takes vpon her that labour : and if the other two daies also his bodie hold the same temper ; you shall then also forbeare giuing him any Rye , & instead therof , giue him after each watering three or foure handfuls of Oates , well dry'd and sifted , the Oates being good , sound and ful , and not like your southerne Oates light and emptie , which in the north wee call skeggs , & is the foode which onelie doth soonest deceiue a horse , but if you finde alter your horse hath stood at wheatestraw a day or more ( which indeed is a verie binding food ) his bodie begin to drie , & that his dung come from him in hard round pellets , not without much strayning , and some paine ( as you may perceiue by the thrusting out his belly ) then you shal giue him Rie in the maner before prescribed , and not otherwise , for although it bee comfortable , yet it is a kinde of scowring , and not to bee giuen to a horse in any sort , but by the way of medicine . And thus much for their age , taking from grasse , and first howsing . CHAP. 4. Of the first fortnights dyet , exercise , and dressing . WHen your horse hath his bellie taken vp , and the grasse scowred foorth , you shall then lay your hand vpon his side by his short ribbes , and to his fillets , & if you feele his fat to be soft & apt to presse down vnder your hand , you shall then knowe that his fatt is vnsound , and not good , so that the least violent exercise will soone melt it : and being once molten , if then by art , medicine and good keeping , it be not auoided or taken away , then the fat belonging to the outward partes of the body falles into his legges , making him haue swolne legges , gowtie and vnnimble , which though vnskilfull Farriers attribute too other causes , yet this and no other is the originall ; and that you may be the more assured therof , you shall know it by these obseruations : his legges will onely swell whē he standeth in the Stable , but when you ride or exercise him abroad , the more you chafe him , the more the swelling will fall , and he wil come home at night with his legges as slender as if they had no imperfection ; but the next morning they will be swelled as big as they were before . The reason heereof is this , the greasse which is falne downe into his legges , with standing still cooleth , & so coniealeth & bindeth together , with other grosse humors , ( which euer accompanie and flowe vnto the weakest parts , ) not onely stopping the naturall course of the bloode , but also occasioning paine and much swelling ; wheras when he comes to be laboured or exercised , the heate of his trauel , ( like fire to frost ) disolues what his rest had bound vp , & so melting the grease againe , dispeirses both it and the other vnwholsome humors generally into euerie member of the horses bodie which is applied with like labour ; and so his legs comes to their first smallnes : then when ●est comes again , the griefe begins againe with rather more then lesse torment , & this disease with many is held incurable , but therin they are mistaken ; yet how so euer it be to be cured , I know it is so difficult , that a man cannot haue too great a regard to preuent it . Now for the inward fat , which is that which remaines within his stomacke , in his small guts & his great bagg , if that after it be once moltē , it be not scowred & takē away , but suffered to remaine in his body & putrifie , it breedes those mortal & deadly diseases , of which a horse sildome escapes , as pestilent feauers , srettings of the guts , cōsumptions & such like . The effects of this mischiefe being not descerned or appearing to outward sence many times , til at least halfe a yere after , whence it comes to passe that 〈◊〉 of horses are lost in this kingdōe only for want of some fou●e pence cost , and a little preuention ; men oft imputing to sodaine death , witchcraft , & such like toyes , The death which themselues wilfully gaue , and might as easilie haue saued : which to preuent , you shal obserue this method ; after you haue laid your hand vpon his body , & found his fat soft and vnsound , you shall then also thrust your hand betweene his neather chappes , and if there you finde much fatnesse , greate round kirnels , or anye thicke & vndisolued substance ; you shal then know that as he is outwardly ful of vnsound fatnesse , so he is inwardly stuft with much glut and pursines , so that neither his winde can haue free passage , nor his bodie indure much labour ; your arte then must bee to harden , and make his outward fat so firme and vndisoluble , that it be a fortifier and augmenter of his strength , and to clense away his inward glut with such comfortable medicine and moderate exercise , that his winde , courage , and powres of his minde , being freed of all grosenes , may appeare in his labour to be more then redoubled ; which thus you shall doe . First you shall take away his wheate-straw , and instead thereof , you shall put into his racke a little bottle of hay , as bigge as a penny bottle in an Inne ; which hay would be sound and well gotten , yet rough , course , and not exceeding pleasant in taste ; wherby the horse taking no great delight to feede thereupon , may rather chewe & eate it to scower his teeth , then either to fill his stomacke or satisfie his hunger . Assoone as you haue taken the strawe fourth of his racke , and giuen him hay , you shall then in the morning by fiue or sixe a clocke , which is the houre your groome should come into the stable , make him after hee hath put away the horses dung , thrust vp his litter , and made his stal cleane and sweet ; take a smoothe snaffle , washt either in some fayre water , or in a little beere , and putting it in the horses mouth , turne his head to that parte of the stalle where his hinder parts stood , & there hanging the reyne vpon some pinne or hooke , placd for the purpose , First let your Groome vncloath him , then currie , rubbe , picke , and dresse him in such sort as belongs to his place and office , which manner of dressing of horses , because it is at large prefigured in the fift booke , where I onely write of those duties ; I wil in this place omit it , and referre you to that place to beholde it . When your Groome hath finished the dressing of your horse , and onely gyrtt the cloath about him with a Sursingle without any wispes ; you shall then take him foorth , and mounting vpon his backe , ride him to some faire Riuer or Spring , and there after he hath drunk , you shall gallop him vpon an easie false gallop for fiue or sixe score yardes , and then giue him winde ; then gallop him as much more , then giue him winde againe : thus you shall doe twice or thrice till you haue warmd the water in his belly , but by no meanes so much , that you may either chafe him , or wet any one hayre about him with sweate , which when you haue done , you shall pace him fayre and softly home , and when you haue brought him into the Stable , you shall make the Groome first to rub and chafe his legs with hard wispes , then to stop his Sursingle with soft wispes , then to take halfe a peck of good white Oates which are killne dryd , and sifting them well in a fine siue , that there may bee no dust left in them ; assoone as you haue taken off his bridle , and put on his coller , making the maunger cleane , put them therein , that he may eate them ; then putting his litter downe round about him , shutvp your Stable windowes close , and so depart till one a clocke in the after noone , at what time you shall come to him againe , and first making your Groome put away his dung , and what other filthynes shall bee about him ; then cause him to turne vp his cloath , and eyther with a hayre cloath , or with a wet hard wispe cause him to rubbe downe his necke , buttocks , and legges ; then let him sift another halfe pecke of Oates , and giue them to the horse , then putting downe his cloathes let him stand till it be betwixt three and foure a clocke in the after noon , at what time let the Groome come to him , & as he did in the morning , let him first put away his dūg , then put vp his litter , wash his snaffle as he did before , put it vpon his head , turn him about , then vncloath him , & as he drest him in the morning , so let him dresse him againe in the after noone , and as soone as hee is drest and his cloathes gyrt about him , you shall as you did before , take his backe , and ride him to the former drinking place , & when he hath drunke , gallop him gently as you did before , with as great care , & with not one iot of more toile to the horse , then bring him home , and as you did in the morning , so now let the Groome rub his legs , stop his sursingle , put down his litter , and giue him another halfe pecke of sifted Oates : then let him stand till it be betwixt eight and nine a clocke at night ; at what time you must come to him againe , make your Groome to put away his dung , to rubbe his head , necke , legges and buttockes , then to giue him new fresh litter , and another halfe pecke of well sifted Oates , and so to let him stand for all the night till the stext morning . Thus as you haue done this day , you shall not faile to doe euerie day for a fortnight together , wherein you are to note your howers for dressing , drinking , and exercise are two ; Morning & Euening . For feeding foure : Morning , Noone , Euening and Night . Now during this first fortnights , keeping , you are to take into your minde diuers especiall obseruations ; as first you shall obserue the nature and condition of your horse , whether hee bee louing , or churlish , fearefull or franticke , and according to his nature so to behaue your selfe vnto him ; as if hee bee louing to requite him with loue againe , and doe al things about him with gentlenes ; if he be churlish , then to doe all thinges about him with a bold courage , & a threatning voice ; shewing your selfe to be a commaunder , & giuing him no good countenance , but when he doth carry himselfe with obedience : if he be feareful , then you shall fortifie him with cherrishings , and do nothing about him rashly : & if he be franticke , you shal by your correctiō show yourselfe to be his master , & neither when you dresse him , or doe any thing else vnto him shal you come to him but with a rod in your hand . After this , you shal obserue the strength of his bodie , whether he be slowe at his meat , or retaine a good stomack ; if you perceiue he be but of a quesie and daintie stomacke , then you shall giue him the lesse at a time , and bee feeding him the oftner , but if his stomacke be strong & good , the proportion before set downe cannot be amended ; then you shal obserue the nature of his disgestion , that is , whether he holde his foode long in his bodye , or disgest and put it out more speedilye , which you shall knowe by his dunging , for if hee dung oft and moyst , then hee holdes not his foode long in his stomake : if hee dung seldome and hard , then hee keepes his foode , and t is a signe of a drie bodie . Now if hee doe holde his foode long , you shall vse once or twice a weeke , whether hee haue exercise or no exercise to giue him with his Oates a handfull or more of hempseede ; if hee doe not retaine his foode , but haue a quicke disgestion , hee is easier to worke vppon , and you shall keepe him with drie prouender . Lastly , you shall obserue whether hee bee a grose and foule feeder , or verie curious and daintie : grose and foule , that is , when hee hath no other meate , hee will eate his litter vnder him , gnawe vppon the Maunger and boardes about him , or eate mudd walles , or Thatch if any be neare him , and so feede as it were and be fat in despight both of labour & his keeper ; Curious and Daintie , that is , though you giue him neuer so good meate , keepe neuer so good howers , and let him haue neuer so much rest , or neuer so much abstinence , yet he will not eate to fill his belly ; and when hee comes to labour , hee will loose more flesh in a daies hunting , then hee will get againe in a whole weekes resting . Now if you doe finde your horse thus curious and daintie , your best course is in his daies of rest , to let him be his own dyeter , that is , you shall euer let meate lie in the maunger before him , yet change it oft ; that is , looke what you giue him in the morning , if you finde any of it in the maunger at noone , you shall sweepe it away , and sift him fresh , then that which you take away after it be well ayred & sunnd againe , will be as good as it was before ; and looke howe you doe at noone , so you may doe at euening and night also . You must also change the nature of his meate and not keepe him to one kinde of foode , but giue him sometimes Oates , sometimes bread , holding him most to that foode which hee best liketh ; you shall also in the time of his rest , let a pale of water stand by him , that hee may drinke at his pleasure , for some horses haue such hot stomacks , that if they may not almoste to euerie bit haue a supp , they cannot possibly eate ; and yet for all this you shall obserue your ordinarie howers for watering him abroad also , and vse the exercise as is aforesaid ; but if your horse be grosse , fat , and a foule feeder , which is calld a kettie horse , then after you haue done as much as is prescrybed for your daies labour , you shall not faile morning and euening , for this first fortnight to ayre him as is showed you in this next Chapter . CHAP. 5. Of the ayring of hunting Horses . THe ayring of Hunting Horses is but at three seasons onelie to be vsed : that is eyther in the first fortnight when they are first taken from grasse , at what time they are so fat and foule , that they cannot bee put to any labour without dāger : or when they are in dyet for some greate match or wager , so that they must bee kept in good breath with moderate exercise , preseruing their chiefe strength and powers till the time of their tryalls : or when a horse hath got anye straine , griefe or mischance , so that you may not ride nor galloppe him , yet you would keepe him in good breath till his sorance be amended ; vpon any of these occasions , ayring is your onelie remedie , and this it is , and thus you are to vse it . Earely in the morning a ful houre and a halfe before Sun rise , you shall come to your stable , and after you haue made your Groome to put away your horses dung , and to rub his head , necke , legges , buttocks and bodie all ouer with a hayrie cloath , then girding his cloathes about him with a sursingle , and making them fast and close before his brest , you shal then washing his Snaffle in a little bear , put it in his mouth , then bringing him foorth , take his backe , and with a faire foote-pace , ride him vp to the top of the knole of some hill , and there walk him vp & down no more but in a foote-pace , till you see the sunne bee risen vp faire in your sight , then walke him fairely home to the stable , and there let your Groome dresse him as before ; then ride him to the water , after his water galloppe him , then bring him home , rubbe him , and giue him prouēder , & vse him in althings as is before taught you ; only whē the sun , is as it were at the instant setting ; or but a litle before ; as you did in the morning , so you shall do in the euening , take him foorth & ayre him , but then you shall not goe to the hilles , but downe to somefayre valley or medow through which some riuer runs , and there alōgst the riuer side you shall ayre him at least for an houre and a halfe , & so bring him home , cause him to be well rubd & chaft , giue him a handfull or two of prouender , and then followe your former directions . During the time of your ayring your horse thus , you shall see him gape , yawne , & as it were shrugg his bodie , & take a delight & pleasure in it , you shall in ayring when your horse will at anye time take occasion to stand still , as it were to gaze about , or to listen to any thing , giue him good leaue ; and in al his ayring suffer him to take his pleasure . The profitte which doth redoūd by this ayring is this , it makes a ketty ful horse emptie both his belly & bladder ; and the sharpe ayre which in the morning is the purest vpon the tops of hils , & most cold and subtill that which comes in the euening from the humiditie of the water will so pierce into the poets of the horses bodie , that it wil euen clense & expell manie grose and suffocating humors , it doth also tēper and cleare the blood , makes the flesh firme & hard , & tēpers the fat with such good qualities , that it is nothing neare so readie to be disolu'd or molten . To conclude ; an ordinary daies hunting takes no sorer of a horse then one of these earely or late ayrings ; After you haue thus for a fortnight aplied your horse with ayrings , & moderatelye exercisd him after his drink ; then you may the next fortnight with more boldnesse aduenture him into stronger labour . CHAP. 6. The second fortnights dyet , and first hunting . AFter you haue with ayring and moderate exercise after his drinke , brought your horse to some prettie state of bodie , which is , that his flesh ouer his short ribbes , will not feele so soft , and loose vnder your hand as before it did , neither the thin part of his flanke is so thicke , and full in your gripe , as it was at his first taking from grasse , nor that you doe finde the kirnels and grosse matter gathered together vnder his neather chaps altogether so greate as at the first they were ; then you shall proceede to a more strickt clensing of his bodie after this manner . Earely in the morning about an houre or more before his accustomed time , your Grome shal come into the stable , and as soone as euer he hath put away your horses dung , hee shall looke what meate your horse hath left in his maunger , and if there bee any , hee shall notwithstanding make cleane the Maunger , and sifting the horse two or three handfuls of fresh Oates , giue him them to eate , and as soone as he hath done eating , he shall brydle him vp , turne him about , & then fall to dresse him . After he is drest , the Groome shall take a good hunting Saddle , with hansome stirroppes and strong wollengarthes , and girt it vpon the Horses backe , then he shall throwe the cloathes ouer the saddle , and so let the Horse stand vppon the Brydle , till the Houndes and your selfe are readie to goe foorth on hunting , which would be an houre or there abouts after Sun-rise at the furthest , then you shal take your horses backe , and that first day followe the houndes verie gentlie , gallopping verie sildome , and no long time together , but crossing the fieldes to your best aduantage , both obserue to make in with the Houndes at euerie default , and also to keepe your horse ( as neare as you can ) within the crie of the dogs , that he may take delight in their musicke ; and when you finde the chace to runne ouer anye faire earth , as either ouer More , Medowe , Heath , greeneswarth , or grasse leyes ; al which my Countrie men of the north call skelping earthes , because a horse may without any greate toile or paine throwe out his legges and bodie , and gallop smoothely thereupon ; you may then thrust out your horse , and for a quarter of a mile , or halfe a mile , ( according as the chace holdes out ) galloppe him faire & softly vpon the hand after the Houndes , that hee may learne how to handle his legs , how to lay his bodie , and how to change and alter his stroake according to the change and alteration of the ground , as if the ground be plaine and leuel , then to lay downe his bodie , stretch foorth his legges and to goe more speedily away , but if the ground bee ruttie and full of false treading , ( which wee call broken swarthe ) or if it bee ouer ridge and furrowe , so that the horse in his gallopping rises and falles , then hee must gather vp his bodie round & close , strike shorter and thicker , to the intent he may auoide ruttes , or setting his forefeete in the bottome of furrowes , which if at any time by mischance hee doe , yet carrying his bodie so round and vpright , hee will euer haue that strength at commaundment , that he will neither stumble nor fall ouer : to which perfection you can no way bring him , but by moderate exercise and custome , and keeping him euer within his winde , that whensoeuer he ends gallopping , hee may bee in his best strength , and haue alwayes a desire to do more then you will suffer him ; thus and by the rule of these obseruations you shall hunt your horse till it be betwixt two and three of the clocke in the after noone , at what time you shall couple vp your Hounds , and then consider the estate of your Horse , whether hee haue had anye great exercise or no ; that is , whether he haue sweat any thing or nothing ( for to sweate exceeding much the first day you must by no meanes suffer him ) and if you find he haue sweat a little , then you shall ride him gently home ; but if he haue not sweat at all , then you shall vpon some faire skelpe earth gallop him , till you make him sweat ; but you must doe it so gently , that you neither grieue him with the labour , nor make him desire the quickening of the spurre in his gallopping , but that all he doth may bee done as it were out of his own voluntarie wil & courage . When you haue made him wet the haires that are at the rootes of his eares , and some fewe vpon his necke and flanke with sweate ( which are all the places you must at first by any meanes make him sweate in ) then you shall ride him gently home : and as soone as you are lighted from his backe , you shall cause him to be set vp in the stable : then tying his head with the Bridle vp to the racke ( where there muste neither bee hay , nor any thing els ) make two groomes at the least , one of one side the horse , and another of the other , with good store of fresh stawe , which must lie vnder him , rubbe his heade and face first ; then all his foure legges , then his necke , bodie , bellie , buttockes , and generally euerie part of the Horse , till they haue not left about him any one wert or soule haire , then let them vngyrd his gyrths , and take off his Saddle , and immediately clap about his bodie and his heart two yeards of some thick strong cotton , then lay on his cloathes which ordinarily he wore , and hauing gyrt them on with the sursingle , let it bee stopt round about with soft wispes , and so let him stande for the space of two houres or more ; then you shall come vnto him and vnbridle him , and then sift two or three handfull of Oates , and mixe with them a good handfull of Hempseed , and giue it him to eate : then put into his racke a little bottell of Hay , and so let him stande till betwixt eight and nine a clocke at night , at what time comming to him , you shall giue him to drinke a sweete mash of ground mault and water luke-warme , which if at first he bee daintie to drinke on , respect not , but placing it in such sort vnder him , that hee cannot throwe it downe ; let it stand by him all night , that hee may drinke at his pleasure . Then you shall cu●e him in small peeces the valewe almost of halfe a pecke of ordinarie hunting breade ( the making and nature whereof shall bee prescribed vnto you in the nexte Chapter ) then putting another small Bottell of Hay into the racke , thrusting vp his litter hansomelye , that his bedde may be softe , and rubbing his heade , necke , and buttockes downe with a haire cloath , let him stande till the nexte morning . Now forasmuch as in this first dayes hunting , there are many obseruations to bee noted , I thinke it not amisse to giue you a tast of them before I proceed any further : first therefore you ought to obserue , that in the morning whē you come into the field , that you doe not put your horse to any gallop for at least two houres ; which time you shal spend in trotting , & walking him after the dogs , & manie times standing still , to make your horse dung , and emptie his belly , which whensoeuer he doth , you shall cherish him , and with oft standing stil , and now & then whistling your horse , doe what you can to prouoke him to pisse , ( which is the wholsomest thing of all others ) then when you finde that your horse by his oft dunging and pissing is reasonably well emptied , you may begin to gallop him in manner before shewed . Next you shall obserue the nature and inwarde qualitie of your Horse ; which is whether he bee of a temperate and sober spirit , one that will doe no more then you put him vnto , nor striue to go faster then you would haue him ; or whether he be a Horse of fierie and forward spirit , one that will chafe , frette , and sweate as much for anger that hee is kept backe and restrayned , as the other when hee is runne a whole sente and soundly spurred : if you finde him of dull and sober mettall , then you shall galloppe him the oftner , but the lesse while together , that you may bring him to a delight in hunting , nowe and then awakning him with your spurres , but by no meanes ( as I sayde beefore ) bringing him to the height of his winde , or the vttermost of his strength . But if hee he a Horse of hot and free mettall , then you shall gallop him the seldomer , but the sorer , thrusting him nowe and then vppon deepe and ouerthwart earth , that by feeling the paine of labour , and the daunger which his fierce and mad running draws him vnto when he is ready to ouerthrow in euerie furrow , hee will euen by those corrections , and the benefite of his owne knowledge , come to a more moderate temper in his running , and so much the better and sooner , if you ( as in true Art you ought to do ) by no meanes either with spurre or rod compel him to doe anye thing ; but that all the myscheefes he feeles , may onely come by his owne voluntarie furie ; you but onely giuing libertie to his frowardnesse : then you shall obserue vpon what earth he gallops most vnnimbly , and vpon that earth vse to gallop him most , yet with such leysure and gentlenesse , that hee may haue both time to know , and time to amende his fault . Lastly , you shall obserue after your Horse begins to eate bread , whether vpon that foode he be quicke or slow of disgestion , as before in the first fortnight ; and if you find that he be quicke of disgestion , that is , that he keepes his bread but a little while in his bodie ( as for the most part your fierie and free Horses doe ) then you shall but onely lightly chip your breade , and so giue it him both crust and crumme together : but if he be slow of disgestion , which is , that hee keepes his meate long in his bellie , then you shall cleaue your loaues in the middest , and giue vnto your Horse nothing but the crumme onely ; for the crumme is quick of disgestion , and soone turnes to blood , cruditie , and excrements : and the crust is slow of disgestion , and askes ( by meanes of his hardnesse and drynesse ) a double time before it be concocted . After you haue thus spent your first hunting day ; as soone as the next morning appeares , you shall come to the stable , and the first thing you doe , shall bee to make your keeper thrust the horses dung from his litter , on which you shall looke , and by treading vpon it with your feete and opening it , you shall see whether you can finde any grease eyther without or within it , or whether it be slimie or greasie outwardly ; if their be neither grease nor other slimie matter to bee perceyued , but that his dung holds the same state and colour , which formerly it did before he was hunted , then you shall know that your first dayes hunting did take nothing at all of your Horse , but that his bodie holds one certaine state still ; which is a warning vnto you that you may the next hunting day almost double your exercise ; but if you finde that there be any little grease come from the horse , or that his dung be but outwardly greasie , which you shall knowe by the shining of his dung , or by white spots , like sope spots , which you shall see within his dung , or if his dung bee of a darke colour , or harder then it was , thē you may be assured that both your horse is extreame foule , and that your labour was fully sufficient , so that the next day you hunt you shal increase his labour but a little more . When you haue taken these obseruations from his dung , you shall then make your Groome dresse him , and after hee is drest , as you did the first fortnight , so you shall then ride him to the water , galloppe him after his drinke , and then giue him either 5. or 6 , handfuls of wel sifted Oates , or a good quantite of bread cut in small peeces , which you thinke he hath best stomacke vnto , as thus , if the last meate you gaue him before were Oates then , now you shal giue him bread , if it were bread then , now Oates : for the oftner you alter , the better wil be his appetite , yet you must make bread his principall foode , because it is moste strong , most healthfull and best nourishing both of winde and body , Thus you shall keepe this day of rest as you kept him the first fortnight , the next day following you shall hunt him againe as you did the first day , onely a little increasing his toyle according to his nature , strength , and aptnesse in hunting , and when you bring him home , to obserue al the rules , dyets , keepes , foodes , and obseruations which are formerly discribed in this and the other Chapters . And thus you shall hunt your horse in this gentle maner foure times a week for a fortnight together , feeding him onelie with ordinarie bread and Oates , & giuing him no scowring , but mashes and hempseede . CHAP. 7. Of hunting breade , both ordinarie ( as for trayning of Horses ) and extraordinarie for matches or Wagers . THere is nothing dooth so much stumble mens mindes , and make them affraide of keeping hunting horses , as the verie remembrance and charge of keeping them , which by the folly of ignorant and foolish keepers , who to make the arte and secrets greater then indeede they are , or to giue a false colour to their owne knowledges ( as if in their skils were misteries beyond coniuration ) or else as I thinke , to get vnhonest polling pence to their owne purses ; they tell noble spirits , & good mindes ( whose birthes and places are farre beyond comerce with these vnder offices ( yet desire to haue euerie thing in best perfection ) of such strange and vnnecessarie expences , of such huge and monstrous proportions for foode , and such diuersities of corne , and of so much difficultie and attention , that as if a hunting horse would almoste leaue no corne for the poore to feede on ; or had a stomacke as infinite as such a keepers follye ; they make good mindes so wearie of the pleasure , and so fearefull to meddle with a charge worse then vsurie , that they by all meanes possible not shunne the sport , but say , as I haue heard some Gentlemen doe , that one Hunting horse is more chargeable thē the keeping of halfe a dozē ordinary ●ourneying Geldings ; but they are deceiued , for this I dare auouch to all the world , and I would haue all Gentlemen knowe it , that if he which vndertakes to keepe a hunting Horse , be a man skilful , honest , and of good conscience , then looke what alowāce any Nobleman , or gentleman will allowe to his footecloth or horse for his own saddle , ( which cannot be lesse then a pecke at a watering , which is two peckes a day ) that euen that allowance , and fortie shillings a yeare more , shall keepe any hunting horse whatsoeuer as sufficientlie , eyther for pleasure or else for match , as if you should alowe him ten folde double the proportion , and hee which demaunds more , wrongs both himselfe and his maister . Now he that eyther loues sport or a good horse , and wil not alowe one fortie shillings a yeare to see him in best perfection , for my part I could wish he might be depriued pleasure , and haue a torment , in my conceite worse then the rack , that is , to ride of a Iade that is tyred . But to proceede to my purpose , and that you may see the greatest charge which belongs to a hunting horse , I will followe on the manner of breade making ; and first for the ordinarie breade , which is that wherewith you must feede , the moste part of the yere : you are thus to compound it ; Take a strike of cleane Beanes , two peckes of wheate , and a pecke of Rye , grinde these together , and then sift them through a te●se , then kneade it with good store of barme and water , but let your water be scalding hot , that it may take away the strong sauour of the Beanes , when you haue knodden it well , then lay a cloath ouer it , and let it bee also well trodden , then moulde it vp into great loaues like Housholde loaues , hauing as neare as you can gesse , about a pecke in a loafe ; then bake it as you bake good houshold breade , and no otherwise , and let it bee at least two daies old before your horse taste any of it . But if the horse for whome you make this bread , be exceeding sollible and much subiect to losenes in his bodie , then you shall put in no Rye at all : but if he be of a hot body , and subiect to more then ordinarie drynesse , then you shal ouer and besides the Rye , put to the former proportion of corne , about two pound of sweete butter . The natures of the aforesaid graines are these ; First the Beanes are the moste strong and naturall foode for a Horse that can be , being neither so pursiue , fulsome , nor breeding such rawe cruditie as pease doe , & therefore where beanes are to be gott , I would haue no pease vsed . Then the wheate is comfortable , light of disgestion , & soonest couerts to good blood . Lastly the Rie is sollible & euacuating , so that being mixt with the other two graines which are drie and binding , it makes the breade of a reasonable & indifferent composition . The barme makes the bread light , so that it doth neither loade nor cloythe stomacke ; the scalding water takes away the strong sauour , and the butter is a purge comfortable , wholsome , and not against nature . This breade hath in it sufficient strength and vertue , to bring a horse to good abilitie of bodie , and purenes of winde , neither wold I haue any man either for the trayning vp of young Horses , or for the ordinarie pleasure of hunting , to vse any other breade but this onely : but if you make any match for any great wager , wherein you are to be exceeding circumspect and carefull , for in their losses doe indeed consist the charge and care of hunting horses , and to which I will neuer giue any man incouragement , yet if you haue made a match , and that your horse must be brought to the vttermost perfection that may be , then you shall make him another sort of breade somewhat finer then the former after this manner ; you shall take of cleane beanes , well dryd a strike , of oate-meale two pecks and of Rye two peckes , grinde all these together , and boult them through an ordinarie boulting cloath , then take as much new ale , and the barme beaten altogether , as will serue to kneade it , and if you will bestowe the whites of fortie egges vpon it , the breade wil be so much the better both for the horse and his winde . After the dowe hath beene well knodden with handes , you shall then cause the Baker , hauing his feete cleane scowred and washt , to goe into the trough and treade it exceedingly , then you shall couer it with cloathes , and let it lie till it swell euen to the toppe of the trough , which it will in short space doe : then kneade it againe , & so moulde it vp in great loaues as you did before with the former breade , & so bake it sufficiently , but by no meanes ouer bake it . Better breade then this cannot bee made for hunting , and though there bee some horsemen of my knowledge , which will bestowe vpon bread a great deale of more charges , as by putting hot spices and other such like toies therein , thinking that more cost brings more worshippe , yet knewe they how vilde and vnwholsome it is , surely they should neuer reape for their labours , so much as god a mercie , for take it from mee for a generall rule , whensoeuer you see any man vse spices to a hunting horse that is sound and of good constitution , he is neither good keeper , nor can giue anye good reason for his dooings , more then our common Smithes doe for their medicines , which is , they haue seene such a man doe it before them . CHAP. 8. Of all manner of purgations or scowrings that are fit for hunting horses and of their natures , vses and operations . PVrgations which are the emptiers , & voiders of all superfluous humors , which doe anoy the bodie with their euill qualities , bringing eyther sicknesse , vlcers , or mortallitie , I doe not meane amplie to dylate vpon in this chapter , because they are more properlie belonging to the sicke horse then to the sound ; and their simples so curions , strange , and violent in working , as goes beyond the skill of euerie ordinarie keeper ; and for as much as I haue in the booke of diseases spoake as much as is necessarie concerning them and their natures in case of sicknesse , I will heere onelye trouble you , with those purgatiue , receyts , which are onely meete for hunting-horses , or running horses , being sound of bodie , and in perfit strength and liuelyhood , which are cald of the Northerne men scowrings , which in true signification is the same that a purgation is , yet in that that their workings are somewhat different , because the purgation doth clense away those sicke and vnwholsome humors which are growne to an euill alreadie , the scowring none but those which in time would grow to be cōtagious , I will let onely the names holde the differences betweene them , and only heere speak of scowrings . The first scowring , & which is of al other the gentlest & most wholesome is the mash , and it is made in this manner : take a pecke of ground mault , and put it into a peale ; then take a galland and a halfe of water boyling hot from the fire , and put it to the mault , then with a staffe , mash and stirre them together at least halfe an houre , till taking the water vpon your fingar , you feele it as sweete as honye ( for euer the sweeter it is , the stronger it is ) then let it stand till it be luke warme , and then giue it your horse . This mash is to be giuen to any horse after his labour , especiallye to such as are weake or leane , for as it scowreth away molten grease and loose humors , so it comforteth the spirits and ingenders strength , it is good also for a fatt horse ( as it is before shewed you ) vpon his first labour , so that you vse with it ( as is likewise shewd you ) another scowring which is of a stronger nature , for to vse it onely of it selfe , wil feede a horse and make him more fat and pursie ; it is also exceeding good , and onely to be vsed in any sicknesse whatsoeuer , for to speake the truth of it , it is the horses o●ly Aleberrie . The next scowring is hempseede cleane drest to bee mingled with his Oates , the nature whereof is exceeding gentle and without all offenee to the stomacke , it is the best scowring to beginne with all , for it doth neither offend the horse in tasting , nor workes vpon any matter but what nature is willing to expell , and his office is only to purge the stomacke and intralls . The next scowring is , take Rosemarie and chop it verie small ; then take a quarter of a pound of verie sweete Butter , and worke them together , then breake it in peeces , and role it into sundrie pellets , somewhat bigger then the wall nuts , and then holding vp the horses head , put them gētly down his throat , then ride the horse gently vp & down halfe an houre after to make the scowring worke . This is good for a fat horse , after you haue giuen him such a sweate that you are sure you haue melted some of his inward grease , it scowreth the stomacke and intralls , and a little perfumeth the head , and wasteth the grose matter between his vnder chappes , and about his winde pipe : it is to be giuen to a horse carely in the morning when he is fasting . The next scowring is Sallet oyle halfe a pint , & of milk new from the Cowe a pinte ; brew them together , and giue it to the horse with a Horne . This scowring is much stronger then any of the former , and will in the working make a horse sicke for an houre and more , it also purgeth the stomacke , and intralls of all molten grease or other humors which former labour hath dissolued , it is best for a fat horse , especially when after you haue giuen him inward heates , and finde that out of the hardnes of his constitution , the other former scowrings will not worke , or bring any thing from him : you shall as soone as you haue giuen this scowring , ride your horse gently vp and down for halfe an houre , & then set him vp so as the horse may lye downe at his pleasure . The time to giue it is in the morning . The next scowring , is to take a pinte of muskadine , & halfe a pinte of Sallet oyle ; and mixing them together , to warme them vppon the coales , and so to giue it to the Horse with a horne . This scowring hath all the effects & vertues which Sallet oyle and milk hath , only it exceedes in this , that it is much more comfortable , & as it scowreh , so it giueth strength and lust , neither doth it leaue that flemy substance behinde which milke doth , insomuch that it is good eyther for fat horse , or for leane , ( if the leane haue any grosse humor to worke vpon ) this scowring is not amisse to bee giuen to a horse at his first taking from grasse . After he hath receiued his first sound sweat , it purgeth the intralls : the houre to giue it is earely in the morning , and his exercise to bee ridden gentlie halfe an houre after it . The next scowring is sacke a pint , and sallet oyle halfe a pint mixt together , then warm'd vpon the coales , and giuen to the horse with a horne , it is an excellent scowring and moste wholesome for any horse of what state of body soeuer he be , for it both clenseth the bodie and the head and also it cures any colde , and leaues no grosse humors that can any way trouble the winde . Now you are to note that these three scowrings last rehearsed , to witte , Sallet oyle and milke ; sallet oyle and Muskadine , and sallet oyle & Sacke , are verie carefully to be vsed and with great consideration ; as first they are not to be vsed often , but either when by outward testimonies you know that your horse is inwardly soule , and that you haue giuen him labour sufficient to disolue it , or when by apparāt heauines or other stoppings , colds , or obseruations , you see your horse begin to waxe sicke , and not otherwise : againe , you are to obserue , that if sicknes eyther by suddaine colde or other misgouerment shall happen vnto your horse when he is cleane in body from glut or fat , or if your horse be of such a sollible constitution that he is but too apt to scower ( yet necessitie compels you to vse one of these scowrings ) in such a case looke which of the scowrings you vse , and to it you shall adde at least two or three ounces of sugar-candie , so that nature hauing whereupon to worke , the medicine , shall vse his force without impediment . The next scowring is to take twentie cloues of garlick cleane pilled , and to bruse and stamp them in a woden dish , then to take a quarter of a pound of sweete butter , and to roule vpp the garlike in foure or fiue pellets bigger then wal-nuts , & so to giue them to the horse , and thrust them downe his throate : this scowring is to be giuen to any horse of what state of bodie so euer he bee , if he be subiect eyther to colde or pose in the heade , for it purgeth onely the head and winde pipes , and disolueth the grosenes betweene his chaps , the time to giue it is in the morning fasting , and to be ridden moderately halfe an houre after , and you may if you please giue it three mornings together , if either your horse haue takē any sleight colde , or that you finde the kirnels vnder his chaps are impediments to this winde . The next scowring is to mixe butter and Saunders together , and to make round pellets and giue them to the Horse , it is the same in nature and operation that butter and Garlike is , but not altogether so strong , and therefore not of so fit vse ; it onely purgeth the head , & is to be giuen with the same manner and order as the former . To put mustard seede now and then amongst your horses Oates , purgeth the horses head , giues him occasion to neese and snore , and is verie wholsome , so that if you vse it euerie day once , it cannot chuse but bring profit , and and helpe your horses winde much . The last scowring is ; take a good quantitie of boxe leaues , and put them into a pewter dish , then set them before the fier , and let them dry leasurelie , til they be so hard that you may crush them to pouder , then when they are brusd , take the same quantitie of brimstome , beaten likewise to powder , and mixe it and the boxe leaues well together , then when your horse comes in from hunting after hee is rubd , drest , and hath stood vppon the bridle a good space , then the first meate that you giue him must be a handfull or two of well sifted Oates , and a prettie quantitie of this scowring strinckled amongst them ; yet you must doe it so cunninglie and daintily , that your horse may not find fault at it , or through the sauour therof refuse his meate . This scowring purgeth the head , stomacke , and euerie part of the bodie , it killeth the Mawe-worme , bots and grubbs , which three fortes of wormes being bred in the stomack , doe exceedingly torment the hunting and running horse , because being kept so much fasting , the worme wanting humors to work vpon , doth gnawe and gripe vpon the stomacke , so that if they be not kild , the griefe of them will keepe the horse from his best doing . This scowring is especiallye to bee vsed when your horse is clensed from glutte or fatte , and when you haue him either in dyet for match or wager , it is mearely without all hurt , & hath no working in it contrarie to nature . And thus much for scowrings , their natures and opperations . CHAP. 9. The third fortnights dyet , and of the first thorrowe sweatings . AFter your Horse by thetwo former fortnights dyet , is come to so good an estate of bodie , and so well inseam'd that you finde hee is able with good strength and winde to runne vppon any reasonable and indifferent earth ) two or three mile without much sweating or blowing , if you would force h● thereunto , and that now the flesh of his bodie doth beginne to growe verie hard , his flanke thinner and cleaner thē at your second fortnights beginning , you shall then this third fortnight increase his labour , and come to aknowledge of the vttermoste of his inward powers , and how apt or fit he is , or will bee for this pleasure to which you imploy him , and you shall doe it in this sorte . According to the manner prescribed in the second fortnight . After your groome hath earelye in the morning giuen your horse a pretty quantitie of bread or wel fifted Oates , and that he hath drest him , saddld him and brydld him , you shall then take him foorth a hunting , and after you are come into the field , and that your horse hath emptied himselfe in some reasonable sorte ( which questionlesse he will haue done by that time you can possible finde a Hare , except your sport bee extraordinarily readie ) you shall the first chase the dogges break foorth , a little fauour your horse , yet not so much that you let the chace runne too farre before you , but keeping your horse vpon a reasonable gentill galloppe , followe it to the verie ending ; This first chase will ( as the northerne man saies ) racke your horses winde , and so prepare him to his labour ( with which hee hath had a little acquaintance a fortnight before ) that if at first he were not emptied enough , hee will now emptie himselfe thorowly , and make himselfe fitt for the vttermoste you can put him vnto , which done , all the day after you shal hunt him soundly , that is to say , you shall follow the houndes as close as either is fit for a good Hunts-man , or the halfe speede of your horse is able to beare you , nay if you put him to a three quarters speede it shall not be amisse ; but to put him to the vttermoste of his speede , you shall neuer do in the third fortnights trayning except you put on a resolution neuer to haue your horse good after ; if this day affoorde you such pastime , and the chaces hold out so long , & are so many that they haue put your horse three or foure times into sounde sweates all ouer his bodie ; and that you see the sweate which rises vnder the Bridle , and about the Saddle and gyrthes , to rise vpon a white foame , which is a great signe of glutt and foulnesse , then vpon the finishing of your sport , which would be about three of the clocke at the latest , you shall ride him home , and there rubbe him , drie him , and cloath him vppe warme ( as was before shewed you . ) But if your sport haue beene so slacke , that the following of the dogges hath not put your horse into any great sweat at all , then towards the euening , when it is almost time to goe home , you shall make some horseman with a Cat in a string to lead a traine sente , vppon such ground as you know your horse takes delight in , for at least three or foure mile : then laying your dogges vpon it , follow the traine with a three quarters speed till it bee ended , which will heate your horse thorowly , and then gently ride him home , and vse him as aforesaid : then two howers after , when you vnbridle him , giue him Oates and Hempseed together , which must be as a preparatiue to a stronger purgation : then giue him hay ; and before you goe to bed a mash . The next morning the first thing you doe , you shall giue your horse the scowring of butter and rosemarie : and after you haue chafed him , set him vp , and let him stande an hower or two , then giue him some bread , and about one of the clock in the after noone water him , and giue him some more bread ; then let him stande till your ordinarie hower , and then dresse him , water him , and giue him more bread or oates , and vse him in all things as formerly in his dayes of rest . The next day following take him foorth on hunting againe ; but in any case hunt him nothing so sore after the Dogges as you did the other day before , till it bee after noone , and then if you find in him good spirit and life I woulde haue you to giue him a chase or two after the Dogges soundly ; and towardes the euening to make him an other traine sente , and torunne it somwhat more thorowly then the former , that you may make him sweat hartilye ; then bring him home , rubbe him , dresse him , drie him , and cloath him vp exceeding warme : then after hee hath stoode two or three houres vpon his bridle , you shall giue him the scowring of Sacke and Sallet oyle , adding thereunto a good quantitie of Sugar-candie , or that of Muscadine and Sallet oyle , putting likewise vnto it great store of Sugar-candie : but that of Sacke , Oyle , and Sugar-candie , is much the better , especially if your Horse bee subiect eyther to colde or pose in the heade . As soone as you haue giuen him this scowring , you shall tie him so that he may lie downe , and so let him rest till nine of the clocke at night , at which time you shall giue him as much warme water as hee will drinke , and a good quantitie of breade and Oates , well sifted and mingled together : then making his bedde soft , let him rest for all that night . The next morning , as soone as you come vnto him , you shall first looke vpon his dung , whether hee haue voyded any grease or no , whether hee haue , or hee haue not , it shall bee no great matter , for the force of this last scowring will worke two , three , and sometimes foure dayes after : then whether his dung keepe the perfite colour , I or no , or whether it looke more darke or blacke , or whether it looke more redde and hie coloured . If it looke of the right colour , ( as is before shewed ) then it is a signe of health , strength and cleannesse ; if darke and blacke , then it is a signe that there is molten grease , and other ill humours in his bodie which are not scowred out , if it looke more redde and hie coloured , then it is a signe he is inwardly hot , and that his blood is a little distempered , which moderate diet , and coole exercise will soone amende ; if his dung be loose and thinne , it is a signe of weakenesse , if hard and in round pellets , then it is both a signe of a hot hodie inwardly , and that he feedes grossely , eating eyther too much hay , or els some part of his litter , which you may amend by increasing the allowance of his prouender : but if it keep an indifferent meane , betwixt both these , being neither too hard , nor too soft , but as it were like the ordure of a man , and that it stinke , and be so strong that you shall be inforc'd to burne perfumes in your stable , then is it such as it should bee , and is a signe your horse is cleane , strong , healthful , and of good courage . After you haue noted the temper of your horses body by his dung , then you shall looke into the Manger what meat he hath left vneaten : & by the computation of that which he hath left to eat ; consider how much he hath eaten ; ●han if you find he hath eaten nothing at all , or verie little ; you shall then vnderstande , that either the former dayes hunting hath dissolued much grosse matter in his bodie , vpon which the scowring working somwhat sore , makes him a little sicke , and so doth forbear his foode , or els your former dayes labor was a little more violent then in discretion it should haue beene : but which soeuer it be it matters not , for his stomacke will quickly come againe with moderat labor . If you find he hath ea●en all his prouender ; and left none in the manger , thē you must know that ouer night you gaue him not so much as you should haue done , and therefore it shall bee good that the next night you double your proportion ; for it is a principall rule you must holde in this kinde of dieting to giue your Horse euer more meate then hee will eate , and not as trauellers and Poulters doe , keepe your Horse euer with an vnsatisfied stomacke : for by that meanes being euer kept sharpe like a hauke ( as if hee laboured for his bellie ) whensoeuer hee comes to a good or full meale , he cānot chule but surfet . The keeping of a hunting horse is ( and the keeping of other horses should bee ) contrarie ; for you must by little and little giue them so much , that in the end they will eate no more , and then if you throw neuer so much before them they wil eate no more then shall suffice nature , being to themselues better phisitions then any man can bee : but if you once stint them , or keepe them hungry a meale or two , then according to the olde prouerbe , be sure the third will make a glutton : wherefore hauing by little filled your horses bellie before you serue him for all night , be sure then to giue him so much that you may find some vneaten in the morning . Now lastly , if you doe finde a little in the Maunger , so that you see he hath eaten a good proportion , then you may be assured he is strong and lustie , and hath in him no touch of sicknesse . After you haue taken these notes from his dung and meat , you shal then cause the groome to dresse him , water him , and vse him in all poynts as in his former dayes of rest , giuing him both good store meate , and chaunge of meate : that is , one while breade , and another while Oates , giuing him moste of that hee takes most affection vnto . The next day following this day of rest , you shall take your horse forth on hunting againe , but not to the ende you shall put him to anie labour , but onely to keepe him in breath , and to procure him a stomacke to his meate ; for all this day you shall not by any meanes galloppe him , except now and then fiue or sixe score yardes ; but onely trott him from hill to hill , that you may see and heare the Houndes , but not follow the Hounds , and thus spending the day till euening , bring your Horse home without hauing anie one haire wette with sweate , obseruing all he day as you ryde , as oft as your Horse doth dung , to turne about and looke vpon it , for there is no question , but that day he will voide verie much grease and filthines ; when you come home let him bee verie well rubd , drest , and warme cloath'd vp , and verie well fedd that night both with Oates and bread . As for his water , you shall that day both water him in the morning as you ride him into the fielde , and also water him in the euening as you bring him from the field , and giue him no scowring at all . The next day after this , being a day of rest and feeding , you shal vse your horse as in the daies of rest before specified , where you are onely appointed to feede hard , but to giue no scowring . In the same māner & with al the same obseruations that you haue spent this weeke , you shall also spend the next weeke following , without anye augmentation or alteration , and then be well assured you shall haue your horse in as good winde , strength , and cleannesse , as is eyther fit or necessarie for a hunting Horse , so that afterwards obseruing moderately to hunt twice or thrice a weeke according to the strength & constitution of his bodie : and euerie night when as you come from any sore hunting , to giue him hempseede & a mash . You shal keepe him all the yeare fit for your pleasure , and with out any danger either of winde breaking , bursting , blinding , foundring , or such like infirmities , make him performe in labour as much as is contained within the compasse of his power ; onely thus much you must know by the way , that after once you haue brought your horse to be cleane , which you shall perceiue both by his long induring of labour without sweating , by the clearenesse of his winde , when he will runne three or foure mile , and scarse blow at it , and also feeling his flanke to bee thinne as contayning nothing but a double skinne , and his chaps so cleane eyther from fat , glut or kirnels , that you may hide both your fists betweene them : then you must by no meanes giue him any scowring after his riding except it be nowe and then vpon some sore daies hunting , eyther a little hempseede , or else boxe leaues and Brimstone ; or if he haue a little pose in his head , then a little mustard-seede in his prouender ; other scowrings you shall vse none , vnlesse it be when there is aparant sicknes . Also after you haue made your horse cleane , you shall by no meanes , eyther through your negligence or for want of riding , suffer him to growe foule again , for so you shall be oft deceiued & procure your self a double labor , & not haue one penny cost saued . And thus much for your third fortnights dyet . CHAP. 10. Why Horses should haue their sweats after the Dogges , and of their cloathing . THere be some Horsemē which because they haue gotten particular names ; out of their ambitions , to keepe particular reputations , and to make men beleeue there is greater misteries in their doings , then indeed there is , wil whē they should giue their horse any thorow sweat either steale from companye or from the Houndes , and where no bodie may beholde them , breake into a maine chace and so giue their Horse a sweate , or else taking vnaccustomed houres , giue their horse his sweates in obscure places ; from the ground of which custome it may be that some will demaund why I doe not obserue that rule , but prescribe sweats to bee giuen after the Doges in any publique assemblie ; my answere is , that because I am not a Scholler to men , and fashion but onely to experience and reason ; therefore I eschewe all thinges wherein I can finde no probabilitie as I can neither doe in this too curious priuatnes ; or in binding my selfe to any one remote place . Now for giuing a horse his sweates after the Dogges , in that I finde much strength of reason ; as first besides the pleasure a horse naturally takes to followe houndes ( of which I haue somewhat spoken before ) the diuersitye of grounds ouer which a horse is cōpeld to run , as somtimes ouer plowd fields , sometimes ouer plaine pastures or medowes , sometimes ouer lay-lands , or vpon beaten high waies , somtimes amongst moale-hils , and sometimes amongst broken swarth's , bringes vnto him a two folde profit ; one in his experiēce by making him cunning vpon euery kind of earth , the other by strēgthning his winde & giuing him new breath ; with the alteratiōs of the ground , euery horse-man hauing this care as wel for his own safegard as his horses , not to let him run so violently vppon deepe and daungerous earthes , as vpon smooth & plaine groundes ; another reason is a horse that takes his sweates after the dogs , takes it not suddainely ; or sa a man would say with one winde , but temperately and at leasure , the horse hardly at any time running halfe a mile together without some stop or stay , for as the houndes fall in their sent , so the horse staies in their running , and recouering new breath , takes his sweate without anye sence of paine like a man that were placd in a hot-house , whereas if to his sweate should be ioynd paine and faintnesse , hee would soone take dislike in his labour , and not being a horse of approued mettall , soone fall to tyring . The last reason is , that gallopping and labouring amongst other horses , is such an encouragement and comfort , chiefly to a young horse , that he doth as it were forget his paine , & by seeing the labour of his companions ; out of an ambition , incidēt to horses , couets many times to do more then any reasonable horseman would haue him ; whereas when a man takes a contrarie course , it cannot chuse but bring foorth contrarie effects , and so swarue both from arte and reason . There is another error as grosse as the grosest whatsoeuer , which I haue seene much vsed amongst our keepers of hunting horses , and that is , as soone as they haue taken their horses into the stable , then they haue immediately laid vppon them two or three cloathes , some of canuase , some of wollen , and some of sacke-cloath , without either consideration or reason , almost thinking that a horse cannot be in good keeping , if hee bee not as it were almost ouerburdned with cloathes ; some of the best professors of this art ( in the worldes repute ) not being able to ●giue a sound reason why a horse is cloathed at all , much esse why they weare so many cloathes , except it be this , that such a Iockie , such a Florrie , or such a Lorrie did so doe , and therefore wee : which is no good reason except horses were al of one temper ; & indeed the truth is , that if a hunting horse were of that abilitie , that hee were able to indure without cloathing , it were not amisse to keepe him as thinne as may bee : but in as much as neither their bodies nor such extreame labors can indure nakednesse , I holde it moste meete , that they be cloathed ; yet would I haue them to wear no more then sufficient , nor as if they were olde , sicke or diseased , to weare furrd coates in Haruest . Nowe to know when your horse hath cloathes sufficient , or when he is too light clad , you shall keepe well this note and obseruation : when you first take your horse into the stable , you shall cloath him with a good single cloath of strong Canuas , made long and of good compasse , so that it may fould double about his hart , & come and tie before his breast hansomly : then you shall marke how his haire lies , especially vpon his necke , which at that time of the yeare muste of necessitie lie plaine and smooth : then after more sharpe weather begins to come in , if then you perceiue his haire to begin to rise or stare , then you may be assured hee feeles inward colde , and it is necessarie that his clothing bee increased , so that then I would haue you lay on another cloath , which if it bee made of woollen it is so much the better , and for any of our English horses I thinke will bee cloathing sufficient ; but if he be a horse of a more tender nature , as eyther Barbarie , Ienet , or such like , and that his haire notwithstanding still stares and standes vp ; you shall then lay vpon him another cloath , making this your rule , that till his haire lie smooth and flatte to his skinne , hee hath not cloathes inow , and when it doth lie flat though it bee but with one cloath as single as a sheete , yet it is cloathing as much as he should weare . Thus if you doe but looke into the true nature and disposition of your Horse , and obserue but the outwarde Caracters which hee will shewe you , it is almost impossible you shoulde erre in his keeping . And thus much for sweating and cloathing . CHAP. 11. Of making a hunting match , the obseruations , and aduauntages . AFter you haue made your Horse cleane within , and brought him to purenesse of wind , great strength , & able performance , when you finde he is able to indure out a dayes hunting soundly , and to take his heates and coldes stoutly , without eyther faintnesse or shrinking , which is the onely testimonie and principall vertue in a hunting horse ; and because I haue not hitherto spoken particularly of them , I will tell you before I proceede further what heats and coldes are . To endure heates and coldes , is when a horse hath run out a maine chase three or foure mile ; so that all his bodie is all ●uer of an intire sweat : thē the dogs being at default , or the traine being ended , to haue your horse in the cold fr●stie weather to stand still till that sweate be dried vpon his backe , nay sometimes till it bee euen frozen vpon his back , so that the cold may pierce him as much inwardly , as before the heat did , and then to breake forth into another maine chase , & do as much or more then he did before , his courage appearing to his rider rather to encrease then decrease . That horse which can doe thus the oftest together , is the worthiest horse , and the best to bee esteemed ; for I haue seene manye goodly horses that for the first chase , could bee held within no limits ; but after the cold hath pierst to his heart , his courage hath so failed him , that the second chase hath craued much compulsion , and in the third he hath flatly tyred , which hath only beene for want of exercise and hardning : Also if you see your horse after his heat , when hee cooles to shrinke his bodie in , and to draw his foure legs together , then be assured his courage failes him , and he will hardly endure another case after , also if in his cooling you see his gyrths wax slacker then they were at the first , so that you find his bodie and belly shrinke and grow slenderer then they were , it is the greatest signe that may bee of faintnes and tyring ; if a hotse after he comes to be cold , holde his teeth fast together , and will not open his mouth ; and if his eyes stande firme in his heade , and mooue not so quicke as their vsuall custome , both these are great signes of ●aintnesse , sicknesse and tyring . When therefore ( as I said before ) you haue brought your horse to be so cleane , that he wil both hunt , and take his heates and coldes strongly , and then also either out of his speed and swiftnesse , or out of his truth and toughnes is of sufficient power to cōmand , or at lest in an indifferēt sort to accōpany in a chase the swiftest hounds , to which you must haue an especiall regard : for there is no redier a way in the world to cousen your hopes , then by trayning your horse after slow dogs , for ouer thē he will haue such aduauntage and runne so at is owne ease , that you will imagine there is no labour too great for him ; where as when he comes to runne after swift Dogges indeede , they will drawe him vppe to such an extraordinarie swiftnesse , that not hauing beene formerly put to the like toyle , the verie inacquaintance therewith will make him tyer euen in his best strength , wherefore I woulde haue all Gentlemen that woulde as well haue good Horses as good Houndes , euer to keepe two or three couple of traynsent dogs the swiftest he can by any means attaine vnto , and according as hee findes the strength of his Horse , so to traine him once or twice a Weeke after them . Nowe if your Horse , both in your owne iudgement and in the opinion of other Horse-men haue those vertues which are fitte for a beast of best estimation : so that eyther out of your own disposition beeing desirous to gaine your Horse a particular reputation , or out of scorne to endure the braues of others chalenges , you will needes make a match or wager vppon his heade , though for mine owne part I woulde giue no Gentleman encouragement thereunto , because I haue seene in them so much breach of friendshippes , so manye iealousies , and so many deceytes , insomuch that manie times the better Horse comes from the fielde , the greater looser ; yet because such errors haue no right tytle to the sport , but onely come in by couetousnesse , and intrusion , and that manye Gentlemen notwithstanding , will make matches ; I will according to my slender skil and experience , shew you the obseruations & aduantages necessarie in matching . Wherefore , whensoeuer you make any match , you muste vndoubtedly knowe the nature , qualitie , and disposition of the Horse vppon which you presume : that is , whether he be of hott or colde temper of spirit : whether exceeding swift and not so tough , or exceeding tough , and not so speedie : then whether hee delight to labour and to I le vpon deep groundes , and to climbe hilles , or to runne vpon skelping earthes , high waies , or smooth pastures ; then whether he bee nimble of foote , so that he will runne amongst moale-hilles , down stonie crags , dangerous ruts , and vneuen waies ; or else hauing formerly beene beaten vpon his legges , cannot well indure anye but soft treading : then whether hee be of pure and strong winde , so that he wil runne a long time without sobbing , or else thick or short winded , insomuch that albe he is exceeding tough , yet he must haue manie eases in his running . According to these dispositions , you must fashion your match , and preseruing to your selfe your best aduauntages , there will be greater hope of your winning : as thus , if your horse bee of fierie and hot mettall , which for the moste part are speedie and nimble horses , louing hard & plaine earthes , and by reason of their furies sildome able to runne any long time together without some sobbe or breathing , then your best aduauntage is , if your match be to hunt the Hare first , and the wilde goose chase after , as at three or foure of the clocke in the after noone , then to ease your horse as much as you can all the day , and to let your aduersarie leade you continually , and rather to run without your law then within it , so you keepe your horse from being whipt by the Tryers : then when you come to start the wilde goose chase , to chase the fayrest earth that is within your eye , or the plainest hie way you can soonest recouer , and so thrusting your horse into his full speede , trye to winne your wager with one winde and good footemanshippe , but if that fayle you , then you must take vp your Horse , and let him galloppe as softlye as you can , yet by no meanes suffering your aduersarie to take the leading frō you , but whēsoeuer he striues for it by giuing him slippes in winding and turning , seeke to ouer toile him , and make him glad to giue ouer striuing to get the leading , which as soone as you perceiue he doth , and that hee giues as much ease to his horse as you doe to yours ; then you shal as soone as you can driue to the next hie way which leades homeward towards the stable where you keepe your horse , and then laying your spurres hard to his sides , trie againe the second time to win the wager in a foorth right chase , but if it fall againe , then the match is in some danger and the truth & toughnes onelie will be victor ▪ if your wager be to run trayne sents , ( which is not so good an aduantage for a horse of this qualitie ) your best course then is , ( if you can gette the leading of the first traine , to leade it vppon such earth that if it be possible there may be no deepe grounds or plowd fieldes within three mile of the place where you end your traine , so that when your aduersarie comes to make the second traine , he shall neither will nor chuse , but make it vpon skelpe grounds , because there is no deep earth near him , for by the order of riding , he is bound to begin wher you end : the first traine you shal forbeare to ride with any speed , which you may doe at your pleasure , if either you will lay on slow dogs , or imperfect dogges . The second traine you must be ruld by your aduersarie ; but the third traine which is your owne againe in it you may trie if you can winne the wager , especiallie where speede is the onelie thing you trust to by making the traine fit for your purpose , and laying on Dogges the swiftest you can procure . Now on the cōtrary part , if your horse be of coole spirit , reasonable speed , yet of an infinit toughnes , so that you can hardlie either ouer labour him , or ouer spurre him ; in this case you shall by no meanes agree to hunt the Hare , but onely to follow traine sents , in which keeping your aduersarie continuallie to the height of his speede , you shal either goe home a conqueror , or else bee beaten at your owne weapon , the best winde and the best truth remayning onely victor : in this case you shal except against running in a hie way aboue so manye yardes , as sometimes twentie , sometimes forty , as you can agree : you shal also agree to giue as little lawe as is possible , as thus : that one horse shall not runne short of the other ( through the whole chases ) aboue his length , or if he doe , then to bee whipt vp by the Tryer ; you shall also ( especially if your horse be gelt , and your aduersaries stond ) binde him from all reliefes and comforts ▪ as thus , that there shal be no cold water cast either vpō the horses stones , or into his mouth , nor that any traine shall be led through any water aboue setlocke deep , that no man shal cast straw , or shal pissevnder the hunting horses bellie , therby to prouoke thē to pisse also ; and such like helps which are only helps of aduauntage ; you shall also a gree vppon your place of meeting , where the first traine shall begin according to the nature of your horse , for if he be a horse of great speede , and loues smooth earth , then you shall haue your meeting amongst some light sandie fieldes , or neare some drie heathes or plaines , if he be a horse of slownes and roughnes , then in deep clay fieldes , amongst lowe groundes & rotten green swarthe ; if it be your horses winde you presume vpon a gree to haue your traines the longer : if it be his speede let them be vpon the faire ground , but if it bee his truth , then vpon the deepest & foulest you can attaine too ; a good winde would climbe many hills , but a thick wind would be kept vpō the leuel : obserue by no means when you make a match to giue any oddes of waight , for at the latter end of the day , when horses are weak , and burthen comes to bee felt , halfe a pound waight is an vnspeakable aduauntage : as for example , let a man when hee hath runne till he is wearie , but then cast away his hat , and he shall finde himselfe infinitelie refreshed ; but let him take vnto him more then he had , but the waight of a riding rodde , and hee shall finde himselfe double oppressed , to match a gelding against a stond horse , ( especially in the spring ) is a great disaduātage ; for the horse is in his prime and the gelding in his weaning . Lastly obserue to haue your ryder honest , your tryer skilfull , and your selfe patient , and be assured the horse will doe his vtmost . And thus much for matching . CHAP. 12. The dyeting of a hunting Horse for a match . WHen you haue made your horse cleane inough for ordinarie hunting , and haue out of the strong conceite of his goodnes made a match against some other horse , & haue resend ( as necessarilie you must doe ) at least a month to bring him to the best perfection ; you shal then put him into the choycest dyet , after this maner ; first you shall looke well vpon your horse , and consider in what state of bodie he is , as whether he be strong of body , that is fat , lustie , full of courage , and in the pride of lust : so that when you but leade him foorth , hee will leape and gambole about you ; or whether he be inclyning to weaknesse : that is leane of bodie , by vse of much hunting , coole in his disposition and voide of alacritie and chearefulnesse , so that he had rather stand still then either playe or vse other motion ; in which state of bodie if you finde him , then the first week you shall do nothing but feed him with ordinarie breade and Oates , especiallye with bread ; till you haue brought him to spirrit , & chearfulnes , exercising him so moderately , that albe you haue him abroad euerie day , or euerie other day at least , yet it shall bee but onelie to keepe him in wind and breath ( which must carefully be kept from corruption ) and not either to make him sweate or once to feele the paine of labour , and in this feeding him , you shall take great paines ; as beeing continunally euerie hower giuing him some thing , as either breade or well dryd Oates , and giuing it so by little and little , that you may intice him to eate a greate deale , and euer when you depart from him , to leaue meate in his maunger , & when you come and finde any left , to sweepe it away and giue him fresh , till you haue brought him to hart , and made him wanton , which done , you shall proceede to dyet him as shall be presentlie declared . But if your horse be of sufficient hart and strength in the beginning , then you shall for the first weeke hunt him three daies , that is euerie other day reasonablie soundly , in any wise obseruing both in his daies of toyle , and in his daies of rest , al the orders which are prescribed in the first week of your third fortnights keeping , mencioned in the ninth chapter ; onelie because it is to bee intended , that your horse is in a reasonable good estate of bodie alreadie , you shal giue him no scowring but box-leaues and brimstone or else either Hempseede , or mustard seede . The second weeke you shall feede him with the best breade , which in the seauenth chapter is cald breade for a match , & though you ride him on hunting euerie other day , yet you shall not gallop him much or make him sweate aboue twice that weeke , riding him more abroad to get him an appetite to his meate , then for the vse of anie labour ; and this weeke you shall giue him few or no Oates , but moste of the best breade , & for change of foode now and then of the ordinarie breade : you shall obserue this weeke to water him when you ride him abroad both at his going foorth and at his comming home , and when hee is in the stable , to haue a peale of water standing by him cōtinually , that he may drinke at his pleasure : you shall this weeke abridge him verie little of his hay , but let him haue a little bottle at due times before him , yet more for scowring his teeth then satisfying hūger . The third week you shal hunt him verie soūdly three daies , that is euerie other day , as thus : Munday , wednesday , & satterday . Now for Mūday , being the 1. day of the third week , you shal only hunt him to giue him a warme sweat & no more , which if hunting the Hare will not doe , then you shall ride him two trainesents at the least , and when you come home , keepe him warme , feede him hard with the best bread , & giue him no scowring but Box-leaues and brimstone . All Tuesday you shal let him take his rest , and feede him with the best bread in such sort as is formerly shewed you for his daies of rest , only you shal not let him go forth somuch as to the water , but water him in the house . Vpō tuesday at night , you shal apply him with bread , giuing him a little and a little at once , till it bee twelue of the clocke at night ; and if he growe wearie of the best breade then for change you shall giue him some of the ordinarie breade , and if he growe wearie of it also , then you shall giue him a few Oates . At twelue of the clock at night you shal take away his hay , and putting fresh meate in the maunger , let him rest till the spring of the day . Now you must obserue , that although I ioyne you thus almost to ceasles labour : yet my meaning is not that you should bee so much with your horse that you should giue him no time for rest or sleep ( which is a second foode vnto his bodie ) for that were absurd , but to take such fitte and conuenient times , when either your horses rest is past or that you thinke hee hath disgested that which before you gaue him : and to that end you must haue some priuate peeping hoale where you may euer see whether your horse be vpon his feete or laid downe , if he be laid downe , you shal not onelie your selfe refraine from comming vnto him , but also haue care no noise or tumult be neare the stable , and as soone as hee rises of his owne accord , you shall then goe to him , and feede him as is before prescribed . Vpon Wednesday in the morning , as soone as you come to him , you shall giue him some bread , and then let the Groome dresse him , saddle him , and bridel him ; then when you are readie to goe forth , you shall take a pinte of good Ceres Sacke , being brued with three ounces of Sugar candie , and giue it him to drinke , and then take his backe , and that day ride all chases , and at all horses , trying the vttermost both of his strength , winde and toughnes ; which if you cannot sufficiently doe with ordinarie hunting , then you shall in the latter end of the day , breake foorth into a maine chase ouerthwart the fieldes , and making your friends to ride at you with fresh horses ; that day trie the vttermoste of his power , both in speede & otherwise , & make sure that you spur him soundlie , that you may know how truly he wil stick to the spurs , if need be ; yet by the way vnderstand me not thus liberally , that I meane I would haue you ride your Horse , till either you tyer him , or make him forsake his galloppe but onely till you bring him to the height of his winde & strength , that then you may knowe thus much he wil do without the violence of any extreame compulsion ; and that when you spurre him , you feele him in crease and not diminish in his labour : when you haue thus done , & feele that if you should put him to more , then weaknes would followe : you shall take him vp , and throwing a cloath or two ouer him , you shall gentlie ride him vp and downe the field , till he be coole , and so ride him home to the stable , where cloathing and stopping him close and warme , you shall feede him with the best breade , and vse him in all thinges as you did in other former daies after sore hunting , onely no scowring but box and brimstone . All thursday and friday , you shall let him rest and tumble himselfe in the stable ; onely dressing him twice euerie day at his vsuall howers , and feeding him with the best breade as thoroughly as you can possiblie : then on Saterday you shall ride him foorth againe , but you shall not by any meanes galloppe him but onelie ride him gentlye from hill to hill , that he may stretch foorth his leggs , take the benefit of the fresh ayre , and recouer his stomack which continually feeding and lying in the house , will soone pepriue him off , you shall not this third day let him abide so long in the filde as you were formerlie accustomed , but about two a clocke at the furthest you shal bring him home , that hee may bee drest , watered , and fedde in due time ; all Sunday is a day of rest , and there is nothing to bee done , but to feede him onely ; vpon Munday in the morning , as soone as you haue fed him with breade , you shall then ride him foorth on hunting againe , but yet verie sleightly , that is , you shal gallop him verie sildome , & but a little while together , only keep him abroad to get winde & a good stomacke ; Tuesday you shall rest as before : and on Wednesday , you shall hunt him as sore as you did the Wednesday before ; or if his strength wil abide it a little more ; doing in euery thing as well in the field as in the stable , as you did the other Wednesday before , onely this Wednesday , if you finde your horse to bee of lustie and strong bodie , you shall after you come home , and haue cloathed your horse warme , giue him the scowring of Sacke , Sallet oyle and Sugar-candie , and vse him as before hath beene prescribed in the ninth Chapter , where this scowring is to be giuen . After this dayes sore hunting , and the giuing of this scowring , you shal hunt or strain your horse no more by any meanes till the match day , but onelye ride him gently abcoade after the Houndes , euery day , or euery other day to keepe him in breath , and get him a stomacke , neuer offering to gallop him : but when you find him so wantonly disposed , that euen of himself he desires to scope and play , yet then you shall forbeare , and gallop him either not at all , or so little as is possible , your whole labor being imployed by feeding to keep him in strength of bodie , and cleannesse of winde . Now when you come within three dayes of the match day , then both the groomes and the Ryder , must be verie watchful and obseruant to attend the horse both night and day , for then you shall suffer him to eate as little hay asis possible , and indeed no more then shall serue to scowre his teeth , or to prepa● is stomacke the better by the chaunge of food : ●and what meate soeuer he eateth , I would haue him either eate it out of your hand , or els to stand by and see him eate it , being euer readie whensoeuer he rises from his rest to present him fresh meate , obseruing when he refuses to eate the best bread , to giue him some of the ordinarie bread , and when he will neither eat of the best , nor of the ordinary ; thē to giue him some oats , which oats I would haue to be wel kilne dried , thē put into a sack and beaten as you beate wheate for the pot , then winow'd againe , & wel sunn'd , if he wil eat any meat at al he will eat one of these three : you shall also let him drinke verie oft , that he may thereby drink but a little at once : for to drinke much is not good , and to drinke nothing at alis the worst that may be : if he bee a horse of very grosse and foule feeding , so that he will eate his litter , & such things as are about him ; then assoone as you haue filld his bellie with good meate , you shall put vpon his head a muzel , either made of canuas , or of leather , which being like a bag with two holes against his nostrils , so that he may take his breath ( which couering all his mouth , shal keepe him that he cānot eate ) but whē you wold haue him : yet this muzell I would not haue you vse aboue a night or two before your match day ; and if your horse bee of tender and daintie stomack , then I would neither haue you vse it at al , nor at all to take his hay from him . The day before his match , I wold haue you to spend in trimming your horse as colling of his main , eares , chaps , nostrels , and fetlocks , & vpper parts of all his fourelegs , in seeing that his shooes be good , strong , light , easily and fast set on , also in annointing all his fore legs , and chaffing them with soueraigne oyntment and other medicines : all which because they most properly belong to the office of the groome or keeper , you shall find th● in the fift booke largely declared , where I onely write of that office . Now when the night before the match day is come , you shall lodge your self in the stable close by the horse ; and hauing candlelight burning , where your self may haue vse of it ( but your horse not see it ) you must be exceeding watchfull ; and as before I said , feed your horse with whatsoeuer he will best eat , as bread of any good kind , oats , otemeale , or wheat ●ares , & now and then giuing him out of your hand a lock or two of sweet hay to scowre his teeth . To euery handful of meat he eates , you shall giue him a dish-full of water : and thus you shall apply feeding of him till within two houres , or three at the most before the houre in which you are to go forth into the field , and then you shall bridle him vp , cause your groome to dresse him , and in euery point make him fit for his leading forth . And when you are at the pinch to go forth , you shall haue readie a pint of good Sacke , well brued with Sugar-candie , and instantly giue it him with a horn ; thē throwing the clothes ouer his saddle , & making thē fast hansomly about him , you shal make the groome lead him gently in his hande to the appointed place of meeting ; where when your aduersarie hath met you , and that the tryers are readie , the traine led forth , or if you hunt the Hare , the Hounds vncoopled , you shall then after you haue drawne vp your girths fast and firme ( for as touching your bridle , stirrop leathers , and other implements about your horse , you must looke to their fitnesse before you come forth of the stable ) you shall then mount vpon your horse , and so fall to your busines . CHAP. 13. Of the riding of a match and of the aduantages in ryding . FOr as much as the wel dyeting and cleane keeping of a horse , is not the onely meanes either of winning or loosing of a match , but that there must also be ioyned thereunto an especiall Arte and dexteritie in ryding , whereby through the gouerumnt of the hand , the constant carriage of the mans bodie , and the temperate disposition of the minde , neither sodainely tempted to furie ; nor to slowe in reuiuing a horse in the time of necessitie . I thinke it not amisse in this chapter to speake something touching riding , and the aduauntages therein . And because the hunting of traine sents is onelie proper to matches and no other exercise , and whosoeuer is able to ride a traine sent well , and like a Horseman , cannot but ride any chase else verie sufficientlie , I will therefore in this place suppose the match which is to be ridden to be onely , with traine sents , and a wilde-goose chase , wherefore first for the riding of a traine sent , your best aduauntage is the goodnesse of your seate by sitting firme and strongly in your saddle without eyther moouing , or iogging too and fro therin , but as if you were made of one peece with the horse to beare your selfe entirely with him in all his motions , and rather with the forwardnesse of your bodie to helpe him , then with any backward or cōtrarie gesture to appeare to be borne against your will by your horses furie ; or both loose motions , and contrarie motions are troublesome to a horse , whence it comes that for mine owne part I dislike much the custome of many of our northerne riders , who ( if you note them in matches ) will as they ride stand vp straight vpon their stirrop leathers , so that if you come behinde them , you may see day betweene their legs ; being strongly conceited , that such raysing vp of themselues , dooth ease the horse and makes him the lesse feele their burthen but they are infinitely deceiued , for such raysing vp of themselues , dooth both trouble and a maze the horse , because a man cannot stand vp stifflye on his stirroppes , but his legges perforce must touch and cleaue to the Horses sides ( as for the most part our match-hunters are ) his spurres also must needes fridge vpon his sides , which doth not onely trouble , but moue affright in the horse ; & in true rule a horsman shold neither let his spurre nor legge touch his horse ; but when he will either correct or helpe his horse . Besides , the danger in such sort of ryding is woorse then all the rest , for when a man standes vpon his stirrop leathers , and forsakes the holde of his knees , if the horse shall but chaunce either to stumble , trippe , or start in his running , the Ryder hauing forsaken the strength of his seat must of necessitie fall ouer his horses eares , and so either indaunger his necke , or the horses running ouer him . Next to the constant carriage of your bodie , you must be sure to ●arrie your armes ( chiefly from the elbowe to the shoulder ) close to your bodie , and not ( as I haue seene many of our match-hunters doe ) let them flie loosely vp and downe as if you had no commandement of them , or when you are either cast behind in a rase , or when your horses sloath craues the vse of your rod not to fetch your hand as hie as your head , to giue your blow ; and so ride lashing and lashing , as if at euery stroke you would cast your arme from your shoulder , but onely by making vse of that part of your arme from your elbow to your wrist , fetch your blow stifly and sharply , and by that means one blow shall do more good then twenty ; for it is the far fetching of the blow , but the quick deliuerie that breeds the paine of correction ; neither the number of the strokes , but the time & maner of striking ▪ for to lie beating a horse cōtinually ( as I haue seene some doe a whole sent thorow ) doth euen dull & make the horse carelesse of the rod , whē as vsing it seldom & sharply , it will make him spring and straine whilest there is life in his body . And as you thus temper your hand for yur rod , so you must also gouerne your leg & your spurre , and not for euerie sleight fault or sloath strike him with your spurs , but first helpe him with the calues of your legs , & when toile and wearines makes him carelesse of them , then you shal ad the stroake of your spurs , & when you strike do it soundly , that you may euerie time make the blood follow , and in any case neuer spur oft together in one place , for feare of making him dull vppon the spurres , nor by any meanes turne your heeles inward before the for most garth , to gripe him with your spurs of each side of the heart , which is the tenderest of all places , till it be at the verie pinch of a wager , and that the gaining or loosing of one yard of ground is the winning or losing of the match , & then you shal do it most strongly , and with al thrust your body forward with good violēce . Next these , you shal obserue to carry your bridle hād close , hard & firme , so that by no means your horse may haue liberty to run at his vtmost speed , nor yet to hould it so exceeding hard , that either you make your horse with pinching writhe his head , and giue signes of torment , or for want of conuenient libertie , to make him in his gallop to ouer-reach & strike one foot vpon another , the meane temper therefore is to bee obserued , yet for as much as the speed , or slacknes of your aduersaries riding , is an especial rule that you must follow ( for if he runne away fast , you must not ride softly ) it is necessary that your own discretion be your best guide in this matter ; onely this take for a generall rule in your riding , that by anie means when you run or gallop , you oft draw your hands vp & downe both easing and straining your bridle , to bring sweetnes to your horses mouth ; and if you find your horse presses his head much vpon your hand , & will not open his chaps , which is a great signe either of stopping of wind , or wearines , thē you shall not onlie draw vp your bridle hand , but laying your other hand also to the bridle reines , draw the snaffle to and fro in the horses mouth , which will both make him open his mouth , and giue him much comfort . Also you shal obserue , that when you ride your horse at the height of his speed , if then when you spurr him , you see him clap his eares close to his necke , and whiske with his taile , you may then be assured that he is at the vttermost he is able to do , & if you continew further to torment him , you wil either make him grow restife or else tyer suddainly ; where fore in any case when you perceiue these signes , forbeare to torment him & giuing him all the ease that is possible let the forward motiōs of your own body , & your cherefulnes vpon his backe , serue instead of a paire of spurs to quickē & reuiue him . After these obseruatiōs of your body , legs , & hands , you shal then note the groūd vpō which you do run , obseruing to restraine your horse the more vpon faire earth , because out of his owne nature hee is more willing to run fast there vpon , and to giue him a litle more libertie vpon deep earth , as well because hee may make his choice how to handle his feete thereupon for his best ease , as also because it being more full of labour , a horse is inclyned the more to fauour himself therupon , also you shal vp the hil hold your horse somwhat straight for feare of running him out of wind , & also doe the like downe the hill , least too much hast shold make him stumble & fal ouer . Next this you shal obserue the maner of the horses rūning which runs against you , & if you perceiue he be a horse of any fiery nature , t is your best aduantage to ride directly behinde him , that making a noise , and as it were euen treading vpon his heeles , you may put him into such an affright and madnesse , that you may make him only runne faster then his rider would haue him ; but also with fretting and chaffing make him hurt himselfe as much as if hee ranne at his vttermoste power ; but if your aduersarie refuse & will not let you ride iust behinde him , you shall then ( especiallye in the first traine , when hee is moste lustie ) keep him to such a slow gallop , that with his owne madnesse striuing to goe faster , you may make him ouer reach , or hew one foote ouer another , which is an ordinarie accident in matches , and at the latter end of the day , is felt to bee both painefull and hurtfull ; you shall also obserue your aduersarie well as hee rides by you , and note when and how oft he spurs , which although he thinke to doe closely and couertly that you shall not see it as by spurring vpon that side which is from you ; yet if you marke the horse , he wil tell you truely , as either by whisking his taile about , coutching down both his eares , or holding downe one of his eares , and pricking forward the other , or by writhing his bodie , or kicking his head vp suddainely ( all which are signes of spurring ) and when you doe perceiue them , and feele that your owne horse runnes freely without desire of spurre , you shall then holde your speed , & not ease it by any meanes , that thereby keeping your aduersarie vpon the spurs , you may the sooner make him wearie ; you shall also note wel the carriage of your aduersaries bridle hand , and if you see him ride with a loose raine , and his horses nose carryed straight foorth , then t is moste certaine he is at his best speede ; but if you perceiue him ride with a loose reyne , onely now and then he chockes him in the mouth with his bridle , then t is a flat signe he growes faint , and wil presentlie tyer , if you keepe on your speed still , and giue him no ease of breathing : you shall also obserue vpon what earthes he rides moste vnnimbly , and vppon that earth when you runne , you shall ride the fastest , that your aduersarie being compeld to follow you , may with stumbling and reeling either ouer reach or hurt himselfe . Now when you haue ridden all your traine sents according vnto your match , and that you are come to run the Wilde goose chase , you shall vnderstand that in ryding of it , there are diuers obseruations verie necessarie , which cannot be vsed in any of the former sents , as namely when you first start the Wilde-goose chase , and haue gotten the leading , if then as you are running vnto such groundes as shall be moste for your aduantage ; as vnto deepe and foule earthes , if your horse be strong & rough , or vnto faire skelp groundes , if your horse be swift and of fierce mettall , that then if your aduersarie haue the better winde , and vppon speede come and offer to take the leading from you , you shal then suffer him to bring his horse head within your horses flanke , and then looke on which hand he commeth , as if hee come vpon your right hand , you shall then clappe your right legge close to your horses side , & drawing your bridle hand in a little straighter , hurle your horse roundly about vpon your left hand : this is cald a slippe , and with this slippe you shall make your aduersaries horse ouer shoote you at least three or fourescore yardes , and as oft as hee striues thus , to t●ke the leading from you ; so oft giue him these slippes , till either you come into such ground as is fit for your purpose , or else your aduersarie leaue striuing against you : it is exceding good also in this case , when your aduersarie striues to take the leading from yo● if then ( hauing ground fit for your purpose , as either ditch , hedge , or such like ) you runne your horse as though you would leape ouer the hedge or ditch , and obserue that your aduersarie run verie fast , and verie neare you : then when you come euen to the brimme of the ditch , you shal hurle your horse suddenlie vpon that side which is from your aduersarie , and so runne away , and neither leape the hedge nor ditch , by meanes whereof it is great oddes , but your aduersarie comming fast after you , and being vnprepared , can neither will nor chuse but either leape the ditch , or runne into the ditch , then if he do leap it he must also leape it back again ; which double toile and double ground running , will soone bring a horse to faintnesse . Now if your horses are of such equal speedes , strengths , and toughnesse , that hauing run and gallopp whilst they are able , yet their goodnes cannot bee tride , so that they are faine to trot , nay if they come to such weakenesse that they are not able to trott , nay scarslie to walke foote pace , as I haue knowne diuers , & riddē some of those matches , then you shall be very carefull & it will aske you greate toile and much art to bring your horse to new strength , for first if you let him stand , then t is certaine he will fall downe : if you spurre him , you take away the remnant of the small courage is left him , and make him yeelde so much sooner thē he would do , if you thrust him forward with your bodie , his bodie wanting strength to answere yours , wil not be moued with the motion ; & if you strike him with your rod , you do but make his dispair the greater : wherefore in this case you haue no course but this ; first , you must sit fast , & as euen in your seate as is possible ( for the least swaruing now is the losse of the match ) and onely carrying your toes finely inward , you shall gently with the calues of your le●s apply him vpō the sides with reasonable fast motions ; which carrying in them neither torment nor trouble , will but onely keepe him mouing , that mouing will keepe him warme , and that warmth wil in the ende reuert backe to his heart , and bring him newe strength . For the reason of a horses tyring is nothing but this : when the inward heat is by the violence of extreame labour driuen into the outward parts , and there is nothing but coldnesse left to accompanie the heart , then of necessitie must folow faintnesse , then wearinesse , and lastly flat tyring . There be diuers horsmen ( of this maner of riding ) in this land , who haue better names and reputations for skill then euer I shall deserue , or am ambitious to desire , whom I my selfe haue noted in the depth of these extremities wilfully to loose their wagers , only for the want of the true vse of the hand and leg , spurring their horses whē they thought but to helpe them with the calues of their legs : & but touching them with the calues of thir legges , when they should most surest haue spurrd them : & I remember once I saw a match ridden by 2. of the best reputed horsmen of this nation , & the one of them in my conscience hath no equal ; who hauing ridden till they came to the walking , the hindermost beast neither to my sight , nor any ryders by , had any stroke of spurre to bee perceyued , yet befor they had ended walking , & during the time of walking in stead of helping his beast with the calues of his legs he spurred so vnreasonably , that one might haue washed their handes vpon the sides of the beast , so that when the leader began to get strength , and to be able to gallop , the other fell downe to the earth , where had the horsmen been of equall cunning , the hindmost had made a very iade of the formost . This digression I onely make but for your better vnderstanding , that you may knowe , that it is not sufficient to know how to rub and dresse a horse , howe to diet and make him cleane , howe to make your match , sit in your saddle , & spur him ; but you must also know how to spurre , when to spurre , how to helpe , when to helpe , and all the other rules of a good horsman , or els in your wagers to haue great disaduantage . Assoone as your match is ridden and tryed out , if you sinde there be strength in your horse , you may light from his backe , and throwing his clothes ouer the saddle , ride him gentlie home , but if he bee so weake runne that you feele him faint , you shall light from his backe , and if you can get ( as I would not haue a Horseman without it ) three or foure spoonefuls of Doctor Steuens water , and poure it into him , then rubbing him , and chasing him a little , cast his cloathes ouer him , and so ride him foftlie home . After he is come into the Stable , where hee must haue litter vp to the bellie , you shall first make the Groomes rubbe him as drie as may be , then with a little sacke heated ●ot in a porringer , you shall bathe his backe where the Saddle stood , which will keepe him from warbles ; then you shall bathe his sides where hee hath beene spurred with pisse and salte , then annoint the sore places with Turpentine and powder of Iet mingled together , then cloath him vp as warme as may bee , and after hee hath stood an boure , the first meate you giue him would bee two or three handfulls of wheate eares corne and all , then giue him a warme mash , and a bottell of hay , then anoint all his foure legs with traine oyle warm'd , and so let him stand till night , and then feede him well with breade and so rest till the next morning . CHAP. 14. The Tryars office , and the aduantages he must obserue . THese Tryers are certaine indifferent Gentlemen , chosen by both the parties that make the match , who are to see that there be faire play , and that the Articles be fully performed on both parties , each doing the best he can for the aduantage of the horse for the which he is chosen . And these Tryers should be Gentlemen that are well experienced in hunting matches , and are both good horsmen , good hunt-smen , and light burthens , for they ought to ride by the match-horses all the day long , to direct and controle the Ryders , if at anie time they ryde contrarie to the Articles , to which ende they are to haue diuers fresh horses prouided them , that when one failes they may take another . The first thing the Tryers shall doe when they come into the field , shall bee to haue the Articles read as much as concernes the ryding of the match onely , and to conceiue them so wel in their minds , that when they see anie thing done to the contrarie , they may controle or else stay the horses from ryding , till the error be either amended , or els satisfied : then after lots haue beene cast which side shall haue the leading of the first traine , that Tryer to whose lot it falles , after hee hath conferred with the Rider , and knowes the nature and disposition of his horse , hee shall appoint some discrete horsman , that is able to follow his directions to leade out the traine : he shal tell him vpon what earth he shall leade it , and howe long , or howe short he shall make it , according to the Articles . Thē after the match-horses are started , the Triers shall ryde by them , or behinde them , so it be not within a horses length , for feare of treading vppon their heeles ( which were an inexcusable errour in a Trier : and if either of the match-horses shall latch or loyter behinde , and not ride so neare as hee ought by the Articles . The Trier of the contrarie part shall first commaund him to ride nearer , which if immediatly hee doe not , then the Tryer shall ride to him , and giue the match-horse a iert with his rodde : if that preuaile not , hee shall not leaue ierting the Horse till he haue brought him within the compasse of his lawe , and then hee may beate him no more . If it happen that the match-horse which leades the way , vppon the occasion of anie turne which the traine hath made , doe turne vppon eyther hande , and then the Horse , which followes , being a good distance behinde , doe for his aduauntage seeke to crosse and thwart ouer to the formost horse ( which is most foule ryding ) and so to gaine ground : the Tryer of the contrarie part shall ryde vppe to him , and both commaund him to ryde faire , and with his Horse shoulder him vp whether he will or no , till hee come to the place where the first Horse turned , against which if the Rider striue , it is lawfull for the Tryer to take his Horse , by the heade , and make him ride his true ground , for many of those aduantages in a dayes hunting will amount to more ground , then will suffice for the tryall of the match . As sone as the traine is ended , then the Riders are to light from the match-horses ; for there is commonly allowed them betweene euery traine , halfe an hower to rub and trim their horses , & to drie away the sweate . During which time , the second traine is in making ; now it is the Tryers office whilest the horses are in rubbing , that each of them looke not to the Horse of whose side hee is chosen , but to the Horse against whom he is chosen , & to looke that the groom which rubs him vse no decit in rubbing , as to haue his hands annointed with any comfortable oyles or confections ; and then taking occasion to pull out his horses tong to stroke or wipe it , which is very foule play , and therfore helde vnlawful for any man , groom , or other , to put his hand in his horses mouth , but onely to rubbe him with woollen and linnen cloathes till hee bee drie . The Tryers shall not suffer the match-horses to bee rubbed longer then their due time ; but assoone as the houer is come , to commanud the ryders to mount , which if either of them refuse , it is lawfull for the other which is readie to ride away and leaue him : and beeing gone from him the distance which commonly is twelue score , or twentie scor , the match is wonne and lost . If in the traines there be any leapes , the Tryers shall see that if one Horse follow another , that then the hindmost horse leap in the same place where the formost did leape , or else it is lawfull to bring him backe againe ; if they ride cheeke by cheeke , then they shall leape one within a horse length of another . The Tryar shall precisely note the manner of that Horses ryding against whome he is chosen , and according to the aduauntages , which hee perceyues , so shall hee instruct the Ryder for whose side hee is chosen , as when to ride softly , when fast , when to leade , and when to followe . He shall also as hee rydes marke which grounds are best for the Horse , whose part hee takes , and which are the worst for the Horse which he is agaynst , and accordingly , so he shall appoint the making of the traines . If any traine shall bee made longer then the agreement of the Articles , either of the Tryars finding of the fault , and beeing sure it is a fault , it is lawfull for him to stay the Horse of whose syde he is , and not to suffer him to ride further in that traine ; and if the other Horse will ryde forwarde still , hee may doe it vppon his owne hazard . When al the traines are ended , and that the Wild-goose chase is begun , the Triars then shal with all faithfulnesse and care keepe the horses as neare as they can together , and if either of them shal fal short one of the other , by no means to spare whipping of the hindmost till either they bring him vp to the formost or else that the formoste getting his lawe of the hindmost , doe win the wager ; and when the Tryers shall beholde the matche brought to this exigent , then hee which is chosen for the formost horse , shall if neede require , ride to the formoste horse , and help his rider to whip him on till the wager bee wonne . The Tryers shall also during the wilde goose chase , take great care that no by stander ( as it is a common custome ) gallop his horse before the match horses , seeming as though either he rid vpon other busines , or else that his Horse runnes away with him , when as in truth he doth it to leade or dyrect one of the match horses , which hauing strength enough to runne , yet will refuse to runne except hee see some other horse leade him the way . The Tryers shall also at the latter end of the day , when horses are almost spent , take care that the throng of such as ride by , do not presse in vppon the horses , but that they may haue both libertie of way and ayre enough : for the breath of other horses is verie noysome to a horse , when he growes wearie . The last and principall note of all other which the Tryers shall take , is , when hee comes first into the field , to marke how the horse is girt , which is of the contrarye part , and by some speciall markes or obseruations about the tabs to know how his garthes do hold of one straightnes , or how they alter , for if you find after a traine or two that they growe slacker and are anye thing at all more drawne vp , it is an euill signe , but if after a traine or two more , they slacke againe the second time , or whensoeuer they slack the second time , be most certainely assured that the horse is faint , neither is he able to indure much riding after . This rule of all other is moste certaine , and doth without deceit declare a horses inward inclynation , where on the contrarie part , as long as a horse keepes his bodie , and holdes his garthes fast and straite , so long hee is euer in good strength , lust and courage . Many other obseruations there be , which for as much as they are for the moste part gouerned by the Articles and agreements of the parties which are the match makers , I thinke it not fit to trouble you with them at this time ; hoping that these alreadie declared , will be sufficient to prepare you for anye match whatsoeuer . CHAP. 15 The office of the Groome , and helpes in rubbing of hunting horses . IDoe not heere intend to speake generally of the office of the Groome of the Stable , because the fift Booke hath it at large described , but onely of that little part of his Office , which hee is to exercise in the field when a horse doth hunt any match for a wager , and that is , whereas at the end of euerie traine sent , the rider is to light from his horse , and the Groome is to rub him and drie the sweate from his bodie , I would haue euerie Groome knowe that he must prouide halfe a dozen seuerall cloathes , euerie one at least a yarde in compasse ; three being of canuas and three of good thicke cotten , all these cloathes he must a day or two before the match steepe in pisse and salt-peeter boild together , and then hang them vp in the ayre , that they may bee drie against the match day , then would I haue him haue two other cloathes , one of wollen the other of canuase , which hauing laine a day or two steeped in the same pisse and salt-peeter , hee shall carrie wet to the field , and as soone as the traine is finished , and the rider dismounted , the groomes shall first with their drie cloathes rub away all the sweate from the horses head and face , and also from his necke , bodie , buttocks , flankes , fore boothes , bellie , cods , and euerie other parte : and whilst one is busied about these vpper partes , another Groome must be rubbing his legs drie , and as soone as he hath got them drie , he shall then take his wett cloathes , and with them neuer leaue rubbing his legs , and ioyntes , till the rider bee readie to take his backe againe , and beleeue it the benefit you shall finde thus doing is more then you will well credite . Thus shall you do at the end of euerie traine , and then feare not either faintnes or vnnimblenesse in his ioynts , which of all other partes of a horses bodie , doe soonest faile him . And thus much for this part of the Groomes office , and the other knowledges appertaining to hunting horses . The end of the third Booke . CAVELARICE OR The Tracconer , Contayning the Arte and Secrets which belong to Ambling Horses , and how that pace is to be taught to any Horse whatsoeuer . The fourth Booke . LONDON Printed for Ed. White , and are to be solde at his shop nere the little North doore of Saint Paules Church at the signe of the Gun. 1607. To the Right Honorable and moste noble and mightie Lord Thomas Howard Earle of Arundel and Surrey . THere is nothing ( most noble & mighty Lord ) which hath more incited me to this weary labour ( which I hope I haue to good purpose effected ) then the grace which I haue noted 〈◊〉 your 〈◊〉 selfe and other princes of your ranke liberally bestowe vpon the Arte of horsemanshipp both by your ●wne practise and the incouragement of others , which doth not only assure 〈◊〉 that no peace shal make the glorie of wa●e neglected , but doth also make me hope to liue to see in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as famous a nurserie of horsemen and horses , 〈◊〉 euer hath be●ne 〈◊〉 in Italie or Naples , and though my boldnesse in darring to present my ruder skill to your honor able iudgement may iustly be challenged to haue no garments but a naked boldenes , yet the loue I am bound to beare to that moste honorable house ( into which you haue now moste happily planted your selfe ) I hope wil be both my defence and protection , by which I knowe you will both take delight to pardon , and my selfe be proud to esteeme myselfe your srruant . Geruase Markham . To all those which loue their ease in trauelling . AMongst all the partes or members into which the art of Horsemanship is deuided , there is none so generally followed , or hath got more professors to defend it then this arte of ambling , and yet is there no part of horsemanship more misgouerned or vildelye handl● by vnskilful workmen , through whome there 〈◊〉 not onl● multitudes of Horses spoyled & made inseruiceable , but also a great company of skilfull horsemen which knowe the true vse of Art , obscurd and kept vnder by the 〈◊〉 boastes of most ig●orant impostors , whi●h to 〈◊〉 and that euen common sen● may know how to make the best election , I haue in this treat●e following , 〈◊〉 downe the rules both of true arte and false ●actise , recon●ling them so together with the strength of my best reason● , that I doubt not but they wil giue to any peaceable 〈◊〉 a full satisfaction , in which if any man finde profit , it is the thing I onely wish them , and if they vouch safe me thanks , it is enough for my labour . And so wishing you all the ease that can be coupled to labour , I leaue you to your owne thoughts of me and of my workes . Farwell . G. M. CAVELARICE : The fourth Booke . CHAP. 1. Of ambling in generall , and of the vses and commodities thereof . I did some fewe yeares agone , partly to giue the world a little taste of that knowledge , which manye good horsemen had neglected in their writings , and partly to shew a long absent freind the remembrāce of my loue , writ a little sleight treatise touching the making of horses to amble , which because I haue found by manye of my worthie friendes gently acepted , albe the breuitie & obscuritie might well haue beene controlled ; I thought it not amisse in this booke to demonstrate the whole art in as large and ample carracters as is fit for the vnderstanding both of the better or more duller spirit , wherefore first to speake of ambling in generall , it is that smoothe & easie pace which the labour and industrie of an ingenious braine hath found out to relie●●he 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tent and diseased persons , to make women vndertake iourneying , and so by their comunity to grace societie ; to make greate men by the ease of trauell more willing to thrust thēselues into the offices of the commō wealth , & to do the poor both relief & seruice ▪ ●t makes him whom necessitie or ( as the prouerb is ) whome the deuil driues , not to be vext with two torments a troubled minde and a tormented body , to conclude , ambling was found out for the generall ease of the whole world , as long as there is eyther pleasure , comerce or trade amongst people . Now for the maner of the motion , & the difference betwixt it , & trotting , it cannot be described more plainely then I haue set down in my former treatise which is that , it is the taking vp of both the legs together vppon one side , & so carrying them smoothly along , to set them downe vpon the ground euen together , and in that motion be must lift and winde vp his fore foot some what hye from the groūd , but his ●nder foo● he must no more b●t take from the ground , and as it were sweep it close by the earth . Now by taking vp of both his legs together vpon one side , I meane he must take vp his right fo●e foote , and his left hinder foote , For as in the contrarie ●ace when a horse trots , he takes vp his feet as the Italian●aies ●aies Trauatto which is crosse wise , as the left hinder foot & the right fore foot , or the left forefoot , & the right hinder foot ; & in that motion must lift vp his hinder foot to the full height of his forefoote presenting a kinde of gallantrie or vaulting pride in his pace , so this ambling motion in his smoothe stealing away , & as it were with a soft & tender touching of the ground , ●arties his burthen away gently without shaking , For as if you preciselye marke a horse when he trots vnder a man , you shall see that the taking vp of his legges crosse wise , doth likewise aduaunce the mans bodie crosse wise , as thus : the Horse lifting from the ground his right forefoote , and his left hinder foote , rayseth with them the mans right thighe and his left buttocke , and then setting them downe together , giues as it were a kinde of iumpe to the mans whole bodie , and the higher such a horse takes vp his hinder foote the harder is his pace , for indeede it is onely the taking vp of the hinder foote , which makes the pace hard or easie , whence it comes that trotting horses which take their hinder feete gentlye , and but a little way from the ground , and so set them downe tenderly are cald easie trotting horses ▪ so ambling horses taking both their legges vppe together of one side , as the right forefoote , and the right hinder foote , doe in their motion not lift vp but carrie as it were in a dyrect line , the mans right thighe , and his right buttocke , and so setting downe his feete gently , giue the mā neither iumpe nor other distemper , but following on with his left feete likewise , carries the mans whole body away in an euen smoothnes . Now when a horse eyther for want of true teaching , or by some other naurall custome , takes vp his hinder feete in his amble eyther higher then he should doe , or sets them downe harder then hee should doe , which you shall know by the wauing or shaking of the neather part of his taile ( for when a horse goes smoothe & right , his taile wil hang straight & comelye ) thē such horses are said to roule in their pace , to be rough and vneasie amblers . Now for the first original or beginning of ambling . Plinie writes it came from that parte of the coast of Spaine , which we call Galicia , where ( saith he ) Horses doe amble naturally , and that other men & other nations frō the immitation of them ( finding the commoditie of such ease in long & teadious iourneys ( began the of compelling Horses to amble with a certaine douise made of cordes and lines se●tred and bound about horses feete , from whence I gather this , that doubtles the tramel of which I am to speake more largely hereafter , was the first and most auncientest inuention that euer was found out for the making of horses to amble , and what other deuises or wittie secondings haue since those times issued from mens braines or labors , to bring this worke to passe by any other method , I verily imagine to haue their beginnings from this , as the very fountaine from whence other men draw their riuers . Now that the horses of Galicia doe naturally amble , or that any other horse whatsoeuer doth naturally amble , as in my former small treatise , so in this I differ in the opiniō , and thinke as therin I manifest , that where foales amble , there is either some imperfection of strength , or some casuall mischance , which did alter the first determination of nature : for it is most certaine , that what horse soeuer doth amble of himselfe without either instruction or compulsion , hath either weaknesse in his bodie , or imperfection in his spirit ; so that wanting either abilitie to raise his bodie aloft forcibly , or spirit to thrust out his naturall pride gallantly , he is forcd to bring his feete to this smooth and humble passage . Now of ambles there be two sorts , a thorow amble , & a broken amble , or a certaine amble , & incertaine amble , the thorow or certaine amble is that which is contained in thorow and certaine strides where the horse passes his feete forth at the length smoothly , certainly , and with deliberation in short space , and with few paces passing ouer a good quantitie of ground , carying his burthen iust euen and without trouble ; and this amble is that which appertaines both to those horses which wee call naturall amblers , & also to those horses which being of coole and temperate dispositions , are by arte and industrie brought to be more perfite in ambling , then those which we say haue it by nature . The broken or incertaine amble is that which is contained within the compasse of the selfe same motion that the certaine amble is ; onely it is done in shart , quicke , and busie strides , a horse taking vp his feet both of one side so thicke and roundly together , that a mans eie cannot say , that his feet are downe before they bee vp againe , with many steps , & in a long time going but a litle way , which of some horsmen is called a traine , or racke , and it is neuer to be seene either in foales , vnridden horses , or horses that are of any coolnesse or sobrietie in iourneying , but for the most part it is euer in hot frantick smal naggs , which trotting exceeding well , are compelled to amble by some disorderly compulsion . It many times comes to horses by ouer-riding them ; so that through wearinesse not being able to aduaunce their bodies so lustilye as in their best strength they come to this shuffling & broken incertaine pace , which is neither amble nor trot , but a mixture of both , as taking his time keeping from trotting ; and his motion of legges from ambling , and so compound this which is called a traine or racking . Now for the horse of Galicia , that they are more subiect to this pace of ambling thē any other horses bred in spain , I am easily induced to beleeue it , because it being the coldest and most barrainest part of that continent , must by good consequence bring the weakest and woorst horses , so that wanting both the heat of the Sunne , and the nourishing benefits which other races haue , out of their want of strength they fal to the pace of ambling : & this besides we know by experience , that euen the best bred Iennets in all Spaine haue those weaknesses of i●●ts 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that a man shall not see one amongst ten , but is inclined either to a traine or amble . And yet for mine owne part should I haue writtē of the originall of ambling . I should assoone haue taken this Empire of great Britaine 〈◊〉 an example as any part of Spaine , or Galicia , holding that sure it is with vs as auncient as the vse of trauell , or the first knowledge of the first English gelding , which geldings we find more naturally addicted to ambling then any stonde horse whatsoeuer , which I take to proceed either from the impediment of their sores when they are first gelt , or else from the coolnes of their natures when those instruments of heate and lust are taken from them . Now for the vse of this pace , it is onely for longiourncys , where either our necessary busines , or seruice to the state , or any other perticular affaire calles vs foorth into the world , and makes vs change our domesticall quiet for much labor and toyle in trauaile , Now for the commoditie thereof , it is the case of our bodies , preseruing vs from aches , conunlsions , chollickes , gallings , and such like tormens : it is a maintainer of our healths by helping vs to vse the best exercise with sufferance and moderation , it is the best preseruer of our estats in this world , making vs follow our owne affaires with our owne diligence , and not like men imprisoned to trust to half speaking soliciters : to conclude take away the ambling horse , and take away the old man , the rich man , the weake man ; nay generally all mens trauells ; for Coaches a● but for streets , and carts can hardly passe in winter . And thus much for the generalitie of ambling , and the profite . CHAP. 2. Why Foales amble from their dammes and how to make them amble if they doe not . THe reasons why a Foale may amble , whē it suckes vpon the Dam , or that the first pace which it is seene to treade may bee an amble ; are many & diuers , besides those which I haue repeated in my small treatise , as namely weakenesses springing from the first generation , or conception , or else mischances in foaling , as whē a foale falles in hollowe ground , vneuen ditches , or such like vilde places , where the foale striuing to get vpon the feete , but cannot , doth beate it selfe into such weakenesse , that when it is got vpon the feete and should goe , it is not able to trot , but euen through extreame faintnesse shiftes his feete into this pace of ambling ; besides these ( as I said ) there are other more strōg causes of Foales ambling , as namely if a Foale be foaled with weake hooues , so that when it comes to stand vpon the feete , the cronets of the hoofes doe sincke inward and are painefull to the Foales going , In this case the griefe of the hoofes keepe the Foale that it cannot trot , but is forcd for ease sake to alter the natural pace , and to amble . This weakenes of the hoofes you may plainely deseerne both by the fashion of the hoofe , which will bee flat and thinne , and also by the Cronet of the hoofe , which will not bee swelling outward as it should bee , but flat and sunke inward without any semblance : and these horses for the most pare doe seldom liue long , nor haue many good conditions : another reason there is for the ambling of Foales , and that is , if any man shall come to the Mare when ●he hath newe foaled , and scaring the Mare , make the Foale start vpon it feet before it be lickt ouer , or that the soles of the hoofes are hardned ; if this hapen it is most certaine that the foale wil neuer trot , but presently falles to amble : from these & such like occasions hath sprung the opinion that Foales naturallye doe amble , and owners not seeing them haue anye other paces , strongly imagine that ambling is the childe of nature , when indeed it is the bastard , begot by mischance and weaknesse . But if it bee so , that for as much as those amblers which thus doe amble euen from the wombe of their Dams , are euer the perfitest , swistest , and most certainest in their pace , as hardly knowing , at least neuer vsing any other motion , it bee your desire to haue your Foales to amble thus vnder their Dammes , albe for mine owne part I haue little fancie or lyking therein , yet it is to be done three seuerall wayes : the first and best is , if you take a Foale when it is two or three dayes olde , and that you see it trotteth perfitely , and with a fine sharpe Butteris or pairing knife , spare the hoofe of the Foale so thinne as may bee ; so that it cannot treade vpon the ground , but with much sorenesse , and then put it to the Dam again , and you shalsee it presently through the tendernesse of the feete , refuse to trott , and instantly strike into an amble . And if after the hardning of the hoofs you find that out of spirit and courage it fall to trot again , then you shall pare the hoofes again , and so in a short time you shal see it will vtterly forget trotting . The second way but somwhat worse to make a Foale amble , is to take soft linnen ragges , and therewithall to garter vppe the Foales hinder legs , three fingars aboue the cambrell , but not to doe it verie straight , & so to let it run a week or ten daies , in which space it is most certaine the foale wil fal to a readie amble , which as soone as he doth , you shall immediatly vngarter his legges , for the vse of the garters is but only to bring him to the alteration of his pace . The third way & worst way , is to watch the mare when she is in foaling , & assoone as she hath lickt it & done her office , you shall goe vnto the foale , and before it bee able to arise from the ground , you shall with your hands , raise vp the hinder partes from the ground , making it stand vppon the hinder feete , and kneele vpon the fore knees and so staying it by the hinder loynes , compel it to rise vp before , as for the moste part oxen , and kine doe , and if a man will put anye trust in antiquitie ; This manner of raysing a Foale first from the ground , will make it amble , and for mine owne part though I haue been too scripulous to approue it , yet such strong reasons do gouerne me , that I doe beleeue it is moste possible , and as likely as either of the former which I haue experienced . Now although these three seueral practises , will bring to effect the thing you looke for , yet each of them hath their seuerall euils , and doe manye times create those mischeifes , which doe exceede and blemish the vertues for which they were first put into vse , except there bee such Arte , Iudgement , and discretion mixt with the practise , as may both warrant and defend it from following euills , As first the paring of a foales hoofes so young , and bringing him to such a tendernesse of treading , makes him euer after whilst he is a horse , soft footed , & when he comes to tread vpon stony or soft ground , you shall see him snapper and many times tread false ; onely out of the tickle and quick feeling of his feete , besides the paring a Hoofe so young makes it grow thick & flat , so that when the foale comes to be a horse , he will neither beare his shooes so well as otherwise he would haue done , but also bee much more apt to heate , surbate , or founder with sleight trauell . Now for the second practise which is the gartering vp of his hinder legges , that wil make a foale haue thicke and foure cambrels , insomuch that his ioyntes will appeare gowty and vnsuteable , especiallye if you garter any thing too strait , it is somewhat dangerous for the breeding of blood spauens in Foales , because the blood being stopt so many daies together within the veanes , doth many times corrupt and take part with other grosse humors , which are the causes of that sorance ; Lastly ( and which is the worst fault of al ) the ambling pace which is got by this experience is nothing comely to the eie , ( albe it often fal out to be most easie ) for the gartering of the foales legges , makes it cramble with the hinder pattes , and goe both crookedly and illfauouredly . Now for the last practise , which is the raysing vp of a Foale first behinde when it is new falne , besides that , it is not decent to handle or meddle with such young creatures , till their dams haue discharged their kindnesses , & that they haue taken naturall and orderly stifning : It is with horsemen held both vnwholsome and daungerous to the life of the Foale , for it is moste certaine that the cōpulsion which is therein vsed , brings the Foale to a moste extraordinarie weakenesse and faintnesse , from whence and from no other secret , proceeds the alteration of the pace : wherefore since there are thus many daungers in these two earely tryalls ; and that the working of these single benefits in foales , may lose al the future hopes and seruices which a man expects when they come to be Horses ; I would for mine owne part wish al Gentlemen , how much soeuer they are naturally inclined to their owne ease , to omit and let passe this pactising vpon foales ( except it be at some speciall time when ; for the bettering of their knowledges , they will trie the examples of their reading ) and onely to put in vse those practises which are fit for the horses of elder age , as foure , fiue , sixe , or seauen , which hauing both strength and power to performe , and abilitie of bodie and member to indure the vttermoste which arte can inuent to impose vpon them , are more worthie of your labour , and more neare to your present seruice : & of them I purpose wholy to intreate hereafter . CHAP. 3. How to teach a horse to amble by the help of a new plowde field , and the faults therin . THere both haue beene & are many questions raised ( not by horsemen , for they know the truth of art , but by such as bear the false shapes of Horsemen , as amblers , common horse breakers , ( alike in qualitie to Mountebanks & horse collers ) touching the making of horses to amble , some inuaying against one practise , some against another , neuer contented with any one certainlie , but with that which either they haue most vsed , or is last in learning , so that to reconcile them , and bring thē to an vnitie both in arte and opinion , were a labour teadious and infinite , neither will I spend mine houres so vnprofitablie : yet it is moste certaine there is but one truth and one true way to hit the marke wee shoote at , which because my knowledge shall neither bee a iudgement nor Oracle , I will not so much arrogate to say this is it , but vnfolde at large all the seuerall practises which either my selfe haue experiencd , or else noted in other mens labors , together with such errors as pursue & follow euerie such method , so that euerie ripe & industrious braine , may by comparing the fruits & faults together ; easily iudge which practise deserues the best entertainm●t & is most worthy a popular imitation ; wherfore to begin with the manner of making horses to amble , the first way that I foūd , which carried in it any substantial groūd of reason : was to make a horse amble with the helpe of a new deepe plowd fielde , where a horses legs might sinke deepe into the earth , and make his labour painefull , and it is to be done in this sorte . You shal first put into your horses mouth , ( if it be tender and good ) a Snaffle verie round , smoothe and ful , of a size somewhat bigger then an ordinarie trauelling snaffle , and with that ride your horse into some deepe new plowd field , All the way as you ride into the field , not suffering your horse to trot , but rather to go foot-pace . Adioyning to this field , you shall haue either some faire hye way , or else some plaine greene Meare , and then being vpon the hye-way , you shall plucke vp your bridle with both your handes , so that your Snaffle may not rest vpon his ch● but vppon the weekes of his mouth , and then spurring him gentlie forward , see if hee will alter his pace , which if he will not ( as it is moste likelye ) you shall then thrust him vppon the deepe landes , and there you shall toyle him vppe and downe for a quarter of an houre , in as swift a foote pace as you can make him goe , suffering him not by anie meanes to trott , although hee bee neuer so hastie , nor labouring much to make him amble though you should finde him willinglye inclyned thereunto , but onelye keeping him to the height of his foot-pace , and bearing your bridle reyne aloft as was before tolde you . After you haue thus toyled him a prety while vppon the landes , you shall then bring him to the hye way againe , and then approue to make him amble by holding vp your bridle hand , carrying the reynes thereof straite , and by helping him with the calues of your legges , one after another , and sometimes with your spurres one after another also , as thus : if when hee begins to breake and alter his pace , hee giue you now and then a little iumpe vpon your right buttocke as hee goes , then you may knowe that hee treades false with his right hinder legge , so that then you shall giue him either the calue of your right legge or your right spurre hard to his side , but if hee doe the like with his left hinder foot then you shall giue him the helpe and correction vppon the left side , for you must knowe that in ambling it is euer the hinder foote and not the fore foote which treadeth false , and if you do but preciselie marke of which of your buttockes , or of which side of your bodye you feele the moste shaking or Iogging , you shall easil●e perceiue which foot treades amisse , and therefore it is necessarie that before you take vpon you , to teach horses to amble , you be so well experienst in the knowledge & feeling of the pace , that you may at the first apprehend the least step that your horse can tread amisse . After you haue thus the second time approud your horse vpon the hye way , if yet notwithstanding he will not fall to any am●●●● , you shall then labour him againe vpon the deepe landes , in the same manner as you did before , onelye in a swift foote pace , and thus continew from the landes to the hie way , and from the hie way to the lands , without ceasing , or giuing anye rest till what through 〈◊〉 wearinesse , and what through the restraint and helpe of your hand , he in the ende breake his pace , and begin to strike an amble , which as soone as he doth , you shal cherrish him therein , and so faire and softly ride him home , giue him some prouender , and let him rest three or foure houres : then take him forth again , and if you find him anie thing vntoward , or forgetfull of what he last learned , you shall then in the same manner , and with the same labour practise him againe , till you make him doe somewhat more , and some what better then hee did at the first teaching , and then ride him home againe . In this manner you shall exercise your horse , at least thrice a day , till you haue brought him that he will strike out his amble truly and freely , which beleeue it he will verie suddenly doe , because ( for mine owne part ) I haue neither seene , nor in mine owne practise found any horse which this manner of labour woulde not bring to strike a faire amble in lesse then an hower and a halfes trouble , the toyling vppon the landes , and the temper of your hande , which neither restraines him so much that he can stand still , or vse disorder , nor giuing him so much libertie that hee may trott or gallop , breeding such a confused amazement in his minde , that hee can finde no way to ease himselfe , but by the alteration of his pace . Now whereas the principall respect a man is to haue in teaching horses to amble , is that they strike their hinder feete home , rather halfe a foote ouer , then halfe an inch short of their forefeete ; this manner of teaching doth performe it without anie trouble or toyle of the Ryder , b●cause the horse being brought to his amble out of a foote-pace , hee dooth euer strike out his feete to the vttermost length , and beginnes his ambler in the longest strides that may be . Also this kinde of instruction hath no neede of massie or heauie shooes , to bring downe the hinder feete , but the verie toyle in his foot-pace vpon the deepe earth , is as sufficient as any poyse or waight a man can deuise for the purpose . Of all the seuerall wayes to make a horse amble with the hand onely , there is none in my conceit so absolutely praise-worthie , as this : both because it deliuers the pace in easiest and best manner which is out of a foote-pace , and also is gouerned and accompanied with so many seuerall corrections , that a horse cannot so soone erre , as euen the ground on which hee treades ( which is deepe plowed lands ) and the paine of his owne motions when his feete are misplaced , will giue him notice and helpe for amendmend ; insomuch that had not mine experience waded into some better trialls , surely I should giue this method , the onely precedencie and superioritie ; but so it is , that as it hath in it good show and ground of reason ; so it hath also many errors and inconueniences depending vpon it , which dooth blemish much of the better perfection , as first the cariage of the hande , which gouerneth the whole mouth by the least and worst part of the mouth , which is the weekes onely ; doth pull the best setled reyne that is , quite out of order , and brings a horse to the putting out of his nose , a gaping with his mouth , and such a generall incertaintie ouer all his bodie , that albe you bring him to the ende you desire , which is to amble , yet he doth by the manner thereof loose so much beautie , grace , and other more carefull perfections , that a horseman will euen be ashamed of his labour . Againe , if the horse beyong and vnwayed that is thus taught , the verie toyling him vppon the deepe landes will bring him to a weakenesse in his limbes , to a faintnesse and dispaire in labour : and in steade of those incouragements which his youth and ignorance should haue giuen him such distast and griefe , that hee will bee worse for trauell whilst he liues after , yet I know this manner of teaching horses to amble , is practised by diuers men of the best fame in this arte , with whom I haue for mine vnderstanding many times argued , & though they haue beene out of their long practise only adicted to this rule and none other , yet could they not denie the incōueniences , but haue beene faine to stop my discourse with this Addage . That there is no profit without his discommodity : & hee that will haue his horse amble , must indure the inconueniences which followe ambling ; but haue esteemed their answers like their Artes , that is , to be meare deceites , Fallaces , and sophistications . CHAP. 4 Of making a horse amble from his gallop , or by ouer riding . FRom this former practise of the plowde lands ( according to my imaginatiō ) I thinke hath sprung vp this second practise of making a horse amble from his gallop , which is deriued from selfe like violence , though in another fashion : for the first doth but bring him to his amble by toyling him in his slowest pace , and this by amazing him in his swiftest ; and it is to be done after this manner . You shall first ride your Horse into some peece of ascending ground , I doe not meane against the side of any steepe hill , or vpon anic hanging ground , but vpon such ground as is onely rising apparantlie to the eie , and no more ; then putting your horse into a leasurelie gallop for some twentie or thirtie yardes , you shall vppon the suddaine by giuing him a hard chocke or two in the weeks of his mouth , not make him stoppe , but at first as it were in a confused manner , make him leaue off his galloppe & shuffle his legs disorderlie together ( which naturally euerie horse will doe ) and so by giuing him manye of those chockes and breakings off , you shall in the end feele him strike a stroake or two of a perfit amble , which as soone as you feele , you shall presently holde your bridle hand straight , and putting him forward with the helpe of your legges , or with your spurres , keepe him vnto that pace as long as you can , spurring him somewhat hard vppon that side of which you shall feele him to treade false , which is euer that which shakes your bodie moste : but when you feele him in despite both of your helpes and of your corrections wilfullye giue ouer his amble , and that he will continue it no longer , you shall then put him into his galloppe againe , and as you did before , so you shall againe the second time chocke him in the mouth and so bring him to his amble againe . This you shall doe so oft till your Horse come to the perfit vnderstanding of your minde , and that he knowes all his corrections , labours and torments onely proceed from the handling of his feete , contrarie to your disposition , which knowledge you shall easily bring him vnto , by making a difference betwixt his wel dooing & euill dooing , with cherrishings & punishings , neither animating him when hee erres , nor correcting him when hee doth as you would desire , which obseruation will so fortefie him , that through delight and feare , hee will wholy frame his actions and motions according to your will and arte in ryding . 〈◊〉 Now when you haue thus by hourely and incessant labour , brought your horse by little and little , as from one step to two , from two to three , and from three to foure , to such perfitnesse , that hee will amble some twelue or twentie score yardes vpon plaine ground well and truely , then you shall onely by exercise and riding him euery day more and more , and putting him euerie day to groundes of more incertainty and roughnes ; In the end make him so cunning and perfit , that no ground or hie way will bee too difficult for him to treade vpon : and truely thus much I must say for Ambling , that as it is a motion of all motions moste easie to be taught vnto any horse , so it is the hardest of all other lessons to be confirmed and made of continuance in any horse whatsoeuer , except there bee a certaine naturall inelynation in the horse setled & adicted to the pace of ambling , before the beginning of your labour , whēce it comes that many of our horse amblers wil make any horse amble for a small road , or the length of a faire or market , yet when he comes to incertaine waies , or long iourneyes , then he is as farre to seeke in his easie pace as if he had neuer beene taught the motiō ; wherfore mine aduice is , whē you haue brought your horse thus from his gallop , to strike an amble ( which euen nature it selfe driues him into ) that you bee not too hastye either to put him vnto foule , ruttie , or rough waies , or by iourneying to ouer toile him in that he hath but newly learnt , till by former exercise and increasing by degrees , you finde him both apt & able to performe as much as you shal put vnto him . This method of teaching I haue seene pursued by sundrie of this profession : and haue heard many arguments in defence of it , against other manner of instructions , but for mine owne part I thinke of it as I thinke of the former , that the toile is vnorderlye , the vnderstanding thereof thrust into a horse barbarouslye , and the good effects , which it should worke , are both in certaine and void of continuance ; it doth , as the method before described doth ; that is marre the horses mouth , disorder his reyne , & takes from him all the beauties of a good countenance , it puts a Horse in great danger of ouer-reaching and striking one foote vpon another , from whence many times comes Quitter-bones , Crowne-scabbes and such like sorances , which are euer to be auoided , where there is a better way to compasse that which we labour for . To this manner of teaching horses to amble I may verie well ioyne another , which many yeares agone I sawe practised by a Scottish Ryder , whome then ( in my first beginning ) I had heard great cōmendations of for this art ; so that whē I foūd him curious to shoe me hisskil , I haue watchd and dogd him in priuate to take notes from his riding ; and I found his order to make a horse amble was first to ride his horse into some deepe new plowde field , and there to galloppe him vp and downe till the horse for want of winde was not able to galloppe any longer , then eo giue him breath , and so to galloppe him againe til he found the horse grow faint , & then to bring him from the lands , and in some euen faire way , to put him to amble , by the straitning his bridle hand , & holding vp his head aloft , so that the horse might not well see the way before him . The wearinesse he had formerly brought the horse vnto , vpon the deepe lands , would make him vnwilling to trot , the straytning of his head , & putting ●im forward with his spurs , would thrust him faster forward then footepace , and the want of seeing his way , would make him take vp his forefeete in such a fashion , that hee could well vndertake no pace but ambling : this I haue seene him doe twice and sometimes thrice a day , so that what horse soeuer he began with all in the morning , hee would euer make amble before night , by which meanes he got much fame and wealth : but for mine owne part , although I know there is nothing bringes a horse sooner to amble then wearinesse and ouer-riding , yet that it should be my practise to instruct horses by such a rule , I cannot but infinitelie dislike it , and it needes no further discommendations then the bare title it moste properlie beares , which is to make horses amble by ouer riding them ; and surely I thinke it was first found out , either by some chollericke person , who seeking to make his horse amble by one of the former rules , and finding him not at the first dash to answere his expextation ; hath presentlie out of his furie falne to spurre and galloppe him whilst hee could stand , and so almost tyring his horse , hath vpon his wearines , ( as all horses are ) found him a great deale more willing to amble ; or else it hath proceeded from such a one who riding some long iourney vpon a trotting horse in hard waies , hath when the horse was wearie ( as it is the propertie of all horses ) found him of his owne accord alter his pace , and fall to plaine ambling ; but whosoeuer or how soeuer it is or was found out , for mine owne part . I cannot either commend , or giue alowance vnto it , onely for your satisfaction deliuer the maner thereof , that when your own desire shal take from you the beleefe of reason , you may then out of your owne experience , either allow or disalow what heerein hath beene dylated vnto you . And thus much for this kinde of ambling which procedes from the worst violence . CHAP. 5. How to make horses to amble by the vse of waights . NOt farre different in nature , though much more temperate in qualitie is this manner of teaching horses to amble by the vse of poise or waight , for albe it doe not wearie a horse in bodilye labour , yet it wekens & makes feeble his mēbers by suffering an extremitie greater then his strength is able to contend with , for if his burthē be kept within the ability of his power , then it workes no new thing , but keepes him still in the state of his first creation ; whence it comes to passe that if you will make a horse amble by waight , either that weight must exceede in massines , or troublesomnesse , or else no more preuaile , then if such weight were not vsed at all . This manner of ambling is verie generally vsed in this kingdome by sundrie professors , yet not all of one fashion ; but according to the humors or inuentions , so the manner thereof doth alter : for I haue seene one horseman bring his horse to amble by waight after this manner : he hath first caused to bee cast in the fashion and compasse of a pasterne , greate rowles or wreathes of leade of the weight of some sixe pound a peece , and lapping them in listes and wollen cloath hath made them fast about the neathermoste ioyntes or pasternes of the horses hinderlegges , and then riding the horse abroad , haue with the helpe of their bridle hand , as is explaind in former Chapters , tride to alter the Horses pace , but if they haue found that either the horses courage , or the smoothnes of the way , hath made the horse either not feele , or not respect the waights , but to holde the trotting pace stil , then they haue with those waights ridden the horse into some deepe new plowde fielde , and there with the waights about his heeles to labour him vpon a fwift foote pace , till the horse out of his wearinesse hath altered or at least shufled his feete so confusedly together , that he hath gon betwixt an amble & a trot , then the rider hath brought him into the plaine way , where the horse hath had libertie to cast foorth his legs , & there with his hand hath put him into his amble , which presentlie I haue seene the horse vndertake , for what through the waights about his legs , and the wearines hee was formerly put vnto , it is impossible the horse should trott , and so by lirtle and little the rider incouraging him , and the horse feeling the ease of the amble to bee much more then his trott , I haue seene many horses made verie perfit and readie in the pace . Other Horsemen I haue seene , which to make their horses amble , haue laide graite waights vpon the hinder partes of the horse aboue his fillets iust behind the Saddle , as namely the waight of ten or twelue stone , and so to ride him first in deepe high way , or plowed ground , & if he do trot away with any lightnesse then to augmēt the waight , til he begin to solter or strike his feet false , and then to bring him into some plaine high way , & there to put him into his amble with the helpe of his hād and legs , checking him in the mouth with the bridle , and spurring him vpon that side of which you feele his hinder foote treade the oftest false , the waight which is vsed for this purpose is most commonly earth , leade , or some such heauie stuffe : then needeth little or no art to bee vsed in this maner of teaching , more then to haue this discretion , that though the waigh be more then the horse with cōuenience can beare , yet not to be so much as to bruse his limbes , albe such mischiefes oft spring frō such teaching ; you must also when you teach a horse thus to amble by waight , let him haue verie little rest , but be ryding and exercising him euerie houre or once in two houres at the furthest , and as hee becomes perfit in his pace , so by degrees to make his burthen lesse and lesse , til he will amble verie readilie without anye more waight then the rider onlie , & thē by little & little to traine him vpon rough & vncertaine waies as somtimes vp the hill , somtimes down sometimes orethwart landes , or ouer layes or drie furrowes , & whē he knowes how to take his way vponsuch vneuennes ; then you may presume his cunning is sufficient . This manner of teaching a horse to amble , is both easie & certaine , yet in my iudgemēt not of such valew as is worthie of any painefull imitation , because the dangers and inconueniences which doe attend it are more then may be tollerated in so smal a benefit , for first besides the manner of the toile which is vppon deepe landes , and so hath al the mischiefes which are formerly spoken of , the waightes also which are to bee borne vppon the hinder pasternes , doe not onelye beate and bruse the Sinewes in those partes , but also vppon the least slippe or false treading doe hazard those straines which are sildom or neuer cured . Then for the waights which are to be laide vpon his backe , which must so farre exceede as to alter a horses pace , a man shall hardly carry that temper either of iudgement or hand , as to poise him o a dew proportiō , & then if he exceed he either breaks the backe , swaies the backe , or brings him to the consumption of the backe , and if he make it but a little to iight , he either wastes his labour to small purpose , or else brings to the pace a hacling & vncomelines , how euer , this is certaine , that a horse which is trayned to his amble by weight , hath euer for the moste part danger or disorder brought to his hinder partes ; besides , the horse that is thus to be trained , must be of such a colde and frozen nature , that hee will neither start at boggard , stirre with the spurre , or bee troubled with anie passion ; for if hee shall , there is not then the least affright which will not put him to the hazard of much mischiefe : and if a horse shall but get the smallest cricke in his backe , it is a griefe that will trouble the best Farryer to knowe how to amend it , and for the moste parte they are mischiefes which I haue seene sildome repayred . Now for the taking away the tendernesse and constancie of his mouth , the spoyling of his reine , & the beauty of his countenance , they be so general both in this , & almost all other courses , which are to make horses amble ; that I may verye well spare speaking of their losse , because it is most commonly the first worke amblers goe about to depriue theire horses of those good vertues . Now lastly the labour which a man must take in this maner of teaching is so infinite and incessant , that it both robbes a man of the delight he should inioy after his wish is effected , and also depriues him of much hope , by making him dispaire in so endlesse a labour ; to which I may adde this mischiefe , the worst of all other , that I haue not knowne more good horses spoild and made vtterlye inseruisable by any wilful course whatsoeuer , thē by this prescript cruell method of making horses amble by weight , and the former intollerable labours . CHAP. 6. Of making a horse to amble out of the hand . SOme horsemen who haue been of more temperate & milde dispositions , hauing seene horses brought to amble by the rules before described , and noting the tyranie of the man in tormenting a beaste that is created for his vse , seruice and familiaritie , worse then a rauenous mōster or an impoysoning serpent , haue out of their milder cogitations found out another way to make them amble , which though it be somewhat paineful to the man , yet it is nothing so cruell to the beast , and that is first to make them amble out of hand , by which I mean that a horse shall be brought to amble perfitly of himselfe , without either carrying the man vppon his backe , or hauing anye especiall vse of the mans hand in his ambling , it might more properly bee called ambling in the hand , because the horse is brought thereunto , as the man leades him in his hād , & not rides him , after this maner : first you shal take your horse in a bridle , & leade him alōgst some straight wall , and ioyning the horses side thereunto , you shall place your owne bodye close to the shoulder of the horse which is from the wal , that you may whether hee will or no holde him vp in a streight furrowe : then with your rodde turned backeward in your hand , so that it may reach to his buttocke , you shall iert and force him forward , and in the verie instant that the horse presses forward , you shall with that hand which is vpon the bridle , giue him a good chock in the mouth that you may make him stammer , and shuffle his legges confusedly together , and then presently ease your hand againe , so that he may neither stand still , nor go backward , but still keepe his way forward , and at euery two steppes to giue him a chocke or two in the mouth to make him shuffle his legs , till you perceiue him to take vp two legs of a side together , and then presently to cherish him , and then to exercise him againe after the same manner , til you haue made him to strike two or three strokes of his amble together , and then you shall cherish him more then before . And thus you shall continue to doe , till you haue giuen him a perfite vnderstanding of your minde , and that he may with assurance perceiue wherfore hee is corrected , and wherefore he is cherished . You shall during this maner of teaching , by no means suffer him to trot : but if perforce he will , and that at first you cannot keepe him from trotting ( as it is verie hard in the beginning , ) you shall then euerie stroke that hee trotteth , turne your bodie about , and with your rod giue him a good iert or two ouer the hinder hoùghes , and vnder the belly , because it is euer his hinder parts which treade false in ambling , and then fall to your businesse again : after this maner you shall bee euerie houre in the day doing somewhat vnto him , neuer suffering the horse to rest an houre at peace , til you haue brought him to the true hādling , or the taking vp of his legges , increasing his labour dayly in such sort , that in the end you bring him to amble the whole length of the wall , or an ordinarie road , which is for the most part 5. or sixe score yards : when you haue made him perfite thus farre forth ; you shal not then ease any part of his toyle , but continue him still in his howerly labour , till you haue made him so perfite , and giuen him such delight therein , that hee will amble in your hand , without the vse or need of any correction whatsoeuer . This being done , you shall then take the bridle sorth of his mouth , & put vpon his head a plaine chaine , or the gentlest Cauezan , and make him onely with either of them amble as perfitely as he did before with his snaffle , obseruing that as he growes perfiter in skill , so you ease his restraint , and beare the Chaine or Cauezan as gently as may be , till he will amble of himselfe , without any touch of the Chaine or Cauezan : then you shall make him amble onely by the vse of his coller , without any other restraint . And lastly that he will of himselfe ( you running by him with loose reynes ) amble as perfitely as when hee hath the greatest restraint whatsoeuer . Now you are to remēber , that whē you first teach your horse to amble thus by you , if he be of a slow and dull nature , so that when you carrie your hand anything straite he will not presse forward , but either stande still , or goe backe ; or if hee doe goe , it shall bee but so slowlye that it shall not exceede a foot pace . In this case you shall haue a foote-man to come behinde him with a rod in his hand , who as you restraine him , shal force him to go forward , either as fast or as slowly as you will , till you haue brought him to the knowledge and true vse of the pace , and then you shall vse his helpe no longer ; for whatsoeuer you are to doe after this is effected , onely vse and practise will bring your horse vnto , without either scruple or amazement ; for there is nothing after a horse knowes how to take his legges vpright , which brings a horse either to perfitnesse , or imperfitenesse , but onely practise . I haue seene some horsemen ( and my selfe also hath done the like ) which haue taught this kinde of ambling in a close house or barne , but it is nothing so good , nor so voide of difficultie , as is the vse of the straight wall , if a man can haue one conueniently : but where the straight wall is not to be had there I prefer the close house , because there a man may leade his Horse either close by the walles , or otherwise if hee leade him in the midst of the house , yet the horse cānot flie much out of order , because the cōpasse of the walls will not giue him any great libertie . After you haue made your horse thus perfite that he wil amble by you in your hand ( which amblers call ambling out of hand ) so that when either you lead your horse to the water , or to sport , or about any other exercise , he will vse no other pace but ambling : then ( and not before ) you shall saddle him , and mounting his backe by a temperate carriage of your hand , and by laying your legges close to his sides , you shall thrust him forward , and make him amble vnder you , which if at first ( as I haue often found , and it was the first reason , which made me disallow this practise ) you perceyue that he falles into his trott , and refuseth to amble , as if he had neuer beene acquainted with the pace ; which indeede is so naturall to many horses , that you shall beholde many ( and my selfe haue had the riding of some ) which ambling euen from their first foaling , haue when they haue come to the Saddle , and carriage of the man , presently falne to trot , which they were neuer seene to doe in all their liues before , by which I haue gathered , that a horse doth take an extraordinarie pride & delight in the seruice and carriage of the man. If then your horse thus refuse to amble vnder you , immediately you shal twitch vp his head , and giuing him a good chocke or two in the mouth , and striking him with your spurs , one after the other , you shal thrust him into his amble , which your correction & amazemēt ioyned with his former knowledge , wil soon bring him vnto , & then after 〈◊〉 strikes a stroke or two , and is cherished , cōming to vnderstand your meaning , he wil thē fall more readily to his amble , and with so much more comelines and truth as he was formerly experienc'd in the pace before . Now that this maner of teaching horses to amble , is either so full of art , ease , or comlines , that it deserueth either your labor , or a general imitation , I am not of the opiniō because as the former methods , so this is accōpanied with many foule and grosse inconueniences , such as a horse by no meanes should be acquainted withall ; for besides the losse of time in the man , bestowing a long labout to little purpose , and spending his howers to bring his horse to an vnprofitable exercise , which is to amble without the man ; the verie manner of bringing a horse vnto it , which is by chocking him in the mouth , and distempering his head , is most vilde and insufferable ; for if the horse be of spirit and courage , by such correctiōs , the horse in stead of ambling falls to rearing , plunging , and other restife qualities , one of which will aske more labour to amende , then to make twentie horses amble . And indeed to say truth , I haue not seene a horse of any good mettall that hath beene brought to amble by this manner of teaching , or if they haue , yet it is impossible they should continue long therin ; for euen their owne courages will transport them , & make thē wearie of such an in temperate motion , and on the contrarie part , if the horse bee dull and heauie , his sloath and vnnimblenesse will bee so contrarie and rebellious agaynst this practise , that the Ryder had neede of a more then an ordinarie patience to endure the slackenesse and vntowardnesse of his incapable spirit , which will neither vnderstand , or it he do vnderstand , yet will not execute any thing any longer then correction & torment lies vppon him : Thus you see that neither the hot fierie horse , nor the dull slow iade is fit for this kinde of instruction ; insomuch that if you haue no other method to teach a horse to amble by , but only this , you shal either run into many inconueniences , or the losse of your time , or els onely deale with such horses which are of such well mixt qualities and dispositions , that they are neyther too fierie to rebell or contende against instruction , or not so dull , as not to conceiue what you would teach ; or when they doe conceiue out of sloath and idlenesse to leaue your will vnperformed : it is the mediocritie with which you must deale , which being seldomest found , you may liue an age ere you meete with a horse of that temper . And thus much for the making of horses to amble out of the hand . CHAP. 7. Of making horses to amble with the helpe of the hand onely . SVch horsemen as had practized this former way to make a horse to amble out of hand , that is before a man come to ride him : whē they found that the horse comming into hand , that is , when he came to be riddē , was in their first iudgements , as imperfite in ambling , as if he had beene neuer taught to amble before , and that they haue beene as it were drawne by a new method to bring their horses to amble , they haue presently by looking into the losse of the former time , and to the benefite of their present exercise , condemned the former maner of teaching , & only helde tollerable no other way to teach a horse to amble , but the vse of the hand and legge onely arguing with other riders ( which did not the like ) of the faults which were in their practise ; but not beholding any in this which now was last brought to their memories . And this maner of teaching horses to amble seemed at the first so strange and artificiall , that euerie rider of ambling horses , was thought vnworthie which taught by any other forme ; and euerie horsmaister thought his horse not wel taught , which came not from his hand , who was reported to teach by the help of the hand only , the maner whereof is , After you haue put into your horses mouth a rough twound snaffle , such a one as through the crueltie thereof will command from the horse an extraordinarie obedience ( for in this manner of teaching , you must haue your horse exceedingly tender mouthed ) you shall then take his back , and holding your bridle reine in both your hands , a handfull one from the other , you shall walk your horse gently into some plaine high way , and there first thrust your horse into the swiftest of his foot pace , and if he offer to trott , you shal lift vp your hands , and giue him a good chocke in the mouth with your bridle , and then put him forward againe , holding him at the swiftest of his foot-pace , and so ride him vp and downe for an hower or more , striuing still to make him goe faster and faster ; and euery time that he doth but offer to trott , to giue him a good chocke in the mouth , and a stroke with your spurre on the side which he treadeth false with his hinder foot , & by this means correcting him both in the mouth , & vpon the sides when hee trots , and yet vrging him continually to goe faster in his foote-pace then he is able , you shall in the ende bring him to strike forth an amble , which when he doth , you shall then carrie your hands constantly , and without spurring him , shew that you are contented with that motiō , obseruing that you keep him to such a temperate pace , that you neither by making him go to fast , vrge him to trott , nor by causing him to goe too softly , keepe him within the ease of his foot-pace ; but let the first bee made troublesome to him by correction , the other painful by too speedie passage . This course will not onely bring him of himselfe to finde out the true stroke of an amble , but also by keeping him in his foote pace , make him to stride and stretch out his legges , that his pace will bee both more comely , more certaine , and more easie . After you haue thus by the helpe of your hand , helde strait vpon the bridle , and the correction of your leg and spur brought your horse from his foot-pace to an amble , you shall then continue him , and augment his pace therupon in swiftnesse , euerie houre a little more and more , till you haue made his amble swifter then euer was his trott , and that he will strike the same , both vp the hill , downe the hill , ouer crosse paths , rough wayes , myrie new plowed lands , or wheresouer else you shall haue occasion to trauell , which onely continuall exercise must bring him vnto , and his owne nimble cunning , obseruing by no means to put him too soone to trauell , or to amble him long together at any time , till he be so perfit and skilfull in the pace , that he wil take it both cūningly and freely of himselfe , albe the bridle reyne lie in his necke , and you haue no vse of the same : you shall also obserue , that if this round twound snaffle which I did first prescribe vnto you , bee either so rough , that it cut , or gall the horses mouth , or if the horse bee so exceeding tender of mouth , that hee is not able to indure the sence of such sharpnes , you shall then instead therof vse onely a smooth snaffle made full , round , and of an extraordinarie bignes , about which if you folde certaine wreathes of some fine linnen cloath , to make it as full and bigge in the horses mouth as may be , it is much the better and more sweeter and the horse will take his pace with more delight and chearefulnes ; but if you feele that albe he take the stroake & manner of his pace truely inough , yet with the raysing vp of his hinder feete somewhat to hye ( which motion he taketh from his trott ) you feele he doth not goe away easie inough , in such a case it shall bee meete for you to make his hinder shooes of an extrordinarie weight , and thicknes , each shooe weying at least fiue poundes , which will so tyer and load his feete that he wil be glad to keepe thē downe and euen sweep them close by the earth as hee goes . Now although this maner of teaching horses to āble bee both generally cōmended & moste of all other-waies practisd in this nation ; yet for mine owne part if it bee so good as men do imagine , I must confesse my selfe to bee a great heretique in my beleefe therein , for I can neither alowe it to be contained within any rule of good horsemanshippe , nor that it is worthie anie mans labour to endeuour to learne it , both because it is accompained with as many errors as anye other of those methods which goe before it ; and also because there bee a greate deale more artificiall waies to bring a horse to this pace without the falts that this holdeth , which faults are these : the wasting of more profitable time vainly , the maring of the horses reyne , the distēpering of his mouth , & spoile of his coūtenāce , which these checkings & suddain chockes do , besides the breeding of a generall inconstancy ouer all the horses body , which is the grosest fault which can at any time be found in horsemāship . So that to cōclude , howsoeuer mē may be conceited , & speak in the cōmendatiōs of making horses amble thus with the hand onelye , I for my part cannot be induced either to giue it any tolleratiō in mine opinion : or to preserue it for any other practise then only for the knowledge of generall experience . Thus you see I haue hitherto shewed you sundry waies how to make horses amble , as namely by the fallowe fielde , by waight ; out of hand , with the hand , and some others ; yet to euerie one I haue shewed you such errors and inconueniences adioyned , that in my conclusion I made them both vnprofitable , and not to be practised , wherby I must confesse I haue hitherto left you in amazement ( that since ambling is so necessarie , and of such general vse , that we cannot trauel or iourney without it ) what course is to be taken to bring a horse vnto it without either the grosnesse of these former errors , the misexpence of time , or the losse of a horses beautie and good countenance , which laborinth to bring you out of , and that you may see what I haue formerly writtē , is but to inable your memories with euery seuerall knowledge and experiment which hath at anye time beene practised for bringing this worke to passe : And that the knowing of errors may inable you the better to shunne errors , I will now proceed to those waies in teaching which are compleate in arte and worthie imitation , without any error but such as shall proceed from the fault of the rider . CHAP. 8. Of making horses to amble by the helpe of shooes onely . AFter these former wayes of teaching horses to amble came to bee put in practise by men of art & skill in horsmanship , and that they came to find the errours and inconueniences which doe necessarily belong to such insubstantiall instructions , presentlie they out of their better iudgements & inuentions began to finde out meanes to make horses amble without either marring their mouthes , vnsetling their heads or breeding any other vncomely disorders , conceiuing thus : that since the making of horses amble , was but onelye to bring them to an altetation of the naturall motions of their legges , why should not those motions be as well taught without disorder to the head and reyne , as either the Coruett , the Cepriole , and other motions dayly vsed amongst horses of pleasure and seruice , and hence it came that doubtlesse some man both of good skill and iudgement found out this way , which I will heare deliuer vnto you , and which I haue latelye to good effect practised and found both agreeable to arte , reason and all the strictest rules in horsemanshippe ; which is to make a horse amble with the help of two hinder shooes onely , and this is the manner thereof ; First you shall cause a Smith to take measure of your horses hinder feete , and to make him two shooes of an extraordinarie thicknesse , and from the toe or forepart of the shoe , to beate out as it were a thin plate scarse halfe so thicke as the shooe , and being at the toe of the shooe not aboue too inches or a little better broad , but at the vttermoste end of the plate better then foure inches broad : this plate must from the verie toe of the shooe forward , rise a little shoaring from the ground , so that the horse standing full vpon his feete , the outmoste end of the plates must be as hie from the ground as the horses fetlocke , and they must haue their ends turned vpward backe againe towards the horses hinder legs , so that as the horse puts forward his hinder feet , if he chance to hit vpon his forelegs , yet the plats being so turned forward , may haue no force to hurt or bruse the horse but onelye to giue him a flatt blowe and no more ; the fashion and proportion of the shooes are contained in these figures . To appoint or set down any certaine length for these foure plates I cannot ; for they must keepe their size according to the proportion of the horse , or largenesse of the stride he takes , for if he be a horse that takes a lōg step and strikes his hinder foote forth euen close to the setting downe of his fore foot , then these plates may be the shorter , but if he bee a horse that takes small steps , and doth as it were set his hinder feet downe where he takes them vp , then must the plates be made so much the longer , yet because I will not leaue you in amazement , you shall vnderstand that the best obseruation you can take for making these fore plates of a true length , is to let your horse walk in some sandie way , where you may see the print of his feete , and then looke how much you see his hinder foote to treade short of his forefoot to make your fore plates about some 3. inches longer & no more , as thus for example , if your horse bring his hinder foot to his forefoote , by three inches , then you shal make your plates 6. inches , & so according to this rule , you shal either increase or deminish ; of the two choices , rather making it with the shortest thē the lōgest for if they be too long , thē they giue the sorer blow , and may so bruse the horse vpon the sinewes , of the fore legs , as may bring him to a lamenes , & thereby not only procure to your selfe great losse , but to the Arte greater discredit , which in truth is vtterly without blemish but onely for your owne indeiscretion . When you haue shod your horse with shooes of this fashion , you shall first with all gentlenes leade him as mildely as you can vp & downe , either in some euen hie way , or vpon some plaine greene walke that your horse may first feele the shooes , & that when hee growes amazed at the blowes which they wil giue him vpō the fore legs , which at first wil be sharpe and paineful , yet you may stay him and with cherrishings fortefie him and incourage him till he come to an vnderstanding how his torment comes , which onely proceedes from this reason , that if when he moues his right hinderfoote , he do not also in the same instant remooue his right fore foot , then those plates must perforce beate him vpon the fore leg , & make him whether he will or no remooue it , which the horse no sooner will perceiue ; ( and finding the motion which keepes him most from torment ) but he will presentlie followe it , and by no meanes afterward in a whole day hazard the knocke of one blowe ; I wold haue you thus for at least the space of two or thre● daies to doe nothing but lead your horse vp and d● in your hand , making him one while goe softlye , 〈◊〉 while swiftly , till he be so perfit that he will am● 〈◊〉 hand , if it were an houre together , without 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 selfe one rappe with his shooes , a● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 first two or three daies you shall applie him in this hard lesson , at least halfe a dozen times a day , and when you haue made him so perfit that hee will amble by you both readilie and cunningly ; then you shall mount his backe & ride him either in some faire greene close , or some euen road way an houre together , in all which time of riding you shal neither chock him in the mouth , nor distemper his reyne , but carrie an euen and sweet hand vpon him , giuing him encouragement in all his doings for there is no fault which can any way belong to his pace , which the shoe wil not sufficiētly correct & put in order . Whē you haue ridden him thus an houre in the morning , you shall then ride him as much in the after noone , and as much also in the euening , obseruing this order for at least foure or fiue daies together , which done , you shall then take his back in the morning , and ride him without either rest or ceasing till it be noone , and then bring him home , and if he haue gone orderly & kept his pace in such good and perfit sorte as you would wish without either stumbling or willingnes to giue ouer his pace , you shall cause the Smith to take off those shooes , & to set vpon him a good paire of ordinarie shooes , onely in the weight and massinesse , they would be extraordinarie , for they must way at least as much as two paire of any common shooes . With these plaine shooes without any plates , you shal ride your horse at least a fornight together , and then remoue them and set such shooes as are both fit for the horses vse and Trauell , without either extraordinarie weight or nay other deuise whatsoeuer . Now for any errors or inconueniences , which this maner ofteaching a horse to amble shal bring vnto him , there is in truth none at all ; for the rider hauing free libertie to vse his hand , bodie and legs at his owne pleasure , if then he commit any euil , it is his own fault , and not the necessitie of the instruction , for there is not any man , if he can but sit vpō a horses back , which by this method shal not make a horse amble in as good maner ( touching the motion of his legs ) as the best arts master whatsoeuer : the reason wherof is , that the very shooes do of themselues correct al those vices , which in other practises is the dutie of the horsman to do , as thus for example ; if the horse doe not strike out his feete as hee ought to doe , but offer to tread short , the very knocks which the plates wil giue him vpon the legs , will put him to such paine , that hee will for verie feare , & to auoid the torment , stretch his feet forth as farre as he is able : they will also make him raise his forefeete nimbly from the ground , and through their waight and troublesomnes make him keepe his hinder feet close and neare to the earth , they will make him that he shall not stradle or go to wide behind , neither will they suffer him to go so strait that he shall be in hazard of interfering : to conclude , they do as much in this worke as any man can wish , & is if a maner of teaching , which if my wit cā iudge or mine experience were worthy to perswade , I would haue practised before any other way whatsoeuer , except it be the tramell , which I preferre and esteeme an equal both in vertue and goodnesse . CHAP. 9. Of teaching horses to amble by the vse of the tramell . THere wil be multitudes which wil in their arguments oppose themselues , as violently against me as may be , both to condemn this which I commend , and also to diswade men from the vse of this practise , which I moste allowe ; I doe not doubt , for I haue not in Table or stable discourses heard anye thing more enuayd against then the teaching of horses to amble by the helpe or vse of the Tramell , some saying it lames and straines horses : some that it makes a horse not take vp his feete right ; some that the pace so gi●ē is not easie : with a world of such like discommendations ; but for mine own pa●t . I am by experience and practise so vndoubtedly resolued and knowe so assuredlye the contrarie , that I can neither credit their surmises , or loue the experimēt one iot worse , no though they shold be esteemed most approued horsemen , from whose mouthes should come the discommendations , for I know what error soeuer hapens to a horse by this manner of teaching , proceedes either from the indiscretion or ignorance of the rider , and from no part of worke , if it be truely handled ; wherefore to those that will credit truth , and obserue those rules which are moste agreeable with art and reason , I frame my discourse , and to others who scorne all guides , but the strength of their owne opinions , I wish them saue the labour of reading this book , which in that case will giue thē no satisfaction : and now to my purpose , if at any time you wil make your horse amble by the helpe of the tramel , you shal thus doe ; take any horse of what age , condition , or qualitie soeuer he be , and first place him so with your hand , that he may stand iust and euen vppon all his foure legs without putting any of them foorth , or standing stradling , or crooked , which done , you shall put vpon his right foreleg ( which we cōmonly call the far leg ) a broad peece of leather , lined soft with cotton , & hauing at the one a small buckle , in bredth & shape made like a pastern , only it must not be so thick & stubborn , but smooth & gentle , ye●very strong . This peece of leather you shal buckle about your horses farre fore-leg , some 4 , or 5. fingers or more aboue his knee , & you shal buckle it so gently , that by no means it pinch him , or with the straitnes stop the passage of the blood in his veines ; also whē it is buckled on , you must so place it that a strong tournel of iron being cunningly fastned within the leather , may stand iust behind his leg , looking towards his hinder leg : this done , you shal take another peece of leather , made in euery proportion like to this former , & buckle it about your horses far hinder leg , some foure inches or there abouts aboue his cambrel , and the iron tournell thereof shall stand before his legge , looking to his fore-legge : then you shall take a strong corde made all of haire , and fasten it to both the tournels , making it by no meanes either longer or shorter , but of the iust and due length which is betwixt his legs ; and then looking vpon your worke , you shall see that you haue so linckt his hinder leg to his fore leg , that the horse cannot possibly put forth his fore-legge to go , but he must draw his hinder legge after him . When you haue don thus to his farre fore-legge , and his farre hinder legge , then you shall take other two peeces of leather like the former , and another cord of haire of the same length , like the former also , and in euerie respect as you haue linckt together his right legs , so you shall also lincke together his left legs , which we call his narre legs : then you shall take a peece of garthwebbe , and making it fast to the middest of the haire rope on the farre side , you shall then bring the garth-web ouer the horses backe , and make it fast to the haire rope o● the narre side , this garth-web is but onely to hold vp the cordes from falling to the ground , or troubling the horse as he goeth . Now forasmuch as I cannot in wordes so perfitly describe this manner of tramelling as may giue satisfaction to those which haue neuer seene it before , I thought good by a more liuely representation of these figure therof to better your knowledge in the doing it ; wherefore when your horse is trammelled aboue the knee , he will carrie the forme of this figure . Many I know will wonder at this manner of tramelling a horse aboue the knees & houghes , because it hath been seldome or neuer vsep by any man ; & for mine own part I haue neuer seene it vsed by others , but haue beene induced therūto out of mine own reason and practise , because the faults & dāgers which I can any way behold to belōg to tramelling , is if a horse be at first tramelled vnderneath the knees and houghes , and bee of a hot and fierie spirit , if then the Rider indiscreetely shal compell his Horse to goe any thing hastily , or that the horse out of his own furie will not stay the leasure of the man , in such a case the horse may happen at the first setting foorth of his feete to ouerthrow himselfe , and then being downe , what with his striuing , and the strength of his tramels , hee may get that mischiefe which will neuer forsake him whilest hee liues after . This to preuent I would haue you in any case at the first to tramell your horse aboue knee , as is before shewed you ▪ for in so doing you shall giue his legges that libertie , helpe and nimblenesse , that neither your owne rashnes , nor the horses madnes , shal bring him within the compasse of any euill , as good proofe in your triall shall witnesse . When your horse is thus tramelled aboue knee , which in any case I would haue you doe , either in some emptie barne , or in some faire greene close , you shal then as gently as you can , lead him forward , & by little and little make gi●e goe faster and faster , till you see him strike into a faire amble , which he cannot chuse but doe , because his feete are so link● and tied together that he cannot remoue any of his fore-legges , but the hindmost legge of the same side must follow it , you shall practise him thus , to leade and amble in your hand three or foure times euerie day for the space of two or three dayes ; then if it be in the sommer time , I would haue you turne him into some close , or conuenient peece of ground ( thus tramelled as is before said ) and there let him run at grasse for the space of a fortnight , or three weekes , not failing , but euery day twice a day to take him vp , & ride him either vp & down the close , or in some other conuenient peece of ground , for the space of an houre together ; in which time you shal see he will get the perfite vse of his legs , & the true stroke of his amble , without stūbling or other maner of amazement . Now you shall vnderstand that this maner of tramelling horses aboue knee bringeth one other commoditie , and that is it maketh a horse to stretch and put foorth his legs in large strides , bringing both ease and comelinesse to his pace , and not to twitch them vp sodainly , and set them downe againe as if he did dance , or stood stamping all in one place ; which fault onely proceedes from tramelling a horse somewhat too early vnder the knee , and making his tramels for want of true measure a little of the straitest . After you haue thus practised your horse in the tramels aboue the knee , and made him both through riding and running in them at grasse day and night , so perfit that he will take his pace forward , both cunningly and speedily , you shal then take them off , and put the leathers which are vpon the fore-legs aboue the knees vnder his knees about the small of the legs , some handfull or there-abouts aboue his neather pasterns : and the leathers which were aboue the houghs of his hinder legs , you shall put vnderneath his cambrels about an handfull aboue his fetlocks , then you shall take the haire cords , and when the horse stands euen and iust vpon all his foure legs , each leg standing opposite and iust one against another , you shall fasten them of their true length ( which is from leg to leg of a side ) vnto the iron tournels , as was beforesaid , so that when your horse is thus tramelled vnderneath the knee , he may carry the proportion of this figure following . When your horse is in this sort tramelled vnderneath the knees & houghs , you shall then in the self same maner as you did before when you trameld him aboue the knee , first with all patience and gentlenesse leade him vp and down in your hand , making him go in his tramels , which will all at the first be very troublesom vnto him & a great deale more vnnimble , by as much as they are of more force and correction then the former , as cōmanding the weaker and more pliant members ; but howe vnnimbly or vntowardly soeuer hee goes at the first with these tramels , it matters not , so that you be but patient , & indure euery disorder in him without troble or rigor ; for euē the very paine which he shal feel whē he giues any disorderly twitch or straine will so molest and torment him , that he will amend euerie thing of himselfe ( if you will giue him time ) without any other molestation , and I perswade my self ( for I haue euer found it so ) that the former cunning which he learned in his first tramels , wil haue brought him to such a perfitnesse , that when these are put on , hee will finde no more trouble , or difficultie then if hee wore not any trammels at all ; but howsoeuer , after you haue thus made him perfect in these kinde of Trammels , that hee will leade gentlye in your hand vp and downe , either as slowly or as swiftly as you please , you may thē set a saddle vpon his backe , and put the garthweb which holdes vppe his Trammels behinde the hinder croutch of his Saddle , iust ouerthwart his fillets , and then you shall mount his backe , and tide him in some faire euen road halfe an houre together , and then bring him home to the stable and giue him some prouender , then about two houres after , you shall take him foorth againe , and ride him as you did before , and thus you shall ride him three or foure times a day , for three or foure daies together ; and if it be in the Sommer time ; if then you let him runne at grasse night and day with his Tramells on his legges , and ride him as is before described , it wil be much better for his pace ; obseruing that during al the time of your riding in this first beginning you put not any thing into his mouth , but a plaine , smoothe , and full snaffle , neither shal you by anie meanes giue the horse any chockes in his mouth , or gag vp his head , but beare your hand in an orderlie and constant manet like a horseman , being assured that what falt soeuer the horse shall commit in his pace or the motion of his legs , the tramels will correct sufficiently without any other assistance . After you haue thus for a fortnight ridden your horse in these Trammels vppon plaine and smoothe grounds , you shall then for the next fortnight exercise him in his Trammels vppon rough rough waies , as where hee may tread sometimes in ruts , or vppon broken swarthes , you shall also now and then ride him ouer plowde lands , and sometimes vp hils , and sometimes down hils , till you haue brought him to such nimblenes and courage in his pace , that no ground hee can treade vpon shall come amisse vnto him , you shall also this fortnight bring his pace to al the swiftnesse you can ; by thrusting him forward with all the life & courage you can deuise , and somtimes by giuing him a good iert or two with your rod , or by giuing him now and then a good stroak or two with your spurs . Thus when you haue brought him to the perfitnes of his pace , so that he will doe it both cunninglye , readily , swiftly , and without any stammering or strayning of his tramels , so that you might verie well aduenture to ride him without any tramels at al , you shal thē for a weeke before you take off your tramels ( if hee bee a horse which you make for any greate mans saddle ) put into his mouth such a bytt as shall bee fit and answerable to the temper , sweetnes or hardnesse of his mouth , & with it you shal ride him in his tramels al that weeke three or foure times a day first vpon plain , smothe grounds , then by little & little , vpō rougher & rougher , til you haue exercisd him vpon euerie kinde of ground whatsoeuer , and that hee wil take his pace both as readily & as speedily with the bytt , as before he did with his snaffle , neither offering to strike falser , shorter , nor with faster motions then hee did with his snaffle ; when you haue brought your horse to this perfection , so that neither exchange of way , nor the exchange of byts or Snaffles moues him to anie disorder ; then you may boldly take away his tramels altogether : and onely make good thick thumb-roapes of hay , you shal folde & wreath thē as you make a rush ring about the neather pasternes of al your horses foure legs , which is between the cronet of the hoofe and the sewterlocks , as you may see discribed in this figure following . Hauing thus wispt al his foure legs , and made them that they will sticke close and fast about his pasternes , you shall then mount vpon him : as you rid him with the tramels , so you shall ride him with these wispes , that is to say , the first weeke you shall ride him verie gentlie , and onelie keep him in a moderate and reasonable amble , suffering him to take his pace of his owne accord , without either your ayde or compulsion ; the next weeke you shall for the first three daies put your horse to the swiftnesse of his pace , and make him amble out thorowlye , giuing him now and then the iert of your rod , or the stroak of your spurs : & the 3 other latter daies you shal thrust him vpō vneuē & rough waies where the hollownes and incertaintie of his treading may expresse vnto you the perfitnesse and nimblenesse of his pace , and in all this fortnights riding , you shall carrie your bridle hand a little more constantlye and firmely then you did before when you vsd the tramels , that you may be readie to helpe the horse , if at any time hee happen to treade false , which I am perswaded he will verie sildome or neuer do , if you rightly keepe the obseruations before prescribed ; whē you haue thus exercised your horse with these wispes , and found his pace perfect as before , then you shall take away the wispes from his forelegs , & keep only those about his hinder legs on still , and so ride him for another weeke , the vertue whereof is that those wispes will both make him keepe his pace , and also cause him by keeping his hinder feete neare to the ground to followe his forelegs close , and make his pace more easie . After you haue finished this weekes exercise also , then you shall take away his wispes which are behinde , and make account that your worke is fully perfited , so that now you may aduēture either to ride or iourney your horse when you please , and whether you please , for be well assured the pace which is thus giuen vnto a horse is the moste certaynest of all other , and will neither alter nor be forgot , either through dfficultie or want of practise : for the vnderstāding & maner therof is giuen vnto a horse with such case and plainnesse , & the faults are corrected so instantly , and with such a naturall comelines , that euerie horse takes an especiall delight and pleasure in the motion , and the rather when he feeles that the pace is ( as indeede it is ) much more easie to his owne feeling then the trot , and as it were a reliefe vnto him when his ioyntes with trotting are feebled . Now for as much as there bee sundrie principall obseruations to bee kept and vsed in this manner of practise , for want of knowledge whereof many errors both grow and continue in a Horses doings , from whence hath risen most of these imputatiōs , which are laid vpon this arte , making the abuse of the art & the art it selfe alone , I will before I proceed further giue you the fu● knowledge of these rules ; that you may be euer the better assured to make your worke perfit . The first therefore is to note well when your horse is first of al tramelled , & comes to strike forth his amble , whether he strike his feet home or no , that is , whether he doe not strike his hinder foot at least sixe inches farther then where he took vp his fore foote , as in the true rule of horsemāship he ought to do ( which horse amblers , cal striking ouer ) you shal then to amend that fault if it bee whilst your horse is trameled aboue the knee , then you shal make the cord of haire , which goes frō leg to leg , a ful inch shorter then it was , & it wil make him strike ouer , but if it do not at the first bring his feete to ouergoe one another , but as it were to tread step vpon step , that is , to set his hinder foot in the same place where his fore foote did stand , then you shall strayten the cordes a ful halfe inch more , & that will compel them to strike ouer verie sufficientlie . But if this fault of striking short doe not happen whilst the horse is trameled aboue knee , as for mine owne parte , I haue not often seene because the great liberty of his legs makes him naturallye treade forth & take long strides , but that it commeth after a horse is tramelled vnder the knee , which because of the greater cōmaundment , makes the horse treade more short & suddainly , then you shall onely but shorten each of the cordes a quarter of an inch , & it wil be sufficient : for a quarter of an inch when the tramell is in that part , is as much as if you did shorten it two whole inches when it restes vpon the vpper part , and will make a horse strike as far ouer ; also if in his ambling you help him by thrusting your legs hard forward stiffe vpon your stirrops , it wil make him bring on his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and strike much farther then otherwise hee The second obseruation which you shall keepe in your memorie , is to marke if your horse doe not erre in excesse of this former motion , which is to say , whether he doe not strike his feete to farre ouer , & take such vnreasonable long steps , that he both indangers to ouerthrow himselfe , and also in his ābling claps one foot vpon another , which is both noysome to the eare ; vncomely to the eie and verie hurtful both for the man and horse , for the man , if hee shall happen to fall , for the horse , if by clapping one foot vpō another , he either bruse or wound his heeles from whence many times growes dangerous diseases , where when at any time you perceiue this fault , you shal first by the temper of your hand carrying it a little straighter then ordmarie , and feeding the horses mouth with gentle motions , you shall make him treade shorter , which if he be a horse of fierce mettal he wil immediatelye doe without anye other helpe , for his owne pride and spirrit , ioynd with the temper of your hand , wil worke all the effect you can wish , but if hee bee a horse of sloathfull nature , and altogether giuen to the loosenesse of pace , then you shall as soone as hee will in anye reasonable good sorte amble in his tramels , put him to amble in rough waies , and after he is grown somewhat cunning therupon , you shall then ride him into some high way which in the winter time , hauing beene rutted & the prints thereof still , remaining in the ground all sommer , & there exercise him vp and downe for at the least an houre or two together , and doe thus thrice a day at least , & in one week beleeue it , you shall make him treade as orderly and as short as either your selfe can wish , or the easines of that ambling pace , may any way suffer without bringing either disgrace or hardnesse . The next obseruation you are to marke , is whether your horse in his amble doe not stradle or goe to wide with his hinder feet , which fault is most general and ordinary withal ambling horses whatsoeuer , but if you doe perceiue that naturally he inclines himselfe thereunto , you shall then for the preuention therof ( because if once he make it a custom it is almost impossible after to reclaime it ) ride him into some great road way , which hauing beene worne & rackt in the winter , wil haue a narrowe deepe path way worne a foote deepe and more ; & therein exercise your horse dayly till you perceiue him to amend his fault , and drawe his feet vnto a decent comelines , but if you cannot finde such a rutted way because for the most part they are proper but only to clay groundes , it shal not be amisse then if you get such a straight path or furrowe of some twentie or thirtie paces in length , beeing twelue inches deepe , and but sixeteene inches in breadth , and therein ride your horse being tramelled euerie day , till you beholde that his fault be amended ; But if it happen contrarie to this motion , you doe obserue that your horse goes to straight with his hinder legs , so that he doth enterfaire , or knocke one foote vppon another , which is a vice sildome found in an ambling horse , yet if at any time it be , it is moste insufferable , you shall then to amend it whilst you ride him with the Trammells , haue a small line made fast to the vpper part of his docke , which line shall runne through a long pipe of leather , made round and bigger then a mans arme , which pipe shall come from his docke betweene his hinder thighes , and with the other ende of the small line bee made fast to rhe garthes vnder the horses bellie , the fashion of which pipe and line is contayned in this figure following . With this line & lōg pipe you shal ride your horse whilst you vse your tramels , but whē you take away your tramels , & put on your wisps , then you shal also lay away this pipe & line ; & only be sure to make the wispes as thick again vpon the inside of the feet as vpon the outside , & there is no doubt to be made of the amendmēt of the euil , except it be a vice so proper & natural to the horses pace , that euen frō his first foaling he hath held it , thē your only remedy is after you haue laid by both tramells , pipes and wispes , to haue an expert Smith , who may shooe him continually with good enterfayring shooes , which if they bee made indeed with good art & courage , they wil keep him opē , & make him tread largely inough , the fashion & property of which shooes shall be shewd more largly in their proper places . The next obseruatiō you are to mark , is if your horse do not take his feet clean & nimblye from the ground , but sweep thē so closely alōgst the earth , that with stūbling & carelesnes , he oft indāgers both him selfe & his rider , thē you shal ride him with his tramels amōgst thistles , or amōgst short , yong gorsse , or whins , which pricking his legs , wil make him winde thē vp both decently & without fear of stūbling : also , if he be a horse of good corage , it is good now & thē to āble him ouer plowd lāds , or in plain smooth waies , at such time as the nights are darkest , so that the horse cānot discern his way : but if he only in his pace dash or strike his hinder toes vpō the ground , only take vp his fore feet in good order , thē you shal for a weeke or more , ride him with shoes behind , which shal haue little loose ringes Iingling behind in the spunges of the heeles , and they will make him take vp his feete sufficientlie , yet in any case you must take heede that you ride not your horse with these ringd shooes an houre longer then the amendment of his fault , least you make him take vp his hinder feet higher then you should doe , which is the spoyle of all ambling ; for I had rather beare with the lowe sweeping of his hinder feet , then with his too hie taking them vp : for the first is a great sign of an easie pace , & this latter is a most assured testimony of very hard treading , which being contrarie to the work you labour for , may by no meanes haue any tolleratiō . Wherfore for a conclusion of this worke if you do at any time obseru that your horse doth take vp his hinder feet to high , you shal thē make him weare his wisps so much the longer , and if need be , during the time of your teaching , cause the Smith to make your hinder shooes , a great deale the heauier , & thus by applying to these errors , the remedyes which are prescribed , you shall bring your horse to al the perfection & goodnes which can anye way belōg to this easie pace of ābling ; And if any other tutor in this art , shal either find fault with my precepts , or prescribe vnto you any other material rudimēts , which may in your iudgement runne in opposition with these which I haue published , my desire is , that out of the wisdome of an euen minde , and the true iudgement which shal issue from a labored experiēce ; to way & cēsure both our reasons , & neither out of will , nor loue to noueltie , become a prentise to any precepts but those which haue the greatest aliāce both with arte and reason ; for no man possible can haue that perfection either in this art or any other , which wilnot at sometimes bee accompained with error . And thus much touching mine experience in this easie Arte of ambling . The end of the fourth Booke CAVELARICE OR That parte of Arte which containeth the office of the Keeper Groome of the Stable , or Coach-man , how horses shall be ordered both when they rest and when they iourney : with all thinges belonging to their places . The fift Booke . LONDON Printed for Ed. White , and are to be solde at his shop nere the little North doore of Saint Paules Church at the signe of the Gun. 1607. To the moste noble and moste mightie Lord , Edward Earle of Worcester , Lord Herbert of Ragland , Chepstowe & Gower , maister of the Horse to his Maiestie & Knight of the moste noble order of the Garter . TWo strong motiues ( Right Honorable and moste noble Lord ) hath imboldned me to offer this part of my labours to your worthie protection ; first your owne not to be controled knowledge in all the best partes of the Arte ; and secondly your place which makes you the greate maister both of the best horses , and the best professors of the best Horse-manship ; and albe it may be obiected against mee that others of my countrie men haue done so excellentlye in this subiect , that mine will proue but a surcharge to memory , yet ( vnder thereformation of your Honorable fauour ) I suppose they are so much clad inforraine attire , that their precepts are fitter for reading then practise ; and truely for Grison and other of his ranke ( to whome is due all the worthie prayses that possibly can be giuen ) and whose memorie I both loue and admire this is mine opinion , that were they liuing at this houre , and saw but some of the horse men and horses of this nation , they would confesse that time and perfection had purgd their skils of many grosse deformities ; but of this your Lordship can better iudge by your owne knowledge thē by my relation therefore it shall be grace enough for me , if your honor vouchsafe the viewe of my paines , and please to number me amongst those which euer will be prest to doe your honor seruice . Geruase Markham . To al those which either ride vpon their owne horses or are acquainted with trauell . AS a horse was at the first created for mans vse & seruice , so I imagine in that creation it was intended that man should in his care and respect of the beast , after his iourney , shew both the thankfulnes of his nature , and the reward due for necessarie imployment : frō whence I gather ( and those which either haue beene mounted ●on Iades , or for want of gouernment haue had their horses faile them in their greatest needes ) can iudge , how necessarie a thing it is to knowe how a horse should bee ordered both in his iourneying & after the end of his labour , in which if I haue in this treatise following , giuen you such sufficient precepts as may both enable your horses , & discharge you of much care and fearefulnesse , I doubt not but whatsoeuer malignitie shall suggest against me , yet euerie vpright brest will both fortefie and defend me , & somuch the rather in that howsoeuer I may bee thought obscure , yet I knowe I shall not be found absurde . Farwell . G. M. CAVELARICE . The fift Booke . CHAP. 1. How Stables shall be made , the seate and commodities . FOr as much as al horses whatsoeuer , which be of any worth or estimation , are during the time of their seruiceablnesse for the moste part kept in the house , both because the time of the yere , when their seruice is most needefull , is in the winter season , and also because the vnrulinesse of stond Horses is so great , that they cannot be kept in order or good temper , if they be not continually vnder the commaundment of the keepers hand , I thinke it is fit before I proceede to the office of the keeper , to speake something touching the stable , and such benefits as should perfitlye belong thereunto ; wherefore first for the site or place where your Stable should stand , I would wish euerie Horse-maister , according to the abilitie of his power to place his stable vpon hard and drie ground , hauing a certaine assent or rysing , by meanes whereof conueyance may bee made with trenches or sinckes to carrie away the pisse , foule water , or other wet which shall fall about it . The ayre wherein it should stand , would as neare as you can be verie temperate and sweete , hauing no marrishes , or corrupt places about it , especiallye no Swine-sties , for the verie smelling and rubbing of swine will breede both the Farcie and other foule diseases . Adioyning to your Stable , you must euer haue either some good Well , Conduit or Pumpe , and also some faire Pond or running Riuer , the stuffe whereon you shall builde your Stable , would if your abilitie will stretch thereunto be eyther bricke or other rough stone , and the wall at least eighteene inches thicke , if you want bricke or stone , studde and plaister will serue , or if necessitie compell lome or lime and hayre , or any other stuffe which is warme and durable . Your stable would bee in proportion longer then broade , and not as some vse foure square , placing horses on both sides the house ; which is both ill and vncomely . The windowes of your stable must bee vpon that side the stable which answers to the horses buttocks , and would open vpon the east , that a horse may haue the morning Sun : and not as some aduise vpon the north , for though it bee tollerable for some one weeke in the Summer time , yet it will be moste vnwholsome for all the winter after : each windowe about the Stable must haue a close shut or false windowe of bordes that you may at your pleasure make the Stable as darke as you wil and as light as you will , the windowes also would bee glased that neither Birdes nor other foule may come therein , whose feathers are to a horse both vnwholsom , and sometimes poysonous ; in the midst of your stable in conuenient place , and against which you may make a lodging for your Groomes , I would haue you builde a hansome chimnie , where when occasion serues , as either in time of a horses sicknes or sorenes , when medicines are to be made , you may haue a fire , or for the warming , ayring , & drying of the horses cloathes , which at somtimes is as wholsome for him as his meate . Now for the plaunchers of your stable , I agree both with M. Blundeuill and Collumella , that they shold be of the best hart of Oake that can be gotten , but that they shold lye ( as they aduise ) sloping , which is to say , higher before thē behind , I am vtterlie against it , & holde it of al errors the grosest , as not to be tollerated in any place but in Smithfield and amongst Horse-coursers : for first it makes a horse in his standing rest somuch vpon his hinder legs , & that with such painfulnes , that it not onely makes him weake pasternd , but also bringes to his legs diseases and swellings : it makes a horse also that he cannot lye easily but taketh most of his rest standing , then which there is nothing more vnhealthful , wherfore in any case lay your plaunchers as leuel and euen as you can deuise to lay them , and in anye wise lay the boardes not length waies , that is , from the maunger streight downe to the grub tree , but lay them ouerthwart the horses stall , so that he may stand crosse the bordes : let the grub tree which lies at the neather part of the plaunchers against which the horse wil many times rest his hinder heeles be verie strong , and betwixt three or foure inches higher then the plaūchers , for the plaūchers must be laid euen , & not one board higher then another , yet they must not be so close ioyned together , but that the horses pisse & other moisture may runne through the creuises vnderneath the plaunchers . All along as your sleepers lye to which you pinne downe the boardes , must a Trench or sincke bee digged , of at least foure foote broad , and about three foote deepe , which may conuay away the horses pisse and other filthinesse , either into some by dyke or Channell ; the flore of your stable which is without your plaunchers , must bee euen with the verye height of your plaunchers , that if your horse atanie time shall goe backward off from the plaunchers , yet hee may still stand vppon a iust leuell . This flore would bee paued with round small pibble . At the vpper ende of your plaunchers you shall place your maunger , which would bee of verie strong boardes so artificially and close ioyned together that neither dust nor any thing how small soeuer , may scatter out of it . Now whereas certaine olde writers woulde haue euerie horse to haue a little small locker to himselfe , to eate his prouender therein , I for my part like it not , for a horse as hee eates his meate , will turne his head now and then of one side or other , and then hauing but as it were a little boxe to eate in , each time he lifts vp his head , hee will scatter the one halfe of his meate ; and againe , it is the delight & nature of a horse to spread his meate , as thinne as is possible , and so to eate with the better stomack , whereas when you lay it in a thicke heap together , he falles to loath it and refuse it ; you shall euer raise your maunger at least foure foote from the ground , and not haue it aboue nine inches deepe , for the higher your Maunger stands , the higher your horse will thrust and beare vp his necke , which will be a good help to his reyne and countenance , for howsoeuer it is an vse in Italie or alowed amongst some of our horsemen , that there should be no racke but that a horse should receiue all his meat downward towards his feet , therby not to strain his with putting it vpward ; yet I am of a contrarie opinion , and would haue a horse to stretch vp his heade aloft , & to pluck his hay out of a Rack aboue him , knowing that such putting vp of his head dooth mend his comelinesse and that taking his hay out of his Racke , doth not with blowing vppon it make it so soone loathsome ; as for the supposition of the filth or dust which shold fal into the horses maine , it is verie idle : for if the Racke be plac'd right , some small dust ( if there bee any ) may fall vpon the horses nose , but his maine it can neuer touch ; wherfore I would haue the Racke to be placed of a proporcionable height , answerable to the stature of ordinarie horses , and let it stand somewhat vpright , leaning as little forwarde as may bee . When thus your planchers are laid , and your Racke set vp , you shall diuide your stable into seuerall stalles , to the intent that euerie horse may lie by himselfe , and those stalles shall be diuided at the neather endes with great postes . And if the stable be for great horses , or yong colts , then from each post to the manger , shall goe a rounde peece of timber , which hang either in writhen chaines , cordes , or strong thongs of leather , so that it may swinge which way a man will haue it , which will keepe horses from striking one at another : or if they doe strike , they will defend the blowes : but if the stable be for hunting horses , or else running horses , then I would haue you to boorde euerie seuerall particion from the great poste vp to the manger , euen so hie before that the horse may not looke ouer it , as well for the warmenesse thereof , as also that one horse may not gaze , smell , ney , or trouble one another , all for hunting horses , and running horses , you shal line also the walles which are before their face with boords , so that they may not gnaw vpon the walles , or licke vpon the lime , which is suffocating & vnwholsome ; vpon the outside of each post you shall haue placd strong hookes of iron , on which you shall hang euery seuerall horses bridle , his cauezan & watring snaffle ; then you shall haue vpō each side of the post fastned in with staples , round rings of iron , to which whē you put on your horses watring snaffle , you shall tie him vp whilest you dresse him ; then all alongst the other side of the stable betweene the windowes , shal be placed strōg peeces of timber , on which you may hang euery horses ordinatie saddle , thē shall you haue in another place great presses , in which shall be stored all better furniture ; then shall you haue shelues whereon to lay your curry combs , maine combes , dressers , rubbers , hairecloathes , & other clensing cloathes , both wollen and linnen ; in other conuenient places of the stable shal be placed close binggs , or hutches for the keeping of prouender , the stable would be seeld ouer head , either with plaister , or lime and haire : in the middest of the stable , or according to the largenesse of the stable , I would haue either one , two , or three lanthornes to hang so as they may giue a sufficient light ouer all the stable . Now for the generall vse of your stable , whatsoeuer Vegetius , or other auntient Italians write , to disswade you from keeping it close and warme , as supposing that it breeds raw disgestion , hurts nature , and ingenders many diseases , yet I would haue no English Gentleman to hold the rule imitable , for we dayly find out of our experiences , in keeping hunting and running horses , that there is nothing more healthfull , or breedes in a horse greater strength or abilitie to performe much then the keeping of the stable in a temperate and proportionable warmnesse ; but whereas they say noysome vapors and smels in a stable are vnwholsome ; to that I agree and woulde wish euerie groome that loues his reputation to keep his stable as sweete and as neate as is possible by any labour to bee effected , and to that ende I would haue all those which are keepers of running or hunting horses , whose stronger kind of foode makes their ordure to smell so much the vileder , neuer to be without Storax , and Beniamen , and twise a day at least by burning some vpon a Chaffingdish and coales to perfume the stable , which to the horse is both wholsome , and delightfull . It is the part of euerie diligent and carefull keeper , to haue all his implements , and whatsoeuer he shall neede about his horse , to be placed in fit and conuenient places , that when he shall stand in need of anie of them , hee may readily finde them : hee shall not suffer any thing whatsoeuer to be throwne amongst the prouender , or to lie vpon his hay : for a Horse will finde dislike at the least sente whatsoeuer . Many other obseruations there are for a diligent keeper , all which shall in their proper places be amplie prescribed vnto him . CHAP. 2. Of a trauelling horses meate , and the seuerall kindes and vses . ACcording to the opinion of the ancient Italian writers ( whom I did euer read more for knowledge then practise ) the foodes which belōg to horses are very many & diuersly cōpounded , as grasse , hay , straw , oates , barley , wheat , and fitches : or , peace fitches , beanes , & wheat-bran mixt all togither , or common hors-bread which is made of ordinarie chissel , or bran●knodden with water , and the loaues in some places are rould in spelted beanes . Now for the propertie of these foodes ; first the Grasse questionlesse is nourishing during the time of sommer , whilest the strength of the Sun abides within it , & is food good inough for ordinary trauelling horses , but for sto●d horses of great pride and courage it is somewhat too cold and moyst , and therefore onely to be giuen phisically , as for a month together in the beginning of sommer , only to scowre them , which is called the soyle time , and if when you giue them grasse , you giue them blades of greene corne , it is passing good also . Hay is nourishing , and fil●s out the bodie , yet it must haue some other prouender ioyned with it , or else by reason of the drinesse thereof , it will neither nourish sufficiently , nor disgest in conuement time , but lying in the horses bodie , make his bellie greate and vnfashionable . Straw is a hot drie food , and neither nourisheth nor filleth , therefore it is onely to be giuen but seldome , as when a horse is new taken from grasse , or when hee is in strait diet for running ; more for the clensing and scowring of their teeth , then for any other sustenance . Oates are exceeding nourishing , light of disgestion , and ingendreth the best blood , and whatsoeuer either Galen , or any of the Italians write , wee finde it by dayly proofe , the best food that can bee continually giuen to a horse . Now of Oates there bee three kindes ; one is a great white Oate , the other a great blacke Oate , and the third a short yellow Oate , called a cut Oate , and although some of our English authors prefer the black oat for the best , yet I assure you the great white Oat which is full , and heauie , is the best and most nourishing , of which kinde I haue seene in Darbishire some which haue ( within a verie little ) waide as heauie as wheate , next the greate white Oates , the yellow cu● Oate is to bee esteemed , and the last is the blacke Oate , for of all the three kindes it is the lightest and least substantiall . Now there is a fourth kinde of Oate , which is a Skeg Oate , which is a small light naughtie Oate , and indeede is fit for pulien rather then horses , for it is but one smal degree better then Chaffe . Barley is colde and drie in the opinion of Phisitians , but according to the naturall working of horses , wee finde it hot , drie , and vnsauerie , it nourisheth not at all , but makes a horse thirstie , full of heart burning and subiect to faintnesse . Now if any man demaund if it haue those faults why it is vsed so much in Italy , I answere , that their Barlye and ours is of a contrary nature , and doth not offend so much , yet neither of them both to be esteemed for good prouender , where oates are to be got . Wheat is the greatest nourisher , but yet a foode that of all other a horse will soonest loath and forsake , for it suffocates and clo●es the stomack ; I haue not knowne it vsed in any place but in Spaine amongst the Ienets , nor wold I haue it to be vsed at all , for it is neither needefull for the horse , nor profitable for the owner , if it bee not onely in the time of sicknes . Fitches are a ranke grosse foode , ingendering corrupt blood , and vnwholsome humors , and if they bee not well dride before they be giuen to a horse , they will breed the pestilence & burning feauers . Pease are a pursie & stopping foode , filling vp the wind-pipes , and disabling the horse in trauell ; if they be not exceeding well dried , they breede in a horse the bots , grubs , and all sortes of wormes , together with paine in the stomacke , lunges , and generally all ouer a horses intralles . Beanes are nourishing and strong , and highly to be preferd before Pease or Fitches , because if they be giuen to a horse , when they are well dryed they breed good blood , and are more light of disgestion , yet whensoeuer they are giuen they must be mingled with Oates , for to giue them simply of themselues ; they are somwhat too cloying , and offend a horse in his eating . Now for mingling Pease , Beanes , Fitches and wheate branne together , it is a moste vnwholsome prouender , for there is corruption in the Fytches , pursiuenesse in the Pease , & fulsomenesse in the Beanes , ioynd vnto a moste scalding and vnnaturall heate in the Bran , so that I would wish all that loue their horses not to loue this kinde of foode . Now lastly for common horse breade , which is made of nothing but chissell or branne backt , it is neither nourishing nor yet wholsome , but is the originall cause of many filthie diseases , as I haue shewd at large in a former treatise , so that were all Horsemen and trauellers of my mind ; either Bakers should compound their breade better , or neuer sell any to Inne or Stable , for I will stande to it , that bread made of a the dust of a milne or a barne-flore is as wholsom as any that I haue seene come from a common Baker . Now out of these seueral prouenders to shew you which is best , for which purpose , you shal vnderstand that for your horse for seruice in the warres , or the horse kept for hye way trauelling , or long iourneyes , your best prouender is Beanes and Oats wel kilne dride & mingled together , as thus , to euerie bushell of Beanes two bushell of Oates ; For the hunting or running horse , clean Oats well kilne dride , or breade made of cleane beanes , as is shewed in the booke of hunting : For the cart or plowe horse , Pease , Beanes , & Fitches mixt with Barley chaffe , as thus , to a pecke of Pease , Beanes , and Fytches , at least a bushell of Barley chaffe . For the horse that is kept for sale and is in the hands of the Horse-courser , if he be fat , the best foode is a fewe pease or Beanes mixt with oate hulles which are taken from oates when you make Oate-meal , but if he be leane , olde , or lacke teeth , then either boilde barley whilst it is sweet , or else boild bucke , for both these feede suddainly though corruptly . Now for the quantitie which you shall allow ; I thinke for great Horses , or Princes or Gentlemens priuat saddle ho●ses , which euer should be kept as fat and faire as may be , that two pecks a day is the best proportion ; for the ordinarie trauelling Gelding a pecke a day is sufficient , and for the Cart or draught horse , your measure must be to fil his bellie before his worke , and after his worke , or else he will giue ouer his labour . Now if there happen into your charge eyther Turkes , Ienets , Arabians or other countrie horses , which haue beene vsed to other foodes then these which we imploy in England , you shall first as neare as you can , either by inquirie of those which formerlye had the keeping of such horses , or by proofes in your owne practise , learne what foode the horse best likes , and in what sorte he hath beene before kept , and if you dislike either his food or keeping , you shall not alter him suddainlye , but by little and little bring him to that dyet you shall finde best for his bodie . CHAP. 3. Of the seuerall kindes of Waters , which is best and which is worst . HAuing in mine imagination tolde you sufficientlie what foode or meate is best , and moste naturall for a horses bodie , it resteth now that wee tell you what drinke also is fittest , which by the opinion of all men , & the rule both of kinde and custome is onely water . Now for as much as there be diuers and sundry kindes of waters , as namely the cleare spring , or fountaine , the Pond , and the running riuer , and for asmuch as euerie one of these according to their scituations so doe alter in their properties , as the fountaine which dooth come from the rocke is smallest and moste scowring ; that which comes from chalke , limestone , or salt-water moste nourishing , & that which comes from brimstone or Sulphure most corrupt & poysonous : so of Ponds that is fed by afresh spring is smallest , that which is fed by the land flood best nourishing , and that which is onely maintaind by rayne water is most infectious . Lastly of riuers , that which come from a cleare spring , and runnes vpon sand or pibble , beeing verie shallowe is euer the sharpest : that which in his running clenseth common shoares , and beares away corruption is the best feeder : but that which is deep , muddy , comes from bogs , and runnes slowest , is naught and offenciue . Wherefore if your horse be fat or subiect to grosenes , your best water is either the Spring which comes from the rocke , the Pond which is fedde by a fresh fountaine , or the shallowe brook which runnes vpon pibble , for they clense the bodi ; and reines purge the kidneys , and coose the blood if it bee inflamed : but if your horse be leane , olde or tender , then your best water is either the fountaine which comes from chalke , limestone , or from the seas saltnesse . The ponde which comes of the land flood being cleared by standing , or the riuer which clensing cities or great townes , makes himself cleare with his running ; for these hauing in them a mixture , or compounded strength , are the pleasantest and most nourishing . In the sommer season your running fountaine is the best , for it is the coolest , and in the winter your deepe Well water is best , for it is the warmest . Now there bee of our English writers which would haue your horse to drinke verie much ; and if hee bee not naturally inclined thereunto , to rubbe his mouth with salt and wine , to make him thirstie ; but it is a most vilde precept , for the lesse a horse drinkes at one time , the better it is , for many surfeits are taken by drinke , but few or none for want , and therefore if you see your horse subiect to drinke much , you shall then water him the oftner , that he may not drink much at once . To gallop and chafe a horse gently after his water , is the wholsomest motion that may be , for it keeps him from cold , and dropsies , and disperseth the cold vapor of the water through his bodie , and recouers his stomacke . Now for letting your horse stand any long time in the water vp to the knees , as many horsmen doe , I for mine owne part like it not , for it numbs and cooles the legs too much & makes the horse apter to surbait : only whē you shall perceiue your horses codds or sheath to swell , then I would if it be in the heate ofsommer haue you to swim your horse once a day either ouer some deepe riuer or in some deepe pond ; but if it be in the winter , then I would only haue you to bath his cods & sheath with cold water in the stable . Now lastly , if you haue the charge of great horses , who out of their coragious spirits are not easilye to bee led , the best is euer to water thē in the house : but if your charge be of iourneying geldings , then t is best watring them abroad , and to chase them a little in your hād vp & down after their water . And thus much for water and the vses . CHAP. 4. Of the dressing combing , and currying of horses , and of their diet in the time of rest . TO enter into any phisicall distinctions or allusions of dressing and currying horses , cōparing thē with the six seueral kinds of frictions belonging to mans body , or to repeat vnto you vse-lesse obseruations , prescribed by the anciēt Italians , which neither agree with our clime nor the conditions of our horses , were a labor vaine , and a greate depriuing of the industrious keeper of his best knowledges ; wherefore that I may in the plainest maner I can , vnfold what necessary precepts belōg to the office , I thinke it not amisse to begin after this maner : First after your horse is taken into the house , you shall put vpon his head a strong coller of broad double leather , with two reynes of leather , or els round writhen chaines with short links running easily through holes made for the purpose in the vpper great tree of the maunger , in such sort that when the horse puts downe his head , the chaines may fall downe to the ground ; and when he thrusts vp his heade , they may rise to the top of the maūger : now the first night that your horse is brought into the house , you shal onely giue him a bottle of wheate straw into the rack , and so let him stand without litter , or any thing els for that night he will doe nothing but emptie his belly of grasse . The next day about nine of the clocke in the morning , you shall take a double rope made of wheate straw twound exceeding hard together , and with it rub his head , face , necke , breast , body , bellie , buttocks , and legges , then you shall giue him as much water as he will drinke ( and a fresh bottle of wheate straw if the other be eaten ) and so let him stand till foure of the clocke in the euening , at which time , as you did in the morning , so you shall then rubbe him ouer with newe ropes of strawe : then water him , giue him fresh strawe into his racke , and let him stand till eight a clocke at night , at which time you shall take a great bo●tell of wheate straw , and spread it vnder his bodie , laying it thickest before his fore-legges , both because his heade may haue as it were a pillowe to rest vppon , and also because horses naturallye will with their fore-legges put the straw backewarde . This is called littering of Horses : and when you haue thus done , you shall let him rest till the next morning . The third day I woulde haue you come to your Horse at seauen of the clocke in the morning , and the first thing you doe after you haue opened your Windowes , and washed your owne handes , you shall take a shakeforke , that is to say a forke of wood without any iron about it , and with it you shall shake vp and thrust backeward all the horses dung , and wet litter , putting it from the planchers ; then you shall shake vppe all the drie litter which is vnsoylde , forwarde : and with your shakeforke thrust it vppe as hard as may bee vnder the maunger ; then with a shouell well shodde with yron for the purpose , you shall shouell away all manner of filthinesse from the planchers , and then with a beesome either of Birch , or Broome , you shall sweepe the planchers and stable so cleane as is possible , and so gathering all the filthinesse into one place , put it eyther into a Barrow , or Basket , and carrie it into such backe places as are for such a purpose . This done , you shall bring into the stable a Peale-full of faire water , and place it hard by the hinder part of the stall where the horse stands : then you shall take a watering snaffle , and a headstall , and after you see that the snaffle is cleane without dust or filthinesse , you shall dippe it into the peale of water , and then put it into the Horses mouth , and so turning him about , that hee may stande with his heade where his tayle did stande , you shall with a seperated reyne tye vppe the Horse to the two Ringes , which are fastned into the postes of each side him : this done , you shall take your rope of strawe well twound together , and therewith first rubbe the Horses face and cheekes all ouer , then with your finger and your thumbe , you shall twitch away all those long and stiffehayres which grow close aboue his vpper eye brees , and close vnderneath his neather eye brees , for they hinder sight : you shall likewise pull away all those long haires which growe about his nostrelles , vnderneath his chappes , and downe his necke to his breast ; then as you did before , you shall first rubbe the right side of his necke , his brest , right shoulder , and right legge , the right side of his bodie and bellie , the right buttocke and the right legge , and then you shall goe to the left side , and in althings do as you did vpon the right side . This done , you shall take a greate Spunge , and hauing put it into the water , you shall take it foorth , and presse it a little , then therewith you shall rubbe ouer your horses face , then lay by the spunge , and with your handes rubbe his face till it be as drie as may be , then wash your handes cleaneagaine , for there will come much filth and durtinesse from the horse ; and take the wet spunge and rubbe the right side of his necke therwith ; then with your hand rub that parte drie againe also , and thus rubbing euerie seuerall part of his bodie with the wet spunge as you did with the twound strawe roape , and drying them againe with your hands , you shall bring away all the loose haires which are about his bodie : this done , you shall picke his sheath cleane from all durtinesse , and you shall wash his cods and make his yarde cleane , then you shall lift vp his docke , and with a cleane cloath rub his ●uell and the particion of his haunches , then you shall take hogs grease , soote , and a little tarre mixt together , & dipping a cloath therein , annoint all his foure hoofes , or for want of it , you may rubbe his hoofes with the vpper skinne of bacon for it is verie good also ; then you shall take a yarde of haire-cloath , and rubbe his head , necke , brest , bodie , buttockes and legs all ouer therewith , after it take a housing cloath made of Sack-cloath of such largenesse , that it may lappe ouer before his brest , and with a sursingle both broad and flat , gird it about him , putting halfe a dozen soft wispes betwixt the cloath , and the sursingle vpon the top of his backe , and halfe a dozen likewise betwixt the cloath , and the sursingle of each side of his heart iust behinde the elbowes of the horse , which doe not onely keepe the horse warme , but withall defend the sursingle from pinching or galling , if it bee either hunting horse , or running horse you keepe , then you shall for warmenesse sake wispe the sursingle round about , yet you must be verie circumspect that your wispes be made verie soft , great and flat , & not as I haue seene amongst some that are esteemed cunning , so little & so hard twisted together ; that after a horse hath bene laide down , you may see the print of his wispes in his sides when he is bared , which both puts the horse to great paine and makes him more vnwilling to lie downe when he is wearie . Now there be some in this land which cannot indure to haue their horses cloathed at a ; & therfore happily wil dislike this precept of mine for the cloathing of Horses , saying it makes horses too tender , & takes frō thē abilitie of induring hardnes , to them I say they are exceedinglye much deceiued , for it is only those hard customes which makes thē vnable to indure any hardnes at al , & the reason therof is this , that nature by such hardnes , & extremity being put to her vttermost force & strength , to maintain her liuelyhood , whē that hardnes at any time is exceeded , she presētly faints & forgoes alher vigor & vertue ; as thus for example : it is as much as nature can wel doe to maintain a horse in any good state & strength , without cloathes in the stable : if then by extremity he come to be compeld to liue without cloathes in the fielde in the extremitie of cold & bitter weather , hauing indured his vttermoste before , now feeling it exceeded , he presently growes faint , sick , & oft times dyes suddainly , whereas on the contrarie parte , when nature is cherrisht & fortefied by the helpe of housing , cloathing and such like , he gathers that strength and powerfulnesse that no extreamitie can daunt him , the experience wherof we see dayly amongst hunting horses , & in their extreame matches . Againe , to come to a more familiar example , let vs looke into our owne constitutions , what creature is kept more hard , both for hunger and colde then the plowe Clowne , and who more daintie & voluptuous●e then the Gentleman ? yet bring them both to one equall extreamitie , and one Gentleman will both indure and bee seruisable , when a hundred Clownes will die like sheepe in a rotte yeare , because the straightnesse of their liues keept Nature euer leane and in weakenesse : and of this , when I was a poore commaunder in the warres , I euer tooke a principall notice , and held it for a maxime , that the more choice eyther man or Horse is kept in the time of rest , the more hee shall be able to indure in the time of trouble . When you haue cloathd your horse vp as is before specified , If hee bee a Horse of anye esteeme , it shall bee good if you haue a hood for his head and necke made of Sack-cloath also , which you shall tye to the noseband of his collor , and to that parte of the Sursingle , which is ouer his backe : when all this is doone , if hee bee a horse that will not bee quietlye lead abroad , then you shall bring him a pealefull of verie faire water , and let him drinke his fill , then hauing both with a hard wispe , and a cleane cloath made his maunger verie cleane , you shall take off his Snaffle and turne him to the maunger , then washing the Snaffle and hauging it vppe , take halfe a pecke of Oates , and putting them into a meale siffe , dust them verie cleane , and giue them to the horse to eate , then put a bottle of Wheate-strawe into his racke ; sweepe the plaunchers and stable verie cleane again , then lock vp the dore & let him rest till it be twelue a clock . At twelue a clocke you shall come into the stable , & first you shal make cleane the stable & plaunchers : thē dipping his watering Snaffle in some faire water , you shall put it on his head , and turne him about as you did in the morning ; then you shall take a sharpe payre of colling sheares and colle the inside of both his eares , as close to the skinne as may bee , and the vpper parte of his maine next his eares , from the noddle or Crowne of his head downward into his maine , for the bradth of three fingers , if hee bee a greate horse or trauelling gelding , but if he be either hunting or running horse , then for the length of sixe inches , both because his hayres shall not flie about his face as he gallops , and so trouble him , nor yet cause him to sweate about his eares , to which a horse is too much subiect . When you haue cold his eares and maine , you shall then looke about his chaps , and if he be subiect to much haire or roughnesse in those partes , you shall then clippe it close away that thereby you may the easilyer feele the kirnels , and grosse matter which is about the roots of his tongue , by which you know when a horse is cleane , when not cleane , when he hath a colde & whē no colde . Lastly , you shal take his taile in your hand , & stretching it down straight by his hinder leg with your sheares , clip it close by the vpper part of his hinder heele , then taking a wet maine combe , & a wet spunge-combe , first his fore top downe , then his maine , and lastly the vpper part of his taile from the setting on therof , to the vttermost end of the short haires . When this is done , & your stable swept and made cleane againe , it will bee at least past three a clocke , at which time I would haue you fetch in a cleane peale of water , and place it as you did before , then put your great spunge therein , and your main-comb also ; then lay your writhen straw roapes , and your hayre-cloath in some place adioyning vnto you , then pull your wispes one by one from your sursingle , and open euerie wispe , and mixe the straw with the litter , & not as sloathfull keepers doe , make your wispes last a weeke together , so that a horse had as good lie vpon stones , as vppon such wispes ; then you shall vnbuckle your sursingle , and roule it vppe , that it may bee flat and smoothe , then take off his cloath , and going fourth of the stable , shake it , and dust it verie wel , then lapping it vp , lay it by , & as you did dresse , trim , and picke your horse in the morning , so shall you without fayling in any one point dresse him in the euening , and cloath him againe as before , then combe down his fore-top , his maine , & the vpper part of his taile , with a wet maine-combe ; then water him , and giue him prouender , make cleane your stable and plaunchers , giue him straw into his racke , and so let him rest till eight a clock at night , at which time you shal litter him , and so let him rest till nextmorning . These three daies being spent in this order , your horse will haue emptied all his grasse , and his bellie will bee taken vp well within his ribbes , so that now you may both alter his keeping and dressing ; wherefore the fourth day by sixe a clocke in the morning , I would haue you come into the Stable , and as you did the former daies , first shake vp his litter , and make both cleane his racke and maunger , bring in your cleane water , wet his watering Snaffle , put it on his head , turne him about , tie him vp , pluck out his wispes , folde vp his sursingle , and take off his cloath : then you shall take a Currie-combe made answerable to the coate and skinne of your horse , as thus : if your horse haue a thicke rough coate and a foule skinne , then the teeth of your Currie combe shall bee made somewhat long and sharpe , if his coate bee smoothe , and his skinne cleane , then the teeth shall keepe their length , but be fyld verie blunt , but if his coate be like a Mouse-coate exceeding thinne and smoothe , and his skin verie tender , as for the moste part , Barbaries , Ienets , and Turkes are , then the teeth shall be verie thicke , yet both short and blunt . With your Currie-combe in your right hand , and your face being placd against your horses face , you shall lay your ▪ left hand vpon the side of his bridle , and fetching your stroak from the roote of the horses eare , to the setting on of his necke to his shoulder , you shall currie him with a good hard hand , not leauing anye part of his necke vncurryed , then turning your face about , and placing the side of your bodie to the side of the Horse , laying your left hand vppon his backe , you shall fetch your stroake from the toppe of his withers , downe to the neather parte of the pitch of his shoulder , and at euery second or third stroake , you shall strike your combe before and about his brest , and thus you shall with a more moderate and temperate hand , currye his shoulder , halfe brest and legge downe to his knee , but in anye wise no lower ; then you shal with a like moderate hand , currye his backe , side , flanke and that part of his bellie where his garthes rest , as for the chine of his backe , and the barre parte of his bellie nexte vnto his sheath , that you shall currie with such a gentile and light hand as is possible ; then with a hard hand againe you shall currye all his buttocke and thigh close downe to his Cambrels but no further : hauing do one thus much vppon one side , you shall then currie him as much vppon the other side . Now you shall obserue , that whilst you currie your horse , if hee keepe● fridging vp and downe , or offer to bite , strike , or bee impatient , that then it is a signe your currie combe is too sharpe , and you must amend it , but if you finde his vncomelinesse onelye proceedes from ticklishnesse or delight , which hee takes in the friction , you shall then euer when you currye him haue a smal sticke in your left hand , & with it correct him for his wantonnes . Hauing thus curried him all ouer the bodie , and raysd vp the dust , you shall then take a dead horse tayle naild about a handle of wood , and with it strike off all the dust which your currie combe raised vp : then you shall take a round rubber , which rubber is a round peece of woode all stucke as thicke as may bee with round tuftes of Swynes bristels cut close and euen within a strawe bredth or more of the woode , and hauing a loope of leather on the backe side , through which you must thrust your hand , so that the rubber may lye in the verie ball of your hand . This rubber ( but that it is round and the bristles shorter ) is in all pointes like a common rubbing brush with bristles , such as are vsd about foule garmēts : with this rubber you shall curry your Horse ouer in all pointes as you did with your curry combe , onelye your hand shall carrie all one weight and temper , and if your horse be so finely skind that he will not indure any curry combe at all ( as there be many ) then this rubber shal serue instead thereof . When you haue thus gone ouer him with your rubber , you shall then with your horse tayle strike away the dust the seōnd time ; then you shal take your wette spunge , and first wetting his face and cheekes , you shall then with your handes rubbe it drye againe , and not leaue whilst you discerne a loose hayre to come away : then you shall looke about his eyes , his nostrels , vnder his chaps , and about his foretoppe , and if you finde anye superfluous hayres or otherwise , which growe out of order , you shall eyther plucke them away , or with your Sizers cut them in order . This doone , you shall with your wet spunge and your handes goe cuer all his bodie , not leauing whilst anye loose hayres will come away ( as was declared vnto you in the third dayes dressing ) you shall with your wette handes rubbe his eares , both within and without also , first making them wet , and then rubbing them drie againe● you shall also not omit with your wette handes , to clense his sheath , his yarde and his cods . This done , you shall take a cleane wollen cloath of cotten , and there withall beginning at his face , you shall so proceede and rubbe the horses necke and bodie all ouer , especiallye betweene his forelegs or fore-boothes , vnder his bellie , betweene his flanke and his bodie , and vpon the chine of his backe ; then you shall take a hayre cloath , and therewithal rub him al ouer likewise , but especiallye in the places before rehearsed : this beeing done , you shall spreade your hayre-cloath ouer his buttocks , & then lay on his cloath vpō him againe , & hauing girded the sursingle , you shall stop him with wisps as was before declared : then you shall take a wet maine-comb & combe downe his fore-toppe , his maine and his taile , then you shall take a peale of faire water , and putting his taile therein close to his midde sterne or docke , you shall with your hands wash it verie cleane , then taking it out of the peale , you shal wring out al the water from the haire into the peale againe , then you shall tye vp his taile in ten or twelue seuerall hankes , that it may drie againe ; this done , you shall take such hard writhen straw-roapes , as was before declared , rub and chaffe exceedingly both his forelegs from the knee downward , euen to the crownets of his hoofes , and likewise his hinder leggs from the cambrels to the hoofes also , picking and rubbing his fewterlockes with your fingers , leauing neither dust , durt , nor anie skirffe within them , then rub both with the roapes & with your hande his pasternes betwixt his fetlockes and his heeles , then take a hayre cloath kept onelie of purpose and as you rubd his legs with the hard roapes , so rub them with the hayre-cloath also , then take vp his feete , and with an Iron made for the purpose , picke all his foure feet betweene the shooes and his hoofes as cleane as may be , then stop them close and hard either with cow dung , or else with hogs-grease and branne molten together ; then anno● the outside and cronets of his hoofes with the ointment before declared , then washing your hands clean combe down his maine & taile with a wet maine comb , then water him , and so turne his head to the maunger , and put on his collar , then if he be a great horse , you shall sift in a siffe halfe a pecke of Pease and Oates mingled , or else cleane Oates , which is the fourth part of his allowance , and the maunger being made cleane , giue them him to eate , but if he be but an ordinarie Gelding , then a quarter of a pecke is sufficient , which is the fourth parte of his allowance also , and whilst he is eating his prouender you shall make him a bottle of sweete hay somewhat bigger then a pennie botle in an Inne , and put it into the racke , then sweeping the stable cleane , you may let your horse rest till noone . Now if it bee either hunting horse or running horse that you keepe , you shall when you are readie to depart out of the stable put downe the litter vnder your horse , and then shutting the windows close , depart : In which absent time you must busie yourselfe in making your hay bottles , or strawe bottles for litter , or if your horse be too fat & pursie , by blending wheate-strawe and hay together for your horse to eate , or prouiding such necessarie implements as are to bee vsed in the stable . At twelue a clocke at noone you shall come into the stable , and first hauing swept it , & made it verie cleane , you shall then take a faire linnen cloath , white washt , and therwith first rubbe your horses face and necke , then turning vp his cloath , rubbe downe his buttocks , his flankes , and leskes , then turne his cloath downe againe , and then with warme beefe broth ( which is ( euer wanting in great mens houses ) bathe his foreleggs from the knee downeward , and his hinder legges from the cambrel downeward , but if you want beefe broth thē take Traine-oyle , Sheepes-foot oyle , or Neates-foot oyle , for any of them is verie soueraine , either if your horses legs be stiffe & vnnimble , or if they be subiect to swel , or if his grease haue beene molten into them . When this is done , you shal sift him into a siue another halfe pecke or quarter of a pecke of oates , according to your allowance , and giue them him to eate ; then hauing made cleane the stable , let your horse rest till three a clocke in the afternoone . Now you shall vnderstand , that if your horse be of a tender and daintie stomack , and that he is verie apt to growe gaunt , & to loose his belly , or if he be leane , then I would haue you to offer your horse at noone a little water also , but not otherwise ; at three a clocke in the after noone I would haue you assoone as you haue made your stable cleane , to vncloath your horse , and to currie , rubbe , pick , dresse and trimme your horse in euerie point as you did in the morning : then to water him , and to giue him another fourth part of his allowance of prouender , and another bottle of hay , and so to let him rest till eight a clock at night , at what time you shal come to him-and in al points as you vsd him at twelue a clock at noone , so you shall vse him at that time ; then putting downe his litter , & making his bed , & giuing him the last fourth part of his allowance of prouender , & hay to serue him for all night , let him rest til the next morning . After the order that you haue spent this day , you shal spend euerie day whilst your horse rests without exercise , that is to say , dressing him twice a day , morning and euening , and feeding him foure times a day that is , morning , noone , euening and night , as for his water it must be according to the constitution of his body : If he be fat and foule , twice a day is sufficient : if of reasonable temper thrice : if leane and weake , then foure times . Euerie keeper shall obserue by no meanes to come to his horse suddainely or rashlye , but first to giue him warning by crying ware I say , or Holla , or such like wordes : he shall neuer come or stand directly behinde a horse , but alwaies vpon one side or other ; if your horse be of bolde or fierce courage , you shall euer keepe a paire of pasternes made of strōg double leather , & linde with cottē , put through two tournels fixt to a chaine 12. inches lōg , abouthis foure legs vnderneath his fetlockes : if your horse haue a qualitie that hee will either teare his cloath or pull his wispes out of his sursingle , you shal then tie a lōg staffe alongst his neck , the one end being made fast to his coller , hard by the roots of his eare , the other end to the sursingle close by the vpper wispes , so that he cānot writhe or turn his head backward ; if your horses maine be too thick or ilfauouredly growne , you may with a tasler made of Iron with three or foure teeth , make it both as thinne as you please , and lay it vpon which side of his necke you please . And thus much for the dressing and trimming of a horse , during his time of rest : which method if you diligently obserue , you shal bee sure to haue his coate as smoothe and sleeke as glasse , and his skinne so pure and cleane , that ( did you rubbe him therwith ) he would not staine a garment of veluet . CHAP. 5. Of a Horses labour or exercise , and how he shall be ordered when he is iourneyed . VNder this title of Exercise I intēd to figure those moderate and healthfull motions which increasing the naturall heate of those mouing partes which sustaine the body , giue both strength and liuely hood to all the inward Organs and vessels of life , as when a man either for his owne practise , or to continue his horse in those lessons which he hath formerly learnt , or when hee would procure his horse an apetite , or giue him the benefit of the fresh aire , he doth in the morning ride him not till hee sweate , but till hee haue brought him to the point of sweating , and this exercise doth the moste belong to great horses trained for seruice in the warres . Now vnder this title of Labour , I comprehend al necessarie trauell or iourneying , wherein being drawne by our worldly businesse we are forc'd to trauell our horse both to the decay or hazard either of his strength or courage . Now for these two , namely Exercise which doth the more it is vsed bringe the horse more strength & vigor ; & labour which the more it is vsed , the weaker & fainter it makes him , doth belong two seuerall orders of gouernment or keeping ; if therefore your charge be the keeping of a greate horse whose exercise is but to bee ridden an houre or two euerie other morning , you shall thus prepare him therunto : at eight a clocke at night , which is the night before your horse is to be exercised ; after you haue made cleane your stable , rubbed your horse with your cloathes , and littered him , you shall then sift him a double allowance of prouender , that is to say , that which is due to him at that time , and also that which hee shoulde haue the next morning ; then looke what hay you did ordinarily allow him other nightes , you shall nowe giue him halfe so much this night , and so let him rest till fiue of the clocke the next morning , at what time as soone as you rise ( hauing made cleane your stable , ) and put vppe his litter , you shall wette his watring snaffle , and put it on , and turne him about , then loosing his sursingle , and taking off his cloath , first with a hairecloath rub his face , necke , and bodie , all ouer , then with a wollen cloath , and a linnen cloath doe the like , especiallye rubbe his legges passing well ; then take his Saddle , hauing three garthes , and a paire of sufficient stirroppes , and stirroppe leathers , and set it vpon the horses back in the due place , that is ( if the horse bee not low before ) rather more forwarde then backwarde , and gyrde it on in this manner : take the garth which is fast to the formost tabbe of the right side , and buckle it to the hindmost tabbe on the left side , and the hindmost garth on the right side to the formost tabbe on the left side , and the middle garth to the middle tabbe on both sides , and this is called crosse gyrding , being the comeliest , surest and least hurtfull manner of gyrding , for it galles the least , and holdes the saddle lastest : you shall not at the first gyrde the gyrthes hard , but in such sort that the horse may feele them and no more : this done , you shall buckle on his breast-plate , and his crooper , making them of equall straitnesse : then you shall lace on his saker or docke , and make fast his twinsell to the hindmost gyrthon the left side , then with a wet maine-combe , combe downe his fore toppe and maine , and then throwing his cloath ouer him , let him stand till you haue warning to bring him to his ryder , at what time you shall take his bytt , and hauing both the Chaule-band , and the nose band open , and the Kurbeloose , you shall first wet it in a peale of cleane water , then laying the reyne ouer your left arme , you shal take the vpper part of his head-stall into your right hand , and laying the mouth of the bytt vpon your left hand betweene your thumbe and your little finger , you shall put the bytt to his mouth , and by thrusting your thumbe and little finger betwixt his chappes , compell him to open his mouth , and to receiue the bytt which by obseruing this order hee can , neither will not chuse but doe : when the bytt is in his mouth , you shall then buckle his noseband , chaule-band , and Kurbe in those due places , as you haue seene his ryder formerlye doe ; then you shall wette his foretoppe , and winde it vnder the fore-head band of his headstall ; then hauing combd his maine againe , and drawne his garthes to their places , you shall buckle a paire of large close spectacles made of strong leather before his eyes , which will occasion him to leade quietlye : then with your right hand you shall take him by the left side of the head-stall close vppon the Portsmouth , and with your left hand holde both the reynes close together hard by the bytt , and so going close by his left shoulder , leade him either to the blocke or to such place as the ryder shall thinke conuenient , then as soone as the ryder hath put the reynes ouer the Horses necke , you shal presentlie shift your right hand to the right side of the headstall , and laying your left hand vppon the right stirroppe leather , you shall whilst the ryder mounts the horses backe , stay the Saddle , that it swarue not , then when the ryder is setled , you shall vnbuckle the spectakles , and take them away , referring the Horse to the discretion of the Ryder . As soone as the horse hath beene exercised sufficientlie , and is brought home , the Ryder shall no sooner dismount his backe , and deliuer him into your hand , but you shall first vnloose his Kurbe , and then presentlie leade him into the Stable , for of all thinges I cannot indure this walking of Horses , knowing that it was a custome first foolishlye inuented , and nowe as vnprofitablye immitated ; for there is not anye thing which sooner makes a Horse take colde , or breedes worse obseruations in the bodie then this cooling of Horses by walking . When you haue brought your Horse into the Stable , where you must haue formerlie prouided greate store of drie litter , turning his head downe from the maunger and hanging the reines of the bytte vpon some hooke for the purpose , you shall first rubbe his face , then his necke , fore-boothes , bellye , flancks and legges with drye strawe , so cleane as may bee ; then with a Woolen cloath , you shall rubbe him all ouer againe , not leauing anye place which hee hath wette with sweate till it bee as drie as may bee , then you shall loose his garthes to their vtmoste length & thrust round about betwixt his garthes and his bodie as much drie straw as you can conuenientlie get in , then vnlace his saker and take it away , rubbing the docke of his tayle drie with a Wollen cloath , then cast his cloath ouer the Saddle , then take off his bytt and put it into a peale of water , then wash his wattering Snaffle , and put it on , tie him to the ringes , and so let him stand for at least two houres , during which time you shall take his bytte out of the water , and with a drye linnen cloath rubbe it as drie as may bee , and then hang it vppe : you shall also wipe his saker within , folde vp the strings , and lay it by also . Now when your horse hath stoode vp thus vpon his bridle at least two or three hours , & is sufficiently cooled , you shal then come to him , and first taking off his cloath , you shal loose his garthes , and take away his saddle , which done , you shal first with drie straw , and then with drie cloathes rubbe his backe till there bee not one wet haire left , then you shal lay on his cloath againe , and girding it slacke with the sursingle , you shal stoppe him rounde about the bodie with great wispes : then you shal with hard wispes of straw , and woollen cloathes , rubbe all his foure legges exceedingly , then combe his maine and taile with a wette maine-combe , take off his snaffle , turn him to the maunger , put on his coller , sift and giue him his allowance of Oates , and putting a bottel of hay in his racke , let him rest with his litter vnder him till the euening : then you shal hang the Saddle where the Sunne shines hottest that the pannel may drie , and if the Sunne shine not , then you shal drie it before the fire , and then with a smal sticke beate the pannel , and make it softe ; you shal also rubbe the stirroppes , stirropp-leathers , garthes , and euerie buckle about the saddle exceeding cleane : then in the euening about foure of the clocke you shal currie , dresse , rubbe , picke , annoynt , water , and feede him as hath beene formerlye shewed you in his dayes of rest , keeping euerie tyttle , and euerie obseruation . Now if your horse be not for exercise but for labour , and iourneying about your worldlye businesse , you shal then thus prepare him , first the night before you are to take your iourney about eight of the clocke , as soone as you haue made cleane your stable , rubd and littered your horse , you shall first giue him as much watter as hee will drinke , then a double allowance of prouender , and as much hay as he will conueniently eate , then you shall annoint all his foure leggs with traine oyle , and see that his shooes be good , strong , rough , easie , and his feet wel stopt , and so let him rest till verie earely in the morning , at what time you shall currie and dresse him as sufficiently as in anie of his daies of rest ; then you shall gird on the saddle , in which you meane to ride , which would bee both easie , light and square : easie for your owne seate , light that it may not suddainly make the horse sweat , and square that it may not pinch , gall or wound him : when hee is sadled , you shal giue him a little water , but nothing nere so much as he would drinke , and his full allowance of prouender , which as soone as he hath eaten , you shall bridle him vp , and trusse his taile shorte aboue his houghes , and so let him stand till you be readie to take your iourney . After you are mounted you shall for the first houre or two in your iourney , ride verie temperately , as not aboue three mile an houre , in which time your horse will bee resonably emptyed , and then you may put him fourth as your iourney requires , it shall be good if in your iourney you come to the descend of anye great Hil , to light from your Horses backe , and to walke downe the hill a foote , taking occasion by standing still a while , or by whistling to see if your horse will pisse , which if he refuse to doe , thē it shal be good for you your selfe to pisse vnder the horses bellie , & it wil without al question prouoke your horse to pisse , you shal in your trauelling as neare as you can , keep one certaine pace in your trauell , and not one while galloppe , another while amble or trot , and another while go foote pace , or stand still , for there is nothing which either sooner tyres a horse or brings him to surfeites , or takes frō him delight in his labour . When you come within two or three or foure miles of the Inne where you meane to rest all night , you shall in the conuenientest place you can finde , as either in some running brooke or riuer , or some faire fresh pond , water your horse , suffering him to drinke as much as hee will , and in this watering of your Horse you shall obserue to ride him into the water a hādful at the most aboue the knees & no further , for to ride him vnder the knees will indanger the foundring him in his feete , and to ride him vp to the bellie will hazard foundring him in the bodie . After you haue watered your Horse you shall gallopp him gentlie vpon the hand for twelue score , or there about , and then in his ordinarie iourneying pace , ride him to his Inne , and as soone as you are lighted , presentlye set your Horse vppe into the Stable , by no meanes ( although it bee the generall custome of our Nation ) suffering anye Ostlers or idle Boyes to wash him , for it is the onlie venemous poyson & worst euill you can bestowe vppon your Horses bodie ; sometimes foundring him , sometimes thrusting him into the fit of an Ague , and when it workes the best yet it strikes such an inward cold into his bodie , that the Horse is worse therefore sometimes for a yeare after : when you haue set your Horse vppe , tyed his head to the emptie racke , and put greate store of litter vnder him , you shall then first with drie wispes rubbe his bellye , foreboothes , & vnder his flanks betwixt his thighes and bodie , then shall you rubbe all his foure legges passing cleane , with your handes wet in water , scowring all grauell and durt both out of his Fetlockes , pasterne , and euerie other crannie which is about any ioynt , especially 〈◊〉 the bottome of his brest betweene his forelegges , and betwixt his ribbes and his elbowes & also betweene his flanke and his bodie , then with drie wispes you shall rub and make cleane his face , head , neck , buttockes , and euerie other member , not leauing whilst there is one wet hayre about him , then shall you with drie wispes make cleane his stirrops , and stirrop leathers , and vnloosing his garthes one by one , make them cleane also , then making your housing cloath ●die ( without which I would haue no keeper to ride if his horse be of anye estimation ) take off your saddle , and with drie straw rub his backe verie soundly , then laying a good deale of strawe vpon his backe , gird his cloath ouer it with your fur single , and stoppe him round about with great wisps , then you shall vnlose his taile , and if it bee durtie you shal wash it in a peale of water , and after you haue wrung it well , you shall tye a greate wispe of strawe within it , to keepe it from his legges . If you 〈◊〉 no housing cloath for your horse , then you shall not so suddainelye remooue your Saddle , but after your horse is sufficientlie rubd , you shall then stoppe his garthes with great wispes round about . Manye Horsemen vse as soone as they bring their Horse into the Stable , to knit a thumbe roape of Hay or strawe as straite as may bee about the vpper part of the horses docke , and doe imagine it will preseru● him from taking colde , and doubtlesse it is verie good indeed . After you horse is in this wise rubd , dride , and clensed from sweate and filthinesse , you shall then take vp all his foure legs one after one , & with an Iron picke all the durt and grauell from betwixt his shooes and his feete , and then stoppe them vppe close with Cowe-dung , then you shall put into his Racke a pennye bottle of hay on which you shall let him tow●e and pull , with his bridle in his mouth st ll , whilst you shake vp his litter hansomlye about him , take your saddle , and if the pannel be wet , drie it by some fire , then with a sticke beate it and make it soft , then pull off your owne bootes ; and refresh your selfe to your owne contentment , in which businesse hauing imployed your selfe an houre or more , then come into the stable and take your horses bridle and put on his collar , then wash the byt or Snaffle in faire water , drye it with a linnen or wollen cloath , and so hang it vp hansomelie ; then after your horse hath eaten hay a quarter of an houre or more , you shal in a siue sift him half a peek of cleane Oates , or Pease and Oates , which your Horse likes better , and giue them him , then if hee haue eaten all his hay , you shall giue him an other bottle , and so let him rest till your selfe haue supped . After supper you shal come to your horse and turne vppe his cloath euen to his sursingle , and either with a haire-cloath or with drie wispes , you shall rub his bodie all ouer , especially vnder his bellie and betweene his legs : then you shall looke vpon his backe , whether your saddle haue pincht or wrung his backe , and if it haue you shall lay a little wet hay vpon the swelling , and presentlie cause some sadler to mend your saddle , then you shall look if the heate of your saddle haue not rays'd any warbles or little knots vppon his back , which is verie common with fat horses , and if it haue , you shall bathe them with a little Sacke heated in a saucer , and they will be well the next morning . This done you shal sift him another halfe pecke of Oates , and giue them him , then whilst hee is eating them , you shall with hard drie wispes , rubbe al his foure legs as drie as may be , and then take a quart of mans vrine , and put therto foure ounces of sault-peeter , and hauing boild them vpon the fire , and stirred it well togither , take it off , and being reasonable warme , bathe al his legges therwith exceedingly : then let him stand for an hower or two after , then you shal take a Peale full of colde water , and put thereto as much hotte water as will make it luke warme , and so giue it your horse to drinke : then sift him another halfe pecke of Oates , and giue them him : then giue him as much hay as shall serue him all night , the proportion whereof you may gesse by his former keeping ; and putting his litter close and warme about him , let him stande till the next morning , at what time ( according to the haste of your affayres ) you shall come to him eyther earlyer or later , and the first thing you doe after you haue put away his dung , you shall put off his cloath , and currie , rubbe , and dresse him as sufficiently , and in such manner as hath beene formerly declared vnto you : then cast his cloath ouer him , and let it hang loose about him , then bring him a little colde water , and let him drinke , but not halfe so much as hee woulde ; then giue him an other halfe pecke of Oates , and whilest he is eating them put on your owne boots , and prepare your selfe for your iourney , which done , come to your horse ; and if he haue eaten his Oates , then you shall saddle him , trusse vp his taile , brydle him , & tie him vp to the bare racke , hauing taken his hay away , then take vp all his foure feet , and plucke out the cowe dung wherewith you stopped them and picke them exceeding cleane ; then let him stand till you be readie for your iourney . Now if it be so that the occasion of your iourney be so great , that you cannot obserue any trauelling pace , but are forst to gallop your horse at least twenty , or thirtie , or fortie mile together ; in this case , I would not haue you by any meanes to water your horse before you come to your Inne , but hauing set him vp warme , and rubbed him drie , as is before shewed ; you shall then before you giue him hay , or any thing else , take a pint of verie good Sacke , and warming it luke warme , giue it your Horse with a Horne , and so let him rest halfe an hower after , and then giue him hay , and order him as was before shewed , onely in steade of warme water late at night , you shall giue him a warme mash of mault and water , for that with the helpe of trauell , will bring away his molten grease ; if the next day following you are to ride him as violentlye also ; you shal then when you are readie to take his backe , giue him a pint of Sacke and Sugar-candie well brewde together , and in your trauell euer fauour him as much as you can in the beginning , and put him forth as violently as you please at the latter ende of your iourney . If you happen vpon such an Inne where you can neithere get Sacke nor Sugar-candie , then if you take strong Ale brewed with great store of Ginger , or Sinamon , it will bee as good . If your horse bee of a tender and daintie stomacke , so that he will refuse his pouender ( as for the most part hot mettald horses and yong horses vnacquainted with trauell will doe ) then you must take the greater paines , and be euer feeding them , neuer giuing them aboue an handfull at once , till they haue eaten to your contentment . You shall also change their meate oft , as thus : after an handfull of cleane Oates , you shall giue an handfull of Pease and Oates ; and after Pease and Oates , halfe a dozen bits of bread . And thus by alteration of foode you shall both make your horse eate well , and also strengthen his apetite : but if contrarie to this , your horse bee both a great eater , and a grosse , then you shall feed him so oft , and with such large proportions , that you bring him to stand and blow vpon his meate as it lyes before him . But this you must not doe by any meanes suddenly , or at one time when your horse is hungrie , for that were to kill him , or make him surfeyt : but you must doe it by such leasurable tymes , that nature hauing no more then shee is able to disgest , may in the ende come to bee orderly satisfied : at what time , and not before , you may bee assured your horse is in perfite strength and keeping . The first principall note or rule which euerie good keeper shall obserue when hee comes into any straunge stable , is with his owne handes to cleanse the racke from all dust , filth , hay , or hay-seedes , and to rubbe the maunger also as cleane as may be in euerie part , least anie infectious Horse haue stoode there before , which is most dangerous : and for preuention whereof I would euer haue you in an Inne to let your horse eate his prouender in a Skuttell , or some other cleanly vessell , and not in the maunger . Now lastly , where as the most of our English trauellers doe vse ( especially in the Sommer ) to bait or rest their horses at the noone time of the day , supposing it prepares them the better for their iourney : although I know the heate of the day is troublesome , both to the horse and man. yet I know these baytings are much more troublesome , neither would I haue any man to vse them ; for whē the horse hath his limbs chaft and heated with his trauell and then is set vp till they be growne stiffe and sta●ke , and so presently put to his labour againe , then I say the verie paine and griefe of his limbes do so trouble him , that except he be of an extraordinarie spirit , he wil be much subiect to faintnesse in trauell ; besides to make your horse iourney continually vpon a full stomacke is both painfull , and bredes sicknesse ; wherfore I conclude , these baits are good for none but Carriers & Poulters Iades , whose labours not being aboue foote pace , may euer like Asses haue their prouender bagges at their noses . And thus much touching a horses exercise and labour . CHAP. 6. Of sleeping , waking , fulnesse , and emptinesse . SLeepe in a horse ( as in euerie other beast which hath moouing ) is a most necessarie and especiall thing , neither can a horse liue without it , wherefore it is the place and office of euerie good keeper , to haue a careful regarde to the rest of his Horse , and to note both after what manner he sleepeth and how long hee sleepeth : for if a horse sleepe verie muche , it is a great signe of dulnesse , and fluxe of grosse and colde humours in the braine : but if he sleepe for the most part standing , it is a token that he hath some inward paine in his backe , or bodie , and feareth to lie downe , lest he cannot rise againe without much torment : if a Horse lie much , yet sleepe but a little , it is a signe of weake ioynts , frettized feete , or limbes beaten with trauell : if the horse neither sleep , nor lie much , but as it were wake continually , it is a signe the horse hath both a pained bodie , and a troubled mind , insomuch that he can not possiblie liue long , both because hee wantes that which giueth the greatest strength to Nature , and also the chiefest meanes both of blood and disgestion ; sleepe being indeede nothing else but certaine sweete vapors , which ascending from the heart , numbes the braine , and keepes the bodie for a time sencelesse , so that euery keeper should haue a carefull eie ouer his Horse , to see how hee sleepes , when , and how long time : then how hee wakes , when he wakes , and after what manner hee wakes , for if he wake much , his brain is diseased , if he wake often or sodainlie , his heart , liuer , or stomache is grieued ; and if hee wake seldome or with much adoe , then his whole powers are ouercome with some colde humor . Next vnto these obseruations , the carefull keeper shall looke to his horses fulnesse , or the filling of his bellie , I do not meane those phisicall fillinges which consist in humors either generallie or particularlie distributed ouer the bodie , consisting in quantitie or qualitie , for they are obseruations fit for the farryer ; but to that fulnesse which onelye consisteth in the excesse of meate , wherefore the keeper shall note well the temper of the horses feeding , that is , whether he fill sodainly or slowly and according to his filling , so to temper his dyet , and to giue him the lesse or the more meate according to his appetite keeping the grosse horse emptie the longer before his trauell , and the tender horse with meate till your foote be readie to be thrust into the stirrop , for the full horse with suddaine labour wil soone burst , & the emptie horse with much fasting will not bee able to indure anye violence through faintnesse . Next to your horses filling you shall note his manner of emptying , that is the state of his bodie , whether he be costiue or sollible , or whether his vrine haue a free or troublesome passage , & by the rule of them you shal feede your horse more as lesse , as thus , if your horse be sollible or free of vrine , you through that helpe of nature may aduenture to feede him the harder , for albe hee fill much yet he holdeth not that fulnesse any long season , but hauing an easie disgestion , bringes his bodie soone to a temperate emptinesse : but if hee bee costiue or haue straite passage for his vrine , although fasting be the greatest cause of costiuenes , yet when you prepare your horse for a iourney , you shall not neede to feed him so extreamely , neither shall your meate bee for the moste part any drie food but rather moiste washt meate , of which foodes I shall haue cause to speake more largely in the book of running Horses . Now you shal vnderstand that fulnesse and emptinesse are phisicke helpes one for another , the full horse being to be cured by emptinesse , as fasting , purgation , letting blood , or such like : and emptinesse to be cured by fulnes , as by restauratiō or renewing of those powers which are decayed ; so that the keeper carefully obseruing these rules shall so quickly perceiue anie imperfection in his horse , that a sleight preuention shall quickly auoide the greatest mischiefe . And thus much for sleepe and feeding . CHAP. 7. Of the soile or scowring horses with grasse , and of other foodes . TOuching the opinions of Horsemen for the scowring of Horses with grasse , they be diuers and intricate ; some holding forrage , which is the blades of green Corne , as of wheate or barley to be the best , some three leaued grasse , some young thistles , and such like , so also there is a difference amongst them for the time in scowring ; one alowing but fifteen daies , another a month , and another the whole summer , neither are they certain in the place where the Horse should be scowred , for some would haue it in the stable , some in a large parke or fielde , and some in a little wald plot of ground , not aboue the quantitie of one or two Akers . Now to reconcile all these , and to bring them to as orderlie a cōformitie , as is fit for a reasonable vnderstāding , I will declare mine opinion . First , if your horse bee either Hunting horse , running horse , or one that hath been vsd to much trauell or iourneying , I holde it verie necessarie that he be scowred with grasse , either in some parke , close or other spacious ground , where he may haue sweete feeding , fresh springs , or riuers to drinke at , and good shelter both to defend him from flies and Sunneshine ; the time to bee for foure monthes , that is to say , from the beginning of May to the end of August , in which time he will not onelie scower and purge himselfe of grosse and corrupt humors , but also after such cleusing grow strong , fat , and full of health and liuelinesse , recouering by such rest and libertie , that weakenesse , stiffenesse and numbnesse of ioynts which his labour before had brought vnto him . But if your horse bee a beast of great courage , and onely wantonlye kept , eyther for your mornings exexrcise in riding , or for seruice in the warres , so that hee will neither indure with anye patience abroad , nor hath beene put to anie such extreamitie that he standeth neede of recouerie ; then I wold haue you onelie to put him to the soyle within the house : that is to say , you shal from the beginning of Iune , till the beginning of Iulye feede your Horse onely with grasse & no longer : & during the time , you shal neither cloath him , dresse him , nor ride him , onely you shall keepe his plaunchers cleane from dung , & litter him with nothing but the off all or reffuse grasse which he puls into the maunger , but will not eate : you shall also during this soile time feede him with prouender in such sort as you did at other times , onelie I would haue his prouender to be beane-bread well baked , as for his grasle , if the first three daies of soyle time , you doe giue him 〈◊〉 , t is exceeding good , and after the sowrest grasse you can get as that which in Orchardes growes vnder fruite trees , or else such as growes in Garden alleys , for the more sowrer and courser the grasse is , the better it scowreth ; and in this case you should respect no feeding , neither should you mowe any more grasse at one time then your horse can conuenientlie eate in the instant ; as for making your horse to neese much , or to purge his head much by fumigation in the soile it is needlesse , for the grasse it selfe will doe it sufficientlie without anie other medicine . If your Horse during his time of being in the soile , happen to swell in his sheath , or about his cods , it shall be exceeding good in that case once or twice a day , either to swimme him , or ride him through some water that will reach aboue the horses midde bellie ; but for making a daylie exercife of swimming him without anie speciall occasion , I doe greately disalow it , for it both straines a horses limbes , and brings him within the danger of Crampes and conuultions , neither doe I allowe ( although it be the practise both of the Italians and some of our English keepers ) to giue a horse when hee is in soyle either scowring or Purgation , as either sodden Rye , Mellons , greene Figges , the intralles of a Tench or Barbell mixt with white wine , or anye such like trumperie , for I haue seene where such like courses hath beene taken that the horse hath falne into such an vnnaturall scowring , that no possible meanes would stop it , till the horse hath dyed with the violence . Others haue vsed in the soyle , in stead of wholsome and drie prouender , which is fittest to be mixt with such cold , moist , and raw food , to giue their horses either sodden beanes well salted , and wheat bran , or Coleworts and bran or else boyld Bucke , all which are both vnwholsome , full of rottennesse , and breed many foule diseases , wherfore I aduise all keepers to be carefull to eschew them ; and rather to take leasure and feede with such foods as are both healthfull & natural , of which kinds you haue had alteadie formerly declared . And thus much touching the Soyle , and the scowring of horses in the sommer season . CHAP. 8. Of the passions which are in horses , and the loue which keepers should beare vnto them . LEauing to make any philosophicall discourse , or to argue of the passions or affections which are in horses , how they haue their beginnings from sense , and their workings according to the course of nature . It is moste certaine , that eueire horse is possest with these passions , loue , ioy , hate , sorrow , and feare : the first two springing from the alacritie , chearfulnesse , and good disposition of the minde , by which the Horse is made to be familiar with the man , obedient , kind and docible , the other three from the corruption and putrifaction of nature , by which he becomes fierce , mad , and full of amazement , so that it is the office of euerie keeper out of his Iudgement and experience to learne to know when and at what time his horse is opprest or troubled with the Fluxe of any of these affections , that hee may by the applying of fit remedies abate and suppresse them in the excesse of their greatnesse , which nothing doth at anye time sooner bring to passe then the mildenes and gentle disposition of the keeper towards his Horse , for it is most certaine , that when keepers of Horses eyther out of their chollericke furies , or ignorant misbehauiours , doe anye thing about a horse eyther rashlye , violentlye , or with the vse of vnnecessarie torment , that they onelie by such indiscretion doe create in horses all those euill affections from whence any restife qualitie doth proceed , and therfore euerie keeper must with all lenitie and sobernes both in word and action procure the loue of the horse which he keepeth . And yet I doe not meane that a good keeper shall be altogether so voide of indignation , that hee shall suffer his horse to runne into any kinde of vice , without the touch of correction , for thereby I haue seene manye horses so dissolute and disobedient that they haue gone beyond the power of reclayming , whence it hath come that some Horses haue slaine their keepers , and some haue doone almoste as euill in other courses . A good keeper therefore must knowe when to correct and when to cherrish , not giuing either blowe or angrie word , but in the instant of the offence , nor to punish or strike the horse any longer then whilst his present fault restes in his memorie . Also I would haue the keeper to obserue , that where gentlenesse and meekenesse will preuaile , there by no meanes to put in any vse , eyther terror or torment , for as the keepers greatest labour is but to procure loue from the Horse , so the onelie thing that is pleasant to the Horse , is loue from the keeper ; insomuch that there must be a sincere and incorporated friendshippe betwixt them or else they cannot delight or profit each other , of which loue the keeper is to giue testimonie , both by his gentle language to his horse , and by taking from him any thing which he shall beholde to annoy or hurt him , as moates , dust , superfluous hayres , flyes in Summer , or anye such like thinge , and by oft feeding him out of his hand , by which meanes the Horse will take such delight and pleasure in his keepers companye , that hee shall neuer approach him , but the horse will with a kinde of chearefull or inward neying , show the ioy he takes to beholde him , and where this mutuall loue is knit and combined , there the beast must needes prosper , and the man reape reputation and profit . And thus much for the horses passions and the keepers affections . CHAP. 9. The Office of the Coachman , and obseruations for his place . THe vse of Coaches hath not beene of anye long continuance in this kingdome , especially in that general fashion , as now they are vsed : for if formerlie they were in the hands , and for the case of some particular great persons , yet now eyther thorough the benefits which are found by them , or through the vnaccustomed tarenesse of them , they are growne as common as hackneyes , and are in the handes of as many as either esteeme reputation , or are numbred in the Catalogue of rich persons : wherefore since they are in such generall vse , and esteemed such a general good , I thinke is not fit in this my generall booke of horsmanship , to omit or forget some necessarie obseruatiōs which are helping and needfull to be knowne vnto the skilfull Coatchman , and the rather , sith the commodities which redound thereby , are chiefly imployed in the seruices of Ladies and Gentlewomen , to whome both my selfe and euery honest man is in his first creation obliged , yet I doe not meane here in to make any tedious or long discourse , eyther of the benefites of Coatches , the diuersities , proportions , shapes , nor alterations , because euerie vnderstanding Coach-maker , and euery seruiceable Coatch-man can giue proofes and reasons of each difference : neyther is my profession to meddle with the shapes of tymber , but with the natures of horses ; nor will I speake of the seuerall customes or fashions of Italie , or Fraunce , because as farre as I can iudge , whatsoeuer we practise in this arte of Coach-gouerning , is but an immitation of the shapes and chaunges of those Kingdomes ; therefore for mine owne part I meane heere onelye to handle some fewe notes touching the choyce of Coatch-horses , their keeping , and apparaling . First then to speake of the choyse of Coach-horses , some are of the opinion that your Flemish Horse is the best for that purpose , because hee is of strong limbes , hath a full breast , a good chyne , and is naturallye trayned vppe more to draught , then to burthen : others doe preferre before these horses the Flemish Mares ( and I am of that opinion also ) both because of their more temperate and coole spirites , their quiet socyablenes in companie , and their bringings vppe , which onely is in the wagon , by which meanes trauelling with more patience , they are euer of more strength and indurance , yet both these horses and Mares haue their faults euer coupled to their vertues , as first their paces are for the most part short trots , which contain much labour , in a little ground , and so bring faintnesse of spirrit in little iourneys , whereas indeede a Coach horse should stretch foorth his feete , and the smoother and longer hee strides , the more way he riddes , and the sooner comes to his iourneis end without tyring . Next , their limbes from the knees and Cambrels downeward are so rough and hayrie , and the horses naturally of themselues so subiect to sault and f●etting humors in those parts , that neither can the coachman keepe them from the Paines , scratches , Mallanders , Sellanders and such like diseases , nor the Farryer oft times with his best skil cure them when they are diseased . Lastly they are for the most part of restie & hot spirrits , so that albe they be excellent and forward in the draught , yet in our English nation amongst our deepe clayes and myerie waies , they are not able to continue , but growe faint and wearie of their labour , and it is euer a rule amongst them , that after they haue beene once tyred , there is no meanes againe to restore them to their first mettall or spirrit . Now to tel you mine opinion which is the best Coach-horse either for streetes of Citties , or iourneying vppon high waies , I holde not any horse comparable eyther for strength , courage or labour with the large shapt English Gelding , for hee is as milde and sociable as the Flemish Mare , more able to indure trauell , better shapt , and longer continues in seruice , for the Mare if shee be proudly kept ( as of necessitie the Coach mare must be ) she wil then couet the horse , and if she haue him and holde to him , her yeres seruice is lost : if she want him , you shal either indanger her life with the corruption of her pride , or else with Leprosie ; but if they be speade or gelte mares , they be thē the worst of al , for the body & spirits being somuch ouercoold , they are vtterly disabled for any violent extremity ; looke how much the Gelding is short of the stond-horse in courage , somuch is the spead mare short of the gelding : wherfore for the auoidance of all inconueniences , the best for the coach is the large , strong english gelding , the next him is the Flemish mare , and the last is the Flemish horse , the Pollander is exceeding good , but hee is somewhat too little & too fierce of nature , but for tyring that will he sildome or neuer doe , with any indifferent order . When you haue determined touching the breede , or race of your coach-horses , you shal then look to their shapes & colors ; first for their colours , I haue formerly showd you which is the best , so that you shal obserue that in any case ( so nere as you cā chuse thē ) your coach-horses be al of one color , without diuersitie , & that their marks or especial semblāces be also alike , as thus for exāple : if the one haue either white star , or white rache , bald face , white foote , or bee of pide color , that thē the others haue the like also . For their shapes , you shal chuse a leane proportioned head , a strong & firme necke , a ful , broad , & round out-breast , a limbe flat , short ioynted , leane and well hayred , a good bending ribbe , a strong backe , and a round buttocke ; generally they would be of a broad strong making , and of the tallest stature , for such are moste seruiceable for the draught , & best able to indure the toile of deepe trauell . Now for the properties , they must be as nearely alyed in nature & disposition , as in colour , shape and height , for if the one be free , & the other dul , then the free horse taking al the labour , must necessarily ouertoile himselfe , and soone both destroy his life & courage , so that they must be of alike spirit & mettall : also you must haue an especiall regard that their paces be alike , & that the one neither trot faster then the other , nor take larger strides then the other , for if their feet doe not rise from the ground tohether , & likewise fall to the ground together , there can be no indifferencie or equality in their draught , but the one must ouertoyle the other , where as indeede they ought to bee of such equall strengthes , paces , & spirits , that as it were one body their labour shold be deuided equally amongst thē ; they ought also ( as neare as you can ) to bee of louing , tractable and milde dispositions , not giuē to bite , strike , & especially not to yark & strike with their hinder legges backward , for it both doth indanger the life of the man , and also doth hazard the spoyling of the horse , by ouerthrowing himself in his harnes . They shold also haue perfect good & tender mouthes ; & ought to haue their heads well setled vppon the bytt before they come into the Coach , being learnt to turne readilie vpon eyther hand , without discontentment or rebellyon , to stop close and firme ; and to retire backe freelie with good spirrit and courage ; which are lessons fully sufficiēt to make a compleate good coach-horse ; for although some coachmen more for brauery or pride thē either for arte or profit , wil make their horse stand and coruet in their Coaches , yet I would haue all good Coachmen know , that such motions are both vnfitt , vncomelye , and moste hurtfull for Coach-horses ; not onelye taking from them the benefit and delight in trauell , but also making the Horse to mistake his corrections , and when he growes to any faintnesse or dulnesse , or comes into any such ground where the depth therof puts him to his ful strength ; nay sometimes the coach stickes & wil not come away at the first twich , if then the coach-mā iert them forward with his whip , they presentlye fall to coruet & leape , refusing to drawe , in their greatest time of necessitie . Now for the manner of keeping them , and dyeting them ; they are in all pointes to be drest , pickt , and curryed like your ordinarie trauelling horse , and to haue their foode and walkings after the same manner , onelie their allowance of prouender would be of the greatest size , for their labour being for the moste part extreame , and themselues generallye Horses of grosse nature , their chiefest strengthes moste often dependes vpon the fulnesse of their bellies . In iourneying you shall vse them as is before taught , for iourneying horses , onelie if they be either Flemish Horses or Flemish Mares , and by that meanes bee subiect to paines and Scratches , then after your iourneye when you haue bathed your Horses legges with pisse and Salt-peter , you shall then annoint all his pasternes and Fetlocks , with Hogs-grease and mustard mingled together , and if he haue either scratches , or paines , it will kill them ; if he haue none , it wil preuent them from growing , & keepe his legs cleane howsoeuer he be disposed . Now for the harneysing or attyring of Coach-horses , you must haue a greate care that the long pillowe before his brest , be of gentle leather , full , round and verie soft stopt , and that the little square pillowes ouer the point of his withers and tops of his shoulders , bee likewise verie soft , for they beare the weight of his harnesse , and some part of his draught , you shall see that the hinder part of your harnesse which compasseth the neather part of his buttocks , and rests aboue the horses hinder houghes bee easie and large , not freiting or gauling off the hayre from those partes , as for the moste part you shall see amongst vnskilfull Coachmen , the draught breadthes or Coach treates , which extend from the breast of the horse to the bridge tree of the Coach , must bee of exceeding strong double leather , well wrought and sewed , which ( till you bring your horse to the Coach ) you must throw ouer your horses backe cros-wise , your headstall and reynes of your bridle , must likewise bee eyther of strong leather , or els of round wouen lines , made of silke or threed , according to the abilitie of the owner , or the delight of the Coach-man : yet to speake the truth , those lines of silke or threed are the better , because they are more nimble , and come and goe more easily : as for your bits , and the proportion of your checks , they are formerly discribed , and must be sorted according to the qualitie of the horses mouth . Now forasmuch as I cannot so sufficiently in words figure out the proportions of euery seueral part of these harnesses , neither in what sort they shal be ordered because they alter according to the number of the horses , two horses being attired after one sort , three after another , & foure different frō both , to giue a full satisfaction to euery ignorant Coachman : I doe therefore aduise all that are desirous to better their iudgements in such knowledges to repaire to the stables of great princes where cōmonly are the best mē of this art , & there to behold how euery thing in his true proportion is ordred , & frō thence to draw vnto himselfrules for his own instruction ; only these sleight precepts I will bestow vpon him : first , that he haue euer a constant sweete hand vpon his horses mouth , by no meanes loosing the feeling thereof but obseruing that the horse doe rest vppon his bytte , and carrie his heade and reyne in a good and comelye fashion : for to goe with his heade loose , or to haue no feeling of the bytte , is both vncomelye to the eye , and take from the horse all delight in his labour . Next when you turne vppon eyther hande , you shall onelye drawe in your inmost hande , and giue your outmost libertie as thus for example : If you turne vpon your left hand , you shall drawe in your left reyne a little straiter , which gouerns the horse vpon the left side , and the right reyne you shall giue libertie vnto , which gouernes the horse on the right hand , so that the horse of the neare side with the left hand comming inwarde , must necessarily whether he will or no , bring the horse of the farre side , ( which is the right hand ) to follow him : and in these turns you muste euer bee assured to take a full compasse of ground , both according to the length of the Coach , and the the skil of the horses , for there is nothing doth amaze or disturb a coach horse more thē whē he is forst to turn sodainly , or straiter then the Coach will giue him leaue , whence hee first learnes to gagge vp his heade to loose his reyne , and to disorder contrarie to his owne disposition . You shall also make your horses after they haue stopt , stand still constantly , and not to fridge vp & downe pressing one while forwarde , an other while backwarde , both to the disease of themselues , and the trouble of others : the Coachman also shall not vppon euery sleight errour or sloathfulnesse correct his horse with the ierte or lash of his whippe , for that will make them dull vppon the correction , but he shall rather nowe and then scarre them with the noyse and smart sounde of the lash of his whippe , suffering them onely to feele the torment in the time of greatest extremitie : you shall when you first intende to breake a horse for the Coach for two or three dayes before you bring him vnto the Coach , cause him to bee put vnto the Cart , placing him in that place which Carters call the lash , so that hee may haue two Horses to follow behinde him , whom together with the loade that is in the Cart hee cannot drawe away ; and two horses before him , which with the strength of his traytes will keepe him in an euen way without flying out , either vppon one side or other . Thus when you haue made him a iittle tame , and that hee knowes what it is to draw , and feeles the setling of the neather part of the coller vnto his breast , then you may put him vnto the coach , ioyning vnto him an old Horse , which hath both a good mouth , and is of coole qualities , that if the younger horse shall fall into any franticke passion , yet his stayednesse may euer rule and gouerne him , till custome and trauell haue perfitely brought him to knowe his labour : I haue seene a Coach man who hath put too young horses vnbroken into a Coach together , and I haue seene them runne away , ouer-throw and breake the Coach , and mischiefe the Coach-man : wherefore I would haue euerie Coach-man that will worke with Arte and safetie to take longer time , more paynes , and by the method before shewed to bring his horses vnto perfection . The last obseruations that I woulde haue a Coach-man keepe , is that whensoeuer he goes abroade with his Coach , hee be assured euer to carrie with him his horses cloathes , that whensoeuer hee shall bee forced eyther through attendance , or other chaunces to stand still anie long time , he may cast the cloathes ouer his horses , to keepe them warme , and from the coldnesse of the weather . He shall also haue euer in his Coach Coffer , Hammer , Pinsers , Wimble , Chessell , & Nayles , that if any small fault happen about his Coach , hee may himselfe amend it , he shall also haue in his Coach Coffer , oyntments for his horses legges and hoofes , especially if he be Flemish , for they haue seldome or neuer good hoofes ; hee shall also haue shoomakers blacking to dresse the outside of his Coach and harnesse with : he shall haue a brush for the inside , a blunt iron to dresse his wheeles , either oyle or sope for his axeltrees ; and main-combe , curry-combe , and other dressing cloathes for his horse , so that generally he shall keepe his Horses neately ; his wood-worke cleanly , his leather blacke , his buckles bright , and euerie other seuerall ornament in such comlinesse , as may bee for the owners profite , and the keepers reputation . And thus much for the Coach-man and his office . The end of the sift Booke . CAVELARICE OR The Currier . Containing the Art , knowledge , and dyet of the running Horse , either in trayning vp , or in any great match or wager . The sixt Booke . LONDON Printed for Ed. White , and are to be solde at his shop nere the little North doore of Saint Paules Church at the signe of the Gun. 607. To the Right Honorable the moste noble and mightie Lord Phylip Herbert Earle of Mountgomerie and baron of Shirland . AS oft a● I beholde that poore house from whence I am descended , so oft I beholde vndying monuments of the noble and gracious fauours which by your famous Grandfather and most renowned Father , were plentiously powred vpon our familie , so that whilst the glew of Lime and Simant shal knit stones together , so long in our house wil be held their memories . from these motiues ( most excellent Lord ) and from the loue I see you beare to this Arte which I professe , I am imboldned to offer to your noble handes , the view of these my labours , in which , how soeuer my Arte may be controlled , yet it shall vnder the deffence of your countenance iustifie it selfe both by the groundes of experience and reason , and though my obscuritie liue vnaccompained with popular opinion , yet yet when I shall be tride , I hope I shall proue vnsopbisticat , and the rather sith my nature hath euer loathed to bee adorned with false fiers ; yet that I am the meanest of many I know , & my selfe am vnto my selfe a testimonie , and that I desire no greater height mine Inambiton hath proued , onely your honors good opinion shall be the ayme of my longings , and that gained , I shall die your honors humbly deuoted . Geruase Markham . To all the louers of running Horses . I Haue not found any particular sporte or masterie whatsoeuer , of more antiquitie or honorable estimation , then the vse of running horses ; so that if in our actions we are to take imitation from the Auntients , then without question there is no man able to stand vp against this pleasure , being both most old , and moste royallie defended by the authoritie of many Emperors . But least my supposition , should draw on a question vncreated , I will forbeare to defende what none will impugne , and onely say , if I haue to the Art giuen as good rules as all men will giue allowance to the sporte , there is no doubt but I shall reape thankes in greate measure . Wel what I haue done , let experience iudge , and where I haue made any escape after a due tryall let mee receiue the rigor of a humaine charitie ; so though I smart , yet I shal not be confounded , but liue either to recant or make satisfaction . Farwell . G. M. CAVELARICE . The sixt Booke . CHAP. 1. Of the running Horse ingenerall , and of their choice . IF the auncientest vertue bee most honourable , ( as it is a principall maxime amongest our Herauldes ) then without all question there is nothing more famous in this renowned Arte of Horsemanshippe , then the practise and vse of running Horses , being as auncient as the Olympian games in the dayes of Hercules , and so successiuelye detiued downe to the dayes of our latest Emperours in all which wee may reade of the great glories of the Horses and the infinite rewards and hie places of preferment bestowed vppon their Riders , in which wee may beholde both the fame of the exercise by the princelye foundation , and the necessitie and vertue , by the delight of such emperiall maiesties . And truly in these our latter dayes , wherein wee studie to controll the monuments of our forefathers , this almoste obscurde arte hath found out such princely and vertuous mainteyners , that beeing but only cherrisht in the coldest clymate of this Region , it is now famously nourished ouer all the Kingdome , to the eternall honour of their famous names , and to the exalt of the most seruiceable beast that euer was created : Wherfore ( to speake generally of running Horses ) albe amongst olde writers ( whose readinges were much better then their rydings ) they haue giuen the greatest preheminence to the Portugals or Spanish Ienets , and chiefly to those which are bredde by the Ryuer Tagus , or neare vnto Lisbone , comparyng them to the windes , and such like impossible motions , yet we by our experience in these latter tymes , and out of our industrious labours finde , that the Turkes are much swifter Horses , and the Barbaries much swifter then the Turkes , and some English Horses and Geldings swifter then eyther Iennet , Turke , or Barbarie , witnesse gray Dallauell , being the Horse vppon which the Earle of Northumberland roade in the last rebellion of the North : witnesse gray Valentine , which dyed a Horse neuer conquered ; the blacke Hobbie of maister Thomas Carletons , and at this hower most famous Puppey agaynst whom men may talke , but they cannot conquer . Now therefore if your delight sway you to the exercise of this sport , you shall bee verie carefull in chusing a Horse fitte for your purpose , wherein the chiefest thing to be regarded is his spirit and shape : for his spirit it woulde bee free and actiue inclined to chearefulnesse , lightnesse , and forwardnesse to labor , scope or gallop ; for a Horse of dull , idle , and heauie nature , can neuer either be swift or nimble : the lumpishnesse of his minde taking away the action and agilitie of his members . Now for his shape it would bee of the finest , for seldome ( in horses ) doe naturall deformed shapes harbour any extraordinarie vertue , yet for more particularitie , I woulde haue him to hold most of the shapes of your hunting Horse , only some sleight errours , you may beare withall in a running horse , as thus : If your running Horse be somewhat long and loosely made , that is to say somewhat long filletted betweene the huckell bones , and the short ribbs ; if he haue slender limbes , long ioyntes , a thinne necke , and a litle bellie ; being in all his generall parts , not so strong and closely knitte together , as the hunting Horse should be , ( though I would wish such vices away ) yet I haue seene Horses which haue had some part of them which haue beene of greate speede in short courses . Now you shall know , that for as much as the hunting Horse , and the running Horse are for two seuerall ends , that is to say , the first for long and wearie toyle by strength and continuance of labor , strugling and working out his perfection : the other by sudden violence , and present fury , acting the vttermoste that is expected from them : therefore there must necessarilye bee some difference in the ordering and dyetting of these two creatures : the hunting horse by strength , making his winde endure a whole dayes labour ; the running horse by winde and nimble footemanship , doing as much in a moment as his strength or power is able to seconde . Nowe as order and dyet in this case is of most especiall consequence ; so if training and teaching bee not ioyned to diet and keeping , all your labour will bee vaine and to no purpose imployed : wherefore hauing a Horse of right shape , beautie , spirite , and other line aments agreeable to your minde for this exercise , and that hee is of full age and growth , which should bee fiue yeares olde at the least ; then you shall traine him to the pleasure of running , in such sort as shall be declared in this Chapter following . CHAP. 2. How running horses shall be first trained vp , and of their diet . AFter you haue eyther taken your Horse ( which you intend for running ) fat from grasse , or bought him fat and faire in the market , you shall dresse , order and diet him in such sort as is formerly prescribed in the Booke of the keepers Office for the three first dayes till his grasse bee scowred forth , then after you shall dresse and diet him in such sort as is prescribed in the first fortnightes dyeting of hunting Horses , onelye your exercise shall differ thus much , that for a fortnight together after his water Morning and Euening , you shall galloppe him gentlye vppon the hand for a quarter of an houre together vppon some plaine leuell Meddowe or such like geeene swarth ground , till you haue made him cunning in his galloppe , and that hee knowes howe to take vp his feete , how to set them downe nimblye and skilfully , and withall , how and when to fauour himselfe , by making his stroake round and short , & how & when to increase his speede by striking foorth his limbes , and laying his body neare to the earth : onelie you must obserue that in all this exercise you doe not make him sweat or put him to any force , as well for feare of his winde as for other inconueniences , but that out of ease , wantonnes and pleasure , hee may both attaine to delight and knowledge , and that also by the moderation of such temperate exercise , he may haue his glut and pursiuenes clensed away , his fat and good flesh better hardned , his winde made more pure , & al his inward faculties better disposed . After you haue spent this fortnight in this sort , you shall then put him into the same dyet , and both order and keep him in such sort as you did keepe your hunting horse in the third fortnight , both with the same bread , the same scowrings , and the same obseruations of times and howers , onely your exercise shal thus farre differ , that you shal for a fortnight together at least , fouretimes a weeke ride him forth on hunting , but by no meanes , howsoeuer the Chases runne , you shall not thrust him vppon any deepe or ouerthwart earth , but when the sents come vppon smooth and plaine ground ; then you shall thrust him foorth into a good ordinarie speede , and follow the Hounds chearefully yet not with that violence , that eyther you straine him beyond his owne pleasure , or compel him to doe any thing vpon compulsion , but that whatsoeuer he doth may be done out of his owne desire , you rather restraining & keeping him within his strēgth , then couetting to trie the vtmost of his power , by which meanes you shall adde such life to his doings , that when necessitie shall compell , he will performe more then you can except or hope for ; After you haue brought him home at night , you shall feede and scower as in case of ordinarie hunting ; and in this manner of trayning , and with this gentle exercise , you shall bring him to a good state of bodie , & to be able to indure some reasonable extremity , which you may knowe by the cleannesse of his neather chappes , the thinnesse of his ribbe , and the emptinesse of his flanke , yet for as much as many horses when they are very cleane wil not withstanding haue a full flanke , I wish you rather to trust to his Chaule and ribbe then to the signe of his flanke ; Now when your horse is thus brought to some cleannesse , if then you would know the height of his ordinarie speede , you shall then feede him with the best hunting breade ; and hauing found out some plaiue smoothe course of about three or foure mile in length , and euerie other day you shall course him thereuppon for the space of a fortnight , yet by no meanes strayning him aboue a three quarters speed , onelye to make him acquainted with the race , and that hee may come to the knowledge of his labour , and so may prepare himselfe thereunto by emptying his bellye , and pissing often , as you shall see in a short space hee will quicklye learne , and the rather if as you leade him ouer the race you suffer him to stand still when hee pleaseth , to lye downe and tumble ; to dung , pisse , or vse anye other gesture , whatsoeuer the Horse pleases , not compelling him to lead , but according to his owne liking : and if you finde that hee will not emptye his bellye , you shall leade leade him where other Horses haue dunged , and stand still , and let him smell thereunto , the sent wherof will presentlye entice him to dung also , and if hee pisse seldome , you shall stand still the oftner , and make him stretch out his legges , you shall whistle him as he standes , or throwe a little strawe vnder his bellye , all which if it preuaile not , you shall your selfe pisse vnder his bellye , and it will intice him to pisse , you shall vse as hee goes 〈◊〉 spirt Vinegar into his Nostrilles , for it will both strengthen his stomack , and prouoke him to pisse . When you come to the race end where you must start , you shall vnloose his Sursingle , and putting backe his cloathes , set on his Saddle , and then mounting vppon his backe , cause the Groome to stroake off his cloathes and to ride away with them , that you may haue them to put on againe when you haue runne the race ouer . Then you shall start your horse into a reasonable speede , and according to his winde and strength , so you shal make him runne the course , eyther swifter , or slower ; once in the course at least making him runne for tweluescore or there about , at the best of his speede , but immediately you shall take vppe your bridle againe and fauour him , that preseruing him within his strength , you may make both his winde and strength the better . After that by this manner of trayning you finde that he wil run his course with a good ordinarie speede , and that for the twelue-score which is all the space you straine him in , you feele he runs both swiftly and strongly , you shal then each day you course him , by little and little seeke to augment his violence by drawing twelue-score to twentyescore , and twentie to fortie , till in the end you finde hee will runne a myle with his best speede ; then you shall bring that mile to two myle , and two myle to three , till in the end he will runne the whole course , at the height of one entire speede ; After that , you shall once in a fortnight make vse of your spurs , and make him runne the whole course thorough vpō the spurs , drawing blood soundly vppon both his fides , and then if you feele that in his course hee doth not faint , but maintaines his speede wit a good courage , then you may presume he is a horse of great vertue and worthie estimation . Now you shall obserue , that at the end of euerie course after you haue with gentle gallopping vp and downe a little coold him , you shall light from his backe , and stoppe both his Nostrils with your hand for a little space , making him holde his winde : then you shall throwe his cloathes vpon him , and making them hansomely fast about him , you shall ride him vp and downe till all his sweate be dryed vp , then ride him home , and set him vpon good store of litter in the stable , dyeting , scowring , feeding , and dressing him as you are taught in the last fornight for hunting horses , for al the while you traine a running horses , you shal not exceed an ordinary hunting dyet , your vttermost ayme being but to make him inwardlye cleane , and to bring him to a perfect stroake , and a quicke deliuerance of his feet , and that whatsoeuer he doth , he may doe with great courage and liuelyhood . And thus much for the running horses first order of trayning . CHAP. 3. Of the making of a Match , and the obseruations therein . WHen you haue after a month or two traind your horse , & brought him to some good perfection in running , if then you please either to put him to any Bell-course , or to match him against some other horse for any greate wager , you shall carefully obserue many aduantages and circumstances which are needefull in that businesse , as first the nature & property of your horse , as whether he be of a fierce and coragious spirit dooing althings out of violence of his nature , or whether hee bee of cooler temper yet exceeding durable , for vnto the first the playnet and shorter course is the best , and to the latter the longer & the deeper is most aduantage , yet if the fierce horse haue in his skelping course , eyther vpwithes , inwithes , or downewithes , which is , that hee may eyther runne within the side of hils , vp hils , or down hils , it is much auailing to his winde , and makes him recouer his breath & strength much better ; for this wee many times finde by proofe , that a fierce horse running vpon a plaine leuel , if his ryder start him suddainly , or holde his hankes too straite , the Horse out of his furie will choake himselfe in his owne winde ; others I haue knowne , that hauing libertie of hand , haue runne thēselues blinde , both which the climbing or discending of hilles doth preuent , for nature and the toyle makes him ease himselfe vp the hill : and downe the hill , his owne danger makes him take leasure ; but if your horse be of coole temper , & startes slowly , yet in his whole course throughout , rather augments and increaseth his speede then either abates or diminisheth , such a horse is meete for a long and deep course where not nimble footemanshippe , but truth of winde and bloodynes of sides only must winne the wager , for where speede and spirit failes , there truth and toughnesse are the onely conquerors : you shall also in his trayning note what kinde of earth he takes moste delight to runne vppon , as if he loue a hard smoothe greene swarthe , a beaten hye-way , a rotten groundful of letches , or an ouerthwart broken swarth ful of foule treading , & according to his best rūning so to frame your wager . You shal also note in what state of bodie your horse runnes best , as some Horses will runne best when they are fat and ful of flesh & pride , some when they are exceeding poore and moste vnlikely ; some when they are of an indifferent state of bodie , neither too hye nor to lowe ; but of a competent fulnesse , and according as you finde him nearest to his best perfection so you may be the boulder to hazard your wager ; for if your horse that runnes hye , be low ; you must then feede hard , and exercise little , till hauing gotten him into his true temper , and then you may aduenture him vppon labour ; or if your horse that runnes lowe bee fat and hye , then you must neither spare exercise nor ayring , till you haue brought him to that state of bodie which best fits him . Lastly you shal obserue to make no match , but you shal reserue at least sixe weekes for the dyeting of your horses because it is a generall rule amongst all Horses , that the first fortnight they are brought ●ostrict dyeting , they will fall away and growe a little sickish , so that necessarilie you had neede to haue a month after to bring him to lust , life and delight , in his manner of dyeting . And thus much for present obseruations in match making . CHAP. 4. Of the seuerall kindes of ayrings , and foodes belonging to a running Horse . OF all the particles or best members belonging to this dyeting or ordering of running Horses , there is none of more force or efficacie then this which wee call ayring , for it hath a diuers kinde of workinges , as one while it abateth flesh , weakeneth and bringes lowe , another while it feedes , strengthens , and procures appetite ; sometimes it cheares the blood , and sometimes it appeales the spirrit , working according as it is ordered , yet at all times and how euer it is vsed , it purifies breath , and is the best fortifier of the wind ; wherefore you shall vnderstand , that if your horse be too fat , and either for feare of old straines , or the short time you haue to diet him you cannot by exercise make abatement of his flesh , then you shall not faile but euening and morning ( at least two houres before day ) to ayre him after this ●er . Assoone as you come into the stable , and haue put away his dung , and made all thinges sweete and cleane , you shall then take a haire cloath and rubbe his head , face , and necke all ouer , then you shall turne vp all his cloathes and rub downe his bodie , belly , flanks , buttocks & legs , then take his bridle and wette the snaffle eyther in Beare or Ale , and put it on his head , then trusse his cloathes warme and close about him , and so lead him forth in your hand vp to the toppe or height of some hill where the winde blowes sharpest and the ayre is purest ; and both as you goe to the hill and when you are vppon the hill , let the horse goe at his owne pleasure , standing still and gazing when he list , stretching himselfe forth , gaping , yawning , tumbling , and vsing what other gesture he pleases ; your selfe euer helping and cherishing him in whatsoeuer he dooth ; bseruing principally to giue him the libertie of his bridle , and to intice him to smell to the ground , and to the dung of other horses as you goe vp & downe , and you shall purposely seek out where other horses haue dung'd , and leade him vnto it , that he may smell thereon , for it will mightily prouoke him to emptie his belly , you shall if there be any tussocks of long grasse , rushes , or dead fogge , leade him thereunto , both that he may bathe his legges in the dewe ( which is verie wholsome for his limbes ) & also prouoke him to pisse . After you haue thus led him vp and downe for the space of two houres and more , euen till you see the day begin to breake , then you shall leade him home to the stable in the selfe same sort as you led him forth , but by the way , if whilst you thus ayre your horse , you doe now and then spirte a little Vineger into his nostrels , or sometime stop his nostrels with your hands , it is passing good , for it will both make him sneare and neese , and also it will procure him a stomacke , and make him hungrie : if as you walke vp and downe you doe now & then with your hand gripe him gently about the winde pipe , betweene his chaules and compell him to cough , it will bee exceeding good , and you shall thereby finde if there bee anye grosenesse about the rootes of his tongue , which stops or hinders his winde , as thus : If hee cough roughly it is a signe of grosenesse : if hee cough roughly , and after his coughing chawe with his chappes , it is then both a signe of grosenesse , and that he hath some disolued and loose matter which he breakes with coughing , which if you finde , you shal then vse to gripe him the oftner , but if he cough cleare , and without hoarnes , then he is cleane and you shall gripe him the more seldome . After you haue brought your Horse into the stable , & haue chaft and rubd his legs well , you shall then feede and order him , as shall bee heereafter declared ; Now looke how you ayred your horse in the morning before day ; in the selfe same manner you shall also ayre him at night after the day is departed , onely instead of leading him vnto the height of some hill , you shall leade him downe to some valley or meddowe neare to some riuer or running water , that the coldenesse which comes from thence , may enter and pierce him ; if at any time whilst you ayre your horse , you finde him wantonly disposed , you shall runne with him vp and downe , and make him scope and play about you . This ayring before and after day , doth abate a horses flesh , dries vp pursiuenesse and grose humors , cleares the blood , and makes his vitall spirrits more actiue . Now if your horse be exceeding leane , weake , and in pouertie , then you shal ayre him in the morning an houre or more after sun-rise in the same sort as you did before , and also at night an houre or two before Sunne-set , the pleasantnesse of which two seasons will prouoke such delight in the horse , that hee will take pride in himselfe ; it will get him such a stomacke , that you shall hardly ouer-feede him ; & store of foode brings euer store of flesh and strength , it will make him that he shall not take loath vnto his foode , which is the onely impediment that attends a running horse , but the sorer you feede , the better shal be euer his disgestion ; and nature being pleasd with what she receiues , will soone againe become strong and powerful . But if your horse be of a right state of bodie , that is , neither too fatte nor too leane , but of a full strength and perfection , such as you knowe is fittest for the exercise , whereunto you intend him , then you shall ayre him euerie morning after day , and before Sunne rise , and euerie euening after Sunne-sett , and before the closing in of the night , for these indifferent and temperate times , doe neither take so sore of nature , that they bring it to any weakenesse , neither adde so much to strength or appetite , that they bring the flesh to any greater lust or increasment , but holding one certaine stay , keepe the bodie strong , the winde pure , and the inwarde spirrits full of life and chearefulnesse ; therefore euerie keeper of running Horses must knowe that by no meanes whilst his Horse is in strict dyet , hee may not faile to ayre his Horse morning and euening , after one of these th● seuerall waies , according to the state and constitution of the Horses bodye , excepting onelye those daies wherein his Horse takes his breathing courses , being assured that hee were better to forgett a meale of the Horses foode , then an houre of his ayringes : and since I haue thus shewd you , the diuersity of ayrings , I wil now proceede and shew you the diuersitie and natures of euerie seuerall foode , meete for a Horses bodie . First therefore you shall vnderstand that the principal foode , whereupon a running horse is to be fedde most ; as the verie strength and cheefe substance of his life must be breade , for it is of all other foodes most strong , cleane , healthfull , of best disgestion , and breedes the best blood , wherefore for breade , you shall make it after this manner . Take of fine Oatemell well dryed , foure pecke , of cleane dride beanes two peckes ; of the best wheate two pecks & of Rie two peckes , let all these graines bee well mingled together , & groūd ( if possible ) vppon a paire of black stones , thē boult the meale through a fine boulting cloath , and kneade it with new Ale , and the Barme well beaten together , & with the whites of at least an hundred egges . Now if your horse , as for the moste part running Horses are , bee subiect to drynesse and costiuenes in his bodie , then to these former quantities , you shall adde at least three pound of sweet butter , but not otherwise : these you shal knead & work together exceedingly , first with handes , after with feete by treading , and lastly with the brake ; then couering it close with warme cloathes , you shall let it lye two or three houres in the trough to swell , then take it fourth and moulde it vp in greate loaues at least halfe a pecke in a loafe , and so bake it like vnto ordinarie Houshold breade : Some Horsemen there bee , which of my knowledge to this breade will mixe the powder of L●oras or Annyseeds in greate quantitie , but as once I said , so say I still , it is the moste vnwholsomest that can be , and moste vnnaturall , nor haue I seene anye horse winne , but I haue seene many Horses loose , which haue beene kept with such dyett . The nature of this breade is onely to breede strength , lust , and good blood , without pursiuenes , grosenes or corrupting of the winde : it is light and easie of disgestion , and so not lying long either in the Horses stomacke or bellye is no impediment to the violence and furie of his labour . Next vnto breade is dryed washt-meat , as thus , take two peckes of the best Oates , & spreading them vpon a cloath in the Sunne turne them vp and downe till they bee as drie as if they had beene dryed vppon a K●lne , then put them in a cleane bagge , and either beat them with a fleale , or vppon a hard floare as house-wiues beate Wheate , till the vpper hulles be almost beaten off , then winnowe them cleane , and putting them into some clean vessell , breake vnto them the whites of twentie or fortye egges , & wash the Oates , and stirre them wel vp & down therein , then let them stand and soke all that night . The next morning take foorth the Oates , and spreade them in the Sunne vpon a cleane cloath till they bee drie againe . This foode of all other is moste fine light and easie of disgestion , t is moste soueraigne for the winde , disoluing & clensing away whatsoeuer is grosse , or stoppes the entrance of those pipes . The meetest time to giue this foode in , is eyther immediately before , or immediately after his labour , & the horse most meet for this foode is the grosse feeder , the kettie or thicke winded . Next to this foode is the Oates dride in the Sunne , and beaten as aforesaid , and then to bee steept for a day and a night in strong Ale , and then dride in the Sunne . This foode is exceeding comfortable , and mooues life , spirrit , and chearefulnesse in a horse , it helpes the winde something , but not much , and is moste meete to bee giuen a Horse that is leane , or of a daintie and tender stomacke . Now your last dride washt-meate is to take a couple of fine manchets well chipt , and to cut them crosse wise into foure round toastes , & so toast them before the fier , then steepe them for halfe an houre in Muskadine , then taking them foorth , lay them in warm cloathes before the fire , and smother them till they be drie againe , and so giue them to your horse . This foode is a lustie and strong food chearing the blood & the vital spirits of a horse ; it quickens the braine , makes the minde wanton and actiue , and so fils all the powers of a horse with alacritie and spirrit , that if he be neuer so emptie , yet he takes no dislike in his fasting : it killes also the wormes in a horses bodye , and makes that they doe not torment and gnawe him , when he is much fasting , yet this foode is not to be giuen often , for feare of intoxicating the braine through the fume thereof ; but early in the morning before your horse goe to course , if hee haue beene sicke , or is poore in flesh , or much subiect to take dislike or loath at his prouender . Next to these dried washt meates , are your moyst washt meats , which are no other but these before named , as Oates , and whites of Egges , Oates and Ale , or Toasts and Muscadine , so that they be giuen to a horse presently after they haue beene steept , and are as wet as wet may be . This foode is verie heartie , coole and much loosening the bodie , hauing onely this particular fault , that it a little breedeth pursinesse , and grosnesse : wherefore it is to be giuen to a horse that is either weake , sickely , or subiect to drie much in his bodie , it must be vsed for the most part medicinally , for , to make it a continuall food , the verie fume therof would bring putrifaction to the brain , and the moystnesse cause an vnnaturall scowring in his bodie . Besides these foodes , there is the eares of Pollard wheate to be giuen by two or three handfull together out of your hande , for it prepareth and comforteth the stomacke , and is to be giuē to a horse as the first thing he eateth after he hath beene coursed or warmed with any extraordinarie labour . Now as touching Rie , Mashes and such like , because they are in the nature of scowrings , I wil not couple them amongst the horses foodes , hauing spoken sufficiently of them and their natures in the booke of hunting horses , to which I referre you . And thus much for the diuersitie of ayrings , and the alterations foodes . CHAP. 5. Of the seuerall kindes of sweates , and of their vses . SWeates are to bee giuen to a horse two seuerall wayes , that is to say , either naked or cloathed : naked , as eyther by exercise , or labour ; or cloathed , as by physicall helpes without much torment . And because the labor of the running Horse is violent and sodaine , without any indurance or deliberation in his exercise , insomuch that a Horse being in any good state of bodie cannot sweate much , or dissolue any parte of his inwarde grosse humours by so short an exercise ; it is therefore agreed vpon by all good Horsemen , that aswell for preseruing the running horse from wearinesse in labour , as also for bringing him to the best estate of a cleane bodie , that he shall haue his sweats giuen him for the most part in his cloaths , especially when he is so cleane that he will not sweate sodainly . Nowe you shall vnderstande , that sweates in cloathes are to bee giuen two seuerall wayes , that is to say , eyther abroade in the fielde , or else standing still in the close Stable . If you giue your Horse his sweate abroade in the fielde , you shall doe it after this sort : early in the morning after you haue rubbed him downe with your haire-cloath , and gyrded his cloathes close rounde about him , you shall put on his bridle , and leade him foorth into some faire large Close or field , and there mounting vpon his backe with his cloathes about him , you shal galloppe him at a reasonable speede vppe and downe without ceasing , till you finde all his heade , necke and face , to bee of an intire sweate : then you shall ryde him to the Stable doore , and there lighting from his backe , set him vppe in Litter euen to the midde side ; then tie him vppe to the Racke , and cast a cloath or two more ouer him , couering his heade and necke all ouer also , and so let him stande and sweate for an hower or more , if you knowe him to bee verie fat , and foule . After hee hath sweate sufficientlye , you shall then take off his cloathes one after another , and another , till by little and little abating his heat , you make him leaue sweating ; then you shall rub him , and feede him as shall be hereafter declared . Nowe if your Horse haue either former straynes , or bee aged , or in any such state of bodie , that you may not well aduenture to put him to any violent labour , or if the weather bee so vnseasonable that you cannot conuenientlye giue his sweates without in the fielde ; you shall then giue him his sweate in the Stable after this manner : first you shall strippe your Horse naked , then take a large Blankett , and warme it agaynst the fire , and then folde it in manye foldes , heating euerye folde hotter then other , and then beeing at the hottest , you shall wrappe it rounde aboute your Horses bodie next vnto his heart , pinning it verye close and strait ; then lay ouer it two or three other Blankets at their vttermost largenesse , and two or three Couerlettes also , girde them harde about his bodie with a Sursingle , and binde euerie one of them close and fast before his breast , then stoppe the Sursingle round about with great Wispes of strawe , and let him stande in Litter vppe to the midde side , then keeping your Stable as close and warme from all ayre as is possible , let him stande for a quarter of an hower , and you shall see the sweate begin to rise about his eare rootes , and trickle downe his face , which if it doe , you shall then let him stande still , and sweate so long as in your owne discretion you shall thinke meete ( so it exceede not aboue two howers at the most ) but if hee bee of so harde a constitution , that this course will not make him sweate at all , then you shall lay more cloathes vppon him ; and if they preuaile not , then ( beeing cladde in the manner aforesaide ) you shall take him foorth of the Stable into some adioyning backe-side , and there trotte him , and chase him gently vppe and downe , till you see his sweate beginne to rise , then set him vp in the Stable againe , and laying more cloathes vppon him , let him sweate during your pleasure , and all the while hee sweateth , you shall make a Groome to stand by him , and to wipe the sweate from his face with a drie cloath , which will please the horse exceedingly . Whē he hath sweat to your contentment , you shal then by the abatement of his cloathes one after one , keeping a prettie distaunce of time betweene each seuerall cloathes taking away ( least cooling him too suddanly might doe him more hurte then his sweating doth him good ) bring him to that drynesse and temper of bodie , wherrin you ▪ founde him before you gaue him his sweate , which when you haue brought to passe , you shall then vncloath and dresse him in such sort as becommeth the office of a good keeper . These sweats are the most wholsomest & best scowrings that can be giuen to a fat horse , for they do dissolue & expel all grosse & infectious humors , how euer bred in the body either by surfeit or rawnesse of foode , by violence of trauel , by sodain colds , excessiue heats , or by any other vnnatural course whatsoeuer ; it purifies the bloud , cleares the winde and bringes spirit and lightnesse to the bodie , onely they doe much abate the flesh , and therefore a little weaken the horse , by which meanes they are held principally good for fat and grosse horses ; and seldome to bee vsed vpon leane horses , yet for mine owne part , it both hath beene , and shall euer be my practise to vse them both to fatte and leane horses , where I finde either by outward or inward signe , that the bodye hath beene vnwholsomly fed , and is possest with grosse and corrupt humors : yet you must knowe that one of these sweates doth take as much of a horse as three courses , wherfore you must haue this consideration , that if your horse be not in great pride and full state of body , after one of these sweates , you must not course or straine your horse for at least fiue daies . And thus much for sweates and their seuerall vses . CHAP. 6. Of the ordering and dyeting a running Horse for match or wager . WHen you haue made any great match o● wager vpon your horse , so that you are to put him to the vttermoste , that eyther art or nature can bring him vnto ; it is to bee presupposed that your horse being of som especiall note ( at least in your owne estimation ) must necessarilie be kept in good ordinarie hunting dyet , for few or none will make any greate wagers eyther of ordinarye Hackneyes , or grasse Nags , wherfore your match being made , and you now intending to put him into this strict dyet , onely appertaining to a course , you shall first looke vpon him ; and as neare as you can , eyther by his dung , the thicknes of his flesh vpon his shortest ribbe , the cleannes of his chaule and other externall partes ( all which are formerly set down at large ) you shall iudge in what state of bodie your horse standeth , and how neare , or how far off he is from being in fit temper to runne a course , and if you then finde that he is in full strength , good lust , & in an indifferent ordinary cleannes , you shal thē thus begin first to fashion him vnto his dyet , first next his skinne you shall lay a faire linnen sheete , as well because horses naturally delight to be sweet and neately kept , priding themselues with the daintines of their keeping , as also because when nature being at anye time distempered in the horse , either through the straitnesse of his dyet , or the strangenesse of his foode , ( which ordinaryly is found with running horses ) he wil break foorth into greate sweates , insomuch , that when you come to him in the morning , you shall oft finde him all wet , as if he were troubled with the night-mare , then the linnen being next his skin , euen as the force of nature or his sicknesse shall leaue their working , so will the linnen sheete coole and growe drie againe ; neither forcing him to sweate ( as wollen cloathes will doe ) nor retaining any moysture extraordinarilie , as your cloathes of course canuase will doe ; the first being vnwholesome for the Horses health , the other a greate annoyance vnto his bodie ; ouer this sheete you shall lay as many cloathes of wollen and Canuase , as shall double in weight and warmth those cloathes which he vsually wore ▪ dayly , as thus , if ordinarilie he did weare a canuase cloath and a blanket , then now you shall lay on a blanket , a thick couerlet & a cloath of canuase , all which you shall binde close and warme before his brest , & then with a sursingle gird them about his bodie , and stop him round with soft wispes ; the reasons for these many cloathes being these two , first that they may helpe nature to expell all grosse , foggie & vnwholsome humors which are gathered together in a horses bodie by inforceing him to sweate in the houres of his rest , which a horse naturally ( with smal help ) wil doe if he bee ouerburdened with grosenes or faintnes , & these sweats are most kindely and least painful : the second reason is , that a horse being ouer-laden , & as it were fettered & bound vp in his cloathes , when he shal come to bee disburdned & stript naked of such incumberances , he will be so light , nimble , & deliuer in al his actions that like a prisoner discharged of heauie bolts , his feete will be euen winges to beare away his bodie ; also when a horse that is so warme and tenderlye kept , shall come to haue his skinne opposed against the sharpe ayre , the verie piercing colde thereof wil be vnto him as good as a paire of spurres to enforce him to make hast in his labour , neither wil the naturall heate which accompaineth and comforteth the hart , so easily be banisht into the outward partes , or bring to the horse anye sence of faintnesse . Next you shall obserue , that your stable be close , warmer and darke as may be , and that ouer and besides the darkenesse of your Stable , you shall naile some thicke Canuase cloathes about your Horse also , both for closenesse and warmenesse ; both because no colde or subtle ayre shall suddenlye strike into the horse and distemper his bodie , and also because the Horse shal not distinguish the night from the day , but take his rest equallye in them both , without either the trouble of light or noyses . This doone , you shall euer bee carefull that your Horse may stand orderlye night and day vpon great store of litter , at least a foote deepe from the plaunchers after your horse hath prest it downe with his lying , both because it shall defend him from the colde dampishnes of the earth , which is verie vnhealthfull ; and also because he shall not holde his vrine in his bodie longer then the first prouocation of nature , which if hee haue litter vnder him hee will not doe , but if hee want he will not pisse as long as he is able to containe in the contrarie ; besides , there is nothing wherein a horse takes more delight , then in the softnesse of his bed , which as soone as he findes , you shall see by his much lying the delight he takes in his lodging : and truely whosoeuer will expect much toyle from a horse in the field , must not abridge him of any ease in the stable , and chieflie if he be a horse of free and pure mettall . Next vnto these obseruations , you shall looke howerly to the keeping of your maunger cleane , both from dust , filth , or anie vncleannesse whatsoeuer ; and if there be any walles of earth , mudde , or loame , or any thatch or such like filthinesse neare him , you shall naile canuase cloathes before them , so that by no meanes your horse may come to licke or gnawe vpon them . Lastlye you shall haue regard to his rack , and see that it be hourely swept and kept cleane , both from dust , cob-webs and such like filchinesse ; and as touching the ordinarie meate which you shall put into his racke , during all the time of his dyet , it shal be nothing but sweete wheate-strawe well thrasht giuen by a sheafe at ouce , morning and euening . Now when you haue performed all these generall obseruations , you shall then thus proceede to his more particular dyet ; First in the morning as soone as you come into the Stable , which would be to a fat horse long before day , to a horse of good temper before Sunne rise , and to a leane horse long after the Sun is risen . As soone as you haue put away his dung , and such foule litter as he hath that night filed , and after you haue swept and made your stable cleane , you shall then thrust your hand vnder his cloathes , and feele his flankes whether hee haue sweat that night I or no , if you finde he haue sweate and is not fully drie , you shall then turne vp his cloathes , and with cleane cloathes rubbe him as drie as may bee ; then if hee bee a Horse of grosse and foule feeding , you shall take a new laide egge , and breake it in his mouth , make him swallow it shelles and all , then washing his Snaffle in a little Beare , or Beare and Salt , put it in his mouth , and so leade him foorth and ayre him , as hath beene set downe in a former chapter . After you haue brought in your horse from airing , and set him vp in the stable , you shall first cause all his legges to bee rubd exceeding much , and his feete to bee pickt cleane from durt , grauell & other filthinesse ; then you shall take off his bridle , put on his collar , and giue him the valewe of halfe a pecke of Oates washt in the whites of Egges and dride if he be a horse of good stomacke and appetite ; but if he be a horse tender and daintie , then you shal not giue him so much at once ; but giue him lesse and often , wherfore as touching the quantities of meat which you shall giue , your owne discretion agreeing with the apetite and stomacke of the horse , must make them more or lesse at your pleasure . After your horse hath eaten his meale , which you shal stand by and see him doe , you shall then after you haue made your stable cleane againe , shut vp your stable dore and windowes , and so let your horse rest till twelue a clocke in the after noone ; at which time comming into the stable , and hauing put away his dung , and made al things sweet & cleane about the horse you shal then put on his bridle , and tie him vp to the rack , and then dresse , curry , and trim him in such sort as is before described in the office of the keeper ; after you haue drest your horse , & clothed him vp warm , hauing an especial care that your horse by no means stand stil naked , but that the groome be euer doing something about him ( for so long he wil neuer take colde ) you shall then lead him forth to the water , either to some faire fonntaine , or some rūning spring , or some such water as you shall think to be most agreeable with your horses body ▪ of all which waters , I haue in the former book of the office of the keeper , written sufficiently , & therfore in this place think it needlesse againe to repeat them . After your horse hath drunke his fil , you shal then lead him into the stable againe , & hauing chaft & rub'd his legs wel , you shal thē giue him the value of halfe a pecke of your best diet bread cut in small peeces , which as soone as you haue seen him eat , you shall then shut vp your stable door , & let him rest til fiue of the clock in the euening . Now you are from these first rules to gather these generall principles , that first your horse shall drink during his time of diet but once in 24. houres , which is euer betwixt twelue and one a clocke at noone when the Sun is at the hiest : next that he is to be drest but once in 24. houres , which is at twelue a clocke at noone also ; then you shal euer see him eat his meat , & when you giue him any bread , you shall chip your loaues well , and keepe the rules formerly prescribed for hunting horses , that is to say , if your horse either be a grosse feeding horse and hold his meat long in his belly , or if at any time either vpō the occasion of his course , the giuing of medicine , or any other necessitie , you would haue his meate soone disgested , you shal thē giue him no crust at al , but al crum , for that soonest passeth thorow him : but if your horse be of dainty or tender nature , subiect to quicke disgestion ; or if by reason of rest , or to cōfort former toile takē , you would haue him to retaine & hold his meat long , then you shall giue him more crust thē crum , or els crust & crum equally mixt together , your loaues being onely sleightly chipt & but the vpper part taken away only . Lastly , you shall euer obserue whē you dresse your horse , to annoint all his foure legs frō the knees & cambrels downward with linseed oile , & euer whē he comes frō his course , or from any exercise to bath thē with pisse & Saltpeter boild togither . At fiue of the clock in the euening , you shall come vnto him , & first making your stable cleane , and putting away his dung , you shal turne vp his cloath , & with a haircloth rub his face , head , necke , buttocks , flanks , and belly , then with hard wisps chafe his legs ; which done , you shall giue him the like quantitie of bread as you did at noone , and so let him rest till the houre of his euening ayring ; for you must vnderstand , that as duly as a horse must be fed or drest , so he must bee ayred at his fit houres morning and euening . After you haue brought your horse frō ayring , and haue chaft & rub'd his legs well , you may giue him a handful of bread or thereabouts , & no more , & so let him rest til 9. a clock at night , at what time you shal come vnto him , & hauing rubd his bodie ouer with your haircloath , and his legges with hard wispes , you shall then giue him the ordinarie quantitie of breade , tosse vp his litter , make his bedd soft , and so let him rest till the next morning ; and as you spent this day , so you shall spend al other daies of your horses rest , onely with this caution , that if as you feede your horse , you finde him at any time grow coy or refuse the foode you giue him , then you shall alter his foode , and in stead of bread giue Oates ; & in stead of drie Oats , wet Oats , and when he is weary of wet oats to giue him drie Oates againe ; yet to make your maine foode indeed to be onely bread , and to vse the other foodes but onely to make his appetite better to his bread . If any man shall either thinke , or in his experience finde , that these quantities which I prescribe are too great , he may at his discretion abridge them : for in my iudgement when I consider the want of hay , the sharpnesse of his ayrings , and compare his howers of fasting with his howers of feeding , I doe not finde any quantitie that can bee a better president . After you haue thus kept your horse , as is before shewd , for the space of two dayes , you shall the third day in steade of ayring him , leade him in his cloathes to the place appointed for his course , for it is to be intended , that you must euer either through right , loue , or money , haue your stable as nere to the staffe where your race must end as conueniently you can get it , as in the next neighbouring village , or such like place of conueniencie , that your horse comming to knowe that hee euer runneth homeward , he will with more willingnesse and spirit , bestirre himselfe in his labour . Assoone as you haue brought your horse to the staffe , you shall let him smell thereto , and if he wil , you shall let him rub himselfe thereon , or vse any other motion what he pleaseth ; then you shall leade him forward , with all leasure and gentlenesse , standing many times still , both to prouoke him to dung , and pisse , and if hee will lie downe and tumble , which horsmen call Freaning , you shall not onely giue him leaue , but also with the bridle reynes help him to wallow ouer and ouer : but if as you leade him he refuse either to dung or pisse , then beeing come to the place of start , you shall vnloose his sursingle , and breake the wispes open vnder his bellie , for many horses will refuse to pisse for feare of sprinckling vpon his legges , which fewe daintie horses will endure ; so that when hee perceiuesthe wispes to be vnder him , he wil pisse instantly , & to that ende if he doe not offer at the first , you shall leade him ouer them twice or thrice . When hee hath pist , you shall take some of the dryest wispes and chafe all his legges ; then you shall vnbinde his cloathes from before his breast , & putting them back , set on your saddle , which done , you shall your selfe pisse in your Horses mouth , which wil be an occasion that he wil work & run with pleasure , then you shal take away al his cloaths , and deliuer them to the groome , who may ride towardes the staffe with them : then after you shall start your horse & at more then three quarters speed , run him ouer the course : & assoone as you are past the staffe , you shal take him vp and stay him : then trot him gently back to the staffe , & let him smell vpon it againe , that by custom he may come to take an especiall notice of the place ; & know that there is the end of his labor : then you shall gallop and scope him gently vp and down to keep him warme , vntil his clothes come ; then lighting frō his back , & cloathing him , you shall ride him vp and downe till he be sufficiently cooled , and then ride him home , and set him vp in the stable close and warme , casting another cloath ouer him ; thē hauing rubd his legs sufficiently let him stand , being tied by his bridle vp to the racke , for at least two or three howers or more , & then come to him , & if you find that his sweate is al dryed vp , you shal take off the spare cloath , and hauing stoped his sursingle about with soft wispes , you shall giue him foorth of your handes a handfull or two of the eares of Pollarde wheat , & so let him stande till one of the clocke at noone , at what time you shall bring vnto him a verye sweete Mash , and giue it him to drinke . After he hath drunke his mash , you shall giue him two or three handfuls of oates washt in muskadine , & dride ; & mingled with them a handfull or two of cleane drest hēpseed . After he hath eaten them , you shal then vncloath him , and currie and dresse him , as hath beene formerlye discribed , then cloathing him vp warme againe , let him stand til fiue of the clock at euening , at what time you shall giue him a good quantity of bread , which assoone as hee hath eaten , you shall bridle him vppe and leade him foorth to ayre him , of what state of bodie soeuer hee bee , both because hauing in the morning endured greate toyle in his course , it is requisite he should haue comfort in his ayring , and also that you may haue greate respect to his dung , obseruing both the temper , the colour and the slyminesse , and whether there come from him anye grease or no , which if hee doe auoide , it is an apparant signe of his foulenesse , if he doe not , it is a good token of his cleanesse . After his ayring , you shall set him vp , chafe his legges , and giue him a handful of bread , letting him stand till nine of the clocke at night , at what time ( as you did in former nights ) so you shall nowe giue him a good quantitie of breade , rub his head , face , necke , hodie and buttocks with a haire cloath , stirre vp his litter and so let him rest till the next morning , obseruing according to the expence of these three daies , so to spend the first fortnight , coursing your horse euerie third day , both that you may bring him to an acquaintāce with his race , & also that you may come to the better iudgement of the state of his body , for if in this first fortnight you find your horse to drie inwardly , and grow costiue , which is the natural fault of rūning horses , then you shall vse moist washt meat the oftner , put more butter into your bred , & in time of necessitie , giue him a handful or two of rye sodden , but if you finde him naturally giuen to losenesse , which is sildom found in this dyetting , then you shal put no butter at al into your bread , you shall feede him with washt meate wel dride , and giue him wheat eares both before and after his ayrings , you shal chip his bread little or nothing at all , & let it be baked somewhat the sorer . Now after this first fortnights keeping , if you finde your horse a little cleaner then he was , & that he is strong & in good lust , then both for your ayrings , dressings , dyetings , watrings , and other obseruations , you shal in al things do as you did in the first fortnight , onelye with this difference , that in your coursings , you shal not be so violent , or draw him vp to so hye a speede as formerly you did , but play with him , and as it were no more but galloppe him ouer the race , that thereby he may take pride & delight in his labour , onelye once in each weeke , that is , in the midle of each weeke , beeing at least fiue daies betwixt one and the other , if your horse be young , strong , and lusty , you shall giue him a sweate in his cloathes , either vpon the race which you must run , or else vpon some other ground fit for the purpose ; but if your horse be old , stiffe , ortainted , then you shal giue him the sweates in his cloathes within the Stable , the manner of each sweate is in a former chapter described , and these sweates you shall giue verie earely in the morning , as an houre before sunne rise ; that he may be coolde , haue his mash giuen him , and be curryed and drest soone after eleuen a clocke in the forenoone , the day following the latter of these two sweates , you shall earelye in the morning before you goe forth to ayre him , giue him the scowring of Muskadine , Sallet-oyle and Sugar-Candie , as is mentioned in the booke of hunting , and then leade him forth & ayre him , but in any case keep him not forth aboue half an houre at the most , but bring him home , set him vp warm , tye him so that he may lie downe , lay him an handfull or two of Oates before him , and so let him rest till twelue or one a clocke in the afternoone , at what time you shall water him , dresse him , and feede him as you did in the former daies of his resting . After this sweate thus giuen , you shall euerie third day for exercise sake , gallop your horse as gently ouer the race as may be , onelie to keepe his legges nimble , and his breath pure , till the fourth day before the day of your wager , vppon which day you shall giue your . Horse a sound ( and as my Countriemen of the North tearme it ) a bloudie course ouer the race , then after he is colde & brought home , as soone as you haue chaft his legges well , you shal take a mussell made of Canuase or Leather , but Canuase is the better , of which mussell I haue spoken more particularlie in the booke of hunting . This mussell you shall put vpon your horses head , & fasten it between his eares ; yet before you put it on , you shall throw into it the powder of Annyseedes wel beaten in a morter , which is all the spice you shall vse about your horse , and euerie time you take off or put on the Mussel , you shall put more powder in . This powder of annyseede is for the horse to smel vppon , because it openeth the winde-pipe , and sometimes to licke vppon because it comforteth the stomacke , and strengthneth a horse in his fasting , you shall also haue diuers mussels , that when your horse with his breath and such like moist vapors hath wet one , & made it noisome , you may then put on another which is drie , and so keepe him sweete and cleanely , washing his foule Mussell , and drying it before the fire , that it may serue at another season . After you haue musseld vp your horse that he can eate nothing but what you giue him , you shall let him rest for an houre or two , and take away the wheate-straw from his racke , not suffering him to haue any more racke meate till the wager bee past . After hee hath stood two houres , you shall come to him and giue him two or three handf●ll of wheate eares , and after them a sweete mashe , then mussel him vp againe , and let him stand till it be betwixt twelue and one a clocke in the after noone , at what time you shall first take off his cloath and currie & dresse him verie sufficientlye , then hauing cloathed him vp warme againe , you shall take off his Mussell , and giue him out of your hand bit by bit , to the valewe of a pennie white loafe of your dyet bread , then you shall giue him in a clean dish , the valew of a quart of water , thē you shall giue him as much more breade , then offer him as much more water , and thus giuing him one while breade , another while water , giue him a good meale , according to the constitution of his bodie , and the strength of his appetite ; then put on his Mussell , and so let him stand till betwixt fiue and sixe of the clock in the euening , at what time you shal take your horse foorth to ayre him , and after he is ayred , you shall bring him home , and hauing chaft his legges , you shall take a cleane boule or tray of wood ( for you must vnderstand after your horse is put into the mussell , you shall suffer him no more to eate in the maunger ) and into that boule or tray , you shall put a good hādful of Oates washt in the whites of egs & dride , which if you perceiue he eates verie greedilye , you shall then giue him another handfull , and so a third , then in a dish you shall offer him a quart of water , then another handfull of Oates , and another quart of watter , and thus you shall giue one after another , till you haue giuen him a good meale likewise , then put on his Mussell , and let him stand till betwixt nine and ten a clocke at night , at what time you shall come to him , and as you fedde him at noone with bread and water , so shall you nowe feede him with bread and water likewise , then putting on his muzell , rubbing him , and raising vppe his litter , let him stand till the next morning . The next day is a day ofrest , so that after you haue ayred him in the morning , you shall then onely feede him as you did the day before , onely you must vnderstand , that these three dayes before your race day , you shall in your ayrings be longer abroad then vsually you were wont to be , both that you may keepe him in perfite breath , and suffer no grosnesse to increase , and also to procure him a good stomacke , and a longing appetite . After two of your foure dayes is thus spent in ayring and feeding , the third day you shall spende in the same maner also both touching his ayrings and feedings , but the time betwixt his meales , you shall spend in colling his eares , maine , chappes , eye-browes , and other parts of his bodie that are charged with superfluous haires ; you shall wash & scowre both his maine and taile with sope and water , & then if at the race day you meane to haue it frizeld and brodered out brauely to the showe , you shall plat them both in as manie seuerall small plats or strings as you can conuenientlie , & knit euerie seuerall plat and string in as manie knots as you can deuise , for the lesse your plats are , and the more knots you knit , the brauelyer will your horses maine or taile curle , and the gallanter it will appeare to the beholders . This day also you shall see that the Smith shooe your horse both easily and sufficiently , according to the nature of the course ; that is to say , if the course be vppon soft greene swarth , totten more , or durtie earth , then you shall shooe him with halfe shooes , both because they preuent ouer-reaching ( which often chaunces in such grounds ) and also giues foot-hold inough , which is al the necessitie in such a course : but if the race bee vpon harde heathes , hie wayes , or flintie , or chaukie grounds , then you shall shooe him with whole shooes , neither halfe so broad , nor halfe so thick as the hunting shooe . After your horse is thus prepared , the next day following , which is the day before your race day , you shall ayre , order & feed your horse , as you did in the former dayes , onely you shal giue him no water at all . After you haue finished watring and feeding him at twelue of the clocke in the after noone ) till your wager ●e past , onely you shall feede him with what meate he hath most stomacke vnto , both in the euening , and at nine a clocke also , giuing him as much quietnesse and rest as you can deuise : vpon the race day in the morning before the spring of the day , you shal take forth your horse and ayre him ; then when you haue brought him home , you shal giue him ( after his legges haue beene well rubbed and annoynted with Linseede Oyle , or Traine Oyle ) as manie tostes steept in Muskadine , and dried as he will eate , or if out of the daintinesse of his stomacke , he take dislike vnto them , you shall onely giue him halfe a pecke of fine cleane Oat-meale well dryed , then put on his muzzell , and so let him take his rest , till you haue warning to prepare him for his course , which as soone as you haue , you shall the first thing you doe take halfe a pint of Sacke , and hauing brewed it well with the powder of Anne-seeds and Sugar-candie , giue it your horse : then lay his cloathes hansomly & in good order about him , stopping the sursingle round about with soft wispes , then if you haue an●e couering of silke , or other finer cloath for the showe ( as for the most part noble mē & great persons haue ) thē you shall lay in the vppermost , & hide both the other clothes and the wispes also ; then you shall vnplat both his maine and taile , seuering euerie haire one from another , then you shall wash his Snaffle in a little beare , and put it in his mouth , then with some fine riband or lace , you shall tye vp his fore toppe , so that it may not dangle or hinder his sight , and whilst you are doing these thinges , you shall make other Goomes doe nothing but rubbe his legges , thus when you haue fitted euerie thing conueniētly , you shall take Vineger into your mouth and spirt it into your Horses nostrels , and so lead him towards the race , in such manner and forme as was shewed you in the horses first course , & after you come at the race end , when you haue rubd his legges , and as much as you can , prouokt him to pisse and dung , then you shal vngyrde his cloathes , set on your saddle , spirt vinegar into his nostrels , & then mount his backe , and when the watchword is giuen , start him & runne him according to your arte and courage . CHAP. 7. Obseruations to be vsed , and inconueniences which happen during the dyeting of running Horses . NOw for as much as there be diuers general obseruations , which you shal obserue , during the time of dyeting your horse , I will as neare as I can set them downe in such sort , as may bee best fitting for your memorie , wherefore first you shall obserue that once or twice in a weeke when you giue your horse any oates , to giue him a little Mustard-seede mingled therewith , which wil make your horse ne●se , & purge his head of all grosse matter . You shal also obseru , that whē your horses dūg lookes of a paalish yellow collour , & is of an indifferent hardnesse , both in substance and smell like to the ordure of a man , that then it is best ▪ & the horse in strongest temper . You shall obserue , that after your horse comes to the strength of feeding , & that his dung smels strongly , that then euerie time you come into the stable , you burne either Iuniper , Frankensence , Sto●ake , or some other perfume , both to take away the euill smell , and to comfort the horse . Also you shall obserue , that if your Horse be an exceeding grosse feeder , and that he wil eate vp his litter in great aboundance , that then you may put him into his mussell for a fortnight or three weekes before the race day , but if he be a horse of a tender and daintie stomacke , so that you shall with great difficultie make him eate any thing at al ; in this case , you shal not put him into the Mussell at al ▪ aboue one night before the race day ; for the vse of the Mussell is onelye but to keepe him from foule and vnwholsome feeding , and to prepare and get him a stomacke ; also you shall obserue , that when you giue your horse a playing course , that is to say , when you doe no more but gallop him ouer the race ●o leasurely as you can deuise , that if then you doe it in his cloathes , it shal be very good , & more wholsom for the horse , then if you did giue him such a course naked , for if he be in good and perfect temper , then that gentle exercise wil no more but make him warme in his cloathes . Lastly you shall obserue , that after your horse is perfectlye cleane , and in perfect state of bodie ; if then he take a generall loathe vnto his dyeting foode , and will not by any meanes touch any part of it , then you shal not spare , if for the recouerie of his stomacke you giue him any foode whatsoeuer for ameale or two , as eyther hay , grasse , forrage , hunting bread , pease and branne , or euen common horse-bread ; for the cōmon prouerbe being , that a little doth but a little hurt . In this case to preuent a greater mischiefe , you must bee content to tun into a great inconuenience . Many other obseruations there be which your experience will produce vnto your memorie , & which acquaintance & familiaritie amongst men skilfull in this Art will bring to your knowledge , of which now my remembrāce is barren of , wherefore not doubting but these being carefully looked vnto , will giue you all reasonable satisfaction : for the rest I will referre them to your owne practise , and the disputations of others reasons . Now for the inconueniences which are most apt to fal out during this time of dietting running horses , they are three in number ; namely , lamenesse of members , sicknes of bodie , or dislike of food . To preuēt lamenesse of limbs , you must let your exercise be moderate , & vse daily those supple ointments which are soueraine for the limbes , as linseed oile , traine oile , sheepes-foote oile , neats-foot oile , and such like ; al which are to be vsed before trauel : & pisse and salt-peter , nerue-oile , oile de bay , & oile Perolium , al which are to be vsed after labor : but if notwithstanding all these helpes , yet lamenesse doe chance to happen , then you must repaire to the next booke following , which cōteineth the office of the Farrier , where in you shall find remedies for euery sorrance : as for sicknesse of body to preuent it , you must keep the bodie cleane by scowrings , the blood pure by good diet , & the spirits actiue , & in strēgth by healthfull exercise ; but if likewise crosse to your in●uors this chance of sicknes , & infirmitie happē vnto your horse , then you shal repaire likewise to the next booke , where you shall find receits for euery imperfectiō in nature , as wholsom purgatiōs , cofortable drinks , & the best glisters , of which you shall stand most in need in this ca●e of strait dietting ; for if your horse in the time of this especiall keeping , do by any accydent drie inwardly , so that he cannot dung but with great paine and dfficultie , you shall then not loosen him by any purgation or scowring , for that through his passage amongst the inward vessels , and mixing with the blood and spirites , doth weaken a horse too much , but onely you shall administer a glister vnto him which is most kindly , both cooling and comfortable . Now lastly for his dislike of food , to preuent it , you must vse oft change of food , & certaine times in your feeding ; but if notwithstanding it happen , then you must repaire it by much ayring , and longer times of fasting : & thus much both for obseruations and inconueniences . CHAP. 8. Certains helpes and rules for the Rider , and bow he shall run his horse at the best aduantage . OF al the aduantages which are either to be gained or lost , there is none greater or more carefully to be respected , then either the giuing , or the loosing of weight , for it is most certaine and I haue seene manie experiments thereof that a pounde waight aduauntage hath both won & lost the wager , as thus , hee that hath been a pound waight heauier hath lost , and that pounde waight beeing abated hee hath wonne , for in long or sore courses , where waight is to bee felte , there lesse then a pounde is verie troublesome ; and though these chaunces happen not in euerie course , at least are not so seuerallie lookt into , yet for mine owne part , I giue this caution to all those which intend to make any match vpon running horses by no meanes to giue his aduersary any aduauntage in weight , for though it be neuer so little in a mans sence or apprehension , yet it is a great matter in the end of the wearie labour . The weight , which for the moste parte is agreed vpon in matches in these daies , and the certaine weight which is allowed in al bell-courses through this land , where men are the ryders is ten stone weight , each stone contayning foureteene pound ; and ( being in a match for a Bel ) if hee which comes first vnto the staffe , want any thing of his dew weight , ( which is presently to be tryed by the scales ) he shall loose his aduantage , & the second horse shal haue the Bell , but if the second horse want weight also , then the third horse shall haue it , and so from horse to horse , till it come to the last horse , and for mine own part , I haue seen courses where for want of weight the hindmoste horse hath beene adiudged the Bell , and indeede it is his dewe if he bring his true weight to the staffe , and be seene to gallop the course thorowe ; but if in the course he be seene to leaue gallopping as dispairing in ●he match ▪ then he shall challenge no aduantage , because his owne yeilding was a resignation of all his right in that daies victorie . Now if no horse bring his weight to the staffe , then the Bell shal be giuen to that horse which ranne with the gr●test weight . These Lawes being wel considered , it is the part of euerie good rider to make himselfe a full compleat weight , and if he be of himselfe so lig● ▪ that he must c●trie dead weight , the● to carrie it 〈◊〉 a thicke plate of 〈◊〉 , foulded & sowed vp in c●oath or canuase , & going 〈◊〉 girdle about his brest vnder his arm-pits , & to be ●orn vp with two crosse Bautricks ouerthwart his shoulders , for so shall it be least troublesome , both to the horse , and to the ryder , whereas to carrie dead weight , as I haue seene manie riders doe , either about their wastes , or in the pockets of their breeches , it must needs be verie vilde , and cānot chuse but beat a man mightily , both vpō the thighs and bodie . To ride with a plate coate , ( as I haue seene a principall Rider do ) cannot but be most troublesome , or to beare sods of earth about a man is the worst of all , for the earth drying , looseth the waight , and so puts in daunger the wager . I would not haue a rider by any meanes to ride fasting , for though some suppose they are then lightest , yet dayly proofe shewes vs , that they are heauier then when their bodies haue taken moderate sustenance . Now since I am entred thus farre into these aduantages , I will shew you one most necessarie which hitherto I haue omitted , which is aduantage against aduantage , as thus for example ; If you being the maister of a horse of principall good speed , shall be either braued or chalenged by him that hath a horse but of a meane speed , saying hee wil run with you such a course if you wil but giue him one quarter of a mile aduantage , you that by certaine proofe and triall knowes your horse is able to ouer-run him in that course aboue three quarters of a mile , will presently make the match : in this case , you shal by no meanes agree to giue him his oddes , or aduauntage of the quarter of a mile at the beginning of the race , for that may soone bring you to bee a looser ; and the reason is this : your aduersarie at the start standes a iust quarter of a mile before you , and the signe beeing giuen , you both start , you haue then a quarter of a mile to runne before you come to his starting place , which if you doe not runne at the height of your horses speede , then your aduersarie will be got another quarter of a mile before you , and then your wager is in greate hazard ; but say you doe runne at your best speede , so that when you come to the ende of the first quarter , your aduersarie 〈◊〉 but at a three quarters speede ( as if he bee wise he will not runne faster ) is but halfe a quarter before you , then haue you that halfe quarter to runne vpon the spurres also : when that is done , say he be but twentie score before you , that must bee runne vpon the spurres also : then say hee bee but twelue score before , you must runne that at the same speede also : then say you come in that twelue score to buttocke him , you shall then finde hee hauing runne all the while before at his owne ease , and within his speede , will nowe bee able to giue a fresh loose from you and almost to double the speede hee b●fore held , whilest your horse hauing before neither had ease , nor breath giuen him , wil euen through despaire and faintnesse , yeelde in his labour , except hee bee a Horse of such an inuincible spirite as hath fewe or no equalls , whereas on the contrarie parte , giue the aduauntage at the last ende of the race , so that you may starte cheeke by cheeke together , and you shall in the first quarter of the mile burst him , and inforcing him to runne beyonde his strength , he will not be able to indure his gallop , but will tyre most shamefully . For as a Horse beeing kept in his strength growes proude in his labour ; so beeing stretched beyond his strength , hee growes weake and faint-hearted . But leauing these aduauntages , and to returne to my purpose , after the Ryder hath made his waight , and all other his accouterments , in such fitte sort as becomes a good Horse-man ; that is to say , his garments light , close , and easie , his cappe fast vppon his heade , his bootes without wrinckles , and his spurres easie for his heeles , hauing verie good steele rowelle ; : then beeing mounted vppon his Horse , and beeing readie for the starte , hee shall take a couple of roddes finelie rush growne , of good tough Birch , not beeing aboue an elle long , and one of them hee shall put vnder his girdle , and the other hee shall carrie in the middest crosse-wise betweene his teeth : then shall hee take vp his Bridle reynes , and hauing made them euen , hee shall holde them fast betweene his fore-finger and his thumbe , and then hanke them about his hande twice , drawing them vnto such a firme straitnesse , that albee hee let the first hanke loose , yet the seconde shall holde his Horse at a sufficient commaundement . And beeing thus readily prepared , carrying his legs close by his horses sides , with his toes turned inward towards the points of the horses fore-shoulders , so that the horse may neither feele the spurre , not yet his legs be ●orne so farre off , but that vpon the least occasion hee may instantly giue him his spurres . As soone as the watchword for the start is giuen , he shal by bowing his body a little forwarde towardes his horses necke , with all coolnes & gentlenes that may be , start his horse into little more then an ordinary gallop ; for there is not a more vilde or vnhorsmanlike motion , then to start a horse sodainly , or in furie , both because if the horse be of a furious and great spirit , such an intemperate hastinesse will driue him into a violent madnesse , in which hee will either choake himselfe at first in his owne wind , or els run away so fast that he will abate his strength before he haue occasion to vse it , as I haue seene many times happen betweene a mad horse , and a mad hors-man . Nowe it is certaine that therebe some Horses ( as I haue both seene and ridden such ) which though the Horseman bee neuer so temperate and milde , yet out of the hardnesse of their mouthes , and the violence of their spirits , if they be either started amongst other horses , or heare horses come thundring after them , will ( whether the rider will or no ) runne at the height of their vttermost powers , whilest they haue eyther strength or wind . Such a horse if you chaunce to ride vpon who hath neither patience in starting , nor temper in running , then I woulde haue you to suffer such horses as runne agaynst you to start before you , and you with all gentlenes to follow them euen in the very path , that one of them runnes , so that if he offer to runne faster then hee should , hee shall bee inforced to runne ouer the horse which runnes before him , which seldome you shall finde any horse without compulsion will doe , by meanes whereof you shall reape these two benefites : first that you shall keepe your horse in that temper of speede which you desire , and so preserue your horse both in strength and winde : and secondly , what with the noise of your running , and the fear that you will tread vpon his heeles , you shall driue your aduersarie so fast before you , that through feare and furie you shall beate him out of winde , and make him saint much sooner then if he ranne at his owne pleasure , insomuch that when you haue ridden a mile or more , at what time your horse will come to coolnesse , and temperate ryding , you shall find him in that strength of wind and bodie , that you may take what way you will and rule your horse by the directions of your owne thoughts . But if your horse bee so extreame madde , that hee will not suffer anie horse to start before him , nor yet stande still with anie quietnesse till the time of starting , you shall not then take his backe till your aduersaries be all readie mounted , and then as soone as you get vppe , you shall stand a horse length or two at least behind your aduersaries , and cause your groome to holde him quietly by the head , hauing his face turnd the contrary way , to that which he should runne til the other horses be started , then vpon their starting , the Groome shal turne him gentlie about , and you shall start with all quietnes ; & though you will thinke the losse of so much ground is a greate disaduantage , which cannot be at the moste aboue fortie or threescore yardes , yet it is not so , for beleeue it to loose tweluescore yardes , so you may bring your horse to run temperately , will bee double gained in a course of foure mile , for nothing brings a Horse sooner to faintnesse then intemperance and indiscretion at the first starting . These Horses of which I haue heatherto spoken , being of great courage and mettall are intended to be of greate speede and swiftnesse , for it is impossible to finde toughnesse and furie ioynd together , because the one doth euer confound the other : wherefore if the Horse you ride vppon bee swift and spritie , you shal let your aduersarie lead you , till you finde your horse begin to ride at some commaundment , then you shall thrust vp to the side of your aduersarie , and see in what sort he rideth , whether he haue made any vse of his spurres , whether he ride with a loose hand , or whether he vse any other close correction , as either to giue him a chocke in the mouth with his bridle , to dash his feete forward vppon , his stirrop leathers , or to strike him with his spurre vpon the contrarie side which is from you , which you shall knowe by the whisking of the horses taile ; any of these if you do perceiue , and feele your own horse to runne at his ease , you shal then neither increase nor beminish your speed , but hold him vpto that speede till you come within the last mile of the race , and then you shall loose a hanke and put your horse foorth faster , which if your aduersarie second and followe you close , then you may bestowe a good stroke with your spurs , or a good iert or two with your rodde , and then letting goe your last hanke , & being nere the end of your race , shoot away as fast as you can make your horse goe ; but if vpon the first letting goe of your hanke , you finde that your aduersary dooth not second you , but looseth ground , then you shal make good your hanke againe , & only loose it when hee shall come neare you , til you haue wonne the wager : for euerye good horseman ought to bring his horse to the last part of the race , with as greate strength as may be , and not as I haue seene many doe , to spur away so fast vpō the first aduantage , that when they come to the end of the race where is both the greatest concourse of people , & where the horse should show his best spirit ) they many times with great difficultie gallop , although their aduersary be atleast a quarter of a mile behind thē , wherefore a iudicial horseman knowing his aduantages should hold thē : & so though he run not farre before his aduersary , yet by his gallantnes in running , & the pride of his horses countenance , he shal declare to the world that he could doe more , if it were his pleasure , and this is the best manner of riding , and moste like to a good horseman . But if you run against many horses , so that if you should ride at any one particularly , you should loose aduantage of the rest ; In this case you haue but onely this course of ridng , first to start with as greate temperance as you can , & whilst all the horses run in a cluster together , to followe them close at the heeles , & when you see anye one or two of them to break from the rest , only to amend your speed but a little more , & to come vp to the hindemost horse , whom if you see to ride at his owne ease , and with good strength , you shal drawe him on a little faster , & looke to the formost horses which brake away first , & if you perceiue that either of them whiske their tailes about , or that you see their rider lye close & beginne to labour , you shal then let them goe , & holde you your certaine speede still amongst the rest , for they being at strife one with another , wil soone burst themselues , and when their winde begins to grow weak & their riders would a little ease them , then you shall thrust vp hard vnto them & by no meanes giue them leaue to take any breathing : yet you shal not couet to run past them , but vpon thē , til being within 3. quarters of a mile of the staffe , you shall thē put him to the vttermost of his power , & either win or lose instantly , so that to speake in a word , if you run amongst numbers , neuer striue , nor ( if you can hinder it ) be striuen withal , but keeping a certaintie in your speede , take your aduantage when you see others are weakned . Hitherto I haue onelie spoken of swift horses , because in them is most art to be vsed , but if your horse be not ful so swift , yet very tough , and of great indurance , then you shal vppon your first start run away at the least at a three quarters speede , for the first mile , yet not runne before him , but cheeke by cheeke or hard vppon his heele , that you may compell him to runne as violently as you can , & when you haue got him to any great speede , you shall then holde your bridle somewhat straite , yet bestowe the euen stroke of your spurs twice or thrice together : then when you come within a mile and a halfe of the end of the course , you shall spare neither rodde , nor spurre , but runne away with all the speede you can till the wager bee wonne or lost . Now for generall rules in your riding , you shall knowe that he which will run a race , must haue a sure , a strong , and a close seate without moouing in his saddle or pressing too hard vpon his stirrop leathers , he must carrie both his armes close to his bodie , and when he vseth his rodde , he must not mooue his arme any more then from the elbowe downeward , when he spurs he must not fetch his legges with a long blow , but gripe his horse vpon each side sharpelye and suddainlye ; if when hee is in the verie height of his running , when he spurres his horse , hee perceiue him to whiske his taile , and clappe his eares close to his neck , he shal then forbeare to spur him , & rather seeke to giue him breath , because then hee is at the vttermoste of his power , and to torment further were to make him faint and desperate ; hee shall neuer ride his horse with a loose hand , but holding his reines at an indifferent straitnesse , keepe his horse in winde and courage . Now for the rules of foule play , as the crossing of waies , the striking your aduersaries horse thwart the face as you passe by him , the shouldring him vp into vneuen pathes or rough waies whereby you may indanger to ouerthrowe him ; or as you ride ▪ close by him with your foote to dash his foote out of his stirroppe , or riding knee to knee to put your knee vnder the thigh of your aduersarie and so seeke to ho●se him out of the saddle , or laying your hand vpon his shoulder , to pull him backward ; or in riding by him to twitch his rodde either from his hand , mouth , or girdle , or a world of other such like knaueries , as they are both contrarie to faire play , & are the grounds of many great quarrells and greeuances amongst great persons , so I wish euerie good rider , not onelye to shunne them but with his vttermoste power to detest him that will put them in practise , because it is both the signe of a dishonest nature , & is the onelye meanes to bring confusion to that sport which is moste praise-worthie . And thus much for the rules both good and euill which accompanie the running rider . CHAP. 2. The office of the Sadler , and the best side of hi● commodities . NOt that I am ambicious of the name of generall knowledge , nor that I would haue the world to repute me such an officious Constable that I will make priuie searches into occupations beyond my commission , doe I intend to handle this matter of the Sadlers office . But since I haue thus farre waded into this generall reuelation of all things belonging to the skilfull horseman , and that euerie Gentleman , horsman , or other trauailer , may know how to apparell his horse , which is most beautifull , which most easie , and which most hurtfull , I meane according to mine experience , to deliuer the true shapes and benefites of Saddles , and other implements belonging to a horse , and to shewe which is the meetest for the mans seate , or the horses wearing , presuming that in it I knowe more then a common Sadler , because they onely fashion , and the horsmā finds the ease , or disease of their proportions . To begin therfore with Saddles the saddle for the great horse or horse of seruice , is the most worthie , the true shape and proportion whereof I haue shewed before in my booke of riding . And albe it haue not the hie fore-pillowes or bolsters , to which you may so cōueniently fasten your steeles or plats , as the flat pillowes vsed in times past haue , yet a skilfull Sadler may make the outside of those pillowes as flat as he please , and with some small buckles make the plates as fast aboue & below , as any vice pinns whatsoeuer , then whereas some will finde fault at the roundnesse of the pommel , as supposing it doth not couer the mans bellie sufficiently , to that I say they are verie much deceiued , for if the seat of the sadle haue his true descent and compasse , the pomell cannot chuse but come to the riders nauell , which is a height in the stricktnesse of Art somewhat of the highest , only this obseruation the sadler must keep , that the fore-pillowes must stande so directly downwarde , that they may defend the Ryders knees from the neather point of the bare tree , and not by setting them somewhat too forward , leaue nothing betweene his knees and the tree , but the thicknes of a single leather . At the setting on of the pōmel of the saddle shal be plac'd a ring of iron , whereto to fasten your pistols , and by the right side of the pommell shall be a loope whereon to hang your battell axe , there must be betwixt each mid side of the pannell before and the tree , a strong buckle whereto to fasten the breast-plate , and directly in the mid part of the saddle behinde ouer the horses chine , an other strong buckle whereto to fasten the crooper . Next vnto this saddle is the Morocco saddle , which in euery shape should resemble the proportion of this former saddle , onely in the bignesse of the pillowes , the height of the hinder crooper , the depth of the seate , and squarenes of the tree , it shold not containe halfe so much as the other , the length therof not being aboue seuenteen or eighteene inches , the depth ten inches , and the height of the hinder croope or pillowes not aboue fiue inches ; to this Saddle doth also belong both breast-plate & crooper , and it is principally to bee vsed in the warres , as eyther for the light horse or the Carbine , and these two Saddles for seruice in the warres , are altogether sufficient . Now to proceede so such saddles as are meetest for the vse of trauelling , you shall vnderstand that for princes , men of estate , men diseased or corpulent , all which howsoeuer they iourney , yet they iourney with greate moderation & temperance being as loath to ouer heate their horses , as to ouer toyle themselues , for such I say , the moste easiest , grauest and comelyest seate is the french pad , if it be made of a right shapt tree , and the seate stopt with downe , and artificially quilted , neither so soft and loose that the weight of the man presse it flat downe ; nor so hard that the seate will not yeelde though the man sit neuer so heauie , there is a meane betwixt both these , and that meane is to be obserued . Now the generall and greatest fault which our Sadlers heere in England doe commit in making these French pads is , that they make the seates thereof too broad , so that when a man comes to bestride them , they doe make him open his thighes so wide , that he can neither sit fast nor at his ease , but after a little trauell put him to such paine , as if they would splyt or deuide him ; wherefore it is the office of the good sadler when he makes the seate of the French pad , to raise the vpper Garthweb a little higher , and to draw the seate before as narrow as he can , & as thick & soft as he can ; I meane that part onelie which is iust betweene the mans legs : as for the hinder parte of the seate which is vnder the mans buttocks he shal make it broad , round , flat and soft , that the man may sit therevpon , as if he sat vpon a cushion ; to this saddle also doth belong both brest , plate and crooper ; so that it as the former must haue buckels for that purpose . The next saddle to this for ease is the large Scotch saddle being at least eighteene inches in length , and made with the French padde seate , together with pillowes and bolsters of like fashion , of which sort of Saddles a man may behold some almost in euery Sadlers shop , and it is a verie excellent Saddle for his seruice , who hauing great occasions of continuall trauell , is now and then compeld to trauaile with more then ordinarie haste : so that should he make vse of the French padde , or anie of the former Saddles , the burthen and trouble sometimes would too soone heate his horses backe , & with the scalding thereof breed both the felter worm , warble , and such like diseases , and also draw a horse sooner to faintnes and wearines in his iourney ; for the truth is , those heauie Saddles are but for moderate trauaile . The next Saddle to this for the vse of trauel , is the plain Scotish saddle , I do not meane that Scottish saddle which was in vse many yeares agone , and are yet remaining in Sadlers shops , being in fashion iust foure square , that is to say , as deepe as they are long : for of all the proportions of saddles they be the worst : but I meane that saddle which being eighteene inches in seate , is not aboue ten inches in depth to the neather points , or being fourteene inches in length , is not aboue eight in depth , and these sizes are sufficient for any man of what shape soeuer he bee , if he exceed not a horses ordinarie burthen , Now it is the office of the sadler which maketh the seat of this plain Scottish sadle to set it somwhat strait vpō the garth-web , and not according to our late found fashion in the South parts of this kingdome , to set the garth-web so loose , that before the sadle come to be riden in , the seat is falne as low , & beareth as great a cōpasse as if it had bin riddē in many daies before , which I must cōfesse is more cōly to the eie of the beholder , but nothing near so profitable for the vse of the rider ; & the reason is this , whē the garth-web is so let down , & the seat proportioned before the sadle be ridden in , then when it comes to beare the weight of the man , and to be stretcht out by burthen ; the garth-web which euer at first wil recht , falls down so low vnder the tree of the saddle , that after a monthes riding in it the man is forc'd to sit vpon the edges of the ribbes of the Tree , and which is worse then that , the seate will bee so hollowe , that when either the horse shall stumble , bee put to any great leape , or vppon any greate affright shall fodainely stand still ; the vpper part of the saddle will giue the man such a iumpe against the bottome of his bellye , that it will make his hart ake for manye houres after , whereas when the seate standes straite vppon the garthwebbe , then the weight of the man doth no more but settle the webbe to such a computēt lownes , that the man being born vp aboue the saddle tree , sits both more sure , more easye and more free from danger ; and these saddles are vsed moste of young Gentlemen , and such other youthfull spirits , who scorning to bee older then there yeares , or giue the world notice of any inabilitie , will neither be beholden to the pad or any other quilted seate , for the benefit of ease in their trauell . Next vnto this saddle is the hunting or running Saddle , which is also but a plaine scotch saddle of the same generall proportion that the former scoth saddle is , onely it must be the lightest and nimblest you can possible haue framed , as being made of the oldest and dryest Sallowe which can be gotten and hewd to as slender a substance as can possiblie be , for the strengthning whereof the sadler shall first couer the wood ouer with dride sinewes , of an Oxe well tas●ed and mixt with well tempered glewe , and not as many of our Sadlers vsr to doe , to lay on the sinewes , with nothing but paste onelie . After the tree is sinewd , you shall then glewe strong canuase all ouer the woode also , then plate the tree , both before and behind and it wlil be strong inough for any burthen . These hunting or running Saddles would bee full twelue inches in length of seate and not aboue fiue inches in depth downe ward ; it must also haue the seate made straite vpon the Garth-webbe , and the pillowes thereof round , and but a little bigger then a mans great fingar . Now because the greatest goodnesse in saddles consisteth in the saddle tree , the sadler when he chuseth his trees shal obserue these principles , first that their shapes bee right in his eye , next that the woodde whereof they bee made , be exceeding olde , drie , and well seasoned , for if it be otherwise , the verie heate of the horses backe wil warp the saddle tree , and if it warpe but the breadth of a strawe awrie , it will neuer stand vpon any horses backe after , but it will hurt him ; Next hee shall turne vp the saddle tree , & with a threed measure it from point to point , crosse-wise , & if it be not iust and euen , but lōger or wider one way then another , which of Sadlers is called a skellowd tree , then it cannot possibly be riden vpon , but it will hurt a horse : but if it be square and euen , then you may presume it is verie perfect ; then he shall not suffer any holes to be cut through the tree for to passe the stirop leathers thorowe but to haue stronge Siuills of yron wel reuited thorow the tree wherein to put your stirrop leathers , he shall naile vppon each side of the Saddle , three strong tabbes of neates leather , onely they vppon the left side , shall be longer then those vpon the right side , because the horse is euer girded vpon the left side : the pannelles of his Saddles shall bee made of strong linnen cloath , which is longest ere it heate , and soonest dride when it is wette , and not of the cotten as it is vsed in some places . The best stopping for pannels is deares hayre , for it is softest lyeth moste euen and soonest dryeth when it is wette , but where it cannot bee gotte , there must other hayre be vsed , but the Sadler must bee verie carefull that the lime bee well washt out of it , and that it bee well beaten , or else it wil both poison and hurt a horses backe : the pannell also would bee stopt no further then to couer the woode of the tree , for more is superfluous , and doth but adde to the Horses backe a heate extraordinarie . As the Sadler shall thus be furnished with all manner of saddles , so he shall likewise haue all sortes of bytts , which belong to the great horse saddle , the Morocco or the French padde , the proportions of which mouthes and cheekes are figured in the booke of ryding . He shal also haue headstalles fit for such byts made of blacke Neates leather , both plaine or studded , with brest-plates and trappinges sutable to the head-stalles and trymings of the Saddles ; then hee shall haue to ioyne with the Scotch Saddle , which hath the French pad seate , or with the plaine trauelling Scotch Saddle , fine light Northerne Bridles , made of good Neates leather soundly oylde , and either of white , blacke , redde or yellow colour . To these bridles , hee shall haue Snaffles of all shapes , some smoothe , some rough , with small ringes in the midst , and sundrie sort of small players fastned to those ringes , which to a trauelling horse breeds pleasure , & makes him haue a white mouth Now to the Hunting or running Saddle , hee shall haue likewise light narrowe Northerne bridles , but his Snaffles for those purposes shall be longer then the trauelling Snaffles by at least two inches , they shall haue no ringes nor players in the midst , but bee plighted one within another , and the whole Snafsnaffle shall be as whole and as slender as may be , and the plights made so easie that you may make the our moste ende at your pleasure , meere one with the other , the reasons of which shapes are , first it shall haue no players least the horse in his race catch them betweene his teeth , and so holde them , that though the rider pul neuer so hard , yet the horse will runne away without controlement ; neither shall the players make him foame at the mouth , least that fluxe of grosse moisture in his swiftnesse choak or stop his winde , then the two outmoste endes shal meet together , that if the horse shall runne faster then you would haue him , the pulling in of your bridle reyne shall drawe the outmoste endes of the snaffle so close together and so nip the horse vpon each side of the chappe , that he shall be glad to haue his head commaunded . Next these the sadler shall haue stirrops of all fashions , as to the great Saddle , the Morrocko & the pad , & such stirrops as are figured in the book of riding , but to the other Scotch Saddles , fine , slender , round , webd , stirrops , that parte which is vnder the riders foot , being raised & made rough like a rape file , that his feete may not slippe vp and downe therein . He shall haue garthes of all sortes , those for trauelling being made of broade linnen webbe with large strong buckles , those for hunting or running of woollen webbe , strongly quilled and ioyned to the lightest and sinest buckles . Hee must haue stirroppe-leathers made of welliquored leather , & by no means so burnt in the dressing , as moste blacke stirroppe leathers are , which are hardly for a weekes fernice . As for maine-combs , currie combes of all fashions and sizes , spunges , postpillions , Sursingles , Collers , pasterns , Coach-harnesses , hoodes and housing cloathes for horses , and such like apparellings meete either for vse in the house , in the field , or vppon the hie way , it is the office of euerie good Sadler to haue both the best and the best choice , as being the onely Marchant for these necessarie commodities . And thus much for a slender taste of the Sadlers office . CHAP. 10. The office of the Smith , touching the shooing of horses . BEcause the Smith is a most principall and necessarie member in a well ordered stable ; and that the want of him bringeth many most grosse inconueniences to the good estate of Horses , I will before I proceede any further , speake something concerning his office , not as to speake of his office in euerie generall vnderstanding , but onely of that part of his office which concerneth the paring and shooing of Horses feete . It is therefore the dutie of euerie good Smith , to knowe that Horses haue two sorts of hoofes , that is to say , either perfite or imperfite ; the perfite hoofe is deuided into two kinds , that is , the perfite round hoofe , and the perfite long hoofe : and the imperfite hoofe is deuided into eight kinds , that is , the flat hoofe , as those of flemish horses , the brittle or rugged hoofe as those which growe after frettizing or foundring ; the crooked hoofe , either inward or outward ( the inward making a horse enterfaire , the outward making a horse grauell ) the ouerhollow or drie hoofe , as those of Barbaries & Turks . The hoofe which is all soale ( of some called a broad frush ) which makes a horse haue weak heeles : the narrow heeld hoof , the hoofe with the false quarter , & the hoofe that is bound , either by any straine , or some one of these former imperfections . To all these hoofes both perfect & imperfect , here belongeth great skill , & the Smith must know how to handle and pare each one of them seuerally . Wherfore first to speak of the perfit hoofes : the round perfite hoofe is good in the trauelling horse , and is both a signe of strength & long life : the long perfit hoofe ( which by some of our English writers is accounted a fault in horses ) is excellent both in the running & hunting horse , & is not only a great signe of swiftnes , but also makes a horse run with lesse paine and labor ouerthwart deepe fieldes , or myrie wayes . Touching the paring of either of thē , the smith must know that there is but one skil to be ther vsed , & that is , hee shal ( assoone as he hath taken his Buttris or paring knife in his hand ) not take his stroke from the top of the heele downe to the toe ( as our bungling common Smithes doe ) cutting away the horses heeles at the first stroake , which onely should be preserued and cut little o● nothing at all , but striking at least an inch or more short of the heele , he shall first pare the toe , both smooth , plain , thinne , and euen : then turning himselfe about , and looking vpon the horses heeles , if in his eie they appeare ( for want of ordering ) to bee a little ouer-growne , then hee shall as sleightly and thinly as may bee pare away onely the superfluous growth of the heele : for the Smith must know , that the onely thing which is to bee preserued in a horses hoofe is his heeles . This done , he shal with his face turned opposite to the horses hoofe , and with the edge of his Buttris vpwarde , open the heele of the Horse be tweene the frush and the hoofe as wide and as hollow as conueniently may be , for that onely giueth ease and libertie to the foote within the hoofe : this done , hee shall lay his shooe vpon the hoofe , and see that it lie close and euen , not bearing more vppon one part of the heele then on the other , but resting alike in all parts , which he shall discerne , if by looking betwixt the hoofe and the shooe hee see any glimpse of light shining thorow more in one place then in another ; when the shooe sits to your contentment vpon the foote , then you shall see that the vtmost verge or ring of the shooe extend almost halfe a strawe breadth broder forth then the hoofe , especially at the heeles , and on each side , but at the toe , the hoofe and the shooe shall be all one . Now to speake more particularly of the shooe , it is the office of the Smith to know that he must fashion , proportion and turne it according to the shape of the hoofe , and not like our Smiths , make one shoe serue all manner of feet . He shal also know how to giue his Iron the toughest and not the hardest temper : he shall make his naile hoales more towards the toe then the heele , because theere the hoofe is weakest and narrowest , and the veine lieth most outmost . Now for the heeles of the shooes , he shall make them with great thick spunges , at least halfe an inch thick , if the horse be either for seruice in the wars , or for trauelling : but if he be for the Coach , wagon , or other draught ; chiefly in paued streets , then instead of thicke spunges , deep caukens are more commodious . For the web of the trauelling shooe it shall be broad , chiefly at the toe , drawing a little narrower downe towards the heele , yet in such sort that it may almost couer the hoofe , and leaue onely the soale or frush vncouered , the Iron whereof the shooe shall be made , may eyther be good Spanish Iron , or good English Iron , and for mine owne part I haue euer found the English Iron the better . Now for the naile , it must both hold the same temper which the shooe hath , and be of the same Iron , the head must belōg & square , beatē a little sloapewise at the neather end , that it may fill the hoale , & not ( as some of our ouer curious Smithes do ) be made in a mould , by which meanes it cannot enter in as it should , but holding onely by the weakest part of the naile , which is the verie point of the clench , with the least straine vppon any stone or otherwise , it is loosened & wrested out of the shooe : these foolishly made nailes , you shall know , for they haue most commonly the foure outmost corners of the head driuen downe , and the figure of a diamond square vpon the top . Your naile head therfore must so enter into the shooe , that not aboue the one halfe may stand aboue the shooe , the shankes of the nayles must be flat , and iust so broad as the naile hoale and towards the setting on of the head so thicke , that they may fill the hoale as they are driuen in : the point of the naile shall bee sharpe , and beaten vppon one side sloape-wise , that as it is driuen the point may carrie the shanke outward from the hoofe , not inward towards the veane for feare of pricking . The first naile you shall driue in shall be into the middle hoale vpon the outside of the hoofe , then set the shooe straight , which is , that it may stand and couer equally both the heeles alike , then driue in another naile into the middle hoale on the inside the hoofe . Now you must vnderstand , that when you driue in any nailes , you shal either dip the point into soft grease or sope , or else wet them in your mouth . The hammer which driues them must be verie light , and the first strokes verie gentle till the nailes bee entred , and then harder and harder , till they can goe no further . Assoone as any naile is driuen in , you shall turne the point backe againe , downe to the shooe ward , both for feare the horse by twitching his foot away , shold hurt him which holdes vp his foote , and also that by the bending the shankes , the clenches may be the stronger . When all the nailes are driuen in , and the pointes brought out as it were al in one line , then with a paire of pincers the nailes points shall be all wrung off close by the hoofe , then driuing al the nailes ouer again , somwhat harder thē before , the Smith shall then clench the nailes vppon the hoofe by holding his pincers against each naile head , and with his hammer beating downe euerie clench , till they lye as smoothe , and as plaine as may be ; then with a rape file where the hoofe is larger then the shooe ( which should be no where but at the toe ) he shall file it in such sort that the shooe may be discerned round about . Now for the imperfit hoofes , If your horses hoofe be flat and weake , you shal pare the toe a little , but the hee le nothing at all , neither shall you open them aboue a straw breadth deepe between the frush and the hoofe : his shoe shall be so broad that it may couer al the hoofe hollowly that it may not touch the soale , and largelye that it may beare him both easilie and from the ground . But if your horses hoofes bee rugged or brittle , then in paring them you shall open his heeles both as deepe and as wide as is possible , & take a little from the vpper part . The ruggednes you shall file smoothe with a rape file , and the toe you shall pare as thinne as may be . For his shooe , it shall neither be heauie nor extraordinarily light , but of a mean size , only it shal be naild round about the toe ; the whole shoe containing ten nailes at the least . But if his hoofe be crooked inward or outward , look what side of his hoofe he weareth least , & of that side pare the most away , leauing the other side whole and vntouched , more then to make the shooe stand euen ; as for the shooe , it shall bee a very broad web , & looke of what side the horse treadeth most , that side of the shoe shal be a great deale the higher , & driuing the most nailes into the strōg side of the hoofe & the fewest into the weake . If the horses hoofes be ouer hollow , you shal then pare away no part of the ball of the foot , but roūd about the out side of the hoofe , euē frō the top of the heele to the toe , you shal take away as much as you can with cōueniencie , & make the hoofe more flat & leuel , as for the shoe , it shal be in al points like the shoe for the perfit hoofe , only a little flatter , & somewhat lighter : but if the horses hoofes be all soale , hauing a broad frush , you shall thē pare no part of it at al , but onely to make the shoe stād euen , for it stāds need of al strength possible . As for the shoe , the heeles shal be made with extraordinary lōg spūges , & those spunges more broad & flat then cōmonly is vsed , both to beare vp his heels , & defend the weaknes . If the horse haue strait and narrowe heeles , then the heeles must be opened wel between the hoofe , and the frush , that they may stretch & spread : & for the shoe it shal be very light before , but the spūges vpon the hinder parts shal almost meet & ioyne together ; the nailes shold stand forward , & the shoe must wāt nothing of his due length , but if your horse either by pricking , stubbing or other mischiefes , put out a false quarter , you shal then in paring his hoof plain , hollow the false quarter a little thought more then the rest of the hoofe , & whē you set on the shoe also , you shal make it by a little hollowing to bear so from the false quarter , that the horse in his treading may not presse vpō any part of it . I haue seen some that haue made their shoes want a quarter , so that the false quarter hath beene vncouered , but it is not good , especially if the horse trauel in rough waies , for the least touch vpon the sore place , wil make the horse hault exceedingly . Now if your horse bee hoofe bound , you shall in paring open his heeles , so that you may almost discerne the quick , then with a sharp drawing yron , you shal draw the outside of his hoofe , directly before his toe , & on each side of his hoofe , almoste clean thorow , & annoint it euery day with hogs grease & tarre mixt together : as for his shoe , it would be like the perfit shoe , only a thought wider and larger : but for halfe shooes like halfe moones , they are naught for they leaue the heeles vndefended , which only should bee supported & stretcht forth to the vtmost . Now if your horse haue a good perfect hoof , yet through defect in his pace , doth interfaire or hew one leg vpon another in this case , & to amend this fault , his shoes shall be made flat vpon the outside like ordinary shoes , but frō the inside euē frō the toe to the heele , they must be a little more thē a quarter of an inch broad , & more then a ful inch thick frō the hoofe to the groūd downeward , the nailes stāding al round about the toe & the outside of the hoofe ▪ the narrownes of the shoe must stād a quarter of an inch within the hoofe , & it wil cast the horses legs outward . Some smithes wil make these shoes of a ful thicknes from the hoose downeward , but so thin as the back of a knife ouerthwart , but they doe no good , because the weight of the horse making those edges cut into the groūd , he treads as it were on a leuell , & so cuts not with standing . Now for those shoes which doe belōgvnto the hūting horse , euery smith must know that they differ frō other shoes , because the horses exercise is little vpon hye-waies , or stonye places , but altogether vpō the deepes , therfore his shoes must be as light & slender as may be made , but only as it were to compasse the outmost ring of the hoof , being in bredth not ful half an inch , & almost as thicke as broad , and hauing a small gutter round about , into which the Smith shallet in some part of the naile head . The heeles of the shoes shal bee a little turnd vp against the heeles of the Horse , being bea● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hauing as it were a little butten vnderneath like a caulken made in the fashion of those sharp catches , which clap into lockes and holde fast . The proportion of the shooes are in these figures ; As for the rūning shoes , I haue spoken of thē somwhat alreadie in the booke of running Horses , where I haue shewed of two kindes , one for hard courses , the other for soft , wherevnto I referre such as either desire satisfaction or would knowe the vses or reasons for them ; manye other shooes there are , as namely shooes with rings in the heeles , to make a horse lift his legges , the Pancelet to help the weake heele , shoes with turning vices & ioyntes and the patten shooe , all which being now out of vse , because there being better means found out for the preuentiō of the faults they amend , I wil here let them passe without discriptions , because I will neither trouble you with friuolous matter , nor intice you to practise that which is vnprofitable . And thus much for the Smithes office in paring and shooeing onely . The end of the sixt Booke . CAVELARICE OR That part of Arte wherein is contayned the Knowledge or Office of the Horse-Farrier , with the signes and demonstrations of all manner of infirmities , and the most best approued cure for the same . The seauenth Booke . AT LONDON Printed for Edward VVhite , and are to bee solde at his shop at the little North-doore of Paules , at the signe of the Gunne . To the Right Honorable and most noble Lord , Iohn Ramsey , Vicount HADINGTON . IF there bee a blame in mee ( most Noble Lord ) to offer to your vertues this poore offertory of my labours , I must with renowned Sir Phillip Sydney make answere , that is is a fault then in you to be vertuous , for did not your vertue and Honorable inclination ( which euen vpholdeth and strengtheneth this Art which I professe ) moue me with the violence of an inrepressable desire to become your obscure seruaunt , doubtlesse I had both conceald your Name & this Worke : but since it is so , that I am nowe within the mercie of your more noble Spirit , euen for Uertues sake , and that delight which you conceiue in the height of your pleasures , let my dutious loue bee mine excuse , and imagine that if I had inioyed better abilitie to haue exprest a better seruice , it had ere now beene tendred to your Honor , with more then a hartie sincerenes . As it is , I know your noble nature will hold it , & though I am not able to doe you profitable seruice , yet I will not cease to adde to your Name my prayers and best wishes , which is as much as Greatnes can expect from a low fortune . Humbly your Honors Geruase Markham . To all my fellowe Smithes and Farryers both good and bad , dispearsed ouer this Kingdome . THere is nothing more preiuditiall to the life of man then an vnlearned Phisition , nor no vilder member belonging to the stable then an vnskilfull Farryer , whence it comes , that I haue beene more precisely carefull to perfit this booke , with the truest plainenes , & the easiest demonstrations that I coulde anie way fashion , because for the most part , you Smithes are Maisters of little more then Natures learning , so that should I haue writ as former Authors haue written , questionlesse as formerly you haue doone , so still you should continue in amaze and error , the effects of your practise hauing onely the ground of custome , and not of reason : this to preuent , and that you may giue a true account for whatsoeuer you shall administer , I haue layed downe euerie effect , euery face , and figure of euery infirmitie , so plainely , & so accompanied it with vndoubted truths , that if you will but either heare or read , and intreat your memories to retaine what you shall haue deliuered . I doubt not but you shall both commend your expence of time , thanke me for my trauell , pleasure those which shall neede you , and maintaine your places with good reputation : howsoeuer this I know , that for as much as I haue set downe nothing beyond my knowledge , therefore I haue done nothing to which I cannot giue the account of reason , therefore if you accept it kindly , it is my loue well imployed , if otherwise , it is not lost , for I did not intend it for those which are vngratefull . Farewell . G. M. CAVELARICE . The seauenth Booke . CHAP. 1. Of the composition of Horses , and the qualitte of the thinges hee is compounded of . HOw euer either the crossnes of my fortunes , which hath kept me vnder a low clowdy saile , or the misimployment of mine houres spent in lighter studies , may make the World constantly to imagin me an ignorant Truant in Phylosophy , yet such hath beene my couetousnesse in knowledge , that what I could eyther get by reading ; comerce or instruction , I haue retained with my best carefulnes ; so that those which best knowe mee , knowes I can say something in most Sciences : especially in this of which I intend now to write , because euen from mine infancie I haue pursude and followed it with all diligence and violence ; yet sith I euer intended this Worke for mine owne tombe , and the generall profit of this Empyre , I will shunne all obscuritie , darknes and rydles , and in the plainest manner that may bee , write so as the simplest Smith in the Land may bee bettered by his reading : Wherefore first you shall vnderstand , a Horse is compounded of seauen naturall thinges , that is Elements , Temperatures , Humors , Members , powers , Operations and Spirits . Of Elements there be foure , that is Fire , Ayre , Water , and Earth , the Fire is of nature hote & dry , but the heat is chiefest , the propertie of which hea●e , is to moue matter to generation , and to disperse thinges of seuerall kindes , and bind together things of one kind . The Ayre is moyst and hote , but the moistnes is chiefest , the properties whereof is to make the matter apt to receiue forme , to quicken and coole the hart , and other such like offices . The Water is cold and moyst but the coldnesse is chiefest , whose property is to bind and mixe bodies together , as flesh with bones , and bones with sinnewes , and such like . The Earth is dry and cold , but the drynesse is chiefest , the propertie whereof is to hold together those formes which the Ayre & Water through their fluxible natures would otherwise disolue . Thus you may see , that since in euery liuing creature there must be heate , moysture , coldnesse and drynesse , theyr proper beginnings must come from the operation of these foure Elements : For other more particular Elements , as the seede or menstruall bloode , in that they also depend vpon these former Elements , I will not make any longer discourse vpon them . Nowe for Temperatures , they spring from the mixture of Elements , and are in number nine , that is , hote , cold , moyst and dry , which are vnequall & simple , then hote and moyst , hote and dry , cold and moyst , cold & dry , which are vnequall and compound : and the last is a generall mixture of all the foure Elements indifferently , and is called equall , because it hath not more of the one then of the other . Now for the vse of these tempers in a Horse , if he be equally compounded , that is , haue indifferent mixture of the Element , then is he of the best temper , as beeing light , swift , bold , tractable , louing , and of long life : but if he exceede in one quality more then in another , as if he haue most of the heate , then hee is furious , mad and desperate , if most of moysture , then he is Apish , fantasticall , and forgetfull , if most of cold , then he is fearfull , scyttish , and subiect to tyring , if most of drynes , then he is dull , slothfull , rebellious , and full of malitiousnesse : all which tempers , you may gesse at by the Horses colours , but knowne assuredly by practise in riding , or operation in medicine . Now these tempers do alter , as the powers of a horse either increase or diminish , as thus , a Foale is said to haue his temper from the Fire and Ayre , a horse of middle age from the Fire and Earth , and a horse of old age from the Earth and Water . Horses likewise take their temperatures from the Clymbes where they are bredde , as commonly those which are neerest the Sunne , are euer of purest spirits & longest liues , and those which are farthest of , are more dull , and of lesse continuance . And although one of our English Authors , numbers our Nation of England for one of those colde countries , yet by his patience , hee is much deceiued , for if hee will looke vpon the lyne vnder which we liue , he shall finde we are vnder such a temperate height , that neither Greece , Affricke , nor Spayne excels vs in goodnes . Now for humors they also are deriued from the elements , and are in number foure , that is to say , choller , which is of the nature of fire , blood ; which is of the Nature of ayre , Flegme which is of the nature of water , and melancholy which is of the Nature of Earth . Choller is in tast bitter , blood is in tast sweete , Flegme , is in tast waterish without tast , and melancholy is in tast sower : the places where these humours most abound , is in the Liuer Choller , in the hart Blood , in the braine Flegme , and in the spleene Melancholy ; from these humours also come horsses colours , as from Choller comes bright Sorrels , Cole-blacks , and redde Chessenuts : from Blood , comes bright Bayes & roans : from Flegme , Milke-whites , and yellow Dunnes : from Melancholy , Iron-greys and Mouse-duns . The Office of these humours is , Choler to disgest and empty the guts , Blood , to nourish and warme the members , Flegme to giue motion , and Melancholy to procure appetite , being all good in their temperate Natures , but when they ouerflow , then they are vilde and ingender sicknes . Now for the members , they are general , and special ; general , as flesh , bone , sinnew , and veine ; speciall , as head , neck , brest , legge , foot , and such like ; which though they be knit together , yet differ both in name and proportion , and of these speciall Members , the Braine , the Heart , the Liuer , and the Stones , are the cheefest , from whom springe many other principall Members , as Sinnewes from the Braine , Arteries , from the Heart , Veynes , from the Lyuer , and Vessels of generation from the stones ; all which , and the other inferiour Members , it is most necessarie euery Farrier know , and hee can by no meanes better attaine thereunto , then by discerning or anotomizing horses when they are dead , as for mine owne part , it was my practise many yeeres togither : Now for the powers which are in a horse , principally they bee three , the first the powre of feeling , which comming like a great cundite in one maine sinew from the braine , disperseth and deuideth it selfe into a multitude , other smaller sinews giuing an vniuersal feeling ouer the whole body , & this power by Physitions is called Animall . The second is the power of life , and proceedeth from the heart , conueying from thence in arteries , a certaine vitall bloud of the nature of ayre , ouer the whole body also , & it is called vital . The third is the power of nourishment which proceedeth from the liuer , carrying from thence in a number of smaller conduit pipes , the bloud through the body , which cherisheth and strengtheneth euery member , and is called Naturall , which naturall power hath also other foure offices , as the receiuing of foode fit to nourish , the houlding it that it may nourish , the disgesting it after it hath nourisht , and the expelling it away when it is turned to excrement : Nowe for opparations they proceed from the powers , as from feeling cometh motion of members , from life motion of humors whether distempered or not distempered , and may verie well bee felt by the beating of a horses pulse vppon the temples of his head close by his eares , and not vppon his fore legges , though some Authors write to such purpose , from nourishment comes the motion of thought , and the motion of generation , with many other such like , these opperations be otherwise two fould , that is externall , or internall , externall as the motion of the limbes , which mooue but when the horse pleaseth , and internall as the motion of the heart , brayne , and pulses , which moue continually , whether the horse wake , sleep , goe , stand , or whatsoeuer he doth else : Now lastly for the spirit , it is the very quintessence of the blood , and being conueyed in the Arteries , giues the body a more liuely & sprity heate , and makes his feeling more quick and tender . By some horsemen , the spirit of a horse is taken to bee his breath , but the former I take to be more substantiall ; but both haue their workings , and may well bee termed spirits : Now therefore it is the part and duty of euery good Farrier , diligently to search into these seuen famous naturall simples whereof a horse is made , that knowing which element is in the horses body most predominant , then which temper agrees with which element , which humor with which temper , which member is infected with which humor , which power is vndistributed into which member , and lastly which spirit is weakned by the ouerworkeing , of which power he may apply all his receyts and medecines according to art , and the composition of his horses bodie . CHAP. 2. Of the Sinews , Veines and Bones of a Horse . ALthough some of our English horsemen wil allow a horse but thirtie foure maine sinewes , yet I haue foūd many moe , and much difference from the discriptions I haue read in some authors ; for although Vegetius deriues two maine sinews from the mid no strell to the crooper , I find it is not so , but there is one mayne tendant or sinewe , which comming from the braine , and hinder-part of the horses head , extendeth two smaller branches on each side the cheekes of the horse , which running along the chapps , meet at the horses nostrells ; then doth that maine sinew extend it selfe downe the necke bone of the horse , running through euery ioynt thereof in many small branches , till it come to the setting on of the chine , where the maine sinew is deuided into three great arms , one running through his chine , and deuiding into seuerall thrids through euery ioynt of his backe , knits & binds his ribs : the other two down each side of his shoulders , euen to the bottome of his fore-hoofes , and is deuided into fortie seuerall branches , now when the maine sinew of his backe comes to the binding togither of his huckbones , it there againe deuides it selfe into other three great sinews , two runing crosse-wise downe his hinder leggs , to the bottome of his hoofs , and are likewise deuided into fortie branches , the other goes still forward downe to the end of the sterne of his tayle , deuiding into euery seuerall ioynt many seuerall branches , so that to speake generally of all the sinews , they are infinit , and almost without number , but to speake particularly of principall sinewes they are eleuen , that is first , two which runs through the chaps , and compasse in the teeth , which is the occasion of toothach ; two that meet at the nostrels , one downe the neckbone , two downe the shoulders and leggs and downe the backe , two downe the huckelbones and hinder parts , and one downe the rumpe . Now for veines which are of vse , and by striking of them bring health to the horse , there are in number one and thirtie , that is to say , two in the vpper part of his mouth , two in his temples , two vnder his eyes , one of each side his necke , two vnder his fore-shoulders , two in his brest , foure in his thighs , two in his pasternes , two aboue his hoofes on the cronets , foure in his flankes , two in his hams , two in his hinder legs , and one vnder his tayle : Now for the bones of a horse , although other authors haue writ as perfectly of them as I am any way able to doe , yet I will not sticke here to repeate them , wherefore first you shall vnderstand , a horse hath in all a hundred threescore and tenne bones , that is to say , in the vpper part of his head two bones , from the forehead to the nose two bones , his nether iawes two bones , of fore-teeth 12 , of ●ushes foure , of grinders foure and twentie , in his necke , seuen , from the withers to the huckle bones eight from the huckle bones to the tayle seuen , then the broad bone behind with twelue Seames , two spade bones , then two to the canell bones , then two from thence to the first ioynt aboue the legs , then two to the knees from thence , two to the pasternes , and from thence downe into the hoofes sixteene little bones , one brest bone , thirty sixe ribs great and small , two bones to the Columell , two from the molairs to the ioynts , and two towards the ribs , from the hough to the legge two small bones , and from the leg to the forcels two small bones , and from the pasternes to the hoofes sixteene little bones ; and thus much for sinews veines , and bones . CHAP. 3. Of Horses vrine , and of his excrements . THere is no better note nor caracter that a Farrier can take of the state of a horses bodie , or wherein hee may plainely see the true visage of infirmity and sicknes , then in a horses vrine or excremēts , because that they participating of the inward powers and faculties of the bodie , alter and change their colours and tasts , as the body altereth with the paine of infirmitie and sicknes ; you shall know therefore , that first as touching v●ines , if when your horse pisseth his water be of a pale yellow color , not transparent , that is to say , bright and cleare , that a man may see thorow it , but of an indifferent thicknes , & an vnoffensiue smell , then you may bee assured the horse is sound , strong , and full of lust , but if his vrine bee of a bright high amber colour inclyning some what to redishnes ; then you must know that his bloud is inflamed , and hee hath either taken surfait of raw foode , or else beeing heated , hath taken some sodaine cold , which hath bred putrifaction & corruption in his bloud , bringing forth the effects of Feuers , Yellows , Antic●r or such like . If his vrine looke like bloud , or haue lost the strength of his sauor , you must then vnderstand your horse hath beene ouerlaboured , and with too violent exercise hath distempered his bloud , and bred corruption about his liuer , whence springs many faint diseases , as the Apolexie or Palsie , consumption of the flesh , and such like . If your horses vrine haue like a white creame vpon the toppe of it , it is a signe of putrifaction & infirmity in his kidnies , whence comes the paine and consumption in the kidneis ; if his vrine be of a greenish colour , thicke & muddie , it is a signe of weake reines and the consumption of the seede ; if his vrine be of a high redish colour , very thicke , cloudy , and the grosnes as it were bound togither , it is a signe of death and mortalitie , shewing that nature hath giuen ouer her working , but if the blacke thickenesse hold not togither , but disperse into sundry places , it is a signe that nature as it were reuiues and euen conquers infirmities ; many other obseruations there are , but for my owne part , because I haue found some vntruths in them , I will not set them downe for rules : Now for the excrements , I haue both in the booke of hunting and runing , discried the vttermost properties and secrets which can any way bee found out by them ; and therefore in this chapter wil not loade your eares with that which I haue formerly written . CHAP. 4. Of letting of Horses bleod , the time , the cause , and the signes which desire it should be vsed . TOuching the letting of horses bloud , both the Farriars of former times , and those now in our dayes , are of sundrie opinions , some saying it should be done at the beginning of euery quarter in the yeare , as the spring , summer , autumne , and winter , others wil let bloud but three times in the yeare , that is the beginning of May , when bloud springs , the beginning of September , when the bloud is warmed and setled , and the beginning of December when the bloud is grosse & thickned , others would haue a horse blooded but once a yeere , and that is in May onely , because when bloud springs , if the new bloud should mixe with the olde corrupt bloud it cannot choose but soone inflame and ingender sicknesse ; all these reasons are probable inough , and wee see few horse-maisters at this day , but doe follow either one or other of these obseruations , yet for my owne part I cannot be induced to become any of their imytators , as houlding this opinion not by any meanes to let my horse blood , but when vrgent necessitie , and apparent reasons draw mee thereunto , for aboue all things I hate to doe any thing for fashion sake , and I must confesse I doe euen contemne and enuie to see euery Smiths shop in Christmas holy dayes looke like a butchers slaughter house , not one Farriar being able to giue me a reason why he hath blouded any two of these horses , more then it is an old custome , and that the holy dayes is a time of rest wherein the horse may recouer his bloud again , not cōsidering how pretious a thing bloud is , nor what euills such customes bring vnto a horse , as weaknesse of body , imperfection of sight , crampes , conuulsions and palsies , besides when a horse is let bloud , by the rule of custome , if at any time you breake or omit that rule , there presently followes disease and infirmitie . Againe , oft letting of bloud makes the bloude fall into the inwarde parts cloying the heart , stomake and guts , and leauing the outward parts , makes them goutie , grosse & vnnimble ; wherfore if your horse be in health , and good state of body , by no meanes let him bloud , except it be now and then with the point of your knife aboue the second and third barre in the roofe of the horses mouth , by which meanes the horse may chewe and licke vp his owne blood , which is most wholesome for many diseases as you shall perceiue hereafter : or now and then in his eye veines , which is comfortable for the head , and cleereth the sight , but for letting bloud in any long or more fluent veines , I would not haue it vsd but vpon necessitie , as for any obseruation of the tyme of yeere , houre of the day , and state of the moone or signe , when there is cause of bloud letting , I haue euer set those cautions behind the doore , & respects of little vallew , because the forbearance of a quarter of an houre , may bee the losse of the horse , and indeed they are but bugbeares only to scarre the ignorant , but for obseruing the clyme wherein a horse is bred , the age strength , and disposition of the horses bodie , they are notes worthie regard onely touching the quantitie of the bloud you take away , for horses bred in hot countryes , olde horses , and flegmatique horses would not haue so much bloud taken from them , as horses bred in colde regions , yong horses , or chollerike horses : Now that you may know when a horse stands neede of bloud letting , if you perceiue that hee hath any extraordinary itch , so that hee now and then rubbeth his necke or buttocks , or if his skin begin to pyll , or the hayre either of his maine or taile shed , if you haue giuen him any violēt exercise aboue his strength , so that he hath either taken surfeit , or bin tyred , if he bee brought to an extreame pouertie of flesh , or if his eyes looke redd , and his vaines swell , if you find in him the effects of any Feuer , the Yellows or Anticor , or any inward sicknes , proceeding either of inflamation or corruptiō of the bloud , in any of these cases it is necessary to let blood ; and if the infirmity be not growne to any strength , then the best time to let bloud in , is somwhat earely in the morning , the horse hauing beene kept fasting al the night before , let your horse ( as neere as you can ) stand vpon euen ground when he is let bloud , and let the cord wherewith you bind his necke straite , be strait twound , so that by no meanes it may retch out , but keepe the straitnes it holdeth , you must in any wise bee most carefull , that when you strike with your fleame or instrument of blood-letting that in stead of the vaine you strike not the arterie which lies closse by the vaine , or setting the point of your fleame by the side of the vaine , that the skinne slippe , and so you misse the vaine and hitte the arterie , either off which may indaunger the horsses life , which to preuent it is good when you haue raisd the vaine to spit vppon it , or wet it , that making the haire lie close and smooth , you may at a haire see howe to place your fleame in the right place , whilst your horse bleeds , you shall put your finger in the side of your horsses mouth , and by rubbing , and tickling his vpper barres , make him chewe and mooue his chapps , which will make him bleede much more freshly , but if hee will not suffer you to put your finger in his mouth , then you shall giue him a little hay , or a little grasse , only to make him mooue his chappes , if hee will not ( as many old Iads are of that qualitie ) suffer you after his necke is bound , to come to set on your fleame , you shall then either put a paire of close spectackles ouer his eies , or else blindfould him with somthing else , so that you may without daunger approch him : It is very good to saue the blood you take from him , and whilst hee bleeds to stir it about for lumping , then to mingle it with bean● flower , and boale Armonicke ; and being made thicke like a plaster , to spreade it vpon his backe and loines , for it is exceeding good , both for his legges & feete : when your horse hath bled sufficiently , you shall loose the binding corde , & with it stroake downe the vaine twice , or thrice ; and it will staunch of it selfe : after the horse is let blood , you shall cause him to be set vp in the stable , and to fast at least two howers after , and then giue him what meate you please if he bee fat and in strength , but if he be leane and weake , then you shall giue him a warme sweete mashe made of water , and ground malte well mingled together : And thus much for letting of blood . CHAP. 5. Of Sicknes in generall . SIcknes is by diuers auncient writers diuersly defined , and as diuersly deuided . One saies it is an euil affection contrary to nature , hindring some action of the body , and deuids it into three kinds : the first parts that are a like , the second parts instrumentall , the third both these ioyned together , the first consisteth in the predominance of the elementes , as when either choller , bloode , fleame , or melanchollie doe super abound ; the second , in composition of the body , when the members are diseased or deformed : the third in the deuision of members , as if it be in a fleshie part , then it is called a wound or an vlcer , if in the bones then it is called a Fracture . Another saith sicknes is a maladie , or greefe proceeding from the corruption , and weaknesse of the vitall parts , and deuids it into foure braunches , as moist malladie , drie malladie , malladie of the ioynts , and malladie betwixt the skinne and flesh , the moist malladie springs from fleame and melanchollie , as strangle , glaunders , and other fluxes ; the drie mallady springs from choller and blood as consumptions , drie coughes and such like , the malladie of the Ioynts is all griefes incident to Ioynts , as splents , spauens , excressions swellings , and such like : and the malladie betwixt the flesh and skinne is the Farcion , scab , mangiues or such like ; Others make other definitions & deuisions , but all tending to one end , they are needlesse to be repeated , and it shall be inough for the diligent farrier , if hee but retaine in his memorie , that all inward infirmities are called sicknesses , or diseases and all outward infirmities are called grieues and sorances and that he apply and moderate his medicines according to the violēce of the disease increasing the strēgth of his receites as the disease increases in power , & thus much for sicknes in generall ; As for the signs & Characters by which diseases and sorances are to be known because I set them downe at large in the beginning of euery infirmity , I will at this time forbeare to write or trouble you with them . CHAP. 6. Of Feuers and the diuers kinds thereof together with their cures FEuers although our ordinary Farriers neither know them nor can cure them , and therefore hold opinion there is no such thing : yet for mine own part , I haue had such experience and haue so certain ly found the effects of them in many horses , that I dare auouch the disease to be common and in daily knowledge , wherefore to speak generally of Feuers : a Feuer is an immoderate heate , or inflamation of the blood disturbing and hindering al the motions of the body , and of these Feuers there are diuers kindes , a Quotidian or continuall Feuer , Tertians as euery other day a fit , Quartans which are euery third day , & pestilent or or burning Feuers , the first three proceeding from hu mors and spirits , the last from putrifaction and inflamation of the blood , ingendred by either too extream and violent exercise , or by surs●it of rawe foode , as of vndried pease or oates , or of vncleanly food as chaffe , pease pulse and such like . The extreame heate of the Sunne , or extreame coldnes of the aire will either of them ingender Feuers ; Now the signes to know a Feuer is , you shall see him hang downe his head , his eies being heauy and waterish , his lippes will hang from his teeth and his flesh wil be loose , his stones wil hang downe , and his breath will be hotte , he will gape oft and stretch out his limbes , he will haue a kind of shiuering in his flesh and an extraordinary heate and beating of his pulses vpon the temples of his head , he will drinke much and eate little , and his vrine will looke of a high color bright & cleare like āber . Now if you find these signes not to alter or cease , but to cōtinue in one strength and violence , then you shall bee assured it is a Quotidian or cōtinuall Feuer , but if the motions alter and he bee one day wel and the next day il , then it is , a Tertian , but if he be one day ill and two daies well , then it is a Quartan , for cure whereof some haue vsed this Phisick , first to let him bloodin his tēple veins , and pallat of his mouth , and sometimes in the neck veine and to giue him the first day no meat , but warm drink ; then after to giue him grasse , or hay wet in water , and to keepe him warme and walke him in a temperate aire , and then vpon his amendment to giue him sodden Barley the huske being beat of as you beat wheat before you boile it ; Others vse for the cuer of this Feuer , first to purge his head by squirting into his nostrilles , either the vrine of a Man o● of an Oxe , & then giue him this drink , take of Iermāder 4. ounces , of 〈◊〉 dragon , and dride roses of each an ounce , beate them to powder , then put them into a quarte of old ale , and adde thereto of sallet oile and hony of each foure ounces and giue this drinke luke warme . Others haue prescribed other medicines , some stronger , some weaker , some for Feuers in autumne , some for Feuers in sommer , some for spring , and some for winter , but I haue proued them , yet neuer could find much profit by them ; the onely meanes that euer I found for these Feuers hath beene this , as soone as you haue perceiued the visible signes of these Feuers , first to note how the fits come and goe , & then to keepe the horse fasting for at least a doozen houres before the fitte come , that nature wanting wherevpon to worke , shee may onely worke vpon the diseased humour , and so consume and weaken it , then when you doe perceiue the fit to approach you shall take of strong ale a quart , and boile therein of wormewood halfe a handfull , of long pepper and graines , two ounces , of strong treakle two ounces , & of the powder of dride rue one ounce , and when the third part of the ale is wasted , take it from the fier and straine it and giue it the horse luke-warme to drinke , or if you will you may in stead of this drinke take the yolkes of foure new laid egges & beate them in a dish , then put thereto eight spoonefull of Aqua vitae , and mingling it well together giue it the horse to drinke , then beeing warmely cloathed ride him vp and downe in some faire warme place till he begin to sweat and then set him vp in the stable , lay more cloths vpon him , and giue him litter inough vnder him and let him so sweate at least two or three howrs & then abate his clothes with discretion . Thus doing but twise at the most will assuredly mend any of these kind of agues ; as for the drinke which he shall drinke during this cuer , let it be warme water wherin hath beene boiled Mallows , Sorrell , Pursline , and Endiue , and for his food let it be well dride oates , and bread made of cleane beanes , if during his sicknes he proue drye or costiue in his body , you shall then giue him now and then halfe of a Rye sheafe eares and all to eat . This manner of cuer is not onely good for these feuers , but also for any other inward sicknes proceeding from inflamation of the blood or corruption of humors . There is also an other Feuer which is called the pestilent or bourning Feuer , and it hath all the signes and faces before shewed , onely they are perceiued more violently , and haue greater shoes of paine & sicknes differing absolutely but in this effect , which is the horse neuer shiuereth or shaketh as hauing the effect of coldnesse : but continually bourneth as being vniuersally distempered with heat & glowing ; which you shall plainely perceiue by his continuall desire to drinke and sciple , neuer satisfied till the colde water be in his mouth , and by laying your hands vpon his fore leggs vnder his knees , or vpon the temples of his head which two places will bowne more then any other parts of his body ; The cuer of this pestilent Feuer ( though our Farriers hold it incurable ) is thus . First you shal let him blood in the neck vein , thē you shall lay to the ●ēples of his head this plaister . Take of the iuice of Camomile 4. spoonefulls , of Goats milke 4. spoonefulles , of the iuyce of Sage foure sponefulles , and of sallet oile foure spoonefulles , then take a handfull of dride rose leaues , whethér of a rosecake or otherwise , and be ate all these in a morter till it be made one substance , then take foure spoonfulles of strong wine vineger and with it stirre them altogether , and if it be very thinne then take as many moe rose leaues and beat with them till it be as thicke as a plaister , then spred it vpon a cloth and strow vpon it the powder of three or foure nutmegges , then warme it hote vpon a chafing dish and coales , and apply it to the horse as aforesaid , then you shall gine him to drink : water boild with Violet leaues , Mallowes and Sorrell ; but if the fit hold him violently , you shal take three ounces of lane treackle , and dissolue it in a pinte of Malmsey , and put thereto the iuyce of two or three Lemans , and giue it him in a horne to drinke , and it will presently put away the fit , the nature of this Feuer beeing so pestilently hotte , is to furre the mouth , and to breed vlcers and sorenes both in the mouth and throat , wherefore you shall carefully euery day looke in his mouth , and if you perceiue any such thing , take but the sirrop of Mulberries , and with a small squirt strike it into his mouth , and it will heale the sore immediately , for it is of such vertue that a man once knowing it , will hardly be without it , but if you cannot get the sirrop of Mulberies then take a pinte of running water & boile therin two ounces of allom , and halfe a handfull of Sage , and with that wash the sore place and it will heale it : If the heate and drines of this disease keepe the horse so costiue that he can by no meanes dung , you shall then onely giue him this Glyster . Take of new milke halfe a pint , of sallet oile a pinte , and halfe a pinte of the decoction of Mallowes and violet leaues , and to them put an ounce of sence , and halfe an ounce of cētuarie , & administer it luke warme with an elder pipe made for the purpose ; and these remedies I assure you will not onely helpe this Feuer but also many mortall and dangerous diseases also ; diuers other medicines are prescribed for this Feuer by other authors , but the simples are so strange , and the compositions so phantasticall , that for mine owne part I haue carried the receits to skilfull Apothecaries , who haue vtterly disavowd the knowledge of such simples , so that after I could neuer giue credit to the practise . The last Feuer is called the Feuer accidētall , because it is a Feuer which comes by the violence and paine of some grie uous receiued wound , and of all Feuers it is most cōmon and most dangerous , for when wounds are accō panied with Feuers the horse seldome escapes death , and for mine owne part I cannot boast of any great cure I haue done in this case , onely my rule hath been to keepe the vitall parts as strong as I coulde with cōfortable drinks made of Ale , aniseeds & sugercandie , & to giue him to eat half a doozē sops or tosts steept in Muscadine , according to the forme before shewed in the book of running-horses , & this I assure my selfe ( if the wound be curable ) will take away the Feuer : & thus much for the cuer of Feuers . CHAP. 7. Of the Pestilence or Gargill . THe Pestilence howsoeuer other authors do seriously write both of it and the causes frō whence it springes , as from labour , hunger , sodaine motion after rest , surfeit , corruption of humors , corruption of aire , vapors , exhalations , influence of planets and such like , yet I say ( if I knowe the pestilence ) it is plainely that which we call amōgst men the plague , amongst beasts the murrē , & amongst horses the gargill , it proceedes from surfeit and rawe disgestion after proud keeping , ingendring corrupt & poysonous humors ; or els from the infection of the aire , or the foode whereon the horse feedeth : it is ofal diseases most infectious and mortal , and for mine own part I haue had no perfect experience of it but onely in young foales which are apt to take it , especially if they be wained too yong , the signes to know it is , the sides of their heads euen to the rootes es their eares , & so downe all vnder their chaps will swell exceedingly and be wondrous hard , their eyes & the inside of their lippes wil be very yellow , and their breathes will bee strong and noysome . Now you must vnderstand that when these outward signes appeare , then the disease is incurable , so that to set down theresore any cuer is a thing impossible , only this is the best preuentiō , to giue your foales for 3. daies together , both at the fall of the leafe , and the spring euery morning 3. or 4. slipps of Sauen , as is shewd in the book of breeding , but if this disease happen to horses of elder age which is surest knowne by the losse of that horse which first dyeth , then you shall seperate the sound from the sicke , and putting them into a fresh aire after they haue beene let blood both in the necke veines and their mouthes you shall then giue ech of them to drinke halfe a pinte of sacke and halfe a pinte of sallet oile mingled together , the next morning after you shall giue euery one of them a pinte of strong ale and the shauings of the yellow tips of the old staggs horne , or the shauings of the yellow tippe of the sea-horse tooth , both which if you cannot readily get , then you shall giue thē strong ale and treakle boild together , to ech a good draught , and doubt not but it will both expell and preuent the force of the infection . As for Aristoloch , Gentian , Mirh ; and such like , which some prescribe to bee giuen for this disease I do not thinke the authours thereof euer sawe the practise , nor will I counsaile any man to trye them , knowing the former to be sufficient . CHAP. 8. Of the inward diseases of the head , and first of the head ach . THe head of a horse is subiect to diuers diseases according to the inward compositions thereof , as from the pannickle which couers the braine comes head-ach , rhumes and mygrams , from the braine frenzie , sleeping euill , and palsies , and from the conduites of the braine come the staggers , night-mare , cramp , catarres and such like ; but first to speake of the headach , it is a disease that most commonly pro ceedes of a cholericke humour bred in the pannickle , or els of some outwarde cause as of a blow , of colde or ill sauors , the signes thereof is only heauines of countenance , watring of his eies & forbearance of his food : the euer is , take either Storax or Frankinscence , and throw it vpon a chafing dish and coals vnder the horses nose , so that the smoak may ascend vp into his head and when he is thus perfumed you shall binde to his temples the same plaster which is formerly set downe for the pestilent feuer , and questionles it will help him in twice or thrice applying . CHAP. 9. Of Frenzie or Madnesse in Horses . MAdnes is a fault very much incident to horses , and I haue had much experience thereof , and as farre as I can cōiecture it proceeds only frō the torment of the brain or pannickle , whē they are either corrupted with naughty bloud , or inflamed with the heate of poisonous humors ; many other discriptions the antient Italians make of the frenzie of a horse , saying it proceeds not from the head alone , but sometimes from the torment of the heart , liuer or spleene , which a man may know by a horses bitting and tearing of his own flesh and with his feet beating vpon his body ; but for such mad horses as I haue seene ; their madnes hath issued from the braine onely , and the signes from whence I haue gathered it haue beene these , they wil haue heauy countenances , but fiery eyes , they will beat their owne heads against the walles , bite at any thing sodēly , and as they stand they will gnawe vpon the manger ; when they lie they will lay their fore-legges ouer their heads , and now and then beate their heads with their legs , they will forsake all foode , or if they do eate , they will snatch their meate hastily , and seldome chew it ; the cuer is to let thē blood very much in the shackle veins to draw the humors frō the vpper parts , then to take halfe a pinteo fmilke and halfe a pint of sallet oile mingled together , and giue it him to drink three mornings together , which don other three mornings you shall take halfe a handfull of Sage , halfe a handfull of Minte , and halfe a handfull of hearbe of grace , & boile them in a quarte of white wine , till it come to a pinte , then straine it hard and giue it the horse to drink luke-warme , and during these sixe dayes let him bee fed with bread made of beanes and rie , but by no meanes let him haue so much as hee will eate , let him also drinke no cold water , and let his stable be kept exceeding darke and warme ; if for this disease you giue him to drink mans ordure and wine mixt together it is very good , or to chafe all his body ouer with blacke Elleborus boild in vinegar is good also , especially to chafe his head and temples , as for gelding him , or burning him vpon the head with hote irons , I like it not , for it is against rule , & to a horse of good temper will bring madnes . CHAP. 10. Of the sleeping euill or lethargie . THis sleeping euil or lethargy in a horse proceedeth of cold fleame & moisture about the braine , dulling the sences & bringing a drowsie heauines ouer the whole body , the signes is onely his cōtinuall sleeping , from which with great industry hee will hardly be reclaimed , the cuer there of is thus , first let him be kept waking with noises and affrig his whe ther he will or no , then let him blood in the neck vein and giue him to drinke water wherein is boyled Sage , Camomile and motherworte , and mingling with it Salte , Vineger , and wheate bran , after he hath drunke this , three morningstogether , you shall then perfume him by blowing into his nostrils the powder of strong Tobacco wel dryed , and you shall chafe his head with Tyme and Pennitiall sodden together in vineger ; also to burne brimstone vnder his nose is very good , and in his prouender to giue him hempseede is very good , and in his oates you shall put fennell seedes , and parsley seedes , many other medicines there are but none more effectuall then these already named . CHAP. 11. Of a horse that is taken . AHorse that is taken our common Farriers say to be planet strooke , and to be as it were lamed or benūbd of his sences by some supernaturall influence and therefore hold it altogether vncurable , but they are deceiued , fot a horse is said to be taken when he is sodainely depriued of his feeling and mouing , and it proceedeth sometimes from the imperfection of the braine when it is either opprest in the hinder parte , ( from whence the great maine sinew of the whole body goes ) with too much fleame or too much choller , but most generally & oft nest it cometh by some extream or sodaine colde which after some great heat striking into the veines ouercommeth all naturall heate and bringes insensiblenes . The signes are numbnes & wāt of motion , and the cuer is thus , first you shal giue him the scowring of butter and garlicke as is shewd before in the book of hunting horses , then you shall take Aqua vitae , and beeing warmde vpon a chafing dish and coales , let two or three groomes chase and rub him therewith ouer all his body , which done lap clothes made most exceeding hotte round about him , and letting him haue good store of litter force him into a sweat ; after he hath swet an hower or there about , mo derately bate his clothes and then annoint him all ouer with oile debay , and it is not to be doubted but he will recouer his former feeling ; Some of our auntient Farriers in this case haue laide the horse all saue the head in a soft dunghill till warmth & sence come into the horses limbes , and it is not contrary to the cuer , yet I haue found it better by much for the cōuulsion of sinewes or crampes then for this disease , and nothing neare so good as the former remedie . If your horse when he is thus taken be leane , poore , and faint , then it shall be good for you to giue him to drinke euery morning a pinte of Malmesey brewde with the powder of sugar , cynamon and cloues , and warmed vpon the fier , his dyet during the cuer woulde bee thinne , his prouender oats , and his drinke warme water . CHAP. 12 Of the staggers . THe Staggers is a dizines in the head , proceeding from corrupt blood , and grosse humors poysoning the braine , by which many times it driueth a horse into frenzie and madnes . The signes thereof is heauines of head and countenance dimnes of sight , forsaking of his meat , & staggering and reeling as he goes , and sometimes falling downe and beating of his head piteously against the walles , manger and plaunchers , wherein is to bee noted that when he only reeleth the disease is easy to be cured , but if he fall and grow mad then the cuer is almost desperate , how euer thus you shall endeuour to cuer it . First you shall let him blood in the temple veines , and then you shall take foure spoonefulles of Aqua vitae , and as much of the iuyce of garlicke and mixing them together warme them vpon the fire , & therewith chafe all the horses forehead , and the napp of his necke , then take two little round balles of flaxe or soft towe , and dipping them therein , stop them into the horses eares , then with a needle and a threede stitch the tips of his eares together , and do thus for 3. mornings together and the cuer wil be perfited , yet during the cuer let him drinke no colde water but warme mashes of water and ground malte , & let him once a day be walkte vp and downe gently . There bee some Farriers ( and my selfe haue often vsed it ) do cut the horse in the forehead , vpon the rumpe , and in the nape of the neck and to taint the places with turpentine and sallet oil , or for want of oile with hogs grease but when I found how much the first receite went beyond this , I left the practise thereof , and the rather because it was foule and tedious . CHAP. 13. Of the falling euill , or falling sicknes . THis disease of the falling euill I haue more read of in ould Italian authours and heard more talkt vpon , by gentlemen traind vp to horssemanship in those cuntries , thē either seen or takē notice offor I haue not in al the disea ses I haue known , seen any I could compare vnto it , so that what I write thereof is other mens opinions ; not my practise , for I think a man may liue in England Nestors yeares before he see a horse fall into such an euill . but to proceede to the disease , Absirtus saith it is an infirmitie like a conuultion or crampe , taking from a horse at certaine times all sence and feeling , making him fall downe and loose the benefit of all his sences ; Vigetius saith the moone is a great worke-mistris in this disease , in so much that a horse at sometimes of the moone will fall downe and be to outward appearance dead , then on a sodaine againe rise to his meate and eate ; the signes thereof are his falling downe sodainly through the weakenes of his members and distention of sinews ; the quiuering of his body and foaming at his mouth ; if the grissell of his nose be colde , it is a signe he will fall often , if it be warme , he will fall more seldome , the cuer according to the Italians is first to let him blood in the neck veins , and the temple veins , then keeping him warme to annoint his body al ouer with the oil Petrolium , & his head & ears with oile de-bay , liquid pitch and tarre mingled together , and to put some into his eares also , thē by making him a canuasse cap quilted with wool to keep his head exceeding warme and then to giue him this drinke , take of Raddish rootes two ounces , of the hearb Panap and of Scamony of each one ounce , beat them together and boile them in a quarte of hony , and as oft as it is needfull giue him a spoonfull or two of it in a quarte of ale luke warme , and put thereunto three or foure spoonefulles of sallet oile , it is also good to blow the powder of mother-worte and pirethrum vp into his nostrilles , and if this help not then to let out the humor by piercing the skinne of his forehead with a hot iron in many places . CHAP. 14. Of the Apoplexie and Palsey . THis Apoplexie differeth in outwarde appearance nothing from the falling euill , for it is a depriuing of the whol body offence aad mouing , but if it depriue but parte of the body , or but one member then it is called a palsey ; it differeth from the falling euill but onely in this , that the falling euill is a disease proceeding generally from the sicknesse of the whole body , this only from the distemperature of the braine where grosse and fleamie humors are cropen in betwixt the pannackle and the braine , but for mine owne part I haue neuer seene in horses this Apoplexie , nor do I hold it a disease incident vnto them , but that auntient horsemen seeing other diseases more violent at one time then an other , or in one horse more then an other , haue out of the ripenes of their wits giuen to such passions new names of diseases ; as when a horse hauing but only the staggers , hath fallen down and ( as ordinarily they will doe ) layne for a little space as if he had bin dead , they haue presently cōiectured it to be the falling sicknes or Apoplexie , by which titles a man may very properly at any time terme the staggers . Now for the palsey that I haue oft seene , and it is muchincidētto horses , chiefly to hūting horses in their first trayning , or to rūning horses that come after tender keeping to take so den heats & colds in hūting : the signes are , they will hold their necks awry , go groueling , sidelong and reeling , they will haue most feeble legges and painefull heads , which they will shew by shaking it , yet notwithstanding they will eate their meate with all greedines . The cuer is first anoint them all ouer their bodies with the oil Petrolium , then with splents of wood binde the necke straight , and making his stable very warme giue him this drinke , take halfe an ounce of long pepper beaten to powder ▪ of Cedar two ounces , of Nitre an ounce , of Lacerpitiū as much as a beane , and giue it him to drink in a quart of white wine , ech morning a pinte for two mornings together and it will ease the palsey . CHAP. 15. Of the witch or night-mare . THis disease hapneth ofte vnto horses , and foolish smiths thinke such horses are ridden with the witch and that the disease is supernatural and therefore some of them goe about to cuer it by hanging a naked sword ouer the horse all night as if it would scarre the diuell , other seek to euer it by charms and night-spelles such as Maister Blundeuile for laughter sake repeats in his book which is to take a flint stone that naturally hath a hole in it , and hang it ouer the horse and write in a bill . In nomine patris &c. Saint George our Ladies knight He walked day so did he night Vntill he her found He her beate and he her bound Till truly her troth she him plight That she would not come within the night There as Saint George our Ladies knight Named was three times . Saint George And to hang this ouer the horse also . This bable I know at this day is vsed of many ignorant smithes to cosen men of money , but to speake of the truth of the disease indeede , though some hold there is no such infirmitie , yet I know by experience it is otherwise , for it is a passion of the stomacke which being cloid with cruditie and rawe disgestion stoppeth the powers of the body and makes the horse for want of breath in his sleepe to struggle and striue most violently , the signes thereof are , you shall in the morning when you come to your horse find him all of an exceeding great sweat , and if the passion haue gone from him but a little before , you shall perceiue him to breath very short and his flanke will beate very fast ; Now for as much as horses that are newly taken from grasse , or horses that haue beene grosse & fouly fed , are subiect to much sweating in the night , you are to haue great respect to the state of the horses body , and if when your horse is cleane of body , or if more one night thē another you find him thus extraordinarielie to sweat , you may assure your selfe of this disease . The euer whereof is , giue him two morninges together a pint● of sacke , halfe a pinte of sallet oile , and two ounces of sugercandie mingled together and it will purge him cleare of the infirmitie . CHAP. 16. Of Crampes or Co●vultions , of Synewes , or Muskelles . CRampes or Convultions of Sinewes or Muskels are violent cōtractions or drawings together of mēbers , either vniuersally about the whole body , or particularly as in one member , they proceede either from causes naturall , or cau ses accidentall , if from causes naturall , then they come from fulnes or emptines , from fulnes , as from surfeit of meate or drinke , or the want of vacuation of humors , from emtinesse as from too much blood-letting , too much purging , or too much labouring , all which filles the hollownes of the sinewes with colde windie vapors which are the onely great causes of convultions , if they come from causes accidentall , then it is from som receiued wounde where a sinew is but half cut a sunder , or but prickt , which presently causeth a convultion ouer the whole body , the signes of the generall disease is , the horse will carry his necke stiffe & not be able to stirre it , his backe will rise vp like the backe of a cammell or bend of a bow his rumpe will shrinke inward , his foure legges will stand close together , and his bellie will be clung vp to his back-bone , being downe he is not able to rise , esdecially vpon his hinder loines , of this disease I haue had experience to my full contentment , & the euer is thus . First put him into a sweate , either by burying him all saue the head in a dunghil , or els by applying hot blankets doobled about ecah side of his heart and body , then after his sweat annoint all his body ouer with oile Petrolium , for it is much better thē either debay , or oile of cypres , then giue him to drinke halfe an ounce of Lacerpitiu● as much Cummin , aniseedes , fenegreeke and old sallet oile , infused into a quarte of Malmesey , then keeping him warme and feeding him with good beane bread and warme mashes made of grownde mal●e and water , his Synewes will com to their former abilitie , but if the conuultion come accidentally , as by the pricke , or halfe cut of a Synew , then you shall search for the Syuew so prickt or cutte , and with a paire of sheeres clip it asunder and the convultion will cease , but if it be but a cramp onely , and so but in one member , then if you do but chafe or rub the member pained , with a hard wispe or a hay rope , the griefe wil vanish . CHAP. 17 Of the Pose or colde in the head . OF all the diseases that are incidente to horses , there is none more commō , or more worthy of euer then this cold or pose in the head which according as it is new or olde , great or little , & as the humors do abounde and are thicke or thinne , so is the disease of more or lesse daunger , the signes to know it is his heauines of head and countenance , or els by his coughing ; if when he cougheth there come from his nose nothing but clean and thinne water , thē is his colde neither great nor oulde , but if vpon his coughing there come any yellow or filthy thin water , thē is his cold neither new nor little ; therfore whē you see the filth , you shall then with your hand gripe him hard about the vpper part of his wessen and stop his winde compelling him to cough , and if when hee is forst to cough you see any hard or thicke matter come from his nose , or after he hath cought if then you see him chew as if he were eating something , which indeed is nothing but corrupt fleame and filth which comes from his lunges , then bēe assured hee hath as dangerous a colde as is possible , also a horse that hath such an extreame colde , if you holde your eares to his nostrilles will rattle as he breaths , also if you giue him any water you shall see he cannot drinke , or if hee doe drinke ; the water as he drinkes will come forth of his nostrilles , you shall also when you put your hand betweene his nether chaps feele about the rootes of his tong great hard kirnels and much grosse matter , with many other such like signes ; The euer whereof is thus , if the colde be but a pose , that is newly taken , and of no great force , so as the horse neither casteth at his nose nor cougheth often , if then you do but morning and euening ride him forth to the water and hauing drunke , galloppe him gently a quarter of an hower together till he be warme , and so set him vp in the stable , it will put away his pose in lesse then a weeks exercise ; but if it continewe and rather increase then abate , you must imagin then some rhu matike , & moist humor which feedeth his colde , whereupon you shal giue him the scowring of butter & garlicke for three mornings together , as it is prescribed in the booke of hunting horses , and after the giuing you shall ride him vp and downe for an hower or better , and it wil purge his head as aforesaide : But if his colde bee of long growth and very contagious , then you shall keepe his head and body very warme & giue him this drink , take of strong Ale a quarte , of the best treakle three ounces , of long pepper and graines as much , of the iuyce of garlicke two spoonefulles , and boile all these together and giue it reasonable hotte to the horse in the morning fasting then ride him vp and downe for an hower and so set him vp obseruing by no meanes to giue him any colde water for a weeke at least , but if it so chāce that this long grown cold be not yet come to such ripenes that either the horse cougheth , or casteth filth from his nose , ( for indeede when a horse coughes the worst of his colde is past ) but it lies in his head and throate which for want of knowledge you cannot perceiue , and then hauing instant occasion to ride some serious iorney , when you are vpon his back both by his heauines and want of courage , besides the ratling in his throate which you shall plainly hear when he labors yoo finde his impediment , you shall not for this disease slacke your iourney , but the first day with all gentlenes & easie pace , let him bring you to your Inne , and as soon as you are lighted make him be very well rubd and drest , and store of litter laid vnder him , then imediately take a pinte of very good Ceres sacke , and make it more then luke warme in the fier , then take halfe a pinte of sallet oile or for want thereof halfe a pint of sweet butter melted , then brew the sacke and it together , and giue it warme to the horse with a horne ; then binde a Couerlet or Blanket about the horse and let him stand vpon the bridle for an hower after , at which time come to him and tye him so as he may lye downe at pleasure , then locke the stable doore and let no body trouble him for three or foure howers after , for hee will grow extreame sicke and so that if you did see him you wold think him at the point of death , when you are disposed to go to bed , go to your horse and if you find him laid along very sicke respect it not but making the manger cleane put therein halfe a pecke of cleane oates , and three penniworth of bread broken small , and a penniworth or two of hay and so leaue him till morning , and be sure by morning he will not onely haue eaten vp his meate but be as cheerefull as euer hee was in his life , and you shall see his colde breake away aboundantly , and if you keepe him warme and suffer him to take no new colde , bee sure the old will waste quite away with his trauell ; as for the perfuming him with Frankinscence , or with Peniryall and Sage boild together , or tickling him with goose feathers and oile de-bay , or with a clout annointed with sope by thrust ing thē vp into his nose , only to make the horse sneare or neese , you may saue that labour for it is of little pur pose , although our common Farriers vse it , but if you will when you giue him any prouender sprinkle a little Fenegreeke and aniseedes amongst it for three or foure daies together it will not be amisse ; And also euer obserue that if your horse bee very leane which hath this colde that then with your sacke and oile , you mixe at least two ounces of sugercandie beaten to powder . CHAP. 18. Of the diseases of the eies , and first of the waterish or weeping eies . WAtterish eyes proceede euer either from rhumaticke and moist humours , or else from some stripe or blowe either with rodde , whippe , or such like . And the cuer is , first let him blood vpon his eieveines , then take Pitch , Masticke , and rossen of ech like quantitie and melting them together spread it with a stick all ouer the temples of his head , then lay flockes as neare as you can of the horses coulour vpon it and make it lye like a plaster fast and flatte to his head : then euery morning wash his eyes with white wine , and put into thē the powder of Pomy-stone & some Tartarum mixt with life honey , and you shall perceiue as the humor doth decrease , so the plaster will loosen and fall away . CHAP. 19. Of bloodshotten whether they come by blowes , itching , rubbing or such like . I Haue for mine owne parte seene none of our best Farriers vse any other medicine for this griefe then ould Martins water which is to take of rose water of malmsey and Fennell water , of eache three spoonefulles , of Tutia as much as you may easily take vp with your thumbe and your finger , the powder of a doozen cloues , mingle them together , and being luke-warme , with a feather dipt therein to wash the inward parte of the eie therewith . Others lesse cunning I haue seene for this griefe to wash horses eyes with white wine and the powder of Sandiuer mixt together , but for mine owne parte I haue found an other receite much better then either the one or the other , and this it is , take the whites of a coupple of Eggs , and beat it til it come to an oile , then put to it two spoonefull of rose-water , two spoonefull of the iuyce of houslike , and two spoonefull of the water of eie-bright , mixe them well together , then dippe therein little round plegents of Flaxe or Towe as big as a horses eie , and lay them vpon the horses eies , changing them as oft as they grow harde and drie , and doubt not but in two or three nights it will cuer a very sore eie . CHAP. 20. Of dimnes of sight , Pin , Web , Pearles or spottes in the eies . IF your horse either through fylme asker , pearle , pin , web , or any such like grosse matter growing vpon the ball of his eie haue his sight hindered , if you aske the opinion of our best Farriers , they will bid you take of Pomies stone , of Tartarum of sall Gemma of each like quantitie and being beaten to fine powder to blow it into the horses eies , others will bid you blow the powder of sand●voire into his eyes , others the powder of burnt Allom , of bournt oister shelles , or of the blacke flinte stone , all which are fretting and will breake any filme : yet for mine own parte this hath beene my medicine , to take of the water of eiebright three pintes , and as much perfit good white wine , then to infuse therein of the powder of the Pomyes and the blacke flinte stone , of Tartarum , of sall Gemma , of Sandiuoir , of white Copperis , and of the drie rootes of Angelica of each of these two ounces , and of greene Copperis foure ounces , when these haue beene iufused together for the space of foure and twenty howers ; then you shal put thē altogether into a limbeck & also a handful of a handfull of Tyme , and halfe a handfull of Penirial , distill these vpon a slow fire ; then you shall with the water thereof taken with a feather , anoint the ho●sse both vnder the eye , and aloft vpon the eye lidde , but by no meanes within the eye , and it will weare away any filme whatsoeuer . CHAP. 21. Of the Hawe or Kyrnels within the eyes . THe Hawe is a certaine hard gryssell or Kyrnell , growing vnderneath the eye within the neither lidde , it growes from the grosse and toughe humours , and will spread sometime ouer more then one halfe of the eye , and doth hinder the sight and make the eye to water , the signe is you shall visibly see it , whē either the horsse showes hir eyes or moues his eye liddes , the euer is onelie to cut them away in this manner , you shall with one of your fingers put vp to the vpper lidde of the horsses eye , and with your thumbe put downe the nether lid , so that you may lay the Hawe bare to your sight , then take a sharpe needle with a thridde , and thrust it thorough the side of the Hawe , and with the thridde draw the Hawe from touching the eye , then take a sharpe pen-knife and cut the grissell away almost ( but not full out ) to the bottome , ●ut as near the blacke as may be for feare of making the horsse bleere eyed , thē wash the sore with the water , of eye-brighte , with white wine or with beare and it will doe well . CHAP. 22. Of Lunatike or Moone eyes . LVnatike eyes , or Moone eyes , though the antient Italian horsmen could giue no reason or signes of them ; yet I know this by mine owne experience , that they proceede from hote salt humours , dispersed and distilled frō the braine by ouer riding , or other violent and extreame exercise ; the signes are , hee will see at sometimes of the Moone , better then at other sometimes , whence comes the name of the disease : his eyes when they are at the best will looke reddish , when at the worst , red and fiery , the cure is first vppon the temples of his head , yow shall lay the plaster of pitch , rossen and masticke as is afore showed , then with an yron somewhat bigger then a wheate-strawe , you shall burne vpon the balle of his cheekes vnder his eyes , on each side three holes to the bone , and annoynt them dayly with a little fresh butter ; and if you please , you may in stead of those holes , slit the skine with a knife , and put in a rowell of leather , as shall be showed you hereafter where I speake of row elling . After the sore hath runne eight or ten dayes , yow shall heale it by taking away the rowell , & laying on the sore , a plaster made of turpentine , honey , and waxe , of each like quantity boyld together , and during the time that the sore doth runne , you shall twice a day put into his eye , with a feather a little life honey , and feare not the amendement . CHAP. 23 Of the Canker , vlcer , and Fistula in the eye . THis disease proceedeth from the salte humours and corruption of the bloode , descending downe from the head into the eye , the signes whereof are , the eye white , redde and bloody , and vpon the eye-lids will be little angry redde pimples , from whence will runne a kind of lie or water which will scalde the checke as it passes , and the eye it selfe will bee full of gumme and corrupte yelllow matter , the euer is , first to let him blood on that side of the neck on which the eye is sore , & then with a very smale fine instrument of steele or siluer , you shall search all the pimples , to see if you can find any hole or hollownes amongst them ; and if you find any you shall search the depth thereof , then make a tente fitte for the hole , and dippe it in the water I before prescribed for the pinne and webbe , and so put it to the bottome of the hole , euery other day making the tent shorter and shorter ; till the hollownes bee filled but if you find no hollownes , then you shall twice a day rubbe the pimples with this water till they bee bloody and rawc , take of Rochallome , of greene Coporas , of each a quarter of a pound : of white Coporas halfe an ounce , and boile them in somewhat more then a pinte of running water till halfe be consumed , then take it from the fire , and when you apply it to the sore eye let it be luke warme , and in foure or fiue dressings it will dry vp the Vlcer . CHAP. 24. Of diseases belonging to the eares of a horsse , and first of the laue eares , or hanging eares . THis disgrace of beeing laueearde , albeit it is not a payne or griefe to the horsse , yet it is so foule a sore both to the eye of the owner , and to euery behoulder that it euen drowneth and obscureth al other vertues whatsoeuer , it is an infirmitie proceeding from nature , & it is ingendred in the first creation , and although few of our Fariers either haue indeuored themselues , or know how to helpe it , yet such hath bin mine earnestnesse to know the vttermost secret in that art , that by trying many conclusions , in the ende I hitte vpon a certeine cure for the same , and haue within haue within this little space helpt sundry horses , for the signe thereof the name is sufficient , and it will plainely showe it , and the cure is thus ; take your horses eares and place them in such maner as you would desire they should stande , and then with two little boards or peeces of trenchers three fingers broad , hauing long strings knit vnto them , bind the eares so fast in the places wherein they stand , that by no means or motion they may stirre , then betwixt the head and the roote of the eare , you shall see a great deale of wrinkled empty skinne , which with your finger and your thumbe you shall pull vp ; and then with a very sharp payre of sizers you shall clip away all the emptie skinne close by the head , then with a needle and a little redde silke , you shall stitch the two sides of the skinne close together , and then with a salue made of Turpentine , waxe , Deares suet , and honey , of each like quantitie melted together , heale vp the sore , which done take away the splents which held vp his eares , and you shall see his eares will keepe the same place still as you sette them without any alteration , this is as certain as the healing of a cut finger . CHAP. 25. Of the Impostume in the eare . ALL Impostumes come either from blowes , brusinges , or gathering together of many grosse humours in one place , and of all impostumes , there is none worsse then that bredd in the eare of a horsse , because proceeding from the braine it many times corrups the same , the signe thereof is only the apparant showe , and the cure is this , take a handfull of Sorrell , and lapping it in a Burre-docke leafe lay it in hot bourning imbers , and roste it as you would rost a warden , then taking it forth of the fire , & opening it , apply it as hote as is possible to the Impostume which is within the eare , shifting it euery day till it hath both ripened and broke the Impostume , which the yelke of an egge , wheate flowre , honey and hearbe of grace will do also ; when it is broken and the corruption well come forth , then you may heale the sore with the salue made of Turpentine , waxe , hony , and Deares suet , but if you find the horsse haue paine in his eare but no swelling , then you shall only stoppe his eare or eares , with blacke woole dipt into the oile of Camomile , and it will helpe him . CHAP. 26. Of the Poll euill or Fistula in the Necke . THis disease is an Impostumation like a Fistula , growing betwixt the eare and the poll or nape of the neck , and is bred by flemie and grosse humours gathered together in that part : or else by some bruse or straine , taken either by some blow , or by some halter or necke-band , for that part of all parts about the head is most tender ; this disease is most incident to cart horsses , because the rudenesse of clownes seldome respect where they strike , the signe thereof is the horse will carry his nose outright and his necke stiffe , you shall also perceiue the swelling , which in the end will breake of it selfe , although naturally it rotte more inwardly then outward ; the cure is to ripen it either with rosted sorrell , or with rotten litter , or else with scalding hote hogs-grease , making him a cap to keepe his necke warme : when it is almost ripe and ready to breake , you shall take a small round hote yron , and thrust it from the nether side of the swelling vp to the toppe where it is most ripe , so that the corruptiō may haue issue downward , then you shall make a tent of drie spunge , and dipping it in hogs grease and turpentine molten toge ther , thrust in the tent as you thrust in the yron , this tent will keepe open the whole be low , then you shall lay vpon the tent the plaster of waxe , turpentine , and honey , and thus you shall dresse him twice a day till he be whole , obseruing not to tent with drye spunge any longer then whilst you would keepe the wound open , if you finde it heale but softly , you shall take of turpentine washt in nine waters a quarter of a pound and put to it the yolke of an egge and a little english saffron and mixing them well together , tent the sore therewith till it be whole . CHAP. 27 Of the the Viues or great Kirnels . The Viues are certaine great kirnels which growe from the root of the horsses eare downe towards his throat , betwixt his neck and his nether chappe , they are inwardlie full of little white graynes , like salte cornes , there is no horsse but hath them , only they are not painefull till grosser humours resorting to that part , inflame them and make them swell ; the signe is onely the swelling , which is apparant , and the cure is thus , apply vnto them either rosted sorrell or els a plaster of pitch & hogs-grease molten and boild together till such time as the Kitnels rotte and breake and with the selfe same medicine also heale them againe . Now for as much as our common Fariers vse for this griefe , with a hote yron to draw a line from the the eare to the chappe , and then to crosse those lines with other lines after the fashion of a ragd staffe , and then pulling the Kirnels out with a pair of pinssers to cut them away , and then onely to fill the hole with salte , I would haue you know it is a very foule maner of cure , and dangerous besides be he neuer so cunning that doth it , that parte of the necke will neuer bee so slender as it was before , nor will the markes of the hot iron euer be taken away . CHAP. 28. Of the cankerous vlcer in the nose THis disease proceedeth from salte , hotte , & fretting humours occasioned by corruption of blood , kidneies , or the vessels of seede , which is so poysonous and sharpe that it not onely consumeth the flesh , but also ( if it bee not preuented ) will eate throgh the grissell of the nose , there is nothing which sooner brings it then surfeit of rawe meat or extreame cold ; the signes be , you shall see much blacke and putrified blood come from his nose , and somtimes yellow disiested matter which will stinke vildely : The cuer is , take of greene Coperis and Allome a like quantitie as of each a pound , of Venis turpentine & white Coperis of ech a quarterne , boile them in a pottle of running water till almost halfe be consumed , then take it from the fier and strayne it and put thereto halfe a pinte of life honey , and a quarter of an ounce of Safron , then holding vp the horses head , with a squirte you shall squirt this confection made luke warme into his nostrilles , then let his head go downe that hee may throw out the filth , and after you haue done thus three or foure dayes , if then you see the matter is not so aboundant as it was you shall neede then but onely by fastning a soft cloute about a sticke to dippe it into the confection and thrust it vp into his nose ; dressing him so twice a day til the sore be whole CHAP. 29. Of bleeding at the nose . HOrses are as subiect to bleede at the nose as men are , and the selfe same causes procure it , as when the vein which endeth in the nose is either opened or broken , by any blowe or stroake vppon the face , or by any violent strayning of the body , as by extreame labouring when the horse is not cleane , as I haue seene a horse at the end of his course gush forth of bleeding , or ( as I haue seene ) when a horse cannot dung the very strayning himselfe hath made his nose bleede , sometimes the very buandance of blood , and pride of good keeping wil make the nose bleede , but that is euer in yong horses , the signe to know it from the vlcerous nose is , the blood will bee cleare and of a pure colour , the other blacke and filthie . The cuer is to take clothes dipt in cold water and apply them one after another to the nape of his necke and the temples of his head and it will staunch the blood , or digg vp a sodde of earth and lay it to the nape of the horses neck and it will staunch it also , but if these faile take a porrenger full of his blood and boile it vpon the fier till it come to a powder , then with a cane blowe the powder into his nostrills and it will staunch the blood , but if your horse be much subiect to bleeding and bleede often then I woulde haue you to let him blood in the necke veine to alter the course of the blood , and stop his nostrills full of hogs dung , for that is very good to staunch blood . CHAP. 30 Of the diseases of the mouth , and first of the bloody rifts in the pallat of the mouth . THis griefe I haue seene come diuers waies as if you suffer some foolish smith to drench your horse ofte and he by his rude handling ( as they seldome take care ) do with the corde wherewith hee holdes vp the horses mouth gall or frette the skin off vpon his barres or roofe of his mouth , then letting it passe vnlookt to , the sore will fret and turne to this disease , or if your horse be vsed to eate rough stumpie hay which growing in whinnie grounds is ful of sharp prickes and stumpes , those prickes and stumps wounding and galling the pallat of his mouth will make it ranckle and bleede and vtter forth much corruption . The cuer whereof is thus , first wash the sore place with vinegar & salte till it be raw , then take honey well mixt with the powder of iet & rub it vp on the sore and it will soone heale it CHAP. 31. Of the bladders or Gigges in a horses mouth . THese Bladders or Gigges are little swellinges like paps which grow vpon the inside of a horses lippes next to a horses great Iawe teeth , they haue litle blacke heads and are so painefull that they will make a horse forsake his meate ; and how euer some thinke they come either by eating too much grasse or by grosse , dusty or pricking meate , yet it is not so for I haue seen thē in young sucking foales , the signes are the visible appearance of them , and the cuer is to slit them with a small rasor , and then thrusting out the corruption , to wash the sore place three or foure times a day with running water reasonable warm ; wherin hath formerly beene boild good store of Allome , Sage and a little honey , till it be whole . CHAP. 32. Of the Lampas . THe Lampas is a great swelling or excression of the flesh in the roofe of a horses mouth , in the very first furrow adioining to the formost teeth which swelling as hie as the teeth and somtimes ouer the teeth , make that the horse can neither gather vppe his meate well , nor chewe it when it is gathered , it proceedes onely from pride and aboundance of blood , the signes are the visible sight thereof , and the cuer is , first to put a peece of wood as bigge as a great rouling pinne betweene the horses chappes , and then with a crooked iron to bourne away all the superfluous flesh , & to annoint the sore place onely with salte . CHAP. 33. Of the Canker in any part of the mouth . THE Canker in the mouth is a venemous and fretting vlcer which proceedeth from the wearing of rustie bittes , or from the vnnaturall heate either of the braine or stomacke , which distilling in salte rhumes into the mouth doe breede rawe and fretting vlcers ; the signes are rawnes of the mouth or tongue , blisteringes , white furringes and such like ; The cuer is take strong vineger two spoonefulles , and as much of the powder of Allome as will make the vineger thicke , and with it rubbe the sore place three or foure times a day for two or three dayes together till it bee rawe and bleede , then take a quarte of running water , fiue ounces of Allome , of honey sixe spoonefulles of woodbine leaues , Sage leaues , and collobine leaues of each halfe a handfull , boile all these together till one half be consumed , and wash the sore therewithall three of foure times a day till it be whole . CHAP. 34. Of Heate in the Mouth and Lippes . A Horsse will haue in his Mouth sometimes an extraordinary heat , when he hath no vlcer which will make him forsake his meate , and it proceedeth from the stomacke , the signes whereofare , the immoderate heate of his breath , and the whitenesse of his tongue , which when you perceiue , the cure is , first to let him bloode in the roofe of his mouth , & after he hath likt and chewed off his blood a good prettie space , then you shall wash his mouth & tongue all ouer with vineger and salt , and then anoint it with the sirrop of Mulberies , doe but thus twice a day for two or three dayes , and the horsse will doe well . CHAP. 35. Of the tongue being hurt with the Bitte or Snaffle . A Canker which commeth by wearing a rusty Bitte , and the hurt which comes of the rude hādling of a chain bit are two contrary diseases , for the one doth impoisen , the other doth but only seperate ; wherfore if your horses mouth or tongue be but only brused or hurt with a len bit , the cure is first to wash the sore place with Allome water , and then to anoint it with life honey and english saffron well beaten and mixt together , and when you ride your horse to haue a cleane cloath foulded aboute the Bitte or snaffle , and to annoint it with the same salue , and this you shall doe twice a day till the sore be whole , to choppe the leaues of a blacke bramble and swines larde together , and binding it in a fine cloth , then dipping it in honey and annointing the horsses tong therewith , as some of our Smithes doe is good , but nothing neare so speady a medicine . CHAP. 36. Of the Barbbs or Pappes vnder a Horsses tong . EVery horsse naturally hath vpon his neither chaps vnder his tonge two long wartes like pappes , which we call Barbs , which how euer some horse-men doe hold will hurt a Horsse , yet for mine own part . I could neuer perceiue it in all my practise , nor would I haue them taken away ▪ yet if any one , either out of strong belief in the paine , or out of curiositie or will , will haue them taken away ( as I haue seen & smild at many that would ) you shall not ( as our common Smithes do ) clip them away with a paire of sheeres , for there doth followe them such fluxe of blood that in so doing I haue seen them put beyond their skiles how to staunch them , but the cure is to hold vp the tongue , and taking hold of the barbe with a small payre of mullets , with a fine yron made of purpose to feare them away ; and then to annoint them with the oile of bitter All●ons , till they be whole . CHAP. 37. Of paine in the Teeth , and of the Woolfes . PAine in a horsses teeth commeth either from pride and corruption of blood , or els from cold rhums , if from bloode , the signe is , his gooms will swell , and haue as it were , blebbes about them , if frō rhume , he will continually slauer and that which commeth from him will be thinne and waterish , the cure is , with a sharp knife to race him alongst his gummes , close vnder his teeth , both of the inside and outside : and then to rubbe them all ouer , either with pepper & salt wel mingled together , or with claret wine and pepper heated vpon the fire , or else with chalk and vineger , or after they are washt , to strow vpon them the powder of pomegranat pils : Now for the woolfes which are two sharp teeth more then nature allowes , growing out of the vpper iawes , nexte to the great teeth , which pricketh the neether chappe so that the horsse is not able to eate his meate : although for mine owne parte I haue not see●e such an vnnaturall accident , yet if you bee acertaind thereof , you may if you will vse ould Martins medicine which is , after the horsses head is tide to a post , and his mouth opened so as you may looke therein , to haue a long instrument of yron made lik a Carpenters gouge , and setting the edge thereof close to the bottomme of the tooth by the gumme , and with a mallet in your other hand to giue a good knocke vpon the instrument , which not onely entring into the tooth , but also loosening it and setting it awry , you shall then by holding the instrument firme and hard still and resting it vpon the chappe of the horsse , wrest the tooth out of his head , and then putting falte into the hole , close it vppe , but in my conceipte it were a much better and more safer cure , if ( when your horsses mouth is opened ) you find the horsses teeth to be very extraordinarily sharp , that then you take a long sharpe file made for the purpose and therewith reasonably to blunt all his iawe teeth , for that would bring your horsse ease without any vnnaturall torment . CHAP. 38. Of the Cricke in the Necke . THe Cricke in the necke is a kind of conuultion or sorenesse of the sinewes , it commeth either by the ouer loading of a horsse vpon the fore shoulders , by some great cold taking or when a horsse hath layne with his necke awry , as either ouer the gruppe-tree behind the planchers , or in the field ouer some moale hill , or in some hollowe furrow , the signes are , a horse can sometimes not stirre his necke any way some times but one way , and from these Crickes many times come Feuers and other inward sicknes . The euer is , not according to the opinion of old Martin drawe him alongst each side of the necke from the roote of the eare to the brest a straw bredth deepe , and then to put a rowell in his forehead , annointing it with hogs-grease , for it is grosse & sauors nothing of good arte ; but you shall first purge the horse with the scowring of butter and garlicke , & then holding a panne of coales vnder him you shall al to chafe the nape of his necke , the temples of his head and his whole neck with sacke and the oile of Cipresse mixt together and made hotte vpon a chafing-dish and coales ; then cloath him vp warme and ride him in some warme place gently for an hower and more , this if you doe three or foure dayes , assuredly the Crick wil vanish . CHAP. 39. Of Wennes in the neck . WEnnes are great or little rounde swellings like tumors or pustules , ōly there is not in thē any inflamatiō or sorenes , their insides are tough and spungie , yet in coulour yellow like resed bacō , they proceed frō corruptiō of blood & cold humors and the euer is thus , first apply vnto it rosted sorrell or the plaster of Pitch and Hogs-grease mixt together for the space of seuen daies to see if you can bring it to a head or rottennes , which if it doe , then you shall launce it and after the filth is come forth you shal heal the wound , with the salue made of Turpentine , wax , and Deare suet ; But if by no meanes it will come to any head or rottennes , then you shall oner night apply round about the wenne Bole-armonike and vineger mixt together ; then the next morning , after you haue set fresh butter to boile vpon the fier , and put a calterising iron in the fier also , you shall then take off the plasters and the horse beeing fast helde first you shall first with a rasor and warme water shaue all the haire from the wenne , then you shall note how the veines runne , that as neare as you can you may misse them , then with an incision knife you shall cut the wenne cleane away , and with spunges taking away the blood leaue not any part of the yellow substance , which done you shall calterize the sore with scalding hot butter , but if that will not stay the fluxe of blood , you shal then calterise the heads of those veines which bleede most with the hot Iron ; then making a plegant of soft to we as broad as the sore dip it in fresh butter molten very hotte and laye it vppon the sore , then couer it ouer with the plaster of waxe , turpentine , and Deares suet , and so let not the sore bee stirrd for eight and fortie hours , then vpon the second dressing if you see any of the substance of the wenne be left vncut away you shal then take hogs-grease and vardigrease molten together and with it dresse the sore , till it haue eaten away all the grosse matter , and then heal vp the sore with the salue before prescribed CHAP. 40. Of Swelling in the necke after blood-letting . SWelling after-blood letting proceeds from diuers causes as if the Orifice be made too great and so the subtill winde strike sodainely into the wounde , or if presently after a horse is let blood , you turn him to grasse , and so by thrusting downe his head too sooue to eat his meate , the blood revert backe and fester about the wounde , or if the smith be negligent and strike him with a rustie or venome fleame ; The cuer whereof is thus , you shal take wheate flower two or three handful , as much sheeps suet shreaded small and as much Camomile shredded small likewise , boile them altogether in three pintes of newe milke till they be very thicke , then take it very hotte and lay it vnto his neck , this pultis will in once or twice laying to , either dissolue the humor or drawe it to a head , and breake it , which if it do then you shall heale vp the sore with a little Turpentine , Waxe and Hogs-grease molten together & made into a soft salue some Farriers vse to breake the sore with the oile of camomile or with old rotten lit ter , or with wet hay and then to taint it with Turpentine and hogs-grease only till it be whole , but it is not so good a cuer , for it wil be both longer in ripning , & when it is broken the tainting will bring downe such a fluxe of humours that I haue oft seene such sores turne to Fistulas , which had they beene but ordinarily delt withall nature it selfe would haue cured . CHAP. 41. Of staunching of blood whether it come by blood-letting , or by any wound receiued . IF either by disorderly blood-letting , as when the veine is striken cleane thorow , or the orifice by the vnstaidnes of the Farriers hand , is made too great , or if by any casuallyty a horse receiue a wound amongst the principall veins , so that the flux of blood will not be staid ( for as touching that opinion that the veine will not bee stopt which is strooke when the signe is in that parte , it is both idle and friuolous ) the cuer thereof is thus , take bole-armonike and vineger and mixing them thick together dip flaxe therin , & lay it to the wound & it wil stanch the blood a sod of new erth laid to the wound wil stanch blood also , hot horse dung being applied wil do the like , or if you temper with the dung chalk & vineger it is good also , yet to apply any of these medicins in case of any sore or grieuous wound they are dangerous for making the wound gangrean so that I allow the powder of blood to be much better then any of them , but if it faile in extreamity to worke the effecte you desire , you shall then garter or binde your horse very straite aboue both his foreknees , & also vnder his fore-knees , aboue both his hinder cambrelles and vnder the spauen ioints you shall then draw a sursingle very strait about his body also , and so letting him but stand a little space you shall presently see his blood staunch which assoone as it doth you shall apply to the wound sallet oile & hogs grease molten together boyling hot , and then vnbinding him let him abide with that dressing the space of 48. houres at the least , and then you shall not need to feare any more the flux of blood . CHAP. 42. Of the falling of the Crest . THe falling of the Crest is when the Crest or vp per part of the neck on which the mane grow eth ( which naturally shold stand vp strong & firmely ) doth either laine to the one or other side , or els falleth flat down and lyeth in a most vncomly manner vpon the neck , it proceedeth from 2. causes , either old age or pouerty of flesh , and the cuer therof is thus , first if it proceed but from pouerty of flesh & be not vt terly falne down but leaning to one side , you shall thē plat into his mane certain waights of such a sufficient poise as may either drawe the Crest vp straight , or els make it leane to that side from whence it swerueth , and then feeding him vp with good meat , & much chāge of meate be assured that assoone as he is fatt his Crest will stand vp straight , but if it be so vtterly falne down that no fatnes or feeding will recouer it you shal then hang the waights as is before said , and then on the cōtrary side with a hot Iron made better then a quarter of an inch broad draw 3. lines thorow the skinne and no more , the first at the bottome of the Crest close to the setting on vpon the neck , the secōd in the midway between the bottom of the Crest and the roots of the mane , and the third as neere the edge of the mane as may be , which lines wil present this figure , then you shall dayly til the skin be whole againe , annoint the sore with warme sallet oile or els the cream of butter , and vpon that side which your waights hang , you shall annoint the neck of the horse in that place where the Crest is fallen with the oile of Spike and the oile Petrolium mixt together and made warme vpon the fier and it will straiten the skinne and make the Crest stand vp firme againe . CHAP. 43. Of the Maungines or scabbe within the mane . THis Maungines in the mane cometh from diuers causes , as from corruption of blood abundance of hot humors , or want of food , somtimes from lowsines , want of claine kee ping , or from the infection of other horses which haue the same infirmity , the signes are , an apparant white scurffe or drie scab which will rise continually from his mane & somtimes bring forth matter , or els an extreame itch and incessant rubbing or a desire to stand knapping with other horses , the cuer is thus , take of nearueoile halfe a pound , of quicksiluer a quarter of an ounce and beate them together with great labour till you be sure that you haue kilde the quicksiluer , and brought the nearueoile which was of a darke greene color to be of a pale yellowish color , then take of brimstone an ounce beaten to powder & mixe it with the nearueoile then if it appeare somwhat thicke and stiffe you shal bring it ageine to a liquid ointment by mixing with thē a quarter of a pint of rape oile or train-oil whē you haue made this ointment , you shall then take an instrument of Iron made for the purpose , and with it scrape all the scabbes and scurffe cleane away making the sore bleede and looke raw , then take a little oulde pisse boilde with the powder of Iette , and first wash the sore therewith , then with the oyntment annoint it all ouer , holding a fire shouell heated redde hot ouer the maine , that the ointment may melte and sinke into the sore place , and doeing thus but three or foure times the horse will be whole . CHAP. 44. Of shedding the haire from the maine or tayle THere be two causes which makes a Horsse shedde his hayre from his maine or tayle , the one is pouerty or misliking , the other a certaine little worme ingendred by corrupt blood , which eating the rootes of the haire makes it fall and wast , the cure is thus , you shall take of the fine ashes of ashe-wood , halfe a pecke , and as much , of sope ashes , when the sope boyler hath done with them , and putting them into a vessell , fill it vppe with running water , and let it stand the space of three dayes , then draine the water cleane from the ashes , as you see salt peter men do , and with that water wash the horsses maine and tayle twice a day , and after each washing , annoint the bottome of his haire with sope , and the haire will be fixed . CHAP. 45. Of the swelling of the Withers , either by pinching , or galling with an ill saddle or otherwise . THere is no outward part of a horsse , more tender or subiect to ●wellings , brusings , blisterings , and other infirmities , then the Withers of a horse , somtimes proceeding from inward corrupt hmours and sometime from outward casualties , as from naughty sadles and too heauie burthēs , if it be so that you see the swelling is but little or of sleight moment , you shall then but onely clappe a litle rotten litter vpon it , & it wil either asswage it presently or bring it to a head and break it , and if it breake and runne , you shall neade doe no more but heate a little butter very hote in a saucer , and poure it vpon it , and then mending the sadle where it did pinch , his Withers will soone be whole . Some Fariers vse in this case of swelling , to make a poultus of mallows and smallage boild till they be soft , and then mixe with it either hogs grease , sallet oyle , or fresh butter , and so to apply it very ●ot to the swelling , now whereas some vse to prick● o● scarifie the swelling with the point of a sharp knife , that by all means possible I disallow , for it both drawes to the swelling naughty humours , and also breeds inflamation and putrifaction where else none would be : Now if there be no swelling but only that the skinne is fridgd off , you may dry vp that either with a little thicke creame and the soote of a chimney mixt well together , and therewithall to annoint & dry vp the raw palce , or else by taking halfe a a pint of honey , and blending with it as much vnsleakt lyme as will make it as thick as past , then making it in a thin cake lay it vpon a ●le stone ouer a hote fire till it be so dry that you may beate it to powder , then casting that powder vpon any vnskinde part , it will presently bring on the skinne againe , as for oyster shels , cloath , ●elt , silke , mi●rhe , or such like to be burnt , they are nothing neare so good , although none of them but in time will dry and skinne a sore . CHAP. 32. Of great Impostumations in a horsses Withers . IF a horsse either by too negligent a sufferance or by some most violent torment , haue his Withers so extreamely pincht or brusd , that their followes not only swellings of great quantitie , but also great inflamations and putrifactions , then you are with regard to respect the cure therof , because if the tender grissell which is vpon the toppe of the shoulder blade , should either be crusht or tainted , there many times followeth cankerous sores and fistulating , which to preuent , as soon as you haue with applying either rotten litter or wette hay to the swelling made it ripe and rotten , which you shall perceiue by the softnes , you shall thē with a sharp rasor slitte the swelling downeward , euen to the very bottome thereof , and so let out the corruption . There be some Fariers , which before they opē the sore , wil with a hot yron crosse the swelling diuers wayes according to this figure . and then thrust an other hote Iron cleane thorow the sore , and so let out the matter , but it is a very vild maner of cure , & makes an ougly eye sore neuer to be cured ; for the nature of an incission by fire is , toseperate & deuide the skin in such sort that it can neuer be brought together again but the seames thereof will bee both harde and apparant for euer after , beside the fire is so attractiue that the much vse therof doth drawe downe to the weake parte such confluence of humours that the griefe is made much worse then it would be ; wherefore when you haue opened the sore as is before said with a razer you shall then but onely apply vnto it plegantes of flaxe dipt in hott fresh butter , and lay cleane ouer the swelling a plaster made of Waxe , Turpentine , Deares suet and a little rossen , renewing them once a day till the sore be healed : But if these swellings will not putrifie , but only continue in one state , and rather grow hard then tender , in this case I would haue you with an iustrument made for the purpose , to thrust a great thicke rowell of horsse haire quite thorow the swelling , euen from the nethermost part to the vppermost of the swelling , and twice a day to turne the row ell about , and either to annoint it with fresh buttrr , or Venis turpentine , till the swelling bee cleane gone , & then to take away the rowell and to heale the two orrifices with fresh butter and oatmeale mixt together . CHAP. 47. Of hard hornes knobbes and sitfasts growing vnder the sadle . THeise hornes or knobs , which grow vpon a horsses backe vnder the sadle , are calde of our horsemen here in England sitfasts , which how euer the Italians do make differences of them , either because of the seuerall places wherin they grow , as when they growe opposite against a rib , or else betweene two ribbes , yet the truth is they are but all one thing , & proceed all from one selfe like cause , as from some old pinch w●h a sadle where the swelling doth not rotte but falling againe , yet retaineth betwixt the skinne and the flesh , a certayne vnnaturall harde Substance , so that vnder your hande the skinne wil be hard as a borde , and in time nature it selfe will corrupt and driue it forth , the euer of these sit-fasts are thus , first with a sharpe knife slit the skinne through close by the edge of the sit-fast , and as soone as you haue raisd it vp take a nayle and file the point very sharpe then bowing it crooked like a hooke , with it take hold of the sit-fast and root it cleane forth as farre as you feele it hard , then if you see that the sitfast haue not eaten any depth into the flesh , but euen the thicknes of the skinne onely , then after it is cut forth you shall annoint the place with creame and soote mixte together till it be whole , but if it haue eaten into the flesh and that their be any matter vnder the hardnes then you shall make a plaister of Turpentine , waxe Deares suet and english Saffron mixt together , of ech of them an equall quantitie except the Saffron and of it a quarter as much as of the rest , and after you haue washt the sore place with mans vrine then lay on the plaster and renewe it once a day till the sore be whole CHAP. 48. Of the Nauell gall NAuell gall is a foule bruse taken by the sitting downe of the hinder part of the saddle vpon the horses backe , and it is called Nauell-gall , because the crush is vpon the signe iust opposit against the horses nauell , it oftest comes by the carriage of cloke-bagges , portmantuaes , or such like waights behinde , it is by most of our common Farriers helde altogether incureable , because most commonly it breaketh not forth very apparantly till it bee full of dead flesh , which being a Spungy & cankerous substance , doth in time corrupt & putryfie the chynebone , or turne to a Fistula , which in that part is mortall . The cure thereof is thus , first with your crooked naile take hold of the dead flesh , and with a Razor cut it cleane out , leauing no part of it behind , and making the wound plaine , and without hollownesse , then take of Hogs-grease finely rendred , & of Turpentine washt of each like quantity , then melt them together , and being exceeding hot , dip a pleagant of Flaxe into it , & so fill vp the sore , then lay vppon it a plaister of Waxe , Rozzen , and Turpentine mixt together , and after you haue drest him thus for two daies , if then you perceiue any dead or proud flesh begin to grow in it again , then you shall take of an ounce of Turpentine , a quarter of a pinte of Hony , and an ounce of Verdigrease beaten to powder , and boyle them vppon the fire a good while together , and lay it vpon the sore plaister wise , renewing it once a day till the Vlcer bee brought to skinning , then dry it vp , and skin it either with Creame and Soote , or with the powder of Hony and Lime . Of the swaying of the backe . Chap. 49. THere be a multitude of mischances , which occasion , the swaying of the backe , as straynings either in riding , running , or leaping , ouer-burthenyng either by mischance or negligence , and the signes therof are these , the Horsse wil in his going reele and folder , and his hinder parts will not goe in one furrow with his foreparts , when he is downe , he will haue much ado to rise , and when he is vp , it is painefull to him to lie downe . The cure thereof is diuersly handled , according to the opiniō of Farriers , some imitating the Method prescribed by Martin , as by laying a hot sheepe-skin new taken from the sheep to the Horses back , suffering it to lye til it smel , & then to renew it : others , by scorching the horse ouerthwart the backe with a hot Iron Checker-wise , and then to lay on a change made thus : Take of Pich a pound , of Rozzen halfe a poūd , of Bolarmonack , made in powder halfe a pound , and of Tar halfe a pinte , boile all these in a pot together , till they bee well incorporated , then being luke-warme , daube it vppon the Horses backe , and lay Flaxe vpon it , suffering it to rest tyll it fall off by it owne accord , both these Medicines I haue my selfe oft vsed . But haue found them not to auaile , wherfore the only cure that euer I found for this griefe is this , Take of Tarre halfe a pinte , of Turpentine foure ounces , of the Oyle of Swallowes , & the Oyle of Mandrage , of each sixe ounces , mixe these together , & boile them vpon the fire , then annoynt the Horses back therwith lukewarm , and chase it in halfe an houre together , holding a hot fire-pan ouer his backe whilst you anoint him , and doing but this twice a day for nine dayes together , it will knitte his backe ; prouided that you let him run at grasse without labour for at least two months after the cure . Of weakenesse in the backe . Chap. 50. VNto the backe is incident another weakenesse , besides these strainings , which proceedeth not from any casualty or mischance , but only from the confluence and fluxe of moyst and cold humors which bee nummed , and dull the vitall parts of the backe , bringing the horse to such a weakenesse , that he many times fals downe flat to the ground , and cannot rise againe . Our best Farriers call it the fretting of the reines , & hold it generally to bee mortall ; For mine owne part I haue not seene the disease aboue twice , & my cure thereof is thus , Take of Venice-Turpentine , and after you haue washed it well , take iust so much of Honny and mixt with it , beating them very well together , then take as much refined Sugar beaten to powder , as will make it as thicke as Paste , then roule it in round Balles , as big as a little Wall-nut , and couering them ouer with sweete Butter , giue him euery morning for fiue Morninges together three of those Bals , and it will restore and strengthen his back . Of Hide-bound . Chap. 51 HYde-bound is when a Horses skinne is so strained and bound vnto his bones , that a Man can with no possible strength pull it vp with his hands , it proceedeth onely from the weakenesse of the body , and pouerty of flesh , the signes to know it , is the handling of the Horse , his leanenesse , and the clinging vp of his belly to the Chine of his backe . The cure ( although many of our best Farriers make it very curious , and haue sundry drenches and drinks to little purpose ) is of al other cures most easie , for you shal no more but let him blood in his neck veine , & for a month following , ●eed him with nothing but sweete Hay , and boyled Barly , hauing care that you boyle not so much together , but that your Horse may eate it whilst it is sweet , and fear not the loosenesse of his skin , nor the swelling of his flesh with fatnesse . Of the Strangle or Glanders , or the mourning of the Chine . Chap. 52. THe Strangle is a disease for the most part incident to Foales or young Colts , and somtimes to Horses of elder age , it is a fluxe or ingendring togither of many humors about the roots of the toong , between the two nether chaps , inflaming & impostumating those Kernels which naturally grow about the rootes of the tongue , which kernels are called Glandes , from whence some Farriers suppose the name of Glanders came first , and I am of that mind also . For betwixt the Strangle and the Glanders , is but this difference , that when those kernels do swel and impostumate outwardly , that is to say , when they ri●e betweene his Chaps like a huge Bile , so that they hinder a Horse from swallowing his meat , and as it were strangle and Choake him with tough and vndisolued matter , and in the end breakes outwardly forth like an ordinary impostunation , and so vanisheth , then wee call it but the strangle , but if it doe not breake outwardlie , but that the inflamation & Impostumatiō exulcerates inward , and so like a foule Fistula avoyds all the foule matter at the Horses Nosthrils , then we call it the Glaunders , and it is a much harder cure . But that the Strangle should be , as some of our English Authors suppose , the same disease which wee call the Squinancy , or Quinzie , I canot immagine it , for it hath no semblance of such an infirmitie , onely I take the Viues to besomewhat a kin to that sicknes . Now for the Strangle , it proceedeth either of cold and raw disgestion , as that which is in Foales ; or else of some sodaine cold taken , and ling●ing without remedy , in a Horse groweth in the end ●o this euil ▪ The cure of the strangle is thus , assoone as you perceiue the swelling to rise , you shal take a wax candle , and holding it vnder the horses chaps close to the swelling , burne it so long , til you see the skin bee burnt thorough , so that you may scarifie it , and raise it from the flesh , which done , you shal take a broad peece of leather and spread the reupon a good thicke quantity of blacke shoomakers wax , and lay it vpon the sore , and it wil not onely breake the fore , but heale it also ; but if eyther by some extreame colde , or other disorder in keeping this disease breake inwarde , and so turne to the Glaunders , you shal first perfume his head with Brimston , and Frankensence mixt together , and burnt vpon a chafing dishe of coales , and then you shal poure into his Nosthrils half a pint of sallet oyle , an ounce of Niter , and sixe spoonefuls of the iuice of Leeks , and doing thus but four mornings together , it stil cure any Glaunders , if it haue not beene aboue halfe a yeares continuance , but if you can get the oile of Oates , and poure it into his Nostrils , i● is most certaine it both cureth this disease , and the mourning of the chine also . Of the Cough , and the seueral kinds , Chap. 53. COughes come either by chaunce or infirmitity , by chaunce , as by eating a feather , dust , or suchlike , & the helpe is , to giue him a crust of hard breade and a little Water after it : if by infirmity , then it is either a wet cough , a drie cough , or a rotten cough , if it be a wet cough , it comes onely of moist rheume , and is knowne by the clearenes of the water which comes from his nostrils , if it be drie , he auoids nothing , if it be rotten , he auoids nothing . And thogh euery one of these haue seueral cures , yet if for three mornings together you wil but giue your horse a pinte of sacke , halfe a pint of salet oile , an ounce of the oile of Anni-seeds , and three ounces of Sugar-candy , it wil both take away the cough , and heal any putrifaction of the lungs whatsoeuer . Of the shortnes of breath , and the causes , Chap. 54. SHortnes of breth or pursines , comes by soden riding after a horse is fild or new fed , the signe is his panting and inability to trauel , and the cure is , to giue him either a coupple of new laid Egs , shels and al , or els a pint of milke and sallet oyle mixt togither . Of a consumption . Chap. 55. A Consumption is nothing but an exulceration or putrifaction of the lunges , and the cure is , for fiue morninges together to giue him the same drinke prescribed for the wet or dry cough . Of griefe in the Brest . Chap , 56. THis disease comes by the coruption of loode , or the abundance of humors gathred togither about the brest , & accasioning swelling , the cure is , to slit the swelled part , and to put in a trowel , and anoint it with a little sweet butter til the sore be whole . Of the Anticor . Chap , 57. THe Antichor is a disease proceeding of corruption of blood and spirits , it onely paineth the heart , and is ofte mortall ; the cure whereof , is to let the horse bloode , and then to giue him to drinke a pinte of Malmesie , brewed with Sinamon , Lycras , and the shauings of Iuory , for fiue mornings together . Of the tyred horses . Chap. 58. EVery one knowes both the cause and signe of this euil , the cure therefore is , to bath his limbs with pisse and salt Peter , and to giue him to drink eight spoonfuls of Aqua-vitae , wherin hath bin infused for the space of xii , houres halfe an ounce of strong Tobacco , and after straind . Diseases of the midriffe or stomack . Chap. 59. DIseases of the my driffe or stomack , are loathing of meat , casting vp of his drinke , surfeits , or the hungry euil ; and though there bee longe discourses made seuerally of each one of them , yet this cure will helpe any of them when they happen , first let your horse be wel ayred , then wash his mouth with vineger & salte , then giue him to drinke a pinte of Malmesie mixte with the powder of Sinamon , Anni-seeds , and Cloues , and after to giue him his meat by little at once , & with good leisure betweene meale and meale . Of the diseases of the liuer . Chap. 60. DIuers diseases are supposed to proceede from the Liuer ; but that which wee most generally find , is the consumption thereof , it cōmeth by the grossenes of humors or inflamation of the blood , being broght to putrifaction , the signes are , dislike of meate , losse of flesh , & continually stretching out of his body , the cure is , onely to poure into his Nostrils for a weeke together , the oyle of Oats and sweet wort mixt together , & if that do not stay the coruption which comes from his nostrils the griefe is incurable . Of diseases in the gall . Chap. 61. HOw euer other men imagine , yet I haue not found any disease to proceed from the gal more then the Yellowes , yet that it may sometimes be pained I denie not , and it is to be knowne by the yellownes of his water , for cure whereof , there is nothing better then the ordure of a goose , being infused in white Wine , and ginen to the horse to drinke . Of diseases in the Spleene . Chap. 62. THe spleene of a Horse is troubled with no disease but a litle swelling , which comes of too proud keeping : & the cure is , after you haue made him sweat to giue him in a pinte of white wine , the leaues of the ●amariske brused , and Cummin-seede beaten to powder mixt together , and warmed vpon the fire . Of the yellowes . Chap. 63. THe Yellowes is a disease of the gal , and it is mortal if it bee not preuented , the signes are yellownes of his eyes , lips , tonge , and other parts , and the cure is , first let him blood in the pallat of the mouth , & then giue him to drink a pint of strong Ale , mixt with a quarter of so much of the iuice of Selladine , and an ounce of Saffron luke warm , for three mornings together . Of the Dropsie , Chap , 64. THat which is calld the Dropsie in horses , commeth of raw foode , and sore riding when a horse is fat ; the signe is the swelling of his legs ▪ and the cure is , to purge him wel with milk and Sallet-oyle , and to bath his legs daily with Len-seed oyle . Of the diseases in a horses guts , Chap. 65. THere belonges to a horses guts many diseases , as costiuenes , orbely-bound , which you may cure with any of the scouringes in the booke of hunting , or els feeblenes or loosnes , which may be cured by giuing him beane-flower and Tanners barke , boiled in a quart of milke , or the bloody flixe , which you may cure by giuing him about a pinte of Redde Wine boiled with the Hearbe called Sheapheardes Pursse , or Lastlye he wormes which you may kil of what kinde soeuer they be if you giue him three mornings together three slipps of Sauen , and then to make him fast two houres after . Of paine in the kidnies . Chap , 66. The greatest disease belōging to the kidneys , is the stone , which you may cure by giuing the horse to drinke a quart of strōg Ale , in which hath been steept for 24 houres two pound of radish rootes slit in quarters , and to giue it three mornings together . Of pissing blood , and all diseases blonging to the priuities . Chap. 67. To the priuites of a horse belongs sundrie diseases , as the pissing of blood which comes either by a straine or by ouer riding : the cure is , take halfe a pinte of milke , & halfe a pinte of white wine , & boile therein a pound of daffadill rootes , & two ounces of wheat flower , & giue it the horse to drink seauen mornings . But if he bee troubled with the Colt-euil , which is only the swelling of the yard & stones , if either you swim him in colde water , or bath him in cold water , it wil help him ; if there come any putrifaction from his yarde , you shall either squirt into his yarde white wine and Allome mixt together , or when the horse pisses , with your hand stop his sheath & make him pisse in his sheath , & it wil help him . If hee shed his seede , you shall wash Turpentine , and mixing it wel with Sugar , make the horse euerie morning for a weeke swallow downe three bals as big as a Walnut . If his yarde fall and will not lye within his sheath , then you shal bathe it with vinegar and Salt , and he will draw it vp , but if his cods swell only and not his yarde , then you shal bathe thē with vinegar & Salt-peter boilde together and it wil help them . Lastly , if the horse be incorded or bursten , so that his guts fal into his cods , though the Auntients talke of remedies yet I could neuer find any did good , only the best is to annoint his cods with May-butter and with listes made like a trusse to binde his stones , close to his bodie . Of the botch in the groine : chap : 68. The botch in the groine of a horse comes of pride of blood or sore labour , it resembles a great bile , and is cured either with rosted sorrell , or a plaister of shooe-makers waxe . Of mangines in the taile . chap 69. If a horse be scabd or mangie about the taile , the cure is first to let him blood , & then to wash his taile twice a day with olde pisse and copporas , boilde together , & then annointed with narue oyle and quicke siluer beaten together till the quicke siluer be kild . Of pinching , splatting , or straines in the shoulder . chap. 70. The worst pinch or straines that happens to a horse , is that in the shoulder , which if at any time it chance , you shal take of oyle petrolium , of oyle of Cipres , and of linseede-oyle of each like quantite , and being mixt together , bathe the horses shoulder therewith , & if that take not away his halte , then put a rowell betwixt his shoulder and his brest . Of swelling of the legs . chap , 71. If your horses legs swell at any time vpon any occasion , you shall bathe them , with warme traine oyle , and it will helpe them . Of foundring . chap , 72. Foundring comes by suddaine heate after violent labor , the signe is the horse will stand with all his foure legs together , or for the moste part not stand at all , the cure is , let him blood in the necke veane , and take from him a pottle of blood ; then mixe with it the whites of foure egs , halfe a pound of boale armonicke , a pinte of vinegar , & as much wheat-flower as will thicken all , then lay it vpon the horses backe and reynes , & with long linnen rags dipt therin binde his forelegges straite aboue his knees ; then ride him two houres vpon a hard pauent , then pare his feet exceeding thin , and stop them with branne & hogs grease boild together , and his feet will be well within a weeke after . Of the Splent or Serew . chap. 73 A splent is so well knowne to all men , that it needes no discription , and the Serew is the same a splent is , onely it is vppou the outside of the legs , there be many cures , and my selfe could repeate twentie , but the surest and cleanest way is with the point of a sharpe knife , to make a little hole of more then a barleye corne length vppon the top of the Splent , & put therein as much Arsnicke as the quarter of a hasell out and in three daies it will take away the splent , & then heale the sore onely with sweete butter molten . Of Mallander and Sellander , chap , 74. A Mallander is a drie scabb vpon the bought of the fore-leg : and the Sellander vpon the bought of the hinder , the cure is , after you haue made thē bleede to binde to thē for three daies blacke sope , and lime mixt together , & then to heale them with sweete butter againe . Of an ouer-reach vppon the sinew or heele chap , 75. What ouer-reach soeuer your horse chaunces vppon , you shall to cure him , first with a sharpe knife cut out the oner reach as plaine as may bee , then washing it with beare and salt , lay vpon it Oatemeale and butter mlxt together , and it will heale it . Of halting before and behinde . chap , 76. If a horse hault before his griefe is either in his shoulder his knee , his fetlocke or his foote , if it bee in his shoulder I haue declared a remedie alreadie , if in his knee or ferlocke you shall folde his legges about with ropes of wet hay , and they wil help him , and if it be in his foote , pare the hoofe thin , & stop it with bran and hogs grease , but if hee halt behinde , he is hipped or stiffled , if hee be hipped hee is past cure , if stifled you shal either swim him in a deep water or bind vppe his sound legge , that hee may perforce stand vpon the other , and he will goe vpright suddainely . Of spauens . Chap. 77. Of spauens , there be two kindes , the bone Spauen and the blood : for the bone Spauen , you shall dresse it in all things like the splent , and it wil heale it . For the bloud spauen you shall take vp the veane , and when it hath bled we pullout the bladder which holdes the spauen , and stop the wound with Sage and salt , and it will heale it . Of the Kurbe . Chap , 78. The Kurbe is a hard knot vpon the hinder part of the Cambrel , and it is to be taken away as you take away splent . Of the paines & kibe heeles . Chap. 79 These diseases are sore dride scabs , close vnder the Fetlocks , and the cure is to rub thē til they bleed , then to wash them with pisse & copporas , & annoint them with Hogs grease and strong mustard mixt together til they be whole . Of windgalles . Chap. 80. Windgalls are little blebs raisd vp by extreame trauel on each side the horses Fetlockes , and the cure is to lay vnto them the plaister of pitch ; rossen , and masticke , as hath before beene shew'd , and it will helpe them . Of wrinching the neather ioynt . Chap , 81. If your horse get a straine in the neather ioynt , so that the member be big , you shall only annoint it with narue oyle , and oyle of Cipresse , and it wil take away the swelling . Of the shackel gall . Chap , 82. Shackle gall is any sore got by wearing pasternes , shackle , or other fetters , and it is to be cured by annointing the sore with fresh butter & hony together . Of the Scratches . Chap. 83. Scratches are certain vilde drie scabs , growing aboue the Fetlocks , and are to be cured as you cure the paines . Of the Ring bone . Chap. 84. The Ringbone is a certaine super fluous grissle , growing about the cronet of the horses hoofe , & the cure is , to dresse it in three places , that is , before and on each side with Aarsnicke as you did the splent , and after three daies to heale it with sweet butter , as for the crowne scab , or other hurts von the cronnet of the hoofe , the vse of Hogs-grease , and Mustard will heale them . Of the quitter bone , Chap , 85 The Quitter bone is a grissel growing vnder the hoofe , it is of all diseases the vildest , and fullest of danger , yet the cure is first with Arsnicke or Vardigrease , to eat away the flesh till you may see the bone , and then cut it out , and heale the sore with Turpentine , waxe and butter molten together . Of grauelling and other diseases belonging to the feete . chap. 86 To the foote belonges many diseases , as grauelling , surbating , pricking , loosening the hoofe , casting the hoofe , hoofe bound and running frush , and to them all one cure is sufficient , and that is , after the hoofe is verie thinne parde , and all the sore places prickt and made cleane , to stop the soale of the foote with Pitch , Tarre , rosen , and tallowe of each like quantitie , and molten together , and to remoue it once in three daies till the hoofe be well . Of the Leprosie , chap. 87 The Leprosie in a horse is when the mangines spreades ouer the whole bodye , and is to be cured as you cure the mangines in the taile . Of the Farcion . chap 88. The Farcion is a foule disease that runnes in poysonous knots ouer all the horses bodie , and though there be many waies to cure it , yet this is the best ; to slit halfe a dozenof the hardest knots which are best risen , and fill them with Arsenicke , and then to annoint all the other sores with butter and the disease will heale presentlie . Of the Canker and Fistula chap. 89. The Fistula or Canker is a venemous fretting humor , which poysons the flesh wheresoeuer it goes , and the cure is first to wash or squirt the sore with allome water & coporas mixt together , then to annoint or tent the sore three daies rogether with blacke sope , and after to heale it with molten butter . Of the Anbury , Chap. 90 An anbury is nothing but a spungie wart , growing vpon any part of the horses bodie , and the cure is either to wash it with the water which standes in the roote of an old Oke tree , or to tye it so straite with some of the horses hayres , that it may rot away . Gf woundes , brusings or swellings , chap. 91. Of woundes , brusings , swellings , or cutting of sinewes , I haue spoake sufficiently alreadie , onely if the horse haue a wound which comes by gunshot , you shal mixe with your salue a good quantitie of varnish , but if the horse bee burnt with lime , then you shall adde some olde barme or east ; if the horse be byt with a mad dog , you shal vse in your salue Goates dung , or the fat of hung beefe . Of being shrew runne . chap , 92 If your horse be shrew-runne , you shall looke for a briere which growes at both endes , and draw your horse thorow it and he will be well . Of the warble or Felter . chap , 93 To kill the warble or felter , bathe your horse either in stronglye , or with burnt sacke and vinegar mixt together . Of stinging with suakes 94. chap , 94. Annoint the sore with Sallet-oyle & Saffron , & ●iue the horse to drinke , coaro milke and the shauings of iue●y . Of eating Hens dung , chap , 95. You shal giue your horse the scowring of butter & saūders To kill licc or Flies , chap , 96 Annoint the horse mith sope , quicksiluer , & stauesaker mixt together , but if he be troubled with flies , thē wash his body with water wherin herbe of grace hath been boyled . Of broken bones , chap , 97. The best salue for broken bones is oyle of mandrag , or oyle of Swallowes . Of taking vp of veanes , chap , 98 T is good to take vp veanes for griefe in the legs , as farcies , spauens or such like , or for the quitter bone , scabbe or Scratches , and for no other infirmities . Of glisters , chap , 99 The best glister is to boile mallowes , and then to straine the water , and put to a quart of water , a pinte of fresh butter , & halfe a pinte of sallet oyle , & administer it warme to the horse . Purgations , chap. 100. Touching purgations to be receiued inwardly , looke in the booke of hunting , and by the name of scowrings you shall finde plenty . Of calteryzing , chap , 101 For Calterizing , it is neuer to be vsed , but either to stay the Fluxe of blood , or when incision is to be made amongst veanes or sinewess wherefore to calterize a large wound , your iron must be thin , sharpe and flat , & to calterize a little orifice , it must be blunt and round , yet by howe much it is the hotter by so much it is the better . Certaine speciall receites , chap 102 , Turpentine and the powder of iet mixt together , will drawe out any venome or poyson from any wound whatsoeuer . To bathe a horse with tansey and vardiuice will kil the farcie , and the water wherein the greene barke of elder hath beene boild , being mixt with sallet-oyle , will cure the glaunders . The end of the seauenth booke . CAVELARICE OR That part of Horse manship discouering the subtile trade of Hors-corsers , together with an explanation of the excellency of a Horses vnderstanding , and how to make him doe Trickes lyke Bankes his Curtall , and of drawing drye-foot , and other Acts both naturall and vnnaturall . The eight Booke . AT LONDON Printed for Edward VVhite , and are to bee solde at his shop at the little North-doore of Paules , at the signe of the Gunne . To the Honorable and most worthy Knight Sir VValter ASTON . SIr , how dearely I loue you , and with what zeale I wish I could doe you seruice , I would this poore trybute of my labours could giue a true testimony , that then you might know what power you haue in a poore Creature , but since neither it , nor any lymits can bound thinges infinite , conceiue of mee according to the square of your owne Noble thoughts , which I perswade my selfe euen to aparant errours , would lend most Charitable constructions . I haue in this volume darrd a bold enterprize , the rather sith there was neuer before this day moe Champions either in perfect skill , or in strong imagination of their skill , that may easily bee inflamed to rise vp against me , but I haue chose you for one of my honorable defenders , not that you shall stand betwixt me and my hazzard , but be a meanes to bring me to an equall combate , for I know my selfe to be so safely armed with Art , experience , and the grounds of reason that I feare no malignity , but an vnlawfull counsell , which to preuent , those Noble Princes and your selfe whom I haue chosen , I hope will bee my protectors , to whose mercy and gracious opinions , I prostrate me and my labours . Geruase Markham . To all the busie Horsecorsers , both of the Citty and Country wheresoeuer . IMagin not because I haue discouered vnto the world those secret deceits wherewith the world is hourely beguiled , that I with a more spleeny spirit do condemne you , then all other trades whatsoeuer : for if the Marchant will haue a dark shop to make bright sulled ware : if the Shoe-maker will cut Leather but halfe tand , the Carpenter worke his Timber halfe seasond , if the Baker will not giue his true waight , the Butcher will not forgoe his imbosture of prickes , nor any trade whatsoeuer but will preserue to himselfe some disception ; beleeue it I conclude you as good , and loue you as much as any , and think it agreeable with the law of reason , that you haue as much preuiledge as any whatsoeuer in this worldly Charter . But forasmuch as some ( because they deceiue themselues ) make no conscience in deceiuing others , and thinke the gaine most honest , how euer gathered by the hand of corruption , I thought it not amis to make my selfe a warrant without authority , and to lay open what with long experience , and diligent obseruation I haue noted , and sometimes purchased at too deere a reckoning , both to fortify the honest against vnconscionable practise , and to make thē loath those grosse deceits , of which euen Boyes and Babes may detect them , which if it reape thankes from them that reape profit , I haue my wish , if it offend the contrary I respect not , because they may amend their losse if they will buy with care , and sell with a good conscience . Farewell . G. M. CAVELARICE . The eight Booke . CHAP. 1. Of Horsse-corsers in generall . THere is not any ground , Arte , science , or Handicraft , whatsoeuer , which hath beene so exactly found out eyther by Nature or the power of the greatest Wisedome , but Time and Mens corruptions hath poysoned them with some one or other disception ; as euen the very food of our souls , how is it prophaned with a world of scysmes ; in Philosophy at this day how many Hereticks ; in Physicke what numbers of Mount-banckes ; in Astrologie what false star-gazers ; in Musick what Minstrelcie : and to conclude , in all what can man do that is vertuous , which one will not imitate in a like vizard . Hence and from this auncient knowledge of sufferance , being founded by an ydle ignorant couetousnesse , hath sprunge this deceit or impostume vpon the face of Horsemanshippe which wee call Horse-corsing . Now that you may know what a horse-corser is , least by mistaking mine application , I may be held to condemne those which are both honest and vertuous , you shall vnderstand the Horse-corser , whose subtle trade I discouer , is hee who passes from Fayre to Fayre , and from Market to Market , to buy lame , tyerd , diseased and tainted horsses , and then with one deceitfull tricke or other , couering their imperfections , sels them againe into the hands of simple men , who not perceiuing the hooke , swallow the bayt , and are choakt with most vnthrifty penniworths . Now for the honest marchant of Horsses , who with all carefull industrye and a watchfull eie buies none but such as his knowledge and iudgement approues to be sound , beautifull , well bred , and fit for best imployments , or for him that sels but eyther the superfluity of his breed , or the surcharge of his stable , and with that naked plainesse that there is neyther found falshood in his oaths or boastings ; these I say are as vnworthy the name of Horse-co rsers , as truth vnfit for the name of falshood . Now therefore since I haue giuen you the true carracter of the party whom I mean , and that you may not applye any of his vices to men of contrary disposition , I wil descend vnto his customes and quallities , touching his trade onely . CHAP. 2. The obseruations which Horse-corsers hold in the choise of their horses , the deceits they vse in couering their faults , and their practises in selling Iades . THE Horse-corser who onely buies for present gain , & sels without either respect to mens ocasions , his own conscience , or his wordes reputation , doeth only in chusing his horses obserue these fewe principles , First , if he can he wil haue him exceeding fatte , and of a faire and beautifull colour , of all which the best in the Horse-coursers eie is the faire Daple-gray , or the gray with white mane and taile ; the vnstained white , the bright-bay with white starre , white rache , or white heele , or the Cole-black with those white marks also , for these colours , either to Courtiers , Ladies , Lawyers , Schollers , or Cittizens , couer and keep many mischiefes vnreuealed : Next to his colour , the horse-courser looks euer for a dainty pace , as in the ambler great ease , and in the trotter much paine and busie treading ; next colour and pace , he lookes to outward grosse infirmity , such as lie so apparant that euery one may behold them without groaping , as are ouergrowne splents , Spauens eyther bone or bogge , Ring-bones , curbes or other excerssions , but if they be young and but newly appearing , hee may speake what he wil in their dispraise , but hee loues the Horsse not one haire the worse for his purpose ; as for any inwarde griefe , as Glaunders , Consumptions , Coughes , Broken-windes , Dulnesse of Spirite , Restyfnes , or any mischiefes else which hath either skinne or haire to couer it , he regardes them not : for his returne being sodaine , he hath for to blind ignorant eies , cloaks enow to conceale them , during the time hee is in selling . The last thing he lookes vnto is price , for beleeue it , they euer buy flesh , colour , shape , and countenance , but they will hardely giue any pennye for goodnesse , both because the wise seller will hold it at a good rate ( as it is worthy ) and the Horse-corser shall haue no benefit , being able to make a Iadeseeme equall with the best spirrited : and although I wil not saye but a Horse-corser may haue a good horse , as wel as a Woman that sels Mussels may haue a rich Pearle amongst them , yet it is great oddes to the contrary , both because he is sold at a great value , ( and so not to him so commodious ) and also he is neuer the obiect at which the Horse-corser aims at , for t is beauty , shape , pace and cheapnes , he desires , and then if goodnesse chaunce to come vnlookt sor , the horse is so much the dearer , although the cause of such dearenesse stand the seller in neuer a penny , in which me thinks hors-corsers resemble these miserable ingrossers of Corne that albeit they buy graine at neuer so cheap a reckoning , yet in the dearenesse of the yeare , they will not abate one single Halpeny , although it were euen to the sauegard of the life of a Christian. And truely I do with more confidence write this , because I haue my selfe oft sold vnto Horse-corsers Horsses , which I knew to be falty , and when I haue out of a simple mind reuealed the worst of my knowledge they haue , euen scoft at my too much curiosity , and made no reckoning of the mischeefes , and after when they haue sold them againe , they haue giuen me many thankes for their good peniworths , & wisht for many such like commodities , when I dare very well presume that I knew much better then they , or then any Horsecourser whatsoeuer , that such Horses were vtterly past all vse or seruice . Now therefore breefely you may see the cheefe ayme of the Hors-courser in buying Horses , is at his beauty , or fulnesse of flesh , his fayre colour , his shape free from grosse infirmity , his cleane pace , and his cheape price ; to which should goodnesse haue beene coupled , doubtlesse the Marchandize would returne little profit , for in all mine experience I neuer knewe good Horses solde at such a cheape reckoning , that a Man might keepe a family with the gaines , except they came from one of these three Mens hands ; either a Foole that would giue a Dyamond for a Barly Corne , an vnthrift that would lose any profit for his instant pleasure , or a Theefe that to bee eased of an vnlawfull prize , wold euer be content to loose three partes of the true valew . But to returne to my purpose , when the Horse courser hath bought his Horse according to his fancy , and learnt as much as he can of his Chapman , touching his inward disposition ; and also out of his owne tryals , finds the faults to which he is most adicted , ( as they are questionlesse with great ease discerned ) then presently hee begins to plot stratagems in his head , how hee may cloake and couer those falts , and make the Horse seeme in euery Mans iudgment mearely contrary to that to which he is naturally adicted , as thus ; If he find the Horse that he hath bought to be a dull , heauy , sad Iade , and that a Man can with no reasonable compulsion make him goe faster then an Asse ; then the Horsecorser will not misse , but duly euery Morning , Noone , and Night , with big long rypling slaues bestow at least an houre and more in bearing his Horse , both vppon the body , sides , and Buttocks , till he make his flesh so extreame tender and sore , that euen the very shake and lifting vp of a sticke , is enough to make the Horse mad and desperate : He wil do nothing about the Horse , as either combing , dressing , turning his cloaths vp and down , or any thing else , but it shal be done with fury , and with stroaks , he will not at any time passe by the Horse but he shall haue a stroak , nor wil he speak to any Man if the Horse stād near him , but euen midst that conference , hee will strike and torment the Horse , til he haue made the Horse so fearefull and desperate , that the very bitternesse of a mans voyce shall bee able to make him leape against the Walles . This beating of Horses thus amongst Horsecorsers , is called giuing them Lambe-pye , from a knauish iest of a Horse-corsers Boy , that being askt of his Maister what meate hee had giuen the Horses , made aunswere Lambe-pye enough Maister . And truely could it feede them as well as it puts them in affright , a Horsecorser might very well spare other foode : for howsoeuer they get meate , it is most assured they neuer want blowes . Now when they haue thus beaten their Horses soūdly in the house , that they will start , flye , and leape against the VVals , then bringing them into the common rode where the Horsecorser vses to ryde his Horse for the sale , which is not aboue forty or threescore yards in length , you shall see him no sooner set his Boy or Seruant vpon the Horsses backe , but presently ere the Boy bee well setled , you shall see the Horsecorser giue the Horse two or three good blowes vpon the sides with his Cudgell , and the Boy also to augment his Maisters torment , will no sooner haue his Legge ouer the Horses backe , but both his Spurs shall be fast in his sides , and if the poore Iade through these torments chāce to whisk his taile ( which is a plaine signe , he doth nothing out of his free Spirit ) you shall see the Horsecorser giue the Horse such a stroke vppon the very sterne of his taile , that as if hee would euen break it in peeces , he will make the Horse hold it so close to his Buttockes , that to the death hee will not moue it , which will deceiue a very good iudgment touching his mettall . Thus & by these torments you shall see him bring his horse to such a sencible fearfulnesse , that for the ordinary rode of a Faire or a Market , he will make him go with such spirit and madnes of passion , that as if he had no feete but wings , you wil rather feare his fury , then his dulnesse ; whereas when either he shall come to temperate keeping , or ordinary trauell , you shall soone finde by his tyring , how those false Fyers were created . Another tricke Horsecorsers haue to make their Horsses being dull , to shew braue Spirits , and that ( when all other meanes fayles them ) will quicken them vppe for the length of a roade , as long as there is any life in their bodyes , and this it is ; They will take a very fine sharp Nalle , and raysing with their finger and Thombe the skinne from the flesh vpon each side of the spurre veine , euen iust in the common spurring place , pricke the skinne through twice or thrice , and then they will take the powder of Glasse , beaten as small as is possible to be gotten , and with it rub the places that were prickt , so that the powder of the Glasse may enter into the hoales , and then lay the haire smooth and plaine againe : this will bring the Horse to such a sorenesse , and tendernesse of his sides , that it is worse then death to him to haue any thing to touch them ; so that whether a Man haue spurs or no Spurs , yet the horse will goe and shew Spirit beyond all expectation ; onely this you must obserue , that whensoeuer you dresse your Horse thus in the Morning , that then at night you annoint his sides with Turpentine , and the powder of lett mixed together , and his sides will be as well within twelue houres , as if they had neuer been poysoned : And for mine owne part I haue tryed this tricke vppon a Iade which hath beene tyred by the Hye-way , and I haue found him that where before , the more a Man spurred , the sooner hee would stand still ; Now if a Man did but make offer to touch his sides , he would shew quicknesse , and striue to goe with more willingnesse , then when hee was first taken forth in the morning . Many other deceites they haue to quicken a dull Iade , but these are the most vsuall , and do soonest deceiue a plaine meaning . Now if his Horsse haue beene formerly foundred , or frettized vppon his feete , then bee sure , before hee brings him to any great shew for the sale , he wil chafe & ride him vp and downe at least halfe a quarter of an hour before , that hauing gotten heate and warmeth into the horses limbs , he may then bring him to the view of any man , and as long as the horse is hote , or treades vppon soft ground , a very good eie shal hardly perceiue imperfection in his feete ; and if a Horse-courser haue such a horse , you shal see if at any time he chance to set h●m vp he wil not yet let him stand stil , but he wil euer be beating or stirring him ; and if his hoofes be rugged or wrinkled ( as frettized hoofs for the most part are ) so that if a horseman shal see them he wil easily discerne his faulte , or if the horse haue ring-bone , paines , scratches , splents , or anye eie-sore about the neather ioynt , then the first thing the Horse corser doeth ; is to ride his horse into the durt , and by dawbing his legs to hide his faultes : if the horse be subiect to swelling in his legs , then the first thing the horse-courser doeth , is to ride his Horse into some water , or to bathe the horses legs with cold water , for that wil keepe downe the swelling til his legs be drie againe : If the horse haue had any secret strain in the foreshoulder , the horse-corser wil ride him very seldome , & when he rides him you shal neuer see him turn him narrow , but both vse him gently , and take large compasse ; If the horse haue a little halt it is the tricke of the horse-corser , that looke vpon which foot he halteth , from that foot commonly he wil take off his shoe or with his knife cut off a little of the skinne from his hecle , and then not forbeare to protest that his halt is the want of the shooe , or else by reason of that smal ouerreach , which in anye mans eie wil bee of no great moment , and yet make a good Iudgement , thinke it is the cause of his halting ; If the horsse haue the Glaunders , and haue run at the nose for many yeares before , so that it is become in common experience in curable , and that the horse is neare his last date , in this case the horse-corser wil not faile but in the morning before his horse goes to the sale , hee will first blowe into his Nosthrils a good quantity of Neezing-powder , then take two long feathers of a Goose winge , and dipping them either in the iuice of Garlicke or in a little Oyle de-bay , thrust them vp into the horses Nosthrils , euen to the top of his head , and rub them vp and downe : then after hee hath cast the filth out of his Nosthrils a good space , the horse-corser will take of garlick a good quantity beeing well brused in a Morter , and a good quantity of strong mustard , and mixing them well with new Ale , he wil with a horne put some thereof into each of the horses Nostrelles , and so holde it in with his hand by keeping his Nosthrils close together ; and then after his horse hath neezd and sneard a space , the filthines wilstop , and then the horse-corser wil ride him forth ( for t is most certain that for twelue houres after ther wil not come any filthynesse that wil either trouble or disgrace the horse . ) And thus euen almost for euery grosse infirmity , the subtle Horse-corser hath one deuise or other to dissemble and cloake it , some being so artificiall , that euen verye wise men may be mistaken , and some so grosse , that a halfe wit wil discerne it : yet neither the one nor the other , but at some time serues the horse-corser for some purpose . But if the horse ouer and aboue all these outward and inward infirmities , bee also so exceeding old and aged , that he is almost past both vse and seruice , then the horse-corser wil take a small rounde yron made very hot , and with it burne two little round black holes in the top of the two outmost teeth of each side , the outside of the horses mouth vpon the neather teeth , and likewise the teeth of the vpper chap , which answere iust opposite to the neather , by which meanes if you looke into the mouth of the horse to knowe his age , you shal see the marke so ful and plaine ( the nature of which mark hath bene so formerly shewd you ) that you canot possibly gesse the horsse to be aboue the age of 7. years ; but if the Horse through his age hath lost any of those teeth which declare the age of the horse , so that the deceit will not hold , then the horse-corser doth not faile euery minute of an houre to be handling his horse about the lips , and euer as hee touches them , either to thrust a sharp nalle , or a sharp pin into them , til he haue brought the horse to such a tendernes and knowledge of the torment which he sustaines , that in the end he wil not suffer any man to touch him about the lips , but that he will either bite , strike , or commit some other outragious part ; so that no man beeing able to looke into his mouth , no man that hath not other skill shall knowe his age by his mouth , for the countenance of the horse , or the holownes of his eies , or gray haires about the Temples of the head are no true signes , but may diuersly faile , as eyther being begotten by an old horse ; or by opposition in colour betweene the Mare and the horse , or else by being bredde in lowe and rotten soiles , all which wil make a Horsse in his best youth and lustinesse haue an old countenance . These deceites and a multitude of others , as the selling of Horsses which are Moone-eyed , makinge falfe tailes , false whites in the face , or in diuers other places , as by burning a Horse in the fore-heade with an hard Egge taken burning hotte out of the fire and clapped to the Horsses face , or by clapping to it the stalke of a Coal-worte roasted in the fire as you would rost a Warden ; or rubbing the haire and skin off with a smooth-Bricke bat leasurely , and such like toyes , all which will make whites either in a Horses face , or in any other part of his body , or the feeding of a Horse with false flesh , as by giuing him to eate , either sodden barly , or sodden Beanes , or Bucke , or Colewortes , or such like , all which will stuffe vp a Horse in flesh sodainely , but one dayes labour will euer take away a whole monthes feeding . These and a world of such like vnhonest fallaces are the very occupations and toyles of Horsecorsers , by which they deceiue whole multitudes of true meaning people , but for as much as frō the discouery of these which I haue already shewd , doth issue the discouery of al other whatsoeuer they can inuent , I will not clogge your Memory with more obseruations then such , as ( if you haue daily comerce with Horsecorsers ) you shall hourely haue occasion to imploy . Now to speak something of their subtilty in practise , you shal know , that amongst them , it is euen as it is amongst cony catchers , & cut pursses ( pardon my comparison ) for as they haue false Brothers , so hath euer the vnconscionable Horsecorser , so that a plaine dealing Man shall no sooner offer him mony for a Horse ( albeit he offer more then his worth ) but presently you shall haue a fellowe made for the purpose , who will come and ouer-byd the true dealer , another will steppe forth and giue such false prayses , and a third ▪ report of so many false offers , which the Horsecorser hath refused , that he which means simply , first taking a fancy to the Horse , and that fancy making him too willing to beleeue any goodnesse of the Horse , will be so carried away with their falshoodes , that in the end he shall finde he hath bought naughtinesse at a much too deere a reckoning : if this were the worst of euill mens practise , time and a little losse woulde make men more carefull and trust lesse , but there are so many deceites , and such newe generations of deceits , that it is impossible to discerne them , because they are hourely in creating ; wherefore what I haue already Written , I holde sufficient to fortifie any mans opinion against giuing to great trust too dissimulation , or suffering his fancy to ouer-rule his iudgment . And thus much touching the choice of horse-corsers & their horses , their deceits and practises . CHAP. 3. Of the discouery and preuention of Horse-corsers deceits . SInce I haue shewed you the ordinarie and customarie deceits of both publick and priuate vnconscionable horse-corsers , it shall be fit that I shewe you likewise by what meanes and industry you shal preuent & discern the euill into which craft would intangle you , or else be reputed a very insufficient tutor that onely tel you of euil , but shew you no way to auoid it : you shall therefore know that when you goe to buy a horse of a horse-corser , you must by no means giue credit to any thing he speaks touching his horse , more then what you apparantly see and know to bee iust , which is , but onely whether he be faire shaped , fat , leane , or such like outward charracter in which he cannot deceiue you , but for concealed qualities , beleeue it as a known verity that the more the horse-corser boasts or brags , the more deceit by much is in the horse he boasts of , and the more willing hee is to sel , the more willing hee is to deceiue : wheresore to come to particularities , if when the horsse-corser brings his horse to be ridden before you , if you see him start , leape , rush forwarde , and be so impatient that he wil hardly be kept to any moderate pace , as if his spirit wer infinit , you shal then with good consideration mark the countenāce of the horse in his going , whether he haue a sad , heauy or vnmouing eie , or whether he carrie his ears stil , and moueth sildome , or whether he rein slouenly , not raising vp his necke , or shewing Naturall chearefulnes , or whether in his going you perceiue him to leane vppon his riders hande , as if his heade were too great a burden for his neck to carry : and lastly , whether he go with patience when he is from company , and onely is most madde when company is about him , anie of these constant and vnsprity carriages are signes of dulnes : wherefore when you discern any of them in a horse , you shal presentlie make the rider to alight from his backe , and ( as if you would view the horse ) you shal laie your hand vppon his Buttockes , thighes , and sides , and as if you wold trie the loosnes of his skin you shal pluck it from the Flesh , and if you finde he starts or is displeased thereat , be then assured that horse hath been soundlie beaten . You shal also with your hand pul vp the skin in the spurring place , and if you find he either choppes downe is heade , as if hee would bite , or that hee shrinkes his bodie , Whiskes his taile , or shakes his heade , it is an euident token he hath had his sides rubbed with Glasse or something else to make them tender : Or if these obseruations cannot satisfie you , then the best course is to ride the horse your selfe : and if vppon the verye first mounting him , you find he is al spirite and mettle , you shal then ride him foorth of company , and when you are alone giue him leaue to goe at his owne pleasure without forcing him , and if then you finde , that of his owne accord he is willing to be temperate , and that he is euer most madde when he is in most company , then you may be assured that horses mettle is not his owne , but hath absolutely bin forest into him , either by beating or some worse practise : besides , if it be his owne mettle , yet it is a true rule , that the more extreame furious a horse is , the lesse wil be his indurance in trauel , neither is he woorthy of any confidence : wherefore euer your best spirit is that which is most temperate , that wil neither giue any signe of sloth , nor easily be moued to any violence . Now after you are resolued touching his mettle and inward spirit , if then you would knowe whether he haue bin foundred , fretized , or be vnsound of any of his limbs , you shal attend til the horse-corser set him vp in the stable , and after he hath stood a while you shal mark the maner of his standing when no body troubles him , and if you perceiue him , first to ease one foot then another , and that he cannot stand a mynute of an houre togither without hitching from one foote to another , as if he would dance , then you shal be resolued , that questionles that horse hath either bin fretized or foundered , and hath stil remaining in his feete a most vnnatural heate , for the sounde horse you shall see stande constantly and euen vppon all his feete , without anye signe or shewe of wearinesse in his feet which a horse that is thus tainted is not able to endure ; But if you perceiue that he doeth not hitch and moue thus from foot to foot , only he thrusts one of his forefeete more from him then the other , or treades not so surely vpon one of his hind feet as vppon the other , if this you do behold , then be assured that that horse hath had some il and dangerous straine , the anguish whereof remaines stil amongest the bones and sinnewes , yet that griefe is euer in the neather and not in the vpper ioynts : as for younge splents , Spauens , Ring-bones , Curbes , Paines , scratches , or any such sorance , as durt or myre may couer , bee sure to see the horse when his legges are cleane , and if your eie cannot pierce deepe enough into the imperfections , be not ashamed to let your fingers make a search , and they wil discouer whatsoeuer haire or skinne keepes hidden , if either you know what the diseases are , or can iudge of them when you feele them ; If you feare him for hauing gowty and sweld legges , you shal then watch to see him when his legs are dry , or after he hath stood an houre or two vnstirred , or earely in the morning before his legs bee wet , and he wil easily discouer such a soraunce : but if you cannot come to the sight of the horse at such conuenient times , you shall then as you handle the horse about the nether ioynt , euen close by his fetlocke with your finger and your thumb , presse the flesh very hard where you find it thickest , and if after you haue prest it , you feele anye dintes or hollownesse where your Thumbe or Finger laye , then you may very wel be assured , that that horse with the least Trauel , will haue gowty and swelled legges , for though cold water and labour do disperse the humor , yet in the neathet part of the ioynt will euer remaine some naughty substance : If you seare the Horse for secret staines as , those which are in the shoulder , in the Hippe , and in those vpper parts of the Lymbs , you shall then take him by the Bridle , and setting your backe to his shoulder , turne him once about in as straight and narrow a compasse as is possible ; first of one side , then of the other , and as hee turnes you shall marke how hee handles his feete , and if you finde he brings not his outmost Legge ouer his inmost , but that his inmost Legge failes him , so that hee dare not firme it vppon the ground , but moues it both out of due time , and in an vncomely order , it is then a manifest token that he hath had some straine in the vpper part of that Legge , which hee dare not trust vppon the ground in a straight turn , because such narrow turnings do euer writh and aproue the vpper ioyntes onely . As for halting , and couering it with vaine excuses , the best discouery thereof is neuer to trust a Horsecorsers protestations , but the more he vowes , the lesse do you credit him , and so by mistrusting the worst that may happen , you shall preuent a mischiefe that would happen . Now if you feare any Glanders , broken wind , consumption , or other inward infirmity , you shall with your hand grype him very hard about the Wessen pipe , close by the root of the tongue , and so holde him a good space , till you compell him to cough twice or thrice , & then if assoone as hee hath cought , you see him beginne to champ or chew with his teeth , as if he did eate something , ( which indeede is nothing but filthinesse which his coughing brings vp ) then it is an aparant signe , that either he hath the Glanders , or some inward growne cold ; if his cough be hoarce , it is a signe of corruption , and putry faction in his lungs , but if it be dry , clayn , and hollow , it is a great signe that his winde is tainted , which by the beatyng of hys flanke after a little labour , or by the swift motion too and fro of his tayle , you may more plainly dyscerne , for if his wind be sound , then his flank will ryse very slowly , and his taile will not be seen to moue but at great leasure ; And from these obseruations you shall discouer a World of such deceites , which do depend and are coherents to his former mischeefes . As for mone eyed Horsses , which some call the Lunatick eyde , as it is a disease by which a Man may the soonest bee coosened , so it is a sorance , that a skilfull eye will soonest dyscerne , for though the eye keepe the most part of an ordinary complexion , yet it is a little redder then the perfect eye , and much more Cloudy : besides , about the outmost Verge or cirkle of the eye , you shall see a little whyte filme like a Line goe about the eye , which is the plainest Carracter that may be for that disease ; Now for false tailes , or false Markes , your hand may easily finde out the one , and your eyes may soone discerne the other , for the artificiall whyte will neither carry so bright a colour , nor be of so good proportion as that of nature , but like a patch in a new Garment , it will not rightly agree with the other features . Now lastly , for the age of the Horse , if the Horsecorser haue burnt him with holes in his teeth , to make him apeare young , you shall then know that those hoales will bee both rounder and blacker , by a good deale , then those which came by nature , and they will carry more commonly one shape or fashion , which those that come by nature will not doe , for they will sometimes bee lesse one then the other , and one of them bee worne out sooner then another , but also if the Horse will not suffer you to looke in his mouth at all , then you shall by gentle meanes put your finger into his Mouth , and feeling the inside of his vpper tush , by the hoale which is within , you shall iudge his age , without any contradiction . Many other rules I haue formerly taught for the knowing of a Horsses age , and by the vse of them though in one or two , yet in the most you shall not be deceaued . Thus therefore when you are able to dyscerne and discouer those ordynary and common deceytes which Horsecorsers practise , you shal then in buying any Horses of them , take great leasure and time , neuer making your bargaine sodainely , but after you haue chosen which you would haue , see him goe , then stand still , and then go you again , being ( if your leasure wil serue ) at least a day before you make your bargain , that what you ouerslip in the first sight you may perceiue in the second or the thirde : and what helpes your Memory cannot sodainely call together , by the deliberation of time , you may the better bring to your remembrance , and so seldome or neuer buy with a bad bargaine fond repentance . And thus much for the discouery of those common deceits which our Horse-corsers haue hourely in their practise . CHAP. 4. Of the excellency of a Horsses vnderstanding , and other qualities . THat a horse is a beast of a most excellent vnderstanding and of more rare and pure sence then anie other beast whatsoeuer , we haue many ancient and rare recordes lefte vnto vs , by the grauest and worthiest writers that haue writ either in the historye of the world , or of nature : for we finde it Written , that in the army of Sibaritanes , horsses would daunce to Musicke , and in their motionskeepe due time with musicke , they haue giuen to their maisters apparant signes , that they haue had the foreknowledge of battel , and haue prepared themselues there vnto , with extraordinarye dilligence . They haue beene seene when their maisters haue bin slain from their backs to mourn and sorrow after strange fashions , as the horse of Nicomedes , which would neuer eat any meat after his master was slain but died with hunger , or that of Centaretus , who when hee saw his Maister slaine by Autiochus , and that Antiochus after he had kild the man , would in the pride of his triumph mount vpon the beast , it is said that the horse instantlie ran with him to the tops of the rockes , and both slew himselfe and his maisters conqueror . One of the Kings of Scithia being slain in a combate , his enemie comming to disarme him , the slain Kings horse with great furie ran vpon his maisters foe , and neuer left biting and striking til he had slaine him likewise : It is reported that Dionisius the Tirant , forsaking his horse in a bogge or quagmire , the horse after with much labor getting forth of the durt , did immediately vpon his own accord followe his maister whilst a swarme of Bees did knit in his mane , which Dionisius perceiuing , he mounted the horses backe againe , and tooke that sign for a token that he should be king of Secill . Horsses as some Authors do report haue been seene to haue such excellent perseuerances & vnderstandings of their daungers , that they haue gathered vp the darts which haue bin spent in battel , and haue deliuered them vnto their maisters ; others report that in the Circensian games which wer founded by Claudius Caesar , the horses which wore the white liuerie , casting the Charriot-driuer from his seat , did not withstanding of their owne accords run to the end of the course , and there made their stop , and wan the prize with great glorie , and it is saide that other horses in the same games , but at other times hauing cast their riders , haue not withstanding both wun the Wagers , and after according to the maner of those sports , they haue without anie conducters or rulers gon to the Capitol , and made three turnes about the temple of Iupiter . A World of other examples are recorded touching the in warde worthines of their knowledges , which beecause we do not dailie see or dailie take note of , therefore we hardlie creditte . Now for the puissaunce and stoutnes of their courages , we finde how there be dyuers probable Authors , who write that neither Bucephalus which was Alexanders Horsse , nor the Horsse of Iulius Caesar would suffer any Man to ryde them , but their masters onely , as if they did scorne meaner Burthens , it is saide that Augustus Caesar , had a Horse of such exquisite goodnesse and perfection , that Germanicus Caesar made a most famous poem in praise of him , and both at Agrigentum , and in dyuers other parts there be most famous piramedes builded ouer Horsses , all which shewe that they haue beene most famous beastes , and they haue bin regarded according to their worths , howeuer now they be dispised or neglected : and if we looke but into latter times wee may see the great estymation of Horsses , by the buriall of that famous Horsse , vppon which Charles the eyght did himselfe serue against the Italians , which Horse was afterwards solemnly buryed by the Lady of Burbon , the Kings Sister ; And for mine own part , I haue seene an Irish-Hobby which being shot cleane through the body , did bring his Maister safe from the fielde , and assoone as he was dismounted , the Horse dyed presently ; And truely it is a thing vnsearchable to enter into the knowledge , Stoutnesse , Aptnesse , and indurance of an excellent Horsse ; for proofe whereof doe but heare the reportes of Souldiers or Hunts-men , and they will giue you full satisfaction ; Now for those onely which a Horse will do , as being vnnaturall , strange , and past reason , wee haue hadde a full testimony in our time , by the Curtall which one Banks carried vppe and downe , and shewed both to Princes , and to the common people , which were so farre beyond conceit , that it was a generall opinion , and euen some of good wisedome haue maintained the assertion , that it was not possible to bee done by a Horse , that which that Curtall did , but by the assistance of the Deuill ; but for mine owne part , I knowe that all which so thought , were infinitely deceiued , and these two reasons leade mee thereunto , that first I perswade my selfe the Man was exceeding honest , And secondly that I know by most assured tryals , that ther was no one tricke which that Curtall did , which I will not almost make any Horse do in lesse then a months practise , and that for as much as euer I saw him doe ( which I perswade my selfe was as much as other Men ) I euer found a dyrect rule and Method , by which the Horse was gouerned and dyrected . And thus much I thought good to write touching the excellency of a Horses aptnesse and vnderstanding . CHAP. 5. How a Horse may be taught to doe any tricke , done by Bankes his Curtall . ALthough La Broue do much discommend and dispraise the teaching of a horse to do these vnnecessary and vnnaturall actions which more properly do be long to Dogges , Apes , Munkies , and Baboones , yet because Mens natures are so apt to delight in nouelties , & in as much as I desire to giue satisfaction to all humours whatsoeuer , vpon profit and reason ; and because these vnprofitable to yes shew in a Horse an extraordinary capacity , an obseruant feare , and an obedyent loue , all which are to be esteemed worthy qualities ; I will shew you in this breefe relation , by the example of two or three tricks , how you shall make your Horse to doe any other action as well as any Dogge or Ape whatsoeuer , except it bee leaping vpon your shoulders , climbing vppe houses , or vntying knots , all which are contrary to the shape and strength of his greate body ; but for fetching or carrying , ( as commonly Dogges doe ) for counting numbers with his feete , or for chusing out any particular person amongst a multitude , or any other such like motion , those you shall perceiue are to bee taught with great ease and assurance , if a man will imploy his labour thereunto , and not neglect the principall obseruations which necessarily depend vpon such instructions . You shall therefore know , that if you will haue your Horse fetch and carry , either Gloue , Handkerchife , Hat , or any such like thing , you shall first bring your Horse to an especiall loue , fear ; and knowledge of your person by this meanes ; You shal not suffer any Man whatsoeuer to rubbe , dresse , or so much as to speake to the Horse , but your selfe only , neither shall you let him haue any foode , Drinke , or other nourishment , but what he receiues from your hand , and to that end you shall continually keepe him in the Mussell , you shall seldome bee from him , but either picking or trimming him , you shall when you walke abroade , take him in a string abroade with you , and make him so conuersant and familiar with you , ( suffering no other Man to giue him either faire word or faire looke ) that in the end the Horse finding that hee receiues neither food nor comfort from any Creature but your selfe , he may so wedde his inclination vnto yours , that as if it were a Dogge which would follow his Maister , so you shall make your Horse to attend and followe you vppe and downe , whichis an easie thing to bring to passe , as you may perceiue by many foot-cloath Horses in the Cytty , vvhich onely through a little custome will follovve their keepers vvhethersoeuer they goe , novv you must obserue , that vvhilest you make your Horse thus to loue and delight in your company , you must also make him stand in awe and feare , of your displeasure , correcting him euer with a sharpe rod , when he doth any thing contrary to your will , and both cherrishing him , and giuing him something to eate , whensoeuer hee doth any thing to your liking ; and in correcting him you must euer obserue to acquaint him but with one torment , as if it be with the Rodde , then you shall by no meanes vse Whippe , Cudgell , or to strike him with your fists , and to this actuall torment you shall euer adde but one word of terrour or threatning : so likewise in cherrishing , besides foode , you shall vse but one manner of clapping or clawing him , nor but one certaine worde of encouragement , for as the vse of many wordes , many corrections , and many chirrishinge makes him he can neither vnderstand any word , any correction , or any cherrishing perfectly , so the vse of one single worde certainely , to one purpose , makes the Horse as perfitly by custome know the meaning thereof as your selfe that speakes it , as thus for example : If your Horse out of ignorance bee about to doe contrary to your will , then to vse this word . Be wise , at which if he do not stay and take better deliberation , but wilfully pursue his error , then to correct him and vse this word Villayne or Traitor , or such like , so you vse but one word ; and when he doth as you woulde haue him , to cherrish him , and vse this word So boy , in a short space you shal bringe him to that knowledge that he wil wholy be directed by those words and your commaundement ; you shal neuer at any time giue him any food , but when he doth something to deserue food , that knowing alwaies the cause why hee hath foode , hee may with more diligence regard and obserue you in whatsoeuer you do : Now when you haue thus made your horse acquainted with obedience and louing vnto you , & ready to obserue euery thing which shal proceed from you when he knowes perfectly the diuersitie of your wordes and the cause of your great tormenting and punnishing him , when you haue brought him to an empty body & an hungry appetite , so that euen for his belly sake he wil dubble his diligence , for it is a general rule that neither flying Hawke , nor setting Spanyel must bee kept more empty then a horse in this case , then you may begin to teach him to fetch your gloue , first by making him take your Gloue into his mouth and holding it , then by letting the gloue fal to the ground , and making him take it vp , and lastly by throwing the gloue a pretty way from you , and making him fetch it and deliuer it vnto you , & euery time he doth to your contentment , yow shal giue him two or three bits of bread , and when he offends you then two or three strokes ; or if you finde him verye wilful or vnapt to conceiue , then as soone as you haue corrected him , you shal put on his mussel , and let him stand for at least six hours after without meat , and then proue him again , yet you must haue great patience in teaching him at the first , and not leaue him by any meanes til he doth something fashion himselfe to your liking , and after once you perceiue he doeth vnderstand you , then if he doe amisse , you must by no meanes ouerslippe punnishment ; for the greatest difficulty is in the firste entrance to learne , and whether he doth wel or il , or whatsoeuer hee doeth you shal by no meanes chaunge your words or vse more speech then what he perfectly vnderstandes . Til hee wil very readilie receiue your gloue , you shal by no meanes make him take it from the grounde , and til he wil take it from the grounde as quicklie as you can let it fal , you shal not by anie means make him fetch it , for to haue two lessons imperfect at once , wold make a confusion in the horses memory , and before you make him perfect in anie of these three , you shal by continuall vse and calling vpon him make him know his own name , so that whensoeuèr you pronounce it , he may ( whatsoeuer he is doing ) lift vp his head , and look you in the face , which is a signe he attends your pleasure : and to bringe al these thinges to passe , there is no other Arte to be vsed then labour and industrie ioyned to the obseruations al-l readie prescribed : and there be some horses which after they are acquainted with the man and his meanings will performe al this in lesse then one weeke , other horses I haue seene which haue bin a month about one of them , wherefore when you wil try these conclusions , you must not think much with anie labor . When your horse wil receiue your gloue , take vppe your gloue , and fetch your gloue , you shal then make him carrie a Gloue whether you wil in this sort : first you shall make him receiue it in his mouth , and then pointing out a place with your rod you shal say vnto him Deliuer , and not leaue repeating that word sometimes more sharpely , sometimes gently til he lay or at lest bow his hed down with it to that place where your rod pointed , and then you shal cherrish him , and giue him bread , thus you shal labor and apply him euerie houre when he is hungry , till you haue made him that he wil carrie to anie place against which you pointe your rod , and when you saie Deliuer , then to let it parte from his mouth . Now you must obserue that whilst you teach him thus , looke to what place you point your rod , to that place also you must most constantly place your eie , not remoouing it to anie other obiect , til your wil be performd , for it is your eie and countenance , as wel as your words , by which the horse is guided , & whosoeuer did note Bankes curtal , might see that his eie did neuer part from the eie of his ma ister ; when your horse wil thus by the directions of your rod and your eie , carrie anie thinge you will to the place you shall appoint him vnto , then you shall so hourelie practise him therin , that in the end if you do make neuer so slight a signe with your rod , so your eye be constantly fixte , yet the horse will beare it towardes that place , which as oft as hee doeth , you shal cherrish him and giue him food , then you shal cause two or three by-standers to stande a prettie distaunce one from another , and then giuing the horsse the Gloue , you shall with your rod point at him to whome you woulde haue him carrie it , and assoone as hee comes neare , or but towardes the party you point at , he shal put out his hande and receiue the Gloue from him , and you shal then cherish the horsse , and giue him breade , and thus you shall do to euery seueral By-stander diuers and sundry times , till the Horse bee so perfit , that he will goe to which or whom you will point at , and when he doth erre neuer so little , you shall not faile first to bid him Be wise , and then if he amend not instantly , to correct him ; this done , you shall make two by standers to stand close together , and then poynting at one of them , if the Horse mistake and looke more towards the other , you shall byd him Be wise , and then if he turne his head towards the other , hee shall presently receiue the Gloue , and you shall cherrish the Horse , this by labour and practise hee will grow so eunning in , that if there be neuer so great a company , looke but vppon what you fixe your eye , or to what obiect you beare the point of your rod , to that onely the Horse will carry what is deliuered him , wherin you are but only to help him thus farre , that when he is neare the party , you giue him comfort , and cause the party to take what the Horse bringes : then after to giue a greater grace to the action , or to make fond people wonder , you may blind-fold the Horse , and taking any mans Gloue in secret , after vnblindfold him , and bid the Horse beare the Gloue to him whom from you took it , which by the direction of your eye and rod , he will presently do . Now if you will teach your Horse to reckon any number , by lifting vp and pawing with his feete , you shall first with your rodde , by rapping him vpon the shin , make him take his foote from the ground , and by adding to your rod one certaine word as Vp : or such like , now whē he will take vp his foote once , you shall cherrish him , & giue him Bread , and when hee sets it vppon the ground , the first time you shall euer say one , then giue him more bread , and after a little pause , labour him againe at euery motiō , giuing him a bit of bread til he be so perfit , that as you lift vp your rod , so he will lift vp his foot , and as you moue your rod downeward , so he will moue his foot to the ground , and you shall carefully obserue to make him in any wise to keep true time with your rod , and not to moue his foot when you leaue to moue your rodde , which correcting him when he offends , both with stroakes and hunger , he will soone be carefull to obserue , after you haue brought him to this perfectnesse , then you shall make him encrease his numbers at your pleasure , as from one to two , from two to three , and so fourth , till in the end hee will not leaue pawing with his foote , so long as euer you moue your rod vp and downe , and in this by long custome , you shall make him so perfect , that if you make the motion of your rod neuer so little , or hard to bee perceiued , yet he wil take notice frō it , and in this lesson as in the other , you must also dyrect him by your eie , fixyng your eyes vpon the rod , and vppon the Horsses feete all the while that you moue it : for it is a rule in the nature of Horsses , that they haue an especiall regard to the eye , face , and countenaunce of their keepers , so that once after you haue brought him to know the helpe of your eye , you may presume he will hardly erre except your eye misguide him : and therefore euer before you make your Horse doe any thing , you must first make him looke you in the face . Now after you haue made him perfit in these obseruations , and that he knowes his seuerall rewardes , both for good and euill dooings , then you may aduenture to bryng him into any company or assembly , and making any Man thinke a number , and tell it you in your eare , you may byd the Horse tell you what number the man did thinke , and at the end of your speech bee sure to saye last Vp : for that is as it were a Watch-worde to make him know what hee must doe , and whylest you are talking , you shall make him looke in your face , and so your eye dyrecting him vnto your rodde , you may with the motions thereof , make him with his foot declare the number before thought by the by-stander . From this you may create a World of other toyes , as how many Maydes , howe many Fooles , how many Knaues , or how many Richmen are amongst a multitude of gazing persons , making the Worlde wonder at that which is neyther wonderfull , nor scarce artificiall . Now for the making of a Horse to lie downe when you will , that euery ordinary Horse-corser , or Horse-ambler , can make his Horse by beating him , first vpon both his free Shinnes , and making him kneele downe , and so by degrees to make him lye all along , after what fashion or manner you will , as if either he were dead , asleepe , or else couching and watching to see something ; wherein is onely to be obserued , the constancy of the certain word you vse for that purpose , and your reward for wel dooing , and your correction when he offends , and all such helpes which you vse when you teach either Hound or Spaniell to couch , which is for the most part at the first onely an awfull threatning , or commaundment tyl he vnderstand your mind , and after as it were but a milde and cheerefull intreaty . Now for to make him rise vp sodainely againe , and either to strik , leape , or vse any desperate motiō , you shal but only acquaint him with some other word cōtrary to that by which you forst him to lie down , & assoone as you vse it , you shal not onely help to raise him vp with your hād , but by pricking , tickling , or toying with him , make him yark vp his hinder parts , and offer to run and bite at you , your selfe seeming as it were to be affraid of him , and as it were in a pleasant manner to shrinke and runn away from his fury ; and that you may doe this with more certainety , you shall before you teach him to lye down , teach him to yarke behinde by pricking him in the Buttocke with a sharp Nall , Goad , or such like Instrument , but in any case not by vsing your rodde , for that being your Instrument of correction , must neuer be vsed but when he offends , least he mistaking the vse , do likewise mistake when he doth offend , and when he doth please you . Also you shal teach him before he com to fall downe , to run , and bite , and snap at you as hee plaies , and is familiar with you , by twitching at his lips , and shrinking your hand againe , or sometimes by pricking him in the lips with a Pinne , or such like ; or by making him run vp and downe after you , for in such wantonnesse a Horse is naturally adicted to knauery ; Now when he hath learnt these toyes , you may then imploy them , and mixe them with any tricke whatsoeuer , and from these toyes you may create twenty others as much or more fantasticall , which would aske a great toyle to declare in writing , and yet in their teaching they haue but one Method or manner of instruction . Now to conclude , that you may make a Horse to pisse when you woulde haue him ( or at least to straine and moue himselfe thereunto ) or to leaue pissing when you please , you shall for two dayes at the least , watch him , and keepe such distance of times , that hee may neuer pisse , but when you vrge him , and to that end you shall once in two or three houres leade your horse vppe and downe vpon straw , so softly , that hee may as it were but put out one foot and stand stil , then another & stand stil , your selfe continually saying vnto him Pysse , Pysse , and thus you shal do if it be a whole day togither , till he do pisse or straine himselfe to pisse , and then you shal reward him with bread ; and til he do pisse or straine himselfe to pisse , you shal neither mooue him in any other lesson , nor let him tast foode though it were for a weeke together , and by this meanes after he vnderstands your meaning , you shal no oftner say pisse , but he either will pisse , or straine himselfe to Pisse , and then at your pleasure acquainting him with a contrarie worde as No more or such like , which being spoken in threatning sort , and accompanied with correction , you shal make him staie his pissing when and as oft as you please . As this motion of pissing , so you may vse him in his eating , drinking , or anie other naturall action , and though these appeare verie vnnatural , yea euen to horsemen themselues , yet they are as easie to bee effected , as anie toye whatsoeuer . Nowe for trotting , ambling or dauncing when you please , or seuerally to vse which you please , you are but first to make him seuerally to know the motions , and to vse to euerie motion a seueral helpe , as when you would haue him dance , to ierke him ouerthwart the mid-back , when you would haue him trotte , to ierke him vpon the shoulder , and when you would haue him amble to ierk him vnder the bellie , and to knit to euery helpe a certain worde , and you shal find it more certaine then anie other trick whatsoeuer . And thus hauing giuen you these slight tastes of the entrance into these superficial toyes , which are more to stir admiration then profit , sith from these may be deriued al others which haue been put in practise , I thinke it not good to trouble you further with any large relation . CHAP. 6. Of drawing dry foot , and the aptnes of horses thereunto . IT is not long ago since a worthy gentleman mine especial friend ( talking with mee touching the natures and dispositions of horses ) began amongst other conferences to lay me down strong arguments and very good & probable reasons , that it might bee possible to make a horse to draw dry-foot after any man , and to distinquish scents with his nose as wel as any blood-hound , or sluthound whatsoere , both because a horse of al other beasts is most dainty and curious of smel , and also is more apt to vndertake , and more able to performe any thing then any other beast , by as much as he is of greater vnderstanding & better capassity , and for an instance of his purenes of smelling , we know that let a horse be blind-folded neuer so close , and but brought where a proude Mare is , he wil instantly smel her , and grow as coragious as if his eies had neuer so great liberty ; horsses also haue beene knowne to start , and to vndertake the scent of a Bear long before they haue either seene or come neare the Beare ; so that a horse being able both to vent and wind a far off the scents , which both please and displease him , it must consequently follow that nature hath giuen them benefit enough in smelling , and there onely wantes but an industrious mind to venter vpon the imploiment ; out of such like arguments as these , it pleased him to vrge me to make trial of his immagination , and so to report what I found in the practise : but at that time being ouermastred with the worlds busines ( I mean crosses and law suites ) I could not so presently pursue it , but since being deliuerd of those fetters I bestowed , a month practise to see what I could bring to passe , and it is most assured I found very possible , for thus far I proceded ; first after I had kept my horse in the mussel a Weeke and more , and brought him to such a sharpnes and eagernes of stomack , that he was euen almost mad for food , and when I had brought him to a perfect familiarity and acquaintance with mee , making him euer eat that litle which he did eat vpon the ground , after I had troad on it with my foot , I then went into a bare-eaten-close , and there laid downe a peece of bread , and set my foot vpon it , and then another within a foot of it , and trod vpon it also , & so laid piece by piece one within a foote or two foot of another , til I had gon xx . or xxx yards , and then stood close vnder a hedge or a wal , so as the horse might not see me , then I caused one to bring foorth the horse , and to bring him to the first peece of bread , and so to the second , and so from piece to peece , til hee came to the place where I stoode , where presently I gaue him as many Oats as he would eate , and then putte on his mussel : for you must vnderstande that bread is onely good to make the traine with , but ro feed the horse continually with it , the sauor is so strong , that it would somwhat hinder his scent , whereas Oats hauing no such ranknes , works no such imperfection : in this sort I continued him twice a day for a weeke togither , euery time making my traine a seueral waie , til the horse grewe so cunning , that assoon as he had tasted the first piece he would euen trot from peece to peece , and make no staie til he came where I stood . After this I laid my first pieces of bread , more then a yard asunder , & towards the latter end of the traine I laide them a dozen yardes assunder so that then hee began to trust more to his nose then he did before , and thus I vsed him for more then another weeke , till hee came to that perfection that he would make him runne which led him , in all which time I euer obserued , that if he either grew negligent or careles of his busines , or fel to gnaw vpon the earth presently he which led him , after some rating and beating him , put on his mussel , and hee stoode at least a dozen houres after without food , but this neither did , nor wil happen but very sildome , especially if you keepe him in right temper , which is , that he may be extreame hungry , but not faint or sick with hunger , and also I did neuer faile but when he had found me out , I gaue him water as well as Oats ; the third weeke , I made his traine at least a quarter of a mile , and not aboue six peeces of bread in al the traine , yet so pl●st , and the traine made so plaine , that if at any time there hapned a slight error , yet he which ledde him by knowing my passage was able to helpe and putte him into the true path again , and thus I practised the horse , and increased his knowledge by such lesurable degrees , that before a month was past , I haue not laid aboue two peeces of bread in more then a quarter of a mile , and haue with my best diligence endeuoured to deceiue both the horse and him which led him , but I founde that with no faire play I was able to do it , but go whither I wold in any orderly fashion , and the horse would find me out ; Now thus farre onely I did proceede in this experiment , partly to satisfie my friend , and partly to better mine own iudgment , when compelled ( as poore men are ) to followe other occasions , I was faine to desist and to leaue my desire but halfe satisfied ; so that how a horses nose is able to direct him when he comes to diuersity of earths , to hie waies , to the foylings of other catle , & to wet and moist places I am not able as yet to iudge , onely for what I haue hitherto seene , or what in the nature or composition of a horse I vnderstād I find nothing to abate or discorage my hope , and for mine owne part I haue such a confident opinion therein , that I make no doubt but whosoeuer shall take in hand the practise , shall find it easie and ful of probability , till when I refer all whatsoeuer I haue written in this whole art of horse-manships to the iudgement of such who read without mallice or destruction . The end of the eight booke . Notes, typically marginal, from the original text Notes for div A06903-e2870 Of the English horse . The Courser of Naples . Of Sardinia and Corsica . Of the Turkie horse . Absirtus . Gesner . The Barbarie horse . The Iennet of Spaine . The Polland horse . The Almaine horse . The Hungarian horse . The Flanders horse . The Friesland horse . The Sweathland horse . The Irish Hobbie . Signes of a Mares pride . Notes for div A06903-e7240 Camerarins . Oppianus . Absirtus . Obseruatiō : before a horsman mou● his horse . The Horsemans s●e . Of the Voice . Of the rodde . Of the Brydle Of the calues of the legges . Of the stirrop & the leather● Of the spurs . Of the wrything of the moozell only . If a horse reine not wel . Of ducking dowue the heade . Of restifnesse comming of base nature . Restisenesse that comes of pride and courage . Of restifnesse which pro●eedes from ●olly . Fearfulnesse by nature . Fearefulnesse by youth . Fearefulnesse by custome . Fearefu● by 〈◊〉 ●ight . Of great noyses . Of induring armor , staffe , or sword . Of fire and gunshot . Of foule trotting . Of Retyring . Of aduauncing . Of Retyring . The turne Terra ▪ Terra . The benefit of the straight Wall. The Galloppe Galliard . The horsemans apparel Ascollers first mounting . The schollers seate , The schollers lessons . Notes for div A06903-e15990 The Otter . The Foxe or Badger . Of the Bucke or Stagge . Of the 〈◊〉 Of the traine sente . Of the Wilde-goose chase . Ordinarie breade . Of the mashe Of Hempsee● . Rosemarie & Butter . Sallet oyle and Milke . Sallet oyle and Muskadine . Sacke and Sallet Oyle . Butter and Garlicke . Butter and Saunders . Box leaues & Brimstone . Notes frō the horses dung . Notes from his eating . Of cloathing : Of heates and coldes . Notes for div A06903-e19960 Of Grasse . Of Hay . Of Straw . Oates . Of Barley . Of whea● . Of Fytches . Of Pease . Of beanes . Of blende torne . Of horse bread Water for a fat Horse . Water for a leane horse : Of the choyse of coatch-horses . Notes for div A06903-e21730 Dyet breade : Of washt meate dryed . Of moyst washt 〈◊〉 . The first dyet . The first coursing . Of waight . 〈◊〉 Of aduantage against aduantage . The horsrunners attire . Of starting a swifthorse . Of running against many Horses : Of running ▪ slow tough Horse . Helps in riding The great horse saddle . The Morocco saddle : The F●ench pad : The lar●e scotch saddle ▪ The plaine Scottish sadle . The Hunting or running saddle Of chusing saddle trees : Of perfite hoofes . Of interfayring . Hunting shoes Notes for div A06903-e23800 Of the Pestilent Feuer . Of the wet cough , dry cough , o●●otent cough . Loath of meat or drinke or surfeits . Consumption of the lyuer . Costiuenes , loosnes , fl● and wormes . Notes for div A06903-e28970 The Horse-coursers choise of horses . The Horse sers deceits Of counting numbers . Of making a Horse lye downe . Of making a Horse pisse , or forbeare , & other toies 
A57242	----	The experienced farrier, or, Farring compleated In two books physical and chyrurgical. Bringing pleasure to the gentleman, and profit to the countrey-man. ... For here is contained every thing that belongs to a true horse-man, groom, farrier or horse-leach, viz. breeding; the manner how, the season when, ... and what are fit for generation; the feeder, rider, keeper, ambler and buyer; as also the making of several precious drinks, suppositories, balls, purgations, ... and directions how to use them for all inward and outward diseases. Also the paring and shooing of all manner of hoofes, ... The prices and vertues of most of the principal drugs, both simple and compound belonging to farring, ... also a large table of the virtues of most simples set down alphabetically, and many hundreds of simples placed one after another, for the cure of all ... diseases, ... with many new receipts of excellent use and value; never yet printed before in any author. By E.R. Gent. E. R., Gent. 1681 Approx. 1317 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 237 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2007-10 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A57242 Wing R13A ESTC R220639 99832035 99832035 36503 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A57242) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 36503) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 2055:10) The experienced farrier, or, Farring compleated In two books physical and chyrurgical. Bringing pleasure to the gentleman, and profit to the countrey-man. ... For here is contained every thing that belongs to a true horse-man, groom, farrier or horse-leach, viz. breeding; the manner how, the season when, ... and what are fit for generation; the feeder, rider, keeper, ambler and buyer; as also the making of several precious drinks, suppositories, balls, purgations, ... and directions how to use them for all inward and outward diseases. Also the paring and shooing of all manner of hoofes, ... The prices and vertues of most of the principal drugs, both simple and compound belonging to farring, ... also a large table of the virtues of most simples set down alphabetically, and many hundreds of simples placed one after another, for the cure of all ... diseases, ... with many new receipts of excellent use and value; never yet printed before in any author. By E.R. Gent. E. R., Gent. The second edition much enlarged and amended, and two new sheets of the prices and virtues of drugs added to the table of drugs, that was not in the former impression, with a caution to the farrier about his buying of them; also one hundred and fifty new receipts, and thirty directions for the physicking of horses, with about two thousand new simples, and an advertisement touching their usefulness; with many other new additions, too tedious here to rehearse. [16], 418, [40] p. printed by Richard Northcott adjoyning to S. Peters Alley in Cornhill, and at the Marrier and Anchor upon New-Fish street Hill, near London-bridge, London : 1681. "The second part of The experienced farrier" has a separate title page, dated 1680; with continuous pagination and register. With errata on 3L8r and an advertisement on 3L8v. Imperfect; print is faded affecting legibility. Reproduction of the original in the Bodleian Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. 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Selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. In general, first editions of a works in English were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably Latin and Welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. Image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. Quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in Oxford and Michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet QA standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. After proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. Any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor. The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines. Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Horsemanship -- Early works to 1800. Horses -- Early works to 1800. Veterinary medicine -- Early works to 1800. 2006-10 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2006-10 Apex CoVantage Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2006-11 Jonathan Blaney Sampled and proofread 2006-11 Jonathan Blaney Text and markup reviewed and edited 2007-02 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion THE EXPERIENCED FARRIER , OR , Farring Compleated . In TWO BOOKS PHYSICAL and CHYRURGICAL . BRINGING Pleasure to the Gentleman , and Profit to the Countrey-man . In Which You have the Whole BODY , SUM and SUBSTANCE of it in one Entire Volume , in so Full and Ample Manner , that there is Little or Nothing more Material to be Added Hereto . For here is Contained Every Thing that Belongs to a True HORSE-MAN , GROOM , FARRIER or HORSE-LEACH , Viz. BREEDING ; The Manner How , The Season When , The Place Where , The Colours , Marks and Shapes of all Stallions and Mares , and what are Fit for Generation ; The Feeder , Rider , Keeper , Ambler and Buyer ; As also the Making of several Precious Drinks , Suppositories , Balls , Purgations , Scourings , Ointments , Salves , Powders , Waters , Baths , Charges , Perfumes , And Directions how to use them for all Inward and Outward Diseases . ALSO The PARING and SHOOING of all Manner of HOOFES , and in what Point that Art doth Consist ; The Prices and Vertues of most of the Principal Drugs , both Simple and Compound belonging to Farring , ( and where you may buy them , ) Viz. Roots , Barks , Woods , Flowers , Fruits , Seeds , Juices , Gums , Rozins , Simples from Plants ; Animals , their Parts and their Excrements , Minera's , Metals and Stones ; Together with Chymical Oyls and Spirits , Electuaries , Treacles , Powders , Waters , Plaisters and Ointments , &c. You have Also A Large TABLE of the Virtues of most Simples Set down Alphabetically , and many Hundreds more of Simples Placed one after another , for the Cure of all Inward and Outward Diseases , which you are to make Use of according to your Discretion ; With many New Receipts of Excellent Use and Value ; Never yet Printed before in any Author . The Second EDITION much Enlarged and Amended , and Two New Sheets of the Prices and Virtues of DRUGS added to the Table of DRUGS , that was not in the Former Impression , with a Caution to the Farrier about his Buying of them ; Also One Hundred and Fifty New Receipts , and Thirty Directions for the Physicking of Horses , with about Two Thousand New Simples , and an Advertisement touching their Usefulness ; With many other New Additions , too tedious here to Rehearse . By E. R. Gent. LONDON , Printed by Richard Northcott Adjoyning to St. Peters Alley in Cornhil , and at the Marriner and Ancher upon New-Fish-street Hill , near London-Bridge . 1681. TO THE READER . YOU would say , That this Book , tho' New , is no otherwise then Old , by reason that a great part thereof are Collections , and therefore the less to be regarded ; Let me Ask you one Question , Is the Honey the worse , because the Bee sucks it out of many Flowers ? Or , Is the Spiders Web the more to be valued , because extracted out of her own Bowels ; Let not this be any Prejudice to this Book , but peruse it without Partiality , and with the Judgement of a Farrier ; And you shall then find , That these Old Collections are become New , not because they are New Printed , but because they are New Digested and Modelized , and put into a better Form and Method then ever yet before Printed ; For let me tell you , there was never any thing in this Nature ever Printed before , but there was something or other wanting to make it a Compleat Book of Farring ; But in this you shall find nothing wanting , either to the perfecting a Cure of all Diseases of a Horse , either inward or outward , or to the making a Man a Compleat Horseman . Besides , these Old Collections , you shall find a great many New Additions ; As first , A Table of the Prices and Vertues of most of the Principal Drugs , both Simple and Compound belonging to Farring , as they are commonly Sold at the Druggists in London , with a Caution to the Buyer of them ; A Table so very useful , that 't is much to be wondred at , that amongst so many Excellent Books of Farring as are Extant in the World , there should be nothing of this kind ever before annexed to them . Secondly , you have a large Table of the Nature , Temperature and Virtues of most Simples , set down Alphabetically . Thirdly , you have an Account of many Hundreds more of Simples , placed in order one after another , for the Cure of all inward and outward Diseases , with an Advertisement touching the Usefulness of them . Fourthly , wherever you find a Hand pointing in the Margin , you shall find such Receipts as have been often made use of with very good success , and which was never yet Printed before in any Author . Fifthly , you have the Gathering , Drying and Preserving of Simples and their Juices . Sixthly , you have the Method of making of Syrups , Decoctions , Oyls , Ointments , Plaisters , Charges , Poultisses , Balls , &c. Seventhly , you have hot Medicaments appropriate to the Parts of the Body . Eighthly , you have Cold Medicaments appropriate to the same Use . Ninthly , you have the Properties of Purging Medicaments . Tenthly , you have the Properties of Altering Medicaments . Eleventhly , you have a Table of the Diseases of a Horse , either inward or outward , set down Alphabetically , shewing you where they do grow in any part of the Body ; How you may know them , and what were the Causes that bred them . Twelfthly , you have in the Table of the said Diseases the Page quoted where to find the proper Cures for every Disease . Thirteenthly and lastly , you have Five Infallible Cures never yet put to Press before ( which the Table of Diseases will direct you to ) viz. The Glanders , Farcin , Staling of Blood , Scratches , and making the brittlest Hoof that is so Tough that it will carry a Shoo Passing well ; With many other things Contained in this Book , which is not here Inserted . By E. R. Gent. If you desire to Know the Vsefulness of your General Simples , set down in Order one after another , in the First and Second Part , before every Disease . Look for page 229. and that will inform you . Amend the Errata's before you fall to Practice . The BOOKSELLER to the READER . COURTEOUS READER , HAving long since Printed with great Care , Pains and Industry , this my Experienced Farrier , for the Cure of all Inward and Outward Diseases , both in Horses and Mares ; And finding it hath been Received by all Lovers of Horses or Horsemanship with a General and Friendly Liking , Emboldens me once more to Present You with a Second Impression , well hoping it may find no worse Vsage from you then the former had done , but be Received with the same Candour , Favour and Esteem equal with that , and the rather , by reason that the many Errors committed in the former Edition , is now carefully Corrected and Amended in this , and very many Vseful Additions Added hereto , that were not in the former Impression , there being no less then One Hundred and Fifty New Receipts ; Besides , the Addition of two New Sheets of the Prices and Virtues of Drugs , very useful ▪ for all Farriers to know , with a Caution to the Buyers of them ; Also about Two Thousand New Simples , ( with their Vsefulness declared ) put to the End of the other General Simples , for the Cure of all inward and outward Diseases , which upon your Perusal you may find here and there scattered throughout the whole Work ; You have also Thirty New Directions for the Physicking and Drenching of Horses , with an Account of Four several sorts of Aloes ( which may serve as the Basis and Ground Work of all Purges and Scourings ) with their Goodness declared , and the distinguishing Marks how you may know one sort of Aloes from another , with many other things herein contained , which if at your Leisure you carefully Compare this Impression with the former , will quickly Inform you of the Truth hereof . R. Northcott . The TABLE . THE shapes of a Horse page 1. The Colours of a house in verse ib. The shapes of a horse another way ib. and 6 ▪ A Proverb amongst Husband men on the colours of a horse 1 What things are good to strow amongst a horses Provender 2 Things that you are to have always by you in a readiness ib. The Virtues of them declared ib. Terms of Art to commend a Horse , if you know him to be good 2. The Office of the Breeder . The best manner of Breeding 1 Grounds to Breed in , and Change of Grounds 3 Choice of Stallions and Mares ib. The Age of Stallions and Mares 4 Observations upon Covering ib. Bad to cover after the Change of the Moon ib. Covering in the Wane ib. Burning when other horses cover her . ib. Spaying of Mare-Colts , and of Gelding of Horse-Colts ib. What time is best for a Mare to take horse ib. How long time a Mare goes with Foal , how to Order her before she is covered , and how to make her conceive to have a Horse-Colt or Mare-Colt 5 The manner how to cover her , and to know whether she stands to her Covering ib. How many Mares for one Horse ib. How to order a Mare after she is covered 6 How to help her if she cannot Foal ib. How to order her after Foaling ib. How long Foals are to run with their Dams 7 The time of Foaling looked upon to be very improper because in the Winter-Season ib. When Mares are fit to take horse 8 To know the true shape spirit and height of a Foal , from his Shin-bone , from the space between his Knees and Withers , from his spirit and from his Hoofs ib. Weaning of Foals ib. Taming of Colts ib. The time to break Colts ib. Coiling the Stud , or making of Election 9 Of barren Mares ib. General Observations concerning Mares , viz. Of Covering , of bringing of Foals , of making a Mare slink Foal , and to make her stand to horse ; of Stallions for Trotters , and of Mares to horse . ib. To put your horse and Mare into an empty house ; not to chase the Mares ; the wall-Eye is an imperfect Sight , and of choice of Mares , &c. ib. & 10. Election of horses for War , for Swiftness , for Travel and for Draught . ib. To know whether your Mare be with Foal or not ib. To make a Mare conceive a Male Foal . 11 The Office of the Keeper . Of the horse in General , his Choice for every several Vse , his Ordering , Diet and best Preservation for Health , both in Travel and Rest ib. Yhe Nature of a horse in general . ib. Your Choice of a horse for the Wars . ib. What Colours of a horse is best . ib. Choice of a horse for a Princes Seat. 12 For Travel ib. For Hunting ib. For Running ib. For the Coach ib. For the Pack ib. For the Cart and Plough 13 How to Order these several horses , and first of the horse for the Wars . ib. Ordering a horse for a Prince or a great Ladies Seat. ib. Ordering of Traveling horses at home and abroad ib. Of Watering in the Morning , of Feeding betimes , and of Moderate Traveling . 14 To get a horse a Stomach ib. Not to stop a horses Feet with Cow dung till they be cold ib. Look to his Back , Girts and Shooes . ib. Not to eat nor drink when he is hot . ib. To labour him moderately , when the Weather is extream hot or cold . ib. Not to Travel him too late 15 The Saddle not to be presently taken off when he is hot ib. Horse-bread very good food ib. River water not so good as standing-water ib. Swine and Pullen is naught to be nigh a Stable ib. The light of the Stable is best to be made towards the South and North. ib. To be Tied with two Reins very safe . ib. To Ride him on stony ways ib. Wheat-straw and Oat-straw is best for Litter ib. Of Dressing your horse 16 Of the Stable ib. A Mud-Wall naught to be nigh a horse . ib. Chopt straw good to throw amongst a horses Provender ib. Bottles of Hay to be Tied hard is very good ib. To sprinkle Hay with Water is also good , and so is Fennegreek strowed amongst his Provender ib. Exercise is very good ib. Grass is also good once a year , to cleanse his Blood and cool his Body ib. A horse hath good store of Blood after Travel ib. What you are to do in case of necessity coming late to your Inn 17 To give him Mares Milk to drink , if he be Poor , is very good ib. The best time when to Water in the Winter ib. Not good to wash a horse when he is hot . ib. To light at every steep Hill very good ib. How a fat horse is to have his Meat and Water ib. Rubbing very good for a horse ib , Boyled Barley is very good . ib. Feet Picked after Travel ib. Much Rest naught 18 Be careful to look to your Saddle for fear of Pinching him ib. A Horsemans Rule in Verse ib. Riding softly very good ib. Trotters Oyl is very good to help stiff Limbs ▪ ib. Legs Bathed with cold Water is good to prevent Scabs and Swellings ib. Washing at the Stable-door is very good if necessity requires ib. Dressing upon Travel and Rest ib. When to let Blood 19 Ordering of Hunting Horses ib. Sir Robert Chernock's manner of feeding his horse in Buck-season for hunting ib. Ordering of Running horses ib. Ordering of Coach horses ib. Ordering of the Pack and Cart-horse . 20 The Office of the RIDER and GROOM , and of things belonging to him , viz. His general an a particular Knowledge in Handling , Sadling , Mouthing , Backing and Riding of the great Horse , or Horse of Pleasure ib. Of the Stable , and what it ought to be built with ; A brick Stable preferred before Stone . No Hog-sty nor Hen-Roost ought to be nigh it . Of the Manger , of a Pitched Floor , a Mud-wall 〈◊〉 and of dung not to lie nigh a 〈◊〉 ●●eels ib. 〈◊〉 of Stables approved to be better then Planked Stables for several Reasons ib. The inconveniencies of a Plank-Floor shewed ib. Your Care in the Choice of a Groom . 22 How a Rider ought to be qualified . ib. What manner of Person a Groom ought to be ib. To Saddle and Bridle a Colt 23 Of Mouthing ib. Of Backing 24 Helps at first Backing ib. What Lessons for what Horse 25 Helps and Corrections from his Voice , from his Rod , from his Bit and Snaffle , from the Calves of his Legs , from his Stirrop's and Stirrop-Leathers , and from the Ground . 25 and 26 Of large Rings ib. Of stopping 27 Advancing ib. Retiring ib. Of bitting 28 Of streight turnes and turnings ib. The first streight tnrn ib. The other streight turn 29 How to help an ill Rein and Cure a Run-away Jade 30 The help ib. Another for unconstant Carriage . ib. The Office of the Feeder . The Introduction to the Work touching the time limited for a hunting horse . 31 Their Reasons ib. Long time inconvenient ib. The first Ordering of the Running Horse , according to the several Estates of their Bodies . 34 To have an Eye to the particular Estate of a horses Body ib. The first Fortnights feeding of a horse for a Match , that is fat , foul , or either newly taken from Grass or Soil 35 His feet stopped with Cow-dung ib. Four Considerations in giving of Heats 37 The second Fortnights feeding 38 The first read ib. The Vse of the Muzzel ib. The first Scouring 40 Ordering of him after his Scouring . ib. The third Fortnights feeding 41 The second Bread ib. The fourth & last Fortnights feeding 42 The last and best Bread ib. Certain Observations and Advantages for every Feeder to observe in sundry Accidents 44 Of Meat and Drink ib. Observations for Lameness 45 Observations from the estate of his Body ib From his Inclinations ib. From his outward handling ib. From his privy Parts 46 For his Limbs ib. For Water ib. Observations from the Ground to run on ib. Observations from Sweat 47 Observations from the hair ib. The Office of the AMBLER . Observations in Ambling . 47 Mens Opinions and Errors 48 Ambling by the Ploughed Field ib. Ambling by the Gallop ib. Ambling by Weights ib. Ambling in Hand , or not Ridden 49 Ambling by the help of Schooes ib. Ambling by the help of fine Lists ib. Ambling by the Hand only 50 Ambling by the Tramel ib ▪ Errors in the Tramel ib. The best Way to Amble a horse 51 The form of the Tramel 52 The true use of the true Tramel 53 VVhen to alter the Tramel ib. VVhen to Mount his Back 54 VVhen to Journey ib. The Office of the BUYER , wherein is shewed all the Perfections and Imperfections that are or can be in a Horse 55 Observations and Advertisements for any Man when he goes about to buy a horse ib. The End for which to buy ib. Election how divided 56 The General Rule ib. Of Breed ib. Of Colour ib. Of Pace , or Trotting ib. Ambling 59 Racking ib. Galloping ib. Stature 60 The particular Rule ib. How to stand to view his Shapes , viz. His Eares , his Face , his Eyes , his Cheeks and Chaps , his Nostrils and Muzzle , his Teeth , his Breast , his fore-Yhighs , his Knees , his Legs , his Pasterns , his Hoofs , the setting on of his Head , his Crest and Mane , his Back , Ribs , Fillets , Belly and Stones ; his Buttocks , his hinder-Yhighs ▪ his Cambrels , his hinder Legs and his Tail , &c. from p. 60. to p. 67 An uncontroulable Way to know the Age of a Horse , viz. By his Teeth , Mouth , Hoofs , Tail , Eyes , Skin , Hair and Barrs of his Mouth , from p. 65 to 67 The perfect shape of a horse altogether ib. Rules to be observed of putting a horse to Grass , and taking him up again . 68 Of Cleansing and making a horse clean . 69 General Notes concerning some Simples . ib. Of Syrups , Pills , Powders , Electuaries and Ointments ib. Of Oyls , Roots , Herbs , Seeds , Rind or Bark 69 & 70 A TABLE of the Office of the Farrier , Alphabetically set down , p. 70. A Accopium , a Drink , with the Virtues and Nature of it 123 and 124 Atman , a Confection , with the Virtues of it 125 B. Baths of all sorts 135 to 137 Bon●s , how many a horse hath , and where scituated 72 Blooding a horse , when the best time 73 Blood-letting , with Observations upon it 87 Of Burning 88 Burning Actual and Potential 90 Bread made for a horse to keep him in heart and strength of Body , and to keep him from faintness in his Labour and Exercise , be it never so sore . 116 Bread , to make another sort ib. Bangle-Eares how to help 121 Balls Cordial , to Cure any violent Cold , Glanders , which prevents Heart-sickness , which Purgeth away all Molten-Grease , which recovers a Lost Stomach , and makes a Lean horse fat suddenly ib. Blood cleansed , general Simples good for it 149 Bewitched , general Simples good for it 151 C. Complexion ●f a horse which is the most necessary Faces that a Farrier can Judge of his Infirmities by 74 Corrasives , 89. 115 and 145 Cauterizing 89 and 90 Cauterizing , in what cause 114 Cautery Potential 115 and 145 A Caustick 115 and 145 Cordial Powders to make 125 Charges of several sorts ▪ 131 and 132 Copperas water 139 Conglu●inating Simples 146 Clensers of the Blood , Simples good for it in general , vide Blood clensed Cordials and Strengthners of Nature ; See for Simples that are good in general for it 151 To cast and overthrow a horse 153 D. Diapente , a Drink , how to use it , and to shew you the Virtues of it 79 Diahexaple , a Drink , with the Virtues of it 79 and 80 Diatessaron made , or Horse Mithridate how made ib. Drinks given when you neither have Diatessaron , Diahexaple or Diapente 81 Diseases of a horse known by the signes he shews , from 81 to 86 Drugs , the Nature of the principal sorts of them 94 Drinks in general for all inward Diseases of a horse that troubles the whole Body , from 126 to 128 Other general Drinks for the Cure of all inward Sickness ib. A Drink very comfortable 131 A Drink Operative ib. Drugs , their Prices ; see for the Table of them between the first and second part Decoction , what it is 146 E. Of the Elements and their Nature 73 Eyes a Caution about them 90 To make the black and red Aegyptiacum , which are both Corrasives . For their Naures are to corrode and eat away all manner of proud and naughty Flesh , out of any old sore or Vlcer . 126 Drenches in general for all manner of Sicknesses 126 and 127 Dead Foal to expel , general Simples good for it 148 F. A Farriers Office , in what part it doth consist 70 A Farrier ought to know principally five things 90 A Farrier what he ought to know before he goes about to Purge a horse 96 To fat a lean horse in twelve or fifteen days 123 Another for the same purpose ib. Of Feavers , and how you may know every sort of them one from another . 129 and 130 Fatning things in general 143 Lust to provoke , Simples good for it in general 148 G. Of Glisters and their Vses 90 Glisters for Costiveness 91 A Glister Laxative 90 A Glister Restringent 92 and 93 A Glister for a fat horse that cannot be kept clean ib. A Glister in case of a desperate sickness ib. A Glister for the Pestilence and all Feavers ib. A Glister for the Cholick ib. Advice given upon giving of Glisters , and what are to be put into them . ib. Laxative Glisters , what simples are to be put into them 94 Gelding of horses , how and in what Season is best 119 Green Ointments , several sorts of them 138. 139 and 140 Glisters what they are 146 H. Of the four Humors , Blood , Phlegm● Choler and Melancholy 74 Health , twelve causes of it 76 Horse-Treacle how made 80 Halting , where to find the Grief either before or behind 102 Horse-Spice how made ; If you intend to make use of it amend the fault , for there is left out of it a quarter of a Pound of Anniseeds , and a quarter of a pound of the Powder of Liquoris . ib. Of Hoofs and the several Kinds of them , viz. Brittle and rugged hoofr , long hoofs , crooked hoofs , flat hoofs , with broad Frushes , hoofs with narrow heels from 104 to 106 Of paring the perfect hoof and fore-Feet 106 Of paring the imperfect hoof , every one according to their Kind ; First , of the broken hoof chap. 5 , 6. 106 Of paring the rough and brittle hoof ch . 7. 108 Of Paring the long hoof , ch . 9. ib. Of paring the crooked hoof , ch . 11. 109 Of paring the flat hoof , ch . 13. ib. Of paring the over-hollow hoof . ch . 15. 110 Of paring the hoof that hath a broad Frush ch . 17 ib. Of paring the hoof that hath a narrow heel ch . 19. ib. Horse-Bread two sorts of it , to keep him in heart and strength of Body , &c. 116 A horse to be made not to Neigh , either in company , or when he is ridden 120 Humors drove back that flow too fast to a Wound you have in Cure ▪ 140 Hair made smooth , sleek and soft . 153 Head perfumed , see Perfumes To make a horse follow his Master , and to challenge him amongst never so many People 154 Heam to expel , which is the same as the after-Birth is in Women ; see General Simples good for it 150 K. Knitting Simples ; see Conglutinating things L. Lameness , to Know where it lies , either before or behind 102 Loosening things in general . 143 M. The principal Members of a horse . 70 Mash , how made 97 Mithridate how made 80 Milk to cause , general Simples good for it 148 N. Neesing powder , Vide Perfumes for the Head. O. Oyls 69 Oyl of Oats with the Virtues of it . 130 Oyntments , Salves , Powders , and Waters 132 and 133 Oyntments green to make . 138 , 139 140 and 141 Old Horses made seemingly young . 120 P. Planets , their Names 73 Physicking Observations , see for more of them in the second Part. 86 Purgations , and their several Vses . 96 Physicking a horse and how to Order him after he hath it . 99 Pills of all sorts , and Purgations . 99 and 100 Pu refactives 116 Powders Cordial how to make 1 5 A Powder made of honey and Lyme , that will dry up any Wound or Vlcer . 131 Pills Purging 13● Pills what they are for 146 Purgings , or Scouring Simples in General 141 Portion , what it is 146 A Plaister to dissolve and take away evil humours , which shall at any time fall down into the Legs of a horse . 135 Perfumes and Purgers of the head of all filthy and gross humours . 137 and 138 Purgings of all sorts , and they are five , viz. by Portions , by Glisters , by Suppositories and by Grass 146 Certain Principles concerning Simples 140 Prices of Drugs , see for them between the two Parts R. Rubarb , its Nature 94 Raking of a horse . 87 Roots 69 Rowling of Horses , and of the Vse thereof 11● . 118 and 119 Riding , who first Invented it . 121 S. Shapes of a horse at large 67 Simples with Notes in general upon them 69 Sinews of a horse , their Number 70 Signes of the Zodiack , and Government of them 73 Sickness dangerous , how it cometh . 7● Sickness accidental . 73 Sickness Cured , when it cometh , and to prevent it before it comes ib. Of Sickness in General , and of the Signes from whence it proceeds . 81 and 86 Sorrances , what they are in general , and Observations in the Cure of them . 88 Simples how mixed 87 Swellings hard and soft , and how you are to use them , in the Cure of them . 89 Of Sores 90 Suppositories , the several sorts of them from 94 to 96 Scourings , what they are 97 Scourings by Grass , by Sorrage , by Sallow and Elm , by Thistles , by Malt ▪ 98 Scouring of a little stronger Nature . ib. Of Shooing and paring all manner of Hoofs , and in what Point the Art of it doth consist 104 Shooing the perfect Hoofs and four Feet , and how the Shoo , Paring and Nail should be made 106 Of Shooing the rough and brittle hoof 108 Of Shooing the long Hoof 109 Of Shooing the crooked Hoof ▪ ib. Of Shooing the flat Hoof ib. Of Shooing the over-hollow Hoof. 110 Of Shooing the Hoof that hath the broad Frush ▪ ib. Of Shooing the Hoof that hath the narrow heel ib. Of Paring and shooing of the hinder Feet 111 Of shooing the Hoof that hath a false quarter ib. Of shooing and paring the Hoof that is hoof-bound , 112 Of making of planch-shooes . ib. Of paring and shooing for Enterfering ▪ 111 Shooes with Calkins , Rings , Welts and turning Vices , and of the patten shoo 112 and 113 Stars , white and black , and how to make them 120 and 154 Suppository , what it is 146 A Suppository for inward Sickness 127 Salves , Unguents , powders and Waters 132 and 133 Scouring and purging things in general 141 Particular Scourings of all sorts for Running Horses , whose Grease must necessarily be Molten , as also for a fat Horse 142 and 143 Sores and Ulcers of all sorts to wash , general Simples good for them . 148 Swellings and Risings in the Skin , hard or soft , general Simples good to take them away 149 Simples and their certain Principles . ib. Sweat to cause , general Simples good for it 150 Sores and Ulcers of all sorts to Cure , Simples good in general for them . 152 A stubborn Horse to be made go . 154 T. To Trim an unruly horse 154 V. Of the Vital Blood 71 Veins , their Number that you are to take Blood from ib. Veins opened , for what use ib. Veins taken up 90 Veins , for what cause they are taken up 116 Of Vomits 134 Wounds clensed , old or new , before you dress them 141 Wind to Expel Simples that are good for it in general 150 Venomous Beasts of all sorts to Cure , General Simples good for them . 151 ERRORS that hath Escaped the Press in the First Part of the Experienced FARRIER . PAGE 6. line 28. for Clod reade Clot. p. 21. l. 38. f. li●ter up Horse r. litter up your Horse . p. 44. l. 17. f. streight r. start . p. 52. l. 30. f. Horse . r. Hose . p. 59. l. 7. f. o●g r. long . p. 62. l. 33. f. Melander r. Malender . p. 72. l. 13. f. Crow-scab r. Crown-scab . p. 75. l. 19. f. Myly Mouth r. Mayly Mouth . p : 77. l. 32 , f. heat r. heats . p. 97. l. 29. f. small r. well . p. ●00 . l. 29. and 30. f. add them to . r. add to them . p. 102. In the Receipt how to make Horse-spice , put into it A quarter of a pound of Liquoris powder , and a quarter of a pound ▪ of Anniseeds . which are left out of the Receipt . p. 102. l. the last . f. grie . r. grief p. 114. l. 22. f. Chords . r. Cords . p. 120. l. 6. f. take of a little r. take a little . p. 125. l. 2. f. of Honey r. take Honey . p. 147 l. 6. f. and it will r. will. ib. l. 28. f. Flag in Mortar r. Flag braised in a Mortar . p. 149. l. 24. f. dispenseth r. disperseth . p 150. l. 15. f. Ladanum r. Labdanum . p. 154. l. 3. ● . so over r. throw over . p. 157. l. 1. f. Jallop r. Jallap . ib. A Parenthesis wanting to make it sense . p. 164. l. 16. f. Creauna r. Creanna . ib. p. l. 20. f. suppupuration . r. suppuration . p. 165. l. 3. f. eing r. being . p. 168. l. 20. is is wanting . ib. p. l. 30. Irish Slate 8. d. the pound r. 4. d. the pound . THE EXPERIENC'D FARRIER . The First Part. The Shapes of a Horse . HE must have the Eyes and Joynts of an Ox , the Strength of a Mule , the Foot of the same , the Hoofs and Things of an Ass , the Throat and Neck of a VVolf , the Eare and Tail of a Fox , the Breast and Hair of a VVoman , the Boldness of a Lion , the sharp and quick Sight of a Serpent , the Pace of a Cat , the Lightness and Nimbleness of a H●re , a high Pace , a deliberate Trot , a pleasant Gallop , a swift Running , a rebounding Leap and Present , and be quick in Hand . The Colours of a Horse in Verse . If you desire a Horse thee long to serve , Take a Brown-bay , and him with Care preserve ▪ The Grey's not ill , but he is prized far That is Cole-black , and blazed with a Star : If for thy self , or Friend , thou wilt procure A Horse , let him VVhite - Lyard be , he 'll long endure , The Shapes of a Horse . Another VVay . He ought to have three of an Ox , which is a fair and full Eye , a large Neck ▪ and to be strong and short Joynted . Three of a Fox , which is to have a comely and short Trot , small and long Eares , and a Bushy Tail. Three of a Hart. which is to have lean and dry Legs , to be well risen before , and a lean Head. Three of a VVoman , which is to have a fair and large Breast , to have a beautiful and full Hair , and gentle to his Rider and Keeper . A Proverb amongst Husbandmen . If you have a Foal with four white Feet , keep him not a day . If you have a Foal with three white Feet , make him soon away . If you have a Foal with two white Feet , give him to thy Friend , If you have a Foal with one white Foot , keep him to his Lives end , These things are good to strow in a Horses Provender . The Powder of Anniseeds , Licoris , Fennegreek , Bay-berries , Brimstone , Allum , Hemp-seed , Alacampane , or the Roots of Pollipodium of the Oak or Savin , Marshmallowes , Rhue , Hysop , Hore-hound , Colts-foot . If you give him the Herbs green , you must chop them small , if dry , beat them to powder , which Simples will keep him sound and in perfect Health ; for their Vertues are to purisie the Blood , prevent Obstructions , open and resolve the Liver , cool the Blood , keep and preserve the whole structure of the body in sound and perfect Health . These things you are always to have in a readiness by you . Fennegreek a pound , Licoris half a pound , Bay-berries a quarter of a pound , London - Treacle one pound , Anniseeds a quarter of a pound , Cummin-seeds a quarter of a pound , Grains a quarter of a pound , Turmerick a quarter of a pound , Long - Pepper two ounces , Alacampane half a pound , Allum half a pound , Brimstone half a pound , green Copperas half a pound , Savin three handfuls , Chopt - hair a handful . These things Repeated over again , with their Vertues declared . Fennegreek , Licoris , Bay-berries , London-Treacle , Anniseeds , Cummin-seeds , Grains , Long Pepper , Alacampane , all good for Colds . Colds . Turmerick , good to Purge the Blood , and to Cure the Yellows . Yellows . Brimstone , Alacampane , Allum , Savin , Chopt-Hair , good for the Wormes . VVormes . If you are ask's what fault your Horse hath , if you know him to be sound , you may answer him in this manner . He hath neither Splint , Spavin , nor wind , gall Scratches , Crepances , nor Rats-tails , Mules nor Cib'd heeles , Sellander , nor Mallender , Curb , Ring - bone , Quitter - bone , Hough - bonny , Sit - fast , Ambury , Viues , but good Eyes and good Thighs ; Or if you can affirm him further to be sound , you may say he hath neither Farcin , Foundred-foot , broken - wind , Moulten - grease , nor Running glaunders . Of the Office of the Breeder . The best Manner of Breeding . YOU are not to breed in Fenny , Moorish Pastures , nor in Lands too Fertile , nor too Barren , the Golden Number is the best temper , yet to incline a little to hardness , is better then much rankness , the one breeds Health and the other Disea●es . Let the situation be a little Hilly , and in some places stony and rocky , for they are very good for Colts to play on , and helpeth their VVind , and knitteth their Joynts , and hardeneth and maketh tough their Hoofs ; and no matter how rough and uncertain it is , for it will make them the more sure footed . As much ground as will keep a Milch-Cow , will keep a Milch-Mare . Change of Groudns . You are to have three sorts of Grounds , one to Foal in , another to Summer in , and a third to VVinter in . The first to be without danger , the second not to be without shelter of Bushes , or under VVoods , to defend from Stormes and Tempests ; and the third is , to have good Hovels , Sheds , Barnes , or Back-stables , wherein may be stored VVinter-Provision . You are likewise to Accommodate your Grounds with Partitions , to put each Cattel by themselves , as your young and old , rase or breeding Mares by themselves , your VVeanlings by themselves , your Fillies by themselves , and your stoned Colts by themselves , or else your Breed will come to nothing , and you may run the hazard both of your cost and pains . Choice of Stallions . You are to be careful , that neither your Stallion nor Mare have any of these defects , viz. Neither Moon-eyes , watery-eyes , or Blood-shotten eyes , neither Splint , nor Spavin , nor Curb , &c. Nor any Natural Imperfection , for the Colts will take them as Hereditary from their Parents . I shall advise you that you choose the best and ablest , the highest spirited , the fairest coloured , and the finest shaped , whether it be Neapolitan , T●rk , Spaniard , Barbary , English , Dutch , Polander , French or German , and that you would inform your self of all natural defects in the Stallion , ( for it is impossible to find out absolute perfection ) and to amend them in the Mare , and what is amiss in the Mare , to see it Repaired in the Horse . The Age of Stallions and Mares . A Stallien ought not to be younger then four years when he Covereth a Mare , and he will beget Colts from that Age to twenty . And a Mare may bring forth from three years old to thirteen , when she is four years she will nourish her Colt best , but after she is ten years she is not good , for commonly an old Mare-Colt will be heavy in Labour . Observations upon Covering . Let your Mare be Covered from the end of the first Quarter to the full of the Moon , or at the full , for those Colts will be more stronger and hardier of Nature . After the Change. It is not good for Mares to be Covered after the Change , for those Colts will be tender and nice . The Wain . Mark the VVain in that time the Mare was Covered , the same time of the Moon she will Foal . Burning . If your Mare hath been Covered , and the Colt Knit within her , if another Horse covers her he burns her . Of Spaying a Mare-Colt . If a Mare-Colt be Spayed nine days after it is Foaled , she will prove ( as some say ) Fair , Gallant and well . Of Gelding of Colts . Horses will be better shaped , and in less danger of Gelding , if they be Gelt at nine or fifteen days old , if the Stones appear , or so soon as you find them fall down into the God. VVhat time a Mare is to take Horse . If your Mare be Covered of St. Lucies day , which is the thirteenth of December , then she will Foal about St. Thomas's day , the same Moneth in the year following . How long time a Mare goes . During the time of her going with Foal , from the day of her Covering unto the day of her Foaling , is commonly twelve Months and ten dayes , unless it be a young Mare upon her first Colt , which may come sooner . How to Order her before she is Covered . You are to take her into the House about six weeks before she is Covered , and feed her well with good Hay and Oats , well sifted , to the end she may have Strength and Seed to perform the Office of Generation . But if you would have her certainly conceive , then take Blood from both sides of her Neck , and let her bleed nigh a quart of either Vein , which you must do five or six days before you have her Covered ; If you desire to have a Horse-Colt of your Mare , then let her be Covered when one of the first Masculine Signes do reign , which are either Aries , Taurus , Gemini , Cancer , or Leo. But if she be Covered when any of the Feminine Signes be Predominate , as Virgo , Libra , Scorpio , Sagita●ius , Capricornus , Aquarius or Pisces , then be confident it will be a Mare , for it is so certain , that it seldom or never fails , especially if the VVind be either VVest or North , but VVest is best . The Manner of Covering her . You are to bring her out into some broad Place , and Tie her to a Post , then bring out some Stone Jade to dally with her , to provoke her to Appetite , then let the Stallion be led out by two men , and let him leap her , and let him do it in the Morning Fasting , and when the Horse is dismounting , throw a pale full of cold water upon her Shape , which by reason of the coldness will make her shrink in , and truss up her Body , and will make her retain her Seed the better ; then take away the Stallion , and let her be put out of the Hearing of the Horse , and let her neither eat nor drink in four or five houres after , and give her a Ma●● and white water . If she stands to her Covering , you may know it by this , if she keeps a good Stomach , and does not Neigh at the sight of a Horse , or if she does not Piss often , or open and shut her Shape often ; or that if her Belly , four days after her Covering , be more gant , and her Hair more slick and close to her skin , &c. How many Mares for one Horse . If you Cover abroad , one Horse will serve twelve Mares , if you expect no other service from him ; but if you keep him in the Stable where he hath extraordinary keeping , he will serve fifteen . How to Order a Mare after Covering to her Foaling . Keep her with the same Diet as before Covering , for three weeks or a Month after , lest the Seed be empaired before it be formed in the VVomb ; and let her be kept sweet and clean without any Exercise , during three weeks or a Month , and to keep her in the House till mid - May , and not to turn her out before mid - May , and with her Feet well pared , and a thin pair of Shooes upon them , and take her in again the latter end of September , if not before , and keep her to the end of her Foaling , and let her be loose in the Stable with good store of straw with her , that so the Foal may fall the softer , for a Mare does usually Foal standing . How to help her if she cannot Foal . If she cannot Foal , hold her Nostrils so that she cannot take her wind ; or if that will not do , take the quantity of a VVallnut of Madder , and dissolve it in a Pint of old Ale , and being warm give it the Mare , if both fail , take the help of some understanding Farrier . If she cannot avoid her Secundine , then boyl two or three Handfuls of Fennel in Running water , and take half a Pint of it with as much Sack , or for want thereof , a Pint of strong Beer or Ale , with a fourth part of Sallet Oyl , mix them together , and give it her Luke-warm into her Nostrils , and hold them close for a good space , or , for want thereof , give her good green Wheat or Rye , ( but Rye is the best ) and they are as effectual . Let her not eat her clean , for that is very unwholesom and will dry up her Milk. To Order her after Foaling . VVhen she hath Foaled , and licked her Foal , Milk and stroak her before the Colt doth suck , which will both cause her to bring down her Milk , but make it to multiply , and keep it that it doth not clod ; which may cause her to become dry , which if there be cause , boyl as much Milk as you can get from her , with the Leaves of Lavender , or Spike , and bath the Udder with it warm till it be broken , and the Knobs and Knots dissolved . Let her water after Foaling be white water , which is Bran put into her water , and give her sweet Mashes ; and a Month after her Foaling give her a Mash , and put into it some Brimstone or Savin , which will be a great preservation to the Colt. And then if she be moderately laboured at Plough , or Harrow , the Mare and Colt will be the better , provided she be kept from Raw Meats while she remaineth in the Stable , = which will both increase her Milk , and cause her Colt to thrive the better . And that you suffer not the Colt to suck when she is hot , lest thereby you Surfeit the Colt. How long Foals are to run with their Dams . Let them run with their Dams a full year at least , but if they be choice Foals , then two years , for the loss of the use of the Mare will be no loss , in comparison of the benefit you will receive by the Foal ; but if you want Accommodations VVean at seven Months , but be sure to keep them well , for what they lose the first year they will hardly gain in three following ; And at the VVeaning give them Savin and Butter for divers Mornings together , or else the Worm and Gargil will hazard to destroy them ; besides , have an eye to the Strangle , for it is apt to essay them , and if not taken in time it will destroy them ; The first VVinter spare neither Hay nor Corn , that is , Oats in the Chaff , or in the Sheaf , or give him any Offal that comes from any Grain whatsoever . The Time of Foaling look'd upon to be very improper , because in the VVinter-Season . The Time of Foaling , as I have said before , I would have in December or January , which most hold to be a very improper time , the VVeather being cold , and but little Grass , which of Necessity she must be Housed , and fed with hard Meat , which will dry up her Milk , and so starve the Foal : But to satisfie this Scruple , and to tell you , That Experience is the best Master , for certainly the VVinter-season must needs be the best both for the Mare and Foal , being kept in a warm House ; and as for her Milk , she will have great plenty , being fed well , and that more nourishing then that got at Grass , which will make him more lusty , and of greater Bone and Stature , and cleaner Limb'd , and more neatly Joynted and Hoof'd , and in better liking then that Colt Foaled in May or June , or any of the hotter Months , for though Grass doth yield great plenty of Milk , yet it is not so nourishing , because it is very thin and watery , therefore it will not yield so substantial Nourishment as the VVinter-food , ●if it be good , for though the quantity of Milk is not so great , yet it is of greater goodness ; And besides , the pinching Cold , Rains and Floods in VVinter , will so Nip the poor Colt , and enfeeble the Mare in such desperate manner , that the wanting her former plenty of Food and dry Lodging , her Milk will decay when the Colt hath most need of it , by which means they must needs both fall into extream Poverty ; And over and above all this , by his Running abroad with the Mare , he becometh so savage and wild , that if any Infirmity seize upon him , his own unruliness being so great , the Cure may be very difficult , for infinite are the Number that hath perished in this kind . VVhen Mares are fit to take Horse . Observe their Chasing and Galloping up and down morning and evening , and their throwing up of their Noses , and lifting up of their Tails , riding on one anothers Backs , often Pissing , or opening of their Shapes , and closing of them again , which are Signes of Lust . To know the true Shape , Spirit and Height of a Foal . The same Shape that it carries at a Month old , he will carry at six years old , if he be not abused in after-keeping , and as the good Shape , so the defects also . From the Shin-bone . A large Shin-bone , that is long from the Knee to the Pastern in a Foal , shews a tall Horse . From the space between his Knee and VVithers . Look what space he has between his Knee and VVithers , double that will be his height when he is a compleat Horse . From their Spirits to know their goodness . If they are stirring Spirits , free from affrights , wanton of disposition , and very active in leaping and running , striving for Mastery , prove generally good mettl'd Horses , the contrary , Jades . From his Hoofs . If his Hoofs be strong , deep , tough , smooth , upright standing and hollow , he cannot be evil , for they are the Foundation of his Building , and lend Fortitude from all the rest . Therefore the Barbary-Horse is well known by his Hoofs , for there is no Horse hath naturally so good a Hoof as he . VVeaning of Foals . VVean your ordinary Foals at the end of seven Months , your better at a year or two , and let them not be within the hearing of one another , and keep them very high the second year ; but the third and fourth put them to hard Grasing . Taming of Colts . You are to make them familiar to you from the first VVeaning , and so VVinter after VVinter ( in the House ) use them to familiar Actions , as Rubbing , Clawing , Haltering , Leading to water , taking up of his Feet , knocking his Hoofs , and the like . The Time to break Colts . The best Time to break Colts to the Saddle is at three years old , and the advantage , or four at the utmost . But he that hath the patience to stay to see his Horse full five , shall be sure to have him of longer continuance , and less subject to Disease or Infirmity , and on that ( but by death ) will hardly come to the knowledge of tyring . Coiling of the Stud , or making of Election . I advise you by no means to make too early Coiling : for some Horses will shew their best Shape at two and three years old , and lose it at four , others not till five , nay , six , but then keep it ever ; some will do their best days work at six or seven years old , others not till eight or nine . But be the time when it will , let him preserve for his own use the best ; those that be defective , I mean , such as bring incurable desormities , gross Sorrances , as Spavins , Ring-boncs , imperfect Eyes , or the like , make away with them . Barren Mares . If you f●nd any of your Mares grow into Barrenness , away with them , for though I could prescribe you Remedies , yet they are not worthy of your use . General Observations concerning Mares . In length and height a Mare groweth till she be five , and a Horse till he be six years old . Covering . VVhen a Mare is past two years old , she may be Covered , but the best time is after four years old . Bringing of Foals . Common Mares may bring Foals every year , but let your best bring but every second year , especially if they bring Horse - Colts . To make a Mare stink Foal . To make a Mare slink her Foal is to give her down her Throat with a Horn some water , with three Grig Eeles , which will make her slink with a great deal of safety . To make her stand to Horse . To make a Mare stand to Horse the better , is to let her stand by him two o● three days before he cover her Stallion for Trotters . Let your Stallion for Trotters be either Ne●politan Courser , or Arabian , Turk , or Barbary , and for Amblers , either the Spanish Jennet , or the Irish Hoboy . Mares to Horse . Put your Mares to Horse , from the middle of March , till the middle of May , or middle June , the Moon having newly changed . To put your Horse into an empty House . It is good to put the Horse and the Mare for three or four Nights together in an empty house , and take him away in the Morning , and feed him well , and feed your Mare sparingly ; but especially give her but little water . Chasing the Mares . At the end of six Months chase not the Mares , for then they are a quickning , and may easily be made to cast their Foals . The VVall-Eye . The wall-Eye of a Horse or Mare doth never see perfectly , especially when the Snow is upon the Ground . Choice of Mares . For your choice of Mares you ought to respect their Shapes and Mettles , that they be beautifully fore-handed , and that they be of a mean stature , large and broad , and the Stallion of like shape , but somewhat broader and taller , and temper their Natures thus . Put unto the hot Horse the cool Mare , and to the hot Mare the cool Horse . If you will Elect a Horse for Service and Warlike Employment , then these are best . The Neapolitan , the Sardinian , the Courser , the Almaine , the French , the Jennet , or the Turk● . Or if any of these Bastardized in themselves , or with a fair well Shaped and Mettl'd English Mare . For Swiftness . If you will Elect for Swiftness , then The Arabian , the Barbary , which is a Horse of Africa . The Spanish , the Grecian , which is the Turky Horse . Or any of these Bastardized in themselves with our English Mares . For Travel . If you will choose for long Travel and Service . Then , the English , the Hungarian , the Swedeland , the Poland , the Irish . For Draught . If you will choose for Draught and Service . Then , the Flanders , the Friesland , or any of the Netherlands , either Bastardized in themselves , or with our English Rases , and these are excellent for Coach , for Cart , for Pack or any Burthen . If you will choose for Ease , then the Irish . To know whether your Mares be with Foal , or not . If you pour a spoonful of cold Vinegar or Water into her Ear , if she shake only her Head , it is a sign she is with Foal ; but if she shake her Head , Body and all , then it is a sign she is not with Foal . Or if she scoures , her Coat grow smooth and shining , and that she grows Fat , it is a sign that she holds . To make the Mare Conceive Male Foals . To make your Mare Conceive Male Foals , is to keep your Stallion proud , and your Mare poor ; that his Lust mastering hers , he may only be predominate and chief in the Action . Of the Office of the Keeper . Of the Horse in general , his Choice for every several Vse , his Ordering , Diet , and best Preservation for Health , both in Travel and in Rest. Of the Nature of Horses in general . HE is Valiant , Strong and Nimble , and above all other Beasts most apt and able to endure the extreamest Labours , the moist quality of his Composition being such , that neither extream heat doth dry up his strength , nor the violence of Cold , freeze the warm temper of his moving spirits , for he withstandeth all defects of Sickness with an uncontrouled constancy . He is most Gentle and Loving to Man , apt to be taught , and not forgetful when an Impression is fixed in his Brain ; he is watchful above all other Beasts , and will endure his Labour with the most empty Stomach , he is naturally given to much cleanliness , he is of an excellent Scent , and therefore not so much as to offend any man with his evil Savours . Your Choice of a Horse for the Wars . Choose him of a tall stature with a comely Head , and out-swelling Forehead , a large sparkling Eye , the white thereof covered with the Eye-brows , a small thin Ear , short and pricking ; if it be long , well carried , and ever moving , a deep Neck , a large Crest , broad Breast , bending Ribs , broad and streight Chine , round and full Buttocks , a Tail high and broad , neither too thick nor too thin , a full swelling Thigh , a broad , flat and lean Leg , short Pasterned , strong Joynted . Colours of a Horse . The best Colours are brown Bay , Daple-gray , Roand , Bright-Bay , Black , with a white near Foot behind , white sore-Foot before , white Star , Chesnut or Sorrel , with any of those marks , or Dun with a black List . Horses for a Princes Seat. If you will choose a Horse for a Princes Seat , or for any Supream Magistrate , or any great Lady ; then choose the finest shape , that is Nimble , with an easie Pace , and Gentle to get up , familiar and quiet in the company of other Horses , and let his colour be Milk-white , with red Frains or without , or else Dapple-grey , with a white Mane , and white Tail. Horses for Travel . If you choose a Horse for Travel , choose him for Strength , viz. His Joynts strong , his Pastornes short and streight without bending in his going , hollow and tough Hoofs , let him be of a temperate Nature , neither too furious , nor too dull . Hunting Horses . If you choose a Horse for Hunting , let his Shape be generally strong , and well knit together , making equal Proportions , for as unequal Shapes shew weakness , so equal Shapes shew strength and durance ; your unequal Shapes , are a great Head and a little Neck , a big Body and a thin Buttock , a large Limb to a little Foot , &c. Let him have a large and lean Head , wide Nostrils , open Chauld , a big VVheasand , and the VVind-pipe streight . Running Horses If you choose him for Running , let him have all the finest Shapes that may be . Let him be nimble , quick and siery , apt to flie with the least motion ; long Shapes are sufferable , for though they shew weakness , yet they assure sudden speed . Coach-Horses . If you choose him for the Coach , which is called the swift Draught , let his ●hape be tall , broad and well furnish'd , not gross with much flesh , but with the bigness of his Bones ; let him have a strong Neck , a broad Breast , a large Chine , sound clean Limbs , and tough Hoofs . And for this purpose your large English Geldings are best , your Flemish Mares next , and your strong Stone-Horses tolerable . P●ck-Horses . If you choose a Horse for Portage , that is , for the Pack or Hampers . Let him have a strong Body and Limb : , but not tall , with a broad Back , out-Ribs , full Shoulders and thick VVithers ; for if it be thin in that Part , you shall hardly keep his Back from Galling , and be sure he take a large stride , for he that taketh the largest stride goes at the most ease , and rids his Ground the fastest . Cart or Plough . Lastly , if you will choose a Horse for Cart or Plough , which is the slow draught , choose him that is of an ordinary height , for Horses in the Cart unequally sorted never draw at ease , but the tall hang up the low Horse . Let him be big , large Bodied and strong Limb'd , by Nature rather inclin'd to crave the VVhip , then to draw more then is needful . And for this purpose , Mares are most profitable , if you have cheap keeping for them , for they will not only do your work , but bring you yearly increase ; be sure you take them well-forehanded , that is , good Head , Neck , Breast and Shoulders ; for the rest , it is not so regardful , only let her Body be large , for the more room a Foal hath in her Dams Belly , the sairer are his Members . And be sure you never put your Draught-Beasts to the Saddle for that alters their Pace , and hurts them in their Labour . How to Order these several Horses . And first of the Horse for the Wars . During his time of teaching , which is out of the VVars , you shall keep him high ; let his Food be good Hay and clean Oats , or two parts Oats , and one part Beans or Pease well dried and hard , half a Peck at a Morning , Noon , and at Evening is sufficient . In his days of rest , Dress him betwixt five and six in the Morning , and VVater him at seven or eight in the Afternoon . Dress him between three and four , and VVater him about four or five , and give him Provender always after watering ; Litter him at eight , and give Food for all Night . The Night before he is ridden , about Nine at Night take away his Hay , and at four of the Clock in the Morning give him a Handful or two of Oats , which being eaten , turn him upon the Snaffle , Rub him all over with dry Clothes , then Saddle him and make him Fit for his exercise ; and when you have done with him , bring him into the Stable all sweaty , as he is , and Rub him all over with dry VVisps , then take off his Saddle , and after you have rubbed him all over with dry Cloaths , put on his Housing-Cloth , then put on the Saddle again , and girt it , and walk him about gently while he be cold , then set him up , and after two or three houres fasting , put him to his Meat , then in the Afternoon , curb , rub and dress him , and water him , and order him as aforesaid . Ordering a Horse for a Prince , or great Ladies Seat. You must Order him in the time of his Rest , like unto the Horse for Service ; and in his time of Labour like the Travelling Horse , only you are to keep him more choicely . I mean , in a beautiful manner , his Coat lying smooth and shining ; if he come in sweating into the Stable , after you have rubbed him down take off the sweat with a Sword Blade , whose edge is rebated . Ordering of Travelling Horses at home and abroad . Feed him with good Hay in the VVinter , and good Grass in the Summer . His Provender , let it be good dry Oats , Beans , Pease or Bread , according to his Stomach ; In the time of Rest , half a Peck at a Watering is sufficient , in the time of Labour as much as he will eat with a good Stomach . Of Watering in the Morning . When you Travel him , Water two houres before you Ride , then rub , dress and lustily feed , then bridle up , and let him stand an hour before you take his back . Of Feeding betimes . In your Travel feed your Horse betimes for all night , that thereby he may the sooner take his rest . Moderate Travelling . Travel moderately in the Morning , till his wind be rackt , and his Limbs warmed , then after do as your Affairs require . Be sure at Night to water your Horse two miles before you come to your Journey 's end ; then the warmer you bring him to his Inn the better , walk not , nor wash not at all , the one doth beget Colds , the other Foundrings in the Feet or Body , but set him up warm , well stopt , and well rubbed , with clean Litter ; Give no Meat whilest the outward parts of your Horse are hot or wet with sweat , as the Ear-roots , the Flanck , the Neck , or under his Chaps ; but being dry , rub and feed him according to the goodness ▪ of his Stomach . To get a Stomach . Change of Food begetteth a Stomach , so doth the washing the Tongue or Nostrils with Vineger , Wine and Salt , or warm Urine . Not to stop the Horses Feet with Cow-dung till they be cold . Stop not your Horses Feet with Cow-dung till he be sufficiently cold , and that the Blood and Humours which were dispersed , be setled into their proper places . Look to his Back , Girts and Shooes . Look well to his Back , that the Saddle hurt not ; to the Girts , that they gall not ; and to his Shooes , that they be large , fast and easie . Not to eat nor drink when he is hot . Let him neither eat nor drink when he is hot , nor presently after his Travel . To Labour him moderately , when the Weather is either extream hot or cold . Labour him moderately when the Weather is either extream hot , or extream cold , that so you may avoid extream Heats or sudden Colds . Not to Travel him too late . Travel him not too late , that your own eye may see him well dried , and well fed , before you take your own rest . The Saddle not to be presently taken off . Take not the Saddle from your Horses Back suddenly . Horse-bread very good Food . Horse-bread which is made of clean Pease , Beans or Fitches , feedeth exceedingly . River-water is not so good as standing-water . Let your Horses Meat and Drink be exceeding sweet and clean , Standing-water is better then River-water , for that is too piercing . Swine and Pullen is naught to be nigh a Stable . Let him lie clean and dry , keep your Stable sweet , let no Swine lie near it , nor let any Pullen come within it . Let the Light of your Stable be towards the South and North. Let the Light of your Stable be ever towards the South and North ; yet so as the North-windows may in the Winter be shut close at Pleasure . To be Tied with two Reins . Let him be Tied with two Reins . To Ride him on stony wayes . Ride him often on stony ways , that he may the better feel his Feet , and harden his Hoofs . Wheat-straw , and Oat-straw , best for Litter . Let his Bed be of Wheat-straw above his Knees , the Barley-straw is the softest , yet a Horse will covet to eat it , which is unwholesom ; Wheat-straw , though it be hard to lie upon , yet it is wholesom to eat , and as for Oat-straw , it is the best in the Superlative , for it is not only wholesom to eat , but soft to lie upon . Of Dressing your Horse . Curry or Dress your Horse twice a day , that is before water ; and when he is Curried , rub him well with your Hand , and with a Rubber , his Head should be rubbed with a wet Cloth , and his Cods made clean with a dry Cloth , otherwise he would be scabby between his Legs ; you should wet his fore-top , his Mane and his Tail with a wet Mane-Comb , and ever where the Horses Hair is thinnest , there Curry the gentlest . Of the Stable . Let the Plaunchers of your Stable lie even and level , that your Horse may stand at his ease , and not prove Lame by too much oppressing his hinder Feet . A Mud-wall is naught to be nigh a Horse . Let not any Mud-wall be within your Horses reach , for he will naturally covet to eat it , and nothing is more unwholesom . Chopt Straw is good to strow amongst his Provender . Give your Horse plenty of Garbage ( which is Chopt VVheat-straw ) both with his Provender and without , for it is a mighty Clenser of a Horses Body . Bottles of Hay to be Tied hard . Let your Hay-bottles be very little , and Tied very hard , for so your Horse shall eat with a better Stomach , and make least waste . To sprinkle the Hay with water is good , and to strow Fennegreek amongst his Provender . To sprinkle water upon your Hay is most wholesom , and to sprinkle Fennegreek upon your Provender , is as sovereign ; The ●rst is good for the VVind , the latter for VVormes . Exercise good . Let your Horse have daily Exercise , for that begets a good Stomach to his Meat . Grafs is good once a year , to cleanse the Blood and cool the Body . Purge your Horse once a year with Grass , or green Blades of Corn called Forrage , for fifteen days together ; yet before you purge him , in any case let him Blood , and whilest he is in Purging let him have no Prevender . A Horse good store of Blood after Travel . A Horse after Travel hath ever more Blood then any Beast what●o●ever , therefore it is good to take Blood from him to prevent the Yellows , or other Diseases that may follow . What you are to do in Case of Necessity , coming late to your Inn. If you come late to your Inn , so that your Journey be great and earnest , and that your Horse will not eat till he hath drunk , and yet is hot notwithstanding , then let his Drink be Milk given in the dark , lest the whiteness make him refuse it ; this is both cordial and pleasant : If you cannot get Milk enough , then mingle Milk with water luke-warm . To give him Mares Milk to drink if he be poor . If your Horse either by Labour , or any Surfeits be brought low , lean and weak , give him Mares Milk to drink many days ▪ together , and it will make him strong . The best-times to Water in the Winter . The best Houres to water your Horse in the Winter ( when he is at Rest ) is betwixt seven and eight in the Morning , or four or five in the Evening . Not good to wash a Horse if he be hot . It is not good to wash a Horse when he is hot , but you may wash him above the Knees , so that you do not wash his Belly ; and that you ride him after he is washed , and so set him up and dress him . The purer the water is wherein you wash your Horse , the more wholesom it is , so that it be not too extream cold . To light at every steep Hill. When you Travel , at every steep Hill , light , both to refresh your Horse and your self . How a fat Horse is to have his Meat and his Water . Let a fat Horse have his water at four times , and not as much as he will drink at once , and let him stand two or three houres every day without Meat . Rubbing is good for a Horse . Rubbing much , hard and well , doth profit , preserve , and it keeps both legs and body in strength , and he doth much delight in it , and it doth better then much Meat . Boiled Barley is good . Boiled Barley is a great Fatner of a Horse . To Pick his Feet after Travel . Cleanse and pick the Soles of his Feet ever after Travel , and stuffe them well with Ox-dung , and anoint his Hoofs with Grease , Tarr or Turpentine . Much Rest naught . Much Rest is the Nurse and Mother of many Diseases . Be careful to look to your Saddle . When you Ride , look often to your Saddle and your Horses Shooes , and you shall find much more ease in your Journey . A Horse-Mans Rule . If you do intend to keep your Horse in his Skin , Go softly out , and come softly in . Riding softly . Ride moderately the first two houres , but after according to your occasions . Trotters Oyl is good to help stiff Limbs . Trotters Oyl is an excellent Ointment , being applied very warm to your Horses Limbs , to nimble them , and to help Stiffness and Lameness . And Dogs Grease is better , therefore never want one of them in the Stable . To Bath his Legs with cold water , is good to Keep his Legs from Scabs and Swellings . Bath the Fore-legs from the knees and Gambrels downwards with cold water , for it is wholesom , and both comforteth the Sinews , and prevents Scabs and Swellings . To Wash at the Stable door , if Necessity requires . If foul ways compel you to wash your Horses Legs , then do it with a Pail of water at the Stable-door , rather then to endanger him in Pond or River ; and for walking , rather Sit on your Horses back to keep his spirit stirring , then to walk him in your Hand , for he will soon catch Cold that way , the Wind and Air getting between his Saddle and Back . Dressing upon Travel and Rest . Dress your Horse twice a day upon Rest , and once upon Travel . Blooding . Spring and Fall are the best times to take Blood from a Horse . Ordering of Hunting Horses . While he is at Rest , let him have all the quietness that may be , let him have much Meat , much Litter , much Dressing , and Water ever by him , and let him sleep as long as he pleaseth , keep him to Dung rather soft then hard , and look that it be well coloured and bright , for Darkness shews Grease , and Redness inward heating . Let Exercises and Mashes of sweet Mault , after his usual Scourings ; or let Bread of clean Beans , or Beans and Wheat mixt together , be his best food , and Beans and Oats the most ordinary . Sir Robert Chernock's Manner of Hunting in Buck-season . He never takes his Horse up into the Stable during the Season , but Hunts him upon Grass , only allowing him as many Oats as he can well eat . And he approves of this to be a very good way , by reason that if there be any Molten Grease within him which violent Hunting may raise up , this going to Grass will purge it out ; He hath Rid his Horse three days in a week during the Season , and never yet found any hurt , but rather good by it , so that you turn your Horse out very cool . The Ordering of your Running Horse , Let him have no more Meat then will suffice Nature , drink once in twenty four houres , and dressing every day once at Noon only ; Let him have moderate Exercise Morning and Evening , Ayrings , or the fetching of his water , and know no other violence but in his Courses only . If he be very fat , scoure oft ; if of reasonable stature , seldom ; If lean , then scoure but with a sweet Mash only ; let him stand dark and warm , having many Clothes and much Litter , and that Wheat-straw only . Let him be empty before you Run , and let his Food be the finest , lightest and quickest of Digestion that may be ; The Sweats are most wholesom that are given abroad , and the Cooling most natural which is given before he cometh into the Stable . Keep his Limbs with cool Ointments , and let not any hot Spices come into his Body . If he grow dry inwardly , wash'd Meats is most wholesom . If he grow loose , give him Wheat-straw in more abundance . And be sure do every thing Neat and cleanly about him , which will Nourish him the better . Ordering of Coach-Horses . Let them have good Dressing twice a day , Hay and Provender their Belly-full , and Litter enough to tumble on . Let them be walk'd and wash'd after Travel , for by reason of their many occasions to stand still , they must be inur'd with all hardness , though it be much unwholesom . Their best food is sweet Hay , or well dried Beans and Oats , or Bean-bread ; Look well to the strength of their Shooes , and the Galling of their Harness ; Keep their Legs clean , especially about their hinder Fetlocks ; And let them stand in the House warmly Cloathed . Ordering of the Pack and Cart-Horse . They need no walking , washing , or houres of Fasting , only dress them well , look to their Shooes and Backs , and then fill their Bellies , and they will do their Labour . Their best Food is sweet Hay , Chaff or Pease , or Oat-hulls and Pease , or chopt straw and Pease mixt together ; To give them warm Grains and Salt once a week will not be amiss , which will prevent the breeding of Wormes , and such like Mischief . The Office of the Rider and Groom , and of things belonging to him , Viz. His General and Particular Knowledge in Handling , Sadling , Mouthing , Backing and Riding of the Great Horse , or Horse of Pleasure . Of the Stable , and what it ought to be built with . TO begin first with the Winter-house of the Horse , the Stable : You ought to place it in a good Air , and to be made of Brick , and not Stone , for Brick is most wholesom and warmest , for Stone will sweat upon change of Weather , which begetteth damps , and causeth Rheums in Horses . There ought not to be nigh it any unsavoury Gutter nor Sink , no Jakes , Hog-sty or Hen-Roust to annoy it . The Rack ought to be placed neither too high nor too low , and so well-Placed , that the Hay-dust fall not into his Neck , Mane nor Face . The Manger ought to be of an indifferent height , made deep , and of one entire Piece , as well for strength as conveniency . Let the Floor be Pitched and not Planked , and let there be no Mud or Lome-wall near it , for he will eat it , which will cause him to be sick , for Lome and Lime are suffocating things , and they will infect and putrifie the Blood , and endanger his Lungs , and spoil his Wind ; Neither let any dung lie near his heels , for that will breed Cib'd and scabby heels . Paving of Stables is better then Planked Stables for these Reasons . First , they are much more durable and lasting . Secondly , they are less charges by much . Thirdly , for him to stand continually upon a pitched Floor , it emboldneth his Feet and treading the more . Fourthly , it is the most excellent thing that may be for Colts , who are unshod , for it hardeneth their Hoofs , so that by custom they will be as bold to go upon stones , rocky and hard ways , as Horses that are shod ; neither will it suffer the Hoofs to grow abroad in the manner of an Oyster ; besides , the use thereof will make their Hoofs more tough , durable and hollow , insomuch that when they come to be shod , they will carry their Shooes much longer . To shew the Inconveniencies of a Planked Floor . First , it is more slippery , out of which reason a mettl'd Horse may be endangered , to be lamed or spoiled by some sudden slip , which a pitched Stable is not so subject to . Secondly , the Planks oftentimes shrinking , if the Horse be high Mettl'd and be subject to Curvet , he may break a Plank , and so Plunging may easily spoil or break his Leg. Thirdly , when you put forth your Horse to Grass in the Summer , the Sun will so dry the Planks , that they will warp and loosen the Pins , and make them give way , that so when Horses that have gone for some Months before , not being handled , become wild and unruly , that when they come into the Stable , and feel the Planks to give way under them , will fall to Flinging and Leaping till they have dislocated the Planks , and not only both endanger himself but his Fellows also . Fourthly , whereas you may imagine a Planked Stable warmer then a Paved one , I know the contrary , for your Pitched Floors have no Vaults or Channels under them , like as your Planked ones have , to carry away the water that the Horses make , by which means the Horses lieth over a dampish , moist Vault ; and besides , the evil savour of the Horse-Piss will be ever in their Nose , which is very unwholesom and noisom , and many times the cause of many infirmities ; neither can it be so warm as the other for chinks and holes , which are made by the Awger through the Planks , ( which must always be kept open to let forth the Urine ) to give way to the cold wind which cometh from thence , which cannot but be very unwholesom . Therefore I do affirm , that if your Groom do Litter up Horse well , so that he may lie soft and warm , he will prosper better then upon a Planked Floor , provided it be laid even , not higher before then behind , more then will carry the water to his hinder-feet , where there ought to be a small Gutter to carry it away , for by raising your Floor too much , his hinder Legs will swell , and so he will become Lame , by reason he bears too much weight on his hinder parts . Of the Care in the Choice of a Groom . After you have bred Colts according to my Instructions , and that that they prove to your Mind , then the next care you ought to have is of Grooms , which ought to be very expert in their Faculties , which consisteth their Making or Marring , for you cannot say that a Colt three or four years old can be a perfect Horse , till he come to be Handled and made fit for his Masters Riding , which is to be made Gentle , Shod , Backed , Broken , Ridden , Wayed , Mouthed , and in brief brought to his utmost Perfection . His Rider therefore must be an Expert and able Horseman , and his Keeper every way as sufficient , otherwise what defects you find in your Horse , are not to be attributed to him , but either to his Rider , or to his Groom ; therefore let your care be , that they be both sufficient . How a Rider ought to be Qualified . If you desire your Colts to come to their utmost Perfection , then let your Rider be one who is Cried up to be an Experienc'd Horse-man ; he must not be of life dissolute or debaucht , nor of Nature harsh , furious , cholerick or hair-brain'd , for the least of either of these Vices are very unseemly in a Person of this Profession ; He must be Master over his Passions , for he that is not cannot make a good Horse-man . And it is not much to be wondred at , if a Horse fall into Imperfections or Vices , for these his evil conditions and faults are not so much to be imputed to the Horse , but to the Teacher , for he is not a good Horse-man that doth not bring his Horse to Perfection , by sweet and gentle means , rather then by Correction and severe Chastisements ; yet not but that I allow of Correction , and that it is as necessary as Meat , if it do not exceed the limited Bounds of Moderation , and that it be done at the very instant when he offendeth , and doth justly merit the same , or else he will not know the Cause why he is Chastised ; so on the other side , when he doth well , let h●m be Cherished and made much of , which will encourage him to go forward in well-doing . What Manner of Person a Groom ought to be . The Groom must be a Man that must truly love his Horse , and so shape his course towards him , as that the Horse may love and dote upon him ; for a Horse is the most lovingest Creature to Man of all other bruit Creatures , and none more Obedient to him ; Wherefore , if he be mildly dealt withal , he will be also reciprocal ; but if he be harsh and cholerick , the Horse will be put by his Patience , and become Rebellious , and fall to biting and striking ; For the old Proverb is , Patience once wronged , will turn into Fury . He must continually toy , dally and play with him , be always talking and speaking pleasing words unto him ; He must lead him abroad in the Sun-shine , and then run , scope and shew him all the delight he can ; he must duely Curry , Comb and Dress him , wipe dust , pick and clense him , feed , pamper and cherish him , and be always doing somewhat about him , either about his heels , or taking up his Feet , or rapping him upon the Soles ; And he must keep him so well dress'd that he may almost see his Face upon his Coat ; he must keep his Feet stopped , and daily Anointed , his Heels free from Scratches and other Sorrances , and to have so vigilant an eye upon him , to oversee all his Actions , as well feeding as drinking , that so no inward infirmity may seize upon him , but that he may be able to discover it , and being discovered may seek for to Cure it . To Saddle and Bridle a Colt. When your Horse is made Gentle , take a sweet Watering Trench , wash'd and Anointed with Honey and Salt , put it into his Mouth , and so place it , that it may hang about his Tush ; then offer him the Saddle ; but with that carefulness that you do not affright him therewith , suffering him to smell at it , to be rubbed with it , and then to feel it ; then in the end to Fix it on , and Girt it fast , and at what part and motion he seems most coy , with that make him most familiar ; then being thus Sadled and Bridled lead him forth to water , then bring him in , and after he hath stood a little Reined upon the Trench , an hour or more , take away the Bridle and Saddle , and let him go to his Meat till the Evening , then lead him forth as before , and when he is set up Gently , take off his Saddle and dress him , and cloath him up for all Night . The way to make him endure the Saddle the better , is by making it familiar unto him , by clapping the Saddle with your Hand as it stands upon his Back , to shake it and sway upon it , to dangle the Stirrops by his Sides , and to rub them on his Sides , and make much of him , and be familiar with all things about him , as straining the Crooper , fastning and loosening the Girts , or taking up and letting out of the Stirrops . Of Mouthing . When he will Trot with the Saddle obediently , then you shall wash a trench of a full Mouth , and put it into his Mouth , and throw the Reins over the sore-part of the Saddle , so that the Horse may have a full feeling of it ; then put on a Martingal , and you shall buckle it at such length , that he may no more then feel it when he Jirketh up his Head , then take a broad piece of Leather , and put it about the Horses Neck , and make the two ends of it fast by Platting , or otherwise at the Withers and mid-part before his Weasand , about two handfuls below the Throple , betwixt the Leather and his Neck , let the Mattingal pass , so that when at any time he shall offer to duck or throw down his Head , the Cavezan being placed upon the tender Gristle of his Nose , may correct and punish him , which will make him bring down his Head , and fashion him to an absolute Rein. Then Trot him abroad , and if you find the Reins or Martingal grow slack , straiten them , for where there is no feeling there is no Vertue . Of Backing . When you have Exercised your Horse thus , divers Mornings , Noons , or Evenings , and find him Obedient , then take him into some Ploughed Ground ( the lighter the better ) and after you have made him Trot a good Pace about you in your hand , and thereby taken from him all his wantonness , look and see whether your tackling be firm and good , and every thing in his true and due place , you may then ( having one to stay his Head and govern the Chasing Rain ) take his Back , yet not suddenly , but by degrees , and with divers heavings , and half-raisings , which if he endure patiently , then settle your self ; but if he shrink or dislike , then forbear to mount , and chase him about again , and then offer to mount , and do thus till he be willing to receive you . Then when you are setled , and have received your Stirrops and Cherisht him , put your Toes forward , and he that stays his Head , ler him lead him forward half a dozen Paces , then Cherish him ; then lead him a little further and Cherish him , and shake and move your self in the Saddle , then let him stay his Head , and remove his Hand a little from the Cavezan , and as you thrust forwards your Toes , let him move him forward with his Rein , till you have made the Horse apprehend your own Motion of Body and Foot , ( which must go equally together , and with spirit also ) so that he will go forward without the other Assistance , and stay upon the restraint of your own hand , then Cherish him , and give him Grass and Bread to eat , alight from his Back , then mount and unmount twice or thrice together , ever mixing them with Cherishings . Thus Exercise him till you have made him perfect in going forward , and standing still at your pleasure . Helps at first Backing . When this is effected , you may lay by the long Rein , and the Band about the Neck , and only use the Trenches and Cavezan , and the Martingal , and let a Groom lead the way before you on another Horse , and go only streight forward , and stand still when you please , which will soon be effected , by Trotting him after another Horse , and bring him home sometimes after the Horse , and sometimes equally with him , and sometimes before , so that he may six upon no certainty , but your own pleasure ; And be sure to have regard to the well-carriage of his Neck and Head , and as the Martingal slackneth so to streighten it . What Lessons for what Horse . When this Work is finished , then Teach your Horse these Lessons : As if he be for Hunting , Running , Travel , Hackney , or the like , then the chiefest things you are to apply your self to , are to preserve a good Mouth , to Trot freely and comly , to Amble surely and easily , to Gallop strongly and swiftly , to Obey the Hand in stopping gently , and Retiring willingly , and to turn on the other Hand readily and nimbly . But if you intend him for the great Saddle , or the use of the Wars , then although the Lessons be the same , yet they are to be done in a more punctual manner . So that if any Horse can be brought to the best , the easier must needs follow with little industry . And it is a Rule in Horseman-ship , That no Lesson which belong to the Wars can be hur●ful , or do injury to any Horse whatsoever , that is kept for any other purpose . Whence it cometh , that any Horse for the Wars may be trained for a Runner , or Hunter , at pleasure ; but every Runner , or Hunter , will not serve the Wars ; and every Horse-man that can make a Horse for the Wars , may be a Jocky when he pleases ; but no Jocky ( that I know ) can make a Horse for the Wars . Therefore I will run a middle way , and sute my Lessons to both purposes . Helps and Corrections . Before you Teach your Horse any Lessons , you must know there are seven Helps to advantage him in his Lessons , to punish him for faults gotten in his Lessons . And they be , The Voice , the Rod , the Bit or Snaffle , the Calves of the Legs , the Stirrop , Spur , and the Ground . Voice . The Voice is an help when it is sweet and accompanied with Cherishings , and it is a Correction when it is rough or terrible , and accompanied with strokes or threatnings . Rod. The Rod is an help in the shaking , and a Correction in the striking . Bit or Snaffle . The Bit is an Help in its sweetness , the Snaffle in its smoothness , and they are Corrections , the one in its hardness , the other in its roughness , and both in slatness and squareness . Calves of the Legs Are Helps when you lay them to the Horses Sides gently , and Corrections when you strike them hard , because they give warning that the Spurs follow . Stirrop and Stirrop-Leathers . Are Corrections , when you strike it against the hinder part of the Shoulder , and they are Helps when you thrust them forward in a quick Motion . Spur. Is a Help when it is gently delivered in any Motion that asks quickness and agility , whether on the Ground , or above the Ground , and a Correction when it is stricken hard in the sides , upon any sloth , or any fault committed The Ground . The Ground is an Help when it is plain and smooth , and not painful to tread upon ; and it is a Correction when it is rough , deep and uneven , for the Amendment of any Vice conceived . Of large Rings , When your Horse will receive you to and from his Back gently , Trot forward willingly , and stand still obediently . Then intending him for the Wars , or other purpose , ( for these Lessons serve all occasions , ) you shall in some gravelly or sandy place , where his Footsteps may be discerned , labour him within the large Ring , that is , at least fifty Paces in Compass ; And having Trod it about three or four times on the right hand , rest and cherish ; then change the Hand again , and do as much on the left Hand , then rest and cherish ; and change the Hand again , and do as much on the right Hand , ever observing upon every stop to make him retire and go back a step or two . Thus labour him , till he will Trot his Ring on which Hand you please , changing within the Ring in the manner of a Roman S , and to do it readily and willingly ; Then teach him to Gallop them as he did Trot them , and that also with true Footing , lofty Carriage and brave Rein , ever observing when he Gallops to the right Hand , to lead with his left fore-foot , and when he Gallops to the left Hand , to lead with the right fore-foot . Object . Now here is to be cleared a Paradox held by many of our Horsemen , which is , That the Exercise of the Ring is not good for Running Horses , because it raiseth up his fore-feet , and make him Gallop painfully , and so an hindrance unto speed . Answ . But if they consider that this habit , ( if it be taken ) is soon broken , either by the Horse-mans hand or discretion , who hath Power to make him move as he pleaseth ; Or if they will truly look into the benefit of the thing it self , they shall finde it is the only means to bring an Horse to the true use of his Feet , and the nimble carriage of them in all advantages . For every Runner of Horses will allow , that for an Horse ( in his course ) to lead with his right foot , is most proper , and when at any time he breaks or alters it , it must be disadvantage , because , ( not well acquainted to lead with the other , ) he cannot handle it so nimbly . Now at his first Backing , by the use of his Ring and Change of Hands , he will become so expert and cunning with both , that whatsoever mischance shall alter his stroke , yet shall his speed and nimbleness keep one and the same goodness . Of Stopping . When you come to the place of Stop , or would stop , by a sudden drawing in of your Bridle-hand , somewhat hard and sharp , make him stop close , firm and streight , in an even Line ; and if he err in any thing , put him to it again , and leave not till you have made him understand his error , and amend it . Advancing . Now if you do Accompany this stop with an Advancement a little from the Ground , it will be more gallant , and may be done by laying the Calves of your Legs to his Sides , and shaking your Rod over him as he stops . If it chance at first he understand you not , yet by continuance and labouring him herein , he will soon attain unto it , especially , if you forget not to cherish him , when he gives the least shew to apprehend you . Retiring . After Stopping and Advancing , make him Retire , as before shewed . And this Motion of Retiring , you must both Cherish and Encrease , making it so familiar with him , that no Lesson may be more perfect ; neither must he retire in a confused manner , but with a brave Rein , a constant Head , and a direct Line ; neither must he draw or sweep his Legs one after another , but take them clean , nimbly and loftily , as when he Trotted forward . Of Bitting . When your Horse is come to Perfection in these Lessons , and hath his Head firmly setled , his Reins constant , and his Mouth sweetned ; You may then ( if you intend him for the Wars ) take away his Trench and Martingal , and only use the Cavezan of four or three Pieces , that is , a Joynt or no Joynt in the midst , and to that Joynt a strong Ring , and a Joynt of each side , with Rings before the Joynts , to which you shall put several Reins to use , either at the Post or otherwise . Into his Mouth you shall put a smooth sweet Canon bit , with a French Cheek suitable to the Proportion of the Horses Neck ; knowing that the long Cheek raises up the Head , and the short pulls it down . And with these you shall Exercise the Horse in all the Lessons before taught , till he be perfect in them , without disorder or amazement . Of streight Turns and Turnings . When he is setled upon his Bit , then you are to teach him to turn roundly and readily in the streighter Rings ; and of these there are divers kinds , and divers methods to teach them . But I shall Fix upon two manner of streight Turns , as the Perfection from whence all Turnings are derived . The one is when a Horse keepeth his hinder Parts inward and close to the Post or Center , and so cometh about and maketh his Circumference with his hinder Parts , opposing face to face with his Enemy . The first streight Turn . You shall to the Ring in the mid-part of the Cavezan , Fix a long Rein of two Fathom or more , and to the other Rings two other shorter Reins ; then having Saddled the Horse , and put on his Bit , bring him to the Post , and put the Reins of the Bit over the fore-part of the Saddle , Bolsters and all , and Fix them at a constant streightness on the top of the Pomel , so that the Horse may have a feeling both of the Bit and Curb . Then if you will have him turn to the right hand , take the short Rein on the left side of the Cavezan , and bringing it under the fore-Bolster of the Saddle up to the Pomel , and there Fix it at such a streightness , that the Horse may rather look from , then to the Post on the right side . Then let some Groom or skilful Attendant hold the right-side Rein of the Cavezan at the Post , governing the fore-parts of his Body to come about at large : Then your self taking the long Rein into your hand , and keeping his hinder parts inward , with your Rod on his outward Shoulder , and sometimes on his outward Thigh , make him move about the Post , keeping his inward parts as a Center , and making his fore-parts move in a larger Circumference . Thus you shall Exercise him a pretty space on one hand , till he grow to some Perfectness ; then Changing the Reins of the Cavezan , make him do the like to the other hand . And thus apply him divers Mornings , and cherishing him in his Exercise according to his deservings , till you have brought him to that readiness , that he will upon the moving of your Rod couch his hinder Parts in towards the Post , and lapping the outward fore-leg over the inward , Trot about the Post swiftly , distinctly , and in as strait a Compass as you can desire , or is convenient for the motion of the Horse ; And from Trotting you may bring him to Flying and Wheeling about , with that swiftness , that both the fore-legs rising and moving together , the hinder Parts may follow in one and the same instant . When you have made him thus perfect in your hand , you shall then Mount his Back ; and making some skilful Groom govern the long Rein , and another the short , by the Motion of your Hand upon the Bit , and soft Rein of the Cavezan , keeping the Horses Head from the Post , and by the help of the Calve of your Leg laid on his Side , and your Rod turned toward his outward Thigh , to keep his hinder parts into the Post , labour and exercise him till you have brought him to that Perfection which you desire . Then take away the long Rein , and only exercise him with the help of the short Rein of the Cavezan , and no other . After take both the Reins of the Cavezan into your hands , and exercise him from the Post ; making him as ready in any place where you please to Ride him , as he was at the Post . The other streight Turn . Now for the other streight Flying Turn , which is to keep his Face fixt on the Post as on his Enemy , and to move about only with his hinder parts , you shall take the same helps of the long Rein , and the short Reins of the Cavezan , and govern them , as before shewed , only you shall not give the short Rein to the Post-ward , so much liberty as before , but keep his Head closer to the Post , and following his hinder parts with the long Rein , by the help of your Rod make him bring his hinder parts round about the Post ; and observe , that as before he did Iap one foot over another , so now he must lap the hinder Legs one over another . In this Exercise , exercise him as the former , then ( after a perfectness ) mount his Back , and labour him , as before shewed . Then lastly , leaving the Post and all other helps , only apply him in such open and free places as you shall think couvenient , for upon the finishing of this Work your Horse is made compleat , and can perform all things that can be required , either for the Service in the Wars , for the High-way , or any other Galloping Pleasure . How to Help an ill Rein , and Cure a Run-away Jade . Many Horses are so evil - beholding to Nature , for giving them short Necks , and worse set-on Heads , and so little beholding to Art to amend them , which causes many a good Horse to be left Cureless of those two gross insufferable faults , which are either a deformed carriage of the Head , like a Pig on a Broach , or else a furious Running away , got by a spoiled Mouth , or an evil habit . The Help . If it be a young Horse at his first Riding , then to his Trench ; if an old , then to his Snaffle , ( for I speak not of the Bit ) but a pair of Reins , half as long again as any ordinary Reins , and Loops to fasten and unfasten at the Eye of the Snaffle , as other Reins have . Now when you see that the Horse will not yield to your Hand , but the more you draw the more he thrusts out his Nose , or the more violently he runs away ; then undo the Buttons of the Reins from the Eye of the Snaffle , and draw them through the Eyes , and bring them to the Buckles of the formost Girt , and there button them fast : then Riding the Horse in that manner , labour him with the gentle Motions of your Hand , coming and going by degrees , and sometimes accompanied with your Spur , to gather up his Body , and to feel your Command , and in a short time he will bring his Head where you will place it . And for Running away , if you draw one Rein , you turn him about in despite of all Fury ; and if you draw both , you break his Chaps , or bring them to his Bosom . In the end , finding himself not able to Resist , he will be willing to obey . Another Help for unc●nstant Carriage . There is another soul Error in many Horses , which these Reins also Cure , as this , When your Horse is either so wythie cragg'd ( as the Northern Man calls it ) or so loose and unsteady Necked , that which way soever you draw your Hand , his Head and Neck will follow it , sometimes beating against your Knees , sometimes dashing against your Bosom , and indeed , generally so loose and uncertain , that a man knows not when he hath steady hold of him ; A Vice wonderful incident to Running Horses , especially the furious ones . In this Case you shall take these long Reins , and as before you drew them to the Buckles of the Girts , so now Martingal-wise draw from the Eyes of the Snaffle , betwixt his fore-Legs to the Girts , and there fasten them . Thus Ride him with a constant Hand , firm and somewhat hard , Correcting him both with the Spurs and Rod , and somtimes with hard Twitches in his Mouth when he errs ; and with a few weeks labour , his Head will come to a constant carriage , provided , that you labour him as well upon his Gallop as his Trot , and leave him not till you finde him fully reclaimed . The Office of the Feeder . An Introduction to the Work touching the Limitation of time for Preparing the Running Horse . I will not dispute the several Opinions of Men in this Kingdom , touching the Keeping of Running Horses , because they are idle and frivolous . Only this I shall do , clear one Paradox , and that is the limitation of time , allowed for the making ready of a Horse for a Match or Wager . Some do affirm , that a Horse newly taken from Grass , being foul , cannot be made fit under six Months : By which they Rob their Masters of half a years pleasure , thrust him upon a tyring Charge to make the Sport lothsom , and get nothing but a Cloak for Ignorance , and a few false got Crowns , that melt as they are possessed . Their Reasons . Yet as Hereticks cite Scripture , so these find Reasons to defend want of Knowledge . As , The danger of too early Exercise , the Offence of Grease suddenly broken , the Moving of evil Humours too hastily , which leads to mortal Sickness ; And the Moderation , or Helping of these by a slow Proceeding , or bringing of the Horse into Order by degrees and time ; Or ( as I may say ) by an ignorant Sufferance . These Reasons have shew of a good Ground , for too early Exercise is dangerous , but not if free from violence . To break Grease too suddenly is an offence insufferable , for it puts both Limbs and Life in hazard , but not if it be purged away by wholesom Scourings . The hasty stirring up of Humours in the Body , where they superabound , and are generally dispersed , and not setled , cannot choose but breed Sickness ; but not where Discretion and Judgement evacuateth them in wholesom , sweet and moderate Ayrings . Long time Inconvenient . And for the Moderation of all these , by the tediousness of time , as two Months for the first , two Months for the second , and as much for the last . It is like the Curing of the Gangreen in an old man ; better to die then to be dismembred , better lose the price then bear the charge . For I appeal to any Noble Judgement , whose Purse hath experienced these Actions , if six Months Preparation , and the dependents to it , do not devour up a hundred pounds wager . Now I allow but of two Months time at any time of the year whatsoever , for an old Horse , or an Horse formerly trained , for I speak not of Colts ; if he does it not in two Months , he shall not do it in fifteen . But reply they , no Scouring is to be allowed , for they are Physical ; they force Nature , and so hurt Nature ; they make Sickness , and fo empair Health . And that indeed nothing is comparable to the length of time , because Nature worketh every thing it self , and though she be longer , she hath less danger . I confess that Sibbesauce Scourings , which are stuff'd with poisonous Ingredients , cannot choose but bring forth Infirmity ; but wholesom Scourings , that are composed of beneficial and nourishing Simples , neither occasion Sickness , nor any manner of Infirmity , but brings away Grease and all foulness , in that kindly and abundant sort , that one week shall effect more then two Months dilatory and doubtful forbearance , I call it dilatory and doubtful , because no man ( in this lingring Course ) can certainly tell which way the Grease and other soulness will avoid , as whether in his Ordure ( which is the safest ) into Sweat , ( which is hazardous , ) into his Limbs , ( which is mischievous ) or remain and putrifie in his Body , ( which is mortally dangerous ) since the Issue of any , or all these fall out according to the strength and estate of the Horses Body , and the diligence of the Feeder . And if either the one fail in Power , or the other in Care , Farewel Horse for that year . All this Envy cannot choose but confess ; only they have one broken Crutch to support them , which is , they know no Scouring , therefore they will allow of no Scouring . Against Barbarism I will not dispute , only I ▪ appeal to Art or Discretion , whether Purgation or Sufferance , when Nature is offended , be the better doers . But they Reply by a Figure called , Absurdity , that whatsoever is given to any Horse more then his Natural Food , and which he will Naturally and willingly receive , is both improper and unwholesom , To this I Answer , the Natural Food of Man is Bread only , all other things ( according to the Philosopher ) are superfluous , and so to be avoided . At this Argument both Humanity and Divinity laughs . For other Helps , as Physick , divers Meats , and divers Means , ordeined for both , even by the Power of the Almighty himself , tells the Contemners hereof , how grossly they err in this foolish Opinion . Nay , allow them a little shadow of truth , that things most Natural are most beneficial , then it must follow , that Grass or Hay , ( which is but withered Grass ) is most natural , and so most beneficial . Now Grass is Physical , for in it is contained all manner of Simples , of all manner of Mixtures , as hot , cold , moist , dry , of all qualities , all quantities . So that whatsoever I give ( which is good ) is but that which he hath formerly gathered out of his own Nature , only with this difference , that what he gathereth is in a confused manner , clapping contraries together so abundantly , that we are not able to judge where the Predominant Quality lieth ; and that which we compound is so governed by Art and Reason , that we know how it should work , and we expect the event , if it be not cross'd by some greater disaster . But will they bind themselves to keep the Running Horse only with Grass or Hay ? They know then the end of their Labours will be loss . Nay , they will allow Corn , nay , divers Corns , some nourishing and loosening , as Oats and Rye ; some Astringent and Binding , as Beans ; and some Fatning , breeding both Blood and Spirit , as Wheat ; nay , they will allow Bread , nay , Bread of divers Compositions , and divers Mixtures , some before heat , and some after , some quick of Digestion , and some slow , And if this be not as Physical as Scourings a good Horse-man gives , I repent me that I have said any thing . Nay , these Contemners of Scourings will allow an Egg , and that mixt with other Ingredients . And for Butter and Garlick they will use it , though it be never so fulsom ; the Reason is , because their knowledge can arise to no higher a Stair in Physick ; and Authorised Ignorance will ever wage battel with the best Understanding ; Like foolish Gallants on St. George's day , who neither having ability to buy , nor Credit to borrow a Gold Chain , scorn at them that wear them ; or Martin Mar-Prelate , that not having Learning worthy of a Deacon , found no felicity , but in Railing at Divine Fathers . There are another sort of Feeders , which in a contrary extream , run beyond these into mischiefs , and those are they that ov r-scoure their Horses , and are never at Peace , but when they are giving of Portions , ( which they call Scourings ) sometimes without cause , always without order , bringing upon an Horse such intolerable weakness , that he is not able to perform any violent labour . From this too little , and too much , I would have our Feeder to gather a mean ; that is , first to look that his Simples be wholesom : then to the occasion , that he be sure there is foulness : And lastly , to the Estate of Body , that he may rather Augment then decrease Vigour , so shall his Work be prosperous , and his Actions without Controulment . To conclude , two Months I allow for Preparation , and according to that time have laid my directions . Mine humble suit is , out of a sincere Opinion to Truth and Justice , so to allow or disallow , to refrain or imitate . The first Ordering of the Running Horse . according to the several Estates of their Bodies . This Office of the Feeder , albeit in general it belong to all Horse-men , yet in particular it is most appropriate to the Feeder of the Running-Horse ; because other general Horses have a general way of Feeding , these are Artificial and Prescript from , full of Curiosity and Circumspection , from which whosoever errs , he shall sooner bring his Horse to destruction then perfection . You are to have regard to three Estates of a Horses Body . The first is , if he be very Fat , Foul , or either taken from Grass or Soil . The second , if he be extream Lean and poor , either through over-Riding , disorder or other infirmity . And the third , if he be in good and well-liking estate , having had good usage and moderate exercise . If he be in the first Estate of Body , you shall take longer time for his Feed , as two Months at the least : for he will ask much labour in Airing , great carefulness in hearing , and discretion in Scouring , and rather a strict then liberal hand in feeding , If he be in the second Estate of Body ( which is poor ) then take a longer time , and let his Airings be moderate , as not before and after Sun , rather to encrease Appetite then harden Flesh , and let him have a bountiful hand in Feeding , but not so much as to cloy him . If he be in the third Estate of Body , which is a mean betwixt the other extreams , then a Month of six Weeks , or a Fort-night , or less , may be time sufficient to dyet him for his Match . Now as this Estate participates with both the former , so it would borrow from them a share in all their Orderings , that is , to be neither too early , nor too late in Airings , laborious , but not painful Heatings , nourishing in Scouring , and constant in a moderate way of Feeding . To have an Eye to the particular Estate of a Horses Body . Now as you regard these general Estates of Bodies , so you must have an eye to certain particular estates of Bodies . As if an Horse be Fat and Foul , yet of a free and spending Nature , apt quickly to consume and lose his Flesh , this Horse must not have so strict a Hand , neither can he endure so violent Exercise as he that is of an hardy disposition , and will feed and be fat upon all Meats and all Exercises . Again , if your Horse be in extream Poverty , through disorder and misusage , yet is by Nature very hard , and apt both soon to recover his Flesh , and long to hold it ; then over this Horse you shall by no means hold so liberai a hand , nor forbear that Exercise , which is of a tender Nature , a weak Stomach , and a free Spirit , provided always you have regard to his Limbs and the Imperfections of Lameness . The first Fortnights feeding of an Horse for Match , that is , fat , foul , or either newly taken from Grass or Soil . If you Match a Horse that is fat and foul , either by running at Grass , or standing at Soil , or any other means of Rest , or too high feeding ; you shall ( after his Body be emptied , and the Grass avoided , which will be within three or four days ) for the first Fortnight at leust , rise early in the Morning before day , or at the spring of day according to the time of the year ; and having put on his Bridle washt in Beer , and tied him up to the Rack , take away his dung and other foulness of the Stabie ; then dress him well , as in The Office of the Keeper . When that Work is finished , take a fair large Body-cloth of thick House-Wives Kersie , ( if it be in Winter , ) or of Cotton or other light stuff ( if it be in Summer , ) and fold it round about his Body , then clap on the Saddle , and Girt the foremost Girt pretty streight , but the other somewhat slack , and Wisp it on each side his Heart , that both the Girts may be of equal streightness . Then put before his Breast a Breast-cloth suitable to the Body-cloth , and let it cover both his Shoulders , then take a little Beer into your Mouth , and squirt it into the Horses Mouth , and so draw him out of the Stable , and take his Back , leaving a Groom behind you to trim up the Stable to carry out your dung , and to truss up the Litter . For , you are to understand that he is to stand upon good store of dry Litter both Night and Day , and it must be Wheat-straw or Oat-straw , for Barley-straw and Rye-straw are very unwholesom and dangerous , the one doth Heart-burn , the other causeth Scouring . When you are Mounted , Rack the Horse a Foot-pace , ( for you must neither Amble nor Trot , for they both hurt speed ) at least a mile or two , or more , upon smooth and sound Ground , and ( as near as you can ) to the steepest Hills you can find ; there Gallop him gently up those Hills , and rack and walk him softly down , that he may cool as much one way , as he warmeth another . And when you have thus exercised him a pretty space , and seeing the Sun begin to Rise , or else Risen , Rack down either to some fresh River , or clear Pond , and there let him drink at his pleasure . After he hath drunk bring him gently out of the water , and so Ride him a little space with all gentleness , and not according to the ignorance of some Grooms , ru●h him presently into a Gallop , for that brings with it two Mischiefs , either it teaches the Horse to run away with you so soon as he is watered , or else refuse to drink , fearing the violence of his Exercise which follows upon it . When you have used him a little calmly , put him into a Gallop gently , and exercise him moderately , as you did before ; then walk him a little space , after offer him more water ; if he drink , then Galhim again ( after calm usage ; ) if he refuse , then Gallop him to occasion thirst . And thus always give him Exercise both before and after water . When he hath drunk sufficient , bring him home gently , without a wet Hair , or any sweat about him . When you come to the Stable Door , provoke him to Piss if you can , by stirring up his Litter under him , which if he do not a little custom will make him do it , and it is a wholesom Action , both for his Health and the sweet keeping of the Stable . This done , bring him to the Stall , and Tie him up to the Rack , and Rub him well with Wisps , then loose his Breast-Cloth , and Rub his Head and Neck with a dry Cloth , then take off the Saddle and hang it by , then take his Body-Cloth and Rub him all over with it , especially his Back , where the Saddle stood . Then Cloath him up first with a Linnen-sheet , and then over that a good strong Housing-Cloth , and above it his Woollen Body-cloth , which in the Winter it is not amiss to have loyned with some Cotton , but in the Summer the Kersie is sufficient . When these are Girt about him , stop his Circingle with small Wisps very loose , for they will be the softer . His Feet stopped with Cows dung . After he is Cloathed , stop his Feet with Cows dung , then throw into the Rack a little bundle of Hay , hard bound together , and well dusted , and let him eat it , standing upon his Bridle . When he hath stood an houre upon his Bridle , take it off , and Rub his Head and Neck very well with a Rubber of Hempen Cloth , for this is good to dissolve all gross and thick Humors from the Head ; Then after you have made clean the Manger , take a quart of sweet , dry , old and clean dress'd Oats , for those that are unsweet breed infirmities ; Those that are moist cause swelling in the Body ; Those that are New breed Wormes ; And they which are half-dress'd deceive the Stomach , and bring the Horse to ruine . Though the black Oat is tolerable , yet it makes foul dung , and hinder a Mans knowledge in the state of his Body . This quart of Oats you shall dress in such a Sieve as will let a light Oat pass thorough it , and if he eat them with a good stomach , let him have another , and let him rest till eleven of the Clock . Then Rub his Head and Neck as before , and dress him another quart of Oats , then leave him till one of the Clock , with the Windows close , for the darker you keep him the better , and will cause him to lie down and take his rest , which otherwise he would not , therefore you are to Arm the Stable with Canvass , both for darkness , warmth , and that the filth may not come near him . Then at one of the Clock use him as you did before , and give him another quart of Oats in the same manner , making of him clean by taking away his dung , and give him a little Knob of Hay , and leave him till the Evening . At the Evening come to the Stable , and having made all things clean , bridle as in the Morning , take off his Cloaths , and dress him as before . Then Cloath , Saddle , bring him forth , and urge him to empty ; Mount , rack him abroad , but not to the Hills , if you can find any other plain Ground , and Air him in all Points as you did in the Morning . When you have Watered and spent the Evening in Ayring , till within Night , ( for nothing is more wholesom and consumeth foulness , more then early and late Ayrings ; ) Rack him home to the Stable door , and there alight and do as you did in the Morning , both within doors and without , and so let him Rest till Nine at Night ; then at Night come to him , and Rub down his Legs well with Wisps , and his Face and Neck with a clean Cloth , and turning up his Cloaths Rub all his hinder parts , then give him a quart of Oats in the same manner as you did before , and after that a little bundle of Hay ; then Toss up his Litter , and make his bed soft , and leave him till the next Morning . Then the next Morning do every thing to him , without the least Omission , as hath formerly been declared , and thus keep him for the first Fortnight , which will so take away his foulness , and harden his flesh , that the next Fortnight you may adventure to give him some Heats . Object . But to Answer an Objection that may be urged , touching the quantity of Provender which is prescribed , Being but a quart at a Meal , seeing there be many Horses that will eat a larger Proportion , and to scant them to this little , were to starve , or at the best to breed weakness . Answ . I set not down this as an infallible Rule , but a President that may be imitated , yet altered at Pleasure : For I have left you this Caveat , that if he eat this with a good Stomach , you may give him another , leaving the Proportion to the Feeders Discretion . Four Considerations in giving of Heats . First , That two Heats in the Week , is a sufficient proportion for any Horse of what Condition or state of Body whatsoever . That one Heat should ever be given on that day in the Week , on which he is to run his Match , as thus ; Your Match-day is a Monday , your Heating-days are then Mondays and Fridays , and the Monday to be ever the sharper Heat , but because it is the day of his Match , and there are three days betwixt it and the other Heat . If the day be Tuesday , then the Heating-days are Tuesdays and Saturdays ; if Wednesday , then Wednesdays and Saturdays , by reason of the Lords day ; if on Thursday , then Thursdays and Mondays , and so of the rest . You shall give no Heat ( but in case of Necessity ) in Rain or foul Weather , but rather to defer houres and change times ; for it is unwholesom and dangerous . And therefore in case of Showers and uncertain Weather , you shall have for the Horse a loyned Hood , with loyned Eares , and the Nape of the Neck loyned to keep out Rain , for nothing is more dangerous then cold wet falling into the Ears , and upon the Nape of the Neck and Fillets . 4. And lastly , observe to give the Heats , ( the Weather being seasonable ) as early in the Morning as you can , that is , by the Spring of day , but by no means in the dark , for it is to the Horse both unwholesom and unpleasant , to the Man a great Testimony of folly , and to both an Act of danger and precipitation . The second Fortnights Feeding . You shall do all things as in the first Fortnight , only before you put on his Bridle , give him a Quart of Oats , then Bridle him up and dress him , as before shewed , then Cloath , Saddle , Air , Water , Exercise and bring him home , as before shewed , only you shall not put Hay into his Rack , but give it him out of your hand , handful after handful , and so leave him on his Bridle for an hour , then rub him , and after other Ceremonies , Sift him a Quart of Oats , and set them by , then take a Loas of Bread that is three days old , and made in this manner . The First Bread. Take three Pecks of clean Beans , and one Peck of Wheat , mix them together , and grind them , and bolt it pretty sine , and Knead it up with good store of Barm and Lightning , but with as little water as may be , labour it in the Trough very well , and break it , and so cover it warm , that so it may swell , then Knead it over again , and make it up in big Loaves , and so bake it well , and let it soak soundly , and when they are drawn , turn the bottom upwards , that so they may cool . At three days old give it him , for new Bread is hurtful , when you give it him , chip it very well , and cut some of it into small Pieces , and put them into his Quart of Oats you had formerly Sifted . About eleven of the Clock give him the same quantity of Oats , and let him rest till the Afternoon . At one of the Clock in the Afternoon , if you intend not to give him a Heat that day , Feed him with Bread and Oates as you did in the Forenoon , and so consequently every Meal following for that day . But if you intend the next day to give him a Heat ( to which I now bend mine aim ) you shall only then give him a quart of Oats clean Sifted , but no Hay , and so let him rest till Evening . At four of the Clock give him a quart of clean Sifted Oats , and after they are eaten , Bridle him up ; Dress , Cloath , Saddle , Air , Water , Exercise , bring home and order , as before shewed , only give him no Hay at all . After he hath stood an hour upon his Bridle , give him a quart of Oates , and after they are eaten put on his Head a sweet Muzzle , and let him rest till Nine at Night . The Vse of the Muzzle . The Use of the Muzzle being rightly made , is to keep the Horse from eating up his Litter , from gnawing upon Boards and Mud-walls , and indeed to keep him from eating any thing but what he receiveth from your own hands , they are made sometimes of Leather , and stampt full of holes , or else close , but they are unsavoury and unwholesom . Nay , indeed all Leather is unpleasant . Besides , they are too close and too hot for him The best Summer Muzzle , ( and indeed best at all times ) is the Ner-Muzzle , made of strong Pack-thread , and knit very thick and close in the bottom , and so enlarged wider and wider upwards to the middle of the Horses Head ; then bound upon the top with Tape , and on the nether side a Loop , and on the farther side a long String to fasten it to the Horfes Head. The best Winter Muzzle ( and indeed tolerable at any time ) is made of double Canvass , with a round Button , and a square Latice Window of small Tape before both his Nostrils , down to the very bottom of the Muzzle , and upward more then a handful , and must also have a Loop and a String to fasten about his Head. At Nine of the Clock at Night , give him a quart of clean Oats , and when they are eaten , put on his Muzzle , and toss up his Litter , and so leave him . The next day early give him a quart of clean Oates , rubbed between your hands with some Beer or Ale , and when he hath eaten them , Dress him and Saddle him as before , and being ready to depart , give him a new laid Egg or two , and wash his Mouth after it with Beer or Ale , and so lead him away , and at the door provoke him to empty , then Mount and Rack him gently to the Course , ever and anon making him smell another Horses dung . When you are come within a Mile of the starting Post , alight and take off his Body-Cloth and Breast-Cloth , and Girt on the Saddle again ; then sending away your Grooms both with those Cloaths , and other dry Cloaths to rub with , let him stay at the end of the Course till you come : then your self Rack your Horse gently up to the starting Post , and beyond , making him smell to that Post , ( which you call the weighing Post ) that he may take notice of the beginning and ending of the Course . There start your Horse roundly and sharply , at near a three quarters speed , and according to his Strength of Body , Ability of Wind , and Chearfulness of Spirit , run him the whole Course through . But by no means do any thing in extremity , or above his Wind , but when you find him a little yield , then give him a little ease , so that all he doth may be done with Pleasure , and not with Anguish ; For this manner of training will make him take delight in his labour , and so encrease it : The contrary will breed discomsort , and make Exercise irksom . Also during the time you thus course him , you shall Note upon what Ground he runneth best , and whether up the Hill or down the Hill ; whether on the smooth , or on the rough , on the wet or on the dry , or on the level , or the Earth somewhat Rising : and according as you find his Nature , so manage him for your own advantage . When you have Finished the Heats , and a little slightly Galloped him up and down to Rate his Wind and chear his Spirits , you shall then ( the Groom being ready ) Ride into some warm Place , and with your Glassing Knife , or scraping Knife , made either of some broken Sword blade , or some old broken Sythe , or for want of that , a thin piece of old hard Oaken wood , fashioned like a long broad Knife with a sharp edge , scrape off the Sweat of your Horse in every part ( Buttocks excepted ) till there will none arise , ever and anon moving him up and down : Then with dry Cloaths Rub him all over ( Buttocks excepted ) then take off his Saddle , and having Glassed his Back , and rub'd it near dry , put on his Body-Cloth and Breast-Cloth , and set on his Saddle again and Girt it , then Mount and Gallop him gently , and ever and anon Rubbing his Head , Neck and Body , as you sit , then walk him about the Fields to cool him ; And when you find he drieth apace , then Rack him homewards , sometimes Racking , and sometimes Galloping ; and by no means bring him to the Stable , till you find him throughly dry . When you are come to the Stable-door entice him to empty , then set him up and Tie him to the Rack , and ( as having prepared it before ) give him this Scouring , made in this manner . The first Scouring . Take a Pint of the Syrup of Roses , or a pint of strong Honyed-water , and dissolve into it of Cassa , Agarick and Myrrhe , of each an ounce , and Jumble them well together in a Viol-Glass . Then being Mul'd , and made warm at the Fire , and the Horse newly come from his Heat ( as before shewed ) give him this Scouring , for it is a strong one , and avoideth all manner of Molten Grease and Foulness . Ordering him after his Scouring . When you have given it him , rub his Legs well , then take off his Saddle , and if his Body be dry , run slightly over it with a Curry-Comb , and after that the French Brush , and lastly , rub him all over with dry Cloaths very well , and Cloath him up very warm , and if the Weather be very cold , to throw over him a loose Blanket . He must fast full two Houres after his Scouring , not departing out of the Stable , and keep him stirring therein , for it will work the better . After he hath Fasted on the Bridle two houres , then take a Handful of Wheat-Ears , and coming to him , handle the Roots of his Ears , then put your Hand under his Cloaths next to his Heart upon his Flanks , and on the nether part of his things ; and if you finde any new Sweat arise , or any Coldness arise , or if you see his Body beat , or his Breast move fast , then forbear to give him any thing , for it shews there is much soulness stirred up , on which the Medicine worketh with a conquering quality ; the Horse is brought to a little Sickness , therefore in this case you shall only take off his Bridle , put on his Coller , toss up his Litter , and absent your self , ( having made the Stable dark and still ) for other two houres , which is the utmost end of that Sickness . But if you finde no such offence , then give him the Ears of Wheat , by three or four together , and if he eat this handful , give him another , and so another or two . Then give him a little Knob of Hay well dusted , and draw his Bridle , and rub his Head well . An hour after give him a quart of clean Oats , and put two or three handfuls of spelted Beans amongst them , and see that they be very clean , and break amongst them two or three Shives of Bread clean chipt , and so leave him for two or three houres . At Evening before you dress him , give him the like quantity of Oates , Beans and Bread , and when he hath eaten them , Bridle him , Dress and Cloath him ; for you shall neither Saddle , or Air him forth , because this Evening after his Heat , the Horse being foul , and the Scouring yet working in his Body , he may not receive any cold water at all . After he is drest , and hath stood two houres on his Bridle , then wash three pints of clean Oates in Beer or Ale , and give them him , for this will inwardly cool him , as if he had drunk water After he hath eaten his washt Meat , and rested upon it a little , you shall at his feeding times with Oates and spelt Beans , or Oates and Bread , or altogether , or each several , or simply of it self , according to the liking of the Horse , feed him that night in plentiful manner , and leave a Knob of Hay in his Rack when you go to Bed. The next day early , first feed , then dress , Cloath , Saddle , Air , Water and bring home as at other times ; only have a more careful eye to his emptying , and see how his Grease and Foulness wasteth . At his feeding times feed as was last shewed you , only ▪ but little Hay , and keep your Heating-days , and the preparation of the day before , as was before shewed . Thus you shall speed the second Fortnight , in which your Horse having received four Heats , Horse-man like given him , and four Scourings , there is no doubt but his Body will be drawn inwardly clean , you shall then the third Fortnight Order him according to the Rules following . The third Fortnights Feeding . The third Fortnight you shall make his Bread Finer then it was formerly . As thus , The Second Bread. Take two Pecks of clean Beans , and two pecks of fine Wheat , Grind them well , and Searce them through a fine Raunge , and Knead them up with Barm and great store of Lightning , and make it up as you did the former Bread. With this Bread after the Crust is taken away , and being old , feed your Horse , as before shewed , for this Fortnight , as you did the former , putting it amongst his Beans and Oats , observing his Dressings , Airings , Feedings , Heatings and Preparations , as in the former Fortnight , only with these differences . First , you shall not give your Heats so violently as before , but with a little more pleasure , as thus . If the first Heat have violence , the second shall have ease , and indeed none to over-strain him or to make his Body sore . Next , you shall not after his Heats , give him any more of the former Scouring , but in stead thereof , instantly upon the end of the Heat , after the Horse is a little cooled and cloathed up ; and in the same place where you Rub him , give him a Ball as big as a Hens Egg , of that Confection which is mentioned in the Office of the Farrier , and goeth by this Title , The true Manner of Making those Cordial Balls , which Cure any violent Cold , or Glanders , which , &c. The fourth and last Fortnights Feeding . The fourth and last Fortnight you shall make your Bread much Finer then either of the former . The last and best Bread. Take three Pecks of fine Wheat , and one Peck of Beans , Grind them on the black Stones , and boult them through the finest Boulter you can get , then Knead it up with sweet Ale , Barm , and new strong Ale and the Barm beaten together , and the Whites of twenty or thirty Eggs ; But in any wise no Water at all , but in stead thereof some small quantity of New Milk , then work it up . Bake it and Order it as the former . With this Bread , having the Crnst cut clean away , and with Oats well Sunned , Beaten and Rubbed between your Hands , then new Winnowed , Sifted and Dress'd , with the purest spelt Beans , and some fine Chiltern Wheat , with any Simple , or any Compound , feed your Horse at his Feeding times , as in the Fortnight last mentioned . You shall keep your Heating-days the first Week or Fortnight , but the last Week you shall forbear one Heat , and not give any five days before the Match-day , only you shall give him strong and long Airings . You shall not need this Fortnight to give him any Scouring at all . If this Fortnight Morning and Evening , you burn the best Frankincense in your Stable , you shall finde it exceeding wholesom for him , and he will take wonderful delight therein . In this Fortnight , when you give him any washt Meat , wash it in the Whites of Eggs , or Muskadine , for that is most wholesom and less Pursie . This Fortnight give him no Hay , but what he taketh out of your hand after his Heats , and that in little quantity , and clear dusted . The last Week of this Fortnight , if the Horse be a foul Feeder , you must use the Muzzle continually ; but if he be a clean Feeder , then three days before the Match is sufficient . The Morning , the day before your Match , feed well both before and after Airing , and water as at other times , before Noon and after Noon , scant his Portion of Meat a little ; before and after Evening Airing , feed as at Noon , and Water as at other times , but be sure to come home before Sun-set . Late at Night feed as you did in the Evening , and give him what he liketh , according to his stomach , only as you can , forbear Bread and Beans . This day you shall Coul your Horse , Shoo him , and do all extraordinary things of Ornament about him , provided that you do not give him offence to hinder his Feeding or Resting ; For I have heard some Horsemen say , that when they had shod their Horses with light Shoos , the Night before the Course , that their Horse hath taken such notice thereof , that they have refused to eat , or lie down . But you must understand , that those Horses must be old , and long Experienced in this Exercise , or else they cannot reach these subtil apprehensions . But to pass by Curiosity , as plating of Tails , and all other unnecessary Ornaments , whereby they do injury to the Horse , I shall advise you for necessary and indifferent things , that they be done the day before , then in the Morning of the Course , because I would have him that Morning find neither trouble nor vexation . The next Morning ( which is the Match-day ) come to him very early , and take off his Muzzle , Rub his Head well , right his Cloaths , and give them ease by wisping and using the plain Circingle , then give him a pretty quantity of Oats washed in Muscadine , or the Whites of Eggs , or if he refuse them , try him with fine dress'd Oats , mixt with Wheat , or Oates simple ; when he hath eaten them , if he be a slow emptier , walk him abroad , and in the places where he uses to empty , there entice him to empty , which when he hath done , bring him home and let him rest till you have warning to make ready . But if he be a free Emptier , let him lie quiet . When you have warning to make ready , take off his Muzzle , and put on his Snassle well washed in Muscadine , but before you Bridle him ( if you think him to empty ) give him three or four Mouths full of washed Meat last spoken of , then Bridle him up and dress him , and after pitch the Saddle and Girts with Cordwainers Wax , set it on and girt it gently , so as he may have feeling , but no straitness ; then lay a clean Sheet over the Saddle , over it his ordinary Cloaths , then his Body-cloth and Breast-cloth , and wisp him round with soft Wisps , then if you have a Counterpane , or Cloth of state for bravery sake , let it be fastened above all . Being now ready to draw out , give him half a pint of Muscadine , and so lead away . In all your Leadings upon the Course , use gentle and calm Motions , suffering him to smell upon any Dung , and in especial places of advantage , as where you find Rushes , long Grass lying , Heath or the like , walk in and entice him to Piss . But if you find no such help , then in especial places on the Course , and chiefly towards the latter end , and having used the same means before , break some of the Wisps under him , and entice him to piss . Also in your leading , if any white or thick foam or froth rise about the Horses Mouth , with a clean Handkerchief wipe it away , and carrying a Bottle of clean water about you , wash his Mouth now and then with it . When you come to the place of streight , before you uncloath , rub or chase his Legs with hard Wisps ; then pick his Feet , uncloath , wash his Mouth with water , Mount his Rider , start fair , and leave the rest to Gods good Will and Pleasure . Certain Observations and Advantages for every Feeder to observe in sundry Accidents . There is no unreasonable Creature of Pleasure subject to so many disasterous chances of Fortune , as the Horse , and especially the Running Horse , both by reason of the multiplicity of diseases belonging unto them , as also the violence of their Exercise , and the nice tenderness of their keeping : and therefore it behooveth every Feeder to be Armed with such Observations as may concern Mischiefs , and those Helps which may amend them when they happen . Of Meat and Drink . The first Observation that I shall Arm the Feeder withal , is the true distribution of Meat and Drink . Let him observe , if there be any Meat , Drink or other Nourishment which you know to be good for him , yet he refuseth it ; in this case you are not to thrust it violently upon him , but by gentle means and cunning enticements win him thereunto , tempting him when he is most hungry , and most dry ; and if he get but a bit at a time , it will soon encrease to a greater quantity , and ever let him have less then he desireth ; and that the sooner he may be brought unto it , mix the Meat he loveth best with that he loveth worst , till both be made alike familiar , and so shall the Horse be a stranger to nothing that is good and wholesom . Observations for Lameness . Our Feeder must observe , if his Horse be subject to Lameness or Stiffness , to surbate or tenderness of Feet , then to give him his Heat upon smooth Carpet Earth , or to forbear strong Ground , hard High-ways , cross Ruts and Furrows , till extremity compel him . Observations from the State of his Body . Our Feeder must observe , that the strongest state of Body , ( which I account the highest and fullest of Flesh , so it be good , hard , and without inward foulness ) to be the best and ablest for the performance of these Wagers ; yet herein he must take two Considerations ; the one the Shape of the Horse Body , the other his Inclination and manner of Feeding . For the Shape of his Body . There be some Horses that are round , plump and close knit together , so that they will appear Fat and well Shaped , when they are lean and in poverty . Others are raw-boned , slender and loose knit together , and will appear lean and deformed , when they are Fat , foul and full of gross Humours . From his Inclination . So likewise for their Inclination , some Horses ( at the first ) will feed outwardly , and carry a thick Rib , when they are inwardly lean as may be . There be others that will appear lean to the Eye , when they are only Grease . In this case the Feeder hath two Helps to advantage his knowledge , the one outward , the other inward . From his outward Handling . The outward Help , is the outward Handling and feeling the Horses Body , generally over all his Ribs , but particularly upon his short and hindermost Ribs . If his Flesh generally handle soft and loose , and the Fingers sink into it as into Doun , then is he foul without all question ; but if generally it be hard and firm , only upon the hindermost Rib is softness , then he hath grease and foul matter within him , which must be avoided , how lean and poor soever he appear in outward speculation . The inward Help is only sharp Exercise , and strong Scouring ; the 〈◊〉 will dissolve the foulness , the latter will bring it away . Observations from the Privy Parts . Our Feeder must observe his Horses Stones , for if they hang down Side , or low from his Body , then is he out of lust and heart , and is either sick of Grease , or other foul humours ; but if they lie close , couched up , and hid in a small room , then he is Healthful and in good plight . Observations for the Limbs . Our Feeder must observe ever the Night before he runs any Match , or fore heat , to bathe his Legs well , from the Knees and Gambrels downwards , either with clarified Dogs-grease , ( which is the best ) or Trotters Oyl ( which is the next ; ) or else the best Hogs-grease , which is sufficient , and to work it well in with your hands , and not with Fire . For what he gets not in the first Night , will be got in the next Morning , and what is not got in the next Morning , will be got when he comes to uncloath at the end of the Course : So that you shall need to use the Ointment but once , but the rubbing as often as you finde opportunity . Observations for Water . Our Feeder shall observe , that albeit I give no directions for Watering him after the H●●●s , yet he may in any of the latter Fortnights ( finding him clean , and his grease consumed , ) somewhat late at Night , as about six of the Clock , give him water in reasonable quantity , being made luke-warm , and fasting an houre af er it . Also if through the unseasonableness of the Weather , you cannot water abroad , then you shall at your watering houres water in the house , with warm water , as aforesaid . If you throw a handful of Wheat-Meal , Bran or Oat-meal finely powdred ( but Oat-meal is the best ) into the water , it is very wholesom . Observations for the Ground to run in . Our Feeder shall observe , that if the Ground whereon he is to Run his Match , be dangerous and apt for mischievous Accidents , as strains , over-reaches , Sinew-bruises and the like , that then he is not bound to give all his Heats thereon ; but having made him acquainted with the Nature thereof , then either to take part of the Course , as a Mile , two or three , according to the goodness of the Ground , and so to run him forth , and again ( which we call turning Heats ) provided always that he end his Heat at he weighing Post , and that he make not his Course less , but rather more in quantity then that he must run . But if for some special Cases , he like no part of the Course , then he may many times ( but not ever ) give his heat upon any other good Ground , about any spacious and large Field , where the Horse may lay down his Body and run at Pleasure . Observations from Sweat. Our Feeder shall take especial regard in all Airings , Heatings , and all manner of Exercises whatsoever , to the Sweating of the Horse , and the occasions of his Sweating ; as if he Sweat upon little or no occasion , as walking a Foot-pace , standing still in the Stable , and the like , it is then apparent that the Horse is faint , foul sed , and wanteth Exercise . If upon good occasion , as strong Heats , great Labour , and the like , he Sweat , yet his Sweat is white Froth , and like Sope-suds , then is the Horse inwardly foul , and wanteth also Exercise . But if the Sweat be black , and as it were only water thrown upon him , without any frothiness , then is he clean sed , in good lust and good case , and you may Adventure Riding without danger . Observations from the Hair. Our Feeder shall observe his Hair in general , but especially his Neck , and those Parts that are uncovered , and if they lie slick , smooth and close , and hold the Beauty of their natural colour , then is he in good case ; but if they be Rough or staring , or if they be discoloured , then is he inwardly cold at the Heart , and wanteth both Cloaths and warm keeping . Many other Observations there are , but these are most material , and I hope sufficient for any Understanding . The Office of the Ambler . Observations in Ambling . THere is not any Motion in a Horse more desired , more useful , nor indeed more hard to be obtained unto by a right way , then the Motion of Ambling ; and yet ( if we will believe the Protestations of the Professors ) not any thing in all the Art of Horsemanship more easie , or more several ways to be effected , every man conceiving to himself a several Method , and all those Methods held as infallible Maximes , that can never fail in the Accomplishment of the Work. Mens Opinions and Errors . But they which know truths , know the Errors in these Opinions , for albeit every man that hath hardly a smell of Horsemanship , can discourse of a way how to make a Horse Amble , yet when they come to the Performance of the Motion , their failings are so great , and their errors so gross , that for mine own part , I never yet saw an exact Ambler , I confess some one man may make a Horse Amble well and perfectly , nay , more then one , peradventure many , and thereby assume unto himself the name of Perfection , yet such a man have I seen erre grossly , and spoil more then his labour was able to recompence . But leaving Mens Errors , because they are past my Reformation , I will only touch at some special Observations , which in mine Opinion I hold to be the easiest , the certainest and readiest for the effecting of this work , and withal glance at those absurdities , which I have seen followed , though to little purpose , and less benefit , Ambling by the Plowed Field . There is one commends the new Plowed Lands , and affirms , that by toyling the Horse thereon in his Foot-pace , there is no way so excellent for the making of him Amble ; but , he forgets what weakness , nay , what Lameness , such disorderly toyl brings to a young Horse , nay , to any Horse ; because the Work cannot be done without weariness , and no weariness is wholesom . Ambling by the Gallop . Another will teach his Horse to Amble from the Gallop , by sudden stopping , a more sudden choking him in the Cheeks of the Mouth , thrusting him into such an amazedness betwixt his Gallop and his Trot , that losing both he cannot choose but find out Ambling . But this Man forgets not alone the Error before spoken ( which is too great toil ) but also spoils a good Mouth , ( if the Horse had one , ) loses a good Rein ( if there were any , ) and by over-reaching and clapping one Foot against another , endangers upon every step an Hoof-breach or Sinew-strain . Ambling by Weights . Another says there is no better way then Ambling by Weights , and thereupon overloads his Horse with unmerciful Shooes of intolerable Weight , and forgets how they make him enterfere , strike short with his Hind-feet , and though his Motion be true , yet is to slow , that it is not worth his Labour . Another solds great Weights of Load about his Feetlock Pasterns , and forgets that they have all the Mischiefs of the former ; besides , the endangering of incurable Strains , the crushing of the Crownet , and the Breeding of Ring-bones , Crown-scabs and Quitter-bones . Another Loads his Horse upon the Fillets with Earth , Load , or some other Massy substance , and forgets the swaying of the Back , the over straining of the Fillets , and a general disabling of all the hinder parts . Ambling in Hand , or not ridden . Another struggles to make his Horse Amble in his Hand , before he Mounts his Back , by the help of some Wall , smooth Pail or Rail , and by Chocking him in the Mouth with the Bridle Hand , and Correcting him with his Rod on the hinder Hoofs , and under the Belly , when he treadeth false , and never remembers in what desperate frantickness it drives an Horse , before he can make him understand his meaning , as Plauging . Rearing , Sprauling out his Legs , and using a World of A●tick Postures , which once setled , are hardly ever after reclaimed ; besides , when he hath spent all his labour , and done his utmost , as soon as he Mounts his Back , he is as sar to seek of his Pace as if he had never known such a Motion . Ambling by the Help of Shooes . Another finds out a new Stratagem , and in despight of all opposition in the Horse , will make him Amble perfectly , and thereupon he makes him a pair of hinder Shooes , with long Spurnes or Plates before the Toes , and of such length , that if the Horse offer to Trot , the hinder-Foot beats the fore-Foot before it . But he forgets that the Shooes are made of Iron , and the Horses Legs of Flesh and Blood , neither doth he remember with what violence the hinder-Foot follows the fore-Foot , nor that every stroke it gives can light upon any place but the Back-Sinews , then which there is no part more tender , nor any wound that brings such incurable Lameness . Ambling by the Help of fine Lists . Another ( out of quaintness more then strong Reason ) strives to make his Horse Amble by taking of fine soft Lists , and solding them streight about the Cambrels , in that place where you Garter an Horse for a sti●●strain , and then turn him to Grass for a Fortnight , or more , in which time ( saith he ) he will fall to a perfect Amble , ( for it is true , he cannot Trot but with pain , then taking away the Lists , the Work is finished . But under the Correction of the Professors of this foreign trick , for it is a Spanish Practice ; I must assure them , that if they gain their purpose , they must offend the Members ; If they hurt not the Limbs , they lose their labour ; but however , this is most assured , that the Amble thus gained , must be disgraceful , or Ambling and cringing in the hinder Parts , without comeliness , speed or clear deliverance . Ambling by the Hand only . Another ( and he calls himself the Master Ambler of all Amblers ) affirms , there is no true way of making an Horse to Amble , but by the Hand only , and I am of this opinion , could this secret be sound out , or could a Man make a Horse do all that he imagined ; but Horses are Rebellious , and Men are furious , and the least of either of these spoils the whole Work ; and it is impossible for any Man to ●adge an Horse to a new Motion , utterly unknown , against which he will not resist with his uttermost power . Besides , to do this Action with the Hand only , it must only be done from the Horses Mouth , and that Mouth must of necessity be altered from his first manner of Riding ; for to use all one Hand must preserve all one Motion , and then where is his Ambling , which was not known at the first Backing ? Again , we strive at the first Backing of an Horse , to bring his Mouth to all sweetness , his Rein to all Stateliness , and the general carriage of his Body to all Comeliness . Now in this course of Ambling by the Hand only , the Mouth must be changed from the Chaps to the W●eks o● the Mouth , which is from sweetness to harshness , his Rein must be brought from constancy to unconstancy ; for the Eyes that did look upward , the Nose and Muzzle which was couched Inward , must be turned outward , and the general comeliness of the Bodies Carriage must be brought to disorder and false treading ; or else he shall never Accomplish the true Art of Ambling by the Hand only . Ambling by the Tramel . There is another , ( I will not call him the best , ) because his Error may be as great as any ) and he will make his Horse Amble by the help of the Tramel only , which I confess is nearest , the best and most assured way , yet he hath many Errours , as followeth . Errors in the Tramel . First , he loseth himself in the want of knowledge , for the length of the Tramel , and either he makes it too long , ( which gives no stroke , ) or too short , ( which gives a false stroke ) the first makes an Horse hackle and shuffle his Feet confusedly , the latter makes him Roul and Twitch up his hinder Feet so suddenly , that by Custom it brings him to a string-halt , from which he will hardly be recovered ever after . Another loses himself and his labour by misplacing the Tramel , and out of a Niceness to seem more expert then he is , or out of fearfulness to prevent falling ( to which the Tramel is subject ) places them above the Knee , and above the hinder Foot-hoof . But the Rule is neither good nor handsom ; for if the Tramel be too long or loose , that is , gives no offence to the Sinews , and other ligaments , about which they must necessarily be bound , when they are raised so high , then they can give no true stroke , neither can the fore-Leg compel the hinder to follow it . And if they be so short or streight , that the fore-Leg cannot step forward , but the hinder must go equal with it , then will it so press the main Sinew of the hinder-Leg , and the Veins and Fleshy part of the sore-Thighs , that the Horse will not be able to go without halting before , and cringing and crambling his hinder-parts so ill-favouredly , that it will be irksom to behold it ; besides , it will occasion Sweatings , and draw down humours , which will be more noisom then the Pace will be beneficial . Another makes his Tramel of such course and hard stuff , or else Girts it so streight , or leaves it fretting up and down so loose , that he Galls his Horses Legs , and leaves neither Hair nor Skin upon them , at the best it leaves such a soul print and mark upon the Legs , that every one will accuse both the Horse and his Teacher of disgrace and indiscretion . As these , so I must conclude with the last Error of the Tramel , which is Mens Opinions , and though it be the most insufficient , yet it hath the greatest power to over-sway Truth , and that is , the Tramel is utterly unnecessary and unprofitable , and the Defender worthy of no Employment , alledging the Land only to be excellent . The ●rrors I have already confuted ; it now remains ( after all these faults finding , that I shew the truest , easiest , and that way which is most uncontroulable for the making of an Horse to Amble , with all the gracefulness and perfection that can be required . The best way to Amble an Horse . When you are about to make an Horse Amble truly , and without controulment . First , try with your Hand by a gentle and deliberate racking and thrusting of the Horse forward , by helping him in the Weeks of his Mouth with your Snaffle , ( which must be smooth , big and full ) and correcting him first on one side , then on another with the Calves of your Legs , and sometimes with the Spur , if you can make him of himself strike into an Amble , though shuffling disorderly , there will be much labour saved ; for that proc●ivity or aptness to Amble , will make him with more easiness and less danger , endure the use of the Tramel , and make him find the Motion without stumbling or amazement : but if you finde he will by no means either apprehend the Motions or Intentions , then struggle not with him , but fall to the use of the Tramel in this manner following . The Form of the Tramel . But before I come to the Use and Vertue thereof , I will shew you the form and substance whereof it ought to be made ; because nothing hath ever done this Instrument more Injury , then false Substances and false Shapes . Therefore some make these Tramels of all Leather , and they will either reach or break , the first marrs the Work by uncertainty , the other loseth the labour . Another makes it of Canvass , and that galls . A third makes it of strong Lists , and that hath all the faults of both the former , for the softness will not let it lie close , and the gentleness makes it stretch out of all compass , or break upon every stumble . And as these , so there are a World of other useless Tramels , for you must understand , that touching the true Tramel , the Side-Ropes must be firm without yielding an hair : The Hose must be soft , lie close , and not move from his first place , and the Back-band must be flat , no matter how light , and so defended from the Fillets , that it may not gall . And this Tramel must be thus made , and of these Substances . First , for the Side-Ropes , they must be made of the best , finest and strongest Pack-thread , such as your Turky-thread , and turned by the Roper into a delicate strong Cord , yet at the utmost , not above the bigness of a small Jack-line , with a Noose at each end , so strong as is possible to be made ; neither must these Side-Ropes be twined too hard , but gentle , and with a yielding condition , for that will bring on the Motion more easie , and keep the Tramel from breaking , now these Side-Ropes must be just thirty six Inches in length , and so equal one with another , that no difference may be espied . For the Horse which must be placed in the small of the Fore-leg , and the small of the hinder-Leg , above the Feet lock , they must be made of fine Girt-Web , which is soft and pliant , and loyned with double Cotton : Over the Girt-Web must be fastened strong Tabbs of white Neats Leather well Tallowed , and suited to an even length , and stamped with holes of equal distance , which shall pass through the Nooses of the Side ▪ Ropes , and be made longer or shorter at pleasure , with very strong Buckles . These Hose , the Girt would be four Inches in length , and the Tabbs ten . The Back-band being of no other use but to bear up the Side Ropes , would ( if you Tramel all the fore-Legs ) be made of fine Girt Web , and ●oyned with Cotton ; but if you Tramel but one side , then an ordinary Tape will serve , being sure that it carries the side-Ropes in an even Line , without either Rising or falling ; for if it rise , it shortens the side-Rope , and if it falls , it endangers tangling . Thus you see what the true Tramel is , and how to be made ; touching the use , it thus followeth . The true Vse of the true Tramel . When you have brought your Horse into an even smooth Path , without Rubs or roughness , you shall there loose the near fore-Leg , and the near hinder-Leg , then put to them the side-Rope , and see that he stand at that just proportion which Nature her self hath formed him , without either straining or enlarging his Members , and in that even and just length , stay the side-Rope by a small Tape fastened up to the Saddle . Then with your hand on the Bridle , straining his Head , put him gently forward , and if need be , have the help of a by-stander to put him forward also , and so force him to Amble up and down the Road , with all the Gentleness you can , suffering him to take his own leisure , that thereby he may come to an understanding of his restraint , and your Will for the Performance of the Motion , and though he snapper or stumble , or peradventure fall now and then , yet it matters not , do you only stay his Head , give him leave to Rise , and with all gentleness put him forward again , till finding his own fault , and understanding the Motion , he will become perfect , and Amble in your Hand to your contentment . And that this may be done with more ease and less amazement to the Horse , it is not amiss ( at his first Trameling ) that you give your Side-Ropes more length then ordinary , both that the Twitches may be less sudden , and Motion coming more gently , the Horse may sooner apprehend it . But as soon as he comes to any perfectness , then instantly put the Side-Ropes to their true length . For an Inch too long , is a Foot too slow in the Pace ; and an Inch too short causeth Rouling , a Twitching up of the Legs , and indeed a kind of plain Halting . When to alter the Tramel . When the Horse will thus Amble in your Hand perfectly , being Tramelled on one side , you shall then change them to the other side , and make him Amble in your hand as you did before . And thus you shall do , changing from one side to another , till with this half ▪ Tramel he will Run and Amble in your hand , without snappering or stumbling , both readily and swiftly ; when this is attained unto , which cannot be above two or three houres labour , ( if there be any tractableness ) you may then put on the whole Tramel , and the broad , flat back Band , Trameling both sides equally , and so Run him in your hand ( at the utmost length of the Bridle ) up and down the Road divers times , then pause , cherish , and to it again ; and thus apply him , till you have brought him to that Perfection , that he will Amble swiftly , truly and readily , when , where , and how you please ; then put him upon uneven and uncertain ways , as up-hill and down-hill , where there are clots and roughness , and where there is hollowness and false treading . When to Mount his Back . Now when he is perfect in your Hand upon all these , you may then adventure to Mount his Back , which ( if you please ) you may first do by a Boy , or Groom ; making the Horse Amble under him , whilest you stay his Head to prevent danger , or to see how he striketh . Then after Mount your self , and with all gentleness and lenity , encreasing his Pace more and more , till you come to the height of Perfection . And thus as you did before in your Hand , so do now on his Back , first with the whole Tramel , then with the half , and changing the Tramel oft , first from one side , then to another , then altering Grounds , till you finde that exquisiteness which you desire , and this must be done by daily exercise and labour , as twice , thrice , sometimes oftner in the day . When to Journey . When you have obtained your Wish in the Perfection of his stroke , the nimbleness of his Limbs , and the good carriage of his Head and Body , you may then take away the Tramel altogether , and exercise him without it . But this ExerciseI would have upon the High-way , ( and not Horse-courser like ) in a private smooth Road , for that affords but a cousening Pace , which is left upon every small weariness ; therefore take the High-way forward for three , four or five miles in a Morning , more or less , as you finde his aptness and ability . Now if in this journeying , either through weariness , ignorance or peevishness , you finde in him a willingness to forsake his Pace , then ( ever carrying in your Pocket the half Tramel ) alight and put them on , and so exercise him in them , and now and then give him ease , bring him home in his true Pace . This Exercise you shall follow day by day ; and every day increasing it more and more , till you have brought him from one mile to many ; which done , you may then give him ease , as letting him rest a day or two , or more , and then apply him again ; and if you finde in him neither errour nor alteration , then you may conclude your Work is finished . But if any alteration do happen ( as many phantastick Horses are subject unto , ) if it be in the motion of his Pace , then with your hand reform it . But if that fail , then the use of the half-Tramel will never fail you . Now if the Error proceed from any other occasion , look seriously into the cause thereof , and taking that away the effect will soon cease ; for you are to understand , that in this manner of teaching him to Amble , you are forbidden no help whatsoever which belongs unto Horsemanship , as Chain , Cavezan , Musroul , Head-strain , Martingale , Bit , or any other necessary Instrument , because this Motion is not drawn from the Mouth , but from the Limbs . Many things else might be spoken on this subject , but it would but load paper , and weary Memory ; and I am only at short Essays , and true Experiments , therefore take this as sufficient . The Office of the Buyer , wherein is shewed all the Perfections and Imperfections that are or can be in a Horse . Observations and Advertisements for any Man when he goes about to buy an Horse . THERE is nothing more difficult in all the Art of Horsemanship , then to set down constant and uncontroulable Resolutions , by which to bind every Mans Minde to an unity of Consent in the buying of an Horse ; for , according to the old Adage , What is one Mans Meat , is another Mans Poison ; What one affects , another dislikes . But to proceed according to the Rule of Reason , the Precepts of the Ancients , and the Modern Practice of our conceived Opinions , I will as briefly as I can , ( and the rather , because it is a labour I never undertook in this wise before ) shew you those Observations and Advertisements which may fortifie you in any hard Election . The End for which to buy . First , therefore you are to observe , that if ●ou Elect an Horse for your Hearts Contentment , you must consider the end and purpose for which you buy him , as whether for the Wars , Running , Hunting , Travelling , Draught or Burthen , every one having their several Characters , and their several Faces both of Beauty and Uncomeliness . But because there is but one Truth and one Perfection , I will under the Description of the perfect and untainted Horse , shew all the Imperfections and Attaindures , which either Nature or Mischance can put upon him of greatest deformity . Let me then advise you that intend to buy an Horse , to acquaint your self with all the true Shape ; and Excellencies which belong to an Horse , whether it be in his natural and true Proportion , or in any accidental or outward increase or decrease of any Limb or Member , and from their Contraries , to gather all things whatsoever that may give dislike or offence . Election how divided . To begin therefore with the first Principle of Election , you shall understand they are divided into two especial Heads , the one General , the other particular . The General Rule . The General Rule of Election is , First , the End for which you buy ; Then his Breed or Generation , his Colour , his Pace , and his Stature ; These are said to be General , because they have a general dependence upon every Mans several opinions , as the first , which is the End for which you buy , it is a thing shut up only in your own bosome . Of Breed . The other , which is Breed , you must either take it from faithful report , your own knowledge , or from some known and certain Characters , by which one strain , or one Countrey is distinguished from another , as the Neapolitan is known by his Hawk-Nose , the Spaniard by his small Limbs , the Barbary by his fine Head and deep Hoof , the Dutch by his rough Legs , the English by his general strong knitting together , and so forth of divers others . Of Colour . As for his Colour , though there is no Colour exempt from goodness , for I have seen good of all , yet there are some better reputed then others , as the Dapple Grey for Beauty , the Brown Bay for Service , the Black with Silver Hairs for Courage , and the Liard and true mixt Roan for Countenance . As for the Sorrel , the Black without White , and the unchangeable Iron Grey , are reputed Cholerick ; the bright Bay , the Flea-bitten , and the Black with white Marks , are Sanguinists ; the Black , White , Yellow , Dun , Kite-glewed and the Py-bald , are Phlegmatick ; and the Chesnut , the Mouse dun , the Red Bay , the blew Grey , are Melancholy . Pace ▪ as Trotting . Now for his Pace , which is either Trot , Amble , Rack or Gallop , you must Refer it to the end also for which you buy ; as if it be for the Wars , Running , Hunting , or your own Pleasure , then the Trot is most tolerable , and this Motion you shall know by a Cross Moving of the Horses Limbs , as when the fore-Leg , and the near Hinder-Leg , or the near fore-Leg , and the far Hinder-Leg move and go forward in one instant . And in this Motion , the nearer the Horse taketh his Limbs from the Ground , the opener , the evener and the shorter is his Pace ; for to take up his Feet slovenly , shews stumbling and lameness ; To tread narrow or cross , shews enterfering or failing ; to step uneven , shews toil and weariness , and to tread long , shews over-reaching . Ambling . Now if you Elect for Ease , great Persons Seats , or long Travel , then Ambling is required . And this Motion is contrary to Trotting , for now both the Feet on one side must move equally together , that is , the far sore-Leg , and the far hinder-Leg , and the near fore-Leg , and the near hinder-Leg . And this Motion must go just , large , smooth and nimble ; for to tread false , takes away all ease ; to tread short , rids no Ground ; to tread rough , shews rouling ; and to tread un-nimbly shews a false Pace that never continueth , as also Lameness . Racking . If you Elect for Buck-Hunting , Galloping on the High-way Post , Hackney , or the like , then a racking Pace is required : and this Motion is the same that Ambling is , only it is in a swifter time , and a shorter tread ; and though it rid not so much ground , yet it is a little more easie . Galloping . Now to all these Paces must be joyned a good Gallop , which naturally every Trotting and Racking Horse hath ; the Ambler is a little unapt thereunto , because the Motions are both one , so that being put to a greater swiftness of Pace then formerly he hath been acquainted withal , he handles his Legs confusedly , and out of order , and being trained gently , and made to understand the Motion , he will as well undertake it as any Trotting Horse whatsoever . Now in a good Gallop you are to observe these Vertues . First , that the Horse which taketh up his Feet nimbly from the Ground , but doth not raise them high , that neither rouleth nor beateth himself , that stretcheth out his fore-Legs , follows nimbly with his hinder , and neither cuteth under his Knee , ( which is called the swift cut ) nor crosseth , nor claps one Foot on another , and ever leadeth with his far fore-Foot , and not with the near , he is said ever to Gallop comely and most true , and he is the fittest for speed , or any swift Employment . If he Gallop round , and raise his fore-Feet , he is then said to Gallop strongly , but not swiftly , and is fittest for the great Saddle , the Wars and strong Encounters ; If he Gallop slow , yet sure he will serve for the High-way , but if he labour his Feet confusedly , and Gallop painfully , then is he good for no Galloping Service ; besides , it shews some hidden Lameness . His Stature . Lastly , touching his Stature , it must be referred to the end for which you buy , ever observing that the biggest and strongest are fittest for strong occasions , and great Burthens , strong Draughts , and double Carriage , the middle Size for Pleasure and general Emploiments ; and the least for Ease , Street-Walks , and Summer-Hackney . The particular Rule . Now touching the particular Rule of Election , it is contained in the discovery of natural deformities , accidental outward Sorrances , or inward hidden Mischiefs , which are so many and so infinite , that it is a World of Work to explain them , yet for satisfaction sake , I will in as methodical manner as I can , shew what you are to observe in this occasion . How to stand to View . When a Horse is brought unto you to buy ( being satisfied for his Breed , his Pace , Colour and Stature , ) then see him stand naked before you , and placing your self before his Face , take a strict View of his Countenance , and the chearfulness thereof ; for it is an excellent Glass wherein to behold his Goodness and best Perfections . As thus , His Ears . If his Ears be small , thin , sharp , short , pricked and moving ; or if they be long , yet well set on , and well carried , it is a Mark of Beauty , Goodness and Mettle : but if they be thick , laved or lolling , wide set and unmoving , then are they signs of dulness , doggedness and evil Nature . His Face . If his Face be lean , his Forehead swelling outward , the Mark or Feather in his Face set high , as above his Eyes , or at the top of his Eyes , if he have a white Star , or white Ratch of an indifferent Size , and even placed , or a white Snip on his Nose or Lip ; all are Marks of Beauty and Goodness . But if his Face be Fat , Cloudy or Skouling , his Forehead flat as a Trencher , ( which we call Mare-faced ) for the Mark in his Forehead stand low , as under his Eyes ; If his Star or Ratch stand awry , or in an evil posture , or instead of a Snip , his Nose be raw and un-hairy , or his Face generally bald , all are signs of deformity . His Eyes . If his Eyes be round , big , black , shining , starting or staring from his Head , if the black of the Eye fill the Pit or outward Circumference , so that in the moving , none ( or very little ) of the White appeareth , all are signes of Beauty , Goodness , and Material ; but if his Eyes be uneven , and of a wrinkled proportion , if they be little ( which we call Pig-Eyed ) both are uncomely signes of Weakness ; if they be red and fiery , take heed of Moon-Eyes , which is next door to Blindness ; if white and walled , it shews a weak Sight and unnecessary starting or finding of Buggards ; if with white Specks , take heed of the Pearl , Pin and Web ; if they water or shew bloody , it shews bruises ; and if any Matter , they shew old over-Riding , festered Rheums , or violent strains . If they look dead or dull , or are hollow , or much sunk , take heed of Blindness at the best . The Best is of an old decrepit Generation : if the Black fill not the Pit , but the white is always appearing , or if in moving , the White and Black be seen in equal quantity , it is a sign of weakness and a dogged disposition . His Cheeks and Chaps . If in handling his Cheeks or Chaps , you find the Bones lean and thin , the space wide between them , the Thropple or Wind-Pipe big as you can Gripe , and the void place without Knots or Kernels ; and generally the Jaws so great , that the Neck seemeth to couch within them , they are excellent Signes of great Wind , Courage and Soundness of Head and Body . But if the Chaps be sat and thick , the space between them closed up with gross Substance , and the Thropple little , all are Signes of short Wind , and much inward foulness . If the void place be full of Knots and Kernels , take heed of the Strangle or Glaunders , at the best , the Horse is not without a foul Cold. If his Jaws be so streight that his Neck swelleth above them , if it be no more then natural , it is only an uncomely Sign of short Wind , and Pursiness or Grossness ; but if the Swelling be long , and close by his Chaps like a Whet-stone , then take heed of the Vives , or some other unnatural Impostume . His Nostrils and Muzzle . If his Nostrils be open , dry , wide and large ; so as upon any straining the inward redness is discovered , and if his Muzzle be small , his Mouth deep , and his Lips equally Meeting , then all are good Signes of Wind , Health and Courage . But if his Nostrils be streight , his Wind is little ; if his Muzzel is gross , his Spirit i● dull ; if his Mouth be shallow , he will never carry a Bit well ; and if his upper Lip will not reach his nether , old Age or Infirmity hath Marked him for Carrion . If his Nose be moist and dropping , if it be clear water , it is a Cold ; if soul Matter , then beware of Glaunders : if both Nostrils run , it is hurtful ; but if one , then most dangerous . His Teeth . Touching his Teeth and their Vertues , they are set down in a particular Chapter ; onely remember , you never buy an Horse that wanteth any , for as good lose all almost as one . His Breast . From his Head look down to his Breast , and see that it be broad , out-swelling , and Adorned with many Features ; for that shews strength and durance . The little Breast is uncomely , and shews weakness , the narrow Breast is apt to stumble , fall and enterfere before ; the Breast that is hidden Inward , and wanteth the Beauty and division of many Feathers , shews a weak Armed Heart , and a Breast that is unwilling and unfit for any violent toyl or strong labour . His Fore-Thighs . Next look down from his Elbow to his Knees , and see that those Fore-Things be rush-grown , well horned within , Sinewed , Fleshy , and out-swelling , for they are good signs of strength , the contrary shews weakness , and are unnatural . His Knees . Then look on his Knees , and see that they carry a Proportion , be lean , Sinewy and close Knit , for they are good and comely ; but if one be bigger and rounder then another , the Horse hath received Mischief ; if they be gross , the Horse is Gouty ; if they have Scars , or Hair-broken , it is a true mark of a stumbling Jade , and a perpetual Faller . His Legs . From his Knees , look down to his Legs , to his Pasterns , and if you finde them lean , flat and sinewy , and the Inward Bought of his Knee without Seames , or Hair-broken , then he shews good Shape and Soundness ; But if on the inside of the Leg you finde hard Knots , they are Splinters ; if on the out-side , they are Screws or Excressions ; if under his Knees be Scabs on the inside , it is the swift cut , and he will ill endure Galloping ; if above his Pasterns on the in-side you find Scabs , it shews enterfering ; but if the Scabs be generally over his Legs , it is either extream soul keeping , or else a Spice of the Maunge ; if his Flesh be fat , round and fleshy , he will never endure labour ; and if on the Inward Bought of his Knees you finde Seams , Scabs or Hair-broken , it shews a Melander , which is a Cancerous Ulcer . His Pasterns . Look then on his Pastern-Joynt and his Pastern , the first must be clear and well Knit together , the other must be short , strong and upright standing ; for if the first be big or swell'd , take heed of Sinew-strains and Gourdings : if the other be long , weak or bending , the Limbs will be hardly able to carry the Body without tyring . His Hoofs . For the Hoofs in general , they should be black , smooth , tough , rather a little long then round , deep , hollow and full of Sounding : for white Hoofs are tender , and carry a Shoo ill ; a rough , gross Seamed Hoof , shews old Age or over-Heating . A brittle Hoof will carry no Shoo at all ; an extraordinary round Hoof is ill for foul ways , and deep Hunting . A flat Hoof that is pumissed , shews Foundring ; and a Hoof that is empty , and hollow sounding , shews a decayed Inward-part , by reason of some wound or dry Founder . As for the Crown of the Hoof , if the Hair lie smooth and close , and the Flesh flat and even , then all is perfect ; but if the Hair be Staring , the Skin scabbed , and the Flesh rising , then look for a Ring-bone , or a Crown-scab , or a Quitter-bone . The Setting on of his Head , his Crest and Mane. After this , stand by his side , and first look to the setting on of his Head , and see that it stand neither too high , nor too low , but in a direct line ; that his Neck be small at the setting on of his Head , and Long , growing deeper to the Shoulders , with an high , strong and thin Mane , long , soft , and somewhat curling , for these are beautiful Characters : whereas to have the Head ill set on , is the greatest deformity ; to have any bigness or swelling in the Nape of the Neck , shews the Pole-evil , or beginning of a Fistula ; to have a short thick Neck like a Bull , to have it falling at the Withers , to have a low , weak , a thick or falling Crest , shews want both of strength and Mettle ; to have much Hair on the Mane , shews intolerable dulness ; to have it too thin , shews fury ; and to have none or shed , shews the Worm in the Mane , the Itch , or else plain Maunginess . His Back , Ribs , Fillets , Belly and Stones . Look on the Chine of his Back , that it be broad , even and streight , his Ribs well compassed and bending Outward , his Fillets upright , strong and short , and not above a handful between his last Rib and his Huckle-bone , let his Belly be well let down , yet hidden within his Ribs , and let his Stones be well truss'd up to his Body , for all these are Marks of Health and good Perfection ; whereas to have his Chine narrow , he will never carry a Saddle without wounding , and to have it bending or Saddle-backed , shews weakness . To have his Ribs flat , there is not liberty for Wind. To have his Fillets hanging , long or weak , he will never climb an Hill nor carry a Burthen . And to have his Belly clung up or gaunt , or his Stones hanging down , loose or aside , they are both Signes of Sickness , Tenderness , Foundering in the Body , and unaptness for labour . His Buttocks . Then look upon his Buttocks , and see that they be round , plump , full , and in an even level with his Body : or if long , that it be well raised behind , and spread forth at the setting on of the Tail , for these are comely and beautiful . The narrow Pin-buttock , the Hog or Swine-Rump , and the falling and down-let Buttock are full of Deformity , and shew both an Injury in Nature , and that they are neither sit or becoming for Pad , Foot-Cloth or Pillion . His Hinder-Thighs . Then look to his Hinder-Thighs or Gaskings , if they be well let down even to the middle Joynt , thick , brawny , full and Swelling ; for that is a great Argument of Strength and Goodness , whereas the lank slender Thighs shew disability and weakness . His Cambrels . Then look upon the middle Joynt behind , and if it be nothing but Skin and Bone , Veins and Sinews , and rather a little bending then too streight , then it is perfect as it should be . But if it hath Chaps or Sores on the Inward Bought or bending , then that is a Sellander . If the Joynt be swell'd generally all over , then he hath got a Blow or Bruise , if the Swelling be particular , as in the Pit or hollow Part , or on the inside , and the Vein full and proud ; if the Swelling be soft , it is a Blood-spaven ; if hard , a Bone-spaven ; but if the Swelling be just behind , before the Knuckle , then it is a Curb . Hinder-Legs . Then look to his hinder-Legs , if they be lean , clean , flat and Sinewy , then all is well ; but if they be fat they will not endure labour . If they be Swelled , the Grease is molten in them . If he be Scabbed above the Pasterns , he hath the Scratches ; if he have Chaps under his Pasterns , he hath Rains , and none of these but aro noisom . His Tail. Lastly , for the setting on of his Tail where there is a good Buttock , the Tail can never stand ill ; and where there is an evil Buttock , there the Tail can never stand well ; for it ought to stand broad , high , flat , and Couched a little inward . Thus I have shewed you the true Shapes and true Deformities , you may in your Choice please your own Fancies . An uncontroulable Way to know the Age of an Horse . There are seven outward Characters , by which to know the Age of every Horse ; As namely , his Teeth , his Hoofs , his Tail , his Eyes , his Skin , his Hair , and the Barrs in his Mouth . His Teeth . If you would know his Age by his Teeth , you must understand that an Horse hath in his Head just fourty Teeth , that is to say , six great Wong Teeth above , and six below on one side , and as many on the other , which maketh twenty four ; And are called his Grinders ; then six above and six below , in the fore-part of his Mouth , which are called Gatherers , and make thirty six . Then four Tushes , one above and one below on one side , and are called the Bit Teech , which make just fourty . Now the first year he hath his Foals Teeth , which are only Grinders and Gatherers , but no Tushes , and they be small , white and bright to look on . The second year he changeth the four fore-most Teeth in his Head , that is , two above , and two below in the midst of the Rows of the Gatherers , and they are browner and bigger then the other . The third year he changeth the Teeth next unto them , and leaveth no apparent Foals Teeth before , but two above , and two below of each side , which are all bright and small . The fourth year he changeth the Teeth next unto them , and leaveth no more Foals Teeth before , but one of each side , both above and below . The fifth year his sore-most Teeth will be all changed ; but then he hath his Tushes on each-side compleat , and the last Foals Teeth which he cast , those which come up in their place will be hollow , and have a little Black speck in the midst , which is called the Mark in the Horses Mouth , and continueth till he be past eight years old . The sixth year he putteth up his new Tushes , near about which you shall see growing a little of new and young Flesh , at the bottom of the Tush : besides , the Tush will be white , small , short and sharp . The seventh year all his Teeth will have their perfect Growth , and the Mark in his Mouth will be plainly seen . The eighth year all his Teeth will be full , smooth and plain , the black speck or mark being no more but discerned , and his Tushes will be more yellow then ordinary . The ninth year his foremost Teeth will be longer , broader , yellower and fouler then at younger years , the mark gone , and his Tushes will be bluntish . The tenth year , the inside of his upper Tushes will be no holes at all to be felt with your Fingers ends , which till that Age you shall ever feel ; besides , the Temples of his Head will begin to be crooked and hollow . The eleventh year his Teeth will be exceeding long , very yellow , black and foul , only he may then cut even , and his Teeth will stand directly opposite one to another . The twelfth year his Teeth will be long , yellow , black and foul , but then his upper Teeth will hang over his nether . The thirteenth year his Tushes will be worn somewhat close to his Chaps , ( if he be a much ridden Horse ) otherwise they will be black , foul and long , like the Tushes of a Boar. His Mouth . See that he does not over-hang his upper Teeth over his nether , for though it be the Mark of an old Horse , yet sometimes a young Horse hath that Infirmity . See likewise that he is not too deep burnt of the Lampas , and that his Flesh lie smooth with his Barrs , for if it be too deep burnt , his Hay and Provender will stick therein , which will be very troublesom to the Horse . His Hoofs . If his Hoofs be rugged , and as it were Seamed one Seam over another , and many Seams ; if they be dry , full and crusty , or crumbling , it is a sign of very old Age ; and on the contrary part , a smooth , moist , hollow and well-sounding Hoof , is a sign of young years . His Tail. If you take your Horse with your Finger and your Thumb by the Stern of the Tail , close at the setting on by the Buttock , feeling there hard , and if you feel of each side of the Tail a Joynt stick out more then any other , by the bigness of an Hazel-nut , then you may presume the Horse is under two years old ; but if his Joynts be all plain , and no such thing to be felt , then he is above ten , and it may be thirteen . His Eyes . If his Eyes be round , full , staring or starting from his Head , if the Pits over them be filled , smooth and even with his Temples , and no wrinkles , either about his Brow , or under his Eyes , then he is young , if otherwise you see the contrary Characters , it is a sign of old Age. His Skin . If you take his Skin in any part of his Body , between your Finger and your Thumb , and pull it from his Flesh , then letting it go again , if it suddenly return to the place from whence it came , and be smooth and plain without wrinkle , then he is young and full of strength ; but if it stand , and not return instantly to its former place , then he is very old and wasted . His Hair. If an Horse that is of any dark Colour , shall grow grissle only about his Eye-brows , or underneath his Mane ; or any Horse of a whitish Colour shall grow Meannelled with either black or red Meannels universally over his Body , then both are Signes of old Age. His Barrs . Lastly , if the Barrs in his Mouth be great , deep , and handle rough and hard , then is the Horse old ; but if they be soft , shallow , and handle gently and tenderly , then is he young , and in good ability of Body . And thus much be spoken touching the Office of the Buyer . The perfect Shape of a Horse altogether . First , there is required that the Hoof be black , smooth , dry , large , round and hollow ; the Pasterns streight and upright , Fet-locks short , the Legs streight and flat , called also Lath-legged , the Knees bony , lean and round , the Neck long , high reared , and great towards the Breast , the Breast large and round , the Ears small , sharp , long and upright , the Fore-head lean and large , the Eyes great , full and black , the Brows well filled , and shooting outwards , the Jaws wide , slender and lean , the Nostrils wide and open , the Mouth great , the Head long and lean , like to a Sheep , the Mane thin and large , the Withers sharp and pointed , the Back short , even , plain and double Chined , the Sides and Ribs deep , large and bearing out like the Cover of a Trunk , and close shut at the Huckle-bone , the Belly long and great , but hid under the Ribs , the Flanks full , yet gaunt , the Rump round , plain and broad , with a large space betwixt the Buttocks , the Thighs long and large , with well-fashioned bones , and those fleshy , the Hams dry and streight , the Trunchion small , long , well set on , and well couched , the Train long , not too thick , and falling to the Ground , the Yard and Stones small ; And lastly , the Horse to be well-risen before . And to conclude , the perfect Shape of a Horse , according as a famous Horse-man hath described it , is in a few words , thus , viz. A broad Fore-head , a great Eye , a lean Head , thin , slender , lean , wide Jaws , a long high reared Neck , reared Withers , abroad deep Chest and Body , upright Pasterns , and narrow Hoof ; And this is the common , allowed and approved Shape of a perfect Horse , so that if any of those things be deficient in him , he cannot be said to be a Horse of a perfect Shape . Wherefore I conclude , that if a Horse be of a good Colour , well Marked , and rightly Shaped , and right also by Sire and Mare , it will be seldom seen that he would prove ill , unless his Nature be alienated and marred , either in the Backing and Riding , or else that he be otherwise wronged , by the means of an unskilful Groom . But I may in this Point be taxed to hold a Paradox ; which helpeth Farcins , Yellows , Stavers , Scabs , Mainges , Agues , Feavers , Colds , Surseits , Glanders , or any other Malady , which may be any ways noxious to the inward part of the Body . And it also preventeth sudden Sickness , if you do suspect it . Fifthly , the opening of the two Plate or Breast-Veins do help the Anticor , Sickness of the Heart , Morfoundring , which is the Foundring in the Body by over-riding , whereby the Grease of the Horse is molten ; it also preventeth Diseases in the Liver , Lungs , and inward parts grieved ; and sometimes Hurts in the Shoulder , which causeth Lameness before . Sixthly , we use to touch the two Thigh-Veins before , which helpeth ▪ Foundring in the fore-Feet , Mallenders , Splent , Screw , Ring-bone , and such like infirmities in the fore-Foot , and such other higher Parts . Seventhly , we use to take Blood from the four Shackle-Veins before , and this is very good for the Crow-scab , Ring-bone and such like Diseases . Eighthly , we use to strike the two Spur-Veins , which Cureth the Farcin in the Sides , Morfoundring , swelling under the Belly , which is a Disease called the Feltrick , and the like . Ninthly , we prick the two Toe-Veins , which do help Frettizing , Foundering , Hoof-bound , beating of the Horses Feet by Riding upon hard and stony ways , and the like . Tenthly , we open the two Thigh-Veins behind , and this doth help the Grief of the Kidneys , swelling in the Hinder-Legs , Foundring , Sellenders , Scratches , Kybes , &c. And it also helpeth Diseases in and about the Belly , as Pissing of blood , Pissing oft after great and extraordinary hard labour , and the weakness of the Reins , the Back , Belly , Guts , or any other of the inward Parts , the Curb , Spaven , and such Diseases which come of Rankness of Blood. Eleventhly , we sometimes do open the four Shackle-Veins behind , and this is very good against Founderings , and other pains in and about the Feet . Twelfthly , we let Blood in the two Flank or Hanch-Veins , and this is most probable for all kind of Feavers , the Stones , Poverty and the Felter-worm . Thirteenthly , we draw Blood from the two Tail-Veins , which Cureth the Mange in the Tail , falling of the Hair , or Itch in the Tail. And these are for the most part all the Veins that are usually opened . So that the full sum or number of Veins which Farriers commonly open are thirty . Other Veins there are which are of a smaller proportion , and therefore not fit to be opened , I will not say that these Veins so opened doth Cure the Diseases absolutely ; but it doth sometimes asswage the Malignancy of the Malady , sometimes it preventeth Diseases , and sometimes again it prepareth the Body , the better to receive such Physical Drinks which do inwardly Cure them , and such Salves , Oyls , Unguents , which do dry and heal up outward Infirmities , &c. How many Bones a Horse hath , and where they are Situated . All the Bones which every Horse hath , whereby to make up an Organical Body are these , viz. He hath in his Head thirty nine or fourty Teeth ; The Bones in his Head do Comprehend the Crocks and Handles of the Scull , albeit they be composed of parts and parcels of other Bones , also the two flat Handles , which from the Pallat and the Fork or Throat hath five ; the Chine hath fifty two , the Breast one , the Ribs hath thirty six , the fore-Legs and fore-Feet hath fourty four , and the hinder-Legs and Feet fourty , so as the whole structure of the Body of a Horse , whereby to perfect a full Building of Bones , consisteth of about two hundred fifty seven , or two hundred fifty nine , if they be rightly computed ; which do represent themselves altogether at what time the perfect Anatomy of a Horse is laid open . Of the Elements . The Elements are four , and they give Life and Nutriment unto Man , and all other living Creatures ; They are these , Fire , Air , Water , and Earth . Their Nature . The Nature of Fire is to be hot and dry , Air to be hot and moist , Water to be cold and moist , and Earth to be cold and dry . Signes of the Zodiack Aries , Taurus , Gemini , Cancer , Leo , Virgo , Libra , Scorpio , Sagittarius Capricornus , Aquarius , Pisces ; These do all Govern the twelve Months of the year , and are placed above the Zodiack . Names of the Planets . Saturn , Jupiter , Mars , Sol , Venus , Mercury and Lun●a . The Government of the Signes . Aries governs the Head , Taurus the Neck , Gemini the Shoulders and Armes , Cancer the Stomach and Breast , Leo the Heart , Virgo the Belly and Guts , Libra the Reins and Buttocks , Scorpio the Privy Parts , Sagittarius the Thighs , Capricornus the Knees , Aquarius the Legs , and Pisces the Feet . The best time to let a Horse Blood in . If there be no extraordinary cause , as in Case of desperate Sickness , or so ; then Jan. the third and fifteenth , Feb. the fourth and ninth , Mar. the seventeenth and eighteenth , April the tenth and sixteenth , May the first and thirteenth , June the fifteenth and twentieth . But for July and August , by reason that the Canicular days be then predominant , Blood-letting is not so good , but only in urgent Case of Necessity . In Septemb. the eleventh and twenty eighth . Octob. the eighth and twenty third . Novemb. the fifth and Seeds . Gather Seeds and Fruits when they be fully ripe , and they also last but one whole year . Rind or Bark . Gather the Rind or Bark of any Simple when the Herb is ripe , dry them , and they will last many years . The Office of the Farrier . What Points Consist the Office of the Farrier . IT Consists in four things , viz. Science , Experience , Knowledge and Handy Work ; But I shall let pass the first three , and speak to Handy-Work , and that is , To Heat an Iron well , to Turn a Shoo well , to make and Point a Nail well , to Pare the Hoof well , to Cauterize well , to let Blood well , to be light and well-Handied , Bold and Hardy , and Dressing of a Horse well of such Accidents as may happen unto him . The Principal Members of a Horse . Some hold that there be four , and make the Stones or Gignitors one ; but I say there are but three , The Liver , the Heart and The Brain ; and if he be offended in any of these he will die ; but if any other Member besides these be hurt , he may live ; and therefore the Stones or Gignitors cannot be one of the Principal Members , for you cannot touch any of those three , but you kill him out-right , or desperately endanger him . Now the Stones may receive hurt , and if I despair of Curing them , I can cut them out , without peril of his life . Of the Sinews , and of the number of them . There are two Sinews , or Tendons , which are white , and begin at the end of the Nose , and extend themselves along the Neck , and along the Back , and make their extent to the four Legs , and take their ligaments in the fore-Feet . There are in every Horse twenty nine or thirty , great and small . The two great Sinews which I named before . It. Two Branches which are main Sinews that proceed from the Brain , and run down the Cheeks to the Teeth . It. There are from the Shoulders to the first Joynt of the Armes , or fore-Legs downwards , two great Sinews . It. From the Knees to the Pasterns are four great Sinews , with the same number in the hinder-part . It. In the fore-part of the Breast , and above it , as well within as without , are ten Sinews , some greater and some smaller . It. From the Reins of the Back to the Stones are four great Sinews . Lastly , one great main Sinew which runneth along to the end of the Tail. So as the full number of the Sinews are twenty nine , or thirty , which are to be discerned . But to speak properly , a Horse hath but one only Vein , which is that which we call the Median , or Lives Vein , which is in the Liver , being the true Fountain , Scource and great Tun , from whence the Canes , Conduit-pipes and little Veines , ( as the smaller Rivers ) do separate themselves , which do run through all the Parts and Members of the whole Body . Those Veins that do ascend to the Head and Body , are called Veins ascendent , and those which do run low as to the Legs , and lower Members , are called hollow or descendent Veins . Of the Vital Blood. Those are Veins which are Vessels of quick or running Blood , and is that , that when the Creature sleepeth , his Blood is in continual agitation , and never ceaseth . Of the Number of the Veins that you are to take Blood from . In the Neck , in the Weeping-Veins , under the Ears , and in six other places , of and about the Head ; as in the Pallate-Veins , in the Tongue , in the Flank-Veins , in the Breast and Spur-Veins ; In the four Members , to wit , the Legs , Thighs , Pasterns and Feet ; also in sundry other Places , according as necessity shall require it , and in places which may the better kill the Ma●ady of the said Horse . For what use you open the Veins . To open the two Temple-Veins easeth the pain in the Head , coming of Colds , Rheums , Feavers , Yellows and Stavers , Drowsiness , Frenzie , the sleepy Evil , falling Evil , or any grief in or about the Eyes or Brain . Secondly , we open the two Eyes or Weeping-Veins , being most sovereign for such Diseases whereunto the Eyes are subject ; as Watery or Weeping Eyes , Blood-shotten , Pin and Web , Haw , or the like . Thirdly , we open the two Pallat-Veins in the Mouth , and those do Cure the Lampass , and any inward Sickness in the Body ; as the Yellows , Stavers , Anticor , Surfeits , Drowsiness , Tiredness , or weariness of the Body ; or if he hath any Malady in the Throat , as the Strangle , Quinzy , Kernels , Pustils , either within or without ; it many times helpeth Inflammations , Glanders , or the like ; For the eating or swallowing of his own Blood , is most wholesom and Sovereign in such Cases . Fourthly , we do usually open the two Neck-Veins , for some may Object unto me , that many times Horses , who are of the best Colour , best Marks and truest Shapes , do nevertheless prove Arrant ●ades . I answer , I acknowledge all this to be true , for I have known Horses , who upon their first View , have been in extrinsecal shew so hopeful , as that they have promised what a man could expect from them , which notwithstanding when they have come to the Test , they have been a Scandal to their Sex ; but this is not a thing frequent , for in every one of these who have thus miscarried , you shall have twenty prove right and answerable to your Minds . Rules to be Observed of putting a Horse to Grass , and of taking of him up again . Before you put your Stable-Horse to Grass , eight or nine days before , take Blood from him , the next day after give him the drink of Diapen●e , and a day or two after his Drink abate of his Cloaths by degrees , before you turn him forth , lest by doing them on the sudden he take more cold , and after his Cloaths are taken off , Curry him not at all , but let him stand in his dust , for that will keep him warm . Neither would I have you put him forth till the midst of May , at the soonest , for till that time Grass will not have Bite enough , ( and let the day wherein you turn him forth be a warm Sun-shine day , and about the hour of ten ) for Horses pampered in warm Stables , and kept close , will be subject to take cold . Taking of him up . Secondly , let him be taken up from Grass very dry , or else he will be subject to be Scabby , and that not later then St. Bartholomew's day , which is the twenty fourth of August , for then the Season doth begin to let fall cold dews , which causeth much harm to your Horse , and then beginneth the Heart of Grass to ●ail , so as the Grass which he then feedeth upon breedeth no good Nutriment , but gross , Phl●gmatick and cold Humors which putrisieth and corrupteth the Blood , and take him up very quietly for fear of melting his Grease , for his Fat gotten at Grass is very tender , so that every little Motion dissolveth the same , whereby the Blood may be enslamed , and so be in danger of Sickness , if not of death . A day or two after you have him in the Stable , let him be shod , let Blood and drencht , as before is shewed you , for this preventeth Yellows , Stavers and such like Diseases , which the Gall and Spleen occasioneth , which the Heart and strength of Grass , ( through the Rankness of Blood ) doth engender in his Body . But if you intend to be curious after you have taken him into the Stable , before you have either Blooded or Drencht him , you may clean him in this manner . Of Cleansing or making a Horse clean . First , therefore if it be a hot Sun-shiny day , take him out of the Stable into a place convenient , and there trim him , then take ordinary soft washing Sope ▪ and anoint his Head and every part of him all over therwith , and to have a care that none of it get into his Ears or Eyes , then wash him very well with warm water all over , then wipe him with a warm Linnen-cloth , and after rub him dry with woollen Cloaths , then Sope him all over again , especially his Mane and Tail , and wash him very clean with Buck-lee , with a Wisp or Woollen Cloth , and when you have sufficiently cleansed him , dry him as you did before , and so lead him into the Stable , and Cloath him up with a clean , thin , soft Cloth. And by this kind of trimming and cleansing him , you may so alter him , that the Owner can scarce know him . General Notes concerning some Simples . All manner of Marrows and Piths , of what kind soever they be must be kept by themselves in a dry cool place , and preserved from all Filth or Uncleanness , and from the annoyance either of Wind or Fire , and so they will last full out a whole year . Syrups , Powders , Pills , Electuaries and Ointments . You shall keep no Syrops , no sweet Electuaries , nor Pills , nor Powders , nor Conserves of Flowers , nor any Ointments , Sewets or Emplaisters , or Conserve of Fruits or Roots , will last fully out two years . Oyls . Of Oyls , some will last long , some must be new made : Oyls extracted out of Wood or Metals will last long . Roots . Gather Roots in Autumn , but take the small Sprigs from them , and make them clean and dry . Dry small Roots in the Shade and Wind , and great ones either in the Wind , or Sun , or by the Fire ; Lay them in a dry place towards the South , and they will keep long , provided that neither Sun nor Moisture do injure them . Herbs . Gather all manner of Herbs when they do most ●lourish , and dry them in the Shade , except they be very moist and apt to putrifie , they last for the most part a whole year . sixteenth , Dec●mb . the fourteenth and twenty sixth . And these days we hold to be the very best , unless dangerous and sudden Sickness do cause us to alter the same , for in Cases of Necessity no days are to be regarded or observed . More Observations of Blood-letting you may finde hereafter . Of the four Humors . Blood , Choler , Phlegm and Melancholy . Four Humors also there are , which be as it were four Children to the four Elements already spoken of : And these are , Blood , Phlegm , Choler and Melancholy , without which a natural Body cannot be made ; for Blood naturally ( if it be perfect ) is hot and moist , but taketh most from Heat , and therefore is subordinate to Air ; Phlegm is cold and moist , but the Principality thereof is Coldness , and therefore hath reference to Water : Choler is hot and dry , but his chiefest Nature is Heat , and therefore is Governed by the Element of Fire : Melancholy is cold and dry , but his chiefest condition is Driness , and therefore subjects it self to the Element of Earth . Now the Fountain of Blood is the Liver , which dispersing it self by the help of the Veins into all the parts of the Body , nourisheth and preserveth the same . Phlegm preoccupateth the Brain , being a cold and spungy substance , and the Seat of the sensible Soul. Choler inhabiteth the Liver , which being hot and dry , maketh a pleasing Harmony with the Blood. Melancholy resideth in the Spleen , which is the Receptacle and discharge of the Excrements of the Liver , from whence we may Collect , that it hath its proper use and end : As for demonstration , Blood principally nourisheth the Body , Phlegm occasioneth Motion of the Joynts and Members , Choler exciteth and provoketh the Belly to avoid its Excrements ; And lastly , Melancholy disposeth the Body to an Appetite . Whereupon all the Learned Philosophers do with one unanimous Assent agree in this , That in every Natural Body there are four Principal Instrumental Members , from which all the Parts of an Organi●al Body are said to be Framed , and these are the Brain , the Heart , the Liver , and the Stones or Gignitors , and each one of these do Perform its true Function to all the particular Members of the Body ; for the Sinews do receive their Sustentation from the Brain , and these are called Animal spirits ; the Art●ries from the Heart , which are Vital spirits ; the Veins from the Liver , which are Natural Parts ; and the Seed-Vessels from the Stones or Gignitors , as the Place of Generation . Of a Horses Complexion , which is the most necessary Faces that a Farrier can judge of his Infirmities . To speak of the Complexions of a Horse in a particular manner , which is one of the most necessary Faces that a Farrier can behold , both for the judging of Horses Infirmities , and also for the true Compounding of his Medicines for every disease ; And therefore by the Colour of the Horse you are to judge his Complexion . For look which of the Elements is most Predominate in him , from that Element you may draw his Complexion ; as thus , If he participate more of the Fire , then of any of the other Elements , then we hold him to be a Cholerick Horse , and his Colour is either a bright Sorrel , a Coal black without any white , or an Iron Grey unchangeable , that is , such a Crey as neither will ever turn a Daple-Grey , a White or a Flea-bitten , and these Horses are of Nature light , hot , fiery , and seldom of any great strength . These Horses are most subject to Pestilent Feavers , Yellows and Inflammation of the Liver . Therefore every Farrier should be careful in his Composing of any Medicine for such a Horse , to purge Choler , yet very moderately , and not with any extraordinary strength in the Potion or Drench , because the Horse being in his best strength , not reputed strong , should you apply any violent thing to him , that little strength being abated , there were great danger in confounding the whole Body . If the Horse participate more of the Air then of the other Elements , then is he of a Sanguine Complexion , and his Colour is either a bright Bay , or a dark Bay , which hath neither scouling Countenance , Myly Mouth , no● white Flank ; Or a white Flea ▪ bitten , White Lyard like Silver , or black with a white Star , white rash or white Foot. These Horses are of Nature pleasant , nimble , free and of good strength . The Disease , to them most incident , is Consumption of the Liver , Leprosie , Glanders , or any disease that is infectious ; They are of a good strong Constitution , and may endure strength in their Medicines , especially any thing that cooleth the Blood. If the Horse participate more of the Water then of the other Elements , then is he of a Phlegmatick Complexion , and his Colour is either Milk white , a yellow dun Kite glewed , or a Pyde-ball , in whom there is an equal Mixture of Colours . Otherwise , if the Bay , the Black or the Dun exceed the White , he is said to be of that Complexion of which the Colour is greatest . These Horses are of Nature slow , and apt to lose Flesh . The Diseases which are most incident unto them , are Colds , Head-ach , Rheums , Staggers , and such like . They are able to endure the reasonable strength of any Medicine , because of the abundance of Phlegm which is in them , sufficeth both Nature , and the Potion to work upon . All cold Simples are to them exceeding hurtful , so are also they which are violently hot in the third degree ; The first , because it bindeth too soon ; The latter , because it disperses too suddenly , therefore Simples of a moderate Mean are best . If the Horse participate of the Earth more then of the other Elements , then is he of a Melancholy Complexion ; And his Colour is a Mouse-dun , Russet , Chesnut , Ashie Grey , dark Bay , having long white Hai● , like Goats Hair , growing on his Legs ; These Horses are of Nature heavy and faint-hearted . The Diseases to them most incident , are Inflammations in the Spleen , Frenzie , Dropsey , and such like ; They are commonly of better strength then they appear by their Actions , and are able to endure the strength of any reasonable Medicine ; All cicatrizing and dry Simples are hurtful unto them , the cold and moist are the most profitable . Having thus shewed you these four Complexions , Cholerick Sanguine , Phlegmatick and Melancholy , together with their qualities and strengths ; You shall understand now , that amongst Farriers there is another Complexion , or fifth Constitution , which is called the Composition , or Mixture of Complexions ; that is , when a Horse doth participate of all the four Elements equally , and in due proportion , and this is the best Complexion , and the Horse that is of this Complexion is ever one of these Colours ; that is to say , of a fair brown Bay , dabled , or not dabled , a Dable Grey , a Black full of Silver Hair , or a fair Roan red or black . And these Horses are of Nature most excellent , most temperate , strongest , gentlest and most healthful , though they may have any disease as the other hath , yet are they naturally inclined to no disease . But what infirmity soever falleth unto them , is meerly accidental , and not through any overflow of natural distemperature . All Medicines must be compounded for them according to the Nature of the Sickness , and the time of their Languishment ; for if the Sickness be young and new bred , then are they able to receive any well Composed Receipt ; but if it be old , and the inward Powers and Faculties feebled , then you must be careful to help Nature , by adding to every Medicine , of what Nature soever , some Simple of Comfort , that as ill Humors be clensed , so Strength may still be repaired and maintained . And thus much for Complexions . Twelve Causes of Health and long Life . 1. The First is Nature , good Digestion and good Nourishment . 2. The second is , Moderation in Feeding and Diet. 3. The third is , Moderate Labour . 4. The fourth is , moderate Use of Sleeping and Waking . 5. The fifth is , moderate spending upon Mares . 6. The sixth is , moderate Journeys . 7. The seventh is , wholesom Air. 8. The Eighth is , not to be exercised too soon after Grass . 9. The Ninth is , to be kept from raw and green Meats . 10. The tenth is , not to be suffered to eat or drink being hot . 11. The eleventh is , not to be neither washed nor walked at the end of his Journey . 12. The twelfth is , to give him with his Provender such Powders and Simples as are Prescribed you in all those Chapters , which are by me mentioned , but more particularly in Page 2. And though he dislikes them at first , yet by mixing a little and a little at a time , they will become natural to him . Dangerous Sicness how it cometh . First , all Sickness cometh either by Heats in over-violent exercise , as when the Horse hath his Grease moulten , the Heart over-charged , the vital Blood forced from the inward Parts , and the large Pores and Orisices of the Heart are so obstructed and stopped , that the Spirits cannot return back to their proper places , so as the Organs of the Body cannot rejoyce , but by this means the Body must of necessity languish , founder and mortifie . Secondly , dangerous Sickness cometh also by Colds , as by indiscreet and negligent keeping , as well before as after long and violent exercise , and then is the Head perplexed , the Eyes dulled and pained , the Roots of the Tongue inflamed and fwelled , the Lungs with Rheums tickled and offended , occasioning strong and laborious Coughing , and the Nostrils often Distilling , and pouring ●orth filthy and corrupt matter . Thirdly , dangerous Sickness cometh also by Surfeit of Food , either by eating too much or too little of what is good , or also of what is not wholesom ; so as the first killeth , or at least debilitateth the Stomach , oppresseth the Heart , and s●ndeth up those evil Fumes into the Head , by which are engendred the Stavers , Frenzies , and other mortal Diseases ▪ The second putri●ies the Blood , and converts all its Nutriment into corruption , from whence proceeds the Yellows , Farcins , Feavers , Mainges , and other such like Pestilent , Leprous and Lothsom Diseases , which suffocating the Heart , and clogging the Stomach , dilates and spreads it self universally over the whole Body , leaving no Member free , and confoundeth every Faculty and Member thereof . Fourthly and lastly , dangerous Sickness come also by Accidents , as when a Horse receiveth some deep or perillous wound or Hurt , either in his Body , or elsewhere , in some vital or dangerous part , by means whereof Nature is so far offended , as that incontinently a general Sickness seizeth upon him , which if not prevented , Death immediately ensueth . Signes to Know these dangerous Sicknesses . If his Sickness proceed from the first , which are Heat , then are the Signes these , viz. The Heaviness of his Countenance , Swellings of his Limbs , especially of his hinder-Legs , Scouring and Loosness of his Body , in the beginning of his Sickness , short and hot Breath , a Loathing and forsaking of his Meat . If from the second , viz. Cold ; then the Signes are , A dejected Countenance , Dulness or Sleepiness of the Eyes , Pustels or hard Knots under the Caul , yea , and many times ins●amed Kernels and Swellings so high as to the very Roots of the Ears , a rotten ▪ moist , inward and hollow Cough , he many times Chewing betwixt his Teeth , some loose , filthy and phlegmatick matter , immediately after his Coughing , which in some Cases is not an evil Sign ▪ by reason that thereby the Cold rotteth and goeth away ; Whereas on the contrary side , for a Horse to Cough clear and dry , doth demonstrate a dry Cough , which hath long time lurked in his Body , which is difficult to Cure , which will so discover it self at last , that his Belly will shrink up , and when he drinketh Water will come forth of his Nose , and his Eyes will be either watery or mattery , and run continually , through pain he hath in his Head , procured by means of his Cold , and his Hair will be rough and staring , &c. If from the Third , which is Surfeit , then the Signes of his Sickness are these , A dulness of the Head , Eyes and Countenance , and that so violent , that he will not be able to lift up his Head from the Manager ; A dull and dead Eye , and sunk into his Head , his Ears prickt upright , and the Tops of them cold , as also his upper Lips and his Sheath , his Pace reeling and staggering , and if he be too far gone he will be Mad , which you may know by his biting the Rack and Manger , or any Body that shall come nigh him ; and sometimes biting of himself , and beating his Head against the wall , &c. But if the Malady be not got into the Brain , then you shall find by the yellowness of his Eyes , Lips and Tongue , that it is turned to the Yellows , which will so infect his Blood all over , that if not prevented suddenly he will soon come to the Dogs . Accidental . The sourth and last Ground of his Sickness is , if it proceed from Accidental means , the Signes then are a perplexed and troubled Body , sweating at the Roots of his Eares , Flanks , behind the Shoulders , against the Heart , sometimes trembling all over his Body , and sometimes glowing and burning in his Vital Parts , as in the Temples of his Head , against his Heart , on the inside of his fore-Legs , and on the inside of his hinder-Legs ; his Mouth will be dry and hot , his Tongue will be subject to be inflamed and furied , he will have a Loathing against meat ▪ and a great drought to thirst , and drink cold Water , and to keep his Mouth in the same when he hath done drinking . To Cure Sickness before it comes , and to prevent it when it comes . First , when you finde it come , to let him Blood , and for three Mornings together to give him the drink of Diapente , and keep him warm , and let him fast three houres after it , and then give him a Mash , and Hay after that . But in case Diapente is not to be had , then take Celand●ne half a handful , as well Roots as Leaves , well washed and picked , Wormwood and Rue of each half a handful , boil them in a Bottle of Ale or Beer to a quart , and strain it well , and put it into half a pound of sweet Butter , and two or three spoonfuls of Treacle , and give it him luke-warm . But secondly , to prevent it before it comes , is when you turn him to Grass , to let him Blood likewise , and to give him the next day the Drink of Diapente , and so to abate his Cloaths ( if he hath any ) to harden him before you turn him to Grass , to prevent his taking of Cold. The Drink of Diapente . Take of Gentian , of Aristolochia rotunda , of Bay-berries , of Myrrh , and of the Shavings of ●vory , of each a like quantity , and let them be Pounded severally , and finely Searced , and after weighed , so as the quantity may be just and even , not any one less or more then another , and after you have mixed them very well together , put them into a Gally-pot , close stopped , as that no Air get into it , and so keep it for your use . How to use it . If you Drench him for a Cold or Glanders , give it him in Muscadine , if for other Maladies , then in sweet Sack , and the quantity must be a Pint and an half . But if you cannot get either Sack or Muscadine , then give it in strong Ale or Beer ; the quantity of this Powder of Diapente must be two or three spoonfuls , unless to a small , sick and feeble Horse , then according to your own Judgement , as you shall think requisite . The word Diapente is as much as to say Composition of five Simples . The Vertues of Diapente . It is the most Sovereign thing which can be given to a Horse by way of Drench , to Cure him of very many Diseases . It is good against all infectious Maladies , as Feavers of what Nature soever , all sorts of Pesti●encies , or contagious Colds , Coughs wet or dry , Glanders , Surfeits , inflammations in the Blood or Liver , Frenzies , Yellows ; it purisieth , refineth and purgeth the Blood from all infection and Corruption ; it easeth the overflowing of the Gall , and the working of the Spleen ; In a word , it Cureth whatsoever Diseases the Body of an Horse may be inwardly inclined unto . The making of the true Diahexaple . Take the Roots of round Aristolochia , wash them small , scrape them , and make them as clear as may be , then take Juniper-berries unexcorticated , and Bay-berries excorticated ; take the purest and best drops of Myrrh , and the finest shavings of Ivory , of each an equal quantity , beat all but the Myrrh together , and Searce them fine . Lastly , beat the Myrrh and searce it also , then mix them altogether , press it hard into a Gally-pot , and keep it for your use . The Vertues of Diahexaple . This Powder or indeed Mithridate , is most Excellent and Sovereign against all manner of Poison , either inward or outward , it Cureth the biting of venomous Beasts , and helpeth short wind and pursiness . It Mundisieth , Clenseth , Suppleth , and maketh thin all gross Humors , it healeth all diseases of the Liver and Stomack , helps Digestion , and being given in a Pint of Sack , it Cureth all Colds ; it is good against Consumptions , breaks Phlegm , helps Staggers and all diseases of the Head. Gerrard . It Recovers Tiring and Weariedness , and takes away Cramps and Convulsions , dries up the Scurvey , breaks the Stone , opens all inward Obstructions , and helps the Yellows , the Gargil and the Dropsey . Diascordies . It Cures all Diseases of the Lungs , as Glanders and Rottenness , gives ease to all Gripings and windiness of the Belly , provoketh Urine , takes away Infection , and kills Wormes . A Drink to open an Horses Body , and to Clense it . Take a Quart of New Milk , Sallet-Oyl , Honey , of each half a Pint , an Ounce of London . Treacle , and the Yolks of six Eggs , beat altogether , then put to it Licoras , Sugar-Candy , Anniseeds , ( all in Powder ) of each an Ounce , and infuse altogether , and so give it him , ride him after it , set him up warm , and let him fast two houres or more . How to make Diatessaron , Mithridates or Horse-Treacle . Take of the Powder of Diapente , two Ounces , and put it into a clean Stone-Mortar , and put thereto clarified or Life-Honey the like quantity ; Let the Mortar be hot before you put them in , then with a Pestle of Wood work it till it come to a Treacle , then take it forth , and keep it in a Gally-pot close stopped for your use . How to use it . Take half an Ounce of this Confection , and dissolve it in a Pint and an half of Muscadine , or sweet Sack , and give it him Blood-warm , and as you see occasion , you may add to it of London-Treacle an Ounce . The Vertues of it . It is good for all Poisons and infectious Diseases , and drives sorth all manner of Sickness from the Heart , and is good for all sorts of Feavers , and all other desperate and dangerous Sickness , taking first Blood from him if there be cause . How to make the Electuary of Diatessaron . Take Gentian , Bay-berries , Aristolochia rotunda , or Birth-wort , of each two Ounces , all beaten to very fine powder ; Put them into a Stone-Mortar , ( as you did the other ) with two pounds of clarified Honey , and work them together till they come to a Treacle , and when you have done , put it up into a Gally-pot , and keep it for your use close stopped , use it as you do the other . The Vertues of it . It resists Pestilence and Poison , and Cures the Biting of any venomous Beast ; It is good for the Falling Sickness , Convulsions , and all cold Distempers of the Brain ; As also for Colds and Coughs wet or dry , Surfeits , Glaunders , Inflammation of the Blood and Liver , Yellows , and many other Diseases which a Horses Body is inclineable unto . A Drink given when you neither have Diahexaple , Diapente or Diatessaron . Take of Tarr two Ounces , of Honey an Ounce , black Soap two drams , and bay Salt a handful , incorporate them well together , then take two Egg-shells , the Crowns only being broken , so as you may get forth the Meat , and fill them full with this Medicine , and put them down his Throat , and walk or ride him gently up and down a quarter of an hour or more , warm Cloathed ; that done , set him up warm , and Litter him well , and let his Drink be either Mashes or white Water for four or five days after , and let him fast three houres after his Medicine , and let his Hay and Provender be sweet and good . Signes of all Sickness in General . If you find in your Horse heaviness of Countenance , extream Loosness , or extream Costiveness , shortness of Breath , Loathing of Meat , dull and imperfect Eyes , rotten or dry Cough , staring Hair , or Hair unnaturally discoloured , a staggering Pace , frantick Behaviour , yellowness of the Eyes , of Skin , faint or cold Sweat , extraordinary lying down , or beating or looking back at his Body , alteration of qualities or gestures , not casting of the Coat , Leanness , H●de-bound and the like . All these are apparent Signes of distemperature and Sickness . The Diseases of a Horse is Known by the Signes he makes . If he be slower in Pace then he use to be , if his Eares hang down more then they are wont , if his Flank be more then usually hollow , if he burn between his Eares , or about his Pasterns , if in Travel his Stomach fail him , or his Mouth , that in his Labour do use to foam , become dry , all these are Signes of Sickness . By Hanging of his Head. If he hang down his Head , which was wont to be of a chearful Countenance , it is a Sign of a Feaver , Head-ach , the Staggers or ●ore Eyes . By the Turning of his Head backwards . If he turn his Head backward to the place grieved , if it be to the right side , it is a Sign of Obstructions in the Liver , but if he turn it down to his Belly , it is a sign either of the Cholick , Bots or Worms . By Water Running from his Mouth . When Water runs from his Mouth , it is either a Sign of the Staggers or wet Cough . By his stinking Breath or stinking Matter from his Nostrils . If his Breath stinks , or foul Matter issues from his Nostrils , it is a sign of an Ulcer in the Nose or Head ; but if the Matter be white , then it is a sign of Glanders : If the Matter be black , then it is a sign of the Mourning of the Chine , if there be any such disease . But if it be yellow , then it is the Consumption of the Liver : but if he cast little Lumps out of his Mouth , then it shews Consumption and Rottenness of the Lungs . By his Breath and Body being hot . If his Body and Breath be hot , it is a Sign of a Feaver and Heat of the Stomach , if therewithal he forsake his Meat , it is a Sign of the Inflammation of the Liver , and either of dry or moist Yellows . By his hollow Temples . If his Temples be very hollow , it is a Sign of the Strangle or old Age. By shortness of Breath . Shortness of Breath , and beating of the Flank , is a sign either of a Feaver or the Strangle , but if the Passage of the Throat be stopped , it is a Sign the Film of the Lungs are broken , and the Spleen troubled , or else broken-Winded . By the Swelling about the Eares . If there be any thing Swelling about the Eares , it is a Sign of the Pole-evil : Swelling under the Eares is a sign of the Vives ; and Swelling in the Mouth , is a sign either of a Canker , Flaps or La●pas . By the Swelling under the Throat . Swelling under the Throat is a sign of the Glanders , and Swelling about the Tongue-Roots , a sign of the Strangle : but if there be about the Tongue-Roots nothing but little small Knots , like Wax-kernels , then it is a sign but of a Cold only . By his Swelling about hi● Body . Swelling on the left Side , is a Sign of a Sick Spleen ; Swelling in the Belly and Legs , a Sign of the Dropsey ; and Swelling in the Flank , of Cholick only . By his offering to Cough . To Couch , or to offer to Cough , it is a Sign either of the Glanders , or of a wet or dry Cough , of a Consumption or Foundring of the Body . By his Staggering . Staggering is a Sign either of a Feaver , of the Staggers , or of swaying in the Neck : but if he stagger or roul behind only , then is it a Sign either of Foundring of the Body , or of pain in the Kidneys . By the Hollowness of his Back . The Hollowness of a Horses Back is a Sign of a dry Malady , or the Dropsey . By his Trembling . Trembling is a Sign of a Feaver , or Foundring in the Body : and here is to be Noted , that if he trembleth after he hath drunk , he hath during the time of his Trembling a Fit of an Ague upon him , and after he hath done Trembling he will glow , and some Horses after their Burning will Sweat also . By the Staring of his Hair. Hair staring is a sign either of a Cold Stomach , or of Foundring in the Body , but generally o● a Cold , or want of Cloaths . By his Staling with Pain . If he Stale with Pain , it is a Sign either of Foundering in the Body , the Wind-cholick or the Stone ; and if the Urine which comes from him be yellow , it is a Sign of the Glanders ; but if it be blackish and thick , it is a Sign of the Pain in the Kidneys . By his Leanness and Gauntness . Leanness and Gauntness is a Sign of Hide-bound , or of the Consumption , of the dry Malady , of Foundring in the Body , Inflammation of the Liver , the Yellows , Cholick or Wormes . By his Loosness of Body . Laxativeness or Loosness of Body is a Sign of a hot Liver . By his Costiveness . Costiveness in the Body is a Sign of dry Yellows , or Diseases of the Gall. By his stinking Dung. If his Dung stink , it is a sign of a hot Liver : if it have no smell , then of a cold Liver ; but if it be undigested , then either of a Consumption , or of a dry Malady . By his Lying . If he desire to lie much on his left Side , then is he troubled with the Spleen , if on the right , then it is a Sign of Heat of Liver ; and if finding no rest , it may be Bots , Wormes , Cholick , or Griping in the Belly ; if when he is down he spreads himself abroad , it shews the Dropsey ; if he groan when he is down , it shews either a sick Spleen , moist Yellows , Cholick , Bots or Film broken , if he be not able to rise when he is down , then either mortal Weakness , Foundering in the Body or Legs . By his striking at his Belly . If he strike with his Foot at his Belly , it is a Sign of the Cholick : but if when he striketh , he Fisk with his Tail also , then it is either Bots or rough Wormes . By his being Scabby . If he be Scabby and Ulcerous all over his Body , and about his Neck , it is a Sign of the Mange ; if it be an Ulcer full of Knots , creeping about the Veins , it is the Farcy : if spreading abroad only in one place , it is a ●●nker : if the Ulcer be hollow and crooked , it is a Fistula ; but if it be a spungy Wart , full of blood , it is then an Anbury . By his Tongue . If his Tongue hang out and is Swoln , it is a Sign of the Strangle . By his eating and d inking much . If he eat much and drink little , it is a Sign of a Cold Liver ; but if he desire to drink much and eat little , it is either a Sign of a Feaver , rotten Lungs , Heat in the Stomach , Heat in the Liver , or the dry Yellows . By his Dung. It is necessary to observe his Dung , for it is the best Tell-troth of his inward Parts ; and you must not judge it by a General Opinion , but by a private discourse with your self how he hath been fed , because Food is the only thing that breeds alterations , — as thus — If he feed altogether upon Grass , his Dung hath one Complexion , as green ; if upon Hay , then another , as a little more dark . If upon little Provender , then inclining to yellow . But to avoid both curiosity and doubt , observe well the Complexion of his Dung , when he is in best Health , and the best feeding , and as you finde it alter , so judge either of his Health or Sickness , as thus — If his Dung be clear , crisp , and of a pale yellowish Complexion , hanging together without separation , more then as the weight breaks it in falling , being neither so thin nor so thick , but it will a little flat on the Ground ; and indeed , both in Savour and Substance , resembling a sound Mans Ordure , then is he clean , well fed , and without Imperfection . If it be well Coloured , yet fall from him in round Knots or Pellets , so it be but the first and second Dung , the rest good , as aforesaid , it matters not , for it only shews he did eat Hay lately , and that will ever come away first . But if all his Dung be alike , then it is a Sign of foul feeding , and he hath either too much Hay , or eats too much Litter , and too little Corn. If his Dung be in round Pellets , and blackish , or brown , it shews inward Heat in the Body . If it be Greasie , it shews foulness , and that Grease is Molten , but cannot come away . If he void Grease in gross Substance with his Dung , if it be white and clear then it comes away kindly , and there is no danger : but if it be yellow or putrified , then the Grease has long layn in his Body , and Sickness will follow , if not prevented . If his Dung be red and hard , then he hath had too strong Heats , and Costiveness will follow , if not prevented ; if it be pale and loose , it shews inward coldness of Body , or too much moist and corrupt feeding . Signes from the Vrine . Though the Urine be not altogether so Material as the Dung , yet it hath some true Faces , as thus — Pale Colour . That Urine that is of a pale yellowish Colour , rather thick then thin , of a strong smell and piercing condition , is an healthful , sound and good Urine ; but if it be of an high , red Complexion , either like Blood , or inclining to Blood , then hath he had either two sore Heats , been over-ridden , or ridden too early after Winter-Grass . High Complexion . If the Urine be of an high Complexion , clear and transparent , like old March Beer , then he is inflamed in his Body , and hath taken some Surfeit . White like Cream . If it carry a white Cream on the top , it shews a weak Back or Consumption of the Seed . Green. A green Urine shews Consumption of the Body . Bloody streaks . A Urine with bloody Streaks shews an Ulcer in the Kidneys , and a black , thick , cloudy Urine shews Death and Mortality . Of Sickness in general . Whensoever upon any occasion , you shall find your Horse droop in Countenance , to rorsake his Meat , or to shew any other apparent sign of Sickness , if they be not great , you may forbear to let Blood , because where the Blood is spent , the Spirits are spent also , and they are not easily recovered . But if the Signes be great and dangerous , then by all means let Blood instantly , and for three Mornings together , ( the Horse being Fasting ) give him half an Ounce of the Powder ( called by me ) Diahexaple , and by the I●alians , R●gina Medicinae , the Queen of Medicines , brewed either in a Pint of Muska●i●● or 〈◊〉 or a Pint of the Syrup of Sugar , being two degrees above the ordinary Molosses , or for want thereof Molosses will serve the turn , and where all are wanting , you may take either a Pint of Dragon-water , or a quart of the sweetest and strongest Al●wort , or in extremity , take a quart of strong Ale or Beer , but then warm it a little before the Fire . This must be given with an Horn , and if he hath Ability of Body , ride him in some warm place after , and let him fast near two houres after the Riding . At Noon give him a sweet Mash , Cleath very warm , and let him touch no cold water . The making of the Diahexaple you may finde in the Table . General Observations in the Physi king Horses . Know then first , that whensoever you give your Horse any inward Portion or Glister , give it him no more then Milk-warm , for there is nothing more Mortal to a Horse then the Scalding of his Stomach , for a Horse of all living Creatures , can worse endure to receive inwardly hot things : Besides , let his Drinks and inward Medicines be given him easily and gently , le●t in making too much haste you suffocate him , which if it do , you must then let his Head loose , and walk him up and down till the Passion be past . Now for the Administring of Pills , ●alls , and such like Medicines , little Advice is required , if they be not made too great , only if you take forth his Tongue first , and then put them up into his Mouth upon the end of a stick , then let go his Tongue again , which when he draws it into his Mouth , he must needs force the ●alls down his Throat . You are to Administer your Physick ●ermore fasting , unless upon urgent occasion , ( as in case of sudden and dangerous Sickness ) and the longer he be kept Fasting from Meat and Drink , as well before he taketh as Physick as after , it will be the better , for by that means his Medicine will work the more kindly in his Body ; for he ought to be kept from eating and drinking , at least three houres before and after . Purging Balls how made and given . Take an ounce , or an ounce and a half of Aloes Succotrina , more or less , ( according to the strength and Constitution of your Horse ) powder it very well , and mix it with a little fresh Butter ; Then divide it into three equal parts , and cover them all over with fresh Butter , to prevent the bitter taste of the Aloes : Make them about the bigness of a large Wall-nut , shaped thick in the middle , and sharp at both ends , and given him in the Morning fasting . If you think them not stiff enough with Butter alone , you may mix some Bran with it , and then they will be as stiff as Dough or Paste . What Exercise is meet with Physick . A little moderate Exercise is very necessary , whereby his Physick may work the better , and the sooner , as to Trot him easily about , or to walk him up and down under the Wind in the warm Sun about a quarter of an hour . Then bring him into the Stable , and Cloath him up warm , and Litter him well , and let his keeper be with him three or four houres , observing his Postures , and as occasion may require , to help him with all things necessary for his use . No Creature hath a moister Body then a Horse . Of Mixing your Simples . If your Horses Sickness be a Feaver , to mix always your Simples with warm Water , with Honey , or with Oyl ; but if the Disease be Coughs , Rhenms , or any thing that proceedeth of cold Causes , then mix them with good Ale or Wine , but if he be brought low with Sickness , then mix them with Milk and Eggs. Observations upon Raking a Horse . Observe whensoever you Rake your Horse with your Hand , ( which is to draw his Ordure out of his Fundament , when he cannot dung , that you anoint your Hand with Sallet Oyl , or Butter , or Hogs-grease : the like you must ever do when you put up any Suppository ; but when you Administer any Glister , you shall then but anoint the Glister-Pipe . Observations upon Blood ▪ letting . Observe in Blood-letting , that you take not so much Blood from a Colt as an old Horse , and but the fourth part from a yearling ●oal , you must likewise have regard to his Age and strength , taking more or less , according to his Ability of his Body . Lastly , letting of Blood is either to divert Sickness and preserve Health , or to refresh and cool the Spirits , or to diminish Blood , or to p●rge Grease and bad Humours . Before you let him blood , moderately cha●e or exercise him , and let him rest a day before his blood-letting , and three days after , not forgetting that April and October are the two principal Seasons for that purpose , unless urgent occasion requires . He will bleed the better if you let him drink before you blood him , conditionally you do not heat him . When he is bleeding , put your Finger into his Mouth , and tickle him in the Roof thereof , making him chaw and move his Chaps , and that will force it to spin forth , which when he hath bled enough , according to your Discretion , rub the Horses Body all over therewith , but ●especially the Place where he is blooded on , for the Ancient Farriers hold that it is endued with a certain natural Vertue to comfort the weak and feeble Members of a Horse , and to dry up all evil Humours . And Tie him up to the Rack for an hour or two , lest he bleed afresh , for that will turn his Blood. Signes to know when he wanteth Bleeding . If he stand in need of Bleeding , his Eyes will look Red , and his Veins will swell more then ordinary ; also he will have a certain Itch about his Mane and Tail , and still be continually rubbing them , and sometimes will shed some of his Hair also , he will now and then pill about the Roots of his Eares , or in those places where the Head-stall of the Bridle lies ; His Urine will be red and high-Coloured , and his Dung will be black and hard ; Also if he hath red Inflammations , or little Bubbles on his Back , or doth not digest his Meat well , or if the Whites of his Eyes be yellow , or the inside of his Lips , either upper or nether ; Many other Signes there are of Bleeding , but let these suffice , &c. Of Outward Sorrances what they are , and of General Observations in the Cure of them . Outward Sorrances , according to my meaning in this place , are taken two manner of Ways , that is to say , either it is an evil state and composition of the Body , which is to be discerned , either by the Shape , Number , Quality or sight of the Member , evil affected and difeased : or else it is the Loosning and Division of any Unity , which as it may chance diversly , so it hath divers Names accordingly . For if such a Division or Loosing be in the Bone , then it is called a Fracture ; if it be in any Fleshy part , then it is called a Wound or an Ulcer ; if it be in the Veins , then a Rupture ; if in the Sinews , then a Convulsion or Cramp ; and if it be in the Skin , then it is called an Excortication : And of all these severally I intend to treat of in the Chapters following . Now for as much as in this General Art of Chyrurgery , or Sorrance , there are certain General Observations or Caveats to be held inviolate , I will before I proceed any further , give you a little taste thereof . Burning . First , You shall therefore understand , that it is the duty of every good Farrier , never to burn or Cauterize with hot Iron , or with Oyl , or to make any Incision with Knife , where there be either Veins , Sinews or Joynts , but either somewhat lower , or somewhat higher . Corrasives . It. You shall never apply to any Joynt or Sinewy part , either Resalgar , Arsnick , Mercury , Sublimate , nor any such violent Corrasive . Cauterizing . It. It is ever better to Lance with a hot Iron then a Cold , that is , it is better to Cauterize then to Incise . Blood. It. Blood doth ever produce white and thick Matter , Choler a waterish and thin Matter , but not much , Salt Phlegm great abundance of Matter , and Melancholy many dry Scabs . Bleeding . It. You must never let Blood , except it be either to divert Sickness , and preserve Health , or to refresh and cool the Blood , or else to diminish Blood , or to purge bad Humors . It. When you let Blood , take but the fourth part from a Colt , which you take from a grown Horse . Swellings . It. In all Imposthumes and swelling Sores , called Tumors , you must observe the beginning of the Grief , the increase of the Grief , the perfection and state of the Grief ; And lastly , the declination and ending of the Grief . It. In the beginning of every such swelling Impostumes , ( if you cannot quite destroy them ) use Repercussive Medicines , if they be not near some principal part of the Body ; but then not for fear of endangering Life , and in Augmentation ; use mollifying Medicines , and suppling to Ripen them , and when they are Ripe , Lance them , and let out the Corruption , or dry them up , and in the declination of them , use cleansing and healing Medicines . Hard and soft Swellings . It. All Swellings are either hard or soft , the hard will commonly corrode , the soft will continue long . It. If you thrust your Finger upon any Swelling upon a Horses Legs , then if it presently rise again and fill , then is the Hurt new and recoverable , but if the Dent do remain and continue still behind , then is it an old Hurt , and cometh of cold Humours , and asks great Art In healing . Sores . When Sores begin to Matter , then they heal , but if the Putrefaction be great , then beware they rot not inwardly . Cauterizing . All Cauterizing or Burning , with hot Irons , straineth things enlarged , drieth up what is too much moistned , dissolveth things gathered together or hardened , draweth back things which are dispersed , and helpeth old Griefs ; for it repineth , dissolveth , and maketh them to run and issue forth Matter , as you may finde more at large hereafter . Burning . It. You must sometimes burn under the Sore , to divert Humours , and sometimes above , to defend and withhold Humours . It. It is ever better to burn with Copper then with Iron , because Iron is of a malignant Nature , Steel is of an indifferent Vertue betwixt both . Actual and Potential Burning , what it is . It. All Actual Burnings is to burn with Instruments , and Potential Burning is to burn with Medicines , as are Causticks and Corrasives . Of blowing Powder into a Horses Eyes . It. If you blow Powder into a Horses Eyes often , it will make him blind . Of taking up of V●ins . It. By no means take up any Veins in the fore-Legs , unless great extremity compel you : for there is nothing will sooner make a Horse stiff and Lame . Many other Observations there are , which because they are not so general as these be , I think it meet to omit . Five things a Parrier ought Principally to know . 1. First , what Diseases a Horse is inclineable to . 2. Secondly , What be the Causes of every disease in particular . 3. Thirdly , How , and by what ways and means these Diseases do accrew . 4. Fourthly , The Signes how to distinguish and know them . 5. And Lastly , the means and manner how to Cure them . Of Glisters and their Vses . The Nature and Property of Glisters are divers , therefore every Farrier ought to know to what end they serve , and which hath Drugs or Simples , they ought to be compounded , for every Glister is to be made according to the Disease . Now some are to ease Griefs , and to allay the sharpness of the Humours , some to Bind , some to Loosen , and some to purge , and some to heal Ulcers . These Glisters by cleansing the Guts , refresh the Vital Parts , and prepare the Body , ( if the Body be not at that time Soluble ) to make the Purgation work the better , which if you give your Medicine without giving a Glister before it , you may stir up and provoke the peccant Humours , which by reason they cannot finde present way sorth , being hindred by Oppilations in the Guts , through Costiveness and Ventosity , and other Impediments , do attempt to make their Passage a contrary way , which cannot be done but with great hazard to the life of the poor Beast . Now for the Composition of Glisters , you shall understand that they be made of four things , that is , of Decoctions , of Drugs , of Oyl , of such like Unctuous Matter , as Butter , or soft Grease , and fourthly , of divers Salts to provoke the Vertue expulsive . A Decoction is a Broth made of certain Herbs , as Mallowes , Marsh-Mallowes , Pell●ory , Camomile , and sometimes of white Lilly Ro●ts , and other such like things , which we do boil in Water to a third part , and sometimes we use in stead of Herbs and Water , to take the Fat of Beef-broth , of a Sheeps-Head , Milk , Whey , and some such kind of Liquor , mingled sometimes either with Honey or Sugar , according to the quality of the disease ; the Glister being either Lenitive , that is to say , casing of Pain ; or Glutinative , which is , joyning of things together ; or else Abstersive , which is wiping away or cleansing of ●ilthy Matter . You ought to Administer according to the Age , Strength , Greatness and Corpulency of the Horse ; for if he be a Horse of a strong and able Body , of large growth and stature , fat and lusty , we use to put into the Glister of the Decoction three Pints ; but if he be of a small growth , weak , sick , feeble or lean , then we do put in a quart of the same at most . Of Oyl we use to put in half a Pint , of Salt two or three drams at most , and sometimes we put Verjuice , sometimes Honey , as we finde cause ; Drugs we use , are Sene , Cassia , Agari●k , Anniseeds , Oyl of Dill , Oyl of Camomile , Oyl of Violets , Sugar-Candy , &c. You ought not to exceed the quantity of three Ounces in one Glister at the most , neither must you exceed of Butter four Ounces , and let it not be above luke-warm when you give it him , let him be somewhat empty , and let him be Raked before you Administer it , give it him in a Glister-Pipe made for that purpose . Which ought to be twelve Inches in the Shank , which must be put home ; and having the Confection within the Bladder , wring it with a very good strength into his Body , then draw out the Pipe by degrees cut of his Body , and not all at once , and clap his Tail close to his Tuel , and so hold it with your Hand close about half an hour at the least , to the end it may work in his Belly the better . A Glister for a Horse that is very Costive of Body , and cannot Dung. Take the Fat of Beef-broth a Pint and an half , of English Honey half a Pint , adding thereto of white Salt two drams , mix them well together , and Administer it Blood-warm , and clap his Tail close to his Tuel , and there hold it for half an hour at least , and if then it will not work as I am confident it will , let him Trot about easily about half an hour , and set him up warm Cloathed and Littered , and let him stand upon his Trench four or five houres , during which time he will purge kindly , then unbit him and give him sweet Hay , and an hour after he hath eaten give him a Mash of Malt , and an hour after that , white Water , and let him drink no cold Water in a day or two after . The Vertues of it . The Nature of this Glister is , to open and loosen the Body , to bring away with it all offensive Humours , to remove Obstructions ingendred in the Body by means of excessive Heat ; it cleanseth the Guts , and slicketh away all slimy Substance which is residing in the Guts . The Horse that received this Glister was a small Seotch Nag , and was grown weak and poor , and low of his Flesh , but if he had been a great , large , fat , healthy or Corpulent Horse , you might have made it stronger . Another Laxative Glister . Take the Decoction of Mallowes , and mix therewith fresh Butter four Ounces , or Sallet-Oyl half a Pint , and so luke-warm Administer it , and order him as you did before . The Nature of it . This is of all the Glisters the most gentle , and is very Lenitive and a great Easer of pain , it is good for a Horse that is taken with any Contraction or Convulsion , and generally for any Costiveness in a Horse whatsoever , proceeding from any Surfeits or Sickness . Another Glister Laxative . Take Pellitory two Handfuls , or for want thereof , Melilot two Handfuls , or if you cannot get any of them , then two Handfuls of Camomile , but Pellitory is the best , boyl it to a Decoction , and add to it of Verjuice and Salter-Oyl , of each half a Pint , of Honey four Ounces , of Cassia two Ounces , mix altogether , and apply it Blood-warm Glister-wise . The Vertues of it . It will open the Body and Guts of the Horse very well , it will take from him all noxious and offensive Humours ; it will carry away all spungy Matter ; it will allay the sharpness of Humours ; it will cleanse old Vlcers ; it will refresh and comfort the Vital Parts . But if you find you have given him too great a quantity , so that he Purgeth or Scoureth too much , then you may give him this Glister Restringent . A Restringent Glister . Take the aforesaid Decoction one Pint , and as much of Cows Milk ( as it cometh warm from her ) and put to it the Yolks of three New laid Eggs , well beaten and mixed with the said Liquor , and give it him Blood-warm . This is only to be applied to a Horse that is very Laxative , or that doth empty himself too much . A Glister for a fat Horse that cannot be kept clean . Take Mallowes three Handfuls , Marsh-mallow Roots cleansed and bruised , and Violet leaves , of each two Handfuls , Flax-seed three spoonfuls , as many of the Cloves of white Lilly Roots as you can hold in your hand : Boyl all these in fair water from a Gallon to a quart , and strain it , and put thereto of Sene one Ounce , which must be infused or steeped in the Liquor three houres , standing upon the hot Embers , then put to it of Sallet Oyl , half a Pint , and being Blood-warm Administer it . A Glister in Case of desperate Sickness . Take of the Oyl of Dill , Oyl of Camomile , Oyl of Violets , of Cassia , of each half an Ounce , and of brown Sugar-Candy in powder , three Ounces , then take half a Handful of Mallow-leaves , boyl them to a Decoction in fair Water , then strain it , and put to it all the fore-named Ingredients , and Administer it Blood-warm . This helpeth all Feavers , it is good against the Pestilence , and all Languishing Diseases , most excellent against Surfeits , either by Provender or otherwise , and it will occasion great strength in a short time , if it be rightly made , and carefully given . A Glister for the Pestilence and all Feavers . Take the Pulpe of Colloquintida , half an Ounce ( I mean the Seeds and Skin taken away ) of Dragantium three quarters of an Ounce , of Centaury and of Wormwood , of each half a Handful , of Castoreum a quarter of an Ounce , boyl all these in three quarts of water to a quart , then strain it , and dissolve into the Broth , of Gerologundinum three Ounces , and of white Salt three Drams , of Sallet-Oyl half a Pint , and Blood-warm Administer it . A Glister for the Cholick . Take Salt water , or new made Brine two Pints , dissolve therein a pretty quantity of Sope , and so Blood-warm Administer it . Vertues . This is very good for the Cholick , or any Sickness or Griping in the Guts or Belly . And let this suffice for Glisters . Advice given upon giving Glisters . 1. Before you Administer any Glister , be sure to Rake him . 2. When you put in the Glister-Pipe , apoint it first with Butter or Sallet-Oyl , and that you put it in and out gently , and by degrees , you must anoint likewise the Hand and Arm. 3. Let him keep it above half an hour , by holding his Tuel close to his Fundament . 4. That you do Administer it but Blood-warm . 5. That you squeeze and press between your Hands the Bladder strongly . 6. And lastly , that you let him not drink any cold water in a day or two after , but let it either be a sweet Mash , or else white Water . What things are put into a Laxative Glister . Pellitory , Melil●●e , Camomile , ( but Pellutory is the best , ) and of this would I make a Decoction , and to this Decoction would I put Sallet-Oyl , Honey , Aloes and Verjuice of the Crab , Brank-urfine , Mallows or Marsh-Mallows , Fennel Roots , Parsley Roots , Jack by the Hedge . The Nature of the Principal Drugs . Agarick purgeth the Brain , Alloes the Breast and Body , Rhubarb purgeth the evil water , and it openeth the Liver , and helpeth Obstructions and Opilations , Aristolochia rotunda mollifieth the Breast , Liver and Lungs , and Ba●●●aury or Bay-berries do mortisie the peccant humours which do engender in the Breast or Entrails , near about the Heart ; and Saffron ( if it be discreetly given ) doth marvellously comfort and enlighten the Heart . What the true Nature of Rubarb it . Rubarb hath two contrary Natures , for if you either scrape , grate or cut it , then it is a Loosner , for it dissolveth and openeth the Liver , and expelleth the Obstructions thereof ; it expulseth all bad Humours in and about the Heart , Liver and Spleen ; it cleanseth the Body , and sendeth away the peccant Humours among the Excrements , and all such things as may annoy or offend the Entrails . But if you shall pound or beat it in a Mortar , or otherwise , the spirit whereof being a subtil Body , will Transire and flie away , whereby the Operation thereof will be to bind , and be no way profitable . The Nature of a Suppository . The Nature of Suppositories are to help a Horse that cannot well empty himself , for a Suppository causeth him to discharge himself of many superfluous and evil Humours , which do disturb , annoy and distemper his Bod● with their peccant qualities and conditions , for they breed bad 〈◊〉 which oft-times good Diet cannot amend , and therefore must be sent away by Purgation , that is to say , by Suppository , or Glister , or Portion , A Suppository is but a Preparative to a Glister or Portion , and is of all other things the gentlest you can use ; it will Loosen the Guts , which may be bound and clogged with dry , hot and hard Excrements , which a Glister will not so well do . The first Suppository . Take a Candle of four or five in the pound , and cut off three Inches at the smaller end , and anoint the biggest part of it either with Sallet-Oyl or fresh Butter , and so put it into his Fundament , then with your Hand hold his Tail to his Tuel about half an hour , by which time the Suppository will be dissolved , then take his Back and Trot him up and down till he do begin to empty and purge himself , for by this means it will work the better and more kindly . This is she most gentle of all Suppositories that can be given . This dissolveth all hard , dry and hot Excrements , and sendeth them forth , and besides , it suppleth the Guts . Another , if you find him so weak , that you dare not without the peril of his life , administer unto him any Portion , or Purging Medicine , then give him this Suppository . The second Suppository . Take of Common Honey six Ounces , of Salt-Niter one Ounce and a half , of Wheat-Flower , and of Anniseeds in fine Powder , of each an Ounce , boyl all these to a stiff thickness , and so make it into Suppositories , then take one of them and anoint it all over with Sallet-Oyl , and your Hand also , and so put it up into his Fundament the length of your Hand , then Tie his Tail betwixt his Legs , by fastening it to his Girts , and let it remain so half an hour , then ride and order him as before . This is good in case of Surfeits or inward Sickness . Suppository the third . Take a piece of Castle-Sope , and paring it , bring it into the fashion of a Suppository ; and apply it , and order him as before is taught you . This is special good to purge Phlegm . Suppository the fourth . Take so much Saven as will suffice , and stamp it to a Mash , and stamp with it Stavesakar and Salt , of each two ounces ; boyl these in common Honey so much as will suffice , till it be thick , and so make it up into Suppositories , and administer one of them as you did before , and order him ●o likewise . This purgeth Choler . Suppository the Fifth . Take an angry red Onion , and Pill it , and Jag it Cross-ways with your Knife , and so administer it , and order him as before . This purgeth Melancholy . Suppository the Sixth . Take common Honey a pint , and boil it till it be thick , and make it up into Suppositories as it cooleth , and administer it , and order him as before prescribed . This purgeth ill Humours , it cooleth and comforteth the Body very much , and causeth a good Appetite to Meat . Observations to be observed in Giving of Suppositories , Glisters or Portions . First , you must do it in a Morning Fasting , unless Necessity urgeth the contrary . Secondly , you must not at those times suffer him to drink any cold water , no , not with exercise , but either sweet Mashes , or white water . Thirdly , It is very needful , that before you administer either of them , to Rake him . And Fourthly , That he be after kept warm . Of Purgations and their Uses . Purgation is an emptying and voiding of superfluous Humours , which do cumber , pester and disturb the Body with their peccant condition ; which ill Humours do breed bad Nutriment , which when it will not be concocted and amended , either by fair means or by the help of Nature , then it must be compelled , forced and driven away by Purgation , Vomit , Glister or Suppository ; but to speak only of Purgations , Purging of Horses are either by Pills , or Portions ; Pills are any solid or substantial stuff fixed together in one Body , and being made into round Balls are cast down the Horses Throat . A Portion is when you give him any liquid purging Matter to drink , whether it be Purging Powders dissolved in Wine or Ale ; or that if it be any other liquid stuff . Now Pills purge and make clean the Head and Brain , bringing Phlegm and other gross Humours down into the Excrements . And Potions cleanse the Stomach , Guts , and every other inward Member , VVhat a skilful Farrier ought to know before he goes about to Purge a Horse , he ought to consider the Nature of the Simples . Now the Art of the true Farrier is in choosing of the Simples , whereof these Pills or Portions are to be compounded , and in skilfully applying the same . First , then he ought to know what ill Humours he is opprest with , as whether it proceed from Choler , Phlegm and Melancholy , and where they do most abound , and then what Simples are best to purge those Humours , and with what quality or temperament they are indued , for some Simples are most violent and next Cousins to strong Poisons , as Scamony or Colloquintida : some again are gentle , as Manna , Cassia , Whey , Prunes , and such like ; and some are neither too violent nor too gentle , but of a Mean , as Rubarh , Agarick , Sene and Aloes . The Nature of the Disease , the Strength of the Horse , and the Climate he was bred in . You ought to consider the Nature of the Disease , the Strength of the Horse , and with them joyn the Nature , Strength and Quantity of the Medicine , he must consider likewise the Climate wherein he was bred ; And you are to make a difference between delicate and tender Horses , and strong and sturdy Horses , and in such Cases the quality and quantity is to be looked into of every Simple . The Climate likewise is to be respected , whether it be too hot or too cold , and you are not to administer as hot Simples in the Summer as in the Winter , nor so cold things in the Winter as in the Summer , you ought to have respect to the day , and to chuse that always that is most temperate , for too much Heat makes a Horse faint , and too much cold spoils the working of the Medicine . When he is to have his Portion . Give him his Portion in the Morning , after he hath fasted from Meat and Drink all the Night before . To Ride him after it . After he hath received his Portion , ride him gently after it , about an hour , and set him up , and let him stand on the Bit two houres after it , well Littered and Cloathed . If he be sick , let him lie down , but if that will do him no good , and that you finde him so sick that you fear his life , then give him a quart of warm Milk with a little Saffron in it , and he will do well , and give him no other Meat then a Math of Malt and white water to drink till his Medicine hath done working . How to make a Mash . Take half a Peck of Ground Malt and put it into a Pale , then put in as much scalding hot Water as will wet it very well , then stir it about half an hour , till tasting the Water you finde it as sweet as Honey , then being luke-warm give it to the Horse to drink . This Mash is only to be used after you have given him a Purge to make it work the better , or after hard labour , or instead of drink in the time of any great Sickness . Now to come to particular Receipts and Medicines themselves ; and though the Ancient Farriers do make but two kinds , that isto say , Pills and Purgations ; yet I divide them into three , that is to say , Scourings , Pills and Purgations . VVhat Scourings are . Scourings are those wholesom , Natural and gentle purging Medicines , which stirring up no great Flux of Humours , do only keep the Body clean from such Evils as would arise and grow , being every way as wholesom in Health as in Sickness , and may most properly be termed Preparatives , or Preparers of the Body to entertain more stronger Medicines . Scouring by Grass . To speak of the most gentle and natural Scouring , which is Grass , which you are to give but for fifteen days together , and no more , for after that it Fatteth , the best Scouring Grass is a new Mown Meadow , for that will Rake his Guts very well , nor will he in such a place gather Flesh ; but if you intend to Fat him , you are to take him out from thence , and put him into some other Pasture , where the Sithe hath not been . And this manner of Scouring will cause him to empty himself well of all his evil Hamours and Surseits , ease his Limbs marvellous well , do his Legs and Feet very much good , refine his corrupt Blood , and make him agile and full of Spirit . Next unto Grass is Sorrage , which is only the Blades of green Corn , as VVheat , Rye , Barley , and such like , being given him seven days and no more , which cleanseth and cooleth the Body very much , so doth the leaves of Sallows , and of the Elm-green Thistles , likewise being cut up and given him for about five days is a good Scourer . And the last of these gentle Scourings is the Mash of Malt as ascresaid ; but as you are prescribed there to make it of a quarter of a Peck of Malt , you are to take a larger here ( if you use it for a Scouring ) a Peck of Malt , and put to it a handful or more of beaten Hemp-seed . A Scouring to be given after a Sweat. Take half an Ounce of Rozin of Jallop in Powder , half an Ounce of Cream of Tartar powdred , and half an Ounce of Licorish in Powder , make these up into Balls with fresh Butter , about the bigness of a small Wall-nut , and give him four or five at a time , in a Horn-full of Beer , one after another . Scourings of a little stronger Nature are these . To Mix with his Oats a Handful or two of Hemp-seed , or to take a Handful of the Powder of dried Box-leaves , and as much of Brimstone , and mix it amongst his Provender . These are to be used after Labour when he hath Sweat much . They Purge the Head and Stomach . These two Scourings work upon no Matter but what Nature will excel , they purge the Head , Stomach and Intrails , they kill all kind of VVormes , and dry up Phlegm . Scourings of a stronger Nature . Take of Sallet-Oyl half a Pint , of New Milk from the Cow a Pint , brew it together , and give it him luke-warm , or else take a Pint of Muscadine , and half a Pint of Sallet-Oyl , and give it him to drink , or the same quantity of Oyl and sack mixt together , and give it him luke-warm . Their Vertues . These Scourings clense the Head , Body and Guts , from all Phlegm or Molten Grease , which any violent labour hath dissolved , they are exceeding good for any manner of Cold , or stopping of the Wind-pipes , and if you add to them good store of Sugar-Candy it will be the better . How to Order a Horse before you give him Physick . In Winter if his Body be purged , it must be prepared by Blood-letting with Artificial Diet ; you are to keep him a day or two without Hay , Straw , or such like hard Meats , which will hinder the Working of the Physick , and he must be kept for a time from all manner of Meat , because Emptiness is a great help to Physical Operation , otherwise it may happen to do more hurt then good . Two or three days before you purge him , let his Meat be either Wheat or Rye-Bran , prepared like as has been taught you , or else good Bread made on purpose with Beans , Pease , and some Rye in it . Or else good sweet Oats clean Sifted , and let his Drink be white Water only . And that Morning you intend to give him his Purge , let him be Fasting from either Meat or Drink . The easiest sort of Pills . The easiest Pills are these , either take twenty Cloves of Garlick clean pill'd and bruised , then a quarter of a pound of sweet Butter , and so roul up the Garlick in four or five Balls , as big as two Wall-Nuts a piece , and throw them down his Throat one after another ; or else take a quarter of a pound of Butter , and as much red Saunders , beat them very well together in a Mortar , and make them up in Balls , and give him them as you did the other ; or else take a handful of Rosemary-leaves chopped very small , and mix them with a quarter of a pound of Butter , and make it into round Balls as the other , and give them the Horse ; or else take five green Figs and put them down his Throat . The strongest sort of Pill . Take one pound of Lard laid in water two houres , and take nothing but two Ounces of the clean Fat thereof , and stamp it in a Mortar , and put thereto of Licorish , of Anniseeds , and of Fennegreek beaten to powder , of each one Ounce , of Alloes beaten into powder one Ounce , of Agarick half an Ounce , knead them altogether into Paste , and make three or four Balls of them , and give them the Horse . This Pill is not to be given but to a Horse of great Stature , and strong in Health of Body . Purg t●ns that are the strongest C●rs●rs . 1. Take Myrrh and mix it with a Pint of white-Wine and it will purge all Sickness that proceedeth of 〈◊〉 the Signs whereof his Belly will swell , be very hot , neither dang nor break Wind. Or 2. Take a Pint of Wine , and bea● a raw Egg therein , and add to it a quarter of an Ounce of 〈◊〉 and half an Ounce of Myrrh beaten to powder , and give it him luke-warm , and it will purge all inward Discases proceeding of 〈◊〉 Or 3. Two spoonfuls of the powder of Dia●ente given with half a Pint of Swines Grease , purgeth all Diseases proceeding of 〈◊〉 Or 4. Take as much black Sope as the bigness of a Wall-nut , a quart of new Milk , and a quarter of a Pint of Sallet-Oyl , and give it him luke-warm , and it purgeth all cold Infirmiteis , but it will make him exceeding Sick. Or 5. Take the Guts of a Tench or Barbel cut into small pieces , and give it him in a quart of white-Wine , and it will purge him from all Costiveness and pain in the Guts . Or 6. Rye being boiled so that it burst not , and dried again , and given him in stead of Provender , purgeth and killeth all manner of Wormes . Or 7. Take of Alocs Sacco●rina one ounce , two drams of Rozin of Jellop , Gentian , Aristolochia and Elecampane , of each a dram , mix them well in a quart of Ale , and two Ounces of Butter , with two Eggs whites , and all well beaten ; shake in the Aloes last , when it is a little warm , and give it him . Or 8. Take of Radish Roots one Ounce , of the Root called Panax , and Scamony , of each half an Ounce , beaten altogether , and boiled in a quart of Honey , and give him two spoon●nls of it to drink in a quart of Ale warm , and this will purge all gross Humours whatsoever . Or 9. Take Elecampane Roots boiled in Milk till they be soft , and add them to half a pint of Sallet-Oyl , and give it him luke-warm , and this will purge and cleanse any kind of Glaunders . Or 10. Take of sweet Sope a quarter of a pound , made up into Balls , and give them the Horse , and it will purge all Humours whatsoever , both viclently and most abundantly . Or 11. Take of white-Wine a pint , or for want of that , a quart of New Ale , so much of the powder 〈◊〉 of the best and choicest , as you may take up upon a shilling at four times , give it him warm . This will purge away his filth and ●lime , and carry away his peccant Humours which S●● feits hath ingendred . Or 12. Take an Ounce or better of the best Aloes , and after you have beaten it to very fine powder , then work it up with a little sweet Butter , and then divide it into three parts , and cover them all over with clear Butter , as big as a small wash-Ball , and give them in a Morning Fasting upon the point of a Stick , and give him a Horn-full of warm Beer after them , and Ride him after them , and set him up warm . Prob ●um est . Or 13. Take of the strongest Ale-wort one quart , of ordinary Honey a quarter of a Pint , of London-Trea●le two Ounces , mix and brew altogether well , and so give it him Blood-warm , and keep him upon the Trench warm Cloathed and well Littered six houres after , and let his Drink be white water or a sweet Mash : This both purgeth and comforteth , put into his Drink , either the powder of Brimstone , or of Fenegreek or Turmerick , or 〈◊〉 one or more together , according as he will be brought to like , which being well mixed , put into his Drink one spoonful at once . Or 14. Take of ordinary Honey , and mingle it with his Oats , which must be mixed by rubbing the Oats and Honey betwixt the Hands ; let him eat his Oates thus mingled till you finde him quite Cured ; which will be when he hath quite done Running at the Nose . This is one of the best and most certain Cordials that I know , for this disperseth all Phlegm and Choler ; it also purgeth the Head , Brain and Blood , it venteth evil Humours , it causeth good Digestion , and freeth him from Glaunders , Colds , Catarrhs , Rh●ums , running at the Note , and the like . Or 15. When you let Blood you may save it in a Bowl or Dish , keeping it stirring to keep it from Clotting , and give it him to drink in a Drenching-Horn , mingled with a Handful of Salt. This is good for a Cold. Or 16. Take an Ounce of Aloes Succotrina beaten to powder , and as much of the powder of Rozin of Jallop as will lie upon a six pence , mix them well with a little fresh Butter , then divide it into three parts , and cover each part all over again with Butter , about the bigness of a good handsom Wash-ball , and give them him in the Morning Fasting , with a drenching Horn-full of strong warm Beer after every Ball ; And order him as you have Directions for sick Horses . This is a very good Receipt to scour a Hide-bound Horse that is sick of Moulten Grease , and that does not thrive , nor Fill himself , nor carry a good Coat . Or 17. Take a handful of Groundsel , half a handful of dried ( or less of green ) Wormwood , and half a handful of Red Sage chopped very small , and boiled in three Pints of strong Beer or Ale ; Then strain the Beer from the Herbs , and put into it a good Piece of Butter , with as much of the powder of Mecho●●an as will lie upon a broad shilling , and give it him luke-warm in the Morning Fasting , and order him as you do sick Horses . This Drink purgeth slime and Moulten Grease in Lumps , and makes a Horse thrive very well both in Winter and Summer . See the second Part for Purgations , for anothor of this kind . Bran , how Boiled and Prepared to give a Horse that hath a Cold ; As also what Seeds you are to give him amongst his Provender for the Cure of it . Set a Kettle over the Fire almost full of water , and when it is ready to boil put in your Bran , and let it boil about a quarter of an hour ; Then take it off and cover it with a Cloth or Board , let it stand till it cool a little , and give it him early in the Morning as hot as he can conveniently eat it ; At Night let his Meat be Oates and white Water , but be sure you put into his Provender the quantity of an Egg-shell full of these Powders grossly beaten ( lest he blow them away ) viz. Linseed , Cummin-seed , Nutmegs , Ginger , Cloves , Fennegreek , Sileris-Montani , of each of these two Ounces , and of Brimstone six Ounces ; but before you give him his Oates and Powders , give him white Water , and Rub him and Litter him well ; Let him seed on Wheat-straw about an hour before you give him his Oates , and afterwards give him some Hay . This way of Feeding about eight or nine days together , will quite free him from his Cold , if it be not too violent . Horse-Spice how to make . These several Powders mixed together make it , viz. Rubarb one Ounce , Turmerick two Ounces , Eleoampane six Ounces , Brimstone four Ounces , Fennel-seeds four Ounces , Grains of Paradise four Ounces , &c. Put all these together in a Glass or Gally-pot , and keep them till you have occasion to use them . The quantity that you are to give your Horse , is either greater or smaller , according to the strength and Constitution of your Horse ; you are not to exceed above an Ounce at a time , mixed with a spoonful of the best Sallet-Oyl , and a spoonful or two of the Treacle of Jean , dissolved in a quart of strong Beer , which is very good for a Cold , and to make a Horse thrive . Or you may give him an Ounce of them in three pints of warm Beer or Ale , after Blood-letting , to prevent Diseases . If you leave out the Rubarb , you may give him a greater quantity , for that is a great Purger . Rules to know where a Horse Halteth , either before or behind . If he do Halt before , his Grief must of necessity be either in the Shoulder , or Knee , or in the Shank , or in the Pastern , or in the Foot ; if it be in the Shoulder , it must be either towards the Withers , or in the pitch of the Shoulder , you may know it in that he will a little draw his Leg after him , and not handle it so nimbly as he doth the other , if he cast his Leg more outward then he doth the other , it is a sign that he is Lame , and that the Grief lieth in his Shoulder ; and if you take him in your Hand turn him short on either Hand , you shall finde him to complain of that Shoulder he is Lame of , and he will either favour that Leg , or trip in the turning , you may finde him Lame by his standing in the Stable , and he will hold out that Leg that is Lame more then the other ; and if he complains more when you are on his Back then otherwise , then be sure the Grief lies in the Withers , and Gripe him hard , ▪ and you shall perceive him to shrink , and perhaps offer to bite . If he tread thick and short before , then is the Grie upon the Pitch of the Shoulder close to the Breast , which you may finde by setting your Thumb hard to the place , and by Thrusting him with it , if you would have him to go back , whereat he will shrink and put back his Leg , Foot and Body ; if the Grief be in the Elbow , you may know it by pinching him with your fore-Finger and Thumb , and he will hold up his Leg and offer to bite ; and these be all the Griefs that lie in the Shoulder of a Horse . If the Griefs lie lower , they must be either in the Knee , in the Skin , in the Pastern , or in the Foot. When in the Knee . If it be in the Knee , you may find it by his stiff going , for he will not bend it so nimbly as he doth the other . If it be in the Shank or Shin-bone , you may see it , and likewise feel the same , it being then a Back-Sinew strain , Splint , or some such like Sorrance or Annoyance If it be in the bending of the Knee , then it is a Mallender , which is also easily descried ; when it is in the Pastern or Joynt , then you may know it by his not bending it so well as the other ; besides , if you put your Hand upon the place , you shall find it very hot ; if it be in the Foot , it must be either in the Cronet or in the Sole ; if in the Cronet it is probable it came by some strain or wrench ; if in the Heel , then it came by some over-reach , or else by some Disease in or about the Frush ; If in the Sole , then it came by some Prick , Accloy , Retoire , Nail , Stub , Stone or Gravel . And thus I have shewed unto you the several ways that cause a Horse to be Lame before , and how to know and distinguish the places grieved , together with the occasion of every particular Grief . How to distinguish an old Grief from a New. You have three Ways to finde out his Lameness , in what Joynt , Limb or Member of the Body soever . 1. The first way is to cause him to be turned at the Halters end , on either hand , suddenly and swistly , upon as hard a way as you can pick out ; and if he have any Ach , Wrench or Grief in his fore-parts , it will appear : for when he turneth upon that Hand that the Grief is on , he will favour that Leg , and so run both towards you and from you , especially done at a little yielding Hill ; and if he have any imperfection , he will soon shew it , for he will favour that Leg wherein the Grief resideth ▪ But if you cannot finde it out this way . 2. Then your second way must be to take his Back , and Ride him till you have thoroughly heat him , then set him up for two or three houres till he be cold , then turn him at the Halters-end , or Ride him , and you may easily discover the least Grief that may be in him . 3. A third way there is , and that to know whether the Grief proceeds from a hot or cold cause , for if it proceed from a hot cause , he will Halt most when he is hot ; but if it be of a cold cause , then he will Halt least when he is hot , and most ridden and travelled , and most at his first setting sorth , whilest he is cold , and thus much for Lameness and Halting before . Now finding that his Lameness is not before , you may then conclude , if he be Lame at all it must needs be behind , and then it must of necessity be either in the Foot or in the nether Joynt , in the Pastern or in the Leg , in the Ham or in the Hoof , in the stiffling place or Joynt , or in the Hip. If the Grief be either in the Leg , Pastern or Foot , you may know it by the same Signes as I have inculcated to you already in the fore-Legs . If it be in the bending of the Ham it must be a Selander . If it be in the Hoof , then it is either a Bone or Blood-spavin , which is easie enough to be discerned , or else it must come of some Blow , Wrench or Strain , neither then will the swelling easily appear , which you may perceive either by the stiffness of the Joynt , or you may find the place to be hot and burning . If the pain lie in the stiffing place , you may know it by his Gate , for in his going he will cast the stifle-Joynt outward , and the Bone on the inside will be bigger then the other , besides his Toe will hardly touch the Ground . If it be in the Hip , which is upon the side of the Buttock ; and if it be newly taken , you may know it in that he will go side-long like a Crab. And if it be an old Hurt , the Hip will be fallen lower then the other , and the flesh to shrink , which to discover it the sooner run him at the full length of the Rein , and he will be sure to favour that Leg the Grief is in ; but if you find him to go upright without favouring any Leg , then take his Back and ride him till he be warmed , and then set him up till he be cold , and then lead or trot him in your Hand as you did before , and if he be lame at all he will be sure to complain . And so much for Lameness before and behind . CHAP. I. The True Art of Pairing and Shooing all ma●m●r of Hoofs , and in what Point the Art of Shooing doth consist . The Art of Shooing consisteth in these Points , viz. in Paring the Hoof well , in making the Shoo of good Stuff , in well-fashioning the Web thereof , and well-piercing the same , in Fitting the Shoo unto the Horses Foot , in making Nails of good stuff , and well-fashioning of the same ; and finally , in well driving of the said Nails , and cleansing of the same . But sith neither Pairing nor Shooing is no absolute thing of it self , but hath respect unto the Foot or Hoof , ( for the Shoo is to be Fitted to the Foot , and not the Foot to the Shoo ) and there be divers kinds of Hoofs both good and bad , requiring great diversity , as well of Pairing as Shooing ; it is meet therefore that we speak of the diversities of Hoofs , and then shew you how they ought to be paired and shod . CHAP. II. Of Hoofs and divers Kinds thereof . ● . Of Hoofs , some be perfect , and some imperfect . The perfect Hoof is that which is round , smooth , tough and short , so as he may tread more on the Toe then on the Heel , and also right , and somewhat hollow within , but not over-hollow , having a narrow Frush and broad Heels . The imperfect Hoof. The imperfect Hoof is that which lacketh any of these Properties before-said , belonging to a perfect Hoof. If the Hoof be not round but broad , and spreading out of the sides and quarters , that Horse for the most part hath narrow heels , and in continuance of time will be flat Footed , which is a weak Foot , and will not carry a Shoo long , nor Travel far , but soon surbate ; and by treading more on his Heels then on his Toes , will go low on his Pasterns , and such Feet through their weakness be much subject to false quarters , and to Gravelling , which is most commonly seen in Flanders Horses , and such as are bred in moist Grounds . Brittle and rugged Hoofs . Secondly , if the Hoof be not smooth , but rugged and full of Circles , like Rams-horns , then it is not only unseemly to the Eye , but also it is a sign that the Foot is in no good temper , but too hot and dry , and that makes it to be Brittle , which defect is often seen in our English Horses . Long Hoofs . Thirdly , if it be long , then it will cause the Horse to tread all upon the Heels , and to go low on his Pasterns , and thereby to breed Wi●d●gall● , whereunto the Jennets of Spain be much subject , by reason of their long Hoofs . Cro ked Hoofs . Fourthly , if the Hoof be not right but crooked . viz. broad without and narrow within , whereby the Horse is splay-footed , then it will cause him to tread more inward then outward , and to go so close with his Joynts together , as he cannot well Travel without enterfering , or perhaps striking one Leg so hard against the other , as he becometh Lame . But if he be broad within , and narrow without , that is not so hurtful , notwithstanding it will cause him to Gravel sooner on the out-side , then on the inside . Flat Hoofs . Fifthly , if the Hoof be flat and not hollow within , is most commonly seen in Frezons and Flanders Horses , then it breedeth such inconveniencies as are before declared in the first imperfect Hoof. And again , if it be ever-hollow , then it will dry the faster and cause him to be Hoof-bound , for the over-hollow Hoof is a streight narrow Hoof , and groweth upright , for though the Horse treadeth upright , and not on his heels , yet such kind of Hoofs will dry over-fast , unless they be continually stopt , and cause him to be Hoof-bound , which Lameth him , making him to Halt , whereunto the Jennets and Barbary-Horses are much subject . Broad Frushes . Sixthly , If the Frush be broad , then the Heels be weak and so soft , as you may almost bend them together , and then he will never tread boldly on the Stones , or on hard Ground . Narrow Heels . Seventhly , Narrow Heels be tender , and he will at last grow to be Hoof-bound , to which defects the Jennets are most commonly subject . CHAP. III. Of Pairing the perfect Hoof and fore-Feet . First , Pair the Scat of the Shooe , as even and plain as may be , that so it may sit close , and not bare more on one place then another , and take more of the Toe then the Heel , for the Heels must be higher then the Toes , because all the weight of the Horses fore-Body lieth upon the Quarters and Heels of the fore-Feet . And therefore those Parts must be most maintained , and taken off with the Butteris as little as may be , for the Heels are naturally weaker then the Toes . But in the Pairing of the hinder-Feet is clean contrary , as you shall sinde hereafter in its proper place . CHAP. IV. Of Shooing the perfect Hoof and fore-Feet , and how the Shoo , Pairing and Nail should be made . Make your Shoo of Spanish Iron , with a broad Web , fitting it to the Hoof , and let the Spunges be thicker and more substantial then any other part of the Shoo , yea , and also somewhat broad , so as the Quarters on both Sides may appear without the Hoofs a straw bredth , to guard the Coffin , which is the strength of the Hoof , and when you come to the piercing thereof , pierce it from the Quarter to the hard Toe , but not backward towards the Heel , and that the holes may be wider on the out-side then on the in-side , and that the Circle of the piercing may be more distant from the edge of the Toe , then from the edge of the Quarter , whereas it beginneth because the Hoof is thicker forward then backward , and therefore more hold to be taken . Make your Nails of the same Iron as aforesaid , the Heads whereof should be square , and not fully so broad beneath as above , but answerable to the piercing holes , so as the Heads of the Nails may enter in and fill the same , appearing somewhat above the Shoo , and then they will stand sure without shogging , and endure longer , and that that which pierceth them be of the same Size as the Nails , that is to say , great above and small beneath , which our common Smith , little regard , for they make the holes as wide on the inside as the outside , and their Nails of so great a Shouldering by driving them over-hard upon the Nail-hole , as that the Heads , or rather Necks of the said Nails cannot enter into the holes . For to say the truth , a good Nail should have no shouldering at all , but be made with a plain and square Neck , so as it may justly fill the piercing hole of the Shoo , for otherwise the Head of the Nail standing high , and the Neck thereof being weak , either it breaketh off or else bendeth upon any light occasion , so as the Shoo standeth loose from the Hoof , and is quickly lost . Moreover , the shanks of the Nails should be somewhat slat , and the Points sharp , without hollowness or flaw , and stiffer towards the Head above then beneath . And when you drive , drive at the first with soft strokes , and with a light Hammer , until the Nail be somewhat entred , and in Shooing fine and delicate Horses , Grease the Points of the Nails with fost Grease , that so they may enter the more easily , and drive the two Talon-Nails first . Then look whether the Shoo standeth right or not , which you shall perceive in beholding the Frush , for if the Spunges on both sides be equally distant from the Frush , then it standeth right , if not , then amend it and set the Shoo right , and standing right drive in another Nail , that done , let the Horse set down his Foot again , and look round about it , to see whether it fitteth the Horses Foot in all places , and whether he treadeth even or just on it or not , and if you see that the Shoo doth not furnish every part equally , but appeareth more on one side then another ; Then lift up the Horses other Foot , that so he may stand steadily upon that Foot , and so standing strike him on the Hoof with your Hammer on that side that the Shoo is scant , and that shall make the Shoo to come that way . The Shoo standing streight and just , drive in the rest of all the Nails , to the Number of eight , that is to say , four on one side , and four on another , so as the Points of the Nails may seem to stand in the out-side of the Hoof , even and just one by another , as it were in a Circular Line , and not out of order like the Teeth of a Saw , whereof one is bent one way and another another way . That done , cut them off and clinch them , so as the Clinches may be hidden in the Hoof , which by cutting the Hoof with a point of a Knife , a little beneath the appearing of the Nail , you may easily do . Thus done with a Rape , pair the Hoof round , so as the edge of the Shoo may be seen round about . CHAP. V. Of Pairing of the imperfect Hoofs , every one according to their Kinds . And first of the broad Hoof. A broad Hoof , not being as yet grown to be too flat , may be holpen and kept from being flat , by the skill and diligence of the Farrier in well pairing and shooing it . And therefore to pair it well , let him take as much of the Toe with his Butteris as he can possibly , keeping it always under , but let him not touch the Quarters nor the Heels at all , unless it be to make the Seat of the Shoo plain , and let that be done so superficially as may be , so shall the Hoofs remain always strong . CHAP. VI. Of Shooing the Broad Hoof. Make a good strong Shoo , with a broad Web , and broad Spunges , and pierced as is before-said , fitting it to the Foot , being first pared as is abovesaid , and from the Talon-Nail towards the Heel , let the Shoo appear a straws bredth without the Hoof , and set it on in such order and with such Nails as appertaineth unto the perfect Hoof , saving that you shall set five Nails on the out-side of his Hoof , and four on the in-side , because he weareth more without then within . CHAP. VII . Of Pareing the rough and brittle Hoof. This kind of Hoof is most commonly weaker without then within , and because it is for the most part hotter then the other Hoofs be , the Heels may be more opened then the other , that so they may be the more easily stopt with Cow-dung , or other Ointment to keep it moist , and also the raggedness on the out-side of the Coffin should be Filed away with a Rape , and made smooth , and also more often anointed then other Hoofs ; and as for the rest of the Hoof it must be pared as the perfect one . CHAP. VIII . Of Shooing the rough and brittle Hoof. Make this Shoo neither too light , but so as it may well bear the Horse ; nor yet too heavy , for then the Hoof being weak , will soon cast it , and pierce this Shoo , to be set on with nine Nails , five without and four within . CHAP. IX . Of Paring the long Hoof. The long Hoof may be holpen by cutting away the Toe , for the shorter foot a weak and slender Leg hath , the better . And to say the truth , it is the short foot that maketh the strong Leg , and the long Foot maketh the weak Leg , being forced thereby to tread all upon the Heel , and on the Pastern , and let the rest of the Hoof be pared like the perfect Hoof. CHAP. X. Of Shooing the long Hoof. Make this Shoo as round as you can at the Toe , that the bredth may take away the evil sight of the length ; and if the Foot be very narrow , then let the Shoo disbord without the hoof , and pierce the Shoo the deeper , and set it backward enough , because such kind of Feet dotread most on the Heels , and set the Shoo on with eight Nails , like the perfect Hoof. CHAP. XI . Of Paring the crooked Hoof. First , look on what side the hoof is highest and least worn , and then pare all that away , and make it equal with the lower side which is most worn , without touching the worn side at all , unless it be to make the Seat of the Shoo plain , and as for the rest , pare it like the perfect Hoof. CHAP. XII . Of Shooing the crooked Hoof. Make an indifferent strong Shoo with a broad Web , sitting it to the Foot , and Pare it not until you have laid the Shoo unto the Foot , to the intent you may pare it to the Horses most Commodity , which shall be done , if you pare the scant side , which most commonly is the inside , more towards the Toe , then the fuller or stronger side . And whereas the Hoof is weakest , there also make the Shoo strongest , and set on this Shoo with nine Nails , viz. five on the stronger side , and four on the weaker side . CHAP. XIII . Of Paring the flat Hoof , otherwise called the Promised Hoof. Make the Seat of the Shoo plain , and take somewhat of the Toe , but touch not the Heel nor the Ball of the Foot , but leave both them so strong as you can . CHAP. XIV . Of Shooing the flat Hoof , or Promised Hoof. Make this Shoo with a very broad Web , for the more it cover the weak Sole , the better , and let the mid-part of the Web that covers the Ball of the Foot be much thicker then the out-sides where the piercings be , and let it be so hollow as it touch no part of the Ball of the Foot , and let it be large and long enough in all places , so as the Horse may go at ease , and let it be pierced round about the Toe , to favour the Heels , and make ten holes for ten Nails , viz. five on each side . CHAP. XV. Of Paring the over-hollow Hoof. Pare this Hoof round about , and especially the Seat of the Shooe , viz. round about by the Edges , to the intent the hollowness of the Hoof within may not be so deep , but more shallow then it was before , and let it be always kept moist with stopping it , for fear of Hoof-binding , observing in your Paring so even a hand as may be , in all points like unto the perfect Hoof. CHAP. XVI . Of Shooing the over hollow Hoof. Make a light Shoo in such order and form as was said before , to serve the perfect Hoof. CHAP. XVII . Of Paring the Hoof that hath a broad Frush . Broad Frushes do cause weak heels , and therefore had need of little or no paring at all , and for that cause pare only the Toe , and also the Seat of the Shoo , so much as shall be needful , to the even standing of the Shoo , leaving the heels so strong as may be . CHAP. XVIII . Of Shooing the Hoof that hath a broad Frush . Make this Shoo stronger towards the Heel then towards the Toe , and also let the Web be somewhat broad towards the heels to save them from the Ground , and set on this Shoo with nine Nails , because most commonly it is a great Foot , and in all other points make it like the Shoo with the perfect Hoof. CHAP. XIX . Of Paring the Hoof that hath narrow Heels . Pare the Toe short , and make the Seat of the Shoo fair and plain , and open only so much , as there may be some little space betwixt the Frush and the Heel , for the less you take of the Heel , the better . CHAP. XX. Of Shooing the Hoof with narrow Heels . Make a light Shoo with a broad Web , and let the Spunges be so broad as they may almost meet together , to defend the Heel from the Ground , and pierce it all towards the Toe , sparing the Heel so much as you can , and let the Shoo be long enough towards the Heels , and set it on with eight Nails , like the Shoo that fitteth the perfect Hoof. CHAP. XXI . Of Pairing and Shooing the Hinder-Feet . The Paring of the hinder-Feet , is clean contrary unto the fore-Feet , for the weakest part of the hinder-Foot is the Toe , and therefore in pareing the hinder-Foot , the Toe must be always more spared then the Heels , but in all other points observe the order of paring , according to the perfection or imperfection of the Hoofs before declared . CHAP. XXII . Of Shooing the Hinder-Feet . Make the Shoo fit for the Hoof as is before-said , and let it be strongest at the Toe , and pierced nigher the Heel then the Toe , because the Toe is the weakest part of the Foot , and let the out-side of the hinder-Shoo be made with a Calkin , not over-high , but let the other Spunge be agreeable unto the Calkin , that is to say , as high in a manner as the Calkin , which Calkin is to keep him from sliding , but then it may not be sharp pointed , but rather flat , and handsomly turned upward , which is the best sort of Calkin . CHAP. XXIII . Of Shooing the Hoof that hath a false Quarter . If the Horse Halt , then make him a Shoo fitting to his Foot , tacking it on the Quarter on that side that his false Quarter is on . If he do not halt then make him a Shoo , with a Button or Shouldering on the inside of the Shoo , and next to the Sole of the Foot , somewhat distant from the false Quarter towards the Toe , and that shall defend the sore place , so as the Shoo shall not touch it . And with this kind of Shoo you may Travel your Horse where you will. CHAP. XXIV . Of Pareing and Shooing for Enterfering . Those Hoofs that enterfere , are most commonly higher on the out-side then on the in-fide , and therefore you should take off the out-side with a Butteris , to the intent that the in-side may be somewhat higher ( if it will be ) then the out-side , and then make him a Shoo fit for his Foot , which should be thicker on the in-side then on the out-side , and let that Shoo never have any Calkin , for that will make him to tread awry , and the sooner to enterfere , and let it be prepared in such sort that it makes him not to enterfere . CHAP. XXV . Of Paring and Shooing the Foot that is Hoof-bound . First , Pare his Toe as short as may be , and pare the Sole somewhat thin , and open the Heels well , and make him a half-Shoo like a half-Moon . CHAP. XXVI . Of making the Planch-Shoo , or Pauncelet . The Planch Shoo maketh a good Foot and evil Leg , because it maketh the Foot to grow beyond the measure of the Leg. Notwithstanding , for a weak Heel it is marvellous good , and it will last longer then any Shoo , and it is borrowed from the Moyl that hath weak Heels and Frushes , to keep the Foot from Stones and Gravel . Notwithstanding , wo be unto that Horse that hath need of such a Shoo. CHAP. XXVII . Shooes with Calkins , Rings , Welts , and turning Vices , and of the Patten Shoo. Besides , all these kind of Shooes before recited , there be divers others , whereof some be made with high Calkins , some with Rings , some with Welts or Borders about , and some with Vices , some with Toes turned upward , some with Heels turned upward , and of many other Fashions , which though they be not so needful , I thought good to speak somewhat of them . And first , as touching Shooes with Calkins , that though they be intended to keep the Horse from sliding , yet they do him more harm then good , in that he cannot tread evenly upon the Ground , whereby he many times wrencheth his Foot , or straineth some Sinew , and especially upon Stony ways , where the Stones will not suffer the Calkins to enter , the Foot slippeth with more violence ; yet some do not think him well shod , unless all his Shooes be made with Calkins , either single or double , yet of two Evils , double is the less , for he will tread evener with double then single Calkins , but then let them not be over-long , or sharp pointed , but rather short and flat . And thus much for Shooes with Calkins . CHAP. XXVIII . Of Shooes with Rings . Shooes with Rings were first invented to make a Horse lift up his Feet high , but such Shooes are more painful then helpful , and is an unhandsom Sight in Horses , which thing is incident to most Horses that have not sound Hoofs , for having tender Hoofs , they fear to touch the Ground that is hard . Now such kind of Horses that have naturally these tender Heels , some for want of discretion , do think to amond them by adding thereunto high Calkins , or else Rings , and thereby cause him to have weaker Heels then he had before . Therefore I shall advise you to lay aside all these unprofitable Devices , and make all your Shooes , especially your sore-Shooes with Spunges , as hath been before taught . CHAP. XXIX . Of Shooes with Swelling Welts , or Borders about . In Germany and high Almany , the Smiths do make their Shooes with a swelling Welt round about the Shoo , which being higher then the Heads of the Nails , do save them from wearing , which are the best fort of lasting Shooes , for Mr. Blundevill travelled in those Countreys out-right above 500 Miles upon very stony Ground , yea , and upon Mountains , without removing Shoo or driving Nail , for the Shoo being made of well tempered stuff , weareth equally in all parts , and the Horse treadeth evenly upon them . CHAP. XXX . Of Shooes with turning Vices , and also Joynt-Shooes . Some that use to pass the Mountains where Smiths are not easily to be found , do carry about them Shooes with Vices , whereby they fasten it to the Horses Foot , without the help of the Hammer or Nail , notwithstanding they are more for shew then any good use . For though it fave his Feet from Stones , yet it so pincheth his Hoof as he goeth with pain , and doth perhaps do his Hoof more hurt then the stones do , therefore it is better upon such needful times to use the Joynt-Shoo , which is made of two pieces , with a flat Rivet-Nail joyning them together in the Tow , so that you may both make it wide and narrow to serve any Foot , therefore the Rider ought to understand to drive a Nail , and to have his Instruments about him , meet for carriage , without the which there are but few Gentlemen of Almany that loveth his Horse , but can use those Instruments for that purpose as well as most Smiths . CHAP. XXXI . Of the Patten Shoo. Because every Smith knoweth the use of this Shoo , and how to make it , I shall not need to use many words , but only shew you that it is a necessary Shoo for a Horse that is hurt in the Hip , or stiffle , or shoulder , which will make him bear upon that Leg the Grief is on , and consequently make him use it the better . In what Causes to Cauterize . Cauterization or giving of Fire is of two Natures , viz. Actual and Potential . Your Cautery Actual is made by hot burning Instruments , with which you sear and burn those places which be requisite for the perfecting of the Cure you have in hand , which cannot be peradventure well Cured , but by giving of Tire ; as in case of great Imposthumation , stenching of blood in Wounds , or in searing of Veins , Sinews , or the like , or else in case of dismembring , if other means be not at hand , whereby to stay the Flux of Blood without danger of bleeding to death . And if they that give Fire be not very skilful , I would advise them to practise upon Jades , and not Horses of price , to the end they may the better come to know how to carry their hand either lighter or harder , and also that they do make their Circles round , and their Lines streight and even . For this Actual Fire is a thing most necessary for them that do understand the Vertue thereof , and therefore ought to be very carefully applied , and never but upon very good Grounds ; which in so doing , you shall find it to be a most Sovereign Remedy to hinder and stay all manner of Corruption , whereunto any Member may be inclined ; provided that in the handling of your Instrument you touch not Muscles , Arteries , Sinews , Ligaments , Chords , or the like ; for so you may utterly lame , where you would set upright . For by this Actual Fire you shall Joyn and Conglutinate Parts and Members severed , dry up superfluous Moisture , and sick Members swelled , and bring forth all evil and putrefactious Matter , congealed and gathered into Knots , as , Wens , Biles , ●ustils , Exulceration , and the like : you shall also asswage old Griefs , and make perfect all such Parts of the Body as be any way Corrupted : neither shall you need fear the encrease of any evil humours , by reason that the Skin being severed by means of the hot Iron , it doth Ripen and digest all manner of putrifaction and matterative stuff , whereby it venteth and passeth away much more easily , healing and qualifying all grief and pain , causing the Member which before was subject to Festering and to Gangreen , to become the sounder and stronger , and the worst that can be made thereof , will be but a little Eye-fore , by reason of a Scar which it leaves behind it . But then you must have a very great regard unto your Instruments , that they be made according to the nature and quality of the Place and Member which is to be Scared ; for one fashion will not serve in all Causes : for as the Places which are to be Cauterized , are commonly different in shape and proportion , so ought the shapes and fashions of your Instruments to be accordingly . You ought to have a care in the heating of them , for as they ought not to be too hot , so they ought not to be too cold , for by that means you may inflame the place too much . Your Instruments are to be made of Iron or Steel , which are the best to work with , and to be preferred before Gold , Silver , Brass or Copper , because Steel or Iron will retain its own received heat longer then any other Metal , for the others , as they are the sooner made hot , so they are the sooner cold . Now Steel and Iron Metals are much more substantial and harder then the other Metals are , and though they are the longer a heating , yet they retain their heat the longer . Again , a man cannot tell when those other Metals are hot enough , as also when they be too hot , and if you put never so little water to them to allay their heat , they presently become too cold , the contrary whereof you shall find to be in the Nature of Iron and Steel . Cautery Potential . Now I will in a word handle Cautery Potential , which as the Cautery Actual burneth the Flesh by hot Instrument , even so doth Cautery Potential burn the Flesh by Medicine , of which there are three sorts or degrees . Namely , by Corrosive , by Caustick , or by Putrifaction . Corrosive . Corrosive , is when that is applied to the wound , wherein is dead or proud Flesh to corrode or eat it away , by which means the wound is prepared and made the more fit for Emplasters , Waters or Unguents , which do carnisie and make good Flesh , by which means the Wound which before was foul , is now become clean , healed up and made sound , and these corroding things are commonly Precipitates , Sublimatum , Arsnick , Resalgar , Leads white and red , Copper as white and green , Verdegrease , Allom , Viteral , Sandaracha , Chrysocollo , Origanum , Mercury , Aconitum , Capitellium , Romane , Vitrial , shaving of Ox or Harts-horn , red Coral , Spunge of the Sea somewhat burned , Vnguentum Apostolorum , Vnguentum Aegiptiacum , Vnguentum Caeraccum , Magistra , Sal niter , Cantharides , Apium , Aqua fortis , Siclamine , Melanacardium , and many more , that do burn , eat and corrode the Flesh , putting the poor Beast to a great deal of pain . A Caustick . A Caustick is a great Burner , for that being once put to the Skin , will in a short time make a Wound where none was before ; for which we do use to make Issues , for Causticks are stronger and more violent then either Putrifactives or Corrosives ; for whereas Corrosives do work only upon Skin broken , and to corrode and eat out dead , proud , spungy and naughty flesh , and Putrifactives do Ripen , Mollifie and prepare the Wound for the Caustick , so Causticks do break Skin and Flesh , and all ; and therefore it is more violent , and burneth worse then any of the two former . Putrifactive . Now your Putrifactives are such Medicines as we do commonly apply to Swellings , which we do make for the most part of Medicines compounded , as Poltesses , rosted Sorrel , white Lilly-Roots and the like , for such things are Drawers , causing swellings which be hard and Fleshy , to become soft and putrifactive , and to prepare Sorrances for the Causticks , whose nature is to break and open , what before the Putrifactive had ripened , which otherwise must have been done by Cautery Actual , or by Incision . And this I do think sufficient to be handled upon this subject . How to make Bread for a Horse to keep him in Heart and Strength of Body , and to Keep him from fainting in his Labour and Exercise , be it never so sore . Take Wheat-Meal , Oat-Meal and Beans , all Ground very small , of each a Peck , Anniseeds four Ounces , Gentiana and Fennegreek , of each an Ounce , Licoris two Ounces , beat themall to fine Powder , and searce them well , and add to them twenty new laid Eggs Whites , and all well beaten , and as much strong Ale as will Knead it up , then make your Leaves like to Horse-bread , but not too thick , and let them be well baked , but not burned , give it him not too new , and when you give it him give it him five or fix Mornings together , without any Provender , and thus you shall have him well winded , lusty , strong , hardy and healthy , whereby to be able to hold out and retain his Metal to the last . Another sort of Bread. Take of Wheat-Meal one peck , Rye-Meal , Beans and Oat-Meal , of each half a peck , Ground very small , Anniseeds and Licoris , of each one Ounce , and white Sugar-Candy four Ounces , beat all into fine powder , with the Whites and Yolks of twenty new laid Eggs well beaten and put to them , and so much white-Wine as will Knead it into a Paste , make them into great Loaves and bake them well , and after they be two or three days old , let him eat of this Bread , but chip away the out-side , Now the reason I prefer Meal before Flower is , because Flower is much more hot and binding , and therefore the courser the Bread is , the better it is for the Horse . And the reason why I put Rye into my latter Bread , is , because Rye is a Loosner and a Cooler , and therefore it will make him the more soluble . For what causes Veins are to be taken up . As touching taking up of Veins , you shall understand that it is a thing very behoof-full , as that many times the most exquisite Farrier living shall not be able to perfect this Cure , but by that way and means , for unless sueh Veins be either taken up , or some way stopped , which are noxious to the Cure , by feeding the Malady with its peccant Humours , the Farrier can never work by true Art. Again , Veins well taken up do prevent many Maladies , whereunto many Horses are much more propense then others are . And lastly , the taking up of Veins cureth some diseases which could otherwise never be cured . For the taking up of the Thigh-Veins sendeth away Spavens , Splents , Curbs , Kibed Heels , Swelled Legs , Scratches , Malenders , Farcin in the Legs , and the like Sorrances ; besides , it causeth all Pains , Aches , Strains , stiffness in the Limbs , &c. Take up the Shackle-Veins , and it preventeth the Quitter-bone , Ring-bone . Swelling in the lower Joynts , Founderings , &c. Wherefore for as much as ignorant People , whatsoever Opinion they may have of their super-abundant skill , yet they are very much to seek , in that they do so much exclaim against taking up of Veins absurdly , affirming it to be a great means of Laming of Horses ; but let them not mistake themselves , for assuredly it is the best and only Remedy against these and many more Maladies , and when they shall have made Trial , they will not be of so prejudicate an opinion . Of Roweling of Horses , and of the use thereof . The Roweling of Horses is so common amongst our simple Smiths , that they will Rowel him for any disease almost , without any sense or reason , whereby they needlessly torment the Horse , and bring a Flux of naughty humours down to the place , which causes him to be Lame , which might otherwise be sound . But this I must say of it , that if it be well used by a skilful Farrier , it is not only commendable , but causes great good to a Horses Body and Limbs . Helps got by Roweling are these . It separateth and dissolveth evil humours which are gathered together in any one place , it loosneth those parts which are bound , and bindeth those parts that are weakned , it strengthneth sick Joynts , and comforteth whatsoever is oppressed with any cold Phlegm . The use of it in General is for inward strains , especially about the Shoulders or Hips , or else for great hard Swellings , which will not be mollified or corroded by any outward Medicine . Now if the Bruise be not taken away presently by applying to it some comfortable hot Medicine . There will arise a certain Jelly between the Pot and the Bone which offendeth the tender Gristle , which covers the ends of every Bone , which makes the Horse halt most vehemently . Now nothing will take this away but Roweling . Now the manner of Roweling is this . When you have sound out the certain place of his Grief , after you have cast him upon some soft place , make a little Slit a handful below the place grieved through the Skin , no bigger then you can thrust in a Swans Quill into the same , then raise the Skin a little from the Flesh with your Cronet , and then put in your Quill , and blow all the Skin from the Flesh upward , even to the top , and all over the Shoulder , then stopping the Hole with your Finger and your Thumb , beat the place blown all over with a Hazel stick , and spread the wind with your hand into every place , and so let it go , then take some Horse-hair , or some red Sarcenet , half the bigness of a Mans little Finger , and put it into your Roweling-Needle , which should be at least seven or eight inches long , thrust it in at the first Hole , and put it upward , drawing it out above at least six inches , and if you please you may put in another above that , and then Tie the two ends of the Rowls together , and move and draw them to and fro in the Skin , not forgetting before you put them in , to anoint them with sweet Butter or Hogs Grease , and every day after likewise , for that will make the corruption run out the better . Now there are other Farriers think , that these long Rowels of Hair or Silk , do make a double Sore and a great Scar , therefore they make their Rowels of round Pieces of stiff Leather , such as is on the upper part of an old Shoo , with a round Hole in the midst , according to the form in the Margent , and then double it when they put it in , and then spread it open , and lay it flat between the Flesh and the Skin , and that the Hole in the Rowel may be just against the Hole in the Horses Skin , and once in two or three days to clense the Rowel , and to anoint it with Hogs-Grease or Butter , and so to put it in again . Another French way of Roweling , which is Reputed to be the best Way . Cut open the Skin with your Incision Knife the length of an Inch or more downwards ; on the lowest part of the Horses Breast , close to the Side that he is lame on ; then raise with your Finger or Cronet the Skin from the Flesh round about the Orifice , about the bredth of a six pence , which must be just the Size of the Rowel you put into it , whether it be made of the upper Leather of an old Shoo , or Horn of an old Lanthorn ; but the upper Leather of a Shoo is best . The form of your Rowel must be in the shape of the Figure in the Margin , with a little Hole in the middle of it , wherein you must put a Needle and thread through it , as you find by the two Pricks on the top and bottom of the Hole . Then take a Quill and put it into the Hole , and do as you were taught in the Receipt before , viz. To blow and beat the wind upwards all over the Shoulder ; when you have blown it as much as you think fitting , draw a Needle and Thread through the Rowel and Skin , closing the Rowel in the Slit , and let the Hole in the Rowel be right against the Slit you have cut , so that it may not move . Then run another stitch or two thwart the cut , as you see the manner of it by the Figure in the Margin ; When you have stitcht it up , anoint it all over with Butter or Hogs Grease , and let the Rowel remain in for about a week or more before you take it out , and he will do well . Instructions upon Rowelling . If you Rowel him for any Swelling , then put in your long Rowel the same way that the Veins run , and seldom or never cross-wise , and the more you blow the Skin for a Swelling , the better , for the Wind is that that causeth Putrifaction , and makes the festered Humours to dissolve and distil down from the secret hollows of the Joynts into those open places , where it falleth away in Matter , and so the Breast becomes cured . How to Geld Horses or Colts . You are to observe in the Gelding of Horses . First , the Age , Secondly , the Season of the Year . And lastly , the state of the Moon . For the Age , if it be a Colt , you may Geld him at nine days old , or Fifteen if his Stones be come down ; for the sooner you Geld him the better , for Growth , Shape and Courage . Now a Farrier may Geld a Horse at any Age whatsoever , if he be careful in the Cure. The Season of the Year to Geld in . The best Season for Gelding is between April and May or in the beginning of June at the furthest , or about the Fall of the Leaf , which is the latter end of September . The state of the Moon . Now for the state of the Moon , the fittest time is ever when the Moon is in the Wane : as touching the manner of Gelding , it is in this sort , whether it be Foal , Colt or Horse , after you have cast him upon some soft place , take the Stones between your fore-most Finger , and your great Finger , then slit the Cod , and press the Stones forth , then with a pair of small Nippers , made either of Steel , Box , Wood or Brazil , being very smooth , and clap the strings of the Stones between them , very near unto the setting on of the Stones , and press them so hard that there may be no Flux of Blood , then with a thin drawing Cauterizing Iron made red hot , fear away the Stone , then take a hard Plaister made of Rozin , Wax and wash'd Turpentine , well Molten together , and with your hot Iron Melt it upon the head of the Strings ; then fear the Strings , and then Melt more of the Salve , till such time as you have laid a good thickness of the Salve upon the Strings , then loose the Nippers , and do so to the other Stone , and fill the two slits of the Cod with white Salt , and anoint all the outside of the Cod with Hogs-grease , and so let him rise , and keep him in a warm Stable loose , that so he may walk up and down , for there is nothing better for him then moderate Exercise . Now if you do perceive that he doth swell in his Cod , and sheath very much , then chafe him up and down , and make him Trot an hour in a day , and it will soon recover him , and make him sound . To make a white Star either on your Horses fore-Head , or in any other part of his Body . After you have with a Razor shaved away the Hair so wide as you would have the Star , then take of a little of the Oyl of Vitriol in an Oyster-shell , and dip a Feather or a piece of Silk into it , ( for it will eat both Linnen and Woollen ) and just wet it all over the place shaved , and it will eat away the Roots of the Hairs , and the next that comes will be white . You need not do it above once , you may heal it up with your Copperas water and green Ointment . To make a black Star or white Hairs black . Wash often the place you would have made black , with Fearn Roots , and Sage sod in Lye , and it will breed black Hairs in a white Horse . Or take Souter Ink , Galls and Rust beaten well together , and anoint the place therewith , and it will turn white to black . To make a Red Star. Take Aqua fortis one Ounce , of Aqua vitae a penni-worth , of Silver to the value of eighteen pence . Put them in a Glass , and heat them well therein , and then anoint the place very well therewith , and it will immediately turn the Hairs to be of a perfect red Colour , but they will endure no longer then the casting of the Hair , which you must renew again if you intend it shall contiuue . To make a Horse seem Young. Take a small crooked Iron , no bigger then a Wheat-Corn , and having made it red hot , burn a little black hole in the tops of the two outmost Teeth of each side the nether Chap before , next to the Tushes where the Mark is worn out , then with an Awl-blade pick it , and make the Shell fine and thin , then with a sharp scraping Iron make all his Teeth white and clean ; This done , take a fine Lancet , and above the Hollows of the Horses Eyes which are shrunk down , make a little hole only through the Skin , and put in the Quill of a Raven or Crow , and blow the Skin full of Wind , till all the hollowness be filled up , then take out your Quill , and lay your Finger upon the hole a little while , and the Wind will stay in , and he will look as youthful as if he were but six years old . To make a Horse that he shall not Neigh , either in company or when he is ridden . If either you be in Service of the Wars , and would not be discovered , or when upon any other occasion , you would not have him to Neigh or make a Noise , then take a List of Woollen Cloth , and Tie it fast in many folds about the midst of his Tongue , and he will not Neigh nor make any extraordinary Noise , with his Voice , as hath been often tried and approved of . To Help a Horse that hath Laved or Bangle Earer . Take his Eares and place them in such manner as you would have them stand , and then with two little Boards or pieces of Trenchers three Fingers broad , having long strings knit unto them , bind the Ears so fast in the places where they stand , as that they cannot stir , then betwixt the Head and the Root of the Ear , you shall see a great deal of empty wrinkled Skin , which with your Finger and your Thumb , you shall pull up , and with a sharp Pair of Scissers clip away all the empty Skin close by the Head , then with a Needle and red Sllk stitch the two sides of the Skin close together , and then with your green Ointment heal up the Sore . Which done , take away the Splints which held up his Eares , and you shall find , that in a short space his Eares will keep the same place as you set them without Alteration ; And this you shall find to be as certain and true as the healing of a cut Finger . The first Inventors of Riding . Bellirophons , as some Men say , was the first that Invented Riding on Horse-back . And the Pelletrones , a People of Lapithia , found out afterwards the manner of Bridles , Bits and Rings , to guide Horses withal . But they of Thessalia were the first that used the service of Horses in the Wars . The Receipt of making the Cordial Balls . The true manner of making those Cordial Balls , which Cure any violent Cold or Glaunders , which prevent Heart-Sickness , which purge away all Molten Grease , which recover a lost Stomach , which keep the Heart from fainting with Exercise , and make a lean Horse sat suddenly . Take Anniseeds , Cummin-seeds , Fennegreek seeds , Carthumus seeds , Elecampane Roots and Colts-foot , of each of these two Ounces , beaten and searced very Fine , two Ounces of the Flower of Brimstone , then take an Ounce of the Juice of Licoras , and dissolve it on the Fire in half a Pint of white-Wine ; which done , take an Ounce of Chymical Oyl of Anniseeds , then take of Sallet-Oyl , Honey , and of Syrup of Sugar , or for want of it , Molosses , of each half a Pint , then mix all these with the former Powders , and with as much fine Wheat-Flower as will bind and knit them altogether , work them into a stiff Paste , and make thereof Balls somewhat bigger then French Wall-nuts , Hull and all , and so keep them in a close Gally-pot , ( for they will last all the year ) yet I do not mean that you shall keep them in the Pot in Balls ; because they cannot lie close , the Air may get in , and do hurt ; as also the strength of the Oyls will sweat outward , and weaken the substance , therefore knead the whole Lump of Paste into the Gally-pot , and make the Balls as you have occasion to use them . The Form of the Balls . If you give them upon the end of a stick , you must make them sharp at both ends , and thick in the middle ; But if you give him them in a Horn of Beer , make them about the bigness of a good big Wall-nut , and put down a Horn-full of strong Beer after every Ball , to clear his Passage , and to prevent sticking . The Vse of these Balls . Now for the Use of these Balls , because they are Cordial , and have diver excellent Vertues , you shall understand that if you use them to prevent ●ickness , then you shall take a Ball and anoint it all over with sweet Butter , and give it him in the Morning in the manner of a Pill , then ride him a little after it ( if you please otherwise you may chuse ) and feed and water him abroad or at home , according to your usual custom . And thus do three or four Mornings together . If you use them to Cure either Cold or Glaunders , then use them in the same manner for a Week together . If you use them to satten a Horse , then give him them for a Fortnight together . But if you use them in the Nature of a Scouring , to take away Moulten Grease and Foulness , then instantly after his heat , and in his heat . Again , if you find your Horse at any time hath taken a little Cold , as you shall perceive by his inward Ratling , if then you take one of these Balls and dissolve it in a Pint of Sack , and so give it him , it is a present Remedy . Also to dissolve the Ball in his ordinary water , being made luke-warm , it worketh the like effect , and fatneth exceedingly . To give one of these Balls before Travel , it prevents tyring ; to give it in the heat of Travel , it refresheth the weariness ; and to give it after Travel , it saves him from all Surfeits and inward Sickness . A Reccipt to Fat a Lean Horse in twelve or fifteen days . First , Therefore to let him Blood if he wants Bleeding , then instead of Oats in the Morning give him Wheat-Bran prepared after this manner , Set over the Fire a great Kettle , and fill it almost full with fair water , and when it boyls put in your Bran , and let it boyl a quarter of an hour at least , then let it stand to cool , and in the Morning early give him of this Bran so hot as he can eat it , and let his drink be of the same water , and at night give him Oates and white Water , and let him be well Littered , and warm covered ; but if it be in the Summer , his Stable ought not to be too hot , and at Night with his Oats give him an Egg full of this Powder , with which you are to continue him for the space of eight days , or according as you shall see cause . You must understand , that Bran thus prepared , drieth up his naughty , gross and corrupt humours , and doth the better prepare the Body to assume Lust , Courage , Strength and Flesh , together with the help of the Powder , which is this . The Powder how to make a Lean Horse Fat. Take of Cummin , Fennegreek , Sileris-Montani , Nutmegs , Cloves , Ginger , Linseed , of each two Ounces . Quick Brimstone six Ounces , make all these into Powder , and give him the quantity of an Egg-shell full with his Oats ▪ every Night , but first let him be watered with white water , which is two or three handfuls of Bran stirred amongst his water , then Rub him , Litter him , and Cloath him well , and then give him some sweet Wheat-straw in his Rack , and let himseed on that for an hour , then give him his Oats mixed with his Powder , and when he hath eaten them , give him Hay at your pleasure , remembring to keep him warm , but so as with Moderation , and you shall find him amend exceedingly , but you must put into his Oats every time two handfuls of Nettle-seeds , for that is the thing that will principally cause him to Battle . It will also greatly avail to his amendment , if he be Aired every Morning and Evening , an hour after Sun-rising , and an hour before Sun-set , if the Weather be warm , and the Sun do shine . And this is the best Course you can take to set up a Lean and poor Horse . Another Receipt to make a Lean Horse Fat. Take of Elecampane dried , Cummin , Turmerick , Anniseeds , of each two Ounces , Groundsel half a handful , boyl all these together in a Gallon of Ale , with three Heads of Garlick well bruised and picked , then strain it , and give him a quart of it in the Morning fasting Blood-warm , and Ride him after it , but not to heat him , and thus do four Mornings together , and in a short time after ( if the year be seasonable ) turn him to Grass , and he will Fatten suddenly . But if the time of the year will not serve , and that you have a mind to raise him in the Stable , then give him amongst his Oats this Powder . Take of Elecampane dried , and of Cummin both alike , well beaten and searced , and when you give your Horse Provender , then give him half an Ounce of them well mixed amongst it for fourteen days together , and you shall find him to amend and prosper , after a strange manner : provided , that you give him seasonable Ayring , moderate Exercise , and Mashes and white Water . Of the Drink called Acopum . Take of Euforbium half an Ounce , Castoreum one Ounce , Adraces half a quarter of a pound , Bidellium half an Ounce and half a quarter , Opoponax one Ounce , Fox Grease half an Ounce , Pepper one Ounce , Laserpitium three quarters of an Ounce , Ammoniacum half a quarter of a pound , Pigeons Dung as much , Galbanum half an Ounce , Nitrum one Ounce and a quarter , Spuma nitri three quarters of an Ounce , Ladanum a quarter of a pound , Pyrethrum , and Bay-berries , of each three quarters of an Ounce , Cardanum two Ounces , Seed of Rue half a quarter of a pound , Seed of Agnus Castus one Ounce , Parsley seed half an Ounce , dried Roots of Ireos , or Flower-de-luce one Ounce and a quarter , and half a quarter , of Oyl de Bay as much , of Oyl of Spikenard three quarters of a pound , of Oleum Cyprinum three quarters of a pound , and half a quarter , the oldest Oyl Olive a pound and a half , Pitch a quarter of a pound and two Ounces , Turpentine a quarter of a pound ; Melt of every of these that will be Molten , severally by themselves , and then mingle them together with the rest of the Ingredients , being first beaten to fine powder , and after they have boiled a little on the Fire , take it off , and strain it into a clean Gally-pot , and so keep it for your use . And when you give your Horse any of it at any time , you must not give him of it above two spoonfuls in a Pint of Sack or Muscadine , and if by long keeping you find it wax hard then soften it with the Oyl of Cypress , so that it may be good and thick . The Vertues of it . It is both a Medicine and an Ointment , for it helpeth Convulsions in the Sinews and Muscles , it draweth forth all Noisom humours , and disburdeneth the Head of all Grief , being put up with a long Goose Feather anointed in it , into the Nostrils of a Horse , it healeth , I say all manner of Convulsions , Cramps , Numbness , and String-halts , Colds and Rhumes ; it dissolveth the Liver , being troubled with Opilations and Obstructions , it helpeth Siccity and Aridity in the Body ; it banisheth all weariedness and tiredness , if his Limbs be Bathed with this Medicine . And lastly , it Cureth all sorts of inward Diseases , if it be administred by way of a Drench , in Wine , strong Beer or good Ale. The Nature of it . It is hot in Working , otherwise it could not hold good in case of Surfeits , Tiredness , and of Convulsions , and the like , wherein consisteth its chief Vertues , being administred outwardly ; but being administred inwardly , it is not altogether so hot , for it helpeth Feavers for the most part , and I think it is most safe , to give not above two spoonfuls of it in a quart of good strong Beer or Ale , though Mr. Markham adviseth to give four or five spoonfuls in Sack or Muscadine , which are hot things of themselves . The Confection called Arman . To make this Confection , of Honey of Roses a pound and a half , as much as will suffice of the Crumbs of the whitest Manchet made into fine powder , then take of Cordial-powder of Nutmegs , and of Cinnamon of each an Ounce and a half , mix all these together , being first made into fine powder , then put it into a Gally-pot , and moisten it with Rose-Vineger , that it may be of a thick substance like unto Pap , and so keep it for your use . When you use it , put some of it upon the end of a Bulls Pizel into his Mouth , and let him champ thereon ; but if you give it for the Quinsey or Feaver , give him down two Hornfulls of it , and do this in the Morning fasting , and let him fast two or three houres after it . The Vertues of this Arman . It provoketh a good Appetite to Meat , and causeth good Digestion , and taketh away all Annoyances that troubleth the Stomach , it cooleth the inward heat in the Body , it helpeth all Agues and Feavers , and is most excellent against Surfeits ; it is good for the Quinsey in the Throat , coming of Cold taken ; and very good against the Gripings in the Belly or Guts , proceeding of Wind ▪ This Confection was brought out of France . How to make the Cordial Powder which we have likewise from the French. Take Cynamon and Sugar , of each four Ounces , and of fine Bole-Armoniack two Ounces : make them into very fine powder , and mix them well together , and keep it for your use in a Gally-pot close stopped . The Vertues of it . It is good for Sick Horses that are far spent with a Consumption in the Flesh and Liver , &c. For it is a most Restorative Cordial , comforting the Vital parts , and Spirits Animal , and restoreth it to Sanity . Another Cordial Powder , called , Electuarium Theriacum , by reason it hath much Treacle in it . Take Syrop of Violets , Syrop of Lemons , Syrop of Roses , of each half an Ounce , adding to it an Ounce of London-Treacle , ( which is the best of all Treacles for Horses ) mingle them well together , and it is a most Sovereign Cordial to be Administred to Horses that are sick and weak . To make the black and red Aegiptiacum , which are both Corrosives . For their Natures are to Corrode and eat away all manner of Deal , Proud , Rotten and naughty Flesh , out of any old Sore or Vicer , and they do also cleanse and prepare a Sore , and make it apt to be healed with Carnifying or healing S●lves . Take two pounds of Course English Honey , Verdegrease , Dyers Galls , and green Copperas , of each four Ounces , make them all into Powder , and mixed together , and put into an Earthen Pot , and set it upon the Fire , keeping it stirring , but so soon as it begins to boyl , take it off and let it cool , for if it boyl too long it will become red , which will not be so good . This black ▪ Aegyp●iacum is good to dissolve the Hoo●s of a Horse , if they be too dry , or hard , so as it will cause the Corruption , if any be in the Foot , to ascend above at the Cronet , where the Hair is , and also to restore the Hoof of the Horse when the Sole is taken out , and in this Nature you must use this Unguent , but only at the third dressing after you have taken out the Sole . The Red Aegiptiacum is thus made . Take course Honey two poun is , Verdegrease four Ounces , green Copperas two Ounces , beat the Verdegrease and the Copperas very small to Powder , then put it into an Earthen Pot , and put unto it a little Vineger , and so boyl it very well till it become red , and keep it for your use . General Drenches , or Receip's for all inward Diseases , or Sickness . The Spaniards have this Receipt for all inward Diseases . Take Wheat-Meal twelve pounds , Anniseeds four Ounces in sine Powder ▪ Brimstone in Powder three Ounces , Fennegreek in Powder three Ounces and a half , Cummin in Powder three Ounces , Honey two pounds , good Sallet-Oyl one pound and a half , of good Sack as much . These are all to be put into a Pot well nealed , and boyled until it be thick , and when it is cold to make it up into P●lls or Balls , you must keep it stirring while it is a boyling , otherwise it will burn to , and when they are thus made into Pills , give him of them four or five Mornings together fasting . These killeth Wormes in a Horses Body , helpeth Diseases of the Lungs and inward parts , and is a very good Plaister applied outwardly . It is most useful in all cold causes , and it is so Cordial , that it will bring a lean and poor Horse unto Flesh and good state in a little time . Another Excellent Receipt for all inward Diseases . Take Wheat-Meal six pounds , or as much as will bring the Ingredients unto a sti●● paste , Anniseeds two Ounces , Cummin two Ounces , wild or Bastard-Saffron two drams and an half , white-Wine four pint● , Fennegreek one Ounce and two drams , Brimstone one Ounce and a half , Sallet-Oyl apint and two Ounces , English Hony one pound and a half ▪ Make those things into powder that will beat to powder , then compound them together , and make it into a stiff Paste , and keep it in a Gally-pot close covered for your use . When you use it , make a Ball thereof as big as a mans Fist , and dissolve it in two Gallons of fair water , till it be all Molten , let him drink of this Morning and Evening so long as he please , and let him have no other water to drink , to the end he may be the better compelled to drink it , which in the end he will do and like it very well . This is good for many inward Infirmities , it raiseth and battleth a Horse much better then either Grass or Provender , and giveth him Life , Spirit and Stomach , and keepeth him in perfect Health . Another Receipt for all inward Diseases . Take Fennegreek , Turmerick , Grains , Anniseeds , Licoris , long Pepper , Cummin , of each half an Ounce , and of Saffron one dram ; and of Herbs , take Celendine , Rue , Pelamontine , Hysop , Thyme and Rosemary , of all of them no more then will make half a handful , chopt small and boiled , first in a quart of good Ale or Beer , then put in your Spices finely powdred , and boil them again , then strain it and put to it the quantity of an Egg of sweet Butter , and an Ounce of London Treacle , and give it him Blood-warm , and Ride him moderately after it , and set him up warm , and let him fast three or four houres , and let his Drink be either a sweet Mash or white Water . This is very good against Feavers , Colds and the Yellows . Another Receipt for inward Sickness . Take Aristolochi● Rotunda , Bay-berries , Gentian , Anniseeds , Ginger , and of Trifora Magna , of each an Ounce , beat all the Simples to very fine powder , and mix them well together , then take of white-Wine or good Ale or Beer a quart , then put into it one spoonful of all of them , with half a p●nt of Sallet-Oyl , and of Mithridate two drams ▪ warm these upon a Fire , and administer it Blood-warm , and Exercise him before and after his drink , but not to Sweat him , neither let him drink any cold Water in four or five days after , but either warm Mashes or white Water . This is most Sovereign for any inward Sickness , Droopings , forsaking of Meat , Feavers , Colds , Coughs or the like . A Suppository for inward Sickness . If he be so sick that you fear to give him any strong Medicine , and that Costive withal , then give him this Suppository . Take of Honey six Ounces , of Salt-Niter one Ounce and a half , of Wheat-Flower and of Anniseeds beaten into fine powder , of each one Ounce , boyl all these into a hard thickness , and make it into Suppositories , and after you have Anointed your Hand with Sallet-Oyl , and the Suppository likewise , convey it into his Fundament a pretty way , and Tie his Tayl betwixt his Legs to his Girts , or else hold it close with your hand about a quarter of an hour till it be throughly dissolved , and this will purge kindly , and Loosen his Guts , so that you may be the more bold to Administer what Drinks , Cordials , or other things , which you think most requisite for his recovery . Other General Dr●n●hes to Cure all inward Sickness in Horses , which trouble the whole Body ; of Feavers of all sorts , Plagues , Infections , and such like . Sickness in General are of two Kinds , one offending the whole Body , the other a particular Member , the first hidden , and the second visible . Of the first then , which offend the whole Body , are Feavers of all sorts , as the Quotidian , the Tertian , the Quartan , the Continual , and the Hectick . the Feavers in Autumn , in Summer , or in the Winter ; the Feaver by Surfet , Feaver Pestilent , Feaver Accidental , or the General Plague ; they are all known by these Signes , much trembling , panting and sweating , a sullen Countenance that was wont to be chearful , hot Breath , sainting in Labour , decay in Stomach , and Costiveness in the Body , &c. First , let him Blood , then give him this Drink , Take of Sellendine Roots , leaves and all , a good handful , as much Wormwood and as much Rue , wash them well , then bruise them in a Mortar , then boyl them in a quart of Ale or Beer , then strain them , and add to them a pound of sweet Butter , then give it the Horse to drink luke-warm ; or half an Ounce of the powder of Diapente , given in Sack or Ale , two or three Mornings together . Or give him three or four Yolks of new laid Eggs , beaten with seven or eight spoonfuls of Aqua vitae or Brandy . This is good when he hath his shaking Fit upon him . Or take four Ounces of Diapente , and mix it with four Ounces of clarified Honey , and keep it in a close Glass , and give him half an Ounce thereof in Wine or Ale ; or take of Licoras an Ounce , of Anniseeds , Cummin-seeds , and Elecampane Roots , of each half an Ounce , of Turmerick and Bay-berries , of each a quarter of an Ounce , of long Pepper and Fennegreek , of each two drams beaten small , and put five spoonfuls thereof into a quart of Ale , warmed with a little Putter or Oyl , and it is very Sovereign , for any Disease coming of cold Causes . Or Red Sage , Mint , Sellendine and Rue , boyled in Beer is good . Diatessaron is good simply of it self , so is Diapente , or Diahexaple . There are several particular Receipts which I might give you for every sort of these Feavers I have Named , but I think these in General may serve instead of a more particular Account , only observe this Note by the way . That you must in all hot causes administer cooling things , and in cold Causes hot things . Signes whereby you may know every sort of Feaver . Signes in General to know a Feaver , is by holding down of his Head , he will quake and tremble , and when his trembling is over , he will burn , and his Breath be hot , he will breath fast , and his Flank will beat , he will reel , he will forsake his Meat , his Eyes will swell and be closed up , and watering , his Flesh will as it were fall from his Bones , and his Stones will hang down , he will desire to drink , yet not drink much , neither will he sleep , but more particularly . A Quotidian Feaver proceeds from hard Riding , being set up too hot in the Stable without Riding . Quotidian or every days Feaver is known by Blood-shotten Eyes , short and hot Breathing , panting , loathing of his Meat , and stiffness in his Limbs , and his Sickness will not last above six or eight houres in a day , and then he will be well again . Tertian Feaver proceeds from the same Causes as the Quotidian . The Tertian or every other days Feaver , is known by the Signes formerly spoken of , and this as the chiefest , that he will be sick as on Monday , and well on the Tuesday , and sick on the Wednesday following . Quartan Feaver proceeds from the same Causes as the Tertian doth . The Quartan Feaver , as some Farriers call , a third days Sickness , as thus : If his Fit begin on the Monday , he will be well on the Tuesday and Wednesday , and sick again on the Thursday . There is no other Sign to know it , then the coming and going of the Fits. Continual Feaver proceeds from Heats and Colds . The Feaver continual is that which continueth without any Intermission , the Signes are want of rest , and falling away of the Flesh , besides certain Inslammations or Swellings , which will appear about his Withers and Flanks . Hectick Feaver proceeds from a sick Stomach , being Scalded with hot Drinks , hath lost the power of Digestion . The Hectick Feaver , which is the worst of Feavers , is known by this , that he will never eat with Appetite , and when you draw out his Tongue you shall find it Raw , his Flesh will be Loose and Flaggy , and his Body subject to trembling . All these Feavers do most commonly happen to a Horse in the Spring , because the new Blood is apt to be inflamed . Autumn Feaver proceeds from new Blood being inflamed . The Signes of an Autumn Feaver , is known by the same Signes I have declared , for they are the same Feavers , only altering the time of the year . Summer Feaver . A Feaver taken in the Summer is the worst of all ordinary Feavers whatsoever , especially such as are taken in the Dog-days . The Signes of this Feaver are , that his Arteries will beat most palpably ▪ and wheresoever he staleth , you shall perceive he sheddeth his seed also . Winter Feaver . A Feaver in the Winter is not so dangerous as the Feaver before-mentioned , yet if you do not remove it speedily it will continue long . The Signes are no other then hath been declared . Feaver by Surseit . The Feaver by Surseit is known by these Signes , he will beat upon his Back , his Breath will be short , hot and dry , and his Wind will draw only at his Nose with great Violence . Feaver Pestilential . The Feaver pestilential , is known by the holding down of his Head , forsaking of his Meat , shedding much water at his Eyes , and many times Swellings , or Ulcers , rising a little below his Ear-Roots . Feaver Accidental The Feaver Accidental comes by some blow or wound , by which any of the Vital Powers are let or hindred , which may bring him to a Feaver , then the Signes be , he will covet much to drink , but cannot , and his Flesh will fall away in an extraordinary fashion . How to make the Oyl of Oats . Take of Milk two Gallons , and warming it on the Fire , put to it a quarter of a pound of burnt Allom , which will make it turn to Curds , then take out the Curd and strain the Whey , then take a quarter of a peck of clean Husked Oats that were never dried , and put them in the Whey , and set them on the Fire till they burst and be soft ; then put them into Cullender to let the Whey run through them , then put the Oats in a Frying-Pan over the Fire , keeping them stirring , till you see the Vapour or Smoke of them ascend upwards , but as it were run about the Pan , then take them off and put them into a Press , and press them most exceedingly , and what cometh from them is the Oyl of them , which you must save in a close Glass . The Vertues of it . This Oyl of all Medicines and Simples whatsoever , is the most Excellent and Sovereign for a Horses Body , as being extracted from the most Natural , wholesom and best Food which doth belong unto a Horses Body . This Oyl being given by four or five spoonfuls at a time in a pint of sweet Wine , or a quart of strong Ale , and some of the Whey poured into his Nostrils doth Cure the Glaunders before all other Medicines ; it is also ( given in the same manner ) the best of all Purgations ; for it purgeth away all those venomous and filthy humours , which feedeth the most incurable Farcy whatsoever . How to make the Powder of Honey and Lime ; which is so great a Drier , that i● will dry up any Wound or Old Sore . Take such a quantity of unslackt Lyme as you shall think fit , beat it into very fine Powder , then take so much Honey as will make it up into a stiff Paste , then put it into the form of a thick Cake , or Loaf ▪ and put it into an Oven , or burning Fire , till it be Baked or burnt glowing Red ; then take it forth , and when it is cold , beat it into fine Powder , and then use it as occasion shall serve . If you mix amongst it the Powder of a burnt Shoo , it will be much the better . A Comfortable Drench . Make it of these Cordials , to wit , of Sugar , Cinnamon , Cloves , Nutmegs , Saffron , Licoris , Anniseeds ; beat all these into fine powder , adding thereunto white-Wine , and all these infused in an Earthen pot . An Operative Drink . Put in such a quantity of these things as you think requisite for the Strength of the Horse , viz. white-Wine , Sallet-Oyl , Alloes , Rubarb , Agarick , Duke , or Duck-powder , Honey , Cordial-powder , &c. Several sorts of Charges . Take of black Pitch half a pound , of Mastick two Ounces , of Galbanum four Ounces , of fat Pitch and of Turpentine , of each half a pound , melt them into a Pot together , and when it is half cold charge the place up to the Hanch , and so overthwart the Reins of the Back , and if it be not Cured at the end of eight or ten days , take it off and apply this Ointment . Take of Oyl de Bay , Althea , tried Hogs-Grease , of each half a pound , incorporate them altogether , and therewith anoint and chafe the place grieved . [ 〈◊〉 the Second Part for the Best of Charges , I. W. marked in the Margent ▪ ] A Honey Charge for a Wrench or Slip in the Shoulder , H●p or other Member ; for all sorts of Scratches , and for stiffness of Sinews hurt , or any other way offended , to asswage Swellings and Tumours , and to draw away all bad Humours . Take of Wheat-Meal two pounds , and put a little white-Wine unto it , and put it into a Kettle , as if you were to make a Poultess , and when it is well mixed , add to it of Bole-Armoniack in fine powder half a pound , of English Honey one pound , then set it upon the Fire and boyl it , keeping it continually stirring , and put to it in the boyling half a pound of black Pitch , keeping it stirring , and when you think you have boiled it enough , put to it of ordinary Turpentine , half a pound of Oyl de-Bay , Cummin , Althea , Sanguis Draconis , Bay-berries and Fennegreek , beaten to powder , and of Linseed-Meal , of each two drams , boil them altogether again , still keeping them stirring till they be well incorporate , and therewith Charge the grieved Member with it pretty warm , but not to scauld him . A Restringent Charge to be applied to broken Bones , or to Bones dislocated or out of Joy●t , being first Set , and also to take moist Humours from weeping Wounds , and so to dry up bad Humours , which do pre-occupate the Body . Take of Oyl de-Bay four Ounces , Orpin , Cantharides , and Euphorbium , of each two Ounces , make all these into fine powder , and mix them with your Oyl de-Bay very well , and therewith charge the place grieved . This is also very good to charge the Swelling of a Back Sinew-strain . A celd Charge . Take Bole-Armoniack ▪ Wheat-Flower , the white of an Egg , and Aqua-vitae or white-Wine ; beat all these together pretty thick , and lay it to the place grieved upon a brown paper , and when it is dry lay on fresh . You must keep that part out of the water , if you intend the Plaister should slay on . Of Salves , Vnouents , Powders and Waters . Take of Perosen , and of hard Rosin , of each one pound , of Frankincense , Virgin-Wax , or for want thereof , new Wax , and Sheeps Suet , of each half a pound , of old tried Hogs-grease one pound and a quarter , boil the Gums and Wax in half a pint of white-Wine , and then put into it your Sheeps Tallow and Hogs-grease , and when all is Molten and Incorporated together , strain it , and whilest it is yet hot put in an Ounce of Venice-Turpentine , and so work all well together , which when it is cold , pour in the Liquor from the Salve , which put up into a Gally-pot for your use . The Vertues of it . This is a most Sovereign Salve to heal any green Wound , ( that is not come to an Ulcer ) and so dry it up . Another most excellent Powder . Take unslacked Lyme , the dry dust of Tanners Oken Bark , and an old Shoo Sole burned to a Coal , of each alike , make them into fine Powder , and mix them well , and keep them in a Box for your use . The Vertues of it . This Powder healeth the Buds of the Farein after they be broken , and skinneth them , and if they be washed with the Juice of Vervine and strong Vineger , mingled together , and this Powder cast upon them , will heal and skin them . It healeth likewise and skinneth all other Sores . Another Oyntment . Take half a pound of tried Hogs-grease , a penniworth of Verdegrease beaten to fine Powder , give them two or three Walms on the Fire , then take it off , and put into it half an Ounce of Venice-Turpentine , and stir it well together till it be cold , this Ointment will heal any Wound or Sore in a Horse . Another Oyntment . Burn a good quantity of Roch-Allum , and as much bay-Salt , and burn that also , make them both together into fine powder . Then take of common Honey , and of sweet Butter , of each alike , as much as will suffice , incorporate them altogether , by melting them over a gentle Fire , and with a Taint or Plaister apply it . And this Cureth any foul Sore . A good VVater . Take a pint of fair Water , and put into it of bay-Salt , and of green Copperas , of each the quantity of a Hazel-Nut , first , made into fine powder , let them boil a little upon the Fire , with this wash your Sore before you do apply any of your Salves , Unguents or Powders . Another Salve . Take of common Honey , two Ounces , Roch-Allom , Verdegrease and Vinegar , of each an Ounce , make your Allom and Verdegrease into fine Powder , then take of ●ublimate finely powdered , two Ounces , boil them a little on the Fire , this laid Plaister-wise on the Wound once a day , or if the Wound be deep to Taint it with it , but before you dress it , wash the Sore with Water made of green Copperas and bay-Salt . The Vertues of it . This doth not only Cure all sorts of Wounds in the Body , but the Foot also , and it cleareth any Wound from dead and proud Flesh . Another Salve . Take the Buds or the tender tops of the leaves of Elder , ( or for want there of , the inner Rin● of the Bark ) one handful , and first shred , and after pound them very well , till you bring them to a Salve , and apply this to the Sore , binding a Cloth about it to keep it from falling off . The Vertues of it . This will Cure any Old or New Sore whatsoever in any part of the Body , as Galled Backs , Spur-Galls , Gravelling , Prick'd , being dressed every day once , and it will Cure a F●●tula , if the Juice of it be injected into it unto the bottom . An Oyntment . Take the White of a new laid Egg , and Sallet-Oyl , as much as will suffice , and beat them well together , and before you apply it unto the Wound , pour into the Wonnd burnt Butter , and then lay on your Medicines with Hurds Plaister-wise . And this will Cure any green Wound . Another . An Ounce of black Sope , and as much Dogs Grease , with as much burnt Allom as will lie upon a six pence , melted upon the Fire together , is very good to heal or skin any wound or hurt , let the burnt Allom be put in last , when the others are melted . How to give a Horse a Vomit . Vomits are given to Horses newly taken from Grass , to bring away their gross and Phlegmatick Humours , which do abound in their Stomach and Head , which if they be not taken away in due time , may empair greatly the Health of the Horse . I never knew that Vomits were useful to a Horse till I met with a French Farrier , which I saw administred it to sundry Horses , which did work very kindly . The Receipt is this . Take two of the greatest Roots you can get of Poll●podium of the Oak , washed and scraped very clean , and Tie it to his Snaffle , Trench or Bit , then let it be steeped in the Oyl of Spike all Night , and in the Morning fasting put on his Bridle with the same Roots , and Ride him about with it about an hour fair and softly , and if he be troubled with any Rheuma●ick or Phlegmatick humour , or with any cold or silthy Matter , which may annoy his stomach , this will force him to vent it at his Mouth and Nose , and it will cause him to Cough and N●ez , where he will send forth a great abundance of silth and evil slimy stuff from off his Stomach and Head , as that in a very short time he will become very clean in his Body , for this will both refine his Blood , and exhaust all his watery Humours , which will make him found a long time after it . And this is not only to be applied to a Horse newly taken from Grass , but to any other Horse that hath taken Cold or to any Ketty , Foul , Foggy or Pursive Horse whatsoever . This may seem strange here amongst us , but let any man make trial , and he shall find it to be most admirable . Pur●ing Pills . Take of Fresh Butter one pound , Alloes and Fennegreek , of each an Ounce , Life-Honey and white Sugar-Candy powdred , of each four Ounces , Agarick half an Ounce , make all these into fine powder , and being well incorporated with the Butter and Honey , make Pills thereof , and give them to your Horse , and if he be but a small and weak Horse , you must give him but two parts of three , but if he hath a strong Cold and Cough withal . Then Take Fresh Butter , and of Mel-R●s●rum , of each four Ounces , of Alloes and Sene , of each an Ounce , of Rubarb and Bay-●erries , of each three Ounces , Coll●quintida and S ffron , of each two drams , Co●di l-powder one Ounce , D●k● or D●tch-powder four Ounces , make them all into fine powder , and mix them well with two Ounces of Mithrida●e , and with your Butter and Mel-Rosarum , beat and pound them well together , and make them up into Pills , and give them your Horse . This Receipt will purge him very well , though it heat him for some time , and let him be ordered as in other Physical Cures of the like Nature , and proportion your Pills according to the strength , greatness and corpulency of your Horse . A Plaister to dissolve and take away evil Humours , which shall at any time fall down in the Legs of your Horse . Take of Common Honey a pound , of Turpentine half a pound , of Mastick in fine powder two Ounces , of Frankincense and Bole-A●m●●iack made into fine powder , of each four Ounces , of S●ng●is D●aconis three Ounces , six new laid Eggs , of the strongest Wine-Vineger one pint , of the Flower of Rice seven Ounces , mix all these together , and hereof make a Plaister , and lap the Legs of the Horse from the Feet to the upper Joyn●s , and do this but four or five times , and you shall find that it will perform a strange and rare Cure. Of several sorts of Baths , and first of a Bath to dry up Humours . Take Sage , Rosemary , of each a handful , and of the Bark of the Root of B●●ch three pounds , and of the B●●ks of young E●mes , Oaks and Ash , of each a handful , of N●p , Penvy-Royal , and of Coestnuts , the Rinds being taken away , of each a handful , three or four white Onions clean pilled and cut into small pieces or slices , Red Wine three Pottles , strong white-Wine Vineger two Pottles ; Boyl all these together , and cause him to be walked a quarter of an hour till he be warm , then Bathe him with this Bath good and hot , and set him up warm , and let his Drink be either sweet Mashes or white Water , and thus Bathe him for three or four dayes together , and let him not be Ridden in any Water for eight or ten days after . The Vse or Vertues of Paths . Baths are somentations , which are the most comfortable things of any to the Joynts and Limbs of a Horse , for they dissolve all ill Humours , and give heat and warmth unto all the Members that are benumbed with Cold , or for want of Blood it comforteth and strengthneth them , and giveth very great case to the pained Sinews . Besides , it asswageth Swellings , in or about any part of the Body ; for Legs swelling stiff , or benummed , or for any other Joynt pained or grieved , or for any String halt , Cramp or Convulsion . Which Bath to Cure all such Maladies is this . Bath 1. Take Muscadine and Sallet-Oyl , of each a pint , Bay-leaves and Rosemary , of each two handfuls , let them boyl half an hour , and when you are to Bathe your Horse therewith , rub and chafe the grieved place with a Wisp or Hair-Cloth a pretty while , then put the Foot into some broad Bowl or Pail , whereby to preserve the Liquor and Herbs , and Bathe him thus a quarter of an hour , which ended , bind upon the place a piece of Sheeps or Lambs Skin , with the Woolly side to the Leg , and let him stand so twenty four houres , apply this five or six times , and it will be a perfect Cure. Bath 2. A Bath to Cure all Go●●dy and G●uty Legs , which cometh either by Farcin , Scratches , or the like , &c. Take a quart or more of Chamber-ly , and put into it a Handful of Bay-Salt , a quarter of a pound of Soap , a pretty quantity of Soot , a handful or two of Misle-toe , Chopped small , boil them very well together , and Bathe the place very well therewith , and in three or four days Bathing it Morning and Evening , it will not only take down the Swelling , but prevent the Farcin . Bath 3. Another Bath for the same purpose . Take the Grounds of a Beer-Barrel , with the Barm , Smallage , Featherfew , Winter-S●vo●y , Co●●rey , Mallowes , Ru● , Se●-●●●l , Penny-Royal , Wormwood , Archangel , of each a good handful , and of the Leaves and Berries of Misle-toe three or four good handfuls , Sheeps Tallow one pound , tried Hogs-Grease half a pound , three or four Handfuls of Rye or Wheat-Bran , boyl them altogether , till the Herbs and Misle-toe become soft , and be sure you have Liquor enough , and a little before you take it from the Fire , put into it some Hay , with this Bathe his Legs ; first one , then the other , as was before shewed , and when you have Bathed that Leg sufficiently , make a Thumb-Band of the Hay in the Bath , and rowl it about the Leg above the uppermost or middle Joynt , and put off the Herbs between the Thumb-band and his Leg , which done , pour on the Liquor remaining upon the Thumb-bands , and so Bathe him for so many days once , as you shall think requisite , and it will bring down the Swelling quite and make him sound . Bath 4. Another Bath very Excellent . Take Smallage , Ox-Eye and Sheeps Suet , of each alike , to a good quantity , chop them small together , and after stamp them in a Stone ▪ Mortar , then boyl them with Mans Urine , and bathe the grieved parts herewith warm , doing as before with ●owl or Pail ; then with Thumb-bands of soft Hay made , first wet in cold water , rap up the Member , as well above as below the Grief , and use it as often as you shall see cause . This Bath is very good for Swelled Legs upon Travel , or for any other Lameness which cometh either by stroke , strain or other Accident . Bath 5. Another Bath . Take Savin , and the Bark and Leaves of the Bay-tree , Pellitory , Rosemary , Sage , Rue , of each three Ounces , boyl these in a Gallon of white-Wine , until half be consumed ; And Bathe your Horse as before is shewed . To bathe a Horse in Salt water , is very wholesom , both for the Horses Skin , and for any Disease in the Stomach . Bath 6. A Bath for a Horse that is Tired or over-Travelled . Take of Mallows , of Sage , of each two or three handfuls , and a Rose-Cake , boyl them together in water till it be all consumed , then add to it a good quantity of Butter or Sallet Oyl , and mix them together , and bathe all his fore-Legs therewith , and all the parts of his Body also , or to let him Blood , and with that Blood , Oyl and Vineger mixed together , presently to anoint his Body , helps most sorts of Infirmities . Of Perfumes or Purges of the Head of all filthy and gross Matter . Perfumes are necessary to be applied to Horses in Cases of Colds ▪ Glanders , Rheums , Murs , P●z●s , Catharrs , &c. For they do not only break a Cold , but dissipate congealed humours which do annoy the Head , Brain and Stomach of the Horse , and sometimes they expel and cause him to vent at his Nose and Mouth , much Filth and Corruption , which doth stop , clog and pester his Head and Body , and sometimes they do siccicate and dry up many bad Humours which are engendred in the Head and Brain . The Ingredients of which Simples wherewith we Persume sick Horses are many ▪ As The Juice of Onions snuffed up the Nose draweth forth raw phlegmatick Humours . The Juice of Coleworts squirted up his Nose , or the Juice of red Beets . The leaves of the Wind-Flower stamped , and the Juice squirted up his Nose ; or the Juice of Dazies purge the Head of filthy slimy Humours . The Juice of Sage draweth forth thin phlegm . The Juice of the Primrose stamped , strained and squirted up his Nose , is good to purge the Brain . The Juice of the small Cellendine purgeth the Head of foul and filthy Humours ; The Juice of the Leaves or Berries of Ivy , that grows upon Walls , doth infinitely purge the Head ; Fennel — Gya●● or Ferula snuffed up the Nose , white Hellebore or Neesing — Root beaten to powder , after it is dried and blown up into the Nose , purgeth the Head and Brain from gross and slimy humours , wild white Hellebore hath the same Vertues ; The Juice of sweet Ma●y●em draweth forth much phlegm ; The Juice of stinking Gladdon squirted up the Nose , draweth down to the Nose great store of filthy Excrements ; Mustard-seed beaten to powder , and blowed up the Nose , purgeth the Head ; The Juice of Snees●wort squirted up the Nose , bringeth from the Brain slimy phlegm ; The Juice of the Leaves of Elder purgeth the Head ; The Juice of Mercury purgeth the Head of all gross and vitious humours ; Pellitory , Pimpernel , Rosemary , the smoke taken up his Nostrils , or take a Feather and anoint it in Oylde ▪ Bay , and thrust it up his Nose , is good for any cold or obstruction in the Head. The best Perfume of all . But the best Perfume of all is to take the best Olibanum , Storax , Benjamin and Franke cense , bruised grossly together , and strowed upon a Chasingdith of Coals , and let him receive the smoke of it up his Nostrils through a Tunnel , which will bring away abundance of tough Matter into water from the Head and Brain , insomuch that it will be almost ready to extinguish the Fire ; It is a most excellent Comforter of the Brain , and brings a great chearfulness to the Heart , and rejoyceth the whole Body . The Green Ointment . The Green Ointment , which Cure Sores whether old or green , Vleers , Fistulaes , Poll-evils , or what else ; for where this Ointment cometh , no proud or dead Flesh will grow , no Flies will come near the place , or for Horse or Mare-Filly that is Gelt or Splad , anoint but the place , and they will neither swell nor fester , for it doth not only heal soundly , but speedily also , provided you lay nothing upon the Wound or Sorrance , where the Ointment is administred , as neither Hurds , Lint , Plaisters or the like , unless you have occasion to taint a Wound which is deep , neither that for any long time , or too often ; and besides , the seldomer the Wound is dressed , as once a day , or once in two days , it will heal the better and faster , especially if it be brought into good for wardness of healing . And together with this Ointment you may do well ; wash the Sorrance with the Copperas water , which by reason it is always first to be used , you shall have it first , and the Green Ointment after it . The making of the Copperas water . Take two quarts of fair water , and put it into a clean Postnet , and put to it half a pound of green Copperas , of Salt a handful , of ordinary Honey a spoonful , and two or three Branches of Rosemary , boil all these till one half of the water be consumed , and a little before you take it from the Fire , put to it the quantity of a Doves Egg of Allom , then take it from the Fire and strain it into a Pan , and when it is cold put it into a Glass close stopped , and keep it for your use . And when you are to dress any Sore , first wash it very clean with this Water , and if the Wound be deep inject it with a Seringe . The Vertues of it . This Water will of it self Cure any reasonable Sore or Wound ( but the green Ointment being applied after it is washed ) will heal any old Ulcer or Fistula whatsoever , if they come to the bottom of them , and for green Wounds they have not their fellow ; if you think good you may boyl it in Verjuice or Chamber-lye , one being a great Searcher , Cleanser and Healer , the other a great Drier . How to make the green O●n●ment . Take a clean Skillet or Postnet , and first put into it of Rozin the quantity of a Wallnut , which being Molten , put to it the like quantity of Wax , and when that is also Molten , put to them of tried Hogs-grease half a pound , and when that is Molten , put into it of common English Honey one spoonful , and when all these are Molten and well stirred together , then put in of ordinary Turpentine half a pound , and when that is dissolved , take it from the Fire , and put to it an Ounce of Verdegrease beaten to fine powder , and so stir it altogether , but be careful it run not over , for that the Verdegrease will cause it to arise , then set it again upon the Fire till 〈◊〉 begin to Simper , then take it off , for if you let it boil too much it will turn red , and lose its vertue of Healing , and become a Corrasive , then strain it through a Cloth into some Earthen Pot , and keep it for your use close covered . The Vertues of it . This is the most Excellent Ointment that ever I knew , for de Grey hath done such rare Cures with it , that he hath been offered ten pounds for it . For it cleanseth a Wound be it never so foul , or infected with dead , proud , spungy or naughty Flesh it carnifieth and healeth abundantly , and withal so soundly and firmly , as that it doth never more break forth , it draweth forth Thorns , Splinters , Nails , and all such things in the Flesh , and in a word it Cureth all sorts of Sores and Wounds . Another Excellent Green Ointment made only in the Month of May , which Cureth all sorts of Strains , Aches , Burnings , Scaldings and Swellings whatsoever , either in the Throator any other part of the Body . Take half a pound of each of these things here under-mentioned , viz. Rue , red Sage , Wormwood and young bay Leaves , beat them very well in a Mortar ; Then take four pounds of new Sheeps Suet , and work the Herbs and it very well together with your Hands , till they be incorporated and become as one Lump ; Then put to them two quarts of Sallet-Oyl , and Work that also till it become all of one softness and colour ; Then put it into a new Earthen Pan , and let it stand covered eight days ; then boyl it over a soft Fire the space of two houres or more , keeping it stirring all the while ; Then put into it four Ounces of the Oyl of Spike , and let that boyl as long ; The way to know whether it be well boiled , is to put a drop of it upon a Plate , and if it be upon a fair Green , you may assure your self it is enough ; Then strain it through a new Canvass , and keep it in an Earthen Pot for your use . This Ointment will hold very good seven or eight years . A very good Receipt to keep back Humours that flow too fast to a Wound you have in Cure , which will make it heal so much the sooner . Take two pints of white-Wine Vineger or Tartar , and put to it an Ounce or more of the powder of Bole-Armoniack , and of common Salt well dried the like quantity , the powder also of the Bur-dock Root , or the Juice of the Leaves , and wash the swelled place round about with it , once or twice a day , and it will be a great help in Order to its Cure. Another for the same Vse . After you have beaten a penniworth or more of Camphire very small , dissolve it in a Pint of Verjuice , and boyl it about a quarter of an hour , then put it into a Glass close stopped , to keep for your use , and use it as you have Directions in the former Receipt . To Cleanse a Wound Old or New before you dress it . Take more or less of white-Wine Vineger , according as you have occasion , and put into it the powder of the Roots of Elder dried , or the Juice of the Leaves , with a spoonful of Honey , and a little powder of burnt Allom , and boyl it about half a quarter of an hour , and use it warm . Another sort of Green Ointment , which is good to heal any Wound Old or New. Take a handful of these Herbs here under-mentioned , viz. Rosemary , Wound-wort , Red Sage , Mug-wort , Comfrey , Rue and Southern-wood , &c. Cut them small , and boyl them in a pound and an half of May Butter , and the like quantity of Sheeps Suet ; When you have boiled it according as you have Directions for the Boyling of Ointments in the latter End of the Book , strain out the Ointment from the Herbs , and put i● into a Pot , and keep it for your use . Of Purging or Scouring Things in general . Turn-sole boiled in water gently purgeth the Body , Felt-wort or Baldmony , Alloes or Sea Housleek is the most convenient Medicine for the Stomach , that is the Seed of St. Peters wort , the seed of Tutsan or Park-Leaves do purge Cholerick Humours , Dodder that groweth upon Savory , Hedge-Hysop purgeth mightily waterish , gross and slimy Humours , Scamony or purging Bind-weed , doth mightily purge , and it is very hurtful to the Body , if you do not mix it with Alloes , Colloquintida is a violent Purger , and is not to be used but upon some desperate Diseases , and then not to be given , unless it be mixed with some clammy things whereby the vehemency there of may be repressed , black Hellebore or Bears Foot , Hogs Fennel purgeth by Siege both Phlegm and and Choler , either of the Pollipodies purgeth Choler and Phlegm . The Entrails of a Carp or Barble cut into pieces , and given him in white-Wine or Ale , or Rye sodden that it burst not , and dried and given him instead of Provender , an Ounce of Alloes made up in Balls of Butter , after it is finely beaten to Powder , purgeth excellently , Spurge boiled in Beer and given him , Hempseed , Fennegreek , Cassia , Honey , Sallet-Oyl , in Sack given him , the powder of Mechoacan boiled in Ale , or Ale-wort , London Treacle and Honey brewed together and given him , or Sene , Agarick and Licoris boiled in Ale and given him , or Gentian sliced and boiled in a quart of Beer till it come to a pint and given him . Particular Scourings at large , and first of a Scouring for any Horse , sick or Sound , and especially for Running or Hunting Horses , whose Grease must necessarily be Molten . Take twenty Raisins of the Sun with the stones pickt out , ten slit Figs slit round-wise , boyl them in a Pottle of Running Water till the VVater is consumed and thickned , then take the powder of Licoris , Anniseeds and Sugar-Candy , finely searc'd , and mix it with the Raisins and Figs , stamping and working them together till they become a stiff paste , then making round Balls thereof of a pretty bigness , rowl and cover them all over with sweet Butter , and give as many of them to the Horse as you shall think meet for his Strength , provided that the day before , you give him such Exercise as will raise up his Grease , and that immediately before you give him this Medicine you also warm him throughly , that the Humours being again stirred up , the Medicine may work the more effectually . Another Scouring to purge a Horse from ail Grease , Glut or Filthiness within his Body , which I think may go for as good a Scouring as can be Invented by Art. Take of Anniseeds three Ounces , of Cummin seeds six drams , of Carthamus a dram and a half , of Fennegreek-seed one Ounce and two drams , of Brimstone one Ounce and a half , beat all these to fine powder and searce them , then take a pint and two Ounces of Sallet-Oyl , of Honey a pound and a half , and of white-VVine four pints , then with as much fine VVheat-Meal as will suffice , make all into a strong stiff Paste , and knead and work it well ; this Paste keep in a Gally-pot close covered for your use ; when your Horse hath been Hunted , and is at Night or in the Morning very thirsty , take a Ball of it as big as a Mans Fist , and dissolve it in a Gallon or two of cold VVater , and it will make the VVater look white as Milk , then give it him in the dark lest the Colour displease him ; if he drink it , then feed him , but if he refuse it , let him fast till he take it , which assuredly he will do in twice or thrice offering , and when he hath once taken it , he will refuse all other drink for this , and you cannot give him too much nor too oft of it if he have exercise . It is an excellent thing for all inward Infirmities whatsoever . Another Excellent Scouring after any sore Heat , or for any fat Horse after his Exercise , with Directions how he is to take it , and how you are to Order him after it , with Cautions what to do when you give any Scouring . Take a quart of good Sack , and set it on the Fire in a Bason or Skillet , it and when it is warm , take an Ounce of the clearest Rosin , being bruised very small , and by degrees little by little put it into the Sack , and keep it stirring for fear of Clotting , and when it is well incorporated into the Sack , take it from the Fire , and put into it half a pint of the best Sallet-Oyl , and in the cooling , stir them all very well together , then put 〈◊〉 it an Ounce of brown Sugar-Candy beaten to powder , and being luke-warm , give it the Horse in the height of his Heat , as soon as you come home from Exercise , then Rub him well and Cloath him warm , and let him fast two houres after it , and keep him stirring in the Stable , for that will make Spirits work , for Rest doth but dull the Spirits . When you give him any Scouring , be sure that day to give him no cold water after it , for it is binding and knitting , and detaineth that soulness which the Scouring should take away . Another Scouring when others will not work . Take a quarter of a pound of sweet Butter , and so much of Castle-Soap , and half an Ounce of Alloes , beat them together , and add two spoonfuls of beaten Hemp-seed , and of Rosin half a spoonful , of Sugar-Candy an Ounce bruised , work them all into a Paste , and give it him in Balls immediately after his heat , and when you have warmed him , and stirred up the Grease and Foulness within him . [ There is in my second Part a very safe and easie Scouring . ] If you have a desire to see more Variety of Purgations of all sorts , look back . Of Loosening things in General . Brank-ursin or Seed , Hemp-seed , Fennegreek-seed , the Juice of the white Beets , Coleworts , Spinage , Mercury , Succory , white Sope and Spurge brayed together and given him to drink , Sallet-Oyl given him in Sack or Ale , or Anniseeds , Linseeds and Piony boiled in Beer , or the Bark of the Elder-Tree bruised and mixed with old Ale and given him , or take of the Decoction of Mallows , Sallet , Oyl and fresh Butter , Benedicta Laxativa , given him Blood-warm Glister-wise , or Rye thrown amongst his Provender , or Mustard-seed , or to anoint your hand with Butter or Hogs-Grease , and pluck away his Ordure , and then put into his Fundament a good piece of the great end of a Candle , or give him in Ale eleven Leaves of Lawrel stamped , the Seed of horned Poppey given him in Ale. All sorts of Docks being boiled are Loosners of the Belly , Marigold-Leaves , Burage , Bugloss , the Leaves of Hounds-Tongue boiled in Ale do mollifie the Belly , Syrop of Violets , black Hellebore or Bears Foot , Hogs Fennel Loosneth the Belly gently , Speraege or Asparagus . Things good to Fatten a Horse in general . Beans boiled in two Gallons of water till they swell or burst , and mix them with a peck of Wheat bran , and give it him in the manner of a Mash , and it will Fat suddenly , or Coleworts sodden and mixed with Wheat Bran , and give them instead of Provender , or to give him in stead of his Provender , the Grain called Buck , or to give him Parched Wheat mingled with Ale , or Wheat Bran mingled amongst his Provender , but be sure to keep him well dressed and cleanly lookt after , for without clean keeping his Meat will do him but little good , and to give him a little Meat at once for fear you Cloy him . Or take Sage , Savin , bay-Berries , Earth-Nuts , Bears-Grease mingled with a quart of Wine or Ale , and give it him , or to feed him a Month together with scalded Bran , or take Cummin-seed , Fennegreek-seed , Siliris Montani , Nutmegs , Cloves , Ginger , Linseed , of each two Ounces , quick Brimstone six Ounces , made all into line powder , and give him an Egg-shell full of it every Night in his Provender , and white Water after it , and put into his Oats with his powder a handful of Nettle-seed , for that is a thing which will principally cause him to batten , and when he is Glutted with this Meat , then give him Bread , if he leave his Bread , then give him Malt , or any Grain that he will eat with a good Appetite , or to give him many Mornings together half an Ounce of Brimstone finely beaten with a raw Egg , and a penny weight of the Powder of Myrrh in a quart of Ale , or to give him three Leaved Grass half green and half dry for many days together , or to give him Pepper , Saffron , Anniseeds , Turmerick , Treacle , Licoris , Penny-royal and Archangel , mingled in Milk with the Yolks of Eggs , Barley dried or Barley boiled till it burst is a great Fattener , but most of these ways will not breed Fat that will continue ; but the best way to make him Fat , and to cause him to keep it , is to give him three Mornings together a pint of sweet VVine , and two spoonfuls of Diapente brewed together , for that will take away all Infection and Sickness from the inward Parts , then to seed him well with Provender at least four times a day , viz. After his Water in the Morning , after his Water at Noon , after his Water in the Evening , and after his Water at nine a Clock at Night , and if you find that he eat not his Provender well , then to change it to another , and to let him have most of that Food he loveth best , and there is no question but he will grow fat suddenly . But if you will have a more particular Account , then turn to the Mirrour of all Medicines , to make the Leanest Horse that may be Fat , Sound and Fit either for Market or Travel , in the space of fourteen days , you may find before , with several other such like Receipts ensuing . An Explanation of several hard Words belonging to Chyrurgery . VVhat a Fracture is . If there be a loosening in the Bone , it is called a Fracture . VVhat a Wound is . If it be in any Fleshy part , it is called a Wound . VVhat a Rupture is . If it be in the Veins , then it is a Rupture . What a Convulsion is . If in the Sinews , then it is a Cramp or Convulsion . What an Excortication is . If it be in the Skin , then it is called an Excortication . Of Giving of Fire , and there are two ways of it , the one Actual , and the other Potential ; the First is done by Medicine , either Corrasive , Putrif active or Caustick . Cautery Actual . The Actual Fire doth burn the Flesh by Instrument , which stoppeth Corruption of Members , and stancheth Blood , provided the Sinews , Cords and Ligaments be not toucht , the Instruments to Cauterize , are Gold , Silver , Copper or Iron . Cautery Potential . The Potential Fire doth burn by Medicine , of which there are three sorts or degrees , namely , by Corrosive , by Caustick , or Putrifaction . The Corrosive . The Corrosives are Simple or Compound , the simple Corrosives are Roch-Allom , burnt or un-burnt , Red Coral , Mercury sublimed , Verdegrease , Copperas white and green , and these Corroding things are called Precipitates , which are Eaters of dead Flesh . The Compounds are Vnguentum Apostolorum , Vnguentum Aegyptiacum , and Vnguentum Coraceum , with others . Medicines Putrifactive . Medicines Putrifactive are such Medicines , which are applied to Swellings , which are made for the most part of Medicines Compounded , as Poultesses , rosted Sorrel , white Lilly Roots and the like . What a Caustick is . A Caustick is a great Burner , for that being once put to the Skin , will in a short time make a Wound where there was none before , and those things are Lye , Lime , Vitriol , Aqua-fortie and the like . Corrosives . Corrosives are weaker then Putrifactives , and Putrifactives are weaker then Causticks . Corrosives work in the soft Flesh , Putrifactives in the hard , and Causticks break the sound Skin . Thus you see the use of these things , you may apply them at your pleasure , for these Cure all sorts of Farcies , Cankers , Fistulaes , Leprosies , Maungies , Scabs , and such like poisonous Infection . Of the several sorts of Purgings , which are Five , by Pills , by Pori●ons , by Glisters , by Suppositories , and by Grass . What Pills are . Pills are solid or substantial stuff fixed together in one Body , and being made into round Balls are cast down the Horses Throat , which purge the Head and Brain from Phlegm , and other gross Humours down into the Excrements . What a Portion is . Portions are when you give him liquid purging Powders dissolved in Wine or Ale , or that if it be any other liquid stuff , now Portions cleanse the Stomach and Guts from such naughty Humours , which Glaunders , Colds and Surfeits have ingendred in the Body . What Glisters are . Glisters are given at the Fundament , and are made up of four things , that is to say , Decoctions , of Drugs of Oyls , and such like Unctious Matter , as Butter or Grease ; And ●ourthly , of divers Salts to provoke the Vertue Expulsive . Now they are of several Natures , some to ease and appease Griefs , and allay the sharpness of Humours , some to Bind and some to Loosen , and some to heal , as in Cases of Ulcers and Old Sores within the Body , &c. What a Suppository is . A Suppository is only a Preparative to a Glister , and but only to cleanse and make loose the great Guts which cometh to the Tuel , and they help the disease of the Guts , being of Nature more gentle then Glisters are , and may be applied when Glisters cannot . Purging by Grass . Purging by Grass , is either by green Corn , Wheat , Rye , Barley , Oats or Tares , which is a great Clen●er and Cooler of his Body . What a Decoction is . A Decoction is a Broth made of certain Herbs , as Mallows , Mash-Mallows , pellitory , Camomil , and sometimes of white Lilly Roots , and other such like things . Simples that are good to conglutinate and knit things together , either inward or outward . Iris Illyrica beaten and sifted , and mingled with pepper , Honey and Currants , and given him to drink in Wine and Sallet-Oyl , Conglutinateth any inward Rupture or Burstness , Dragant , Saffron , the fruit of the Pine , with the Yolks of Eggs given him to drink with Wine and Sallet-Oyl , is good to Conglutinate any inward Member or Vein broken , the Roots and Seeds of Asparagus sod in water and given him , and after three days give him Opoponax with Honey and Myrrh , and it will Conglutinate any inward Ulcer or Rupture whatsoever . The Bark of Ash beaten with Wine , and Plaister it , is a great Knitter of broken Bones , or the inward Bark of an Elm laid in Running water , and Bathe the place therewith , or the Roots of Rocket boiled in water , and plaister it , or Wilde Briony stamped and plaistered also , Hazel-tails and the Seeds of red Docks made into powder , and given him to drink is good , or Bugel is a Knitter of Wounds inward or outward , so does Lions-paw , or Self-heal , the distilled water of sow-Bread doth Knit any broken Sinew in the Body . Bole-Armoniack beaten to powder , and finely Sifted and beaten with the white of an Egg , and spread upon the Leg , and covered over with Flox , is very good for a Sinew-strain , and is a great Strengthner of the grieved place , where a Bone hath been out of Joynt , and put in again ; The yellow Wall Flower strengthens any weak part out of Joynt . A Poultess made of brank-Ursin and applied is good , so is a Decoction of the Root of Butchers-broom or Knee-Holly , with the Berries made also into a Poultiss ; the Root of the great Comfrey bruised and laid to them , doth consolidate and knit them together ; The Decoction of the Leaves , Bark or Roots of Elecampane healeth them , being bathed therewith ; The Roots of Eringo or Sea-holly boiled in Hogs-grease , and applied to them , draweth not only Bones out of the Flesh , but also Thorns , and healeth them again ; An Ointment made of the Roots of Osmond-Royal or Water-Flag in a Mortar , with the Oyl of Swallows , and the place grieved anointed with it , is very good ; Flix-weed doth consolidate broken Bones , so doth the leaves of the Holly-tree used in Fomentations , so doth Knot-grass and Moon-wort , the leaves of Mullen bruised and boiled in Wine , and laid to any Member out of Joynt , and newly Set again , taketh away all swellings and pains thereof ; the Leaves of Nettles also bruised and laid to them refresheth them ; the Juice of Plantine applied to any bone out of Joynt hindreth the Inflammation , swelling or pain that shall arise thereon ; Solomons Seal knitteth any Joynt , which by weakness useth to be often out of its place ; Or the Decoction of the Root being bruised and infused in Wine all Night , and given him , much helpeth towards the Cure ; the Leaves of Turn-Sole bruised and applied to Bones out of Joynt is very good for them , &c. Simples that are good to clea●se the Blood. Avens , VVater-Cresles , or Brook-lime , Burage or Bugloss , Butchers broom or Knee-holly , Cardus B●nedictus , the red Dock , which is commonly called Blood-wort , Fennel-seeds , Fumitory , Hops , VVall-Rue , or ordinary white Maiden-hair , Mustard-seed , the Root of the bastard Rubarb , Sage , Succory , Scurvey-Grass , Smallage , VVood-sorrel , Star-Thistle , Ladies Thistle , the yellow VVall-Flower , &c. Simples that are good in general to ex pel the dead Foal . A●heal , the Herb Alkanet applied to her Shape draweth it forth , Angelica , Brook-lime , or Water-Pimpernel , Centaury or sweet Chervil given her in Wine is very good . The powder of the Root of Cuckow-point , or the Juice of it given in Wine bringeth it away , Flax-weed or Toad-Flax is good , Flower de-luce made up in a Pessary with Honey , and put up into her Body bringeth it forth , Germander , Hore-hound , Filapendula or Drop-wort is good also given her ; so is the Root of Masterwort ; Ground-pine is excellent good to expel it . The Decoction of the Leaves and Branches of Sage given is also good , so is the Juice of the yellow Wall-Flower , &c. Simples good in general to provoke Lust in Horses . The Decoction of Asparagus given him for some time , the seed of the Ash-tree powdred with Nutmegs is a great Increaser of it , Beans , Chest-Nuts , Cream of Cich-pease , or Cicers boiled in water and given . The Seeds of both the sorts of Clary , the pith of the stalk of the Burr-dock , before the Burr cometh forth ; The weight of one Ounce of Cloves given in Milk provoketh it exceediugly ; Bread made of Potatoes and Bean-flower , and given him , is a great Provoker of it ; The Roots of Chervil , the Roots of Fennel-gyant , Spear-mint , Mustard-seed , Nettle-seed ; The seed of the wilde Rocket encreaseth it exceedingly , Raisins of the Sun , sweet Almonds , Pine-Nuts , the pizzle of a Bull or Hart , Boars stones dried and powdred , and given him amongst his Provender , &c. Simples good in General to increase Milk in Mares . The seed or leaves of Burrage or Bugloss , Cicers boiled in Milk , Cocks-Head the leaves or seed of Fennel , the seed of wilde Rocket , Sow thistles , the seed of Vipers , Bugloss given him in Ale , Dandelion , &c. Things good in General to wash all manner of Sores and Vlcers ▪ Alehoof bruised with white-Wine and Allom , is very good to wash all sorts of them , Flixweed made into a Salve doth quickly heal them , how foul or malignant soever they be , the distilled water of the Herb worketh the same effect , but it is somewhat weaker . The Juice of Fox-Gloves doth cleanse , dry and heal them . The Juice of the Leaves or Roots of stinking Gladwin , and anoint any Scab or sore in the Skin , it taketh them away . The Juice of Purslain is good to allay the heat in sores and hurts , Meadow sweet , Ragwort , the Juice of the green Herb of Tobacco , wilde Tansie boiled with Vineger and Honey is good to heal moist , corrupt and running Sores , &c. Simples that are good in General for all manner of swellings or risings in the Skin , viz. hard Knobs and Kernels , as also swelled Legs , Swellings under the Chaul , hard or soft , and to ripen them . Archangel stamped with some Salt and Vineger , and applied , dissolveth them , Bdelium ( a kind of Gum ) doth ripen them ; The leaves of the Beech Tree is good to discuss hot swellings ; Barley-meal and Flea-wort boiled in water , and made into a Poultess with Honey and Oyl of Lillies , cureth swellings under the Throat ; Brine dissolveth hard swellings , Chickweed boiled in water very soft , adding to it Hogs-Grease , with the powder of Fennegreek and Linseed , and a few Roots of Marsh-mallows stamped in the form of a Cataplasm or Poultess , and applied , taketh away the swelling of the Legs , or any other part . B●ook-lime or water Pimpernel used in the like manner is also very good ; the Decoction of Coleworts taketh away the pain and Ach , and allayeth the swellings in swollen Legs , wherein any gross or watery Humours are fallen , the place being bathed with it warm . Oyl of Camomil is good to dissolve hard and cold swellings , Cummin put into a Poultiss is also good for them ; so is Chervil bruised and applied , Cinquesoyl boiled in Vineger helpeth all hard swellings , so does Clary and Cleavers boiled in Hogs-Grease do the like ; Cocks-head bruised when they are green , and laid as a Plaister , dispenseth Knots and Kernels in the Flesh ; the Juice of Colts-foot is good for all hot swellings and inflammations . Endive applied asswageth all Swellings and Tumors coming of a hot cause , an Oyl made of the broad Flag Flower-de●luce , mollifieth all manner of Tumors and Swellings in any part of the Body ; As also of the Matrice , the Roots of stinking Gladwin boiled in Vineger or the Grounds of Beer , and laid upon them , consumeth them , the Decoction of the leaves of the Goose-berry bush cooleth them , Frankincense mingled with Honey , and applied , dissolveth hard swellings ; the fresh Herb of Groundsel made into a Poultess , taketh away the heat and pains of them , and used with Salt dissolveth Knots and Kernels ; Henban● asswageth all manner of swellings in the Cods or elsewhere , if they be boiled in Wine , or the Grounds of Beer , and applied either of themselves , or by a fomentation warm . True-love or one Berry hath the same Vertues . Hore-hound boiled in Hogs Grease is also good for any swelling in any part of the Body ; St. J●h●s wort dissolveth swellings , Knotgrass cooleth all manner of hot Inflammations breaking out by heat , Hedge Mustard is good for swellings in the Stones ▪ The Decoction of Rag-weed , or Pellitory of the VVall is good , Rye-bread , or the leaves thereof , ripeneth and breaketh Imposthumes and other swellings , so doth Wood-Sage , the leaves of Southern-wood boiled till they be soft , and stamped with Barley-Meal , and Barrows Grease , and applied to the place grieved is good for all cold Tumours . The Decoction of the Root of Scabins applied , doth wonderfully help all sorts of hard or cold swellings in any part of the Body , &c. Simples good in General to cause Sweat , given inwardly or applied outwardly ▪ Mountain Calamint given inwardly , or applied outwardly , being boiled in Sallet-Oyl , and the Body anointed with it , the Juice of Scabius given him with Treacle ; Camomil used in Baths provoketh it , opening the Pores , and mitigating the Griping pains in the Guts and Bowels ; the Juice of Bugloss mixed with Brandy , and the Body rubbed therewith is good , Master-wort or Herb-Gerrard is also good ; Fennel-Gyant mixed with Sallet-Oyl , and the Body anointed with it . An Oyl made of Asarabaca , with Landan●m , by setting it in the Sun , and the Back anointed with it is good , Wood-sage , &c. Simples , and other things that are good to Expel the Heam in Beasts , which is the same as the after-Birth is in Women . Time , Winter-succory , penny Royal boiled in white-Wine and given , Common Horehound boiled also in the same Wine and given , Dittany given or put up in a Pessary , driveth forth the dead Foal , and expelleth the Secundine ; Angelica driveth it forth also , so doth Parsley-seed , Alexanders , Hops , Fennel , Savin and bay-Berries , the powder of the inside of the wrinkled skin of the Gizzard of a Hen that Lays , dried and given in white-Wine is excellent , &c. Simples good in general to provoke or expel Wind. Alexander or House-parsley , Angelica seeds , Bay-berries , the seeds of the wild Carriots , Bishops-weed dissolveth it , Caraway-seeds , Cardamum seeds , sweet Chervil , Cummin taken inwardly , or given in Glisters is good for the gnawing of the Guts and Belly , Dill-seeds , the Herb Devils-bit boiled in Wine , Fennel-seeds , Filapendula or Drop-wort , Hemp ▪ seed , the Berries of Holly , Juniper-berries , the Root of Lovage , Lavender , Nep or Cat-mint , Nutmegs , wild Parsnix , or the Seeds or Roots of common parsley dissolveth it both in the Stomach and Bowels , China-Roots , Winter and Summer-Savoury , penny-royal given him in Sack , Burnet , Saxa●rage , stone-parsley , the seed of smallage , Time or Mother of Time , Valerian , &c. Simples that are good in general for Cattel that are bewitched . Two drams of the berries or seed of True-love , or one berry beaten to powder , and given him for twenty days together restoreth him , Misle-toe growing upon Pear-trees and hung about the Neck is very good , Amara ●ulcis , gathered in its Influency , is also good for it used as before ; Peony is good . The branches of the Holly-tree is reported to defend , not only from Witch-craft , but Lightning also , &c. Simples that are Cordials and Strengthners of Nature . Gentian strengthens the Stomach exceedingly , and keepeth the Heart from fainting ; Clove Gilly-Flowers are great Strengthners both of the Brain and Heart , and are very good to put into Cordials for sick and weak Horses , St. Johns-wort , Juniper-berries strengthens the Brain , and all the Limbs of the Body ; Marigolds strengthens the Heart , so doth Saffron and Mustard-seed ; Give not above two drams of Saffron at a time when you use it ; Mother of Time is a great strengthner of it , Red Roses doth not only strengthen the Heart , but Stomach and Liver , and the retentive Faculty , and mitigateth the pains that arise from Heat , Bugloss , Balm , Motherwort , Mace , Cinnamon , Cloves , Anniseeds , Canary , &c. Simples that are good in general , either taken inwardly , or applied outwardly , for the Biting or Stinging of any venomous Beast , viz. Adders , Vipers , Spiders , Wasps , Bees and Hornets , &c. The Decoction of Agrimony given him , or the Juice of Alexander or Horse-parsley , Aristolochia rotunda or Birthwort , Asarabica , Balm , Wood-bitony , the powder of the dried Leaves of the blew Bottle given in Plantine-water , Comfrey , Bucks-horn , Plantine given him , with some of the Leaves laid to the hurt place is good against the Biting of Adders , the Juice of the Root of the Bur-dock , given him inwardly , and applied outwardly to the place bruised with Salt , is also very good for them to ease the pain thereof , Water-Caltrops , Cantaury , Campions , Flower-de luce boiled in Vineger and given is good , so is the Decoction of the Root of Common Elder ; the seed of St. Johns wort given inwardly and applied outwardly is good for them ; so is Sage , Rocket , Penny-royal , Pimpernel , Ground-pine , Marjorem , Summer-Savory taketh away the stinging of Bees or Wasps , the Root of Spignel , the green Herb of Tobaccho applied to the place bruifed ; the Leaves of the Tamarisk Tree boiled in Wine and given him is good , so is Valerian and Vipers Bugloss , the Flower of Barley or Wheat-meal boiled in Vineger , applied to the place grieved , is very good to draw forth the Venom , the Juice of Mead or Trefoyl is also good for them , &c. A very large Account in general , of what Simples are good for all sorts of Sor●s or Vlcers , whether inward or outward , of what Nature soever . Agrimony , Alehoof boiled with a little Honey and Verdegrease , doth wonderfully cleanse them , and stayeth the spreading and eating of the Cankers in them ; the Juice or the Water of Angelica is very good to wash them with , so is Anemone or Wind-Flower and Archangel , Arsmart is good for putrid Ulcers , Alloes beaten to powder and strewed upon them is also good , so is the Juice of Broom and Water-bitony , the Water or Juice of Bistort , or Snakeweed , or of the Leaves , Buds or Branches of the Bramble is very good to wash them with ; the ●uice of the Leaves of the blew Bottle helpeth all Ulcers or Sores in the Mouth ; Bugle , Burnet , wild Champions given inwardly , or applied outwardly , is very good , so is the Juice of Celandine and Centaury , the red berries of the VVinter-Cherries given inwardly , cleanseth the inward Imposthumes and Ulcers of the Reins and Bladder , and is also good for bloody and foul Urine ; the Juice of the bruised Leaves of Chickweed , Cinquefoyl or ●omfrey is good to wash them with , Cuckoe-point , the Root of it in powder , or the Herb boiled in Sheeps or Cows Milk healeth the inward Ulcers of the bowels ; the distilled VVaters of Cucumbers given inwardly is very good for Ulcers in the Bladder ; the powder of the Root of both kinds of Fern strewed upon them , drieth up the moisture in them , and healeth them speedily , so doth the powder of Sow-Fennel , or Fig-wort , the Juice or the VVater of Flix-weed injected into them , doth cleanse and heal them up , Elecampane Root beaten to powder and mixed with Honey is also very good . Dill burnt and laid upon moist Sores cureth them ▪ Franckincense is good to Fill up hollow Ulcers , Hemlock is good for all creeping Ulcers and Pustles that arise from hot and sharp Humours , by cooling and repelling the heat . Take this Receipt for the Cure of all manner of Ulcers . Take the green leaves of the yellow Henbane , three pounds and a half of them , stamped in a Mortar , and boil it in a quart of Sallet Oyl , in a brass Pan , gently upon the Fire , keeping it stirring till the Herbs are black , and will not boil nor bubble any more , then you shall have a most excellent green Ointment , which being strained from the dross , put it to the Fire again , and add to it half a pound of Bees Wax , four Ounces of Rosin , and two Ounces of common Turpentine , melt them together , and keep them for your use . This will cure any iuveterate Ulcer , Botch , Burning , green Wound , and all Cuts or Hurts in the Head. The fresh leaves of Ivy boiled in white Wine doth wonderfully help to cleanse them ; Juniper-Berries drieth up hollow Ulcers , and filleth them up with flesh ; Knot ▪ grass , or the powder of the Herb or Seed , cools all Gangreens , Fistulaes , and foul and silthy Ulcers ; Knape weed is a great Drier up of Moisture in them ; Madder helpeth them in the Mouth , if unto the Decoction you put a little Allom and Honey of Roses , Herb Mouse-Ear is very excellent to stay the Malignity and spreading of them ; Pellitory of the Wall , penny-Royal bruised and put to Vineger cleanseth them ; The Juice of Plantain is good for old Ulcers that are to be healed ; The Juice of Purslain is good for Inflammations in the privy Parts ; the powder of Savin mixed with Honey cleanseth them , but it hindereth them from healing ; The Juice of Rag-wort is very good also , &c. Burning Compositions . The gentlest is Vnguentum Apostolorum , next to it is Verjuice and Hogs-Grease beaten together ; Next to this is Precipitate and Turpentine mixt together ; Next to it is Arsnick allayed with any Oyl or healing Salve ; Next to it is Mercury sublimate likewise allayed with some cooling Salve ; and the worst is Lime and Soap , or Lyme and strong Lye beaten together , for they will corrode and mortifie the soundest part whatsoever . To make Hair smooth , sleek and soft . To do this , keep him warm at the Heart , for the least inward Cold will make the Hair stare , then make him Sweat oft , for that will raise up the Dust and Sweat which makes his Coat foul , when he is in his greatest Sweat , with an old Sword Blade scrape off all the white Foam , Sweat and Filth that shall be raised up , and that will lay his Coat even and smooth . And when you let him Blood , rub him all over with his own Blood , and so let it remain two or three days , and then Curry and Dress him well , and this will make his Coat shine like Glass . How to cast and overthrow a Horse . When you intend to Cast your Horse , bring him upon some even , smooth and soft place , or in the Barn upon some soft straw , then take a long Rope , and double it , and cast a Knot a yard from the Bought , then put the Bought about his Neck , and the double Rope betwixt his fore-Legs , and about his hinder Pasterns , and underneath his Fet-locks , then put the ends of the Rope underneath the Bought of his Neck , and draw them quickly , and they will overthrow him , then make the ends fast , and hold down his Head , under which you must be sure to have always good store of straw . Now if you would at any time Brand your Horse on the Buttock , or do any thing about his hinder-Legs that he may not strike , take up his contrary fore-Leg ; and when you do Brand your Horse , see that the Iron be red hot , and that the Hair be both seared away , and the Flesh scorched in every place before you let him go , and so you shall be sure to lose no Labour . To make an unruly Horse stand still to be Trimmed , that will not be Trimmed with Barnacles . Take off one of his Stirrop-Leathers , and put it into his Mouth , and so over his Head as you do a Bridle , and girt up his Chaps very hard , and he will stand quietly to be Trimmed . Another to make an unruly Horse stand still to be shod . The common way is to put a pair of Barnacles upon his Nose , and Tye them very hard ; but if you find that will not do , then at the same time put some round stones into his Eares , and Ty them up hard that they fall not out . How to make a stubborn Horse to go . Tye a small Cord or Line about his Stones pretty hard , and bring it between his fore-Legs , and let it be of that length that you may reach the other end of it with your Hand when you are upon his Back , and when you find that he will not go forward , Jerk him with your Line , which is the only means I know of to break him of his stubborn tricks . If he be a Gelding , then strike him with a long Rod that is burnt at one end , and this will help . To make a Horse follow his ▪ Master , and finde him out and Challenge him amongst never so many People . Take a pound of Oat-Meal , and put to it a quarter of a pound of Honey , and half a pound of Lunarce , and make a Cake thereof , and put it into your Bosom next to your naked Skin , then run or labour your self till you Sweat , then rub all your Sweat upon your Cake , then keep him Fasting a day and a night , and give it him to eat , and when he hath eaten it , turn him loose , and he shall not only follow you , but also hunt and seek you out when he hath lost you , or doth miss you , and though you be enviroued with never so many , yet he will find you out and know you , and when he cometh to you spit into his Mouth , and anoint his Tongue with your Spittle , and thus doing he will ●●ver forsake you . How to make a black Star or white Hair black . If you desire to make on a white Horse a black Star , you shall then take a Scruple of Ink , and four Scruples of the VVood of Oliander beaten to powder , incorporate this in as much Sheeps Suet as will suffice , and anoint the place therewith , and it will make any white Hair black , or take the Decoction of Fearn Roots , and Sage sod in Lye , and wash the place therewith , and it will breed black Hair , but you must wash the place very oft therewith ▪ Or take the Rust of Iron , Galls and Vitriol , and stamp them with Oyl , or else take Souter-Ink , Galls and Rust , and beat them well together , and anoint the place well therewith , and it will turn any white Hair to be black . Certain Principles touching Simples . As touching Simples , some are only to ease pain , as Linseed , Camomile , soft Grease , Suet of all sorts , or any other Oyl that is hot in the first degree , and whensoever any of these Simples are compounded with their like , the Medicine is called Anodina or Lynogs . There are other Simples which are astonishing , benumbing or bringing asleep , as Opium , Mandrake , Poppey , Hemlock , and such like , which are gross and cold in the fourth degree , and whensoever any of these Simples are compounded with their like , then the Medicine is amongst Leaches called Narcotica . The third sort of Simples are such as incarnate , or breed Flesh , as Frankincense , Flour , Saffron , Yolks of Eggs , and such like , which are hot in the second degree ; and whensoever any of these Simples are compounded with their like , then the Medicine is called Sa●cotica . The fourth sort of Simples are corroding , fretting and burning , as Arsnick , Resigallo , Mercury , Lime , and such like , which are hot in the fourth degree ; and whensoever they are applied Simple or Compound , then the Medicine is called Corrosive . The fifth sort of Simples are those which be called Mollifying , and are four in Number . That is Green Mallows , white Mallows , Violets and Brank-Ursin . The last sort of Simples are those which are called Cordials , and are three in Number , viz. Violets and Bugloss of both kinds . And thus much touching the Nature , Use , Property and Operation of Simples . The End of the First Part. A TABLE Of the Price , Value and Virtue of most of the Principal Drugs , both Simple and Compound , belonging to Farring , as they are frequently Sold at the Druggists in London , viz. Roots , Barks , Woods , Flowers , Fruits , Seeds , Juices , Gums , Rozins , Simples from Plants , Animals , their Parts and their Excrements ; Minerals , Metals and Stones ; Together with Chymical Oyls and Spirits ; As also Treacles , Oyntments , Electuaries , Powders and Waters , &c. ROOTS . ANgelica strengthens the Heart , and is good against Pestilence and Poison . The price the Pound is — 0 s. 6. d. Aristolochia Longa of long Birth-wort , brings away the Heam in Beasts , ( which is the same as the after-Birth is in Women ) The price the Pound is — 0 s. 9. d. Aristolochia Rotunda , of Round Birth-wort , Powdered and Given in Malaga Wine , is good for Ruptures , both of them Resist Pestilence and Poison . The price the pound is — 0 s. 9 d. Bistort is good against Pestilence and Poison , Bruises , Huxes and Staling of Blood. The price the pound is — 0 s. 8 d. Costus Amarus and Costus Dulcis are both hot and dry , and are good to bring away Wind , given him ; And boiled in Sallet-Oyl , and applied ▪ outwardly to any Pain or Grief in the Legs , easeth it . The price of them the pound is — 2 s. 4 d. Agarick , Look for it farther in Simples out of Plants , and for the Vertues of it in the Table of Simples . Jallop powdered , is very good to mix amongst other Powders ; Correct it with Liquoris Powder , to prevent Gripi●g , to Purge a Horse . The price the pound is — 3 s. 3 d. Turmentil is a kind of Cinquefoyl , and is dry in the third degree , but moderately hot ; It is very good Given in Pestilential Diseases , and for Poison . See more of the Usefulness of it in the Table of Simples . The price the pound is — 0 s. 8 d. China , see the Virtues of it in the Table of Simples ; the price the pound of the Lupid or Flinty , is — 2 s. 6 d. The price of the best the pound is — 3 s. 6 d. Di●tany is hot and dry in the third degree ; It bringeth away the Heam in Beasts ; the price the pound is — 3 s. 4 d. Doronicum Romanum is hot and dry in the third degree ; It is a great Strengthner of the Heart , and is a very Sovereign Cordial ; It preserves wonderfully against Pestilence and Poison , and is also good for the bit●ng of any venomous Beast . The price the pound is - 5 s. 0 d. Elecampane , See the Virtues of it in the Table of Simples ; the price the pound is — 0 s. 6 d. Eringo , see the Virtues in the Table of Simples the price the pound is — 1 s. 0 d. Gentian , see the Virtues in the Table of Simples ▪ The price the pound is — 0 s. 7 d. Galangal , see the Virtues in the Table of Simples ; the price the pound is — 2 s. 4 d. Hermodactils purge Phlegm from the Joynts , and therefore they are good for the Diseases of them Their Vices you may correct with long Pepper , Ginger , Cinnamon , Mastick , &c. The price the pound is — 1 s. 4 d. Hellebore , black and white ; see for Bears-foot in the Table of Simples , and you shall there find the Vses of them ; the price of them the pound are — 1 s. 0 d. Liquorice , see the virtues of it in the Table of Simples ; the price of it in the stick the pound is — 0 s. 7 d. Mechoacan , is to be Corrected with Cinnamon ; it is temperate , yet drying ; it purgeth phlegm from the Head and Joynts ; it is also very good for Coughs and pains in the Reins , and is also good against the most pockey and inveterat● Farcy that is ; You may safely give as much of the Powder of it , as will lie upon a Six-Pence ; The Price of it formerly was about 5 s. but now it is worth 10 s. and hardly got for that . Meum is very good given in Pestilential Diseases , and is much of the Virtue of the Angelica Root , and is used in the room of it , when it cannot be got , the price the Pound is — 3 s. 0 d. Poll Pody of the Oak , is a great Dryer up of superfl●ous Humors from the Legs being Corrected with Fennel-seeds , Anniseeds , or Ginger , &c. The price the ●ound is — 0 s. 6 d. O●ice of Florence is hot and dry in the third degree ; It resists Poison , and helps Shortness of Breath , the price the pound is — 0 s. 8 d. Rubarb , see the virtues of it in the Table of Simples ; it is worth from 4 s. to 48 s. the pound . Turmerick ▪ see the virtues of it in the Table of Simples ; the common Price in the Race is about 7 d. but now it is worth 1 s. BARKS . Cinnamon is hot and dry and binding ; It strengthens the Stomach , and helps Digestion , Coughs and Destuction of Humors upon the Lungs , Dropsey and pain in Pissing ; There is hardly a better Remedy to be given to a Mare or Cow that is Foaling or Calving , to expedite it , and to comfort them after it , then two drams of the Powder given in white-Wine or Ale. The price of it the Ounce is — 0. s 6 d. Cassi● Lignea is somewhat more Oyly then C nnamon , and is much of the virtue of that only this is Lo●sening , whereas the other is binding . The price of it the pound is — 1 s. 6 d. Pomgranate-Rinds or Pill , cools and binds and is therefore very good to stay Fluxes or Scourings . It helps also Digestion , and strengthens the Stomach , the price the pound is — 1 s. 0 d. Tamarisk B●rk is good to strengthen weak and feeble Joynts , infused in Ale and gives , and the burnt Ashes of it made into an Ointment , and applied to the Place grieved , the price of it the pound is — 1 s. 0 d. WOODS . Lignum vitae is a great Drier up of evil Humors , causeth Sweat , resists Putrefaction , and is good for the Pockiest Farcy that is , as also for all manner of Scabs , Ulcers and Leprosie , give him inwardly in the Nature of a Diet-drink , ( not exceeding a quart of it at a time ) , the price of it the pound is — 0 s. 2 d. Saffafras is a very large and fair Tree growing in Florida , and smells very much like unto Fennel . It is hot and dry in the second degree , and is also a great Drier up of evil Humors , the Decoction of it , or some of the Chips , with Lignum vitae boil●d in a Horses Drink that is given for the F●rc● , is a great Furtherer of the Cure : It is very good also to open Obstructions and Stoppings in the Stomach , and is a great Strengthner of the Breast , if it be weakned through Cold , the price of it the pound is — 0 s. 6 d. Sanders white the pound is — 3 s. 6 d. Sanders yellow the pound is — 2 s. 4 d. Sanders read the pound is — 0 s. 6 d. They are all cold and dry in the second and third degree ; They stop Destuctions from any part of the Body , helping Inflammations , and cools the Heat of Feavers , the yellow is accounted the best , but the Red is good enough to use for Horses . See more of the virtues of them in the Table of Simples , FLOWERS . Staechas or Stoechados is hot and binding , and opens stoppings in the Bowels , and is a very great strengthner of the whole Body . They are not much unlike in Shape and Sent unto Lavender , the price of them the pound are — 1 s. 6 d. Belaufi is a Red Flower , and is very Binding , and is often given with very good success to stop Scourings and bloody Fluxes , the price the Pound is — 2 s. 0 d. Clove-Gilliflowers strengthens the Heart , Liver and Stomach , Provokes Lust , and Resists Pestience , the Gardens do afford them you . Saff●on , see the virtues of it in the Table of Simples , the price the Pound is — 30 s. 0 d. Metholet is good for the Reins , the price the Pound is — 0 s. 10 d ▪ FRUITS . Bay-berries , see the Virtues of them in the Table of Simples ; the price the pound are — 0 s. 4 d. Juniper-berries , see the vertues of them in the Table of Simpses , the price of them the pound are — 0 s. 4 d. Gauls , see also the vertues of them in the Table of Simples ; the price of the best the Pound are — 0 s. 8 d. Raisins of the Sun helps the Inflammations of the Breast and Liver ; they help Coughs and Consumptions , and cleanse and Loosen the Belly . The price of them are very well known by every good Housewife Nutmegs strengthens the Brain , Stomach , Liver and Body ; They ease Pain in the Head , and stop Lasks or Loosness , the price the Ounce are — 0 s. 5 d. Mace is a great Comforter of the Heart and Spirits ; the price the Ounce is — 0 s. 10 d : Cubebs , is a kind of Pepper that comes out of the Indies , its hot and dry in the third degree ; They expel Wind , and cleanse the Stomach from tough and vitious Humours , and provoke Lust . The price the pound are — 1 s. 0 d. Tamarinds are cold and dry in the second degree ; They cool the Blood , Liver and Stomach , and purge Choler , and are also good for the Yellows . The price the pound are — 0 s. 9 d. Mirtle-berries are dry in the third degree , they Loosen evil Humors ; the Price the Pound are — 1 s. 2 d. Long Pepper is hot and dry in the fourth degree ; see the Vertues of all the sorts of them in the Table of Simples ; the price the pound is — 0 s. 8 d. SEEDS . Angelica-seeds , see the virtues of it in the Table of Simples ; the price the pound are — 0 s. 9 d. Broom-seeds , see the virtue of them in the Table of Simples , the price the pound are — 0 s. 9 d. Grains of Paradice , see the virtues of them also in the Table of Simples , the price the pound are — 0 s. 7 d. Anniseeds , see also the virtues of them in the Table of Simples , the price the pound are — 0 s. 7 d. Burdock-seeds , bruised and given in white-Wine or Ale causeth a Horse to stail freely , that could not stail before , the price the pound are — 0 s. 4 d. Fennel-seeds are good for the same purpose ; They cause also Milk in Mares , the price the pound are — 0 s. 10 d. Cardamum-seeds heat and kill Wormes , cleanse the Reins , and cause a Horse also to stale . The common price of them is 3 s. 6 d. but now they are worth — 6 s. 6 d. Staves-Acre , see the virtues of it in the Table of Simples , the price the pound is — 1 s. 0 d. Cummin-seeds , heat and dry . They stop Blood , expel Wind , ease Pain , and helpeth the Biting of venomous Beasts ; And being outwardly applied in Plaisters , are of a discussing Nature , the price of them the pound are — 0 s. 6 d. Fennegreek-seeds are also of a discussing Nature , they ease Inflammations both internal and external ; they are also very good for Colds , given him amongst his Provender , or boiled amongst his Oates , keeping his Body solvable , the price of them the pound are — 0 s. 4 d. The price of them in powder is — 0 s. 6 d. Linseed hath the same virtue as the Fennegreek , the price the pound is — 0 s. 3 d. Common Nettle-seeds provoke Lust , and is a great Fattener of a Horse given him amongst his Provender ; the price of them the pound is — 0 s. 8 d. Pa●sley-seed , see the virtues of them in the Table of Simples , the price the pound is — 0 s. 4 d. Peony-seeds helpeth the Wilde Mare , Convulsions and Falling Sickness ▪ the price the pound are — 1 s. 0 d. Plantine-seeds are good for the Plague and Pestilence , the price the pound are — 0 s. 9 d. Saxafrage-seeds , see the virtues of them in the Table of Simples , the price the pound are — 1 s. 4 d. Poppey-seeds white and black provoke Sleep , the price of them the pound are — 1 s. 6 d. Pu●slain-seeds , see the Table of Simples for the virtues of them , the price the pound are — 1 s. 4 d. Lupines are a kind of small flat Beans , they ease the pain of the Spleen , kill Wormes given inwardly , and being outwardly applied , cleanse filthy Vlcers and Gangrenes , helps Scabs , Itch and Inflammations , the price of them the Pound are — 0 s. 10 d. SIMPLES out of PLANTS . Agarick purgeth Phlegm and Cholar , cleanseth the Breast , Liver , Stomach and Reins , you are to Correct it with Powder of Ginger ; the Price of he best the pound is — 7 s. 0. d. The outward Parings of it the Pound is — 1 s. 6 d. congealed JUICES , GUMS and ROZINS . Aloes Succotrina , see the Virtues of it in the Table of Simples , the price of it the pound is form 1 s. 8 d. to 8 s. Barbadoes Aloes hath the same virtues as the other but is a great deal stronger , and therefore the better Purge for a Horse of the two for an Ounce and a quarter of it is a Purge strong enough for the strongest BodiedHorse almost that is ; The price of the best the pound is — 1 s. 8 d. Ass●loetida , see the virtues of it in the Table of Simples , the price the pound is — 1 s. 4 d. Camphire is cold and dry in the third degree , if beaten to Powder and mixed with Oyle of Olives , and the Temples anointed with it easeth the pain in the Head coming of Heat ; It takes away also any hot Inflammation in the Eyes , and cools any place that . ' t is applied to . The price commonly the pound was 6 s. or 7 s. but now it being very scarce , it is worth 16 s. Bitumen , see the virtues of it in the Table of Simples , the price of it the pound is — 3 s. 0 d. Colophony the pound is — 0 s. 4 d. Benjamin is a very good Perfume for a Horse Head that is stuffed with a Cold , the smoke being received up his Nostrils through a Tunnel , strowed upon a chaffing-dish of Coals . The price the pound of the best is — 5 s. 0 d. The price of the course which is good enough for a Horse is — 2 s. 6 d. GUM COPPAL and Gum Anime are in Nature much alike ; It is good for pains and Meagrim in the Head , and to stop Desluctions that flow from thence if it be used as the Binjumin . It is also a great Strengthner of the Sin●ws . The price of it the pound is — 2 s. 6 d. Gum Lack see the virtues of it in the Table of Simples , the price the pound is — 1 s. 0 d. Gum Armoniack , or Amoniack , softends , draws and heats , dissolved in vineger , and applied Plaister wise , taketh away hardness in the flesh and made in o an Cintment with Sallet Oyl , is good to anoint the s●ff and wearied LImbs of a Horse ; An Ource of it made up into a Pill according to Art , Loosneth the Belly , and is good for a Horse that stales Blood. The price the pound is — 1 s. 6 d. Opopo●x is of a heating , mollifying , digesting quality . See more of the virtues of it in the Table of Simples . the price the pound is - 5 s 4 c. Gum Arabick thickneth , cooleth and correcteth sharp humors , helpeth Burnings , and keepeth the Place from Blistering , the price the pounds is — 0 s. 10 d. Opium is good to cause Sleep , but be very cautious how you use it , two or three Crains is enough to give him at a time , the price the pound is — 12 s. 0 d. Gum Dragon is good for Coughs and Distillations upon the Lungs , and is also a good put into Poultisses to sodder Wounds together , especially Nerves and Sinews that be hart , the price the pound is — 1 s. 6 d. English Liquoris Juice strengthens the lungs , and helpeth Colds and Coughs , and is better for use then the Powder of Liquoris , the price of it the pound is — 1 s. 0 d. Spanish Liquoris-Juice is of far better use then the English , and hath the same virutes as the English ▪ but more effectual for the Purposes aforesaid , the price of it the pound is — 1 s. 4 d. Accatiae is a small Thorn growing in Egypt , out of the leaves and fruit wherof is drawn a Juice or Liquor , which being dried is called by this Name ; it is cold and very Ast●ingent and binding , and therefore is very good to st●p Lasks , Loosness , or Scouring ; The Apothecaties hath seldom the right , but instead thereof use the juice of Sloes , which they call by this Name ; The price of the Right is worth five or six shillings , but of the common but one . Rozin of Jallop is a very good Purge for a Horse ; but if you think it too dear , you may use the Powder of the Root , the price of it the Ounce is about — 4 s. 6 d. Mastick , see the vertues of it in the Table of Simples , the price the pound according to its goodness is from 2 s. to 5 s. Manna is a very safe and gentle Purger , you may give him a quarter of a pound of it , or more , dissolved in a Pint of Canary , or four want of that , aquart of warm Ale or Beer ; It is temperately hot and cleanseth the Throat and Breast . The price the pound is according to its goodness from 2 s. to 6 s but now it is so scarce that it is worth 11 s. Olibanum is hot in the second degree and dry in the first ; You may give an Ounce of it safely at a time ; It helps Loos●ess and the shedding of the Seed ; It is also good for Colds and Coughs , and to make Plaisters of , the price the ●ound is — 2 s. 0 d. Burguncy-Pitch is good applied as a Plaister , for all Pains coming of B●u●ses or Dislocation , the price the pound is — 0 s. 4 d. Bdelium , see the vertues of it in the Table of Simples , the price the pound is — 5 s. 6 d. Gum Carauna outwardly applied is very good fo Aches and Swellings in the Nerve and Joynts , and also good 〈◊〉 draw back humors from the Eyes ▪ spread upon a Leather , and laid behind his Eares , the price the pound is — 10 s. 0 d. Pitch common Mollifieth hard Swellings and bringeth them to Suppupuration ; It cleanseth Ulcers and filleth m with Flesh ; The Table of Simples will shew you more of the use of 〈◊〉 the price the pound is — 0 s. 2 d. Rozin , all the sorts of them are good to f●●l 〈◊〉 holl w U cers and Woun●s with Flesh and to comfort the Body oppressed with cold Griefs , the price of the best the pound is — 0 s. 3 d. Stone-Pitch is very good to strenghten w●ak and sway●d Backs , or Sinew-strains , applied in the nature of a Charge , with other strengthning Gums , the price the pound is — 0 s. 5 d. Sangus Draconis in the Lu●p the Pound is : — 3 s. 0 d. Sanguis Draconis is drops the pound is — 4 s. 6 d. They cool and bind exceedingly and are very good given inwardly or applied outwardly , for the stopping of Fluxes of blood . Tartar French is the Excrements of Wine which sticks to the Vessel ; it is hot and dry an cleanseth , the pricethe pound is — 0 s. 6 d. Tartar Renish the pound is — 0 s. 7 d. Frankincense applied to the Temples , stops the Rheum that flows to the Eyes , and also is very good to stop th bleeding of Wounds , though the Arteries be cut , if it be applied to them made up into a Salve or Ointment . The price the Pound is — 0 s. 4 d. Borax inwardly taken in small quantities , stops Fluxes and the Running of the Reins , and eing be atcn to fine Powder , and put into green Wounds , Cureth them specaily ; The best is that that comes out of the Silver and Godl Mines , the Price the Pound is — 2 s. 6 d. Turpentine common , see the vertues of it in the Table of Simples , the Price the Pound is — 0 s. 3 d. If you intend to clcanse the Horse Reins , being soul , which you may know by the Mattering of his Yard , then make it up into Balls , according to Art , with some Flower and Bole-A●moniack , and give him a Ball of it every Morning till you find him Cured . Turpentine Venice the best the pound is — 1 s. 3 d. Tar● is very good for a Cold given a Horse , mingled with the Flower of Brimstone , the Fat of Rusty Bacon and Honey , made up into Balls with some Powder of Liquoris , and given him for two or three Mornings together ; It is also good to put into Salves for the Cure of Wounds ; The price the pound is — 0 s. 2 d. Gum Elmni is very good for Fractures in the Skull , and also for Wounds , and is commonly put into Plaisters for that purpose , the common price of it the pound when it is plenty is about 2 s. but now it is worth 3 s. 0 d. Eusorblum is a Gum that comforteth wounds ; you may see more of the vertues of it in the Table of Simples , the price the pound is 0 s. 8 d. Labdanum , is a Gum that is of a very heating Nature , yet mollifying ; It is used in Plaisters to open the Mouth of Veins , and is also good to keep hair from falling off , and for pains in theEars , the price the pound is 1 s. 10 d. Myrrh is a Gum that heats and dries , yet opens and softens the Womb , given inwardly , and expels the Heam in Beasts , ( which is t he same as the after-birth is in Women ) . It is also very good for Cold and Coughs , and outwardly applied fills up hollow Ulcers with Flesh . The quantity that you may give him inwardly with saf●●y , is about two or three drams , with other Compounds ; You may sie more of the ver●ue of it , if you look into the Table of Simples , she price of it the pound is — 2 s. 6 d. Storax Calamite is a sweet Gum , which helps Coughs and Distillations upon the Lungs . It is also a very good Perfume for Sickness in the Head , to draw away evil Humors from thence , the price of the best the pound is — 7 s. 6 d. Storax Liquid is much like Tarr . It is good put into Plaisters , to modifie hard Wounds and Swellings , the price the pound is — 0 s. 8 d. Galbanum is a Gum that is hot and dry , and disussing applied to her Shape , expels the Heam ; See more of the vertues of it in the Table of Simples ; the price the pound is — 2 s. 6 d. ANIMALS , their Parts and Excrements . Issing glass is made of the Skin of Fishes ; it is a very great Strengthner of a weak Back given inwardly , boiled in Milk with some fine Bole ▪ Armoniack ; if you find it very clear and sweet when you break it , you may conclude that it is very good , the price of it the pound is — 3 s. 6 d. Oysters newly opened and applied to a Pestilential Swelling , draweth the venom out of it , the price of these are very well known . Grashoppers bruised and given in Ale or Beer , is very good to ●ase the Griping Pains of the Guts and Bladder , every Meadow affords plenty of them , which you may have for Gathering . Cantharides are Spanish Flies , that will raise Blisters in any sound part of the Body , if they be bruised and applied , the price of them by the Ounce is — 0 s. 3 d. Harts-Horn-Shavings resists Poison and Plague , provokes Vrine , and strengthens Nature very much , the price the pound is — 1 s. 4 d. Ivory Raspt strengthens the Heart and Stomach , and helps the Yellows , the price the pound is — 0 s. 4 d. Ivory burnt strewed upon a Galled Back , or any raw place , drieth and healeth it up , the price the pound is — 0 s. 10 d. Wax sotens , heats and fills up Sores with flesh put into Oyntments and used as a Salve , the price of the white the pound is — 1 s. 6 d. The price of the Yellow is — 1 s. 3 d. Honey is a most excellent cleansing thing , and profitable in all inward Vlcers and Wounds , in what part of the Body soever they be ; It also opens the Veins , and strengthens the Reins and Bladder . The price the pound is — 0 s. 6 d. A Stags Pizzle dried , and the powder given him in Ale , helps the Biting of venomous Beasts , stirs up Lust , and provokes Urine , the price the Ounce is — 0 s. 6 d. The Bone that is found in a Stags Heart , being well dried and beten to powder , and given him in Ale , is also very good against Poison and Pestilence , the price of it the Ounce is — 1 s. 4 d. MINERALS , METALS and STONES . Verdegrease , see the Nature of it in the Table of Simples , the price the pound is — 1 s. 8 d. Allom Common the pound is — 0 s. 3 d. Allom Roch is the best , see the virtues of them in the Table of Simples , the price the pound is — 0 s. 5 d. Bole-Armoniack is a certain red Earth which is cold and dry , and driveth back evil Humors ; It is also very good to stop Bleeding , either inwardly given , or outwardly applied , by strewing the powder of it upon Wounds ; the Greasiest is accounted the best , the price of it the Common the pound is — 0 s. 2 d. The pric of the best is — 0 s. 4 d. Quick-silver is good given a Horse that hath his Guts Twisted by Wind , and is also good for the Farcy ▪ you may give him with safety a quarter of a pound of it at a time with Sallet-Oyl , the price of it the pound is — 3 s. 6 d. Brimstone , see the Table of Simples for the virtues of it , the price the pound is — 0 s. 2 d. Flower of Brimstone is better then the common Powder , for any inward use you apply it , Therefore I advise you wherever you meet with any of the common powder in your Medicaments , take this in the Room of the other ▪ the virtues are the same with the common Brimstone , but more effectual in ●peration ; 'T is good for Colds , Coughs and rotten Lungs , as also for the Wormes , Yellows and Mange , the price the pound is — 0 s. 6 d. Red Corral prepared according to Art , that is made into a very fine powder , and about as much of it as will lie upon a broad shilling given him in Claret or Beer , stops any Issue of Blood , Scouring or Running of the Reins , if it be often Repeated ; you may see more of the virtues of it in the Table of Simples , the price the pound is — 6 s. 0 d. Steel Filings cleanseth not only the Reins and Bladder from Gravel , but is also a great Purifyer and Sweetner of the Blood , the price the pound is — 0 s. 6 d. White-lead is of a cold , dry and earthy quality ; It helps inflammations and dries up evil humours , the price of it the pound is — 0 s. 4 d. Lythargy of Gold and Silver binds and dries much , they fill up Ulcers with flesh , and heals them ; the Gold is accounted the best , and is worth the pound — 0 s. 5 d. The Silver the pound is — 0 s. 3 d. Red Lead mixed with Sallet-Oyl , being beaten to a very fine Powder , and the grieved place where the Pole-evil is anointed with it every day , and heated well in with a hot Fire shovel , will sink it , the price of it the pound is — 0 s. 3 d. Lapis Haematites or Blood-stone , is good to stanch Bleeding inwardly and outwardly , being Ground very fine , and given him . It hath also many other Medicinal Vertues . The price the pound is — 3 s. 0 d. Sal Prunella the pound is — 0 s. 10 d. Mercury Precipitate the pound is — 8 s. 0 d. Sal Armoniack is hot and dry in the fourth degree , the pound is 1 s. 0 d. Sal Jemma , see the vertues of it in the Table of Simples . the price the pound is — 0 s. 4 d. S●●t-Peter refined in the Lump evaporateth ▪ It comforteth the Sinews , and taketh away tyring and weariness ; The price in the Lump or Chrystallized the pound is — 1 s 0 d. Tutia is a certain Mineral that is cold in the first , and dry in the second degree , and is very good for the defects in the Eyes , the price the pound is — 2 s. 0 d. Vitriol , which we call Copperas is of two ▪ Kinds . viz. Vitriol Romanum , which we call green Copperas , and Vitriol Albium , which we call white Copperas ; They are both hot and dry , but the white accounted the stronger ; They take away Scurfs and kill Scabs , boiled in Spring water , and the grieved place Bathed therewith , the price of the white the Pound is — 1 s. 6 d. The price of the Green the pound is 2 s. 4 d. It is very good laid in Spring ▪ water ( till it be Coloured ) for sore Eyes Vitriol Common , or Copperas green and white , which is sold at the Colour-shops is worth about three half pence ▪ or two pence the pound Irish Slate beaten to a very fine Powder , and about an Ounce of it given in a quart of warm ●le is very good for a Horse that hath been bruised by Falls , the price the pound is — 0 s. 8 d. SIMPLES that you may buy ●heaper at the Druggists , t' en you can prepare them your selves . Elecampane Powder the best the Pound is — 1 s. 2 d. Elecampane Powder the common the Pound is — 0 s. 8 d. Liquoris Powder the best the Pound is — 1 s. 4 d. Liquor is powder the common the Pound is — 0 s. 5 d : Red Sanders Powder the best the Pound is — 1 s. 4 d. Turmerick powder the best the Pound is — 0 s. 11 d. Powder of Ginger the Pound is — 0 s. 6 d. PRICS of s veral Things bought of the GROCERS . Sugar ▪ candy white is good for sore Eyes , being beaten to Powder and blown into them , the price of it the pound is — 1 s. 4 d. Sugar-candy brown is good made up with other Simples or Compounds for Colds or Coughs , the price the pound is — 0 s. 10 d. Common Treacle is also very good for Colds , Coughs and Surfeits , made up with other Compounds or his Drink sweetned therewith , and a Lump of sweet Butter put to it , the price the pound is — 0 s. 3 d. OYLS . Oyl of O rganum is very good for all manner of Swellings , occasioned by Bruises or Strains in the Nerves and Sinews the price the pound is — 32 s. Oyl of Euphorbium helps Sinews and strengthens them , mollifying their hardness the price the pound is — 32 s. Oyl of St. Johnswort is also very good for all Sinew-Strains and Swellings in any part of the Body , the price the pound is — 1 s. 6 d. N●●v● Oyl is good to strengthen the Nerves and Sinews , the price of the best the pound is — 0 s. 6 d. The price of the Common is — 0 s. 3 d. Oyl of Turpentine is good for Swellings , Bruises , Strains and old sores and F●●●ulaes , the price the pound is — 0 s. 6 d. Oyl of Spike is also good for all manner of St ains , whether in the Shouder or Joynts , and also for all manner of Swellings in any part of the Body the price of the righ the pound is — 1 s. 0 d. Oyl of Peter is very good for stains , hard swellings splints , spavins and ●ruises . The Places grieved being anointed with it , the price the pound is — 2 s. 6 d. Oyl of Exceter is also good for the same Distempers , the price the pound is — 1 s 6 d. Oyl of sweet Almonds , helps Colds and Coughs wet and dry sweetned with brown sugar Candy ; it is good also for Ulcers in the Bladder and Reins , and is a great Enc●easer of seed ; if you give it inwardly , use new , for it will soure in three or four days , the price the ounce is — 0 s. 4 d. Oyl of Bays is good for the Cholick , and is a Sovereign Remedy for any Disease in any part of the Body coming of Wind or Cold , you may safely give him feur or five drops of it at a time , in any Compound Medicine appropriated to that use , the price the pound is — 1 s. 4 d. Oyl of Swallows is very good to anoint the Sinews of a Horse , that stumbles or ae shrunk , to stretch and make them give way again , and is also good for all manner of Bruises , Sprains and Strains , the price the pound is — 1 s. 6 d. Chymical PREPARATIONS bought of the Druggist . Mercurius dulcis sub . the Ounce is — 0 s. 6 d. Tarta●um Vitriolarum the Ounce is — 1 s. 0 d. Chymical Prices of CYLS and SPIRITS , which do Corrode and eat off dead and proud Flesh , and Dony Excrescences . Aqua fortis Singlethe Pound is — 2 s. 0 d. Aqua fortis double the Pound is — 4 s. 0 d. Oyl of Anniseeds the Ounce is — 0 s. 8 d. Oyl of Organum the Ounce is — 0 s. 3 d. Oyl of Tartar Deliq. the ounce is — 0 s. 6 d. Oyl of Vitriol the ounce is — 0 s. 3 d. COMPOUNDS or ELECTUARIES . Diascordium stops fluxes , and mightily strengthers the Heart , it is not so hot , but it may be Given to a sick Horse to provoke Sleep , one ounce of it is enough to give him at a time , dissolved in a quart of warm Beer the price the ounce is — 0 s. 2 d. Diatessaron , see the virtues of it in the First Part ; 'T is worth the Pound at the Apothecaries 1 s. 8 d. but if you make it your self , you may make it for 1 s. Mithridate is good against Poison , provokes Sweat , is good for Consumptions and Colds , helps the Cholick , by expressing the Wind , as also Ulcers in the Bladder , two or three drams is enough to give him at a time dissolved in a quart of Ale or Beer , the price the pound is — 6 s. 0 d. London-Treacle is a very good Cordial ; It resists Poison , and is an excellent Antidote against pestilential diseases ; it strengthens also a cold Stomach , and helps Ingestion ; You may give him with safety two Ounces of it by its self , or more , ( according to the strength and courage of the Horse ) dissolved in a Pint of Sack , or for want of that a quart of 〈◊〉 Ale or Beer sweetned with Honey . But if you put it into 〈◊〉 where there are other compounds mixed with it , then 〈…〉 the price of it the pound is — 2 s. 0 d. OYNTMENS . 〈…〉 O●ntment , is a most excellent 〈…〉 in the Nerves and Arteries coming of 〈◊〉 as a●so for old B●uises-dead pa●sies , Chillness , Coldness or 〈◊〉 or any particular Member , by hard Travel or otherwise ; 'T is indeed a mest precious Fewel both for Man or Beast , for any Disease in any part of the Body coming of cold ; It is also very good for the W●n● 〈◊〉 if the Belly be anointed with as , and chase ) and heated invery well ; 'T is sold at the Apothecaries by the Pound , for — 1 s. 01 1 s. 2 d. Dialtlae● is very good to moisten hard Wounds , and to soften hard Swellings , or any Bony Excrescence in the Flesh ; It is sometimes given inwardly to a Horse or Cow , ( with very good success ) that is in great danger of loss of life , by licking up any venomous or poisonous thing , either at Hay or Grass , or when they have over-Gorged themselves by eating too much delicious food , as Clover-Grass , Turnep-tops , or the like , which will cause them to swell so full , that they will be ready to burst . If you find him in this desperate condition , give him according to his Strength and Constitution , more or less of this Ointment , mixed with the like quantity of Castle-sope , dissolved in some warm Beer , and Ride or stir him afterwards , which will not only make him Piss freely , but also cause him to scoure , which is the best means I know of to be use for the preservation of his Lifoe . This is sold at the Apothecaries also for about 1 s. 8 d. the pound . If you desire to knew for your farther satisfaction , what things this ointments is made up with , take this Acceunt of them ; They are these viz. Sallet-Oyl , Marsh-Mallowes , Linseeds , Fennegreek-seeds , Bees Wax , Rozin and Turpentine . If he be a strong , lusty and healthy Horse , you may venture to give him two Ounces of each . But this I leave to the skilful Farrier , Discretion . Patch or Piece Grease , was formerly made by the Shoomakers from the shreds of their Leather boiled in Spring water , on the top of which arises a certain Oyly Unctuous Matter which they skin off , and boil up with other Ingredients to a Salve . 'T was many years ago frequently used to Liquor Boots and Shooes with , and only made by them for that purpose ; But the more skilful in the Art of Farring hath found out a far better use for it , viz. The Curing of many outward Distempers , which you shall have an Account of in its due time and place ; This most excellent Receipt or Salve is almost quite lost to Posterity , for few or none can make it truly . I knew only but of one , and she is a Shoomakers Wife , who keeps this secret to her self , ( and you cannot much blame her for it ) by reason of the great profit and advantage she bath made by the sale thereof , having got many a fair Pound by it . Her Name is Mrs Harvey , and keeps a small Alchouse in Bedford-Bury street , near Covent-Garden , at the Sign of the Hornes . The Virtues of it . 'T is a most Excellent Ointment of it self both for Man or Beast , for all Pains and Aches in the Limbs New or Old ; As also for all manner of Stains and Swellings , in what part of the Body soever they be . But more powerful and effectual it is in Operation , for these several Distempers . If it be used according to Markhams Direction , viz. To Melt ten Ounces of it on the Fire , and after you have taken it off put into it these several Oyls here under-written , viz. Oyl of Spike four ounces . Oyl of Origanum one ounce Oyl of Exceter an Ounce and a half Oyl of St. Johns-wort three ounces . Stir all these very well together and put it up into a Gally-Pot close coverd with a Bladder and Leather over that , and keep it for your use . A CAUTION : If you cannot get Piece-Grease use Goose Grease , but this is not half so Powerful in Operation as the other . But this I must needs say of it , it is of such thin and subtil Parts , that it will quickly search to the bottom of the grieved Part. How you are to use it . Melt your Ointment over the Fire , and anoint the grieved place and rub and chafe it in very well with your hand , holding at the same instant before it a hot Brick-bat , or Fire shovel to make it sink in the better . Anoint it once in two days , but rub and chase it in twice or thrice a day , and give him moderate Exercise . The Price of this excellent Salve , as she commonly sells it for the Pound is — 4 s. 0 d. SPIRITS . Spirit of Lavender is a most excellent Cordial , and may serve in the Room of many more ; you may give him half an ounce of it in a quart of warm Ale or Beer sweetned with Honey or Common Treacle . This is sold at the Apothecaries by the ounce for — 0 s. 4 d. Compound Powders bought of the Druggist . Horse Spice , see the Virtues of it in the Receipt how to make it in the First Part , the price the pound is — 0 s. 6 d. Diapente , see also the Vertues of it in the First Part , the price the pound is — 0 s. 10 d. Another single Powder . Carolina is a kind of Sea-Moss , that grows upon the Rocks ; It is cold , binding and drying , and is good for hot Inflammations , and to kill Wormes , you may safely give him as much of the powder of it as will lie upon a shilling in Ale or Beer , the price the pound is — 0 s. 4 d. WATERS . Treacle-Water hath the same vertues as the Treacle , the price the Pint is — 4 s. 6 d. A Caution to the Farrier about the Buying of his Drugs . These several Drugs both Simple and Compound , which the Farrier makes use of in the Cure of any inward or outward Distemper , does commonly Rise or Fall according to the scarcity or plenty of them ; And therefore I Advise you , whenever you have occasion to buy any of them , do not depend too much upon the Prices here set you , but get them as cheap as you can . For 't is customary amongst the Druggists not to sell any thing , unless they get double , if not treble profit by what they sell , though withal I must tell you , they are here valued as near to their standing selling price as can be possibly , for Goods that do Rise and Fall , yet notwithstanding this , I am perswaded to believe they yet get four pence out of every shillings worth of Goods they generally sell , &c. THE SECOND PART OF THE EXPERIENC'D FARRIER . SHEWING , I. The Nature , Temperature and Vertue of most Simples , for the Cure of all inward and outward Diseases , never yet Printed in this Nature before . II. You have things in general , set down one after another , for the Cure of all diseases , which you may use as your discretion serves III. You have severally particular Receipts for the Cure of all Diseases . IV. Where you find the Hand Pointing , you shall finde such Receipts that were never before Printed . V. You have the Gathering , Drying and Preserving of Simples and their Juices . VI. You have the way of making and keeping of all necessary Compounds . VII . You have hot Medicaments appropriate to the Parts of the Body . VIII . You have cold Medicaments appropriate to the Parts of the Body . IX . You have the Properties of Purging Medicaments . X. You have the Properties of altering Medicaments . XI . You have a Table of all the Diseases of a Horse , either inwardly or outwardly , set down Alphabetically , where they do grow in any part of a Horses Body , and how you may know them , and what was the cause that bred them . XII . And lastly , you have in the Margent of these said Diseases , the Page quoted where to find the proper Cure for every of these Diseases , with many other things contained in this Book , not here inserted . The Second Impression much Enlarged and Amended by A. O. LONDON , Printed for Richard Northco : Adjoyning to St. Peters Alley in Cornh●ll ; And at the Anchor and Marriner near London-Bridge . 1680. Purging Simples . Rubarb , Cassia , Tamarinds , Myrobalans , Aloes , Seeny or Senna , Mechoachan Root , Agarick , Pollypody , Carthamus , Bastard or Spanish Saffron , Dwarfs Elder , Ensula or Devils Milk , Hermodactils , Jallop , Turbich , Scamony , Hellebore or Bears foot , Colloquintida , Spurge-Olive , Spurge-Flax , Lawrel , Soldanella , Turn-sole , &c. Binding-Simples . Look for them in the Table , at the latter End of the Book . Foreign Simples that are Heating . Ginger , Zedory or Set-wall , Galangel , Acorus or Water-Flag , Calamus Aromaticus , or the Ariomatical Reed , Costus , Cinnamon , Nutmegs , Mace , Pepper , Cloves , Cardamums , Cubebs , Kermes , Sanders , Sassafras , China-Root , Guiaccum or Lignum vitae , Sarsaparilla , Aloes wood , &c. Home-bred Heating Simples . Pellitory of Spain , Mustard Common , and Treacle Mustard , Rocket , Nettles , Flower-de-luce , or Orrice , Elecampane , Cyprus , Angelica , Lovage , Hartwort , Gentian , Turmentil , Paeony , Madder , Rest-harrow , Sea-holly , Common-Grass , Liquoris , Sow-bread , Radish-roots , Anemone or Wind-Flower , Wall-Flowers , Tyme , Marjorem , Penny-Royal , Polium , Basil , Origanum , Mint , Calamint , Wormwood , Mug-wort , Balm , Horehound , Bitony , Speedwell , Ditany , Sage , Clary , French Lavender , Scordium , Rue , Gromel , Saxifrage , Aristolochia or Birth-wort , Asarabaca , Burnet , Germander , Ground-pine , Feather-few , St. Johns-wort , Hysop , Cranes-bill , Doronicum or Leopards-bane , Cardus Benedictus , Motherwort , black Chameleon Thistle , Valerian , Fumitory , Eye-bright , Centory , Rhaphonticum , Coriander , Wood-bine , Broom , Ashen-Keys , Misletoe of the Oak , poplar , Cummin-seeds , &c. Cooling Simples . Mandrake , Night-shade , Winter-Cherries , Henbane , Poppey , Housleek , Purslain , Dogs-Tongue , Plantine , Knot-Grass , Comfrey , Sorrel , Agrimony , Sower-dock , Primrose , Cabbage or Garden Coleworts , Flea-bane , Colts-foot , Hops , Bistort , Strawberry Bush , Cinquefoil , Goose-grass or Cleavers , Scabius , Cats-foot , Melilots , Fennegreek , Red Cicers , Lupins , Sumack , Myrtle , Yarrow , Tamarisk . Before you enter upon the Use of these Simples , ( unless you know them very well ) Look into the Table of Simples to see the Nature of them , for some of them are very pernicious , unless corrected by Art. THE Nature , Temperature and Vertue of most Simples , set down Alphabetically . As also some Drugs , Liquors , Seeds , Rozins and Juices , &c. A. AGaricum , or Agarick is a kind of Mushrom or Toad-stool . It is hot in the first , and dry in the second degree . It expelleth Humors , purgeth all phlegm and choler , and is good for the Liver and Kidneys ; correct it with the powder of Liquoris . Agripa is an Ointment that is good against all Humors . Amoniacum is hot in the third degree , and dry in the second ; it loosneth and dissolveth Humours . Allom , commonly called Roch-Allom , is hot and dry in the third degree , it is a drier up of Humors , and is good for fore Mouths , and old Cankers and Fistulaes , and killeth the Wormes taken inwardly . Alloes is hot , and that in the first and second degree , but dry in the third , it is extream bitter , yet without biting ; it is the most Natural Purger of Man and Beast that is , for it strengthens the Heart , and revives the Spirits ; it is also of an Emplastick and Clammy quality , and somtimes binding , being externally applied . Sweet Almonds when they be dry be moderately hot ; but the bitter ones are hot and dry in the second degree ; there is in both of them a certain Fat and Oyly substance , which is drawn out of them by pressing of them . They provoke Urine , and is very good for the Lungs and Liver . Anniseed are hot and dry in the third degree , saith Galen , but others , that they are hot in the second degree , and much less then dry in the second degree ; they are good to expel Wind , provoke Urine , stir up Lust , and is a great cleanser of the Breast from phlegmatick Humors . A●●stolochia , which we call Birth-wort or Harts-wort , is hot and cleanseth , but if it be Rotunda , then it is so much the stronger , being hot and dry in the fourth degree , and draweth and purgeth thin Water and Phlegm , and is good to open the Lungs , and is good against all manner of Poison whatsoever , or the Biting of any venomous Beast . Armoniack , both draweth , cooleth and softneth . Arsnick of both kinds , is hot in the third , and dry in the first degree , it bindeth and eateth away proud and naughty Flesh , and is a very strong Corrosive . Assafoetida , or Devils-Bit , is a stinking Gum that is hot in the third , and dry in the fourth degree , it cleanseth evil Humors , it is good for the Yellows and Staggers in a Horse , a little piece of it being dissolved in Brandy , and put it into his Eares . Asphaltum , is Pitch that is mixt with Bitumen , it is hot and dry , and omforteth any swelling . Asponteo is hot in the first , and dry in the second , it cleanseth and draweth , and is good to comfort the Stomach . Ashes are hot and dry in the fourth degree , and cleanseth mightily . As●rabacca is hot and dry with a purging quality , yet not without a certain kind of binding , the Roots are hot and dry , more then the leaves , they procure Urine . The black Alier Tree , the inner Bark of it is of a purging and drying quality , it purgeth thick phlegmatick Humours , and also Cholerick downwards , and also by vomiting , which must be used with care . Of Aller or Alder Tree , the leaves and bark of it are cold and dry , and Astringent , and is used against hot Swellings and In●lammations , especially of the Almonds and Kernels of the Throat , the bark of it is used amongst poor Countrey Dyars , to Dye Cloth , Caps , Hoose and such like . The Ash Tree , the leaves and bark of it are dry and moderately hot , the Seeds are hot and dry in the second degree , they stop the Belly , being boiled in Vineger and Water , the Se●ds provoke Urine and stir up bodily Lust . Asp●d●lls are hot and dry in the third degree . Anemones , all the kinds of them ( which are Wind-Flowers , ) are sharp , biting the tongue , and are of a binding faculty . Adders Tongue is dry in the third degree , and is good for Wounds in the Breast and Bowels , and is good for Ulcers and Inflammations . Arsmart ▪ or Water-Pepper is hot and dry , yet not so hot as Pepper , is good for Ulcers , cold Swellings , Bruises , and to lay under the Saddle , to make tired Horses go . Alh●●● , all the kinds of them are dry with little or no heat , and are endued with a binding quality , they are good for green Wounds being bruised and boiled in an Ointment ; It is good for the Wormes , Gout , Cramp and Convulsions of the Sinews , provokes Urine , and is good for cold Griefs of the Head , biting of mad Dogs , Lethargy , Cholick , Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , Stone , and expelleth the dead Birth . Archangel or dead Nettles are hotter and drier then Nettles , approaching to the temperature of Hore-hound , and is good for the bleeding at the Nose , Ulcers , old sores , Bruises and Burnings , and to dissolve Tumors . Alkanet , the Root of it is cold and dry , and bindeth , and because it is bitter it cleanseth away Cholerick Humours ; the Leaves are not so forcible , yet they do bind and dry , and is good for the Stone , Yellows , Leprosie , venomous Bea●ts , Fluxes and Bruises by Falls , Wormes . Angel●ca is hot and dry in the third degree , and op●n●th and attenuateth , digesteth and procureth Sweat , and is good against Poison , Plague , Cold , Wind , Cough of the Lungs , Strangury , short Windedness , stoppings of the Liver and Spleen , biting of mad Dogs , Ulcers and old ●ains . Alexanders or wild Parsley , the seeds & roots are less hot and dry then the Garden Parsley , they cleanse and make thin , being hot and dry in the third degree . They are good to consume Wind , provoke Urine , and is good for the Strangury , and opens the Obstructions of the Liver . Amara dul●●s , which is woody Night-shade , the fruit and leaves of it are in temperature hot and dry , and cleansing and wasting away , it is good to remove Witchcraft , Tied about the Necks of Cattel , and is good to remove the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , difficulty of Breathing , Bruises by ●alls , congealed Blood , Dropsey , Yellows . Water-A●ri●●ny is hot and dry in the second degree ; It is good to secure and open ; It maketh thin , thick and gross humors , and to expel and drive them forth by Urine , and therefore is good for the Dropsey ; It opens Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , kills Worms , Itch , Scabs , Flies and Wasps . It is good to strengthen the Lungs , and is good for a Cough and broken Wind in Cattel . Aleho●f or Gro●●d-Ivy is hot and dry , and because it is bitter it scoureth and removeth stoppings out of the Entrails ; It is good for inward Wounds , Pains and Gripings by Wind , Choler , Spleen , Plague , Poison , old pains in the Joynts , sore Mouth and Throat , Ulcers in the Privities , Itch , Scabs , Web in the Eyes , Redness and Wateriness in them , and Deafness . Amaranthus , which is called Flower Gentle , is good for the Running of the Reins and inward Bleeding . Garden Arrach , or O●rach , is moist in the second degree , and cold in the first ; It is a Loosner of the Belly , and fortifieth the expulsive faculty , and is good for Swellings of the Throat being bruised and laid to it , and being taken inwardly is good for the Yellows . Wild● Arrach and stinking by smell , is good given inwardly for the Fa●cy , and is good for any disease of the Womb. A●●ns called Col●wo●● , or Herb B●●n●t , hath a drying and binding faculty , with a certain salt quality , wherby they clense , the decoction of them Loosneth the Belly , and is good for the Diseases of the Chest and Breast ; It is good for inward Wound● , the Heart , a cold Brain , Obstructions , Cholick , Fluxes , Ruptures , Plague , Poison . Agarick cometh of the Larch Tree , which is almost like a Pine-tree , and the leaves and bark is in temperature like it , but not so strong . It purgeth away gros● and phlegmatick humors ; it troubleth the stomach , therefore Ging●r is to be Mixed with it ; it is hot in the first degree , and dry in the second ; it is good against short Windedness , Cough of the Lungs , Consumption , comforteth the Stomach , and is good against Worms . Agnus C●stus , the leaves and roots of it are hot and dry in the third degree , they are of very thin parts , and waste and consume Wind. B. Balm is hot and dry in the second degree , and it mundisieth and cleanseth , it chear● up the Heart ▪ opens Obstructions of the Brain , and is a remedy against the stinging or biting of any venomous Beast , Mad dogs , the bloody Flux , Surfeit , short-windedness . The B●rberry bush , the leaves and berries are cold and dry in the second degree , and as Gallen affirmeth , are of thin parts , and have a certain cutting quality ; they are good to stop La●ks and bloody Fluxes , the inner Rind of the Tree is good to purge the Body of Cholerick Humours , and is good for Agues , Scabs , Itch , Tetters , Yellows , Boyls , Scalding and the Farcin . Garden-B●zil is hot in the second degree , but it hath adjoyned with it a superfluous moisture , and therefore not very good to be taken inwardly , but being applied outwardly to the stinging of any venomous Beast , Wasps or Hornets , it taketh away the venom . Wilde Bazil , the seeds are hot and dry . Bazil V●lerian is dry in the second degree . Bay-berries are vehemently hot and dry , and are good for all manner of Rheumes , shortness of Wind , especially for any disease of the Lungs , they are good against Poison , Consumptions , Phlegm , helpeth Tiredness , Cramps , Stone , stopping of the Liver , the Yellows and Dropsey , and provokes Urine . Bdelium is a Gum that is brought out of Arabia and the holy Land , and is hot and dry ; it softeneth and draweth away Moisture , and is good for all manner of hard Swellings whatsoever ; it is most excellent for mixture with a Poultess , against hardness and knots in the Sinews , and being drunk , breaks the Stone , and expels Urine . Beans are moderately cold and dry , and are very Windy , Ladies Bedstraw is good for the Stone , and stays inward and outward Bleeding . White B●ets are in moisture and heat temperate , and is a Loosner of the Belly , and is of a cleansing quality , and provoketh Urine . Red Beets are of a binding quality , and therefore good to stop the bloody Flux . Water B●tony is hot and dry , and is good for Ulcers and Bruises . Whi●e Runn●ng Bitony smelling like Marjorum , is hot and dry in the third degree , it bindeth Wounds and Conglutinateth , and is good for Diseases of the Liver , for the Wormes , Old Sores and Wounds , and is commonly called Centau●y . Beech-Tree , the leaves of it doth cool , and the Kernels of the Nut is somewhat moist , the leaves are good for hot swellings , and the Water that is found in the hollow places of it , will Cure Man or B●ast , of any Scurf , Scab , or running Tetters anointed therewith . Blites are of a cold and moist Temperature , and are good to stay Fluxes of Blood. Bilberries called by some VVhorts , and Whortle-berries , are cold , even in the latter end of the second degree , and dry also , and are of a binding quality ; there is two sorts of them , a black and a red , the black are good for hot Agues , and to cool the heat of the Liver and Stomach , and do bind the Belly , the red are more binding , and stay any Fluxes of Blood whatsoever , used outwardly or taken inwardly . Byfoil or Tway-blade are often used for Wounds both green and old , and to Conglutinate and Knit Ruptures . Bitumen is the fatness of the Earth swimming above the water , which cast upon the Shore condensates and becomes hard , and resembles dry pitch , it discusses , mollifies , glutinates and defends from Inflammation ; It takes away gross humors in all parts of the Body , and cures the Weakness of the Sinews , Palsey , and diseases of the Arteries from a cold cause . Birch-tree , the Juice of the leaves is good to wash a sore Mouth or Throat , and is good to break the Stone in the Kidneys or Bladder . Birds-foot , all the kinds of them are of a drying quality , and therefore very good to be used in Wounds drinks , and to be applied outwardly for the same purpose ; but the paler Flowered Birds-foot is good to break the Stone in the Back and Kidneys , and helpeth the Rupture taken inwardly . Bishops-weed is hot and dry in the third degree , of a bitter taste , and something sharp withal ; it provokes Lust , causeth Urine , is good for the Wind , and for the biting of venomous Beasts . Bistort or Snakeweed is cold and dry in the third degree , the leaves and roots are excellent good to resist Poison or Plague , and is good for all manner of Fluxes of blood whatsoever , and stayeth a Lask , is good for the Yellows , Ruptures , or Burstness and staling of blood . One blade is a very Cordial Herb , and will cause sweat , and is sovereign against the Plague , by expelling the Poison , and is an excellent VVound-herb for green and old wounds , and Sinews cut . The Bramble or black Bush , the flowers and leaves of the unripe fruit do very much bind and dry , and is good for all kind of Fluxes , the buds , leaves and branches of it , while they are green , are of good use in Ulcers and putrid Sores ; the Root is good against the Stone in the Reins or Kidneys ; the leaves of them are good for sore Mouths and Throats , or Quinsey , the powder of the dried leaves strewed on Cankers do wonderfully heal them . Burrage and Bugloss is in a mean betwixt hot and cold , the leaves and roots are good against Pestilential Feavers , Poison of venomous Beasts , Yellows , Itch , Tettars , Wormes , Weakness , Corruption , Cough , sore Mouth or Throat . Blew-bottle is naturally cold , dry and binding ; the powder of the dried leaves is good taken inwardly , is good for broken Veins , and given with Plantine water expelleth Poison or the Plague , the Juice of it is good to sodd●r green wounds together , and is good to heal Sores in the Mouth ; And the Juice of the leaves dropped into the Eyes , taketh away the Inflammation of them . Bra●k-ursine , Bears-breech and Acanthus is betwixt hot and cold , being somewhat moist , with a mollifying and digesting quality , as are these of the Mallow ▪ and are good to put in Glisters to Loosen the Belly ; the Decoction taken inwardly is good for the bloody Flux and Burstness ; and is good for Hectick Feavers ; Or applied made up in a Poultess , unite broken bones , and strengthens the Joynts that have been put out , and is an excellent Remedy for burnings by Fire . White B●iony is hot and dry in all parts in the third degree , both the white and the black are furious Martial Plants , and purge the Belly with great violence , and therefore you are to Correct it , and then it is very good for all manner of Griefs in the Head , as also for the Joynts and Sinews , Cramps and Convulsions , Dropsey , provoketh Urine , and is good for the Stone . Brook-lyme or VVater-Pimpernel is a hot and biting Martial Plant , and is of the same Nature as Water-Cresses , and are good to cleanse the blood , provokes Urine , and breaks the Stone . Butchers broom is hot in the second and dry in the first , and is of a cleansing Nature , it openeth Obstructions , provoketh Urine , expelleth Gravel and the Stone , and is good for the Strangury , Yellows and pain in the Head. B●oom and Broom-rape , the Twigs , Flowers and feed of it are hot and dry in the second degree , they are of a thin Essence , and are of force to cleanse and open , and especially the feed which is drier , and not so full of superfluous moisture , it is good for the Dropsey , Cleanser of the Reins , Kidneys and Bladder from the Gravel and Stone . Bucks-horn Plantine is of a drying and binding quality , it is good against Poison , Stone in the Reins and Kidneys , stoppeth a Lask , and is good for a bloody Urine and bloody Flux . Bucks-horn is called Harts-horn , Herb-Ivy , Wort-cresses or Swines cresses , their vertues are the same with Bucks-horn Plantine . Bugle is of a mean Temperature , and is good taken inwardly to dissolve Congealed Blood that is occasioned by Bruises or Falls , and is effectual in all VVound-drinks , it is good for Fistulaes , Gangrenes , the leaves of it being bruised and applied to them . Burnet is a drier and a binder , yet it is meanly cool , it is a most precious Herb little inferiour to Bitony , it stancheth bleeding as well inwardly as outwardly , and is good to stay the Lask and bloody Flux ; It is good for all old Ulcers or Running Cankers and moist Sores , to be used either by Juice or Decoction of the Herb or Root , the seed is also good for the same Purposes aforesaid . The Butter-bur or Petasitis is hot and dry in the second degree , and of thin parts , the Roots is good against the Plague and Pestilential Feavers , by provoking Sweat , the Powder of the Root given in VVine is good to resist the force of Poison ; It is good for VVheezing and difficulty of Breathing , kills flat and broad Worms . Bran is hot and dry , and dissolveth very much . Bur●-deck is dry and wasting , the root is something hot , the leaves are cooling and moderately drying , and is good for old Ulcers and Sores , the Juice of the leaves or roots is good against the biting of any venomous Beast , the seed of it is most excellent to provoke Urine , being beaten to Powder , and drank in white-Wine or Ale , and remedieth the pains in the Bladder ; It is good for Burnings , Cankers . Bu●● re●ds are cold and dry of Complexion . Vipers bugloss , all the kinds of them are cold and dry of Complexion . Sea Bind-weed is hot and dry in the second degree . Beares-●oot or black Hellebore is hotter in taste then the white , and is in like manner hot and dry in the third degree ; it is safer to be taken , being purified by the Art of the Alchymist , then given raw ; the roots are good against all melancholy diseases , as Quartan ▪ Agues and Madness ; It is good for the Falling Sickness , Leprosie , Yellows ▪ pains in the Hip ; the Root beaten to powder , and strewed upon Ulcers or putrified Sores , consumes the dead flesh , and instantly heals them . It will help Gangrenes in the beginning , twenty Grains is a sufficient dose for one time , and let it be Corrected with half so much Cinnamon . The Root boiled in Vineger is excellent good against S●abs , M●nge and Leprosie , a piece of it being put into a Hole made in the Ear of a Beast troubled with a Cough , or that hath taken any Poison , and taken out in twenty four houres , helpeth them ; And is very good also to Rowel Cuttel withal that hath the Gargel , and also for many other uses . Bal●mo●y or F●ltwart , the roots are hot , cleansing and scouring , some say it is likewise binding withal . B●l●●om is hot and dry in the second degree , and is good for new and green wounds . Bishops-weed . Herb-VVilliam , Amtos , the seed is hot and dry in the latter end of the third degree ; it is given against the biting of any venomous Beast ; It causeth Urine , it is good against Poison , the Plague and all Pestilential Feavers . Sweet Briar or Eglantine Balls are binding , and are good for bloody Fluxes , and is good to stop a Lask or Loosness . VVilde Briar-balls are greater Binders , and are good to stop a Lask and bloody Flux , and for staling of blood , and is a great Drier up of evil Humours . Bucks-thorn or Laxative Ram , the Berries as they are in taste bitter , so they are binding , and are also hot and dry in the second degree , and doth purge thick phlegm and cholerick humors . The Box-tree is of a binding quality , and is good against the biting of mad Dogs . B●acca is cold and dry in the second degree , it closeth things opened , it softens hardness , filleth places empty , and do extenuate all excretions . Brimstone is hot and dry in the third degree , draweth and disperseth humors , killeth the Itch given inwardly , and outwardly applied it is good for Coughs and rotten Phlegm ; It is good likewise for the Wormes , being mixed with a little Salt in his Provender ; it helps Lethargies snuffed up the Nose , heing beaten to powder . B●learmoniack is a certain red Earth , which is cold and dry , which draweth and driveth back evil humors , and is also an excellent defence against Fluxes of Blood , and all manner of bleeding whatsoever , either taken inwardly , or outwardly applied . Brine , or Water and Salt is of the same Nature as Salt is , it is good given inwardly to kill Wormes , or applied outwardly to dry humors , and takes away swellings . C. All Cabbages and Coleworts have a drying and binding faculty , with a certain salt quality , whereby they cleanse , and being boiled in Broth opens the Belly , but the second Decoction binds ; the Juice of them drank is good against the Poison of venomous Beasts , they are good against a Consumption , obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , Stone , Swellings , Sores and Scabs , and the Juice being dropped into the Eyes with Honey is good to clear them . The Sea-Colewort is of a biting quality , the first decoction Loosneth , and is more cleansing then the other kind ; the seed bruised and drank killeth Wormes , the Juice of them cleanseth and healeth Sores , dissolveth Swellings , and taketh away Inflammations . Calamint or Mountain Mint is of a fervent taste and biting hot , and of a thin substance , and dry after a sort in the third degree ; it wasteth away thin humors , cuts and maketh thick humors thin ; it is good for Ruptures , Convulsions , Cramps , shortness of Breath , torments and pains in the Stomach , helpeth the Yellows , killeth Wormes given with Salt and Treacle , killeth Scabs either inwardly taken or outwardly applied , and killeth the Wormes in the Ears ; the Juice being dropped therein . Camomel is hot and dry in the first degree , and of thin parts , and heateth moderately , and drieth little ; it mollifieth and dissolveth all Griefs , and especially for the Liver ; it is good for Swellings , Cholick , Stone , Pains in the Belly , Cold , Yellows , Dropsey and Cramps . VVater-Caltrops are of a cold Nature , and consisteth of a moist Essence , being made into a Poultess , are good for Inflammations , Swellings , Cankers , sore Mouths and Throats , they are good for the Farcin and Stone , especially the Nuts being dried , they resist Poison , and this biting of venomous Beasts . VVilde Champions are reserved to those of the Garden , they are good to stay inward bleeding , taken inwardly ; and outwardly it doth the like to Wounds ; it expelleth Urine and Gravel , and purgeth the Body of Cholerick humours , and is good against the poison of venomous Beasts , the Plague , &c. and is good for old Sores , Fistulaes and Cankers , to cleanse and heal them Cardus benedictus is good for pains in the Head , the Yellows and other Infirmities of the Gall , cleanseth the Blood , helpeth the Itch , biting of mad Dogs , and other venomous Beasts , and is good for Agues . VVilde Carrets are hot and dry in the second degree , expelleth Wind , provoketh Urine and causeth Lust ; they are good for the Dropsey , Cholick , Stone , for running Sores and Ulcers , the seed of them worketh the same effects as the roots do . Caraway-seeds are hot and dry in the third degree , hath a moderate sharp quality , whereby it breaketh Wind , provoketh Urine ; the seeds are good for Colds in the Head and Stomach . Cellandine is hot and dry in the third degree , the Juice of it put into the Eyes cleareth them from Films and Cloudiness , which darkneth the Sight , it is good in old filthy creeping Ulcers , to stay their Malignity of fretting and running , and to cause them to heal the more speedily : It heals also Tettars , Ring-wormes and spreading Cankers , the powder of it mixed with brimstone killeth the Mange , it is good taken inwardly for the Yellows , and openeth the Obstructions of the Liver and Gall. The lesser Cellandine , called Pilewort , is hot and dry , and more biting and hotter then the greater , and cometh nearest in faculty to the Crow-foot , it is good taken inwardly for the Farcin , and to be applied outwardly for the same Disease . The ordinary Centaury purgeth cholerick and gross Humors , openeth the Obstructions of the Liver and Gall , helpeth the Yellows , killeth Worms , is good for Cramps and Convulsions , against venomous Beasts , it cleanseth foul Ulcers , and killeth spreading Scabs ; all the Centaurys are much of one and the same Nature , only take this Observation , That in Diseases of Blood use the red ; if of Choler , use the Yellow ; but if of Phlegm or Water , the White is best . VV●nter-Cherries , the leaves are cool , and are used in Inflammations , but not opening as the Berries and Fruit are , which draw down the Urine , and expel the Gravel and Stone out of the Reins , Kidneys and Bladder ; it is also good for all Imposthumes in them , likewise to cleanse them , and is good for bloody and foul Urine . Chervil is of temperate heat and moderate driness , but not so much as the Parsley ; it warms the Stomach , and is good to dissolve congealed blood in the Body ; it is good for the Stone , the wilde Chervil applied dissolveth Swellings in any part of the Body . Sweet Chervil or sweet Cicely , the Roots warmeth the Stomach oppressed with Wind and Phlegm , and is good for the Consumption of the Lungs , it is good against the Plague , the Juice of it is good to heal Ulcers . Chest-Nut-tree , the Fruit is dry and binding , and is neither hot nor cold , but in a mean between both , the inner Rind that covereth the Nut is of so binding a quality , that it will stop any Lask or Loosness whatsoever , and likewise the bloody Flux . Earth Chest-Nuts are hot and dry in quality , and also binding in quality , but the seed is hotter , they provoke Lust exceedingly , the seed provoketh Urine . Chickweed is cold and moist , and of a waterish substance , it cooleth without binding , and is good for all Swellings and Imposthumes whatsoever , Itch , Scabs , Cramps , and is good for Ulcers and Sores in the privy Parts . Bastard Chickweed is like to the other in Vertue and Operation . Cinquefoil , or Five-leaved Grass , the Roots of it are dry in the third degree , and without biting , for they have very little heat and sharpness , it is good given inwardly for Agues , and to cool the heat of Pestilential Feavers , the Juice of it drunk for certain days together , Cureth the Quinsey and Yellows ; It is good for the Falling Sickness , Cough of the Lungs , the Roots boiled in Vineger is good for all hard Swellings , Knots and Kernels , and Lumps growing in any part of the Flesh , and all Inflammations and St. Anthonies Fire , and all sorts of running and foul Scabs , and is good for Ruptures or Burstings used with other things , taken inwardly or outwardly applied , and is good likewise for to stay bleeding of Wounds , inwardly taken or outwardly applied . Garden Clary , or more properly Clear-Eye , is hot and dry in the third degree , the feed put into the Eyes doth clear them of Motes , and takes out the red spots out of them ; It is good for Swellings , and draweth forth Splinters and Thornes out of the Flesh ; the Powder of the Root put up the Nose purgeth the Head and Brain of much Rheum and corruption ; It is a great Strengthner of the Back , the Juice of it drank in Ale or Beer expelleth the secundine . Wilde Clary is hotter and drier then the Garden Clary , the seeds provoke lust , warmes the Stomach , scatters congealed Blood in any part of the Body , and helps dimness of Sight , being put into the Eye , and there let it remain till it drop out of it self , and it will cleanse the Eyes from putrified matter , and by often using of it will take off a Film . Cleavers or Goose-grass is moderately hot and dry , and somewhat of ●●in parts ; it is good for the biting of any venomous Beast , for the Yellows ; it stayeth Lasks , bloody Fluxes and bleeding Wounds , being bruised and laid to them , as also to close up green Wounds ; the powder of the Herb dried and strewed upon old filthy Ulcers helpeth them , and being boiled with Hogs-grease , helpeth all hard swellings about the Throat , being anointed therewith . It is a great Cleanser of the Blood and Strengthner of the Liver . Clowns wound-wort is hot in the second degree , and dry in the first , and is a most excellent Wound-herb for all green Wounds , and is a Stancher of Blood , and will dry up fluxes and humors in old fretting Ulcers and ●ankers that hinder the healing of them ; A Syrup made of the Juice of it is inferiour to none for inward Wounds , Ruptures of Veins , and Pissing of Blood. Cocks-head , red Fitching or Medick Fitch ▪ the green leaves bruised and laid as a Plaister disperseth knots or kernels in the flesh , and being dried and taken in Wine helpeth the Strangury ; and being anointed with it provoketh Sweat ; it is a good food for Cattel to make them give good store of Milk , so is Alder and Medick Fitch . Columbines are thought to be temperate , between heat and moisture , the Leaves are used in Lotions for sore Mouths and Throats , the seed openeth the obstruction of the Liver , and is good for the Yellows . Colts-foot , the leaves of it while ▪ it is green have a drying quality and are somewhat cold , but the dried leaves are not so biting ; they are good for Wheezings and short-windedness , Agues , Inflammations and Swellings , St. Anthonies Fire and Burnings . Comfrey is cold and dry , and of an earthly quality , the use of this is the same with Clowns wound-wort ; the great Comfrey helpeth a bloody Urine , and is good for all inward Wounds , Bruises , Hurts and Ulcers of the Lungs , is good for the falling or shedding of the seed , and is good made into an Ointment for all pains and old Aches . Coral-wort cleanseth the Bladder , and provoketh Urine , expels the Gravel and Stone , and easeth pains in the Sides and Bowels ; it is good for inward Wounds , especially for those in the Breast and Lungs , and is good for outward Wounds made up in an Ointment , it stops Fluxes , and is good to dry up the watery humour that is in Ulcers , that hinder their Cure. Red Corral bindeth and meanly cooleth , and is very effectual against Issues of Blood , and easeth the difficulty of staling , and is good for the Falling Sickness . Costmary or Alecost , or Balsam-herb , is hot and dry in the second degree , & provoketh Urine as well as Maudlin ; it purgeth choler and phlegm , and is good for Agues , and dries up all thin Rheums from the Head and Stomach . Of Cud-weed or Cotton-weed , their kinds are of a binding and drying quality , and are good for defluxions of Rheums from the Head , and to stay all Fluxes of Blood whatsoever ; it helpeth the bloody Flux , and is good for inward and outward Wounds , Hurts and Bruises , and is good for burstness , the Wormes and old and filthy Ulcers . Crabs-Claws is a great strengthner of the Reins ; it is good for St. Anthonies Fire , and all Inflammations and Swellings in Wounds , and an Ointment made of them is good to heal them . It is a most excellent thing for bruised Kidneys , and upon that account Pissing Blood. Winter-Cresses is hot and dry in the second degree , the seed causeth Urine , and drives forth Gravel , and helps the Strangury ; the Juice of them made up into the form of an Ointment , with Wax , Oyl and Turpentine , cleanseth foul Ulcers . Banck-Cresses , the seeds are of a fiery temperature , and doth extenuate and make thin , they strengthen the Brain , and is little inferiour to Mustard-seed , and are good to stay those Rheums that fall down from the Head upon the Lungs ; It is good likewise for the Yellows , and the paint in the Hip. Sciatica-Cresses are hot and dry in the fourth degree , like to Garden-Cresses both in smell and taste ; they are good to put into a Poultess to help all old Pains and Griefs in the Hips or Joynts , and other parts of the Body that is hard to be Cured . Garden-Cresses are sharp and biting , and therefore it is hot and dry , whilest it is young and tender , the seeds are much more biting then the Herb , and is hot and dry almost in the fourth degree , and is good for Pains in the Hip , and hard Swellings and Inflammations . Dock-Cresses are of nature hot , and somewhat obstersive , and cleansing , the Juice of them is good for ulcerated Sores . Water-Cresses are hot and dry , they cleanse the Blood and Humors , serve in all other uses in which Brook-lyme is available , as to break the Stone , and to provoke Urine , and cleanse Ulcers . Cross-wort is of a binding and drying quality , and is a most excellent Wound-herb , both inwardly taken and outwardly applied , it sendeth forth Phlegm out of the Stomach , and is good for Ruptures and Burstness . Crow-foot is a fiery hot Herb not fit to be given inwardly unless it be Corrected , it will draw a Blister as well as Cantharides . Cuckow-Point , or VVake-Robin is hot and dry in the third degree , it is good given against the Plague or Poison , being mixed with Vineger , it is good for short-windedness and Cough of the Lungs , it is good to provoke Urine , is good for the Itch , Ulcers , and to take away the Pin and Web in the Eye . Calamus is of a hot heating quality , saith Dioscordes ; but Gallen and Pliny affirms , that they have thin and subtil parts both hot and dry , it provoketh Urine , expelleth Poison , and is good for inward Bruises , and the Juice of it strained with Honey taketh away the dimness of the Eyes . Corneflag is of force to waste , consume and dry , as also of a subtil and drying quality , being stamped with Frankincense and Wine , draweth forth Splinters out of the Flesh ; It is likewise good for hard Swellings . Cowslips of Jerusalem is of the temperature of great Comfrey , and is somewhat more drying and binding . Colloquintida is hot and dry in the latter end of the second degree , and therefore it purgeth , cleanseth and openeth , and performeth all those things that bitter things doth , but that the strong quality that it hath , is as Gallen saith , of more force then all the rest of the Operations , therefore it is not rashly to be used , but upon some desperate Diseases . Cranes-bill is cold and somewhat dry , with some binding quality , it hath power to joyn and sodder together , and is therefore good for Burstness and broken Bones . The seed of Garden Cummin is hot and dry in the third degree , and hath also a binding quality , and is good for the Wind , the Chest and Lungs , and all Raw Humors , and is good to put into Plaisters and Poultesses for Swellings . The seed of Cockle is hot and dry in the latter end of the second degree , and is good against the Yellows . Camock is hot in the third degree , it cutteth and maketh thin , the Bark of the Root given in white-Wine causeth Urine , and breaketh the Stone , and drives it forth . Cyprus-Roots , long and round , are of a hot Nature , the Ashes of them burnt is good for Ulcers in the Mouth , Cankers , &c. Cypres , the fruit and leaves are dry in the third degree , and Astringent , the Nut being stamped and drunk in Wine , stoppeth the Lask and bloody Flux . Cassia Fistula or Pudding-Pipe , the Pulpe is moist in the latter end of the third degree , it gently purgeth Cholerick Humors and s●imy Phlegm . Cochinile is given alone , and mixed with other things in malignant diseases , as Pestilential Feavers and the like , and is a great Cordial . Cynamon hath power to warm , and is of thin Parts , it is also hot , dry and Astringent , it breaketh Wind , provoketh Urine , and is good against the fretting pains of the Guts and Entrails , proceeding of cold Causes . Cloves are hot and dry in the third degree , they streng●hen the Stomach , Liver and Heart , provoketh Urine , the Oyl of them taketh away the Pin and Web in the Eye . China Roots is thought to be moderately hot and dry , it strengthens the Liver , removes the Dropsey , Cures malignant Ulcers and Scabs , and is good in a Consumption , and for the Farcin . Copperas are of two sorts , green and white , they are hot and dry , but the white is much the stronger , they are great Driers up of evil Humours , being outwardly applied they kill likewise Scurfs and Scabs . Costus hath an heating and attenuating quality , it is good to help Strains , Convulsions and Cramps , killeth Wormes , and is good against the biting of Vipers , and against Windiness in the Stomach . Calafonia or Colofonia , doth incarnate Ulcers , and doth Conglutinate things that are separated . Camphopa is a kind of Gum which is cold and dry in the third degree , and preserveth the Body from Putrefaction , and bindeth Humors , it is good against Poison , Plague and Feavers . Cantharides are certain Spanish Flies which are hot and dry in the third degree , they increase Lust taken inwardly , and being applied outwardly to any part of the Body they will raise Blisters . Cardamonium is not , and extenuateth Humors , and being mixt with Vineger killeth Scabs . Castorum is hot and dry , and purgeth much . Cerusa is a white Ointment made of Oyl and white Lead ; It is cold and dry in the second degree , and is a great healer and shealer of Scabs . Cito or Cisto is dry in the second degree , and bindeth much . Citrons or Cithrons are cold and moist in the second degree , they do cleanse and pierce . Cam●●ry is cold , and conglutinateth and bindeth , and is good against Ruptures . Castro or Cosse , being bitter , is hot and healeth Ulcers . Cane-reed is hot and dry in the third degree . D. Daisies are cold and moist , being moist in the end of the second degree , and cold in the beginning of the same . They are good for Wounds in the Breast , and therefore sitting to be made into Oyls , Ointments and Plaisters , as also into Syrups ; the great and wilde ones is a very good Wound-Herb , and the distilled water of them both is good to refresh the inward parts and to allay the heat of choler ; They are good for Ulcers . Swellings , Kernels , Bruises by Falls , Ruptures , Burstings and all Inflammations . Dandelyon , vulgarly called Piss-a-beds , is like in temperature with Succory , that is to say , of wilde Indive , it is cold , but it drieth more , and doth withal cleanse and open ▪ by reason of the biting quality it hath , and therefore is good for the Obstructions of the Liver , Gall , Spleen and Yellows ; the distilled water of it is good to allay the heat of Pestilential Feavers , and to wash Sores . Darnel is hot in the third degree , red Darnel drieth with sharpness . The Meal of it is good to stay Gangrenes . Cankers and putrid Sores ; It killeth Ring-wormes and soul Scabs ; If it be used with Salt and Radish-roots , with Brimstone and Vineger , it dissolveth Knots and Kernels , and being boiled with Wine , Pigeons dung and Linfeed , dissolveth those that are hard to be dissolved ; Darnel Meal draweth forth Splinters and broken bones , being applied as a Poultess ; the red Darnel boiled in Wine stayeth the Lask and bloody Flux , and all other Fluxes of Blood. D ll is hot in the end of the second degree , and dry in the beginning of the same ; or in the end of the first degree ; it provoketh Urine , and is good against Windiness ; it is good to case Swellings and Pains . Devils-bit is somewhat bitter , and is of a hot and dry temperature , and that in the latter end of the second degree ; it is good against the Plague and all Pestilential diseases ; as Poisons , Feavers , and biting of venomous Beasts ; It is good for Bruises either inward or outward ; it is good to expel Wind , drive forth Wormes . The distilled Water of it is good for green Wounds , old Sores , and cleanseth the Body inwardly , and the Seed outwardly , from Sores , Scurss and Itches . Docke , all of them are generally cold a little , and moderately , and some more . They do all of them dry , but not after one manner , yet some are of opinion that they are dry in the third degree : The red Dock cleanseth the Liver , but the yellow is best to take when the Blood is afflicted with choler . The Seeds of most of the kinds do stay Lasks and Fluxes of all sorts ; they are good for the itch and breaking out of the Skin , if it be bathed therewith . Dodder is of the Nature of the Herb on which it groweth ; is more dry then hot , and that in the second degree ; It is a Purger of Choler and Phlegm from the Head , Obstructions of the Liver , Gall and Yellows . Dogs-grass , Quich-Grass ; or Couch-Grass , opens Obstructions of the Liver and Gall , stopping of Urine , and easeth the pains of the Belly , Inflammations , and wasteth the Stones in the Bladder , and Ulcers thereof . Also being boiled , the seed doth more provoke Urine , and stayeth the Lask ; it is a good Remedy against all Diseases coming of stoppage . Doves-foot or Cranes-bill is cold and somewhat dry , with some binding quality ; It is good for the Wind ; Cholick and Stone ▪ the decoction thereof in Wine is a good Wound-drink for inward Wounds , Hurts or Bruises , and is good to cleanse and heal outward Sores , Ulcers , Fistulaes and green VVounds , and is excellent for Ruptures . Ducks-meat is cold and moist in a sort in the second degree ; it is good for Inflammations and St. Anthonies Fire . Dragons is under Mars , and therefore the best way to use it is after it is distilled , and then the VVater of it cleanseth all internal parts of the Body , and so it doth the external from Scurfand Scabs , and being dropped into the Eye taketh away the Pin and VVeb , and is good against Pestilence and Poison . Dogs-tooth is of a very hot temperament , and of an excrementitious Nature . The Roots of all the Daffodils are hot and dry in the third degree . Dyars-weed is hot and dry of Temperature , the Root as also the whole Herb heats and dries in the third degree ; it cuts , attenuateth , opens and disgests ; It is good for the biting of venomous Beasts and Poison , taken inwardly or applied outwardly . Bastard-Dirtany is hot and dry in the second degree , and of a wasting , attenuating and opening quality , and is good for the Stone in the Kidneys and Bladder . Dropwort or Filipendula is hot and dry in the third degree , opening , cleansing and a little binding ; All the kinds of them have the same faculty , unless it be the pernicious Drop-wort ; they are good against pains in the Bladder , and break the Stone . E. Elder is of a drying quality , glewing and moderately disgesting ; It purgeth choler and phlegm , both the inward Rind and the Berries , and the Dropsey ; the Bark of the Root worketh more powerfully then either of them ; it is good against the biting of any venomous Beasts , the Juice of it asswageth the hot Inflammations of the Eyes , and all manner of Burnings and Scaldings , being laid to the grieved place . Dwarf-Elder called Dane-wort ▪ and Wall-wort , it is of Temperature hot and dry in the third degree , it doth waste and consume by Purging of Choler , and Phlegm and Water , and is more powerful then the common Elder , and hath all the Properties of it . The Elm-Tree , the Leaves and Bark of it is moderately hot , with a cleansing Faculty , the Leaves bruised and applied healeth green Wounds , it is good to Cure a Scurf , Ruptures , broken Bones , Swellings and Burnings . Endive and Succorie are cold and dry in the third degree , and withal somewhat binding , it is a fine cooling and cleansing Plant ; the Garden Endive is colder , and not so dry and cleansing ; the Juice or the water of it is good to cool the excessive heat of the Stomach and Liver , or any inflammation in any part of the Body , and being applied outwardly it is good for Ulcers , hard Swellings and Pestilential Sores . Elecampane is hot and dry in the third degree , especially when it is dry , for being green and full of Juice it is full of superfluous moisture , which somewhat abateth the heat and dry quality thereof ; It is good for Colds and Coughs , and to warm a cold Stomach , Wind , short-Windedness , Wheezing , Stone in the Bladder , resisteth Poison , the Plague , Cramps , Convulsions , Wormes , Cankers , Fistulaes . Ensula , or Devils-Milk , is hot , sharp and drying , and draws choler from the Joynts . Eringo or Sea-holly , breedeth Seed exceedingly , and is hot and moist , it is good for the Yellows , Dropsey , Cholick , provoketh Urine , expelleth the Stone ; the Roots bruised and applied outwardly is good for the Farcin , or taken inwardly for the same disease ; it is good for broken Bones , and to draw thornes out of the Flesh ; the Juice dropped into the Ears helpeth the Impostumes in them ; the distilled water of it is good for all the Purposes aforesaid . Eye-bright is hot and dry , but yet more hot then dry ; the Juice or the Water of it is good to help all Infirmities of the Eyes that cause dimness . Elusa is a Herb like a Spunge , and is hot in the fourth degree ; it drieth and cleanseth exceedingly , and of some is called Wolfes Milk. Excrusion is that which we call Oxicration , it is a certain Composition of Aceto and Water , and is good to allay Swellings and Tumors . Eggs , the Whites are cold and the Yolks are hot , and doth strengthen and incarnate , the shells beaten to powder and given in Beer or Ale , is very good to expel the Stone out of the Bladder . F. Fern , both the kinds of them , Male and Female , are hot and dry , and somewhat binding , their Vertues are both alike ; the Roots of them are good to kill Wormes , the green leaves purge the Belly of cholerick Humors ; An Ointment made of the Roots , bruised with Hogs-Grease is good for the Wounds in the flesh , the powder of them is good to dry up moistures in malignant Ulcers . The Water Ferne or Osmond-Royal is hot and dry , but lesser then the former , and hath all the Vertues the other hath , but more effectually , and is good for Wounds or Bruises , and the like ; the decoction thereof being drunk or boiled in an Ointment or Oyl , as a Balsam or Balm , is very good for Bruises , or Bones broken and out of Joynt ; it is good for the Cholick , for Ruptures , The Decoction of the Root in Wine provoketh Urine exceedingly , and cleanseth the Bladder and Passages thereof . Featherfew heateth , it is hot in the third degree , and dry in the second ; it expelleth the Secundine being drunk . It is good for a Cough , and to cleanse the Reins of the Bladder , and to expel the Stone out of it . It purgeth phlegm and choler , is good for the Head-ach and Wind-cholick , and performeth all that bitter things can do . Fennel-seed is hot in the third degree , and dry in the first ; it openeth Obstructions and stoppings of the Bladder , and maketh the Stone to avoid by Urine . It is good for all manner of gross humors , and is good for the Liver and Lungs , and is of the same Nature as Anniseeds are . Sow-Fennel , or Hogs-Fennel , the kinds of the Herbs , especially the yellow sap of the Root , is hot in the second degree , and dry in the beginning of the third ; it is good against Wind in the Belly and Stomach ; It Loosneth the Belly gently , and purgeth Siege both by phlegm and choler . Fennel-Gyant is hot in the third degree , and dry in the second , and is Astringent and binding , and is good for the bloody Flux . Filipendula or Dropwort , vide Dropwort . Green Figs serve to ripen Tumors , soften and consume hard swellings , and are good for Pursiness , Coughs and Diseases of the Lungs , the Decoction of the leaves , and the place washed with it , is a most excellent Remedy for the Leprosie , Scurf , Scabs or Running Sores . Fuss-balls do dry , and are good to lay to a Gall'd Back . The yellow Water-Flag or Flower-de-luce , and all the kinds of them are very Astringent , cooling and drying , and helps all Lasks and Fluxes , whether of Blood or Humors ; it helps all foul Ulcers , the Juice being applied to them . Flax-weed or Toad-Flax , all the kinds of them are of the same Temperature with wild Snap-Dragons , whereof they are kinds ; it provokes Urine , opens the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , helpeth the Yellows , expelleth Poison , driveth forth the dead ▪ Foal , and is good to cleanse soul and cankerous Ulcers and Fistulaes . Flea-wort , it is cold and dry , the Fryed-seed taken stayeth the Flux and Lask of the Belly ; the seed is good for hot Agues and burning Feavers , and other Inflammations ; It is good for the diseases of the Breast and Lungs caused by heat ; It is good for the Head-ach and all hot Imposthumes , and breakings out of the Skin ; it is good for old pains in the Joynts , &c. Flix-weed drieth without any manifest sharpness of heat ; It is good for Lasks and bloody Fluxes , and for all Issues of Blood whatsoever ; it is good for broken bones to consolidate them together , it heals all sores and putrified Ulcers . Flower-de-luce is hot and dry in the third degree ; it purgeth choler and tough Phlegm , helpeth the Yellows and Dropsey ; it easeth the pains in the Belly , and is good for the Liver and Spleen ; it is good for Cramps , all manner of Poison , provoketh Urine , helpeth the Cholick , and is good to comfort all cold Joynts and Sinews , and is good for Ulcers and Fistulaes . Fluellin or Lluellin is of a binding quality , and is good for hot Swellings , Wounds , Ulcers and Cankers , and is good to stop a Lask and bloody Flux . Fox-Gloves , in that they are bitter are hot and dry , with a certain cleansing quality ; the Juice of it is good to heal green Wounds and old Sores , to cleanse , dry and heal them ; It purgeth the Body of tough Phlegm , and is good to open Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , is good for the Farcin , and other breakings out in the Skin . Fumitory is cold and somewhat dry of Operation , and cleanseth by Urine . It is good for the Liver and Spleen , Yellows , Stavers , Plague , ●ore Mouths and Throat , and all manner of Breakin gs out in the Skin . The Furz-bush , or Fuzen-bushes , are hot and dry of Complexion , and is good to open Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen ; the seeds are good to cleanse the Reins from the Gravel or Stones , provokes Urine , and is good against the Yellows . Frankincense hath power to bind , saith Dioscordes , it is good for Wounds Old and New , and also for Ulcers . Flax or Line , the seed thereof is hot and dry , and it ripeneth and molli●ieth . Fitches are hot in the first , and dry in the second degree , and they do open and cleanse ; see Oblibanum . Herb Frankincense , the seeds and roots are hot and dry in the second degree , and are of a digesting , dissolving and Mundifying quality . Feltwort or Baldmony , the Roots are hot , cleansing and Scouring , some say it is likewise binding and of a bitter Taste . Fennegr●ck is hot in the second degree , and dry in the first , and is a Loosner of the Body , and is good for Colds , and a Killer of Wormes . G. Gentian Felt-w●rt or Baldmony , there are two sorts of them , and both under the dominion of Mars , they both resist Poison and Pestilence , strengthens the Stomach , the powder of the dried Root is good against the biting of a mad Dog , or any other venomous Beast , opens Obstructions of the Liver ; it is good taken inwardly against Bruises by Falls , provokes Urine exceedingly , is good for Cramps , it expectorates tough Phlegm , and kills Scabs , and all manner of fretting Sores and Ulcers , killeth Wormes , is good for the Farcy and Yellows taken inwardly . The root made into the form of a Tent is good to open Sores , being put therein . Garlick is very sharp , and hot and dry in the fourth degree , it causeth Urine , is good against the biting of a mad Dog , and any other venomous creature , purgeth the Head from tough Phlegm , killeth Wormes , helpeth the Lethargy , is a Preservative against the Plague , is good for foul Ulcers , breaketh Imposthumes and other Swellings , and for all those Diseases the Onion is also effectual , but they are better applied outwardly then received inwardly , because they have their Vices as well as their Vertues . Clove-G●lliflowers are so temperate , that no excess , neither in heat , cold , driness nor moisture can be perceived in them ; they are great Strengthners both of the Brain and Heart , and are very good for to be put into Cordials for hot Pestilential Feavers , and expel Poison . Stock G●lliflowers are referred to the Wall-Flower , although in Vertue they are much inferiour . Garden Ge●m●●der is of thin parts , and hath a cutting faculty ; it is hot and dry almost in the third degree ; it opens and cleanseth , for it opens the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , and difficulty of Urine ; It is good against Poison , Ulcers , Cramps , Agues , Falling Sickness , Head-ach , Yellows and Wormes . VVater Germander is hot and dry , and hath a bitter taste , harsh and earthly . Stinking Gladwin is hot and dry in the third degree , it purgeth choler and phlegm , the powder or Juice of it put into the Head draweth forth much corruption , and being given inwardly is good for Cramps ; It is good for the Strangury , provoketh Urine ; the Roots are very good in Wounds , and draweth forth Splinters or Thornes out of the Flesh , the Roots boiled in Vineger dissolveth any hard Swelling or Tumor ; the Juice of the Leaves and Roots heal the Mange , and all other running and spreading Scabs . Golden Rod is hot and dry in the second degree , and cleanseth with a certain Astriction or binding quality , and is good for the Stone in the Reins and Kidneys ; it is good taken for inward bruises , and outwardly applied for outward ones ; it stayeth Bleeding in any part of the Body , and of Wounds also , the Fluxes of Humours , the bloody Flux , Ruptures . It is an excellent Wound-Herb , inferiour to none , either taken inwardly , or outwardly applied , and is good for all Sores and Ulcers whatsoever , whether they be in the Mouth or Throat . Gout-wort Cures all manner of pain in the Hip or Joynt-aches . Gromel , the seed of it is hot and dry in the second degree ; it is good to break the Stone , and to avoid it out of the Reins and Bladder by Urine , and helpeth the Strangury . Gum Armoniack outwardly applied , dissolves hard Knots and Swellings in any part of the Body , and inwardly given cures hard Milts , and frees from Obstructions , moves Urine , and fetcheth forth Stones . Winter-Green is a very good Wound-herb , and is good taken inwardly , being bruised for Ulcers in the Kidneys or Neck of the Bladder ; it stayeth also Fluxes whether of Blood or Humours , as the Lask , bloody Flux , bleeding Wounds , and taketh away Inflammations , and is good for foul Ulcers , Cankers and Fistulaes . Groundsel hath mixt Faculties , it cooleth and disgesteth ; it is a universal Medicine coming from heat , whatsoever they be ; it is good against the Yellows , Falling Sickness , provokes Urine , expels Gravel in the Reins and Kidneys , is good for Griping in the Bowels and Cholick , and dissolveth any hard Knobs and Kernels in the Body . English Galingale hath a heating quality , and some do reckon it to be hot and dry in the second degree : the greater Galingale Roots are hot and dry in the third degree , but the lesser are somewhat hotter ; it is good for cold Griefs in the Stomach , strengthens the Brain , and comforteth the Sinews . Ginger heateth and drieth in the third degree , and is good for the Stomach , answering the effects and qualities of long Pepper . Glass-wort is hot and dry , the Ashes of it are both drier and hotter , even to the fourth degree , and have a Costick and burning quality . Green-weed or base Brome are hot and dry in the second degree ; they are thought to be in vertue equal with the Broom , the Dyars use it very much to dye withal . Galls are dry in the third and cold in the second ; they cleanse and m●ndifie , they keep back Rheums and such like Fluxes , and doth dry up the same , and are good to stop Lasks and bloody Fluxes , and the falling out of the Fundament . Grains of Paradice are hot and dry in the third degree , they comfort the weak , cold and feeble Stomach , and helpeth the Ague , Farcin and Falling Sickness . Gum Lacke is hot in the second degree , and comforteth the Heart and Liver , and openeth Obstructions , expelleth Urine , and is good for the Dropsey and Yellows , and expelleth the Stone out of the Reins and Bladder . Fresh Grease is hot and moist in the first degree , and mollifieth , ripeneth and healeth Wounds , Imposthumes and Ulcers . Galbanum is a Gum which is hot in the third degree , and dry in the second : it softeneth , stoppeth and draweth away evil humours , and is good against Colds , the Fume taken up the Head , as also for the Dizziness thereof . H. Hearts-ease is obscurely cold , but more evidently moist , and of a fat and slimy Juice , like that of the Mallow , for which cause it moisteneth and suppleth , but not so much as that , it is good for the Inflammations of the Lungs and Breast , Scabs and Itch. Hearts-Tongue is of a binding drying Faculty , strengthens the Liver , and is good for the Lask and bloody Flux , and is good against the biting of Serpents . Hawk-weed , all the kinds of them are somewhat dry , and somewhat binding , and is good for the heat of the Stomach , the Fits of the Ague , the Wind , provoketh Urine , is good for the biting of venomous Beasts , the Dropsey , the Wind-Cholick , and is good to digest thin Phlegm from the Chest and Lungs , it is good for Ulcers , Burnings , Inflammations and St. Anthonies Fire , and being made into a Poultess , is good for Cramps and Pains in the Joynts . The Hawthorn-Berries are very binding , therefore are good to stop a Lask , the Berries dried and drunk in white-Wine is very good against the Stone and Dropsey , the Seed bruised after it is cleared from the Down and drunk , is good for the tormenting pains of the Belly . Hemp is hot , the Seed consumeth Wind , it is good for the Yellows , openeth the Obstructions of the Liver and Gall , and is good for hot Inflammations , the Seed Loosneth the Belly , strewed amongst a Horses Provender , and allayeth the troublesom Humours of the Bowels . Hedge-Hysop is drying , and is good outwardly applied to pains in the Hips or Joynts , and is good to cleanse old and filthy Ulcers . Herb-Robert is good for the Stone , and to stay all inward Flowings of Blood , and is a great Healer of green Wounds , and is good for old Ulcers . Herb True-love , or One-berry is exceeding cold , and the Leaves or Berries is good to expel Poison of all sorts , as also the Plague and Pestilence , is good for the Cholick , green Wounds , and to cleanse old and filthy Ulcers , and is good to discuss all Swellings in any part of the Body . Hore-hound the white and the black are hot in the second , and dry in the third degree , it helpeth the Obstructions of the Liver , openeth and Purgeth , and is good against Colds , Consumptions , short-windedness , an Expeller of Poison , and a Cleanser of old Sores and Ulcers , cleareth the Eye-sight , and snuffed up the Nostrils , is good for the Yellows . Horse-ta●l is of a binding Faculty , and doth moderately dry , and is good to Cure Wounds , nay , though the Sinews be cut asunder , and is good not only for all inward Ulcers of the Bladder , but all outward Sores , provoketh Urine , helpeth the Stone and Strangury , and is good for all Lasks and bloody Fluxes , and Pissing of Blood , or Bleeding at the Nose . Housleek or Sengreen are of a cooling Nature , and is good for all inward Heats as well as outward , as in the Eyes and other parts of the Body , it cooleth all hot Inflammations , as St. Anthonies Fire , Scaldings and Burnings , Cankers , Tetters , Ring-wormes , &c. Hounds-tongue , but especially the Root is cold and dry , it is good for Coughs and short-windedness , the biting of mad Dogs , and is good for green Wounds , and is good inwardly for the Farcy . Holly-holm or Hulver bush , the Berries are hot and dry , and of thin parts , they expel Wind , they purge the Body of gross and Phlegmatick Humours eaten not dried , but if they be dried and beaten to powder and eaten , they bind the Body , and stop Fluxes , and the Lask , the Bark of the Tree and Leaves are good in Fomentations for broken Bones and Members out of Joynt . Heath-bush hath a digesting Faculty , the Flowers and Leaves are good to lay upon the biting of venomous Beasts , and the Bark and Leaves may be used for the same Causes as Turmerick is . Harts-horn is dry , yet it strengthneth very much , and expelleth Poison . Honey is hot and dry in the second degree , it cleanseth the Stomach and Entrails , stoppeth Humours and incarnateth Wounds , and cleanseth also the Reins and Bladder . Hyacinths do little cleanse and bind , the seeds are dry in the third degree , but the Roots are dry and cold in the first . Hellebore , vide Bears-foot . I. St. Johns-wort is hot and dry , being of substance thin , and is a most excellent Herb for inward Bruises , or Hurts , or outward Wounds , it is good to open Obstructions , dissolve Swellings , and strengthen those Parts that are weak and feeble , it is good for Bleedings inward or outward , for the biting of any venomous Creature , and is good to cast forth the Stone in the Bladder by Urine . Ivy that groweth upon Walls or upon Trees , it hath a certain binding and cold substance , and somewhat biting , the Flower of it is good for the bloody Flux and Lask ; the Leaves or Flowers outwardly applied , is good for the Nerves and Sinews ; the yellow Berries of them are good for the Yellows , and killeth the Wormes , is good for the Plague , provokes Urine , breaks the Stone ; It is good for to cleanse foul Ulcers , Sores and green Wounds , or for Burnings and Scaldings ; The Juice of the Berries and Leaves squirted up the Nose , purgeth the Head from Rheum , and cureth the Ulcers therein , and is good given for a Surfeit . The ●uniper Bush is hot and dry in the third degree , the B●rries are also hot but not so dry ; they are good against Poison , Plague , the biting of any venomous Creature , provokes Urine , is good for the Dropsey , strengthens the Stomack , expels Wind ; they are good for the Cough , Shortness of Breath , Consumptions , Pains in the Belly , Ruptures , Cramps , and strengthens all the Members of the Body ; A Lye made of the Ashes of the Wood , and the Body Bathed therewith , is good for the Mange , and all manner of Scabs , the Berries break the Stone , and brings a Horse to a Stomach , and is good for the Falling Sickness . Jack by the Hedge , or Sauce alone , is hot and dry , but much lesser then Garlick , the seed boiled in Wine is a good Remedy against the Wind-Cholick or Stone , the green Leaves are good to heal Ulcers . Iris is a Root that is hot and dry , it cleanseth and ripeneth , and is good against Colds , and purgeth Ulcers . Iron-Rust is hot and dry in the second degree , it comforteth and retaineth evil Humors . K. Knot-Grass , all the kinds of them are cold in the second degree , and dry in the third , and are of a binding quality , it is good to cool the heat of the Stomach , and to stay any Flux of Blood or Humours , as Lask , bloody Flux , it is good for the Falling of the Seed , provoketh Urine , helpeth the Strangury , and expelleth the Gravel and Stone , it killeth Wormes , is good to cool all manner of Inflammations , and to expel the Poison or Venom of any venomous Creatures ; it helpeth Gangreens , Fistulaes , Cankers and Ulcers , and is good for fresh and green Wounds , and to strengthen broken Joynts and Ruptures . Kidney-wort , or VVall-penny-royal , or VVall-penny-wort , the distilled water of it given ▪ is good to allay all hot Inflammations of the Stomach and Liver , or Bowels , and being outwardly applied , is good for outward Heats , Inflammations and St. Anthonies Fire , and healeth ●ore Kidneys , torn and fretted by the Stone , provoketh Urine , is good for the Dropsey , it helpeth the bloody Flux , and Cureth green Wounds , and stayeth their Bleeding . Knape-weed helpeth to stay Bleeding at the Mouth and Nose , and other outward parts , and all inward Bleedings of Veins , and also the Flux of the Belly and inward Bruises , it is good for Ruptures taken inwardly , or outwardly applied , it drieth up the noisture of all Cankerous and Running Sores , and healeth them up gently . Knee-holm or Butchers broom , the Roots which are chiefly used , are hot and meanly dry with a thinness of Essence , the decoction of it provoketh Urine , breaketh the Stone , and driveth forth Gravel ; It raiseth up tough Ph●egm that sticketh at the Chest and Lungs , and the Berries of it is good for the Yellows . L. Ladies Mantle is good for Inflammations and to stay Bleedings , Fluxes of all sorts , and helpeth Ruptures and Bruises , it is one of the best Wound-herbs that is both inwardly taken and outwardly applied . Lavender is hot in the first , and dry in the second degree , it is good for all the Griefs of the Head and Brain , that proceed of a cold cause , it strengthens the Stomach , and freeth the Liver and Spleen from Obstructions , expelleth the dead Foal and Secundine , the Flowers distilled and so used , are good to cause Urine , and to ease the pain of the Cholick , it is good for the Falling Sickness . French Lavender hath a cold and earthly substance , by reason wherèof it bindeth , it is of force to take away Obstructions , to extenuate and make thin , to cleanse and to strengthen not only all the Entrails , but the whole Body also . Sea Lavender is very Astringent or Binding , the Seed beaten to powder , and given in Wine or Beer helpeth the Cholick and Strangury , and stayeth all Fluxes of Blood. Lavender-Cotton is hot and dry in the third degree , it resisteth Poison , and helpeth the biting of any venomous Creature , the Powder of it is good for the Mattering of the Yard , it killeth the Wormes and Scabs . Ladies Smecks or Cuckoc-Flowers , all the sorts of them are hot and dry in the second degree , they differ not much from the Water-Cresses , they provoke Urine , break the Stone , and warm a cold Stomach . L●ttice is a cold and moist Herb , but not in the extream degree of Cold ; they Loosen the Belly being boiled . It is good for the pains of the Bowels coming by choler , they are naught for short-Windedness and the Lungs . Water-Lilly , the seed of it hath a drying force , the leaves and flowers of it are cold and moist , and cool all Inflammations both inward and outward ; the Seed as well as the Fruit stayeth Fluxes of Blood or Humors , either inward or outward , and is good for the Mattering of the Yard . Lilly of the Valley , called Conval-Lilly or May-Lilly , the distilled water of it helpeth all Inflammations in the Eyes , and the Pin and Web. White Lillies , which are the Garden Lillies are hot , and partly of a subtil substance ; but the root is dry in the first degree , and hot in the second , they expel Poison , and are very good in Pestilent Feavers . An Ointment made of the Roots with Hogs-Grease is good for Scabs , and unites Sinews when they are Cut , and is a great Clenser of Ulcers , the Oyl of it is good to bring any Head-swelling to ripeness to break . Licoris is very familiar to the Body of Man or Beast . It hath a certain binding quality , which warmeth and cometh nearest of all to a mean temperature , and because it is sweet it is meanly moist . It is good for a Cough , shortness of Breath , and for all the Griefs of the Breast and Lungs ; And for the Diseases of the Kidneys and Ulcers in the Bladder ; It is good for the Strangury ; Heat of Urine , the fine Powder of it blown into the Eye helpeth the Pin and Web. Common Liver-wort is good for all the Diseases of the Liver , both to cool and to cleanse it , and helpeth all Inflammations in any part of the Body ; the Yellows , Mattering of the Yard ; it is good for Tettars , Sores and Scabs . Loose-strife or Willow-herb is good for all manner of Bleedings inward and outward , as bloody Fluxes and bleeding Wounds . Lovage is hot and dry in the third degree . It openeth and disgesteth Humors , provoketh Urine , warmeth a cold Stomach , is good for the pain in the Belly coming by Wind , resisteth Poison , is good for the Quinsey , taketh away the redness of the Eyes . Lung-wort , which is a kind of Moss growing on sundry sorts of Trees , is good for Coughs , Diseases of the Lungs both in Man and Beast , and is a most excellent Remedy boiled in Beer for broken-winded Horses . Leeks , Scallions or Onions are hot and dry , and do attenuate and make thin , and Loosen all evil Humors in the Body . Vnslack● Lime is hot and dry in the fourth degree , it drieth and corrodeth . Lawrel and Bays are hot and dry , they cleanse and mundifie . Lee is hot and dry in the fourth degree ; it is very adustine , cleansing and piercing . Lithargirto is of two Kinds , one of the colour of Gold , the other of Silver ; it is dry and bindeth , softneth , incarnateth , cooleth and closeth up Wounds . The golden Colour is the best . M. The Root Madder , which the Physicians and Diars use , is disputed whether it bind or open ; As it is of an obscure binding force , so it is of nature and temperature cold and dry ; it is of divers thin parts , by reason whereof the colour doth easily pierce ; it is good for inward Bruises , or outward Bruises ; It is good for the bloody Flux , provokes Urine , Cures the Yellows , by opening the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen ; And anointed with Vineger Cures the Tettar or Ring-worm . VVhite Maiden-hair , all the kinds of them are dry , and maketh thin , and is between heat and coldness ; it is good for a Cough , shortness of Breath , the Yellows , Diseases of the Spleen , stoppage of Urine and Stone , ( In all which Diseases the Wall-Rue is as effectual ) stayeth both Bleedings and Fluxes of the Stomach and Belly , being green it Loosneth the Belly , and avoideth choler and phlegm from the Stomach and Liver , cleanseth the Lungs and Blood , and being boiled with Camomil , dissolves knots , allayeth swellings , and drieth up moist Ulcers ; the Lye made thereof is good to cleanse the Skin from Scabs , and from dry and Running Sores . Golden Maiden-Hair hath all the Vertues of the former . Of Mallows and Marsh-Mallowes , either of them hath a certain heat and moisture , and the leaves and roots of them boiled in water with Parsley and Fennel-roots openeth the Belly , and are good for hot Agues , they are used in Glisters , the Juice of them given is good for the Falling Sickness ; the leaves bruised with Honey , and laid to the Eyes , taketh away the inflammation of them ; it is good against Poison : A Poultess made of them , and applied , is good for all hard Tumors , Inflammations , Impostumes and Swellings ; it is good for Scaldings and Burnings , and for St. Anthonies Fire . Marsh-Mallows are more effectual in all the Diseases before mentioned , and in Decoctions and Glisters , to ease all pains of the Body , making the Passages slippery for the Stone to descend . Maple-t●e● , the Decoction of the Leaves and Bark strengthens the Liver , and to open Obstructions of it and the Spleen , and to ease the pain proce●ding thence . Myrobala●s p●rge gently Melancholy , and comforteth the Heart and Liver . VVilde Ma●jore● doth cut , attenuate and make thin , dry and heat , and that in the third degree , strengthens the Stomach , helps the Cough , Consumption of the Lungs , cleanseth the Body of Choler , expelleth Poison , and is good for the biting of venomous Beasts , helps the Dropsey , Scabs , Mange , Yellows . Sweet Marjoreni is excellent good for all the infirmities of the Head ▪ squirted up the Nose , and taken inwardly , is good for to comfort a cold Stomach , and the Diseases thereunto belonging , and being outwardly applied is good for the Obstructions of the Liver , and being put into an Ointment , it warmeth and comforteth the outward parts , as the Joynts and Sinews , for Swellings , and for places out of Joynt . Marigolds are hot almost in the second degree , especially when they be dry , and are much of the Nature of Saffron , the Juice of the Leaves mingled with Vineger , and anoint a hot swelling with it asswageth it , they comfort the Heart and Spirits , and expelleth any Pestilent or Malignant quality that may annoy them . Master-wort , the Root is hotter then Pepper , and therefore good in all cold Diseases , or Griefs of the Stomach and Body ; it is good for Rheum , shortness of Breath , and expelleth the Stone by Urine , casts out the dead Foal , it is good for the Dropsey , Cramps , Falling Sickness , Poison , provokes Sweat , it cleanseth and healeth all green Wounds . Sweet Maudlin , the Vertues of it is the same with Cost-mary , or Alecost , and therefore I refer you unto Costmary for satisfaction . Medlars are cold , dry and binding , the Leaves are of the same Nature , they are good to stop all Fluxes of Blood inwardly given , and the dried Leaves beaten to powder , and strowed upon bleeding Wounds , stayeth the bleeding of them , and healeth them up quickly ; the Stones of them made into powder , and given in white-Wine , wherein Parsley Roots hath layn , in●using all Night , doth break the Stone in the Kidneys , and help to expel it . Melilote or Kings Claver is hot and dry in the first degree , it hath a certain binding quality , besides a wasting and ripening quality ; it is good for spreading Ulcers ; it is used to be put into Glisters , the Flowers of it with Chamomel , to expel Wind , and into Poultcsses to asswage Swellings , with the Juice of it with Oyl , Wax ▪ Rosin and Turpentine , is made a most Sovereign drawing Emplaister , the Herb boiled in Wine breaketh the Stone . French and Dogs Mercury are hot and dry in the second degree , and hath a cleansing Faculty ; the Juice of it purgeth choler and watery humors , it is good for waterish Eyes ; it cleanseth the Breast and Lungs from Phlegm ; the Juice put up the Nostrils , purgeth the Head of Catarrhs and Rheums , helpeth the Yellows ; it helpeth all Running Scabs , Tettars , Ring-wormes , and being applied as a Poultess allayeth all Swellings and Inflammations , and given in Glisters it evacuates from the Belly all offensive humors . The Dogs Mercury , though it is less used , may serve to the same purposes to purge waterish humors . Of all the Mints , Spear-Mint or Heart-Mint is the most wholesom , it hath a heating , binding and drying quality . The Juice taken in Vineger stayeth inward bleeding , dissolveth ●mpostumes being laid to with Barley Meal , and applied with Salt , helpeth the biting of a mad Dog ; it is good in all manner of breakings out of the skin , and is good against Poison . Nep or Cat Mint hath the same faculties with the other . Horse-Mint is hot and dry , it dissolveth Wind in the Stomach , helpeth the Cholick and short-windedness ; it is good against the biting of venomous Beasts ; the Farcy taken inwardly , and squirted up the Nostrils ▪ purgeth the Head of evil humors . Misletoe , the Leaves and Berries are hot and dry , and of subtil parts , the Bird-lime doth mollisie hard Knobs , Tumors and Impostumes , ripeneth and discusseth them , and being mixed with equal parts of Rosin and Wax , heals old Ulcers and Sores ; Missletoe bruised , and the Juice put into the Eares , healeth the Impostumes in them in a few days . The Missletoe of the Oak being given inwardly , Cures the Falling Sickness , or hung about his Neck . Money-wort , or Herb Two-pence ; it is moderately cold , it stays Lasks and bloody Fluxes , Bleedings inwardly or outwardly , and is good for all Wounds inward or outward . Moon-wort is cold and drying more then Adders Tongue , and is good for all manner of Wounds both inward and outward ; it stayeth all inward Bleeding , as Veins broken , bloody Fluxes , and the like ; it consolidateth all Fractures and Dis●ocations ; it is good for Ruptures ; it is reported that it will unlock Locks , and unshooe Horses that tread upon it . Tree-Moss is cold and binding , and is the more binding according to the nature of the Tree it grows upon ; that of the Oak is the most binding , and is good to stay Fluxes and inward Bleedings . Moss boiled in Milk , with the powder of Anniseeds , Elecampane and Licoris , is a most excellent Medicine for a Cold or Cough . Mechoachan-Root is hot and dry in the second degree , and purgeth filthy humors ; It is very safe , and is good for inveterate Coughs , Cholick , Dolour and the Farcin . Ground-Moss is dry and astringent , without any heat or cold ; It breaketh the Stone , and driveth it forth by Urine , being boiled in white-Wine and given , and being boiled in Water and applied , easeth all Inflammations and pains coming of a hot cause . Mother-wort is hot and dry in the second degree , by reason of the cleansing and binding quality . It is a very great Comforter of the Heart , provoketh Urine , cleanseth the Chest from cold Phlegm , and killeth the Wormes in the Belly ; it warmes and dries up the cold humors in the Body , and helps the Cramp and Convulsions of the Sinews . Mouse-ear is hot and dry , of a binding quality ; it is good for the Yellows , it is good for the Stone and pains in the Bowels , and is a very good Herb for inward or outward Wounds ; it is good for the Dropsey , and stayeth the Fluxes of Blood both outward and inward ; the Juice of it is good to stay the spreading of all fretting Cankers and Ulcers whatsoever . Mugg-wort is hot and dry in the second degree , and somewhat binding , it expels the dead Foal , it breaks the Stone , and is good for stoppage of Urine ; the Root made up with Hogs-Grease to an Ointment ▪ taketh away Wens and hard Knobs . The M●lbeerry-Tree ; the Mulberry is of different parts , the ripe Berries , by reason of their slippery moisture , doth cleanse and open the Body , the unripe fruit is cold and dry in the second degree ; the Bark , but chiefly the Root is hot and dry in the third degree ; the unripe fruit being binding , is good to stop Lasks and bloody Fluxes , the Bark of the Root killeth the broad Wormes in the Belly ; the Juice made of the Berries is good for Inflammations and Sores in the Mouth or Throat . Mullein doth dry , the Leaves are of a digesting and cleansing quality , the Root is good against Lasks and Fluxes of the Belly ; it is good for Burstness , Cramps and Convulsions , for old Coughs ; the Decoction of the Root in red Wine , or in Water wherein Steel hath been quenched , doth stop the bloody Flux ; it opens the Obstructions of the Bladder and Reins , the powder of the dried Flowers is good for the pain of the Cholick ; the Decoction of the Roots and Leaves are good to dissolve Tumors , Inflammations or Swellings ; the Seed bruised in Wine draweth forth thornes and splinters . Common Mustard-seed doth heat and make thin , and is a Loosner of the Belly ; it also draweth forth , and is hot and dry in the fourth degree , it cleanseth the Blood , strengthens a weak Stomach , and heats it if cold , and is very good for the Head ; it draweth forth splinters and bones out of the Flesh , provokes Urine , resisteth Poison ; it is good applied outwardly , to fetch out cold or any other pain of the Body or Joynts , and is good for all Scurfs or wilde Scabs . Hedge Mustard is good for Diseases of the Chest and Lungs , and for Coughs , shortness of Breath , Yel ows , and is used commonly in Glisters , the seed is good against poison or venom . Millet is cold in the first degree and dry in the third , and is of a thin substance , the Meal of it mixed with Tar , and applied to the biting of any venomous Beast , is good to take out the venom . The Myrtle Tree consists of contrary substances , a cold Earthliness , it hath a subtil heat and drieth ; the Leaves , Fruit and Juice doth bind outwardly applied , and inwardly taken stayeth all Issues of Blood. M●st●ck is good to draw forth splints and nails out of the Flesh , it bindeth and strengthneth weak parts , and is good for old or new strains , and inwardly taken strengthens the Stomach , and is good to stop the Distillation upon the Lungs . M●lva is cold and moist , it stoppeth , softneth and mitigateth pain . Malva vis●us is very dry , it softneth , loosneth and mitigateth . Mace is dry in the third degree , without heat , and only bindeth , it is a comforter of the Heart and Spirits . Ma●na is of equal temper , hot and dry , it openeth , mollifyeth and incarnateth . Mariaton or Martiaton is a hot Unguent against all cold humors ; it helpeth the grief of the Sinews , purgeth cold watery matters , and ripeneth Tumors . Marrow , of what kinde soever , is cold and moist , and mollifieth Ulcers ; Now the best Marrow is that of a Hart or old Stag , the next that of a Calf , the next that of a Sheep , and the last that of a Goat . Myrrhe is a sovereign Gum , it is hot and dry in the second degree , it conglutinateth , bindeth and cleanseth Wounds ; it is good against all colds , it killeth Wormes , and helpeth Pursiness , for though it doth cleanse much , yet it doth not exasperate the Arteries , also it doth incarnate ; it helps all diseases of the Lungs , the cholick , stops Fluxes . Morcosita or Marcasita is hot and dry , it comforteth , bindeth and melteth humors . The fruit of the Myrtle-tree is dry in the third degree , it doth bind good , and loosen evil humors . N. Narlwort or VVhitlow-grass is good for Imposthumes in the Joynts . Neepe or Cat-mint , is good for the Head ach , coming of cold causes , all Catarrhs , Rheumes ; It is good for windiness of the Stomach and Belly , Colds , Coughs and shortness of Breath ; the Juice given inwardly is good for Bruises , the Decoction of it is good to bathe Scabs with . Nettles are of temperature dry , a little hot scarce in the first degree , they are of thin and subtil parts ; the ●eed provoketh Urine , and expelleth Gra●el and Stone out of the Reins and Bladder ; It is good against the biting of venomous Beasts , biting of mad Dogs ; the Juice of them is good to cleanfe Sores , Fistulaes and Wounds ; and such as are fre●ting , corroding and eating Scabs and Manginess ; it is good for to strengthen those Places that are out of Joynt , and is good for Aches and Defluctions of humours upon the Sinews . The seed of them is a most excellent thing to fatten a Horse , being strowed amongst his Provender . Common Night-shade is wholly used to cool hot Inflammations , either inwardly or outwardly , and is no way dangerous to use as the other Night-shades are . It is good to wash a sore Mouth with , as also all corroding and fretting Ulcers and Fistulaes ; A Cloth wet in the Juice , and applied to any swelling taketh it away ; have a care you take not the deadly Night-shade for this ; if you know it not , you may let them both alone . The Roots of Narcissus or Daffadill are hot and dry in the second degree , and are of such wonderful oualities in drying , that they glew together great Wounds , either in the Flesh , Veins , Sinews or Tendous ; They have also a certain cleansing and attractive Faculty ; It taketh away the aches and pains in the Joynts , and stamped with Hogs-Grease and Leaven , bringeth to maturation hard Impostumes , and stamped with Darnel-meal and Honey , draweth forth thornes and scabs out of any part of the body ; the Juice of the Root drunk is good for the Cough and Cholick . Neesing-root or Neesing-wort is hot and dry in the third degree , and hath been taken for a wilde kind of Pellitory of the Wall. Navel-wort or Penny-wort of the Wall is of a moist substance , somewhat cold , and of a certain obscure , binding quality . It cooleth , repelleth and driveth back , scoureth , consumeth and wasteth away . Nutmeg is hot and dry in the second degree , and somewhat astringent ; it breaketh Wind , and is good for all cold Diseases of the Body . Nutshells burnt are hot and dry , and do skin and stop the Flux of Matter . Nasturiu●● is hot and dry in the fourth degree , it burneth , draweth , melteth and killeth Wormes . Nitrum is of the same Nature as Salt-Peter is , and it mundifieth exceedingly . O. The Leaves and Bark of the Oak and Acorn-Cups do bind and dry in the third degree , being somewhat cold withal ; the powder of the Bark or Cups stayeth all manner of Fluxes and Lasks , and stayeth the Mattering of the Yard ; the Acorns procure Urine , expel Poison ; the distilled water of the Oaken Buds are good taken inwardly , or outwardly applied , to asswage Inflammations , and stop all manner of Fluxes . It is good in Pestilent and hot Feavers ; it cooleth the heat of the Liver , breaketh the Stone of the Kidney , the Water found in old hollow Oaks , is good to anoint ●oul Scabs . Oats are naturally dry , they do dry , bind , cleanse and comfort all the inward parts , and is the only Simple that agrees with the Composition of a Horses Body , and therefore the Oyl of them is the only absolute and perfect Medicine that can be Administred for any inward Sickness ; You are taught how to make it in my first Part. Oaken Apples are hot and piercing , and much of the Nature of Galls . One berry-Herb , True-love , or Herb-Paris is very cold , whereby it represseth the rage and force of poison , both the Berries and powder of the Herb. One-blade , half a dram of the Powder of the Roots is a Sovereign Remedy against the Plague , and is a very good Wound-herb . Or●his , which is called Dogs-Stones , they are hot and moist of operation , and provoke lust very much , and kill Wormes . Onions are hot and dry in the fourth degree , and do attenuate and make thin , they help the biting of a mad Dog and other venomous creatures ; used with Honey and Rue , they kill Wormes ; the Juice of them is good for Burnings and Sc●ldings . Orpins are cold and dry , and of subtil parts ▪ and is seldom used inwardly , but is used outwardly to cool all hear or inflammations upon any hurt or wound , and is good for Scaldings and Burnings , the Juice of it and Sallet-Oyl being beaten together and anoi●●ed therewith ; And the Juice of it mixed with Honey , and given down his Throat ; you shall find it a better and sooner Cur● then a Dogs-turd . Orpiment● is a kind of Metal , of which the Artificial is called Arsnick , is hot in the third degree , and dry in the second , it Bindeth , Corrodeth , Burneth and Fretteth , and is a Corrosive . Opium is cold and dry in the fourth degree , and is a Liquor made with Poppy , dried and mixed with Saffron , and doth astonish and provoke Sleep . Ol●banum is hot and dry in the second degree , and warmeth , bindeth , closeth and incarnateth Wounds . Oyl of Olives or S●llet-Oyl , is of a very temperate Nature , and changeth its quality according to the Nature of the Simples mixed with it , it is a Clean●er of the Body by a gentle way of Purging from Molten-Grease , and expelleth Poison . Opoponax is a Gum that is hot in the third , and dry in the second degree ; It purgeth thick Phlegm from the remote parts of the Body , viz. Brain , Joynts , Feet , Nerves and Breast , and strengthens all those parts if they be weak ; It helps also old rotten Coughs , Gouts , swellings of the Spleen , Strangury , difficulty of Pissing ; You may give six drams of it Corrected with Mastick , and dissolved in Vineger . P. Parsley is hot and dry , but the Seed is more hot and dry , which is hot in the second degree and dry almost in the third , the Root is of moderate heat , it provoketh Urine , and breaketh Wind in the Stomach and Bowels , and Loosneth the Body by opening the Obstructions of the Liver , it breaketh the Stone , expelleth Poison , and is good for the Yellows . Parsley-Pi●rt or Parsley Break st●ne , is hot and dry , and of a cutting quality , it provokes Urine , and break ▪ the Stone , and helps the Strangury . Parsnip-●oots are moderately hot , and more dry then moist , it procures Lust though windy , provoketh Urine ; but the wilde Parsnip hath a more cutting , attenuating , cleansing and opening quality , and is of more use in Physick ; it helpeth the biting of venomous Creatures , or dissolveth Wind in the Stomach and Bowels , the Seed is of more use then the Root , the Countrey-People call them Madneps . Cow-Parsnips , the Seed of them are of a cutting quality , and is good for a Cough , short Windedness , Falling Sickness , Yellows , the Root scraped upon a Fistula , taketh away the hard skin growing thereon , the Seed given cleanseth the Belly from tough Phlegm . Pellitory of Spain is very hot and burning , and is the best Purger of the Head that is from pains , the Powder of it being blown up his Nostrils . Pellitory of the Wall cleanseth and bindeth , it is good for an old and dry Cough , short Windedness , Stone , Gravel , Wormes , and is put into Glisters to mitigate the pains coming by Wind ; it is good for the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , it is good for a sore Throat , it asswageth hot Swellings , Impostumes , Burnings and Scaldings by Fire or Water , or all other hot Tumors or Inflammations , it cleanseth foul rotten Ulcers and Scabs . Penny-royal , both the sorts of it are of a drying Faculty and of subtil Parts , it maketh thin tough Phlegm , and warmeth any cold place where it is applied , it expelleth the dead Foal and Secundine ; it helpeth the biting of venomous Creatures , it cleanseth soul Ulcers , it is good for Cramps , Convulsions of the Sinews , the Cough , Dropsey and Yellows . P●ony Male and Female doth gently bind with a kind of sweetness , it is a little hot , but it is dry and of subtil parts , it is good for the Falling-Sickness , the Root being hung about the Neck , and some of the Juice of it given inwardly , and is good for the Night-Mare . Pepper-wort or Dittander is good for old pains and griefs in Joynts ; and for Scabs . Perwincle is hot in the second degree , and somewhat dry and binding , it is good to stop Fluxes of Blood , and all manner of Bleeding inwardly and outwardly . St. Peters-wort is of temperature hot and dry , and is of the same Nature as St. Johns-wort , but somewhat weaker , it purgeth Cholerick Humours ▪ helpeth old Pains and Griefs , and Burnings by Fire . Pimpernel , both the sorts of them are of a drying Faculty without biting , and somewhat of adrawing Faculty , in so much that it will draw forth splints out of the Flesh , and purgeth the Head put into the Nostrils , they are a great Cleanser of Ulcers , and a Sodderer up of Wounds , it is good for the Plague , and all Venom taken by Venomous Beasts , and Mad Dogs , it opens the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , provoketh Urine , expelleth the Stone and Gravel , the Juice of it cleareth the Sight . Ground-Pine or Cham●pitys is good for the Strangury , and all Diseases of the Liver and Spleen , and gently openeth the Body , casteth out the dead Foal ; It is good for all Pains in the Joynts , Dropsey , Yellows , Poison , Falling Sickness , to cleanse foul Ulcers , and to sodder up the Lips of green Wounds . Water Plantine is cold and dry of Temperature , is good against Burnings or Scauldings , and is good to stay Fluxes of Blood. Rib-wort Plantine is cold and dry in the second degree as are the other Plantines , the Vertues are referred to the kinds of Plantine . Land Plantine is of a mixt Temperature , for it hath in it a certain waterish colour , with a little harshness and coldness , and is therefore cold and dry in the second degree , the Juice of it is good for all pains in the Bowels , and stayeth the Distillation , Rheum in the Head , and is good for all manner of Fluxes of Blood , inwardly taken or outwardly applied , it is good for shortness of Breath , and Consumption of the Lungs ; the Seed is good for the Dropsey , Falling Sickness , Yellows , Stoppings of the Liver , the distilled water of it is good to cool the hot Inflammation of the Eyes , and taketh away the Pin and Web ; It is good for all manner of Burnings and Scauldings , is good for ●ore Mouths , and is good for all Ulcers and Cankders ; it is good for all manner of Scabs , Tettars and running Sores , and is a very good Wound-Herb , either inwardly taken or outwardly applied . Polipody of the Oak , Polipody of Fern , Indian Polipody , are dry without biting , it purgeth Choler and Phlegm , and is good for the Cholick , it is good against a Cough , shortness of Breath , and distillations of thin Rheums upon the Lungs . Poppies of all sorts are cold , it is a great causer of Sleep , it stayeth the Flux of the Belly , the Leaves or Heads made with a little Vineger and brought to a Poultess with Barley-meal and Hogs-grease , cooleth Inflammations and St. Anthonies Fire . Prim or Privet , the Leaves and Roots of it are binding , and is good to wash sore Mouths , to cool Inflammations , and to dry up Fluxes , and is good for Ulcers in the Mouth and Throat , and all Swellings and Impostumes , and is good against all Fluxes of the Belly and Stomach , and bloody Flux . Pepper is hot in the third degree . All the sorts of them heateth , provoketh Urine , digesteth , draweth , disperseth and cleanseth the dimness of the Sight , and is good to be put into Medicaments for the Eyes ; It is an Expeller of Poison , and is good for all diseases of the Breast and Lungs , helps Wind , is good for the Cholick . Pitch is drawn from the Pine-tree , by the force of Fire , and is the last Running , and Tarr is the first , which is the thinner ; it is hot and dry , and Tarr more hot , and stone Pitch more drying , it conglutiuateth and gathereth together . Petrolium is a certain Oyl made of Salt Peter and Bitumen , and is hot and dry in the second degree , healeth Wounds , and comforteth weak Members . Philonium , of which there are two kinds , Philonium Romanum , and Philonium Persicum , and are excellent Positions , and most comfortable in the loss of Blood. Pomegranat is cold and dry , provoketh Urine , and is good for the Stomach ; the Rind , Seed or Flowers of them beaten to powder and given , stop the Lask and all Issues of Blood. Pomecitron , the Rind of it is good against all Poisons . Q. Queen of the Medows , Medow-sweet , or Mead-sweet , is cold , dry and binding , and is good for all manner of inward or outward Bleedings ; It helps the Cholick , stayeth the Flux of the Belly , healeth old Ulcers , Cankers and Fistulaes ; the distilled water of it is good for the Inflammation of the Eyes . R. Radish , Horse-Radish and Garden-Radish , are hot in the third degree , and dry in the second ; they drive forth the Gravel and Stone out of the Bladder by Urine . Horse-Radish is hot and dry in the third degree , and hath a drying and cleansing quality ; It killeth Wormes , and being bruised and laid to old Griefs taketh them away , and is a Provoker of Urine , and likewise good for the Dropsey . Rag-wort is called St. James-wort or Stagger-wort , is hot and dry in the second degree ; It cleanseth , disgesteth and discusseth ; The Juice of it is good for Ulcers in the Mouth or Throat ▪ for hard Swellings , Imposthumations and Quinsey ; it is good to stay Catarrhs , thin Rheums and Distillations from the Head into the Eyes , Nose or Lungs ; the Juice is good to heal all green Wounds , and to cleanse and heal all filthy Ulcers in any part of the Body ; it is good for all Pains and Aches in any part of the Body likewise . Rattle-Grass , there is two sorts of it , the red and they yellow ; the Red is good to heal up Fistulaes and hollow Ulcers , and stay the Flux of Humors to them , and other Fluxes of Blood , being boiled in red Wine and given . The yellow Rattle-grass is good for a Cough , and dimness of Sight , the Seed being put therein . Rest-harrow or C●ammoack , is hot in the third degree , it cutteth and maketh thin ; it provoketh Urine and driveth forth the Stone , which the Bark of the Root doth very powerfully . It is good to open the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , and is good for a Rupture . The wilde Rochet is hot and dry in the third degree ; it provoketh Urine exceedingly , expelleth Poison , killeth Wormes and other noisom creatures that breed in the Body . Wint●r-Rochet or Cresses , is hot and dry in the second degree , the Seed of them provoketh Urine , helpeth the Strangury , and expels Gravel and the Stone . It is a good Wound-herb inwardly given , or outwardly applied : It cleanseth ▪ and healeth foul Ulcers and Sores by the drying quality they have . Roses of all sorts , the leaves and the flowers of them consist of divers parts , as binding , yet moist and watery , they come very near to a mean temperature ; the white and the red are very binding , and those that are not full blown , do cool and bind more then those that are blown ; they being dried and b●aten to Powder , stayeth the Lask and Pissing of Blood , the Red strengthens the Heart and Stomach , asswage inflammations , the Mattering of the Yard and Fluxes of the Belly , the Beards of them are binding and cooling . Rosa S●lis or Sun-dew , the water of it distilled helps a salt Rheum distilling from the Lungs , Wheesing , shortness of Breath , the Cough , and to heal Ulcers in the Lungs , comforteth the Heart . Rosemary is hot and dry in the second degree , and of a binding quality , and is good against all Fluxe , of Blood , and cold diseases of the Head and Stomach ; It is good for the Lethargy and Falling Sickness ; It opens the Obstructions of the Liver , and is good for Windedness of the Belly ; It is good for dim Eyes , Yellows , Cough , Consumption . Rubarb the best , which is the Indian , hath two contrary Natures , for if you either cut , scrape or grate it , then it is a Loosner , for it dissolveth and openeth the Liver , and expelleth the Obstructions thereof ; It expulseth all bad humors in and about the Heart , Liver and Spleen ; It cleanseth the Body , and sendeth away the peccant humors among the Excrements , and all such things as may annoy or offend the Entrails . But if you shall pound and beat it in a Mortar , or otherwise , the Spirit thereof being a subtil Body , will Trans●e and flie away , whereby the Operation thereof will be to bind , and no way profitable . Garden Patience or Monk● Rhubarb , is a kind of dock bearing the Name of Rhubarb , for the purging quality therein ; It purgeth Choler and Phlegm , the Seed binds the Belly and stayeth any Lask or bloody Flux , the distilled water of it is good to ●●eanse and heal soul Ulcers , and to allay the ●nflammation of them . Bastard Rhubarb hath all the Properties of the Monks Rhubarb , but more effectually for inward and outward Diseases ; It Cureth the Yellows , the Seed boiled in Wine helpeth the Farcin , the Stone , provoketh Urine , helpeth the dimness of the Sight ; It is a Cleanser and Cooler of the Blood. The Properties of the English Rhubarb is the same with the other , but much more effectual , and hath all the Properties of the Indian Rhubarb , except the force of Purging , wherein it hath but half the strength ; it purgeth the Body from choler and phlegm ; it cleanseth the Stomach , Liver and Blood , opening Obstructions , Curing the Yellows , Dropsey , cleanseth the Reins , being taken with Venice Turpentine . Medow Rue bruised is good for old Sores ; It is a Loosner of the Body ; It is good for the Yellows and Plague . Garden Rue is hot and dry in the latter end of the third degree , and the Wilde in the ●ourth ; it is of thin parts , it consumeth Wind , and disgesteth gross and tough Hamors , provoketh Urine , is good against Poison , the Plague , the pains and gripings of the Belly . It is good for the Cough , Wind-cholick , Wormes , Dropsey , stops Bleeding ; It is good for the Farcin , Scabs , Tettars and Ring-wormes . Rupture-wort is dry , closeth up and fastneth ; It is good for the Ruptures , Fluxes , Mattering of the yard , Strangury , stopping of Urine , Stone and Gravel . It is good for all Griping Pains in the Stomach and Belly , Obstructions of the Liver , Yellows , Wormes , Wounds . It stayeth the defluctions of Rheums from the Head , and drieth up the moisture of Fistulaes and Ulcers . Reeds are hot and dry in the second degree ; and are Drawers out of splints and thornes out of the Flesh . Rye is hotter then Wheat , and is more forcible in wasting and consuming away ; It ripeneth Imposthumes , Boyles and other Swellings . All the Rozins are hot and dry ; the Rozin of the Cedar-tree is the hotter , the Rozin of the Pitch-tree is not so sharp and biting , and therefore not so hot ; the Rozin of the Firr-tree is in a mean between both ; the liquid Rozin of the Pine is moister ; The Rozins which are put in Plaisters , which is our common Rozin , stoppeth , softneth , clea●seth , draweth and purgeth wounds ; and is good against cold Causes . Risigallo is a Composition of old Sulphur , or Orpiment and unslackt Lime , and is a most strong Corrosive . S. Saffron is binding , it is hot in the second , and dry in the first degree ; It strengthens the Heart , is good for the Consumption of the Lungs , and shortness of Breath ; it is an excellent thing in Epidemical diseases , as the Plague , and is good for the Yellows . Garden Sage is hot and dry in the beginning of the third degree , or in the latter end of the second . It is good for the Head and Brain , strengthens the Sinews , restoreth Health ; It is good for a Cough , biting of Serpents , expelleth Wind , drieth the Dropsey , and is a Cleanser of the Blood. It is good to put into a Water to wash a sore Mouth withal , and is good for old Cankers and Sores . Wood-Sage is hot and dry , yet less then the common Sage , being hot and dry in the second degree . It disgesteth and discusseth Swellings and Knots in the flesh . It is good for Ulcers , Sores , Burstness , green Wounds , and provoketh Urine . Solomons Seal is binding , the Roots of it is good in Wounds and Hurts , to cleanse them , and to dry and restrain Fluxes of Humors and bloody Flux and Lask ; It is good for Ruptures and Burstness taken inwardly , or outwardly applied , and is good for inward and outward bruises . Sanicle is bitter , and hath a certain binding quality , so that it cleanseth and strengthneth , and is hot and dry in the second degree , and in some Authors hot in the third ; It is a most excellent VVound-herb , either outwardly applied , or inwardly given , and is good for Ulcers and Impostumes in any part of the Body . It is good to stop a Lask and all Fluxes of Blood , either inwardly or outwardly . It is good for the Ulceration of the Kidneys , and pains of the Bowels and Ruptures . It is good in binding , restraining , heating , drying and healing , as Comfrey , Bugle , Self-heal , or any other of the Consounds , or Vulnerary Herbs whatsoever . Sarasens Consound or Sarasens Wound-wort , is dry in the third degree , with some manifest heat ; It is a good Wound-herb , and is good for the Obstructions of the Liver and Gall , Yellows , Dropsey , for all Ulcers of the Reins , or other inward Wounds and Bruises , and for Ulcers in the Mouth and Throat , and pains in the Stomach . Sawce alone , vide Jack in the Hedge . VVinter Savory and Summer-Savory is very good for the Cholick , the Summer-kind is the best ; it expelleth Wind in the Stomach and Bowels ; it provoketh Urine , it cutteth tough Phlegm in the Chest and Lungs ; the Juice dropped into the Eyes cleareth the Sight , if it proceed of thin cold humors , distilling from the Brain , and being used in a Poultess is good for old Aches and Pains in the Hips and Joynts coming of cold . Savin is hot and dry in the third degree , of subtil parts ; It cleanseth old Ulcers , being dried and mixed with Honey ; It is good to break Carbuncles , Plague-Sores , Farcin , Wormes , Scabs , Itch and Running Sores , Cankers , Tettars , Ring Wormes ; it kills the quick Foal , and expels the dead . Common Saxafrage , the Root and seed thereof is of a warm and hot Composition , it cleanseth the Reins and Bladder , and dissolveth the Stone , and expels the Gravel by Urine , helps the Strangury , cleanseth the Stomach and Lungs from phlegm . B●rnet Saxafrage , the Seed , Leaves and Roots of the great and small , are hot and dry in the third degree , and of thin and subtil parts , they have the same Properties as Parsley hath in provoking Urine , and easeth the pains of the Cholick , breaks and avoids the Stone by Urine , and is good against Venom , and is good for Cramps and Convulsions , the Juice of it dipped into Wounds drieth up the moisture of them . Scabius . three sorts there are of it , though there be many others , yet these be most Familiar , and the Vertues of these and the rest are much alike , it is hot and dry in the latter end of the second degree , or near hand in the third , and of thin and subtil parts . It is good for Coughs , short Windedness , and all other Diseases of the Breast and Lungs , ripening and digesting cold phlegm , and other tough Humors , it ripeneth also all inward Ulcers and Impostumes , it is good for running and spreading Scabs , Tetters and Ring-wormes . English S●urvey-Grass is evidently hot and dry , very like in taste and quality to the Garden-Cresses , it openeth and cleanseth the Blood , the Liver and Spleen ; it openeth Obstructions , and Evacuateth cold , clammy and Phlegmatick Humors both from the Liver and Spleen , the Juice of it is good for soul Sores in the Mouth . Self-●eal is of the temperature of Bugle , moderately hot , dry and something binding ; It is a most excellent Herb for inward and outward Wounds or Bruises in any part of the Body , it stayeth the Flux of Blood in any Wound , and cleanseth soul Ulcers and Sores . The Service-Tree , the Berries are cold and binding , it is good to stay bleedings of Wounds , Lasks and Fluxes of Blood. Shepherds Parse is cold , dry and very much binding , it help all Fluxes of Blood , either caused by inward or outward Wounds , and also Flux of the Belly , and bloody Flux , or Pissing of Blood , is good for the Yellows , and being made into a Poultess helps Inflammations , and St. Anthonies Fire , an Ointment being made thereof is good for all Wounds in the Head. Smallege is hotter , drier , and much more Medicinable then Parsley , it openeth the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , cleanseth the Blood , provokes Urine , helps the Yellows , Agues , the Juice is good for sore Mouths and Throats , cleanseth all the foul Ulcers and Cankders , being washed therewith ; The Seed is good to expel Wind , kill Wormes , the Roots are effectual to all the Purposes aforesaid , and is stronger then the Herb. Sope-wort or Bruise-wort is hot and dry , and a little Scouring ; the Juice is good to heal up green Wounds ; it provokes Urine , expels the Gravel and Stone , and is good for the Dropsey . The Sorrels are moderately cold , dry and binding ; the common Sorrel is good to cool hot Diseases , Inflammations or heat of Blood , for it puri●ieth it , it killeth VVormes , and is a Cordial to the Heart , which the Seed doth more effectually , being more drying and binding , and therefore stayeth the humors of the bloody Flux , and Flux of the Stomach ; It is good to resist Poison , expelleth the Gravel and Stone , helpeth the Yellows . The Juice of it with Vineger killeth the Itch , Scabs , Tettars , Ring ▪ wormes and the like . VVood-Sorrel is cold and dry , like Sorrel , and serves for all the Purposes that the other Sorrels do , and is more effectual in hindring the Putresaction of Blood , and Ulcers in the Mouth and Body , and cooleth Heats ▪ Inflammations and Pestilential Feavers , or other contagious Sickness . Sow-Thistles are of a mixt temperature , for they consist of a waterish substance , cold and binding ; the Milk of them is good for short windedness , and causeth the Stone and Gravel to be avoided by Urine ; it helpeth the Strangury , it causeth Milk in Cattel . Southern-VVood is hot and dry in the third degree ; the Seed is an Antidote against all deadly Poison , and is good to kill VVormes ; it is good to draw forth thornes out of the Flesh ; the Ashes of it drieth up old Ulcers that are without Inflammation . Spignel provokes Urine , helpeth the Strangury , and all Joynt Aches , the powder of the Root with Honey breaketh tough Phlegm , and drieth up the phlegm that fasteneth upon the Lungs ; the Roots are good against the biting and stinging of venomous Beasts . Spleen-worts are of thin parts , and are in a mean temper ; it is good for the Spleen , helpeth the Strangury , wasteth the Stone in the Bladder , and is good for the Yellows . Straw-berry leaves do cool and dry with a binding quality , they are good for all hot inflammations and swellings , applied outwardly , and being inwardly given , after they have been boiled in Vineger , doth cool the Liver and Blood , and asswage all inflammations in the Reins , provoketh Urine , and allayeth the heat and sharpness thereof , stayeth the bloody Flux . The Juice of the leaves are good to make a Lotion for a sore Mouth or Ulcerstherein . Succory and Endive are cold and dry in the second degree , and withal somewhat binding , they cleanse phlegmatick and waterish humors out of the Stomach , opens the Obstructions of the Liver , Gall and Spleen , is good for the Yellows , heat of the Reins , Urine and Dropsey ; the water or the Juice of the bruised leaves applied outwardly , allay swellings , inflammations and St. Anthonies Fire , and to wash Pestilential sores . Wilde Succory agrees in nature and temperature with the Garden Succory , and as it is more bitter , so it doth more strengthen the Stomach and Liver . Stone-crop , Prick Madum ▪ or small Housleek , grows upon the ground with divers branches , with thick and whitish green leaves ; it is cold in quality , and somewhat binding , and therefore very good to stay defluctions that flow from the Eyes ; it stops Bleeding both inward and outward , helps Cankers and all fretting Sores and Ulcers ; it abates the heat of Choler , expels Poison , resisteth Pestilent Feavers , and is good for Agues , you may take it inwardly for all these Diseases . It is good likewise for the Farcin . Snap-Dragon , all the sorts of them are hot and dry , and of subtil parts . Star-wort is of a mean temperature in cooling and drying ; it is good for the falling of the Gut by the Inflammation of the Fundament , and is good for the Falling Sickness . White Sattin Flower , the seed of it is hot , dry and sharp of Taste , the seed of it is good for the Falling Sickness ; There may be made of it an excellent Ointment of the leaves of it , and Sanicle stamped together , adding thereunto Oyl and Wax . Sea Star-wort is hot and dry in the third degree ; the roots of it given in white-Wine , driveth forth by Urine watery and gross humors , and therefore it is good for the Dropsey and Poison , and is good for all inward and outward Wounds . S●aves-Acre , the seed of it is extreme hot , almost in the fourth degree , being beaten to Powder , and mixed with Oyl or Lard , kills Lice , Itch or Mange in Man or Beast . It is dangerous to give it inwardly . Sncese-wort , all the kinds of them are hot and dry in the third degree . Star of Bethlehem , the kinds of them are temperate in heat and driness , the Roots of them roasted and applied with Honey in the manner of a Poultiss , healeth old eating Ulcers , and softneth and discusseth hard Tumors . Spinach is cold and moist almost in the second degree , but rather moist , it Loosneth the Belly , but maketh it windy . Set-well , vide Valerian . Sene is of a mean Temperature , neither hot nor cold , yet inclining to heat , and dry almost in the third degree ; It is of a purging faculty , and that in such sort that it is not troublesom , having withal a certain binding quality , which it leaveth after the Purging . All Spurges are hot and dry almost in the fourth degree , of a sharp and biting quality , fretting and consuming ; the Milk and Sap is in more special use then the fruit and leaves , the Root is of least strength , the strongest is that of the Sea. Scammony , the Juice doth mightily purge , and is the strongest Purger whatsoever , and is very hurtful to the Stomach , if you mix it not with All●es , or some other things , to correct the evil qualities of it . The Sycamore-tree , the fruit of it is somewhat sweet of taste , and is of temperature moist after a sort , and cold , as be the Mulberries . The Liquor that issueth out of the Bark of this Tree , in the beginning of the Spring , before the Fruit appeareth , taken up with a Spoon or Spunge , and dried or made up into a Cake , and kept in a Gally-pot , mollifieth and closeth Wounds together , and dissolveth gross humors , and is good inwardly given , or applied outwardly against the biting of Serpents ; it doth soon putrifie . Storax or Stirax is a sweet Gum , which is of a heating , mollifying and concocting quality ; It is an excellent Perfume for the Head , and draweth many evil humors from thence , as Colds and other Sicknesses in the Head. Sanguis Draconis is supposed to come from the Dragon-tree , it hath an Astringent faculty , and is good to stay Fluxes of Blood. Sloes , vide black Thorn. Scallions are hot and dry in the second degree , they are good for Scabs , and for the Lungs . Sarsafras or Ague-Tree , the boughs and branches thereof are hot and dry in the second degree ; the Rind is hotter , the Root is the best part of it , it procureth the same effects as Cinnamon doth . Sanders white , red and yellow , are all cold and dry in the second ●r third degree ; They are of an Astringent and strengthning ●uality . They drive back Humors , and stop Defluctions from any part , helps Inflammations , and cools the Heat of Feavers . The yellow is accounted the best . Sna●ls with shells are of the same Nature as Snails without Shells are . Snails without shells do conglutinate very much , and is good to put in Medicines for Ruptures ; the distilled water of them is good for a Consumption . Sandevoir is most excellent for dim or Rheumatick Eyes , being laid asteep in Running Water . Soap is hot , it draweth ●orth Splinters and Nails ; it mollisieth , drieth , cleanseth and purgeth . Salnitre , some use for this Salt Peter , it is hot and dry , and evaporateth ; it comforteth Sinews , and taketh away tiredness and weariness . Salgemma is a kind of Salt which is hot and dry , it cleanseth and bindeth . Sallows or VVillows bindeth and drieth vehemently . Sal● is hot and dry in the second degree , cleanseth and killeth Wormes . Sagina , or Saggina , or Sorge , of some called Pannicum Indicum , is only hot and dry . S●lmoniack is hot and dry in the fourth degree , and cleanseth . Sarcocolla is a Gum of the kind of Euphorbium , and is hot and dry in the second degree ; it cleanseth , incarnateth and comforteth wounds . Sevadalce is hot in the second , and dry in the first degree , it cleanseth and openeth . Serapino is a Gum of Ferula , it is hot in the third , and dry in the second degree ; it mollifieth , loosneth and is good for Colds . T. Tarre is drawn out of the Pine-tree , and is the first Running , Pitch is the second , it is hot and dry in the second degree ; it is good against Colds or evil Humors gathered together in the Breast , and draweth Wounds . It is outwardly applied with other Ingredients to the Scratches , and is good to anoint a Horses Nose with , to keep the Infection of the Plague from him . English Tobaccho killeth Wormes , a little of it chopped small or beaten to Powder , after it is very dry , and put amongst other Medicines . It is good for the Stone in the Kidneys to help the Pain , and to expel the Gravel ; It is good boiled , in Chamberly with Brimstone , Allom and green Copperas , to kill the Mange or all manner of Scabs ; the Oyl of it is good for all manner of Aches , Cramps and Convulsions ; a Pipe filled with it , and put into a Horses Fundament , which the wind of his Body will draw it out , is a very good Glister for all manner of Wormes there , and to cleanse his Body . Tam●●inds are cold in the third degree , and dry in the second ; they are very temperate , and gently purge adust Humors . The Tamarisk ▪ Tree hath a cleansing and cutting Faculty , with a manifest driness ; it is somewhat binding , it is good for inward Bleedings , Cholick , Yellows , biting of venomous Beasts , the decoction of it with some Honey is good to stay Gangrenes , and fretting Sores and Ulcers , and to kill Nits and Lice being washed therewith , the Wood or Bark is good for all the Purposes aforesaid , as well as the Branches ; it is good given to a Horse to kill the Farcin . Garden Tansie that smells sweet , is hot in the second degree , and dry in the third ▪ and that without smell is hot and dry , and of a mean Temperature , it is good to consume Phlegmatick Humors , the decoction of the Common Tansie opens all Stoppings , is good for the Strangury , it expels Wind , the Seed is good for the Wormes , being boiled with Oyl is good for shrunk Sinews and Cramps . Wilde Tansie is cold and dry almost in the third degree , having a binding quality ; It stayeth the Lask and all Fluxes whatsoever ; it is good for Burstness , and is good for all Joynt-Aches or Pains ; it is good for inward or outward Wounds , and to heal Running Sores , it cooleth the hot Fits of the Ague be it never so violent , the distilled water of it dropped into the Eyes , or a Cloth wet therein , taketh away the heat and inflammation of them . Of Thistles in general , all of them provoke Urine , the Juice of them will cause Hair to grow where it is fallen off . Treacle Mustard and Methridate Mustard both purge the Body upwards and downwards , it breaks inward Imposthumes ; It is a very good Antidote against Poison , Venom and Putrefaction ; it is also available in many Cases , the Common Mustard is used , but somewhat weaker . The Black-thorn or Slo-Bush , all the parts of it is cooling , and binding , and drying , and good to stay Bleeding at the Mouth and Nose , stop the Lask of the Belly or Stomach , bloody Flux , and to ease the pains of the Bowels and Guts , that come by overmuch Scourings , the Leaves are good to put into Lotions , to wash a sore Mouth or Throat with , wherein are Sores or Kernels , and to stay the defluctions of Rheums to the Eyes or other parts , and to cool the heat of them . Thorough-wax or Thorough-leaf is of a dry Complexion , and is good for all sorts of Bruises and Wounds inward and outward , and old Ulcers and Sores likewise ; the decoction of the Herb or the Powder of it taken inwardly , and the leaves bruised and applied outwardly , is good to Cure Ruptures and Burstings . Thyme is hot and dry in the third degree , it is a great Strengthner of the Lungs , it purgeth the Body of Phlegm , and is good for short-windedness , an Ointment made with it is good for hot swellings , it comforteth the Stomach , and expels Wind. VVilde Thime or Mother of Thime , is of Temperature hot and dry in the third degree , it is of thin and subtil parts , cutting and much biting , provokes Urine , easeth the Griping pains in the Belly coming by Wind ; it is good for Cramps , Ruptures and Inflammations of the Liver , it is good for the Lethargy , Pissing of Blood , Coughing , strengthens the Stomach , expels Wind , and breaks the Stone . Turmentil or Serfoyl is binding , and therefore good to stay all Fluxes of Blood or Humors , whether at the Nose or Mouth , or any Wound in the Veins or elsewhere ; It resisteth Poison , Plague , Pestilential Feavers , and contagious diseases , and expelleth the Venom from the Heart by Sweating , there is not found any Root more effectual to help any Flux of the Belly , Stomach , Spleen or Blood , then this taken inwardly or applied outwardly ; it opens the Obstructions of the Liver , helpeth the Yellows , it is good made into a Plaister to strengthen the Reins of the Back ; it is good for Ruptures and Bruises by Falls taken inwardly or applied outwardly ; and 't is a most excellent Wound-herb applied outwardly to rotten Sores and Ulcers any where of the Body , or for any inward Wound , it dissolves hard knots and kernels any where about the Body . Turnsole or Heliotropium purgeth Choler and Phlegm boiled with water and given , and being boiled with Cummin helpeth the Stone of the Reins or Bladder , provoketh Urine , the Herb bruised and laid to any old Pain in the Joynts taketh it away , the Juice of it is good to take away Wenns , and to dissolve hard kernels or knobs in the Flesh . Medow Trefoyl or Honey-suckles is cold and dry , and are good to put into Glisters , it is good in a Poultess for Inflammations and Swellings , the Juice dropped into the Eye taketh away the Pin and Web , and taketh away the Blood-shotten of them ▪ Hart-trefoyl is a great Strengthner of the Heart , fortifieth it against Poison and Pestilence , and defending it from the noisom vapors of the Spleen . Pearl-Trefoyl , it differs not from the Common ▪ sort , save only it hath a white spot in the Leaf like a Pearl , and is of great Vertue against the Pin and Web in the Eyes . Tu●bich is a Root that is hot and dry , and purgeth by moderate drawing , ( f it be corrected , ) gross , viscid and putrid Phlegm from the Brain , Breast , and remote Parts and Junctures . Tutsan or Park-leaves , the faculties are such as St. Peters-wort , which declares it to be hot and dry ; it purgeth humors , it is good for burnings by Fire ; it is a very good Wound-herb , either inwardly given or outwardly applied . Tartar is the Excrement of Wine which sticks to the Vessel , and is hot and dry in the third degree , and only cleanseth . Turpentine is hot in the second and dry in the first , it doth draw , skin , incarnate and conglutinateth things together , and is good for the Mattering of the Yard given inwardly , being made up by Art into Balls , with Flower and bole-Armoniack . Thuris Cortex is dry in the second degree and bindeth . Trifora Magna is a certain Composition which will provoke Sweat , helpeth Griefs in the Stomach , and taketh away all cold Rhumes . Tutia Preparata is a certain Mineral that is cold in the first , and dry in the second degree , and is very good for sore Eyes . Turmerick is hot in the third degree , and openeth Obstructions , it is good against the Yellows , and all cold Distempers of the Liver and Spleen , and Fattens by a certain hidden quality . Tastil wilde is cold in the third and dry in the first degree , and comforteth and bindeth . V. Garden Valerian is hot but not much , provoketh Urine , being dried and given , helpeth the Strangury , it is good for short Windedness , the Roots of it being boiled with Licoris , Raisins and Anniseeds , helpeth to open the Passages ▪ and expectorates the Phlegm easily ; it is good for the Plague , and those that are bitten and stung by any venomous creature ; it expelleth Wind , and being boiled in white-Wine and dropped into the Eyes , taketh away the dimness of Sight , or any Pin and Web ; it healeth any inward sores and wounds , and also all outward wounds and hurts , and draweth out splinters and thornes out of the Flesh , the Herb being bruised , and laid to the place grieved . VVilde Valerian some hold , that being dried and beaten to Powder , purgeth upwards and downwards . Both the Vervaines are very dry , and do meanly bind and cool ; it is an excellent Herb for the Womb , and all the cold Griefs belonging thereunto , as Plantain doth the hot . It is hot , dry and bitter , opening Obstructions , cleansing and healing ; It is good for the Yellows , Dropsey , the defects of the Reins and Lungs , and all inward pains and torments of the Body ; it is good against the Plague , and the venom of venomous Beasts , against Agues , the Wormes , the diseases of the Liver and Spleen , and all diseases of the Stomach and Lungs , Coughs , shortness of Breath , and to cleanse the Bladder from all evil humors , that engender the Stone , it healeth all Wounds both inward and outward , stayeth Bleeding , and healeth old Ulcers in any part of the Body being used with Honey ; It is good for Swellings used with Hogs-grease , the distilled water of the Herb or ●uice dropped into the Eyes , cleanseth them from Films . The Branches of the Vine and the Leaves do cool and mightily bind , and stayeth Bleeding in any part of the Body , and are good to stop a Lask and bloody Flux , the Leaves are put into Lotions for sore Mouths , and being put into a Poultess with Barley-Meal , cools ●nflammations of Wounds . All the Violets are cold and moist while they are fresh and green , and will cool any heat and distemper in the Body , either inwardly given , or outwardly applied , Impostumes ▪ also and hot Swellings , they purge the Body of Cholerick Humors , the Powder of the Purple Flower helpeth the Quinsey and Falling Sickness ; it is good for the Liver , Yellows and hot Agues . The sorts of Vipers Grass , are hot and moist as are the Goats-beards , it is very good for the Plague , poison of venomous Creatures , falling Sickness ▪ Of Wall or Vipers Bugl●ss , the several sorts of them are cold and dry of Complexion , it is good against the biting of Vipers or any other venomous Beasts , and also against poison or any poisonous Herbs , the Roots comfort the Heart , tempers the Blood , allays the hot Fits of Agues . Vineger , especially if it be of Wine , is cold and piercing , to wit , cold in the first , and dry in the third degree , it cuts Phlegm . Vermilion is a certain Metal drawn from Quick sulphur , and Quick-silver , it draweth , healeth , incarnateth , bindeth and comforteth Ulcers . Verdegrease is hot and dry in the third degree , and is a Corrasive that eateth away dead and proud Flesh , and is good to be put into Ointments for green Wounds , or for the Scratches . Green and white Vitriol may be taken inwardly , a few drops of it with other things for the Farcin , and outwardly applied to take away Wenns or hard Kernels , or to eat away a Quitter-bone or Splint , or to take off Warts from the hands ; if you will stay the eating of it , or that you will have it eat no further then where you lay it , wet all round where you lay it with water , you must take it out of the Glass with a Feather , or a piece of Silk Tied to a stick , for it will eat both Linnen and Woollen . The white is the strongest , but the green is most safe for any use . Vitriola Caleanthum is reckoned amongst Metals , and is a kind of Inkey Earth , it draweth and fretteth . Vitriola Herba is an Herb that groweth on the VVall , and is taken for Pellitory on the Wall. W. Wall ▪ flower or Winter-Gilliflower , all the kinds of them are of a cleansing faculty , and of thin parts . The yellow kind works more powerfully , and are of more use in Physick ; it cleanseth the Blood , and freeth the Liver from Obstructions , expelleth the Secundine and dead Foal , stayeth Inflammations and Swellings , comforteth and strengthneth any weak part out of Joynt , cleanseth the Eyes from Films , and cleanseth also filthy Ulcers in the Mouth , and is a good Remedy for all Aches and Pains in the Joynts and Sinews , and is good for the Farcin . The VVallnut-Tree , the Bark of it doth bind and dry very much , and the leaves are much of the same ▪ Temperature , they kill the VVormes in the Belly , with other things put to them ; they help the biting of a mad Dog , or the venom or poison of any Creature ; the Kernels of them when they are old are very Astringent , and will stop a Lask ; the Oyl of the Kernels taken inwardly helpeth the Cholick , and expels VVind ; the distilled water of the green husks , before they be ripe , is good to cool the heat of Agues , as also to resist the Infection of the Plague , being applied to the sores ; it cooleth also the heat of green VVounds and old Ulcers , being Bathed therewith . Wold , Weld , or Dyars-weed , is hot and dry of Temperature , also the whole Herb heats and dries in the third degree ; it cuts , attenuates , resolveth , opens , disgests ; it is good taken inwardly , or applied outwardly against the venom of venomous Beasts , as also for the Plague or Pestilence , and is good for green Wounds . Wheat is hot and dry in the first degree ; it hath a certain clammy , stopping quality ; the Oyl of it pressed out between two thick Plates of Iron , healeth all Tettars and Ring-wormes , used warm . The green Corn chewed and applied to the place bitten by a mad Dog healeth it ; Sliced Wheat-bread , soaked in Red Rose-water or Spring-water , and applied to the Eyes that are hot , red and inflamed , or blood-shotten helpeth them . And hot Bread applied to the Kernels of the Throat , healeth the Kernels thereof ; the Flower of it mixed with the Juice of Henbane stayeth the Flux of Humors to the Joynts , and being boiled in Vineger helpeth the shrinking of the Sinews , the Flower of it mixed with the Yolk of an Egg , Honey and Turpentine , doth draw , cleanse and heal any Bile , Plague-sore or foul Ulcer ; the Decoction of Wheat-bran is good to Bath those Places that are bursten by a Rupture , and the said Bran boiled in Vineger , helpeth all Swellings and Inflammations , it helpeth the biting of Vipers and all other venomous Creatures . Wasers put in water and given , stayeth the Lask and bloody Flux . The Willow-tree , the Leaves , Flowers , Seed and Bark , are cold and dry in the second degree , and binding ; they are used to stay bleeding of VVounds , and all other Fluxes of Blood ; it helpeth to stay all thin , hot and sharp distillations upon the Lungs ; the Leaves bruised with some Pepper is good for the VVind-cholick . The water of the VVillow-tree received of a Branch cut , is good for dimness of Sight , for Films , and to stay the Rheumes that fall into them , provokes Urine being stopped ; the Flowers of it boiled in white-VVine hath an admirable faculty in drying up of humors . The Bark worketh the same effect . VVoad is dry and without sharpness , the wilde VVoad drieth more , and is more sharp and biting ; it is so dry and binding , that it is hardly fit to be Given inwardly ; an Ointment made thereof stancheth bleeding , and is good in such Ulcers as are bound with moisture , for it takes away the corroding and fretting humors ; it cools Inflammations , quenches St. Anthonies Fire , and stayeth defluctions of Blood in any part of the Body . VVood-bind or Honey-suckles are cleansing , consuming and disgesting ; the Flowers are good for the Lungs , provokes Urine , helps Cramps , Convulsions , Palseys , and whatsoever Grief comes of Cold or Stopping ; the Flowers are more effectual then the Leaves , & the Seed is as effectual as the Leaves . Pond-weed doth bind and cool like as doth Knot-grass , but his Essence is thicker then that ; it is good against consuming and eating Ulcers , and all hot Inflammations . VVormwood is hot and dry in the first degree , just as hot as the Blood ; it remedies Choler , provokes Urine , helps Surfeits , Swellings in the Belly , and is the best Herb for the Yellows that is ; Take of the Flowers of Wormwood , Rosemary and black Thorn , of each a like quantity , half that quantity of Saffron boiled in Beer or Ale , and this now and then used will keep a Horse in perfect Health ; Wormwood is good against Poison , Quinsey , biting and stinging of venomous Creatures , Cholick , Wormes , and to keep Clothes from the Moths ; it helps the Spleen , strengthens the Heart , and heats the Stomach . VVillow-Herb , vide Loose-strife . Wallwort , or Danewort , vide Dwarf-Elder . Woodroff is of Temperature like unto our Ladies Bed-straw , but not so strong , being in a mean between heat and driness ; it prevaileth in Wounds , as Cruciata and other vulneary Herbs doth . The Leaves and Berries of the Wafering Tree are cold and dry , and of a binding quality ; the Decoction of the Leaves is good to Seringe a sore Mouth with , and is good for the Diseases of the Gums , and fastneth loose Teeth . VVormes do conglutinate and comforteth Sinews . VVhite Lead is a great drier and shealer of Scabs , and is good put into Medicines , for Scratches , and for Sellanders and Mallenders . Y. Yarrow , called also Nose-bleed , Milfoyl and Thousand-leaf , it cleanseth and is meanly cold , but it most of all bindeth ; An Ointment of it Cureth wounds , and is good for Inflammations ; It is good for the bloody Flux . The Ointment is good not only for VVounds , but Ulcers likewise and Fistulaes , especially such as are bound with moisture . The Hair being washed with the Decoction , stayeth the shedding of it , taken inwardly is good for the Mattering of the Yard , and the Juice of it is most excellent , or the decoction of it injected into the Yard with a Syringe , to stop the extreme flowing of the Seed , although the Issue dorh cause Inflammation and Swelling of the secret parts , and though the Spermatick Matter do come down in great quantity , as hath been very well proved . VVater Yarrow is of a dry Faculty , by reason it taketh away hot Inflammations and Swellings . Z. Zuche , which are called G●urds ▪ are cold and moist in the second degree , and allayeth all manner of Inflammations , or hot Swellings . Softning or dissolving Herbs are Four , viz. Mallows , Marsh-mallows , black Violet and Bears-breech . THE EXPERIENCED FARRIER . The Second Part. Before you Enter upon the Drenching and Physicking of Horses ; Take these Directions with you . I. THAT all Diseases are Cured by their Contraries , and all parts of the Body are maintained by their like , viz. If Heat be the Cause of the Distemper , then appropriate those Medicin●s that are cold to it ; If cold , then give hot ; If Wind be the cause of Illness , then finde out in your Table of Simples proper Medicines for that Disease , and use them according to Directions . II. Apply not the Medicines to one part of the Body , that are appropriated to another part , viz. If the Brain be over-heated , use not such Medicines as cool the Heart and Liver . III. If you give distilled Waters for the Disease you intend to Cure ; Give such Water as is distilled out of the Herb proper for that Disease , and sweeten it with the same quantity of Syrup as you give Water , made also of the same Herb , or some other proper for the Disease . IV. If the Disease of the Body lie remote from the Stomach and Bowels , then use Pills or Balls , which is the most proper Physick for the Distemper , because they are longest in digestion , and therefore the most fit to carry off the Disease by degrees . V. Rather be found faulty on the safer side , by giving your Physick too weak then too strong . VI. Consider the natural temper of your Horses Body that is afflicted , and support it in that , or else you weaken and destroy Nature , in stead of Repairing it ; as the Heart is hot , the Brain cold , so apply your Simples accordingly . 7. Those Medicines that are hot in the first degree , are just of the heat and temper of the Blood , and therefore most wholesom and proper for the Body . VIII . All Medicines that are opening and provoke Urine , are best given in white-Wine or Ale , for they are of an opening Nature , and a great Strengthner of the Reins . IX . All Medicines that are given to stop any Loosness or Scouring , let him fast three houres or more before he receive them . X. Let your Medicines be proper to the humor offending ▪ or else you will weaken Nature , not the Disease . XI . If the Humor offending be thin , that you intend to remove , then let your Medicine be gentle ; but if it be thick and tough , then give him some cutting and opening thing the Night before , to prepare his Body the better for his Purge the next day . XII . Have a care how you use binding Medicines , when you purge tough humors . XIII . If your Horse be bound in his Body , either Rake him with your Hand , ( being first anointed with Sallet Oyl , Hogs-Grease or sweet Butter , before you pull his baked or hard dung from him ) or else give him a Glister before you give him a Purge . XIV . You must consider the strength and stature of your Horse , and accordingly prepare your Medicines , either stronger or weaker . XV. If you give your Horse a Drench for a Cold , you usually give him of these sorts of Powders . viz. Fennegreek , Liquoris , Bay berries , Anniseeds , Cummin-seeds , Grains of Paradice , Long Pepper , Elecampane , Turmerick , &c. But be sure you exceed not above three Ounces of them in his Drench at one time . XVI . If you give a Horse a Scouring that is very strong and lusty , you may venture to give him with safety an Ounce or more of the best Barbadoes Alloes , ( which is the strongest sort of Aloes that is ) powdred and made up into Balls with fresh Butter , as you have Directions afterwards . XVII . If you give Aloes Succotrina , you may give an Ounce and an half of it . ( because it is of a weaker Nature than the other ) dissolved on the Fire in half a Pint of white-Wine , and brewed afterwards in a quart of strong Beer , with about two Ounces of fresh Butter put into it , which by reason of the Loosning and Opening quality it hath , will cause the Aloes to work so much the sooner and better . This Proportion is to be given only to a large and strong constitutioned Horse , a less quantity will serve a smaller . An Advertisement about the several sorts of Aloes , and how you may know not only their Goodness , but also distinguish them one from another . There are four several sorts of them , and differ only in Purity , viz. Aloes Caballina , Aloes Hepatica , Aloes Barbadoes , and Aloes Succotrina . 1. Aloes Caballina is a yellowish sort of Aloes , much of the colour of a boiled Liver , and is somewhat dearer , stronger and better then Aloes Hepatica . This is seldom sold by it self , but kept only to mix amongst the black and courser sort of Aloes , to give them a good colour . 2. Al●es Hepatica is much of the same kind with the Caballina ( for they come over mixt together ) but is of a blackish Roziny colour when Refined , which is accounted the best colour . 3. Aloes of Barbadoes is found out but of late years , but is accounted the strongest sort of all the kinds of them ; If it be of a duskish sad brown , and hath an Eye of yellow amongst it , you may conclude it to be good ; but the most common colour is black like unto Pitch ; An Ounce of either of these three is a Purge strong enough for most reasonable Horses . 4. Aloes Succotrina is the weakest , but best of all the kinds of them ; If you break it thin , and find it of a clear Roziny colour , and transparent , you may be satisfied 't is the very best . This is four times dearer then the other sorts , and is also Given to Horses , ( but in a larger quantity ) by those that value not their Purses . XVIII . If you make your Balls of the Powder of Aloes and Butter , mix it not all at once with the Butter , but work it up in a little at first , and then divide it into three equal parts , and cover every part over with fresh Butter , about the bigness of a small Wash-ball , which will prevent the bitter taste of the Aloes from offending him when you give them , give him a Horn-full of warm Beer after every one of them , not only to prevent sticking , but to clear his Passage , the better for the remaining Balls . But the best Way of making of Balls of Aloes for a Scouring you may find after the best Receipt for the Glanders , within a leaf of the latter end of the Book . XIX . If you put London-Treacle at any time into your Horses Drinks , put not above one Ounce of it at a time where there are other Ingredients , but if you give it by it self , you may give him two Ounces of it dissolved in a pint of Sack , or for want of that a quart of good Ale or Beer . XX. When you physick your Horse at any time , give him his Hay so sparingly over-night , that he may stand two or three houres at the Rack-staves , and let him fast three or four houres after he hath taken it . XXI . 'T is good to stir him a little after he hath taken his Drink , which will make his physick work so much the better . XXII . If you are about the Cure of any outward Wound or Sore , the best way to Expedite it , is to keep the place warm ▪ which is done by clapping a plaister of Burguna●-P●tch over the Medicine , which will be a means to de●end the grieved part from the Air or VVind . XXIII . If a Horse hath swoll●n , or Gourded Legs , and hath been poisoned with the Medicines of other Farriers , and is fallen into your hands for Cure ; then be sure before you undertake to meddle with him , to wash his Legs very well with warm ▪ Whey , ( or for want of that , Milk , but Whey is best ) for this will clear off the venom and poison of their Medicines , and make the Cure more facile and easie to be effected . Directions how to Order a sick Horse . Whensoever you find your Horse sick at any time , either of Feaver , Farcy , Molten-grease , Cold , or any other Distempers , &c. and that you have given him something in Order to his Cure , and yet you find his Stomach so bad , that he falls from his Meat , then to recover it again , and to strengthen and keep up his weak and feeble spirits give him first , ( to bring him to a Stomach ) half a Pint of white-Wine , Vineger or Verjuice luke-warm , sweetned with two or three spoonfuls of Honey , well dissolved in it over the Fire . And about three or four houres after it , give him the common Cordial for Horses , which is made of a quart or three Pints of strong Beer , with a good big Toast of Houshold Wheat-bread crumbed into it gross and well boied . Before you give it him , while it is cooling , put into it two or three spoonfuls of Honey , and about two Ounces of fresh or salt Butter , and let him have it luke-warm ; Give him at Night a Mash of Malt , or Oats , that are boiled till they are bursten . After he hath eaten them , let him feed upon Hay for about an hour or more , then give him warm-VVater to drink , with a handful or two of VVheat-Bran stirred amongst it ; The next morning give him his Cordial again , and at Nine or Ten of the Clock warm-VVater and Bran , and boiled Oats , and now and then a Cordial of white-VVine and Honey , and moderate Exercise once or twice a day , ( if he be not too weak to walk . ) This is the only Method that I know of that you can use for the Recovery of a sick and weak Horse , and for to Remedy his Costiveness which does usually attend Sicknesses . 2. The longer he Fasts after you have given him his Drink , ( conditionally he be in good heart and strength ) the better effect it will have in working upon the Disease for which it was given . For three or four houres is time long enough to fast , but if he be a sick , feeble and weak Horse , then two houres is enough . 3. After he hath Fasted according to his strength , give him some comfortable thing to Recruit his Spirits ; a● a ▪ Mash of Malt , boiled Oats , s●al●ed Bran , &c. which will be a means to put Heart and strength into him again , which his Drench and Fasting may in some measure have weak●ed . 4 If you use your Horse to scalded Bran , Mashes of Malt , or boiled Oats , and have boiled Fennegreek amongst them ▪ or given him it at any time amongst his Provender , he will be the more ready and willing to take his Oats thus prepared , ( which is very good after any Drench you have given him . ) viz. To boyl a quarter of a pound of Fennegreek with half a peck of Oats till they burst , and throw them into the Manger scaulding hot , and though he cannot well eat them till they be somewhat cold , yet the steam that doth arise from thence is very wholesom to open and comfort his Head and Brain , and to free him from Colds and Stuffings therein . If you find him nice and not willing to eat them , decoy him with a little Wheat-Bran strowed upon them , which to the liking he may have to that , possibly may cause him to lick them up both together ; The Water that is drained from his Oats put into a pale of cold Water by it self , and give it him to drink luke-warm , after he hath fed a little while upon Hay . An Advertisement , not only touching the Vsefulness of the general Simples , set down in Order one after another , in the First and Second Part , for the Cur● of all inward and outward Diseases , but also of the Table of Simples . Wherever you Meet with such Simples in the First and Second Part , imagine not that they were put there to no other end nor purpose , then to blot or blur Paper with , or that they were intended only to make the Book swell large and big , to bring profit and advantage to the Bookseller . I confess to the ignorant and unskilful it may appear so , by reason of their want of Knowledge and Judgement , to discern and apprehend the several Uses for which they were written . But if the ingenious and skilful in the Art of Farring , ( to whom these things were principally intended ) consider them , and seriously weigh the Nature and Virtue of every one of them , ( as their Table of Simples will acquaint them with ) they will quickly come to understand their usefulness , and readily employ them to the same end they were first designed and intended for , viz. Not only to emprove their Knowledge and Understanding in the Nature of them as to the Autherick , but also as to the Practick , in bettering their skill in the Physical Uses of them , conditionally they will be so ingenious as to compound and fit up their several Juices or Powders into Medicaments according to Art , as their Genius and Inclinations may lead them . Neither are they placed here because there wants Receipts for the Cure of all Diseases , either inward or outward ; but for the general good of all ( as I have said before ) that will be studious to divert and recreate themselves in compounding and making up of new Medicines proper and suitable to the Diseases they intend them for ; so that here you see , that so long as you have this Magazin or Storehouse of Nature to come to , this Book will never be old , but be always fresh and new , unto those that will resort unto it for their Emprovement . To make Oyl of Camomil , which is very Sovereign for any Grief in the Limbs , which proceeds from a cold Cause . Take a good Hand●ul of Camomil , and bruise it in a Mortar , then put it into a quart of Sallet-Oyl in some convenient Vessel ●it for your use ▪ and let it remain therein three days and three Nights , then strain out the Oyl from the Camomil , and put into it some fresh Herbs , and let them stand also the same time , then change it twice more as you did before , and your Oyl is made . To make Oyl of Spike , which is good for all manner of Sinew-strains , or Pains or Aches in the Limbs . Take the Flowers of Spike , and wash them in Sallet-Oyl , then stamp them well , and put them into a Canvass Bag , and press out what Oyl you can get , then put it into a Glass and set it by , and it will clear of it self , and wax fair and bright , and smell very strong of the Spike . You may make Oyl of other Herbs after this manner . To make Oyl of Mastick , which is good for any cold Grief . Take two Ounces of Mastick , and two Ounces of Olibanum , and boyl them in a quart of Sallet-Oyl to a third part , then put it into a Canvass Bag , and press out what Oyl you can get as you did the other , and let it stand by you about twelve or fourteen days , and it will be perfect . Comp●●hensive Termes Explained ▪ 1. The Five greater opening Roots are , Fennel , Smallage , Parsley , Sparagras and Knee-holly . To which may be added , Garliek , Onions , Angelica , Liquoris , Gentian , Cichoxy , Endive , Celandine , Squills and Master-wort . 2. The Five lesser opening Roots , are , Eringo , Grass , Capers , Rest-Harrow and Madder . To which you may add , Turmerick , Birthwort , Elecampane , Horse-radish , and Pollipodium . 3. The Five softning Herbs , are Marsh-m●llows , Mallows , Mercury , Violet-leaves and Beets ; To which you may add , Pellitory of the Wall ; Coleworts , A●rach , Melliolet and white Lillies ▪ 4 The Hairy Herbs are , Maiden-Hair , Wall-Ru● , Spleen-wort , Harts-●orn and Trichomanes ; The greater are Peony , Lavender , Rosemary , Sage and Poppey . 5. The four Cordial Flowers are , Borrage , Bugloss , Roses and Violets . To which you may add Saffron , Marigold , Spickn●●● , Rosemary , Clove-gilliflowers and Poppy . 6. The four greater hot Seeds are , Annis , Cummin , Caraway and Fennel . To which you may add Cardamoms , Grains of Paradise , Pepper and Mustard-seed . 7. The four lesser hot Seeds are , Amom● , Bishops-weed , Parsley and C●rro●s . To which you may add , Cubebs , Di●b , Rochet , Smallage and Er●simum . 8. The four greater cold Seeds are , Cucumber , Gourd , Cit●ul and Millon ; To which you may add , Poppy , Henbane , Night-shade and Hemlock . 9. The four lesser cold Seeds are , Endive , Le●tice , Succ●ry and Purslain . To which you may add Cm●kweed , Dandelion and Plantine . 10. The three hot Flowers are , Camomil , M●lilot Oris or Flower-de-luce ; to which you may add , Saffron , Lavender and Rosemary . 11. The four hot Ointments are , Martiarum , Aragon , Althaea and Agrippae ; to which may be added , Nervinum , Laurinum , Anodynum and Amarum . 12. The four cold Ointments are , Rosarum , Album Camphorinum , Populeon , R●frigerans Galeni ; to which may be added , Sumach , Night-shade , Pomatum and Diaphompholigos , which are all bought at the Apothecaries . The Gold and Hot Ointments Repeated over again , with their Vertues belonging to them . 1. Martiarum , is good for all cold Diseases of the Body , as Palseys , Convulsions , Cramps , stiffness of the Nerves and Joynts , Falling Sickness , Lethargy , &c. 2. Aragon hath all the Virtues of Martiarum . 3. Althaea softens , dissolves and asswages pains in any part of the Body , and is good against stiffness and contracting of the Nerves , helps Palseys and Convulsions , and is good to conglutinate and closeup the Mouth of Wounds . 4. Agrippae is very excellent for all watery Tumors in the outward parts , by anointing them therewith ; it kills Wormes , and expels water by Purging . 5. Nervinum , is good for the Nerves , to comfort , strengthen and amend their defects , proceeding from cold and dead Palseys , Convulsions , Cramps , Numbness , Bruises and old Aches , &c. 6. La●rinum , is good for all cold and moist Diseases of the Brain , Nerves , Stomach , Liver , Spleen , Reins and Joynts ; it helps weariness , and is good for all old Aches and pains , and other Diseases . 7. Anodynum , is good to asswage Tumors , Inflammations , and easeth pain in any part of the Body . 8. Amarum , anointed on the Belly and Chest , and between the Shoulders , expells water , and kills Wormes , opens Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , provokes Urine , the Shape being also anointed with it expels the Heam . 9. Rosatum , is of a fine cooling Nature , very useful for all Gaulings of the Skin , and frettings accompanied with cholerick Humors , Tettars , Ring-wormes , and is good to mitigate Diseases of the Head coming of Heat . 10. Album Camphoratum , is an excellent cold Ointment to asswage pain , and is a great Drier , and is good for Scabs , Burnings and hot Inflammations , Chasings , Frettings or Gaulings of the Skin ; it dries up Ulcers , and takes away their Itching in the time of healing . 11. Popul●eum is very cooling Ointment , which softens and eases pains . 12. Refrigerans , cools and moistens , and is good to Cure Inflammations , Tumors , Wounds and other Maladies , proceeding from hot and dry Diseases . 13. Sumach is good for the Falling of the Fundament , and helps Pain● and Weakness in the Back consolidates Ruptures , &c. 14. Night-shade , is a very cooling Ointment . 15. Poma●um , is a softning , cooling and asswaging , and comforteth weary Limbs . 16. Di phompholigos , cools , dries , heals and skins , Wounds , Sores and Ulcers , &c. These are all very costly Ointments , and are to be used only by the Rich , which value not their Purses ; yet the honest and plain Farrier hath far more cheap , and every whit as good , proper and useful Medicines for the Cure of the said Distempers as the others are , conditionally he takes the pains to look them out , which he may here and there find scattered throughout the whole Work. Of the Vse of A●timony . Crude Antimony is a Mineral much like unto Lead , the best coming from Tra●silva●ia and Hungaria , and is known by its bright and long Flakes ; 'T is an excellent thing to put into a Horses Provender , to cleanse and purifie his Blood , and to free his Body from ●olds , or other Distempers , that lie hid and lurking therein to destroy him ; The manner how you are to use it , is to beat it very small , and then Sift it through a ●ine Sieve , then strow about a quarter of an Ounce of it Morning and Evening , ( for about a Month together ) in a quarter of a Peck of his Oates , being first wet with good Ale or Beer . 'T is sold at the Druggist for 6 d. the pound . The Filings of Steel Needles is also very good for the said Distempers , used after this manner . General things good for the Joynts and Sinews , that hath in them any Ach , or Numbness , Weakness or Swelling . If it proceed from a hot Cause , you must apply cooling things to it , but if from a cold Cause , hot things . The Oyl that is pressed out of Almonds is a great Mitigater of Pain , and all manner of Aches , Aquavitae , Archangel , Alh●al , Balsam , Burgundy Pitch spread upon Leather , and ●aid to the Place grieved , draweth forth all manner of Pain ▪ Burnet , Brandy , Bay-leaves , Brank-ur●in , the Oyl of Chamomel , the bruised Roots of Comfrey , Cowslips , Chickweed , Centaury , Cow-Parsnips , Germander , Hawk-weed , Mallows or Marsh-mallows , Mug-wort , Mullen Penney-royal , purslain , the great Leaved Dock , Saxafrage , English Tobacco , Garden Tansie , wilde Mother of Thyme , Sow-Fennel , Flower-de luce , Turpentine , Rag weed , stamped very small , and Boiled with some Hogs-grease , to the consumption of the Juice , and at the end of the Boiling it , add to it Mastick and Olibanum ▪ and anoint the place with it . Pepper , Saffron , Garlick , Rosemary , Frankincense , Myrrh , Sciatica Cresses , wilde Tansie , Spignel , yellow Wall-Flower , Nep , Catmint , Herb Gerrard , Mustard-seed , &c. Particular Receipts for Aches . Take Accopium and mix it well with Sack , and chase it very well in with your Hand , and if it be of a cold Cause , it will take it away at three or four times doing . Another . Take Brandy or Aquavitae , and Chafe and Bath the place grieved very well with it , and dry it in with a hot Fire shovel , then take a Rag , and dip in the Brandy or Aquavitae , and strew the inside of it all over with Pepper , finely beaten and ●earced , and bind it to the place grieved , and swath it up with a dry Rowler , and do it thus once every day till he become sound . Another . Take of sweet Butter half a pound , of Aquavitae a Gill , of Saffron hal● a dram , Pepper ●inely beaten and ●earced three drams , three Heads of Garlick bruised , mix them altogether , and let them stew on the Fire , and not boil , till it come to a Salve . This being chafed in very warm to the place grieved , and a brown Paper wet in the same , and bind to it , with a dry Cloth upon that , and so used Morning and Evening , will cure it . Things good in General for St. Anthonies Fire . The Juice of Houseleek tempered with white Lead , the Juice of the green Leaves of Garden Night-shade mixed with Barley-Meal , is good for it and all hot Inflammations . Allum put to the Juice of white Beets , the Roots of Cinquefoyl boiled in Vineger , the distilled water of Colts-Foot ; with Elder Flowers and Night-shade , and applied , Crabs-claws , the Juice of Wall penny-wort , with the Leaves and Flowers of Feather-few is good for it , and all hot Inflammations and Swellings , the Roots of Bugloss mixed with Sallet-Oyl and Barley-Meal , Water sengreen or fresh water souldier , Ducks-meat , the leaves of the Goose-berry bush , or Hawk-weed bruised and applied with Salt. The Juice of Kidney-wort applied also , taketh away all outward Heat and Inflammations ; the Juice of Mallows or Marsh-mallows boiled in Sallet-Oyl , and applied , is very good ; a Poultess made of Barley-meal and Hogs-grease , with the green Heads of Garden Poppy bruised and applied with Vineger is also very good , so is the Juice of Purslain ; An Ointment made of the Juice of Garden Rue , with Oyl of Roses , Ceruse and a little Vineger , and applied , is most excellent ; the Juice of the bruised leaves of Succory is good , so ●s an Ointment made of Woad , and the place anointed with it . But because it is a Disease very rare to be found in Horses , you shall have as strange a Cure. 'T is this . A particular Receipt for St. Anthonies Fire . After you have cast him , slit the Skin of the fore head of the Horse under the sore-top , and open the same round about with your Cornet , rounding it about an ●nch every way , which done take a Worm , which you shall find in a Fullers Teasel , and blow it in alive with a Quill into the place , and have a care you kill not the Worm in stitching up the Skin again , for in twenty days the Worm will die , and in that time the Horse will be throughly cured . If you would know the Nature of the Disease , you may find it hereafter , in a Table set down Alphabetically , shewing where the Diseases of a Horse do grow , and the causes of them . Things good in general for the Antichor or Heart-Sickness . To let Blood ▪ if you know he wants it , and to give him a Purgation of Sack , Sallet-Oyl and Sugar Candy , or Sugar and Cinnamon given him in Sack or Diapente , or Dr. Stephens Water , Butter-burr , Avens , &c. A particular Receipt for the Anticor or Heart-Sickness . After the Swelling appears , and you have taken a good quantity of Blood on both sides of the Neck , give him the Drink of Diapente with B●er or Ale , which you may find in my First Part , putting therein one Ounce of brown Sugar Candy , and half an Ounce of London-Treacle , which will drive the Sickness and Grief from his heart ; which-done , anoint the Swelling with this Ointment . Ointment . Take Hogs-Grease , Boars Grease and Bas●licon , of each three Ounces , Incorporate them well together , and anoint and rub the Swelling every day , till it become soft , then open it , and let forth the Corruption , and wash the sore with the Copperas water , which you may find in my First Part. And ●aint it with your green Ointment , which you may sind as aforesaid , and it will be soon whole . Things good in General for an Vpper or Nether A●taint , or any hurt by Over-Reaching . Before you apply your Salve , lay the Place bare without hollowness , and wash it with Beer and Salt , or Vineger and Salt , and then what will Cure a Mallender or Sellander will Cure this . Particular Receipts good for an upper Attairt . Take Venice-Turpentine one Ounce , and Brandy three spoonfuls , beat them well together till they come to a Salve , and anoint the Sore very well therewith , and heat it well in with a hot Iron , and do this three or four times , and it will cure him . Another . Take of Sanguis Draconis three quarters of an Ounce , Bole-armoniack one Ounce , Sallet Oyl as much , Mastick three Ounces , Sewet as much , and as much Hogs-grease , melt and mix all these together , and lay it to the swelling , and it will take it away . A●other . Take one or two Handfuls of Saexafrage , and all the Sewet of a Loyn of Mutton , and a Pint of white Wine , chop the Herb , and Mince the Sewet very small , and boil them all very well ●ogether , then take a good quantity of Horse-dung newly made that goes to Grass , and mix with the other Ingredients , and work it to a Salve , and apply it Plaister-wise hot to the place , renewing it every day so long as you think convenient , and this is a very excellent Cure. Another for the Nether Attaint . Take a Piece of Filletting , and bind it about the Pastern Joynt , pretty hard , which will cause the blister or swelling the better to appear ; then let out the corrupt Jelly with your Incision-Knife , and crush it all out , then heal it up with your Copperas water , and anoint it with the green Ointment . Things good in General for the Stavers , Head-ach or Farcin . To let Blood to hang about his Neek , the Root of Amara dulcis , the Juice of Sow-Fennel or Hogs Fennel squirted up his Nose , or the Seed and Root of Cow-Parsnip boiled in Oyl , and his Head anointed therewith ; The Seeds of Brank-Cresses blown up his Nostrils , or Ducks-Meat applied to his Forehead made into a Poultess ; or his Head Bathed with the distilled water of common Elder , taketh it away if it cometh of a cold cause ; Flea-wort bruised and applied after the same ●anner do h the like , so doth Germander and Henbane bruised with Vineger and applied , the dust of Tobacco blown up his Head with a large Quill or Kix , causeth him to Neese , which easeth him from the pain ; the Root of Pellitory of Spain dried and beaten to Powder , and used in the same manner , doth the like . The Juice of Cellendine put into his Eares , or Assa foetida dissolved in Brandy , and put into his Eares , or Verjuice and Salt put into his Eares ; or Groundsel and Aqua vitae stamped together and put into his Ears , &c. Particular Receipts for the Stavers . After you have taken Blood from him , take the quantity of a Hazel-Nut of sweet Butter and Salt ▪ dissolve it in a Sawcer full of white-Wine Vineger , then take Lint or fine Flax dipt therein , and so stop both his Eares therewith , and stitch them up and let it remain there about twelve houres , and he will be Cured . Another . Take of bitter Almonds an Ounce and a half , of the Gall of an Ox two drams , of black Ellebore made into fine powder a half Penniworth , of Grains , Castoreum , Vineger and Varnish , of each five drams , boyl all these together till the Vineger be consumed , then strain it and put it into his Eares , and do as you did before . Another . Aqua vitae and Garlick so much as will suffice , and stamp them together ▪ and put into his Ears , doing as before . Another . Take the Seeds of Cressy , of Poppy , of Smallage , of Pursly , of Dill , ( the Seeds only of these Herbs ) and take also Pepper and Saffron , of each two drams , make them all into fine Powder , and put to them of Barley-water two quarts , boiling hot from the Fire , and ●et it infuse therein three houres , and strain it and give him one quart thereof , and his Hay sprinkled with water , and the next day give him the other quart fasting , and let him drink no cold water for four or five days after , but only white water , unless sometimes a sweet Mash , and this will cure him . You must Note that in this Disease of the Stavers you must be sure to let him Blood , before you give him any Medicine . Another . After you have sharpned a small and tough Oaken or Ashen stick , and made a Notch at one end like a Fork , ( to keep it from Running so far into his Head ) put it into his Nostrils , and Job it up and down to the top of his Head , which will cause the Blood to descend freely ; then in the Morning fasting give him this Drink well brewed together , viz. One Ounce of the Powder of Turmerick , with as much of the powder of Anniseeds in a quart of strong Beer or Ale , with a pint of Verjuice , and a quarter of a pint of Brandy ; and stop his Eares with Aqua vitae and Herb-Grass beaten very well together . Put an equal quantity into each Ear , and stop Flox or Hurds over it to keep it down , and stitch them up with a Needle and Thread , and let it remain in for about twenty four houres , then unstitch them and pull forth the Hurds , and the next day blood him in the Neck , and give him his Blood with a handful of Salt put therein well stirred together ro keep it from clotting , and he is in a fair way to be cured . Things good in general for the Yellows . Agrimony , Water-Agrimony , the Bark of the black Elder Tree , Hops , Fennel , Smallage , Endive , Succory-Roots , Garden-Arrach , Orach , Asarabacca , Ash-tree , the Juice of Coleworts , the inner Rind of the Barberry Tree , or Berry , Bay-berries , Burr-dock Roots , Wood-Bitony , Bistort or ●nakeweed , Red Beetes , Burrage or Bugloss , Butchers-broom , Calamint or Montanie Mint , Camomel , Cardus benedictus , Celandine , the Juice of Cinquefoyl , the Juice of Cleavers , the seed of Columbines and Saffron boiled together , and given him , Dandelion , Dodder of Thyme , Eringo , Flax-weed or Toad-Flax , the Juice of the Flower-de-luce Fumitory , the Fuzz-bush , Garlick , Gentian , Feltwort or Baldmony , the seed of Germander , Groundsel , the Roots of black Hellebore , the yellow berries of Ivy , Liver-wort , Madder , Maiden-hair , Wall-Rue , the seed both of the male and female , Mercury , Wilde-marjorem , Worm-wood , Mouse-Ear , Hedge-mustardseed , Cow Parsnips , the Roots of Penny royal , the seed of Plantine , Bastard-Rubarb or the great round leaved Dock , Rupture-wort , Sarasens Consound , or Sarasens Wound-wort , Shepherds Purse , the Seeds and Roots of Sorrel , Spleen-wort , Tamarisk , Turmentil or Setfoyl , Vervain , Ground-Pine , Myrrh , Ivory or Harts horn , Long-Pepper , Licoris , Anniseeds , Ganders or Geese dung , Misle-toe ▪ white Thorn , the Roots of Parsley , Pimpernel , Chick-weed , Sheeps dung steeped in Beer ; You are to let him blood in the first place . A particular Receipt for the Yellows . Take an Ouuce of Mithridate , and dissolve it in a quart of Ale or Beer , and give it him luke-warm . But if you have no Mithridate , give him two Ounces of London Treacle , and for want of that two or three spoonfuls of common Treacle . Another particular Receipt for the Yellows . Take of Turmerick , Burr-dock Roots , long Pepper , of each about half an Ounce , Anniseeds and Licoris in fine Powder and searced , of each , a spoonful , Celandine the Leaves and Roots one handful , chopt small , and strain the Celandine , and put them into a quart of strong Beer , and boyl them a little on the Fire , and in the Cooling sweeten it with London-Treacle , and put into it a good piece of Butter , and give it him Blood-warm , and give him white water , and he will do well . Another . Take of the best Live Honey , half a pound of Saffron and Fennegreek made into fine powder as much as will suffice , incorporate these with your Honey to a stiff Paste , and so make thereof three Pills , and dipping them in Sallet-Oyl give him them , and ride him and walk him gently an hour , and set him up warm . Another . After you have let him Blood , take a quart of Ale , and put an Ounce of Saffron , and an Ounce of Turmerick into it , being first made into fine Powder , and with the Juice of Sellandine so much as will suffice , and give it him Blood-warm . Another for the Yellows . After you have blooded him on both sides the Neck , and third Barr on the Palat of the Mouth ; Give him Camomil , Elder leaves and Celandine , of each a small handful chopped indifferent small , with a little of the inner Rind of the Barberry Tree boiled in three Pints of strong Beer or Ale till they come to a quart . Then strain the Herbs from the Liquor , and give it him luke-warm fasting in the Morning , with a piece of sweet Butter melted in it , and sweetned with two spoonfuls of Honey or Common Treacle ; And Order him as you have Directions in the Physicking of Horses . Another for the Yellows . To let Blood as before . Then give him Turmerick and Anniseeds beaten to powder , of each an Ounce , with half an Ounce of the powder of the inner bark of the Barberry tree , or for want of that a Gill of the Juice of Celandine ; Give him all these either in a Pint of white ▪ Wine Vineger , or in a quart of stale Beer , and half a pint of Brandy luke-warm , fasting in the Morning ; Give him with it a spoonful of the Flower of Brimstone at the Mouth of the first Horn you give him ; but none with the rest ; And Order him as you do usually sick Horses . Another for it . After you have let Blood , as you must always do in this Disease , mix two penniworth of Saffron beaten well to powder , and a Thimble-full or two of the powder of Turm●rick with fre●h ●utter , and make it up into a small ●all , and give it him for three or four Mornings together fasting , and it will cure him . Simples that are good in Gener l for the Cure of the black ●aurdice or Yellows . The Decoction of the Flowers of Sorrel made in white-Wine or stale Beer , and sweetned with Honey helpeth it given him often ; the powder of the Leaves and Bark of the Tamarisk Tree , is also good given him in beer , so is the Juice of the leaves of Broom , a● also the Seeds given him several Mornings together in beer till you see Amendment ; A Horn-full of it is enough to give it him at a time . A Particular Receipt which is very good for the Cure of it . Take the Roots of red Docks , the Roots of burr-docks , and slice a good quantity of them , and put them into a Bottle of Beer , with a little Mithridate , close stopped , and give him a Horn or two full of it , in the Morning fasting . Things good in General for the Falling-Evil ▪ Planet-struck , Night-Mare or Palsey . Fifteen of the Seeds of the single Peony given him in four Wine ; to hang a Flint-stone over his Head , or some old Sythe or old Iron , or to give him exercise before and after water , and to mix Hemp-seed in his Provender ▪ and to enforce him to Sweat , Mis●etoe of the Oak given , Mustard-seed , the Seed of the black Poplar , Cinquefoyl , Germander , Hysop , St. Johns wort , &c. Particular Receipts for the Night-Mare . Take a handful of Salt , half a pint of Sallet-Oyl , brown Sugar candy four Ounces , mix them all very well together , and warm them on the Fire , and give it him Blood-warm two Mornings together , and it will cure him . Another . Give him this purging Pill , take of Tarr three spoonfuls , of sweet Butter the like quantity , beat them well together with the powder of Licoris , Anniseeds and Sugar-candy till it be like Paste . Then make them into round Balls , and put into each Ball two or three Cloves of Garlick , and so give it him , observing to warm him before and after , and let him be fasting likewise two or three houres before and after . Things good in General f r Cramps , or Convulsion of the S●n●ws . Rhub●rb taken inwardly , the Seed of Bastard St. Johns wort given , the Oyl drawn from sweet Marjorem , and the grieved place anointed with it is good , for all manner of Aches coming of a cold cause , Calamint given inwardly , Bitony , Elecampane , Master-wort or the Herb Gerard given inwardly , the roots of Valerian given , southern-wood , or the seeds of the Ladies Thistle given , Juniper-berries given , Bay-berries , China-roots , Brank-Ursine taken inwardly , or applied outwardly , the leaves of the Burr-dock bruised , and laid to the place grieved , Oyl of Chamomel , Centaury applied to it , Costus , the Juice of Chick-weed made up with Hogs-grease , and anoint the place grieved with it is very good , or to force him to sweat by Clothes , or to bury him in a Horse dunghil only with his Head out , Alheal or Centaury bruised and applied to them is very good , so is sow-Fennel bruised with fallet-Oyl and Vineger , and applied , so is Gentian and Germander bruised and applied , the powder of stinking Gladwin boiled in Ale or Beer and given is good , a Poultiss made of Hawk-weed and Barley-meal , and said to the place offended is also good . Lavender is good for them given inwardly , the roots and seeds of Marsh-mallows boiled in the Grounds of Beer , and applied , is also good for them , so is a decoction of Mugwort with Camomil and Agrimony , and the grieved place bathed therewith warm , Penny-royal applied with salt , honey and vineger is also good , Hermodactils and Venice-Turpentine given inwardly is also very good , the Juice of the green herb of Tobaccho made into an Ointment and applied , is also very good , &c. Particular Receipts for the Cramp . Chafe and rub the Member contracted , with Vineger and common Oyl , and then wrap it all over with wet Hay or rotten Litter , or else with wet Woollen Clothes , either of which is a present Remedy . Another . After you have sweated him well in a Horse dunghill , anoint him with this Ointment , take of Hogs-Grease one pound , of Turpentine a quarter of a pound , of Pepper half a dram , of new Wax half a pound , of sallet Oyl one pound , boyl them altogether and anoint him with it . Another . Take Pimpernel , Primrose-leaves , Chamomel , Crow-foot , Mallows , Fennel , Rosemary , of each six handfuls steeped fourty eight houres in fair water , and boil them in it till they be tender , and Bath him therewith four days together , Morning and Evening , and apply the herbs to the place with a Thumb-band of Hay wet in the same Liquor , and anoint the said Member every day about Noon , with Petroleum , Nerval , and Oyl of Spike mixed together . Another . Take two quarts of strong Ale , and of black soap two pounds , and boyl them together till they look like Tarr , with some Brandy , and anoint the place grieved therewith . Things good in General for all Colds or Coughs wet and dry , or for any Consumption or Pu●refaction of the Lungs . Agrimony , Bay berries , Elecampane , Licoris , Anniseeds , Long Pepper , Moss of an Oaken-pale or Timber-stick boiled in Milk , Briony , a great purger which must be Corrected , the Gum of the Cherry-tree dissolved in Ale , Colts-foot ▪ hawks-weed , Hore-hound , Juniper berries , Pellitory of the Wall given him with honey and brown sugar candy , penney royal boiled in Milk , Ground pine , the Juice of purslain , the Juice of Jack by the hedge , Scabias , Vervan , Fennelseeds , Fennegreek , Cardamum , Cumin , Ciliris Montany , Nutmegs , Cloves , Ginger , Linseed , Brimstone , Germander is good for all moist Colds , hempseed , Raisins of the Sun , sallet Oyl , Garlick , Tarr given him in an Egg-shell , Sellendine , Mustard and Allum boiled in Milk or Beer , Rubarb , Cassia , Myrrh , Herb-grass , Caraway seeds , Marjorem , Currants , Millolet , Lions-foot , Ladies Mantle , Opoponax , Galbanum , Storax , a hedge ▪ Hog dried in an Oven and beaten to powder , and mixed with his Provender , or Groundsel shred small with the powder of Anniseeds boiled in Beer , Hysop , Water and Salt brayed together and given him , is good for a new Cold , or Oyl de Bay , Anniseeds and Licoris , of each alike made into fine powder , and sowed in a Linnen Cloth and fastned to his Bit , and to ride him upon it , is good to break a new Cold , Ivy berries dried and beaten to powder and given in Beer , the seed of bank Cresses , Feltwort or Baldmony , the Root of Centaury boiled in Beer and sweetned with Treacle , the root of Mullin or Long-wort , Ferula , Rosemary , bitter Almonds , Grains of Paradise , Lung-wort or Wood Liver-wort , or take a Hen Egg after the white is taken out , and fill it up with Butter , Tarr and salt , and put it down his Throat for three Mornings together , is very good for an old Cough , the powder of Angelick taken in the distilled water of Agarick and Wood-bitony mixed with common Treacle or Honey is very good , the root of burrage or bugloss made into an Electuary and given is also good , the Juice or the decoction of Cinquefoyl with Honey cureth the Cough of the Lungs , Featherfew with the Juice of sow Fennel put into an Egg , ( the White being taken out ) with brown Sugar candy , or a little London Treacle and given , is excellent , a syrup made of the green leaves of the fruit of the Fig-tree is good for all the diseases of the Breast and Lungs , Hysop boiled with Rue and Honey is good , so is Lungwort , Maiden-hair , wilde Rotchet , sugar and sallet Oyl is also very good , the Liquor of the wounded beech tree given in the decoction of Colts-foot is also very good for him , so is also Polipody with sugar candy ; Or any of these Juices with Honey and sugar candy made into a paste , with the Flower of brimstone and Liquoris is very good , &c. Particular Receipts for Colds . Take the Moss that is growing upon an Oaken pale or Timber stick , one handful or better , and boil it very well in three pints of new Milk , with a green Root of Elecampane cut into thin and small slices with some Licor●s , and let it boyl till the Milk be half consumed , then strain it and press it throughly , and as it is a cooling put into it a good piece of sweet Butter , and of ordinary Treacle so much as will suffice , and so give it him Blood-warm . This is good also for the Head ach , Frenzy , Stavers , Pose , Cold , Cough wet or dry , shortness of Breath , rotten Lungs , Glanders , Lax , Leosness , bloody Flux , or the like Diseases . You may boil them in Al● or Beer , I mean the Ingredients you make up your Drink with . Let him have this Drink three Mornings together , and it will cure both his Cold and Cough wet and dry . Another to take away a Cold , Poze or Ratling in the Fead , how violent soever without giving any inward Medicine . Take a small quantity of fresh or sweet Butter , and of Brimstone made into fine powder , work them together till they be one entire body , and of a deep yellow gold colour , then take two long Goose-wing Feathers , and anoin● them herewith to the very Quills on either side , which done ; rowl them into more of the powder of brimstone , and so put them up into either Nostril one , and at the But end of the Quill put a strong packthread , which must be fastned over his Pole , like to the Head-stall of a bridle , and ride him moderately after it about an hour , and this will provoke him to snort and snuffle out of his Nose and Head , much of congealed Filth which is in his head , then tie him to the Rack for an hour after , and this will purge his head very clean , then draw forth the Feathers and he will do well , keeping him warm , and giving him Mashes or white Water for four or five days together . This you may safely use to a Horse , that is ready to Hunt or Run for any great Wager , and the day is so near that you durst not give him any inward drench . Another very good , though short . Take of Time one handful , boyl it in a quar● of strong Ale till it come to a Pint , then strain it , add thereunto of ordinary Treac●e two spoon●uls , and give it him Blood warm . Another for a new taken Cold. Take Water and Salt and brew them well together , and give it him blood-warm . Another for a Cold newly taken . Take a Hens Egg , and make a little hole on the top to take out the White and Yolk ; then take Tarr and Butter , of each alike , and put it into the Egg after you have workt it very well together , and give it him three Mornings together . Another which will Cure a long taken Cold , yea , though it be accompanied with a dry Cough , and shortness of Breath or Pursiveness , and it hath done Cures that hath been held very impossible to have been effected . Take of the Conserve of Elecampane three quarters of an Ounce , and dissolve it in a Pint and an half of sweet Sack , and give it him in the Morning fasting , and ride him gently a little after , and thus do several times till you find the Infirmity do decrease . The kinds of this Conserve , and how to make it . There are two kinds thereof ▪ one is called particularly a Preserve , and the other an absolute Conserve . The first is Simple , the other Compound , both very Sovereign , but the Conserve is the best . They will keep a whole year close stopped ; The Simple you must preserve as you do all other green Roots , and keep it close in a Gally Pot , in its own Syrup , and when you use it , beat it in a Mortar together with its Syrup and refined Sugar made first into fine Powder . Now your Compound or Conserve is thus made , first let your Roots of Elecampane be neatly Candied , and made very dry and hard , and get the youngest Roots you can , which must be kept also in a Gally-pot , or Glass , close stopped in a dry and warm place , where they may not give again , and when you use it , beat so much of it in a Mortar as you shall use , with the Syrup of Coltsfoot , and the Powder of refined Sugar , still working it till you have brought it to a perfect Conserve , and give it him in sweet Sack. The first of these two , which is the Simple , helpeth any ordinary Cold or stopping , it comforteth the Lungs , enlargeth his Wind , purgeth the Head from all filthy matter , and dissolveth many other Obstructions as well in the Body as the Head. But the Compound or Conserve worketh better effects in the Body of the Horse , espe●ially if the Malady be old and dangerous , or if there he any Taint in the Lungs , Liver or inward parts : This Conserve in time by the frequent use thereof will Cure all dry Coughs which are held to be incurable . But if you have not these Conserves take this other Receipt . Another . Take of the Syrup of Colts-foot one Ounce , of Elecampane Roots dried , Anniseeds and Licoris , of each half an Ounce , all made into fine powder , an Ounce of brown Sugar-candy , which must be divided into two parts , then take sweet Butter as much as will suffice , and so make this up into three Balls good and stiff , which done , roul them in your other moiety of your powdred Sugar-candy , and so give it him Fasting , and ride him gently for half an hour , and so set him up warm , and let him fast three houres after it , and let him drink no cold ▪ Water , unless it be with Exercise , and sprinkle his Hay with Water , and his Oats with Beer or Ale. A Fume for a Horse that is stopped in the Head , and that he voideth Filth and stinking Matter out of his Nose . Take of Auripigmentum and of Colts-foot made into powder , of each two drams , with Venice-Turpentine , work them into a stiff Paste , and make them into small Cakes the bredth of a six-pence , and dry them a little , and put one of these Cakes into a Cha●ing-dish of coals , covered with a Tunnel , and so fume him , and this not only during his Physick , but at other times after . For a new Cold give him this Cawdle . Take the Yolks of four new laid Eggs , and beat them well together , and dissolve them with a quart of good Ale , then take three Nutmegs , with a little Anniseeds and Licoris , made all into fine powder , and as much Pepper in fine powder as you can put upon a six-pence , and put these in also with a piece of sweet Butter , and two or three spoonfuls of ordinary Treacle , and of brown Sugar-candy four ▪ Ounces , warm them all upon the Fire till the Treacle and Butter be molten , and give it him Blood-warm four or five Mornings together , and this is an infallible Cure. Another for a Cold. Take four Ounces of Horse-Spice , half an Ounce of Diapente , one Ounce of the powder of Elecampane Roots , half an Ounce of the Flower of Brimstone , one penniworth of common Treacle , one penniworth of Honey , half a quarter of a Pint of Sallet-Oyl ; Take all these together with a little Wheat-Flower to a Paste , made up in a small Ball every Morning so long as it lasts , wrapped up in sweet Butter . Another , which Cures any Cold or dry Cough , shortness of Breath , Pursiveness , or broken-Winded . Take of Tarr and sweet Butter of each three spoonfuls , and work them well together , with the fine Powder of Licoras , Anniseeds and Sugar-candy , till it be brought to a hard Paste : then make it into three round Balls , and put into each Ball four or five Cloves of Garlick , and so give him them , and warm him before and after he hath received them , and be sure that he be fasting before he takes them , and let him fast three houres after them . Another for the same Purpose . Take of the white Fat or Lard of Bacon , a Piece four Fingers long , and almost two Fingers thick both ways , then with your Knife make many holes in it , and stop it with as many Cloves of Garlick as you can conveniently get into it , then rowling it in the Powder of Licoras , Anniseeds , Sugar-candy and Brimstone , of equal Proportions alike , and give it him in a Morning fasting , twice a Week , till you find amendment , and Ride him after it , and sprinkle his Hay with Water . Another . Take a Red Herring , and take out the Bones , and rowl it up in Tarr , and give it him down his Throat , and it will Cure him . Another . Take of the Juice of Licoras , London-Treacle , Anniseeds , Turmerick , Fennegreek and long Pepper , of each an Ounce , beat the hard Simples into powder , then put to them two Ounces of English Honey , and as much of Sugar-candy , and incorporate all together , and make thereof Balls as big as Pullets Eggs , and give him two or three in a Morning Fasting , and give him two new laid Eggs after them , and at Noon give him a Mash , keep him warm , and do this twice or thrice . Another for a desperate dry Cough . Take a pint of burnt Sack , Sallet-Oyl and red Wine Vineger , of both a quarter of a pint , of Fennegreek , Turmerick , Long pepper , and Licoras , of each a spoonful in powder , and give it him half at one Nostril ▪ and half at another , and do this twice a Week , and Ride him after it , and let him fast two houres , and keep his Head and Breast warm . Another for a Horse that ●ath a Ratling Cold in his Head. Take a quarter of a pint of Mustard made with white-Wine Vineger , and put to it more when it is made , another quarter of a Pint , to make it Liquid , then put to it an Egg well beaten , and two Spoonfuls of Sallet-Oyl , then let it be luke-warm , and work it very well together till it foams again , and give it him in three Parts , one down his Mouth , and the other two at each Nostril . Ano●her for a Cold long Setled . Take three Heads of Garlick and Roast them in Embers , then mix them with three spoonfuls of Tarr , as much Powder-Sugar , and half a pound of Hogs-Grease , then with Anniseeds , Licoras , Elecampane , Fennegreek and Cumminseeds made into Paste , and give as much at once as a Ducks Egg. Another for a dry Cough or Ro●ten Lungs . Take Elecampane , the Flour of Brimstone , Licoras , Fennel-seeds , Lins●ed , of each an Ounce , and of Clarified Honey one pound , work the Powders and those together , and to a Pint of sweet Wine put two Ounces of these , and give it him Morning and Evening , and Ride him after it , and let him fast one hour after Riding . A Cordial Powd●r for any ordinary Cold , and to prepare a Horse before Travel , and to Preserve him from Mischief after Travel . Take of English Licoras , Elecampane Roots , of each an Ounce , of Sugar Candy an Ounce and a half , and beat them into fine Powder , and ●earce them . Keep it in a Box , and when you use it for a Cold , give him an Ounce in a Pint of Sack , if it be in Travel , then give it in sweet Wine or strong Ale ; but if in Ale , then take a quart , and give it both before Travel , a●d in your Inn , or at home immediately after Travel . Another to break a Festered Cold , or dry up Glanders , and to heal the Vlcer and Ci●ker in the Nose . Take a Pint of Verjuice , and put to it so much strong Mustard made with white-Wine Vineger as will make it strong , then take an Ounce of Roch ▪ Allomin Powder , and as you give this to the Horse , as you fill the Horn , put in some of the Allom , and give him part at both Nostrils , but esp●cially at that Nostril that runneth most , and ride him after it , and set him up warm , and give no cold water but with exercise . Thus do divers Mornings . If you would see the manner of making those Cordial Balls , which Cure any violent Cold or Glanders , or for other Diseases ; Look in my First Part for Cordial Balls . Another for a Cold and Surfeit . Take two handfuls of Mallows , one of Sellandine , one of Herb of Grace or Rue , one Pint of Hemp-seed beaten in a Mortar very fine , chop the Herbs , and boyl them in two quarts of Water , to one quart , then put into it a piece of Butter , and give it him luke-warm , and order him as a Horse should be ordered after drenching . Another for a Cold or for any inward Disease . Take two spoonfuls of Bay salt , two spoonfuls of Eng●ish Honey , two spoonfuls of Tarr , as much black Soap as a Nutmeg , as much Diapente as will lie upon Six-pence , and as much Turmerick beaten to Powder , as will work altogether until the Salt be molten , then fill two Egg-shells with it ▪ and give it him , cracking the shells a little first , and ride him a little after it , and let him fast two or three houres after it , then let him eat Hay , after you have first given him a Mash . Another . Take a quart of white-Wine Vineger , four Heads o● Garlick pilled clean , five new laid Eggs , set it in a dunghil twenty four houres ; then take out the Eggs and wipe them clean , and strain the Vineger from the Garlick , and put to it two spoonfuls of Honey , three Ounces of Treacle of Jeane . These being thus mixed , give him of it every Morning two Horn-fulls of it , and one Egg so long as it lasts . Another . Take an Ounce of Elecampane beaten to powder , a spoonful of Treacle , a spoonful of English Honey ; put all these into a quart of new Milk , blood-warm . This use twice a Week till the Cold is gone . Another . Take of the Powder of Diapente one Ounce , of the powder of Liquoris one Ounce , of Aloes beaten to powder half an Ounce , eight Cloves of Garlick bruised and peeled , and two spoonfuls of Sallet Oyl , put all together in a quart of Beer , and give him them in the Morning fasting , and keep him warm for a day or two after it . Another . Take a quart of New Milk , and a handful of Sellandine with the Roots , Seethe the Milk , and cut the Sellandine as small as you can , then boyl them a little while together , and put into it a good piece of sweet Butter , and give it him luke-warm . Another . Take an Ounce of Rubarb , half an Ounce of Cassia , half an Ounce of Mirrh , one penniworth of English Treacle , make them up into three Balls with fresh Butter , and after rowl them in Bran , and give him them fasting . Another for a Cough or Glanders . Take a little handful of Box , cut it very small , then take an Ounce of Liquoris beaten , an Ounce of Anniseeds beaten , boyl them all in a quart of Ale or Beer to a Pint and a quarter , then put a quarter of a Pint of good Sallet-Oyl , and a quarter of a Pint of Treacle , and give it him all at once , and ride him moderately a mile or better , keep him warm covered four or five days , and give him a Mash two houres a●ter the drink , and after five days you may ride him moderately , and if you find he requires the same Drink again , give it him . Another . Take a handful of Rue , and shred it very small , and boyl it in a quart of new Milk , till a quarter-part be boiled away , then put into it two spoonfuls of Anniseeds beaten very small , and the like quantity of Licoris , and two spoonfuls of Treacle , and give it him luke-warm , but put first a piece of sweet Butter into it . Let him fast two houres after it . Then give him a Mash of good sweet Malt , and after that Hay . A Receipt for a dry Husking Cough , which will make him throw out the Filth at his Nostrils . Take a whole Head of Garlick , and peel all the Cloves clean , then put them into a Linnen Cloth , and boyl them in a quart of Milk till they become tender ▪ Then take out the Garlick , and squeeze out the substance with the Milk , and put it a cooling , then put to it a pound of Hony , and half a pound of fresh Butter , and give it him blood ▪ warm . Another . If he Run at Grass , and hath got a Cold , and you are minded to Drench him , take him up over Night , for fear of catching Cold , and give him the Drink the next Morning , and keep him in the House that day , and if it be warm Weather turn him out the next , and take him up at Night , and the next day after turn him out both Nig●● and Day . Another . Take Bay-berries , Fennegreek , Elecampane Roots , long Pepper , Licoris , Anniseeds , Cummin-seeds , about three Ounces of them all beaten very well , and boil'd a little in a quart of strong Beer , then sweeten it with Treacle , and put a good piece of Butter into it , and give it him luke-warm . Another . Take three or four Red Onions soft Roasted , chop and bruise them very small , and mix them with about two spoonfuls of Mustard , and four spoonfuls of Sallet ▪ Oyl with these Powders well beaten , viz. Elecampane , Long Pepper , Licoris and Fennegreek , of each a spoonful , made up into Balls with fresh Butter , and give him three of them at a time for three Mornings together , and Ride him after it . Another . Mingle as much Tarr , Honey and Powder of Liquoris , of equal parts alike , as will make two pretty big Balls , and dissolve them in a Pint and a half of strong Beer , and give him luke-warm , and exercise him after it . Balls for a Cold. Take about a quarter of an Ounce of Cloves , one Ounce of the Flowers of Rosemary or Leaves dried , made into Powder , two Ounces of red Tarr , two Ounces of Fennegreek , two Ounces of Diapente , two Ounces of Syrup of Colts-foot , two Ounces of English Honey , with a little Malt-flower , and work them up into a Paste , and make Balls of it , and give him two of them at a time Fasting , for three Mornings together , with exercise after it , and it will Cure him . Another most excellent for a dry Husking Cough , or Consumption of the Lungs . Take about three Ounces of the Fat of rusty Bacon , two Ounces of Tarr , one Ounce and a half of good Honey , and half an Ounce of th● Flower of Brimstone , work all these up together into a stiff Paste , with a little Wheat-Flower , and give him a Ball or two of it for three Mornings together , and rest him two or three days i● there be occasion , repeat them again , and it will certainly cure him . Another for a Cold Old or New , or for a Cough wet or dry . Stamp or chop a handful of Herb-Grace or Rue very small , and put to it an Ounce of the Powder of Anniseeds , with a little of the Flower of Brimstone , and make it up into Balls with fresh Butter and a little Honey , and give him a large Ball of it dissolved in a Pint of warm strong Beer every third Morning , for three Mornings together , and throw down after it two or three Hornfuls of clear Beer , to take away the ill taste . Another for a Summer-Cold , or when you find that he doth not fill himself , but looks gaunt and thin . Dissolve about a quarter of a pound of red Stone-Sugar , in a Pint of Sack , over the Fire , and when it is indifferent cold , put into it two spoonfuls of the best Sallet Oyl you can get , and give it him luke-warm , and Ride him after it , and Order him as you do sick Horses , with Mashes , bursten Oats and warm Water . Another very good for a Cough of the Lungs . After you have kept him very sparingly with Meat over-night , give him this Drink in the Morning luke-warm , with exercise after it , viz. One spoonful of the Flower of Brimstone , with half so much of the powder of Mechoachan , mixed with a spoonful of the Syrup of Hore-hound , dissolved in near a quart of strong Beer or Ale , luke-warm . The Vertues of it . 'T is a great Enlarger of the Wind , and a Clearer of his Pipes , and drives away his Cough from the Lungs . Another for a Cough of the Lungs , strangling in the Guts , and to clear his Pipes , and to enlarge his Breast . If you intend your Horse either for Hunting or Running , and that you desire to free him from those Infirmities above-written ; then about a Week before you design him for these Exercises , give him this ensuing Drench , viz. Two Balls made up in this manner , Take as much of sweet or salt Butter , as contains the bigness of a large ▪ Turky Egg , and mix and bray together with it a quarter of an Ounce of the powder of Anniseeds , with the like quantity of the powder of Liquoris , and a little of the Flower of Brimstone ; Then divide it into three equal parts , and hollow every part in the Nature of a Pye , and put into each part half a spoonful of the Syrup of Hore-hound , and close them up close to prevent the Syrup from getting ●orth , and they are made . How you are to give them , and how to Order him after given . Warm a quart of strong Beer , and fill a Hornfull of it , and put into it one of your Balls , and throw it down his Throat with two Hornfuls of more Beer after it , to prevent sticking , and to clear his Passage for the remaining Balls ; Give the rest after the same manner . Observation . As Coughs and Colds do generally come by Heats and Colds , so the best way to send them away packing , is by the same means they came ; Therefore I advise you , that after you have given him his Balls , to Ride him upon a gentle Hand-Gallop till he sweat , but bring him home cool by Riding him softly a mile or two before you come home ; When he is in the Stable , Tie him up to the empty Rack , and Cloath and Litter him up warm , and Order him as you do commonly sick Horses ; But in case you find that this Drink hath not wrought the wished effects you expected , then about a Week after give him as you did before the same Balls again . These Balls are very good to give your Horse a Week before you turn him to Grass , and a Week after you have brought him home ; And if you give him them three or four times a year will keep him in good and perfect Health , making him very thriving and Iusty . If this Drink at any time , or any other , make him sick , Give him a Pint of warm Milk from the Cow , or warmed over the Fire , and he will be well gain . Things good in general for broken-Winded Horses . To sprinkle Water upon all the Hay he eats is good , Maiden-hair , ●eos , Ash , Licoras , Fennegreek , Anniseeds , Cummin , Pepper , bitter ●lmonds , Borage , Aristolochia , Galingale , Cardamum , Nutmegs , Saf●on , Coloquintida , Cardus Benedictus , Fluellin , Dragons , Lung wort , ●ngelica , Mullet , Mullen or Horse Lung-wort , Nettleseed , the Ashes of a hedge-Hog strowed amongst his Provender , Bay-berries , Saffron , Yolks of Eggs , Water , Agrimony , Briony , Lung-wort , which grows upon rotten Oaks or Beech-Trees , or to let him drink ten days together of the Water wherein Licoras hath been sodden , mixt with Wine , or to let him drink of the Water wherein hath been boiled Cardus Benedictus , Dragons , Elecampane , Penerial . Particular Receipts for a broken-Winded Horse . Take the Guts of a hedge-Hog , and dry them and beat them to powder , and give him two or three spoonfuls thereof in a pint of Wine or strong Ale , then the rest mix with Anniseeds , Licoras and sweet Butter , and make round Balls or Pills thereof , and give him two or three after his Drink , and let him fast two or three houres after . Water-Agrimony is excellent good for it . Another very good . Take Wheat-Meal , the powder of Lung-wort , alias Mullet , Gentiana , Anniseeds , Cummin-seeds , o● each three drams , make them into fine Powder , and make them into Paste with Honey and sweet Butter , of ●ach a like quantity , and put to it the Yolks of two new laid Eggs , make this Paste into Balls , and every Morning fasting give him three or four of them rowled up in the powder of Elecampane , and the powder of Licoris , of each alike . These Pills preserve the wind of a Horse marvellously , and keeps him always in breath . Another . Take the Excrements of a sucking Child , and put into it a Pint of white Wine , let it boyl till the one half be consumed , and so give it him blood-warm ▪ This will cause him to forsake his blowing for fifteen days , so as when he beginneth again to blow give him the same Medicine , and so keep him with this from time to time , as you shall finde cause , and by this means you shall have his Wind good . Put not too much of the Excrement in , for it will make him very sick . Another , which is the best of all , Take the leaves of Mullet , alias Mullen , alias Horse Lung-wort ; and dry them , and make them into fine Powder , and make them up in Balls with ordinary Honey ; the bigness of a Pidgeons Egg , and give him three at a time fourteen or fifteen days together , or longer , as you shall see cause , and let him not drink any cold Water during the time , and let his Exercise be moderate , and his Hay sprinkled with Water , and his Oats wet with good Ale or Beer , and in short time he will be well and sound again . Another very good . Boars or Barrows dung dried and beaten to Powder , and a spoonful of it , with aboat two Thimblefuls of the powder of Brimstone put into a quart of warm Milk , and given him fasting in the Morning for four or five times , resting a day between each taking , ( to recruit his spirits ) will very much help if not altogether cure him . If you find that this Drink does not make him sick , you may give him a larger Proportion , not exceeding two spoonfuls . Some of the general Things for this Distemper mixed amongst his Provender , will further it very much . Things good in general for shortness of Breath , Pursiness , or Preservers of the Wind. Saffron , Wood-bitony . Butter-burr , Colts-foot , Elecampane , Fennel , Anniseeds , the ●uice of Sow-Fennel dissolved in Wine , and put into an Egg and given him , Hore-hound , Juniper berries , Lung-wort that groweth upon Oaks or Beeches , which is a kind of Moss , with grayish tough leaves , Horse Lung-wort , the Roots of Marsh-mallows , the Roots of Master-wort , Hedge M●stard-seed ; the seeds of Cow-Parsnips , Pellitory of the Wall , the Juice or Seeds of Purslain , Ro●a Solis or Sun-dew , Scabeus , the Milk of Sow-Thistles given in Wine or Beer , Vervain , Antimony , Southern-wood , the Kernels of Grapes , the Blood of a sucking Pig , Venus Hair , Ireos , Ashen Skies , Fennegreek , Raisins , Pepper , Almonds , Burrage , Nettle-seeds , Aristolochia , Coloquintida , Powder of Gentian , Nutm●gs , Cloves , Gallingal , Graines of paradice , Calamint , Hounds-tongue , Filapendula or Drop-wort , Tyme , the Root of Valerian boiled with Liquoris , Raisins and Anniseeds , and given him ; Caraway seeds , white-Wine and Yolks of Eggs , the Juice of VVater-cresses , Frankincense , a Snake boiled and the Broth given him , Agarick , Cardamum , Lightwort , Angelica , the green Bark of Elder Tree , red Mints , red Fennel , primrose leaves , Brimstone , salt Nitre , Balm , Violet leaves , Hysop , the Lungs of a Fox boiled or laid in Rose water , ordry them and beat them to powder , and give him them in Beer , or strow them amongst his provender , Bay-berries , white Hawthorn leaves , the Guts of a hedge-Hog dried and beaten to powder , and boiled in Beer and given , ●or mixed amongst his provender with Anniseeds and Liquoris , or wet his Hay with water , and his Oats with Ale or Beer , Oyl of Frankincense , Fern Roots , Night-shade , Cassia , Mithridate , Diacartamus , S●ne , Aloes , French Beanes enlarge the Beast much , the powder of Feather few given him in Ale or Beer , is also very good , &c. Particular Receipts for shortness of Breath , or Pursiveness , or Preservers of the Wind. Take Anniseeds , Liquoris and Sugar-candy , all beaten into very fine powder , and take four spoonfuls thereof , and brew it well in a pint of white VVine , and half a pint of Sallet Oyl , and use this ever after your Horses Travel , and a day before he is travell'd . Another . Take Wheat Flower four pounds , Elecampane and Gentian , of each an ounce , Anniseeds , Fennegreek , Cummin , Brimstone and Liquoris , of each half a pound , make them all into very fine powder and s●arced ; then put into it of common English Honey half a pound , and so much white Wine as will make all these into a Cataplasm . Boyl them till they become so thick , that they are fit to make up into Balls , and give him three or four at a time , for six or eight Mornings together , use it often , for it will keep him in health , and make him ●ound of his Body , Wind and Courage . But if you do perceive a Taint in his Wind , then Take a close ●arth●n Pot ▪ and put thereunto three pints of the strongest Wine vineger , and four new laid Eggs unbroken , and four Heads of Garlick clean pilled and bruised , then cover the Pot very close , and bury it in a dunghil thirteen houres , then take it up , and take forth the Eggs , and use it as you do the ●ame Receipt before-recited . Things good in general for the Glanders . Cummin seeds , Grains of Paradice , Fennegreek , Diahexaple , Sallet Oyl , Aquavitae , the Bark of Elder , Sugar candy , Garlick , Urine , white-Wine , Bay salt , Liquoris , Anniseeds , Hogs Grease boiled in water , and take the Fat off , Ginger , Yolks of Eggs , Saffron , Cloves , Cinnamon , Nutmegs , Moss boiled in Milk , Cardamonium , Spikenard of Lavender , Gallingale , Honey , Euphorbium , Pepper , Brimstone , Spikenard of Spain , Myrrh , Iris Illyrica , Smallage , Penny royal , Aristolochia , Salt water , Oyl of Oats , Tanners Oyl . Auripigimentum and Tussi●aginis beaten into powder , four drams of each beaten with Turpentine , and make them into little Cakes ▪ then put them upon a Chafing-dish of Coals , and a Tunnel put over it , so let him take the Perfume of it up his Nose , Agarick , Gentian , Bay-berries , Hore-hound , Gumma Guiatum , Amber , Coral , Arkanet , Black-berries , the dust of Oaken Bark , Bramble-leaves , Knot-grass , wilde Dazie Roots , Muscadine Figs , Elecampané , Treacle , Box leaves , Coals of Ashen wood quenched in Ale , and poured down his Nose . Particular Receipts for the Glanders . The first thing that is to be done in this Disease is to let him blood , then for four or five days together give him scalded Bran , which will dry up his moist and bad humors abounding in him , and prepare him the sooner for his Cure. Take Honey as much as will suffice , and mingle it with his Oats , rubbing the Oats and the Honey together betwixt your Hands , so as the Honey may be very well mixed with your Oats , continue him with this manner of Feeding Morning and Evening , till you find him leave Running at the Nose . This Receipt de Grey declares he hath Cured very many Horses with . Another . Take Sallet Oyl and white VVine Vineger , of each six spoonfuls , beat them well together , and put it into both his Nostrils if they both run , and continue this three Mornings together , and presently after you have given him this Medicine , you are to put it up into that Nostril that runs , a long Goos feather dipped in Oyl de bay , stirring it up and down in his Nostrils , which will cause him to sneeze and snuff so , that the viscous corruption which remaineth in his Head may void ; Keep him warm all the let his Drink be sweet Mashes . Auother . Take new made Chamberly , and of the best and strongest white Wine Vineger , of each half a Pint , then take of Mustard-seed two or three spoonfuls , and make Mustard thereof with Vineger , and let it be very well ground , that done , put your Vineger and Chamberly to the Mustard , and stir them well together , then take of Tarr and Bay-salt ▪ of each alike , incorporate them well together , and convey so much thereof as three Egg-shells will hold , the Meat first taken forth ; and having first prepared these things , let the Horse be taken forth of the Stable , ( being kept that Night to a very spare Diet , ) and ride him first till he begin to sweat , then give him the three Egg-shells fill'd with the said Tarr and Salt , and throw down presently after it a Hornfull of the Chamberly , Vineger and Mustard , and a half Horn of it at each Nostril , then ride him again as you did before , then cloath him warm and litter him well , and let him stand upon the Trench until three or four of the Clock , then give him a warm Mash , and order him as you do Horses in Physick . Give him this Medicine every other or third day three or four times , and you shall find it an infallible Cure. Before you use this Medicine , you must prepare his Body with Bran prepared , and after with a Glyster , and your Goose-feathers . Another . Take better then two handfuls of the Cankerous Moss , which groweth upon an old Oaken Pale , and boyl it in two quarts of Milk to one , then strain it , and squeeze the Moss well , and give it him luke-warm to drink ; then take two Goose-feathers , and take as much sweet Butter as contains a Wall-nut , and with the powder of Brimstone finely beaten and s●arced , work them well together with your Knife , till the Butter be brought to a high Gold Colour ; Then take two Feathers , the longest you can get in a Gooses wing ; and first at the Quills end with a Needle fasten two long threads , then with your Salve anoint your Feathers all over , which done rowl them well in the powder of Brimstone , and thrust them up into his Head , then fasten the thread on the top of the Horses Head , and ride him abroad for an hour or two , Airing him in this manner Morning and Evening ; and when he hath stood a pretty while in the Stable , after you have brought him home again untie the threads , and draw forth the Feathers , and wiping them very dry , lay them up till you have next occasion to use them . This Disease cometh not suddenly , but grows out of long process of time , and therefore the Cure must be done by leisnre ; therefore you must continue the Medicine as your leisure will serve either every day , or at the least thrice a week , if it be for four or five Months together , and be sure it will in the end yield your desire . Another which will Cure any high Running Glanders , called the Mourning of the Chine . Take Elecampane Roots , and boyl them in Milk till they be soft , that you may bring them to Pap , then with a Horn give them to the Horse with the Milk luke-warm , being no more then will make the Roots liquid , and having anointed your Goose-feathers , use him and ride him as you did before . Another . Take of Agri-pigimentum , and of Tussilaginis , beaten into powder , of each four drams , then beating them with fine Turpentine , bring them into a Paste , then make them up into little Cakes as broad as a Groat , and dry them . Then lay two or three of them on a Chafing-dish of Coals , and cover them with a Tunnel , so that the smoke may come up onely at the end thereof , and so without auy loss ascend up into the Horses Head through his Nostrils , then Ride him till he begin to sweat , this do once every Morning , before water , till the Running be stopped , which will be in a very short space , considering the greatness of this Disease . Another . After you have purged him , two days before give him this Drink ; Take of Tanners Owes new made , wherein never came Hides , one pint , of Sallet Oyl four spoonfuls , two Heads of Garlick pilled and bruised , Feathersew and Sellandine , of each one handful chopped very small , Anniseeds and Licoris , and Bay-berries , all finely pulverized , of each one spoonful , boyl all these a little , and give it him blood-warm twice a week fasting , and being thus four times drenched , will be perfectly cured , which seldom or never fails . The best Receipt for this Disease is in my First Part. Another . Take Cummin-seeds , Grains of Paradice and Fennegreek in powder ▪ of each half an Ounce ; of Diahexaple a quarter of an Ounce , beat this in a Mortar with a quarter of a pint of Verjuice , three spoonfuls of Sallet-Oyl , and two spoonfuls of Aqua vitae ; then put altogether to a quart of old Ale , with a good slice of sweet Butter , and set it on the Fire till it be ready to boyl , then being luke-warm give it him part at his Mouth , and part at both Nostrils ; then ride him pretty roundly for an hour , and set up warm ; let him fast an hour , and if you perceive Sicknes , to grow , give him a pint of new Milk. Another for the Glander ▪ Keep the Horse fasting for four or five houres , then give him this Drink here under written , viz. Ten Cloves of Garlick peeled and bruised , half a handful of Oaken Moss , and one handful of Pollipody of the Oak , boyl all these together upon a gentle Fire in three Pints of new Milk till half be consumed , then strain out the Milk from the Moss and other Ingredients , and put into it three quarters of an Ounce of the powder of Elecampane Roots , one Ounce of the Floure of Brimstone , half an Ounce of the Juice of Spanish Liquoris , and half an Ounce of the powder of Fennegreek well mixt together ; Then take two handfuls of the innermost Bark of green Elder ▪ and boyl it in a quart of Spring water , till more then half be consumed ; then strain it forth and pour it into the other Ingredients ▪ and stir them well together , and give it him lukewarm , some at his Mouth , and some at his Nose ; exceed not above a pint of it at a time ; warm him very well after it , but bring him home cool , and Cloath and Litter him up warm , and let him fast three or four houres after it , and Order him as you do sick Horses , with Mashes of Malt , boiled Oats and white Water , &c. Observations upon it . This Disease is very difficult and hard to Cure , and therefore you must not think that once or twice giving , it will get 〈◊〉 Conquest over this sturdy Disease , but it must be the work of a longer time , a Month or more at least , viz. Give it him two or three days together , and intermit a day or two between to recruit his spirits , and so continue it till you have recovered him . But the best and most certain Receipt for the Cure of this filthy and lothsom Disease , is by a Receipt at the latter end of the Book , which I Refer you principally unto , vide T●e best Receipts for the Cure of the Glanders . Another to stay it for a time being incurable . Take the green Bark of Elder , and beat it in a Mortar , and strain it till you have a pint thereof . Then put that Juice to a pint of old Ale , and warm it on the Fire with a good Lump of sweet Butter , and an Ounce of Sugar candy , and so give it lukewarm , ride him after it , and let him fast an hour , and keep him warm , do thus divers Mornings . If you are minded to take a general Receipt to Cure all Colds , Glanders , Heart sickness , and to purge away molten Grease ; Look in the First Part for B●lls Cordial to Cure any , &c. Things good in General given inwardly to a Hide-bound Horse . White-wine , Sallet Oyl , Venice Turpentine , Mithridate , Loaf sugar , Cassia prepared , milk of sweet Almonds , Verjuice given him , Muscadine , strong Ale , Grunfel , Rue , Smallage , Rosemary , Bitony , Gum Dragagant , Garlick , sweet Butter boiled to a pint and given him three several mornings together , the pint being divided into three parts , and keep him very warm , and feed him with mashes and white Water , or Fennel-seeds , Anniseeds , Licoris , Bay-berries , Elecampane , Fennegreek , Turmerick , all made into fine Powder , infused in Ale and sallet Oyl , given him four mornings together , or Hogs-Grease , Dragon-wort , Incense , syrup of Roses dissolved in Tutsan , and given him Blood-warm , with moderate Exercise till he sweat . General outward Applications . To let him Blood either on both sides the Neck , or on both the side-Veins , then to take fair Water , mallows , smallage , Rosemary , Bay-leaves boiled in Water till they be soft ▪ and Bath his Body with it warm , and after he is dried anoint him with this Oyntment , Hogs-Grease , Camomil , mallows , Grunsel ▪ smallage chopped small and boiled in the Grease , and anoint his Body with it , which will Loosen his skin , or rub him against the H●ir all over , and lay upon him a Sack well soaked in Water ; and ●ers it is well drained a while , lay it upon him , and over that so many Cloa●●●s as will bring him to a sweat , which will be the best Cause to restore him , but let him not sweat above an houre at most , and cool him by degrees . Particular Receipts for a Hide-bound Horse . After you have let him Blood , to give him three or four mornings together a quart of new Milk , with two spoonfuls of Honey , and one Ounce of London-Treacle , and let his food be warm Grains and Salt , or sodden Barley , or sweet Mashes . Another . First , let him Blood in the Neck-Vein , then give him this Drink , Take two Handfuls of Sellandine if it be in the Summer , the leaves and stalks will serve ; but if it be in the VVinter , take leaves , stalks , roots and all , chop them small , then take a Handful of VVormwood , and a Handful of Rue , chop them likewise , put them all into three quarts of Ale or Beer , and boyl them to a quart , then strain and squeeze the Herbs , and dissolve into it three Quices of Treacle , and give it him luke-warm , and for a w●ek together , once a day rub the Horses Body all over with Oyl and Beer , or Butter and Beer against the hair , and seed him with warm Mashes of Malt and Water , and for his Provender let him have Barley sodden till it begin to break , provided you keep it not until it soure . Another . Take Anniseeds , Licoris , Fennel-seeds , Bay-berries , Elecampane dried , Fennegreek , Turmerick , of each alike , made into fine Powder , give him two spoonfuls of this Powder mixed in Ale or Beer one quart , with two spoonfuls of Sallet-Oyl , and give it him four Mornings together , and the first Morning you are to give him two spoonfuls of the powder , and the other three Mornings but one , keep him warm , and order him as a sick Horse , and he will certainly be Cured . Things good for a Tyred Horse in general , either taken inwardly , or Applied outwardly . Powder of Elecampane , Cinnamon , Ginger , Nutmegs , Grains , Cloves , Anniseeds , Fennel-seeds , Sage , Rosemary , Mint , Ru● , Camomil , Tyme , half an Ounce of either of them , or all of them giv●n him in a quart of Beer or Ale , or apply outwardly to his Back Ar●mart laid under his Saddle , and his Back rubbed therewith , and if he hath any life in him , this will make him go ; Or to take three or four round pebble stones , and put into his Ear , and Tie them fast in , and the noise of them will make him go ; Or to make a hole in the Flap of his Ear , and thrust a long stick full of Nicks through the same , and to saw and fret him with it , and while he hath any life left him ●e will go , or to T●e a bunch of Penny royal to his bit , and it will keep him from Tyring ; An Ounce of the Powder of Bitony mixed with Honey and Vineger , given him , is very refreshing . Simples that are good in general , for to comfort the Sinews , Arteries and Joyn●s , ●fter Travel , Cold or Pain . A Poultess made of Pellitory of the Wall , with Mallows or marsh-Mallows , boiled in the Grounds of strong Beer , with the Flower of Wheat and Bran , and some Oyl of Roses put thereto , and laid upon them hot , restoreth any bruised Sinew , Tendon or Muscle to their strength again ; A Decoction of Mug-wort with Camomil and Agrimony , and his Limbs hathed therewith while it is warm , is a very good help for them ; so is the Herb Ladies bread , or the Flower made into a Bath , and used as before is very good ; so is Oaken Moss boiled in the Grounds of Beer , and applied to them , &c. Particular Receipts for a Tyred Horse . Take half an Ounce of Elecampane powdred , and give it him in a quart of Ale , and Tie his Head to the Rack , and Provender him well at Night ; Or a bunch of Penny-royal Tied to the Bit or Snaffle , is very comfortable to him , and will cause him to Travel lustily . Another . Take the powder of Bay-berries , and mix it with Hogs-grease , and Bath his Limbs very well with it , doth wonderfully refresh him . Of Purgation and their Uses , vide my First Part. Scourings in general and in particular , vide my First Part. Things good in general for a hot Stomach . Bilberries , Barberries given inwardly , or to wash his Tongue with vineger , or to give him cold Water mingled with Vineger , or to give him Mi●k and Wine mingled together with some Mel Rosatum , the Decoction of Endive , Grunsel , Hawkweed , Kidney-wort , Garden Sorrel , Sow-thistles , &c. Things good in general for a cold Stomach . Bay-berries , Angelica , Caraway-seeds , Garden Chervil , Clary , Mace , Cinnamon , Grains of Paradice , Saffron , Pepper , Cloves , Ginger , Elecampane , two drams of the dried Root of Lovage is good for it . Particul●r Receipts for the Stomach . If his Stomach be cold , give him Wine and Oyl mixt together , divers Mornings together , or other Farriers give Wine Rue , Sage and Oyl boyled together , or to add to the former Compound , white Pepper and Mirrh , or to give him pilled Onions Chopt , and Rochet-seed boiled in Wine ; but to conclude , for general forsaking and loathing of Meat , proceeding from hot or cold , then give him Blades of Corn in good quantity . Things good for a Blood-Spaven . To Cure it , first shave away the hair on both side ; the Swelling so far as it goes , then take up the Thigh-Vein and let it Bleed well ; which done , Tie the Vein above the Orifice , and let the Vein bleed from below what it will ; whereby the Blood which was Assembled about the Spaven place , is by this means sent away ; Then with your Fleam , or Incision Knife , make two Incisions in the lower part of the Swelling , and after prick two or three holes in each side of the Hough where the ●pav●n is , that so the Medicine may take the better effect , and when the Blood and Water hath vented away so much , as it will do , bind ro●nd about it Plaister-wise the Whites of Eggs and Bolearmoniack very well beaten together , either upon Hurds or Linnen Cloth , and make it fast about the Hough , to keep on the Plaister ; the next day take it off , and wash and Bath the Sorrance with this Bath , Viz. Take Mallows and the tops of Nettles , and boyl them in water till they be soft , and therewith Bath him . Then take Mallow Roots , Brancha Ursina ▪ Oyl , VVax , and white-VVine , so much as will suffice , and boyl them , and bind this warm to the Sorrance round about the Hough , and sowe a Cloth about it , and so let it remain three days more , and every Morning stroak it downwards with your hand gently , to the end the bloody Humor may issue forth , the fourth day Bath and wash it clean with the former Bath . That done , take Gum Creana and Stone Pitch , of each an Ounce , and of Brimstone a quarter of an Ounce , made into very fine powder , melt these on the Fire together , and when it is almost ready to take off , put into it half an Ounce of Venice Turpentine , and make a Plaister thereof , spreading it upon Leather , and apply it to the place warm , round about the Hough , and let it remain till it fall away of its own accord , but if it come off too soon , make another Plaister of the same Ingredients , and lay to it , which is the best Cure I could ever know for this Malady . Another ●or it . VVhen the swelling doth appear upon the inward part of the Hough , take up the Thigh-Vein , and let it bleed from the nether part of the Leg , till it will bleed no longer , and after give Fire to the Spaven both long-ways and cross-ways , and then apply a restringent Charge to the place . Things good to Cure a Bone Spaven . Take up the Veins that feed it , ( wherher Spaven or Curb ) as well below as above , then give it Fire , then charge the place with Pitch made hot , and clap Flax upon it , then four days after you must dulcifie the Sorrance with the Oyl Pampilion , and fresh Butter molten together upon a gentle Fire , and when the Scar shall be fallen away , apply unto it a kind of stuff which is called Blauco or white , made of Jessoe , and so continue it until it be whole . Another . Take the Root of Elecampane well clensed , and lap it in a Paper and roast it soft , and after you have rubbed it and chafed it well , clap it on and bind it on hard , but not so hot as to scald away the Hair , and at twice dressing it will take it away , or if you anoint the place with Oyl of Origanum Morning and Evening , it will take it away . This is good for Curb , Spaven , Ring-bone , or any Bony Excression . Another . Upon the top of the Excression ; make a slit with your Knife the length of a Barley-corn or more , then with a fine Cornet , raise the Skin from the Bone , and hollow it round the Excression , and no more then dip some Lint in the Oyl of Origanum , and thrust it into the hole and cover the knob , and so let it bridle till you see it rot , and that Nature casteth out both the Medicine and Core. Another to aba●e the Pain of the Bone Spaven . Take two penniworth of the Oyl of Camomel , and two penniworth of the Oyl of Turpentine , and mix them well together in a Glass Viol , and anoint the place grieved with it . Another . Take a Pint of Anniseed water , and put into it one Ounce of Household Pepper beaten to powder , with an Ounce of Roch Allom , and boyl them together to the Consumption of one half ; then strain it and put it into a Class to keep for your use , and apply it once or twice a day , when you have occasion . Another for it , which will not only take that away , but also a Splint , Curb ▪ Ring-bone , or any Bony Excression . First , clip away the hair as far as the Excression goeth , and a little more , then take a piece of Allum'd Leather , made as big as the place you have Cured ; then take a little Shoo makers Wax and spread round about the very edge , or verge of the same , leaving all the inward part empty and not touched with the Wax ; Then take the Herb Spear-grass , or Spear-wort , which hath the vertue to raise Blisters , and bruising it , lay some thereof upon the Leather in the empty place , and bind it ●ast thereon , suffering it so to lye , ( if it be in the Summer time , when the Herb hath his full strength , ) near half a day ; but if it be in the Winter , then it is not amiss ( to renew the strength of the Herb ) if you add to it a drop or two of the Oyl of Origanum and l●t it lie half a day fully , and be sure to tie up his Head , for fear of biting it away ; when you take away the Herb , rab the place well , and anoint it with Train Oyl varm , or else lay●on a Diminium Plaister . But because this Dis●ase is not easily to be Cured , unless you see some skilful Farrier do it before you ; I shall shew you therefore for the prevention thereof ( when you find a Swelling begin to arise ) what you shall use . Take Natural Balsom , and having first shaved away the Hair , anoint the place with it for two or three days , and after you shall repress the humours with this Charge . Take three Ounces of the Oyl of Roses , Bolearmoniack one Ounce , Wheat-Flower half an Ounce , and the white of an Egg ; make all these into one Body , and every day after you have anointed it with Balsom , lay on the said Charge . Things good in general for to take away a Splint , Oyl of Vitriol , unslackt Lime , Oyl of Origanum , an Elecampane Root roasted and laid to it , Oyl of Peter , Spear-Grass , alias Spear-wort , Verdegrease , Oyl-de-bay , Powder of Mercury , powder of Arsnick , ●row-foot , laid to it , &c. Particular Receipts to Cure a Splint . After you have washed the place and shaved away the hair , as you must do in the Cure of all Splints and Bony Excressions . Knock and rub it with your ●lood staff , or a Hazel-stick , then prick it with your Fleam ; Then take Vervain and Salt of each a handful , pound them together to an Ointment and apply it to the place , and bind it up with a Rowler , and stitch it on fast , and let it so remain twenty four houres , and then unbind it and it is cured . Another , Take Nerve Oyl one Ounce , Cantharides the weight of six pence , and as much of the Oyl of Vipers , boyl them easily , then anoint the Splint , with this cross the hair and heat it in with a hot Iron , then Tie up the Horses Head to the Rack for twenty four houres , then squeeze out the Corruption , and do this twice or thrice . For a Splint , and to dry up Wind-Galls . First , heat the Sorrance with a hot pressing Iron , then vent it in several places with your Fleam , then take a spoonful of salt , half a spoonfull of Nerve Oyl , a penny weight of Verdegrease , and the white of an Egg , beat all to a Salve , and dipping Flax Hurds ▪ therein , apply it to the Grief . Another to take off a Splint . Take of the Oyl of Vitriol , and dip a stick or feather into the Glass , and touch the place with it , and it will eat it away . If you find it eat too much , you may stop it by bathing it with cold water ; Or if you boyl some green Copperas in water , and wash the sore with it , it will not only cleanse the Sore from any piece of the remaining Splint , but soon heal it up likewise . To take away a Splint and leave no Scar behind . Take a red Hazel stick about the bigness of your Thumb , about a quarter of a yard long , and after you have beaten and knockt the Splint very well with it , then take and cut one end of it very smooth , and stick a Needle into the pith of it , leaving so much of the point of it out as will prick through the Skin , pricking it full of holes , then take some of the Oyl of Peter , and rub all over it , and bath it in with a hot Fire-shovel , and do thus four or five days together , and it will cure it . Another . First , wash the place with warm water , and shave away the hair , then slit a Hole in the skin more then the length of a Barley-corn , and then convey into the Hole so much Arsnick in the fourth part of a Hazel-Nut , and bound on with a Bolster and Rowler of Linnen , and made fast with a Needle and Thread , and so let it remain for three whole days and Nights , in which time the Arsnick w●●l eat and corrode clean away the Splint , then to kill the Fire anoint the place with sweet fresh Butter eight or ten days after , being first molten , and it will be whole . Another . Take the Root of Elecampane well washed and cleansed , and lap it in a brown Paper , wet it and roast it in the hot Embers , as you do a Warden ; then after you have rubbed and cha●ed the Excression bind it fast on , but not so hot as to scauld away the hair , this will consume it away in two or three dressings ; or if you anoint the Splint with the Oyl of Origanum , Morning and Evening , it will take it away , but not presently . Observation . You must stay the falling down of new humours to the place troubled , by binding Plaisters , as Pitch , Rozin , Mastick , red Lead , Oyl , Bole-armon●ack , and such like , then to draw forth matter , which is gathered with drawing Simples , as VVax , Turpentine , and such like ; And lastly , to dry up the Relicks with drying powders , as Honey and Lime , Oyster-shells , Soot and such like ; and also you must know , that all Splints , Spavens or Knobs , must either be taken away at the beginning , or after the full of the Moon . Another Receipt to take off a Splint , which though it seem difficult , yet de Grey declares that he hath taken off more then 100 Splin●s . Take two Heads of Garlick and peel them , and cut them small , and do neither stamp nor bruise them ; then take the like quantity of Salt , and mix with them , and divide them into two equal parts , and put them into two fine Linnen Clouts , and bind them upon the ends of two sticks , about a foot in length , of the fashion of two short wooden foyls , but not so long , being not above twelve inches a piece ; Take then your Blood-stick , and rub , knock and beat the splint therewith very well , to soften it , then prick it through the skin with your Blood-staff and Fleam , then take of the Oyl of Nuts one pint , and put it into a small Pipkin , and set it upon the Fire with a Chasing-dish of Coals , and make it boiling hot , and when it is ready to boyl put in your short sticks or ●oyles , which hath the Garlick and Salt fastned unto them , and first with the foyl , and then with the other , ( I mean by turnes ) apply them hot to the Splint , and between whiles rub and stroak the Splint downwards with your Thumb , whereby to bring forth the Blood , till having with the foyls very well mollified the said Splint , you may the more easily crush forth the Blood whereof the Splint is engendred and formed ▪ and thus it is cured , only you must remember to anoint the place two or three times after with sweet or fresh Butter . Things good in general for a Curb . Oyl of Vitriol , Arsnick , Verdegrease , an Elecampane Root roasted and laid to it , an Onyon roasted with unslackt Lime and laid to it , Mercury , Turpentine , Nerval , green Gopperas , Tartar , &c. Particular Receipts to Cure a Curb . First , shave away the hair , then bind the Hough strait above the Joynt , then with a small stick beat , rub and Cha●e the Curb , like as you do in the Cure of a Splint , then pierce the skin with your Fleam in two or three places , and so with your Thumb thrust forth , and crush out the corrupt Blood , and after convey so deep as you can get , into every hole , the bigness of two Barley cornes of Arsnick , and so bind up the place , and let it remain for the space of twenty four houres , then open the place , and anoint it every day with fresh Butter till it be whole ; Oyl of Vitriol used as you do to take away a Splint , will take off a Curb also . Note , that whatsoever Cureth the Splint or Spaven Cureth the Curb also . Another Receipt . Take white-Wine Lees one Pint , a Porringer-full of Wheat Floure ▪ of Cummin in fine powder half an Ounce , mix all these well together , and being made warm upon the Fire , charge the place therewith , renewing it once for three or four days together ; and when the swelling is almost gone , draw it with your hot Iron , and charge the Burning with Pitch and Rosin molten together , which must be applied warm , to the end the Charge may stick on the better , then presently clap on Flox , and let it remain until it fall away of it self , and let it come in no wet or water for the space of fourteen days . Another . Take a Bar of Iron , heat it red hot , and hold it near to the place till it become warm , then with your Fleam prick six or seven holes through the skin , and anoint the Sorrance with Nerval ; then take a spoonful of salt , and a penny weight of Verdegrease in ●ine powder , with the white of an Egg , incorporate them well together , and wet some Flax in this Medicine , and bind it to the place , renewing it every day once , and in a short time he will be perfectly ●u●ed . Or to ●alcinate Tartar , and dissolve it in water , and congeal it like Salt , and mingle it with Soap like an Ointment , and dress it therewith , and this will in fourty houres heal any Mules , Pains and Scratches whatsoever . Things good for the Mules , vide Scratches . Things good for the Pains , vide Scratches . Things good for Kib'd Heels , vide Scratches . Things good for Crepances and Rats-tails , vide Scratches . What Cures the Scratches Cures all these Diseases . Things good in general for the Scratches . These things boiled in Hogs Grease and Train-Oyl , viz. Tarr , white Lead , Bol●armoniack , Verdegrease , green Copperas , Allum , Briumstone , Briar apples all beaten to powder ; the powder of Galls , Rue , Rosemary , Gun-powder , burnt Oyster-shells , ●urpentine , Ginger , Red Herrings chopped small , Elecampane , &c. or Lyme , Honey , Bay-salt , Urine , Vineger , the Sperm of Frogs , Pepper , Garlick , Mastard , Plantain , Rib-wort , Sage ▪ Tobaccho , Elder , Mans-dung , Burr-dock roots and Snails is good for them , &c. Observations how to Order him in this Disease . You are to take notice that in all the Cures of the Scratches , you must keep his Legs from wet during the Cure , and likewise you must clipaway his hair from off his heels very close , or else that will poison his Leg. And likewise before you dress him with any of the Receipts following , you must scrape off his Scabs first , and wash off the Blood that follows them with Chamberly and Salt , or Brine . When you have dress'd him with any of the Receipts following , wash it clean off with scalding Chamberly and Salt , or scalding Brine , before you dress him again . Particular Receipts for the Scratches . Take brimstone , and make it into fine powder , and mix it with sweet Butter , and anoint him therewith once a day . Another . Take unslackt Lyme , Salt and Soot , of each alike , all made into fine powder , boiled in the strongest white-Wine Vineger you can get , till it be as thick as a Poultess , then soften it with tried Hogs-grease , and so work it to an Ointment , and anoint the places grieved till they be cured Another . Take the tender tops of Elder-buds , and the berries of the Brambles while they be red , and before they be ripe , of each a handful , boil them in two quarts of Wort , and put to it the quantity of an Egg full of Allom , and wash the Sorrance very hot twice a day , Another . Take Verdegrease and make it into fine powder ▪ and work that and common Honey together , till they come to an Ointment , anoint the Sorrance with it , and it will Cure them . Another . Take tried Hogs-grease and Gun-powder , of each as much as will suffice , incorporate your Gun-powder very well with it , after it is well beaten to powder , and anoint the place grieved with it once a day . Another . Take Honey , Verdegrease , Brimstone bruised small , green Copperas and Bay-salt , of each a like quantity , boyl all these with a double quantity of Hogs-grease , and put to it a big Root of Elecampane , bruised in red Wine-Vineger , apply this to the Sore very hot , and supple them by Bathing them with new Milk from the Cow. Another . Take a hundred and twelve Snails , and put them in a Linnen-bag , and put to them a handful of Bay salt , and hang them against the heat of the Fire , and catch the Oyl that shall drop from them , and keep it close in a Glass , and chafe it into his Leg ; when he is dry , and three or four Dressings will Cure him . This must be made in May. Another . Take the spawn of Frogs , and distil it , and keep the water close stopped in a Glass for your use , and wash and bath the places with it every day warm , and it will cure him . Another . Take Honey and Pepper made into very fine Powder , and boyl them together , and anoint the Sorrance therewith , and they will soon heal and dry up . Another for them being held incurable . First , let him blood in the Shackle-Veins , the Spu●-Veins , and the fore Toe-Veins , only let it be three days between the bleeding of the one Toe and the other , then with a Thumb-Rope of Hay , rub the Sores till they be raw and bleed ▪ then take a quart of old Urine , and a quart of strong Brine , and put to them half a pound of Allom , and boyl it to a quart . With this hot wash the Sores well , then take the Sperm of Frogs ( in March ) and put it into an earthen pot , and in a Weeks time it will look like Oyl , then take the Oyl and the round things you see in the Sperm , and spread it on a Cloth , and bind it to the Sores , and do this divers times . Another . A Piece of Bread sod in Vineger to a Poultiss , and laid to them , will draw out the cores , then take half an Ounce of Verdegrease , as much Brimstone in quantity and bigness , not in weight , and as much Honey as will fill an Egg-shell , boyl them together till they look black , and anoint the sore places with it , and this will heal them and c●re them ; or Seeth three or four Ounces of Brimstone in a quart of white-Wine Vineger , till a fourth part be wasted , and with a Clout put upon the end of a stick wash the sore Legs therewith as hot as your Horse can endure it , the Hair being first cut close , and the sore places and chops of his Heels made as clean and dry as you can . Another . Take two Ounces of green Copperas , and beat it to Powder , then take half a pound of English Honey , and half a pound of black Soap , an Ounce of burnt Oyster-shells , an Ounce of beaten Brimstone , boyl them altogether to a Salve , and anoint your Horses Heels with it cold . Another . Take two quarts of strong Ale , a Pint of old Malaga sack , a Handful of dried Rosemary beaten to powder , a handful of dried red Sage , two handfuls of dried Bay ▪ leaves , and half a pound of Allom , boyl them altogether till it be half consumed , then strain it , and when you use it anoint your Horses Feet with it every day warm till they be whole ; Keep , him in the Stable during the Cure. The Mirrour of all Medicines for the Scratches , which never yet failed to Cure them , though their Legs were as big as two Legs , and though they Run never so much at the Heels , provided you follow these Directions ; First , to draw Blood from him , and a Week after to give him these Balls , which will Purge away the evil Humors out of his Body . The ●urge . If he be a strong bodied Horse , and of a good stature , you may give him an Ounce and a half of the best Aloes you can get , and pound it to a very ●ine powder , then put some Butter to it , and word and mix it very well together with your Knife , then divide it into three parts , and cover every part of them over again with fresh Butter , and make them as big as a good Wash-Ball , then fasting in the Morning give him them upon the point of a stick , and ride him a little after it to warm them in his boyd , which will make them work the better , then bring him into the Stable and keep him warm , and let him fast two or three houres after it ; then give him his Mash of Malt , and let him eat a little Hay , and so ride him softly after that . After you have given him his Balls , put down a Hornful or two of warm Beer after them . If you find him purge too much , so that it takes him quite off his Stomach , give him two or three wilde Briar balls beaten to powder in a quart of warm Beer , and it will soon stay him ; or for want of them , boyl some Cinnamon , Pepper , Nutmegs , Ginger and Bay-berries in it . But if you find that he will not purge at all , which is very unlikely ; then ride him to some green Corn that is not Eared , ( or for want of that some four Grass ) and let him ●eed thereon about a quarter of an hour , then ride him gently home , and set him up warm , and you shall find him purge very kindly without any danger . The Receipt for the Scratches . After you have thus purged him , clip off the Hair as close from his Heels as you can , then scrape off all the scabs till they bleed , and wash them with Brine , or Chamberly and Salt scalding hot . Then take a quarter of a pound of Brimstone , half a quarter of a pound of green Copperas beaten to Powder , or a quarter of a pound of Goose-grease , a penniworth of Tarr , boyl all these together in a very large Pipkin , or else they will boyl over ; let them boyl about a quarter of an hour , then take a Rag and Tie it to a stick , and dip it into it , and put it all over the raw Places scalding hot , and dress it every other day ; making his Feet first clean by washing off the stuff with scalding Brine , or Chamberly and Salt , and the Scabs picked off , and in three or four Dressings it will Cure them , be they never so bad , provided you keep him out of the VVater during his Cure. If you find his Legs not very much swelled you need not purge him . Another very good , but not so certain , but more proper for the Killing and shealing of all manner of Scabs growing about a Horses Legs . After you have Clipped off the Hair of his Legs very close , and rubbed off the Scabs with a Thumb-Rope of Hay , and washed them with scalding Chamberly and Salt , or with scalding Brine , and when he is dry anoint him with this Ointment here under written ; VVhen you come to use it mix with it as you use it , some Oyl of Turpentine , for it will be much the better . 'T is this , take a pound of tried Hogs Grease , with a quarter of a Pint of ●rain Oyl , and boyl these things in it very well after they are beaten to fine powder , viz. Dyer-Galls five , of Verdegrease , Bolearmoniack , green Copperas , Allum , Brimstone , two wilde Briar-Balls , a Red Herring chopped small , throe or four sprigs of Rosemary , and as many of Rue , mix them as equally as you can , ( I mean the rest of the Ingredient● , ) only Brimstone excepted , which you should have most of , about half a pound weight of all of them together is enough . After your Hogs-grease is melted , and the rest of the Ingredients boiled for some time in it , then put in two or three penniworth of Tart , and boyl that with it , which will take away the ill Sent of all the rest of the Ingredients ; when you have well boyl'd it , strain it out into a Pot , and keep it for your use . Observation upon it . When you dress his Legs with it , anoint him well with it over-night , and rub it off with a Thumb-Rope of Hay the next Morning very easily , for this Ointment will sheal them off extraordinarily , then wash it with scalding Brine , and at Night anoint him again with the same Ointment , keep him dry during the Cure. Another that Cureth not only the Scratches , but also all rotten and broken Cuts , and pu●rified Sinews . After you have Ordered him , as in Observations how to Order him in this Disease ; take half a pound of English Honey , one Ounce of black Pepper beaten , about thirty Cloves of peeled Garlick , bruise and mix them very well together in a wooden Bowl , or Stone Mortar , till they come to a Salve , and apply it to the grieved place spread upon a brown Paper , doubled two or three times double , and put over that a Linnen Cloth , sowed fast to keep it from coming off ; Bind also over that a Thumb band of wet Hay , and about two or three days after take all off , and make clean the grieved place very well with warm Beef-Broth ; Do this three or four times after this manner , and it will certainly Cure them , conditionally you give him a Drench or two of the Drink that is called , A Drink to Cure the most malignant Farcy that is . The Vertues of this Salve . It will not only kill this Disease , but also draw , cleanse and knit Sinews together in a very strange and wonderful manner . A most Excellent Water , not only good for this Infirmity , but also for sore Heels , Sellender or Mallender , and to cleanse and heal any Wound or Sore , by drying up the evil Humour that abounds therein . After you have boiled a quart of Conduit or Spring-water , and scummed off the filth that shall arise on the top , take it off the Fire , and put it up into a Bottle , with two Ounces of white Copperas ▪ and three Ounces of the powder of burnt Allum ; When you use it , shake the Glass to make it all alike , and apply it warm to the place grieved , and wrap a Linnen Rag dipt in Water about the Mallender three or four times double . This Water will keep many years , for the Older it is , the better . Things good in general for Foundring . First , pare all his Soles so thin , that you may see the quick , then let him Blood at every Toe , and let them Bleed well ; then stop the Vein with Tallow and Roz●n , and having Tackt hollow Shooes on his Feet , stop them with Bran , Tarr and Tallow as boiling hot as may be , and renew it once in two days for a Week together , then exercise him much , and his Feet will come to their Use and Nimbleness , or after he is pared thin , and let Blood at his Toes , stop his Feet with Cowes-dung , Kitchins Fee , Tarr and Soot Boiled together , and poured boiling hot into them . If you Travel your Horse , you must stop him with it cold , and add unto it the white of an Egg or two , for that will take away the heat of the former days Journey . Or to stop his Feet with Tow dipt in an Ointment made of Turpentine , Sallet-Oyl , Verdegrease , Wax and Hogs-grease ; If he be newly Foundred , give him with a Horn a Pint of fair Water with a handful of Salt in it ; but if you stay three or four days , or longer , then give him of Hellebore a spoonful , of Saffron a penniworth , of Ass●foetida and of Soap of Venice two drams , a little of the Seed of Bay , all made into Powder , and given him in a Pint of Vineger blood-warm , and cover him with a wet Cloth , and Cloath him warm , and Tie him up to the Rack , that he neither lie down nor Vomit , and let him Sweat an Hour , and cool him by degrees . Particular Receipts for the Cure of a Foundred Horse . For a Horse Foundred in his Feet , let him Blood in the Neck , Breast and Spur Veins , and take two quarts of Blood from him , with which make this Charge as followeth , Take the Blood and put into it eight new laid Eggs , shells and all , beat them well together , and put to it half a pound of Bolearmoniack beaten to powder , strong white-Wine Vineger one Pint , Sanguis drac●nis three Ounces in fine powder , make this up with Wheat-Meal good and thick , with this Charge his Back , Reins , Breast , Thighes , Fetlocks and Soles , and spread two Cloaths Plaister-wise , good and thick , and apply them to the Coffin of his Feet , and bind the sore-Legs about the Knees good and streight , with broad Filleting or Lists , then ride him two houres upon a hard way , which if it be Paved or Pitcht it is the better , his Feet being Pared reasonable near before-hand , and when you do bring him into the Stable , let his Feet he stopped with this Charge ▪ Take Rye or Wheat-Bran , Ox or Cows-dung , Sheeps Suet , or Turpentine , ( which must be put in last ) Mince your Sheeps Suet small , melt and heat all these upon the Fire , stirring them very well , then put in your Bran to make it into a stiff Paste , then put in your Turpentine and incorporate them all very well together , and stop your Horses Feet with it , which being thus charged and stopped three or four days together , ridden and kept warm , and not suffered to drink cold water , but either Mashes or white Water , he will be sound in four or six days If it be a dry Foundered by standing too long in the Stable , then Pare him somewhat near , and let him Bleed well in the Toe Veins . Then take Eggs , and roast them blew hard , and together with the Powder of Cummin stop his Feet therewith so hot , as they may be taken out of the Embers , and put over the Soles a piece of Leather , with Splints cross , to keep the Eggs from coming out . Take then a great Onion , peel and stamp it , and let it inf●se twenty four houres before in the strongest white-Wine Vineger you can get , and give it the Horse presently , after you have stopped the Horses Feet , and cover him up warm , and let him stand upon the Trench three houres , and then give him Meat and white Water . Another for Foundering a Month or more . You must take out the Soles of his Feet , and have in a readiness these Things , Viz. Take the tender tops of Hysop three handfuls , pound them together in a Mortar to stench his Bleeding , then have this Receipt in a readiness . Take Snails in the shells , and take them forth and reserve them , then take a handful of Bay-salt , and two or three handfuls of the tender tops of the angriest Nettles you can find , beat them with your Snails and Salt to a Salve , then take out the Sole , and stench the bleeding with your Hysop , and when it leaveth Bleeding , apply this Medicine to it , and bind it up with Cloaths , and let it remain twenty four houres , then open it and heal it up with your green Ointment , which you may find in my First Part , and in two days you shall see a new Sole coming . But if he be but Hough-bound , then take Turpentine and Sheeps Suet , of each half a pound , Wax a little , Sallet-Oyl half a Pint , boyl altogether , but put in the Turpentine last , and as they boyl keep them with a continual stirring , and anoint his Houghs once a day well . For ●n ordinary Heat in his Feet . Take Wheat-Bran and Hogs-grease , and make them into a Poultess , and apply it as well to the Coffin as the Soles , and it will be well again . Another for a Founder or Frettize wet or dry . First , pare thin , open the Heels wide , and take good store of Blood from the Toes , then Tack on a Shoo somwhat hollow , broad at the Heels , and the inside of the Web , from the first Nail to the Heel turned inward towards the Frog , yet not to touch any part thereof , or the Hough , so as he may tread on the out-Verge of the Shoo , and not on the inward . Then take Burgundy Pitch , or Frankincense , and Rowling it in a little fine Cotton-Wooll or Bombast , with a hot Iron melt it into the Foot , betwixt the Shoo and the Toe , till the Orifice where the Blood was taken be filled up ; then take half a pound of Hogs-grease and melt it , and mix it with Wheat-Bran till it be as thick as a Poultess , then boyling hot stop up his Feet with it , then cover it with a piece of an old Shoo , and splint it up , and so let him stand for three or four days , then if occasion serve you may renew it , otherwise the Cure is wrought . Observations on the Cure. First , You shall not need to Remove or stir his Shooes , then after twenty four houres rub off the Charge from his Back . It. Take away his Gart●rs after twelve houres , and rub his Knees and Houghs with your Hand , and with Wisps to take away the Numbness . It. If you cannot get Wheat-Meal , take Oat-Meal . It. If he will not Bleed in the Veins before-named , then bleed him in the Neck-Vein . Lastly , if you take him in Hand to Cure within twenty four houres after he is Founded , he will be Cured in twenty four houres , but if he go longer the Cure will be longer in doing . Now if he be Foundred through streightness of his ●ho●e , which is not a Founder but a Fr●ttizing ▪ which is a degree less then Foundering . Then let him Blood on the ●oes , and stop the place with bruised Sage , and tack his Shoo on again , and stop it with Hogs-grease and Bran boiled together , as hot as possible you can , and do this twice in a Fortnight ▪ and give him rest and it will help him . An odd kind of Receipt to Cure a Foundred Horse , Ride him so hard as to Sw●at , then Ride him up to the Knees in Water , and there let him stand about half an hour ▪ which will cause the humour to ascend out of his Feet into his Body , then an hour after you come home , give him a thorough Scouring , and ride him gently after it , and so bring him home , and Cloath him up warm , and this will carry it out of his Body again . Probatum , by Mr. Goodman . Give him the Purge as aforesaid . Another for the taking out of his Sole . If you find that none of the Receipts for this Disease , have had their wished Effects in Order to his Cure , then follow these Directions for the taking out of his Soles , and though it be not the common way that is practised amongst our Smiths , yet 't is looked upon to be the best and safest ; 'T is this , First , T●e about his Pastern a List or Cord so hard , as will keep up the Blood into his Leg , that it fall not down to trouble you , then pare the Foot thin , and cut the Hough round with your Incision Knife to the quick , as near to the inside of the outward shell of the Hough as you can raise the ●ole at the Toe , then take hold of it with a pair of Pinchers , and pluck it gently upwards towards the Heel , for fear of breaking the Vein in the Foot. When you have so done tack on the Shoo again somewhat hollow and broad , then untie the Cord , and knock round the Hough with a Blood staff , and the Blood will descend very freely , which when you think he hath bled enough , stanch it with two or three hand●uls of Hysop bruised with Salt , and put over it Flox Hurds or Tow , and over them a piece of stiff Leather between the Hurds and the Shoo , to keep them in ; Or you may put two or three flat sticks , cross them in the room of the Leather ; About twenty four houres after or more , take away the Flox or Hurds , and bruise a handful or two of the angri●st red Nettles you can get with Bay-salt , and apply them , and cover them over with the Hurds and Splinters as you did before ; About a Month after or more open it again , and new dress it with Salt and Hogs-grease well bruised and mixed together , and splint it up as you did before with Tow or Flax , or some such like thing . Contrive this last Medicine during his Cure , which will be perfected in two or three times dressing more at farthest ; If you find him somwhat sound , tack on a Shoo with a broad Web , and let it stand wide and easie , and in twelve or thirteen days he will be fit to Ride an easie Journey ; When you Ride him at any time , when you bring him home at Night , apply all over his Foot , both inside and outside , a Poultess made of about four Ounces of Sheeps Su●t cut small , and white-Wine Vineger boiled together , and keep it on with Hurds and Splints as you did before ; Let this remain about fourty eight houres or more . This last Poultess used three or four times will very much strengthen his Hough , and make him stand again . Directions for the Ordering of him . 1. To let Blood , and keep him in during his Cure. 2. If he be Foundred of both his Fe●t , take not out both his Soles together , for then he will not be able to stand , nor Rise when he is down . 3. Some Smiths do take out the Frush and Sole , and some but only the Sole ; your often Practice in this Cure will be the best Directer . 4. The common way of taking out of Soles is known by every Countrey Smith . 5. The Poultess that I Ordered to be last applied to the Sole and Coffin of the Foot , i● very good applied to it when it hath been bruised by stub , stone , or any other Accident . A other for the Foundring in the Chest . About five or six penniworth of the Oyl of Peter , with the like quantity of Ale or B●er mixed with it , and well rubbed in with your Hand , holding a hot Fire shovel at the same time before it , while you are doing it , is a very good help in order to his Cure. If you intend to have the right Oyl of Peter , do not stint your self in the pric● of it , for if you do they will mix Oyl of Turpentine with it . Things good in general for the Mallender and Sellander . You are always in these Diseases first to wash and shave away the Hair , and rub the Sorrance with a Wisp till it be raw , and dry up the yellow Matter that comes out of it , before you apply any thing to it . What Cures the Scratches will Cure this Disease . Gun-powder bruised in Hogs-grease , and anoint the Grief therewith , a soft Rowed Herring out of the Pickle , beaten with Soap and Allom , and laid to it , and renewing it for three days together , and pluck off the Scabs before you lay it on again , Hens dung and Gilly ▪ Flowers beaten together , or Soap and Lyme laid to it , or the Dung of a Man , or Sulphur , Vitriol , Salt-n●tre , Sal ▪ gam●e mixt with Oyl de bay , or green Copperas , Allum and Tobaccho boiled in Urine , or Oyl of Turpentine , Oyl of Hemp-seed , Mustard , Verdegrease , &c. Particular Receipts for the Cure of these Diseases . Take Glovers shreds which he cutteth from his white Leather , and boyl them in white-VVine Vineger till they be soft , and bind this to it hot , and if you find that in once or twice dressing it take not away the Scurf or Scab , renew it daily till it doth , for by this means the Roots of the bristly Hairs which grow in it , which feedeth the Mallender will be taken away by this Receipt , which will cause it soon to be Cured . Another . To anoint the Sorrance with the Oyl of Turpentine , will both kill and heal it , and make it marvellous sound . And this will likewise Cure the Scratches . Another . Take an Ounce of Gun-powder , bruise it to dust and mix it well with Hogs-grease and Allom , and cha●e it in well , two or three dressings will Cure it ▪ Another . Take Verdegrease and soft grease and grind them well together to an Ointment , put it in a Box by it self . Then take VVax , Hogs-grease and Turpentine , of each alike , and being melted together , put that Salve into another Box ; and when you come to dress the Sore , after you have taken off the Scab , and made it raw , anoint it with your green Salve of Verdegrease and fresh Grease , only for two or three days . It is a sharp Salve , and will kill the Cankerous humour , then when you see the Sore look fair , you shall take two parts of the yellow Salve , and one part of the green Salve , and mix them together , anoint the Sore therewith till it be whole , making it stronger or weaker , as you shall find occasion . Another . Take of the strongest white-VVine Vineger , and boyl it , and so boyling hot , rub the Mallender there with twice every day until it do bleed , that done , put upon it the powder of Verdegrease good and thick , and so bind it on with a Clout , and let it so remain till a Crust come thereon , and when you shall find the Crust to be dry , and withal to Chop , anoint the grieved places with tried Hogs-grease , and that will cause the Crust to fall off . Another . After you have rubbed off the Scabs , and washed it well with scalding Chamberly and Salt , anoint it with this Salve made of green Copperas , Galls , Verdegrease , Gun-powder and Allom , all made into fine powder , and made up in Hogs grease and Tarr . Things good in general to eat away proud Flesh . Ink , quick Sulphur , Orpiment , Lethergy , unslackt Lyme , Roch Allom , Galls , Soot , Verdegrease , green Copperas , white Copperas , Precipitate , the Juice of Borage , Scabius , Fumitary , a little Oyl and Vineger boiled with a soft Fire , and put to it Tarr , and it will eat away any dead Flesh , Oyl of Vitriol , black Hellebore , the Root of it beaten to powder , Arsnick , &c. An Excellent Ointment to eat away all dead Flesh , a●d to heal the same . Take of common Honey two Ounces , Roch-Allom , Verdegrease and Vineger , of each an Ounce ; Sublimate two drams : let all be made into fine powder , and boyl it a few Warmths , keeping it still stirring , and then take it from the Fire ▪ and keep it in a Gally pot close stopped for your use . Apply it upon Lint or fine Hurds to the Sorrance once a day , and it Cureth speedily and soundly , but before you dress the Sore , you cleanse , wash and inject the Wound with this water . A Water to wash and cleanse a Sore or VVound , before you use the Ointment above . Take red Sage , Plantain , Rib-wort , Yarrow , Bramble-leaves , Rosemary , Hysop , and Honey-suckle leaves , of each half a handful , boyl them in one Pint of white-Wine , and as much of Smiths or Cold Trough water , then add thereto the boyling of common Honey one spoonful , and as much Allom as a Wall-nut , and a bright black piece of a Sea ▪ coal , the bigness of an Egg unbroken , then let it boyl till half be consumed , then strain it hard and wash the Sore therewith , and if the Wound be deep , inject of this Water with a Syringe into it every day when you dress him , and by this doing you shall cleanse the Wound , and take away all bad and dead flesh , and heal it up soundly . Another Water to cleanse and heal a S●re . To a Gallon of Smiths Water and a quart of Ale , add two Handfuls of Sage , a Pint of Honey , an Ounce of common Allum , and half an Ounce of white Copperas ; boyl them very well together till they be all consumed , and put them into a clean Vessel , and keep them for your use . Dr take Spring-water , and put to it Roch-Allum and Madder , and boyl them till they be both consumed , and put them up for your use . Or take Sage , Cinquefoyl and Fennel , of each a good handful , and boyl them in a Gallon of Spring-water till they be tender , then strain the Liquor from the Herbs , and put to it a quarter of a pound of Roch-Allum , and let it boyl again a little while , till the Allum be dissolved , then take it from the Fire , and make use of it after this manner , viz. Dip Lint in it warm , and lay it upon the Sore , and if it be hollow apply more Lint ; Then make a Bolster of Linnen Cloth , and wet it well in the Water , then wring out the Water , and bind on the Bolster close . A Receipt for a Puncture or green Wound . If it be in the Foot , or any other part of the Body , if you can come well unto it , or if it be an Imposthumation unbroken , scald it first with this Medicine . Then wash it with the Water above . Medic●ne . Take red Tarr a penniworth , of the reddest and best , of Hogs grease half a pound , of green Copperas and Bay-salt of each a handful , both made into fine Powder , boyl all these very well , and with a Clout fastned upon a stick , apply it scaulding hot four Mornings together , for this scaulding doth so kill the Malice of the Fistula , that it can never break to annoy the Horse any further . It Careth the Imposthumes and ●oul Ulcers , being thus applied . Things g●od to take a VVen , or any other Excression arising in the Flesh , or hard Swellings . Balm used with Salt , taketh away the hard Swellings in the Throat , or W●ns or Kernels therein . The Decoction of the lesser Sellendine wonderfully Cureth all hard Wens , or Tumors applied to them , The seed of Darnel , Pigeons dung , Sallet-Oyl and the Powder of Linseed bo●led to the form of a Plaister , consumeth them , the Seed of Turn-Sole laid upon them ▪ Archangel , or rather the Hedge-Nettle stamped with Vineger and applied as a Poultess , taketh away any hard Swelling , and also fiery hot Inflammations . To Tie a double Thread about it to eat it off , then with your Incision-Knife cut it a cross in four equal parts or quarters to the very bottom , but beware you touch not either Vein or Sinew , then with Oyl of Vitriol eat it away , or with Mercury ; or else burn them off with your hot Iron , then heal the place with your green Ointment . The Leaves of Bucks-horn bruised and applied will consume them . The Milk that issueth out of the Fig-Tree Branches when they are broken and applied , is also very good ; so is the Juice of Housleek or Mercury ; the Juice of the Leaves and Flowers of Mullein , with the Powder of the dried Root rubbed upon them taketh them away . The Water that droppeth from the hollow places of the Popla●-Tree anointed with it doth the like , Garden-Rue bruised with a few Myrtle-leaves made with Wax , and applied , taketh away all sorts of them , so doth an Ointment made of the burnt Ashes of the Willow-Tree , mixed with Vineger , and the place anointed therewith , &c. Things good to Cure an Anbury , which is a great spungy Wart full of Blood. To Tie it about with a Thread or Hair so hard as you can pull it , and in few days it will fall away of it self , then strew upon it the Powder of Verdegrease to kill it at the Root , and heal it up again with your green Ointment . But if it be so flat that you cannot bind any about it , then take it away with your Incision-Knife close to the Skin , or else burn it off with a hot Iron , and then first kill the Fire with Turpentine and Hogs ▪ Grease molten together , and heal it up as before prescribed , but if it grow in such a Sinewy place that it cannot be conveniently cut away with a hot Iron ▪ then eat it out with the Oyl of Vitriol , and heal it up as you do other Wounds . Head Purged , Vide Perfumes in the First Part. Things good for to put in Ointments and Salves for the Cure of all manner of Wounds in General . The Juice of ordinary Centaury is good to cleanse Old Sores , and to heal ●p Wounds , the Juice of the leaves of Cleavers do close up the Lips of green Wounds , or the powder of the Seed of the Herb doth the same , Clowns Wound-wort , Coral-wort , Cole-wort , the powder of the Root of Sow-Fennel , or Hogs-Fennel , Fox-gloves , Golden-rod , Winter-green , True love or one Berry , Hounds tongue , St. Johns-wort , Kidney-wort , Knape-weed , Ladie , Mantle is the best Wound-Herb that is , and is good for inward and outward Wounds , Loosestrif● . The dryed leaves of Medlers strewed upon a Wound ▪ healed it quickly , Money ▪ wort or the Herb two pence . The Juice of Nettles is good to wash a Wound with , and if it be bound to it but three days you need no other Medicine , Pimpernel , Ground-pine , Plantine , Rag-wort , w●ld Sage , Sarasens Consound , Solomons Seal , Sanicle , Burnet , Saxafrage , Scabius , Self ▪ heal , Southern-wood , the Juice of wild Tansie , Tutsan , Vervain , Blew-bottle , Elder , Couch-grass or Dogs-grass , Daffadil , Cranes-bill , Comfrey , doth so Conglutinate things together , that it is reported that it will sodder Meal together , being cut into pieces and put into the Pot , Celandine , Broom , Turpentine , Mastick , Frankincense , Balsom , the leaves of Elm , Flix-weed is good for Ulcers and VVounds , Byfoyl , Costmary , Cowslips , Cross-wort , Yarrow is good for Fistulaes and Ulcers , &c. Particular Receipts for Salves or Ointments , for VVounds Old or New. Take common Honey and Verdegrease finely pulverized , of each as much as will suffice , boyl them together till the Medicine wax red , and this will heal up any Old or green Sore in short space . Another . Take Turpentine , black Soap , Hogs-grease , green Treat and Pitch a like quantity , mix and boyl them together , and apply it warm , either Plais●er-wise or Tent-wise . Another . Take a quarter of a pound of Butter , of Tarr and black Soap of each half as much , and a little Turpentine , boyl all but the Soap together , and when you take it off the Fire , put in the Soap , with this Ointment dress any Cut and it will heal it , or Hogs-grease and Venice-Turpentine melted together . Another . Take eight drams of Venice-Turpentine , four drams of New Virgins w●x , melt them in a Pewter Vessell , and stir them well together , and when they are well melted and mixed , take them from the fire , and put into them half a Pint of white-Wine , and when it is cold , pick holes in it , and let the white-Wine run out , then anoint your Hands with Oyl of Roses , and work the Wax and Turpentine well together , then put them into the Pewter vessel again , and put to them half an Ounce of the Gum of the Firr-tree , and three drams of the Juice of Bitony , then Seeth them well together till the Juice of Bitony be wasted ▪ and put to it three drams of Womens Milk , or the Milk of a red Cow , and Seeth them once again until the Milk be wasted , and so keep it for your use in a Gally-pot . Another Take Worm-wood , Marjorum , Pimpernel , Calamint , Olibanum , beat them all into powder , and boyl them in Wax , and Barrows-grease till they be as thick as an Oyntment or Salve , with this dress any Wound , and it will heal it . Others . The powder of Honey and Lyme , or Turpentine simply of it self , will dry up and Skin any Wound . If your Horse be goared upon a Stake , then pour into the Wound Butter scalding hot , and let him lie after he is cast , so long as you think the Ointment is gone down to the bottom , and do thus once a day till it be whole . If you desire to keep a Wound open , put in the Powder of green Copperas , but if to heal it up speedily , then Wheat-Flower and Honey well beaten together will do it . Another for any new Wound or Hurt . A quarter of a pound of the Powder of Bolearmoniack put into the best white ▪ Wine Vineger as you can get , and boiled well upon the Fire , and a piece of Butter put into it when it comes off the Fire , and the Wound washed therewith warm once every day will be soon well . Or Linseed Oyl is very good put into a Wound to heal it up , and to kill a Gangreen if it be well washed and cleansed with Batter aad Vineger ; Or Train-Oyl and the Powder of Verdegrease melted together , will heal and skin any Wound well and quickly . If you desire to see more variety of Ointments , Salves , Powders and Waters ; Look for them in the First Part. Observations upon Dressing of Wounds . If he hath a Wound in his Head newly made , or in any other part that is full of Sinews , Bones or Gristles ▪ wash it well with white-Wine warmed , and keep it while you are in dressing covered warm with wet Cloaths , then search the bottom of the Wound with a Probe , and let it take as little Wind and Air as you can , and having found the bottom of it , stop the Wound close with a Clout till your Salve be ready . If the Wound be a Cut , make a handsom Rowl of soft Tow , ●o ●ong and so big as may fill the bottom of the Wound , which for the most part is not so wide as the Mouth of the Wound , then make another Rowl somewhat bigger , to fil● up the rest of the Wound , even the hard Mouth , and anoint them with such Ointment as you shall think fit for the Cure , luke-warm , only observe this , that if the Wound be large , stitch the Wound a little together with Crimson Silk , it will heal the sooner and make the Scar less . But if the Hurt be like a Hole made with some Prick , then make a stiff Taint either of Tow or Lint , so long as will reach the bottom , and anoint it with your Ointments , and Bolster the same with a little Tow , and clap a sticking Plaister over it made of Pitch , Rosin , Mastick and Turpentine , melted together ; if the Mouth of the Wound be not wide enough to let out the matter , if it be in such a place as you may do it without hurting the Sinews , give it a slit from the Mouth downwards , that so the Matter may have the free passage out , and be sure to keep in the taint by one means or other , and that it be not drowned within the Wound , and to tie some thread at the upper end thereof , that it may be taken out at pleasure . Now if the hole be deep and in such a place as you cannot cut it , then make your tent full as big as the hole of a dry Spunge that was never wet , so long as it may reach the bottom , and the tent being made somwhat full with continual turning and wrying of it , you shall easily get it down , and dress the Wound twice a day , and cleanse it every time with white-Wine luke-warm , for the Spunge annointed with the Oyntment , will both draw and suck up all the evil Matter , and make it very fair within , and as it beginneth to heal every day tent it lesser and lesser , until it be ready to close up , and never leave Tenting it so long as it will receive a Tent , be it never so short ; for hasty healing of Wounds breedeth Fistulaes ▪ which properly be old Sores ; and therefore must be healed like Fistulaes . Now if the wound proceed from some Ancient Impostumation , then take to or three great Onions , and taking out the Cores , put therein a little bay-Salt and a little whole Saffron , and roast them in hot Embers then Plaister-wise lay them hot to the Wound , renewing it once a day till it be whole . Now if the upper Skin of the Wound be putrified to take it away , lay a Plaister of Cows dung to it ●od in Milk , and there let it remain for twenty four hours , and it will leave nothing vile about the Wound . An Excellent Receipt for any green ▪ Wound . Take Pen●y-royal , Camomil , Brook-lime , Rag-wort or Rag-weed , Sage , Ground-pine , Ivy , Plantaine , Yarrow , Feather●ew , Maiden-hair , of each a handfdl , shred and bruise them very well in a Mortar together , then set them over the Fire in a pound and a half or more of Hogs-Seam or Lard , with half a pound of D●ers Suet , let them gently Simper for about an Hour ; Then take it off the Fire , and strain the Herbs from the Liquor , and set it over the Fire again , and make it boil up ; then take it off , and put into it a quarter of an Ounce of Verdegrease finely powdred and searced , with a quarter of an Ounce of burnt Allom , and an Ounce of common Bees Wax , and a good quantity of the Oyl of Deers Shank , stir them very well together , and put it into a Pot , and keep it for your use . If you cannot get Maiden-hair , use Chickweed and for want of Deers Suet , or Oyl of Deers Shank , put in a pound of Seam or Lard , half a pound of M●y ●utter , and half a pound of Sheeps Tallow . How to make Adders Tongue Ointment , which is a most Sovereign and Excellent Ointment for any Beast that hath been stung or bitten by any venomous Creature ; Or for any Wound by Stake , Bite or any other Accident ; As also for any hard Swelling in any Part of the Body , and is also very good for the Garget in a Cows Bag , chafed in very well with your Hand twice a day . Take as much of the Herb Adders Tongue as you have occasion to use ▪ with a third part of Male Plantine , and bruise them very well in a Mortar together , then put to it fresh Butter new from the Churn , well beaten from the ●utter Milk , and mix it very well with your Herbs , but put not in so much of it as to make it lose its green Colours ; After you have so done , put it into an earthen Pan , and let it lie about three or four Weeks in some cool place till it grow mouldy , then melt it down upon a gentle Fire till the Herbs grow crisp ; then strain it out into some convenient thing fit for your purpose , and keep it for your use . You may dissolve into it if you please ( when it comes off the Fire ) some fine and clear Turpentine , which will make it much the better . You may make an Excellent green Balsom for the said Distempers , if you boy ▪ the Herbs in Sallet Oyl , and dissolve into it when it comes off the Fire , some fine clear Turpentine . This Ointment is made only in the Month of April or May , the Herb being then to be found , and in its prime , for it soon perisheth with a little heat . Another f r a Sore or Swelling . Black Soap , common Turpentine , Green Treat , ( which is a green Ointment bought at the Apothecaries , ) Pitch and Hogs-grease , of each a small quantity boiled well together , and applied is very good . Another to dissolve any Sore or Swelling is very good without breaking . Take half a pound of black Soap , ( or for want of that common Soap ) as much Bolearmoniack powdred , with a little of the powder of unslackt Li●e , and put to them a quarter of a Pint of Brandy , with a small G●ll of the Oyl of Roses , and Oyl of Linseed , and anoint them with it , and it will help them . Things good to Cure a Galled or Swelled Back in General . Take the white of an Egg and beat it to an Oyl , then take Flower , Honey and ●olearmoniack , finely beaten , and mix them well together , and spread it upon a piece of thin Leather , and lay it over the place galled , and it will not come off till it be well . Or take the Soot of the Chimney , and mix it with Cream till it become a Salve , and make a Plaister thereof , and lay it to the Gall and Swelling , and it will Cure him . Or take some two or three spoonfuls of Aquavitae , and put to it some Sope and boyl them well together , and anoint the place well with it , as hot as it can be well applied to the Swelling , and it will take it down , or Loam boyled in Vineger to a Poultess , and apply to it very hot taketh it down . Or take a Loaf of wheaten Bread and cut a slice of it , and toast it very well , and when it is toasted , spread it all over with Honey on both sides , and prick it full of holes , and toast it till the Honey is well soaked into it , and the toast is become dry , then put it into a Mortar , and beat it to powder , and keep it for your use , when you use it , strew it upon the Galled place , and it will dry it up in a short space . To take away any Swelling , and to heal any Galled back whatsoever . Take only the Oyl of Turpentine , and lay it upon the raw Back Morning and Evening with a Feather , and it will heal it up , and so use it to a Swelled Back , it will either sink it or break it . Another for a Galled B●ck , Enter●ering or Shackle-Gaul . Take three parts of Sheeps dung newly made , and one part of Rye , or Wheat Flower , and dry the Flower and mix it well with the Sheeps dung , kneading it to a Paste , and make it into a Cake and bake it , and apply the powder warm unto the place , and it will heal it very well , or anoint it with Turpentine and Verdegrease mixed together , finely powdred . A●other Take Water and Salt and boyl them well together , and wash the place therewith . Then take Pepper made into fine powder , and strew it upon the place and it will heal it in a very short time , or to bruise a new laid Egg between his Legs , and rub the place with it , Cureth the Gall there . Another . Take the leaves of Ars-smart , and wash them , and lay them all over the place , and though you ride him every day , yet they will heal very fast , but if he remain in the Stable , put the Water of the leaves upon it . Another which Cureth not only Galled Backs , but any other Wound whatsoever . Take Rosin and common Pitch , of each six ounces , Mastick and Incense of each one ounce , Turpentine , Galbanum , Bolearmoniack , of each three ounces , melt and incorporate all these together upon a gentle fire , and as they begin to cool make them up in Rowls , and when you use it , spread it upon a Cloth or Leather somewhat thin , but if you use it without either Cloth or Leather , to any outward part that is not yet broken , then lay it on much thicker then you use to do Plaister-wise , and whilest it is warm clap Flox of the same Colour upon it . This is a most excellent defensative Plaister for the staying and drying up of all evil humours , and also very Sovereign for asswaging of Swellings . Another for a sore Back . Take the Juice of Cellandine and Live Honey , of each two spoonfuls , beat them with the Yolk of an Egg , and as much Allom and Wheat-flower as will serve to bring it to a Salve , dress the Sore with this once a day and it draweth and healeth . Now though these Medicines are enough , yet because Farriers hold divers Opinions , and think what they know to be the best , I shall give you a Catalogue of their Receipts in General . The powder of Bryer-leaves , Rye-flower , the powder of burnt Oyster-shells , the white of an Egg , Honey , Barley , Straw burnt and Soot will dry up and heal a sore Back . The powder of Honey and unslackt Lime will skin any Gall , provided the Sore be first washt with Vineger and Onions boiled in Water , and laid hot to a swoln Horses Back , will asswage the Swelling , and the Yolk of an Egg , Salt and Vineger will heal it up when it is broken , provided you wash the Sore with Ale wherein Rosemary hath been sod . The Soot or Grim of a Pot will dry and skin a galled Back . Things good for inward or outward Bruises , or Swellings in General . Wood and Water-Bitony , Honey-suckle leaves , Knot Grass , Archangel , Plantine , Rib-wort , Yarrow , Bursa-pastoris , Bugle , Chervil , Mallows , Solomons Seal , Sarasens Consound , Sarasens Wound-wort , Scabius , Self-heal , Sanicle , Sope-wort , Thorough-wax , Rosin , Turpentine , Honey , Galbanum , St. Johns-wort , Pitch , &c. The Juice of Arsmart consumeth all cold Swellings , and dissolveth all congealed Blood , got by Bruises , Strokes or Falls ; The Root of Cinquefoyl , Cud-weed or Cotton-weed doth the like , Osmond-royal or Water-Fern is also good ; Golden Rod outwardly applied is good for them : Nep or Catmint bruised , and the Juice given inwardly is also very good . The Decoction of Wood Sage is a very good Remedy for any inward Vein broken , to disperse and avoid the congealed Blood , and to consolidate the Veins ; Sanicle is also good . The powder of Bolearmomack given in warm Ale stops any inward Bleeding ; the powder of Irish Slate given also in warm Ale is good for any inward Bruise whatsoever , &c. Particular Receipts for the Cure of Bruises or Swellings . First , Ripen it with Hay boiled in Chamberly , or with rotten Litter laid upon it , then let out the Corruption , then fill the hollowness with the powder of Rosin , and lay a Plaister of Shoomakers Wax over it , and thus do once a day while it be whole , if it be slow of skinning or healing up , strew on the powder of unslackt Lime , and Bolearmoniack mixt together , and if any proud Flesh arise , take it down either with burnt Allom , or Verdegrease in powder . Another . Take Ale or Beer Yest , and Verjuice , and putting a little fine Hay thereunto , boyl them well together , then bind the Hay to the swelling , and pour on the Liquor , and do thus three or four days together , and it will take away the swelling , or rotten Litter and Hay boiled in Urine will take it away . Another for any inward Bruise , by Fall or otherwise . Take near a quart of strong Beer or Ale , and put to it one Ounce of the powder of Bolearmoniack , and half an Ounce of the powder of Irish Sla●e , and boyl it a little and give it him fasting in the Morning , for three or four Mornings together lukewarm , and he will do well . Another for a Swelling upon the Head , occasioned by a Blow or o●herwise . If the Swelling be on both sides , then Blood on both sides ; but if it be but on one side , then Blood but on that side the Swelling is of , and give him this Drink , viz. One Ounce of Anniseeds , one Ounce of Turmerick , half an Ounce of Bayberries all beaten to powder , with a Gill full of the Juice of Herb-grace , red Sage and Wormwood ; Put all this into a quart of strong Beer lukewarm , and give it him fasting in the Morning , and Order him as you do a Horse that hath had Physick . 'T is good also to apply this outward application to it , viz. a little common Soap put to a quarter of a Pint of Brandy , and rub and chase it in with your Hand very well , and heat it in with a hot Fire-shovel ; Leave it as thick upon the Swelling as you can . This will prevent a Farcy , which Blows and Strokes do commonly breed , and is also very good for any old or new Swelling whatsoever . Another which will take away any Crusty Knobs , or hard Swellings in any part of the Body of a Horse . According to the Cure you are to undertake , whether great or small , proportion Oyl of Turpentine , and strong Beer or Ale , and let it be of equal parts alike , well shaked together in a Glass , and then rub and chafe it very well in with your Hand , and heat it also in with a hot Fire-shovel ; and two or three days after apply a Charge of common Soap and Brandy , well chafed in , as you did the Turpentine before ; You may if you please put in a little of the Oyl of Wormes , which is a great Mollifier of any Crusty , hard or Bony part . If you will see more of this kind , vide Observations upon Bruises and Strains about three Leaves further . Things good in General to Cure Swelled Legs . Nerve Oyl , black Soap and Boars Grease melted together , and anoint the place with it , or to Bathe his Legs in Butter and Beer , or in Vineger and Butter melted together , or with Sheeps-foot Oyl , or with Train Oyl , or with Piss and Salt Peter boiled together , and to rowl his Legs with Hay-Ropes wet in the same Liquor , from the Pastern to the Knee , but not bind them too hard , or to Bathe him with the water wherein had been boiled Sage , Mallows and Rose Cakes , and Butter and Sallet Oyl put into it , or to take Frankincense , Rosin , fresh Grease , of each alike , boiled and strained , and used once a day , as you see occasion ; Or to Wash his Legs with the coldest Fountain-Water you can get ; or to let him stand every day till the Swelling be asswaged , in running Water up to the Knees ; Or else take Primrose-leaves , Violet leaves , Straw-berry Leaves , of each a handful , boyl them in new Milk till they be soft , then put into it of Nervel , of Petroleum , and of Pumpilion , of each an Ounce , anoint him with it for five or six days together ; Or take Pitch , Virgins Wax , Rosin , the Juice of Hysop , Galbanum , Myrrh , secondary Bdellium , Arabicum Populeon and Storax , according to your Discretion , and boyl them in Deers Sewet , and when it is cold put into it Bolearmoniack and Costus beaten into fine powder , and incorporate them well together into the other Ingredients and boyl them all over again , and when it is almost cold , work them up into Rowls , and when you use it , spread it upon a Plaister , and wrap it about the Swelling , and let it stay there till it drop off of it ▪ self ; this is good for a Surfeit . To Asswage the Swelling of a Horses Legs , that is very much Swelled by reason of the Scratches . Take a quart of Chamberly or more , as you shall think fit , and put into it a handful of Bay-Salt , a quarter of a pound of Soap , a pretty quantity of Soot , a good handful of Misle-toe chopt , boyl them all very well together , and Bath his Legs with it very warm two or three times a day , and wrap a Cloth wet in the same , and lap about it , and this will asswage them . If you will have more Receipts for swelled Legs ; see the first Part for Plaisters and Baths for swelled Legs . Things good to Cure a Horse that is Spu●-gall'd , or Shackle-Gall'd , or Lock-Gall'd . Salt and Urine mixt together , or Salt and Water , and the place bathed with it takes out Venom ; warm Vineger is likewise good , or else bind unto the place , the tender tops of Nettles stamped , Oyl of Turpentine is good , or Allom and green Copperas boiled in Water , and wash the place with it , the leaves of Briony stamped and bruised with Vineger , and applied to the Place , Honey and Verdegrease boiled together till it look red , and anoint the place with it twice a day , and strow upon it some chopt Flox to keep on the Salve , is very good for Shackle-galls , and chiefly for the Scratches , &c. Things good in General to Cure the Diseases of the Eyes , as Watery Eyes , Blood-shotten Eyes , Dim Eyes , Moon-Eyes , Wart in the Eye , Inflammation in the Eye , Pearl , Pin , Web or Haw , &c. The Juice of Cabbages and Coleworts boiled with Honey and dropped into the Eye , cleareth the Sight and consumeth any Felm , as also the Canker that groweth therein , the Juice of Celandine put into the Eye , taketh away the Pin and Web in the Eye , and cleareth the Sight , the Juice of ordinary Centaury cleareth the Sight , the Juice of Ground-Ivy , alias Ale Hoof is good for Moon-Eyes , and to clear the Sight , the Juice of Housleek is good to allay the fiery Heat of the Eyes , and is good likewise for Rheumatick and watery Eyes , the Juice of Germander put into the Eye , taketh away the Pin and Web , and all dimness of Sight , so doth the Juice of Eye-bright , so doth the Juice of Horehound with Honey . The seed of Clary powdered and finely s●arced , and mixt with Honey , taketh away dimn●ss of Sight , and is good for Watery Eyes likewise , so doth the Juice of Dragon , Ale-Hoof , Celander and Dasies stamped and strained , and white Sugar , and white Rose-water put to it , taketh away all manner of Inflammations , Spots , Webs , Itch , smarting and any grief whatsoever in the eyes , nay , though the Sight be in a manner gone . The leaves of common Ivy laid asteep in water for twenty four houres helpeth sore and smarting waterish Eyes , the Juice of Endive cleareth the Sight , the distilled water of Groundsel , the Juice of Melilote cleareth the Sight , the distilled water of the Lilly of the Valley is good for Inflammations of the Eyes , or for Pin and Web , the powder of Licoris blown into the Eye , is good likewise for the same , with Rheumatick Distillations in them , the distilled water of Loose-strife is good for hurts and blows in the Eyes , and for blindness , the distilled water of Lovage taketh away the redness and dimness of them , sweet Marjorum stamped with fine Flower , and laid to them , is good for Inflammations in them , the Juice of Mercury is good for waterish Eyes , the Juice of Pimpernel with a little Honey cooleth the Inflammations of them , and taketh away the Pin and Web , the Juice of Purslain is good to take away the redness of the Eye , the Juice of the Yellow Rattle-grass with Honey put into the Eyes , or the whole seed put into them draweth forth any Skin , Dimness or Felm from the Sight , the distilled Water of red Roses , is good for the heat and redness in the Eyes , and to stay and dry up the Rheum and Wateriness in them , the Juice of Rue , Fennel , Honey , and the Gall of a Cock put thereto is good , the Juice of Strawberry leaves ●ickt into the Eye is good , or take Strawberries and put them into a Glass well stopped , and set it in a Horse-dunghil for twelve or fourteen days , and then distil it , is good for Inflamed eyes , or to take away any Felm or skin that groweth over them . The distilled water of the wild Tansie , or the Juice of it taketh away the heat and Inflammations in them , Medow trefoil or Honey-suckle leaves is good for a Pin and Web , the distilled water of Vervain is good to clear the sight , and to take away the felm ; the Juice of Violet-leaves is good to take away the Inflammatio● of them , either applied outwardly , or put into them , Spring-wate● is good to bath an inflamed eye with , water that is gathered from the Willow-tree when it Flowreth , the Bark being slit and a fitting Vessel to receive it , is very good for redness and dimness of Sight , and for Felms that cover the Eye , and to stay the Rheum that falls into them , the Juice of Mustard ▪ seed is good for dimness of Sight , the Juice of an Onion with Honey cleareth the Eye , and doth remove the Pin and Web , and amendeth the Blood-shotten Eye , the Juice of the Blessed Thistle is good for the same , the Flowers or Roots of Valerian boiled in white-Wine cleareth the Sight , Egg-shells burned between two Tiles and beaten to powder , after the inward Felm is taken away , is good for dimness of Sight , Lapis Calaminaris , Plantine-Water , white-Wine squirted into his Eyes , cleareth them , so does Alloes , Camphire powder , white Vitriol , or white Copperas blown into his Eye after it is beaten to powder , and searced very fine , taketh away the Pin and Web , or any Felm whatsoever , the Ashes of the Root of black Sallow Sugar-Candy , and grated Ginger and Salt made up in Butter and little Balls , and put one into his Eye once a day taketh away the Felm of it , Bine-Bole , or Bolearmoniack with white Sugar Candy blown into the Eye , stoppeth any Rheum that falleth into the Eyes , Alabaster beaten very fine and searced and blown into the Eye , taketh away any Felm whatsoever , so doth the powder of a black Flint burnt , Sanguis Draconis taketh away a Felm , so doth the Bone of the Cuttle-Fish beaten to powder and blown into the Eye , and is likewise good for Blood-shotten Eyes , May-Butter , Rosemary , Yellow Rosin and Cellandine stamped and Fried , and kept in a Box , is a Jewel for the Eyes , burnt Allom blown into the Eyes is good for to take off a Felm , an Egg-shell filled with Pepper , and burnt and beaten to powder , and blown into the Eyes , taketh away the Pin and Web , or any other dimness , the powder of Sandevoir , and the powder of white Salt burnt , is good likewise for the same , so is the powder of Pummistone blown into the Eye , the powder of the inner Sole of a Shoo burnt to Ashes and beaten to Powder , is good to stop the Rheumatick Eye , the powder of two Tiles rubbed together and blown into the Eye , taketh away a Felm , Wormwood with the Gall of a Bull beaten together , is good for a dim Sight ; or take the Roots or Leaves of Primrose clean washed and boiled in runningwater the space of an hour , and put somewhite Copperas to it , then strain it and let it stand , and there will appear an Oyl upon the Water , and anoint his Brows , Temples and Eyes with it , and it will take off a Felm ; Mans dung burnt in a Fire-shovel to a Cole , and beaten to powder and blown into his Eyes , taketh away a Felm ; or take a handful of the angerest young Nettles , and stamp them well , and put them in a Linnen Rag , and dip it in Beer , then squeeze out the Juice , and put a little Salt to it , and lick that into the Eye , and that will take away the Felm ; or the Lean of Beef , or a Gammon of Bacon dried and beaten to Powder and blown into the Eye , taketh it away also , 〈…〉 or Lapis Tulia doth the like prepared ; The Gall of a Hare , and Live-Honey alike , put into the Eye , doth the same ; the Haw every Smith can cut out . Eye-Lids swelled outward . If you Meet with a Horse ( which is very rare to do ) whose Eye-lids are so Swelled that the inside of them are turned outward , and look very red , and as it were full of Bladders , and yet the Ball of the Eye very sound and good , then you need do nothing to him but to keep him warm with a Hood made fit for his Head , of some Linnen Cloth , and to anoint them twice a day with white Sugar-Candy , Honey and white Rose-Water , and in two or three days time they will turn into their Places again , then take Blood from him , which is partly the occasion ( and cold Rheums together setling in the Head ) of this Disease ; do not clip nor meddle with the Bladders , or any part of the Eye , lest you do not only put out his Eyes , but endanger his Life , or at best make him but Blear-Ey'd . Particular Receipts for the Eyes . Take Rose Leaves , Smallage , Maiden-hair , Euface , Endive , Succory , Red-Fennel , Hill-wort and Cellandine , of each half a quarter of a pound , bei●g washed clean , lay them in white-Wine asteep a whole day , and then distil them . And the first Water will be like Gold , the second like Silver , and the third like Balm , this Water hath recovered Sight for some years . Another to take off a Felm , or Pin and Web. Take white Copperas and beat it to powder , and sift it through a very fine Sieve , with the same quantity of white Sugar-Candie beaten , and blow it into his Eye once a day , and as you see it amend , once in two or three days is enough . Another to take off a Felm Take Alabaster and beat and searce it very fine , and blow it into his Eye once or twice a day , and it will take it off . Another for the same . Take Bay-Salt , or for want of that Common-Salt , and bruise it very small and mix it well with fresh Butter , then make it up into small Balls , as big as a Hazel-nut , and open his Eye-lid and put one of them in , holding your hand over it till it be all melted , and thus doing once a day will take off any Felm , if it be taken in time . Another to take away the Rheum from his Eyes , and to clear it : Take Butter and Salt , of each alike , and mix them well together with your Knife , then take a piece as big as a small Wall-Nut , and put it into his Ear , ( on that side that is offended ) and let it remain there for four or five houres , and this will dry up the Rheum and clear his Eye . You must Tie or Sew his Ear close , or else he will shake it out . Another to stay the Rheum in a Horses Eye . Take fine Bole , or Bole-armoniack , and blow it into his Eyes , and it will drive back the Rheum ; but if he will not suffer you to blow it into his Eye , mix it with Butter and some white Sugar-Candy beaten to powder , and make it up into little Balls and put one of them into his Eye once or twice a day , as you shall see occasion . Another to take off a Felm . Take the blackest Flint you can get , and Calcine it , then beat it to powder , and Sift it through a fine Sieve , and put to it the powder of Ginger , and blow it into his Eye as you see occasion . Another for sore Eyes , dim Eyes or Moon-Eyes . Take Lapis Calaminaris , half an Ounce , and heat it red hot , and quench it in a quarter of a Pint of Plantain water , or white . Wine , do this eight or nine times , then beat it to powder , and put it to the water , then add half a dram of Aloes , and a spoonful of Camphire in powder , and let them dissolve , drop this into the Eye ▪ Another for the same . Take a Pint of Snow-water , and dissolve into it two or three drams of white Vitriol , and with it wash his Eye three or four times a day , and it helpeth . Another for a white Felm or Skin over the Eye . Take the Root of the black Sallow , and burn it to Ashes , then put to it the like quantity of white Sugar Candy , and grated Ginger finely searced , and blow it into his Eye Morning and Evening . Another for any Soreness in th● Eye , at Pearl , Pin , Web or Bruise . Take a new laid Egg , and roast it very hard , then cleave it in sunder long-wise , and take out the Yolk , then fill the empty holes with white Vitriol finely beaten , and close the Egg again , and roast it the second time , till the Vitriol be molten ; Lastly , beat the Egg , Shell and all , in a Mortar , and strain it , and with that moisture dress the Eye . If instead of the Vitriol you fill the Holes with Myrrh , finely searced , and hang the Egg up that it may drop , and with that moisture dress the Eye , it is every way as good , only it is a little stronger . Another which is infallible for the Curing of a Pin , Pearl . VVib or Spot in a Horses Eye . Take an Egg and make a Hole in the top , put out half the White , then fill up the empty place with Salt and Ginger finely mixt together , then roast it very hard , so as you may beat it into fine powder , having formerly lapt it in a wet Cloth , then Morning and Evening after you have washed his Eye with the Juice of Ground Ivy , or Eye-bright water , blow this Powder therein . To Cure a VVart in a Horses Eye , which is upon the Edge or inside of the Eye-Lids . Take burnt Allom , and the same quantity of white Copperas unburnt , both being beaten very small , and ●ay some of this powder on the Head of the Wart once a day , and it will consume it . Another for ●oul Eyes , sere Eyes , or Sight almost lost . Take Thacchamahaca Mastick , Rosin and Pitch of each a like quantity , and being molten with Flax of the Colour of the Horse , lay it as defensive on each side his Temples , as big as a twenty shilling Piece , then underneath his Eyes upon the Cheek-Bone ( with a round Iron ) burn three or four holes , and anoint them with sweet Butter , then take a handful of Cellandine , and wash it clean in white-Wine , but let it touch no water , then bruise it and strain it , and to the quantity of Juice , put the third part of Womans Milk , and a pretty quantity of white Sugar-Candy , searc'd through a Piece of Lawn , and lick it into his Eye Morning and Evening . Thus do for the worst of sore Eyes , but if the offence be not extreme , then you may forbear both the defensitive and the burning , and use only the Medicine . Another for a Bite , or Stroke upon the Eye . Honey , powder of Ginger ▪ and the Juice of Cellandine , mixed together , and licked into his Eye with a Feather twice a day , is a very good Cure for it . Another for a Felm . The powder of Verdegrease finely beaten and searc'd , and burnt ▪ Allom , of equal parts alike , mixed with some of the Ointment of Marsh-mallows , and about the bigness of a Pease put into his Eye once or twice a day will Cure him . Another for Blood-shotten Eyes . Roman Vitriol steeped in white Rose water , till it be Coloured , ( or for want of that fair Spring water , ) and the Eye washed therewith twice or thrice a day Cureth it . Another to stop a Rheum flowing to the Eyes . Take Flox or Hurds , and dip it in the best melted Rosin you can get , and apply it to the hollow of the Eyes driveth it back . Some Observations to be observed upon Bruises and Strains . 1. In all Bruises by Falls or any other Accidents , 't is good to Bleed first in the common Bleeding Neck-Vein , before you give him any inward Medicines for it , and be very careful that what you give him be not binding things , for they will so coagulate and thicken the strained blood , that it cannot have its free passage through the Uriter Vein as it should have , which will be very prejudicial to his Health . 2. The best thing you can give him for any inward Bruise or Wrench in the Back or Kidneys , is common Turpentine made into Balls , with the best English Liquoris-powder you can get for Money , about an Ounce of it given him every Morning for about a Week together , and a Plaister or Charge applied at the same time to his Loyns or Fillets , made up with Oxicrocium and Paracelsus melted together , will perfectly Cure him in a Month at farthest , you may renew your Charge , if there be occasion . 3. All things that provoke Urine are very good for him , for the congealed Blood must have its Vent through the Uriter-Veins , or else it will do him but little good . 4. If your Horse hath a Strain upon the Back-Sinews ; 't is also very convenient to let him Blood with your Fleam on the Shackle-Vein , on the Pastern-Joynt , the Hair being first clipped away , to the end you may the better see how to strike the Vein ; When you have so done , apply your Piaister or Charge of Oxicrocium and Paracelsus melted together , as before directed , and laid hot upon the grieved part , and let it lie on till it come off of it self , and it will Cure him in a very short time . Things good in General for the Cure of any Halting coming by strain or strol● , ●ither before or behind , from the Shoulder or Hip down to the Hoof. If it be in the Shoulder , to let Blood and apply things to it as you do other strains . A Poultess made of Pellitory of the Wall , and Mallows boiled in strong Beer Tilt , with Bran , Bean-flower and Sallet-Oyl put thereto , and applied warm , is good to restore any Sinew-strength in a short time , the Decoction of the Herb Scabius applied is good for any shrunk-Sinew or Vein , or Tansie boiled in Oyl is good for it , Oyl of Turpentine , Brandy , Aquavitae , Oyl of Spike , Nerve Oyl , Sallet-Oyl , Bears-Grease , Oyl of Swallows , Bolcarmoniack is good for Sinew-strains , so is Ar●mart and Brook-Lime steeped together , good for old Strains , Glovers spe●ks boiled in Ale , and applied hot to the place is good , Oyl of Organum , Oyl of Exceter , Oyl of Peter , Oyl of St. Johns wort , Oyl of Roses , Mirtles , Sanguis draconis , Pickle or Brine from Olives , Train-Oyl , Mallows , Oat-meal and Bran bruised together and boiled with Urine , and laid to it Poultess-wise , Dialthea and Nerve-Oyl mingled together , Pumpilion , Nerve Oyl and black Soap minglod together upon the Fire , and anointed therewith , Brandy and Soap boiled together is good , or white-Wine Vineger and fresh Butter boyled together , with as much Bran as will bring it to a Poultess , and said to it Morning and Evening is good , or Mallows and Chickweed boiled together in Ale , &c. Particular Receipts for the Cure of all Manner of Halt●ngs , coming by Strain or Stroke , ●ither before or behind , from the Shoulder or Hip down to the Hoof. Markhams Master-Medicine for a Back-Sinew Strain , or any Strain , Shrinking , or Numbness of Sinews . Take a ●at sucking Mastive Whelp , flay it and Bowel it , then stop the Body as full as it can hold with gray Snails , and black Snails , then roast it at a reasonable Fire ▪ when it begins to warm , Bast it with six Ounces of Oyl of Spike made yellow with Saffron , and six Ounces of Oyl of Wax ; then save the Droppings , and whatsoever moisture falls from it , while it any drop will fall , keep it for your use . With this anoint the strain , and work it in very hot , holding a hot Fire-shovel before i● , thus do both Morning and Evening till amendment . Another in Nature of a Charge for a Back-Sinew-Strain . Take five quarts of Ale , and a quarter of a Peck of Glovers specks , and boyl them till it come to a quart , then apply it hot to the Grief , and remove it not in five or six days . Another for a Strain in any Part New or Old. Take of Sheeps Sewet a pound , of Sheeps dung two handfuls , chopt Hay a handful , Wheat Bran a pint , sweet ●oap a quarter of a pound , boyl all these in a quart of strong Ale till it come to a Poultess , then take it from the fire and put in half a pint of white-Wine Vineger , and a quarter of a pint of Brandy , and apply it hot to the grief , and give him Moderate Exercise . Another for a Strain or Sinew-bruise . Take Cumminseeds and bruise them gross , then boyl it with the Oyl of Camomile , and put to it so much yellow Wax as will bring it to Cerots , and spread it upon a Cloth or Leather , and apply it hot to the grief . Another for old Strains , Griefs , or old Cramps . Take Brandy , Oyl de Bay , Oyl of Swallows , Bolearmoniaek , Hogs-grease , black Soap , of each half a pound , boyl them till the Brandy be incorporate , then take of Camomil , Rue , Red Sage and Misle-toe , of each a handful , dry them and bring them to powder , and mix it with the Ointment , and bring all to a Salve . With this anoint the Grief , and hold a hot Bar of Iron before it , Chasing it well in , and do thus once a day , and in nine days the Cure hath been effected . A sudden Cure for a Kneck or Bruise on the Sinews , or Sinew-strain New or Old. Take a live Cat , wilde or tame , and cut off her Head and Tail , then cleave her down the Chine , and clap her hot Bowels and all to the Bruise ; let it lie on twenty four houres , and serve another Cat or two so if there be occasion ; when it is dry , anoint it with Oyl of Turpentine , Brandy and Soap , and heat it well in with a hot Iron . The Cats Bones must be br●ken . Another for a Strain newly done , to help it in twenty four hours . Take the Grounds of Ale or Beer , a quart , as much Parsley chopt gross as you can gripe , boyl them till the Herb be soft , then put to it a quarter of a pound of sweet Butter , and when it is molten , take it from the fire , and put it in a pint of Wine Vineger , and if it be thin , thicken it with Wheat-bran , and lay it upon H●rds , and Poultess wise as hot as ●ie can endure it lay it to , and remove it once in twelve houres , and give him moderate Exercise . Another which is Markhams own Balm , which he says hath never failed h●m in any Strain in the Sh●ulder , or other Parts , ●id or apparent , or for any VVind-gall or Swelling . Take ten Ounces of Piece-Grease , and melt it on the Fire , then take it off , and put into it four Ounces of the Oyl of Spike , one Ounce of the Oyl of Origanum , an Ounce and a half of the Oyl of E●●●ter , and three Ounces of the Oyl of St. Johns wort , stir them well together , and put them up into a Gally pot . With this Ointment ( or indeed precious Balm ) being hot , anoint the grieved place , and Rub and Chafe it in very much , holding a hot Fire-shovel before it , and anoint it once in two days , but rub and chafe it in twice or thrice a day , and give him moderate Exercise For want of Piece-Grease take Goose-Grease . [ Look for Ointments in the Table of the Prices of Drugs , and you shall find what it is , and where it is to be bought ] . Another for Sinews that are extended , over-strained , and so weakened , tha● the Member is useless . Take of Cantharides , Euphorbium and Mercury , of each a like quantity , and of the Oyl-de bay double as much as of all ●he rest ; bring the hard S●mples to powder , and beat all to a Salve , apply this 〈◊〉 the Grief ( being desperate ) and though it make a sore , it will give strength a●d streightness to the Sinews . For the Sore you may Cure it either with Pop●leon , fresh Butter or Deers Grease warm . Another of the same Nature , but more ge●●le . Take Turpentine two Ounces , Verdegrease three Ounces , Hogs-grease six Ounces , boil them till the Verdegrease be dissolved , then take Rosin , Bees Wax , of each two Ounces , mix all these together , then apply it to the grieved pl●ce hot . Another which is a Charge for a New Strain or Grief , proce●ding from Heat . Take the Whites of six Eggs , and beat them with a Pint of white-Wine Vineger , the Oyl of Roses and Myrtles , of each an Ounce , Bolearmoniack four Ounces , as much Sanguis Draconis , and with as much Bean-flower or Wheat-flower , ( but Bean is the best ) as will thicken it , bring it to a Salve , and spreading it on Hurds , lay it about the grieved place , and renew it not until it be dry . Signes to know where the Grief lies . You may know where the Grief lies , by pinching every several member , and where he most complaineth , there is his most Grief . For a New Strain . Take white-Wine Vineger , Bolearmoniack , the Whites of Eggs , and Bean-flower , and having beaten them to a perfect Salve , lay it very hot to the ●ore place , and it will Cure it . Another for an old Strain . Take Vineger and Butter , and melt them together with Wheat-Bran , make it into a Poultess , and lay it as hot as may be to the place grieved , and it will take away the Grief . A●other for a Back Sinew-strain . Take Venice Turpentine and Brandy beaten together to a Salve , and anoint the grieved place therewith , and heat it in with a Fire-shovel , and in two or three times doing it will take it away . Another for an old Strain or La●eness . Take Boars-grease , Bolearmoniack , black Soap and Nerve-Oyl , of each a like quantity ▪ boyl them well together , and apply it hot to the Grief , chasing it very well , and heating it in with a hot Fire-shovel , and thus do it once a day till the Pain go away . An ther for a Strain in the Pastern , or Foot-lock Joynt . A Poultess made of the Grounds of strong Beer , Hens-dung , Hogs-Grease and Nerve Oyl boiled together , and applied to the grieved part , two or three times bound on with a Linnen Rag will help him . Another very good for a New Sinew-strain . Take common Soap a quarter of a pound , Bolearmoniack in powder an Ounce , the Whites of three or four new laid Eggs , a Gill of white-Wine Vineger , half a Gill of Brandy , and a quarter of a Pint of New Wort , either of Beer or Ale , with half a Gill of the Oyl of Turpentine , and incorporate and mix them very well with your Hand ; Then Rub and Cha●e the thinness of it in upon the grieved place , holding a hot Fire-shovel before it to make it sink in the better , then daub all over the thickest of it in the nature of a Charge , and stick Flox or Hurds upon it , and bind it up with a Linnen Cloth , and it will do well ; If there be occasion , you may apply a fresh Charge to it . Another for an old Strain upon the Legs . After you have Clipped away the Hair so close on the Pastern-Joynt , that you can see the Pastern-Vein , strike it with your Fleam , and let it bleed well , then take two Ounces of the Oyl of Turpentine , with the like quantity of strong Ale or Beer , and put them into a Glass , and shake them very well together , to incorporate them the better , then pour it out into an Earthen or Pewter Dish , and with your Hand anoint and cha●e it into the grieved part very well , holding at the same instant of time a hot Fire-shovel before it , to make it sink in the better . When you find that the Swelling is abated , lay the common Charge of Soap and Brandy upon it , and bind a Linnen Rag wet in the same about it ; When your Charge begins to pill off , anoint it with the Oyl of Trotters once or twice . This Way of Ordering him will perfect the Cure in a Week or Fortnight at farthest . Another for any Grief , Pain Numbness , Weakness , or Swelling in Joynt● that cometh of a Cold Cause . Take Brandy and Bath the place therewith very warm , heating it in with a hot fire shovel , then wet a Linnen Cloth in the said Brandy , and cover the wet Cloth all over with Pepper finely beaten , very thick , and so Fold it about the grieved place , then Rowl it on fast with a dry Rowler , and let him Rest , and do this once a day till you see amendment . An Excellent Charge which never yet failed for any Sinew-strain from the Shoulder , or the Hips down to the Foot , nay , though it be in the Coffin Joynt , which is the ●ardest of Strains to Cure. Take of Burgundy Pitch , and of Frankincense , of each a quarter of a pound , as much stone Pitch , or for want of that Common black Pitch , as containing the quantity of a Wall ▪ Nut , a quarter of a pound of Roses , and the like quantity of Bolearmoniack finely beaten to powder , melt all these together till they be throughly dissolved , incorporate them well together , if you add two or three Penny-worth of Mallick to them , it will be the better , but if you have none of it , it will do without it . How to use it . When it is almost cold that it will not scauld the Skin , lay it on the grieved place with a Lath or any other such like thing , then lay all over the Charge some Flox , Wooll , Deers hair , or such like things , then heat the Charge again , and daub it all over the Flox somewhat better then you did the former , then cover it all over again with some Flox as you did before , and if he be a Stable Horse , keep him out of the Water by watering him in the House ▪ but if it be in the Summer , you may Charge him abroad ; If the strain be in the Coffin Joynt , you must let him blood in the Toe , which every common Smith can do , then stop the bleeding of it by some Flax or Tow , dipt in the white of an Egg , beaten with Bolearmoniack ; use it as before shewed , laying it all over the Hough Heels , and Foot lock-Joynt , and especially at the setting on of the Hough . How to know when it is well made . If it be well made , you may know it by this Sign , viz. If you drop it upon a Piece of white Paper and let it lie until it be cold , then take and break it asunder , and if it Crumble in the breaking , it is too hard , but if it break clear without Crumbling , it is well made , and if you find it too soft , and that it will not keep on the Horses Foot , then put in a little more Rosin and Bolcarmoniack into it , and if you find it too hard put in a little Tallow or Sa●let-Oyl ▪ but Tallow is the best . If it be in hot Weather you must make it the harder , and especially if he run abroad ; and if it be in cold Weather , you must make it the softer . If you desire to see more Charges for these Uses , look in my First Part. For Swelledor Garded ▪ L●gs , whether by Grease or other A cident . If your Horses Legs be Swelled , only because the Grease is fallen into them and there is no other outward Ulcer , neither will the Bathing with cold Fountain water , and other ordinary helps asswage them , then take a Pottle of Wine Lees , or else take the Grounds of strong Ale or Beer , and boyl it with a pound of Hogs-grease , then with as much Wheat-Bran as will thicken it ▪ make thereof a Poultess , and having made him a Hose of Woollen Cloth , fill it with this Poultess as hot as he can suffer it , then close up the Hose and let it abide two days ; the third day open the Hose at the top , but stir not the Poultess , but put in hot Moulten Grease to it whilst it will receive any , for that will renew the strength thereof , then close it as you did before , and let him stand two or three days longer , then open the Leg and rub it down ; and if you find occasion , you may apply another ; if not , the Cure is wrought . Now , if besides the Swelling , he hath Ulcers , Chops and Sores , then apply the Poultess , as before shewed ; And after a Week Application , take a quart of old Urine , and put to it half a handful of Salt , as much Allum , and half an Ounce of white Copperas , boyl them together , and with it wash the Sore once or twice a day , then after a little drying , anoint them with the Oyntment called Aegyptiacum , and is made of Vineger eight Ounces , of Honey twelve Ounces of Verdegrease two Ounces , of Allum one Ounce and a half , and boiled to the height , till it come to a red Salve , and it will both kill the Malignant Humours , and heal and dry up the Sores . Another for swelled Legs , wheather by Grease , ●o●tiness , Wind or Travel . First , Bathe them well with the Pickle or Brine which comes from Olives , being made hot ; Then take a Pint of Train Oyl , as much Nerve Oyl , and as much Oyl de bay , a quarter of a pound of Allum , half a Pint of Sallet-Oyl , half a pound of Hogs-grease , put all these to a Pottle of Urine , and with a handful or two of Mallows , Oat-meal bruised , and Bran , boyl them to a Poultess , and very hot apply it to the Grief ; Do this once in two days . Things good in General for a Horse that hath a Wren●h in his Back . To shave away the Hair , but then you must not lay his Charge on too hot ; You may find many sorts of them in my First Part. But more particularly take this , Take of Bolearmoniack , Com●rey , alias , Consolida Major , Galbanum , Sal-Armoniack , Sanguis draconis , his own Blood , Burgundy-pitch , Mastick , Olibanum , of each alike , stamp them well together with Wheat-Meal , Vineger and the white of an Egg , and lay it upon the place grieved , then clap upon the top of it all along the Chine and Back , a Sheeps Skin newly taken off from his Back , and change it every day , and in three or four days it will be well , but let the Charge lie on till it fall away of it self . Or to Bath his Back with Brandy well warmed , and the powder of Bolearmoniack mixt together is very good . But if your Horse be Naturally weak in the Back , or swayed in the Back , these two Diseases are not absolutely Cured ; but Coleworts boiled in Sallet-Oyl , and put Bean-Meal into it , and Charge the Back with it , will strengthen it . Or you may give him these things inwardly which is good for a Back swanckt in the Fillets or Loyn ; Or for a Wrench in the Back-bone , viz. Take one Ounce of Solomons Seal , one Ounce of Comfrey , one of Clary , a quarter of a pound of Pollipody of the Oak , Wood-bitony two handfuls ; Boyl them in a Gallon of strong Beer or more , till half the quantity be consumed , then take it off the Fire , and put into it a quarter of a pound of Butter , and a quarter of a pound of Honey , and give him a quart of it luke-warm in a Drenching-Horn fasting , at the end of every third day , for about three or four times , and Order him as in Observations how to Order sick Horses ; I●●ing-Glass boiled in Milk with a little Bole armoniack is a great Strengthner of the Back , given him for several Mornings together ; But the more easie and familiar way to Cure these Distempers , and is as good a thing as I think you can possibly give him , is to make him some Balls of common Turpentine , and the powder of English Liquoris , and give him about two Ounces of them , for about a Fortnight together , and apply at the same time to the Reins of his Back this excellent Plaister , viz. Oxicrocium and Paracelsus , of each a like quantity ( but rather more of the Oxicrocium ) melted together , and spread upon Sheeps Leather , and apply it to grieved part , and let it lie on till it fall off of it self ; You may renew his Charge if you think it convenient , after the other hath been about a Fortnight on . This is also a very excellent Plaister for a Back Sinew-strain in the Foot-lock Joynt , and indeed for all manner of Strains whatsoever . To Cure the Lampas . Take a roasted Onion very hot , and put it upon a Clout , or upon Hurds , and with it rub the Lampas very much , and do this two or three times a day till it be whole , but the best Cure is to burn it away , which every common Smith can do . Things good to Cure the Camery or Frounc● . To let him Blood in the two greatest Veins under his Tongue , and to wash the Sore with Vineger and Salt , or to burn the Pimples on the Head , and to wash them with Ale and Salt till they Bleed . To Cure the Barbes . Clip them away with a Pair of Scissers , and let them Bleed , then prick them in the Palate of the Mouth with your Fleam , and wash the place with Wine Vineger , Bolearmoniack and Salt , and see that no Hay dust stick upon the Place Clipped , and he will be well again . Several Receipts for the Canker in the Mouth , Nose , or in any other Part of the Body . For the Canker in the Mouth or Nose , take white-Wine half a pint , Roch-Allom , the quantity of a Wall-nut , Bay-salt half a spoonful , English-Honey one spoonful , Red-Sage , Rue , Rib-wort , Bramble-leaves , of each alike much , boyl these in the white-Wine so much as will suffice , till a quarter be consumed , and inject this water into the sorrance , or if it be in the Mouth ▪ wash the place with a Clout fastned to a stick , and dress him therewith twice a day , or oftener as you shall see ●it , till it be whole . Another for the Nose or Mouth , or any other place . Take the Juice of Plantine , as much Vineger , and the same weight of the powder of Allum , and with it anoint the sore twice or thrice a day , and it will kill it and Cure it . Another . Take of Ginger and Allum , of each alike , made into fine powder , mixing them well together till they be very thick like a Salve , and after you have washed it very well with Allum-water or Vineger , anoint it with this Salve , and in twice or thrice dressing it will be killed . Things good in General for the Canker . The Herb Fluellen stamped , and the Juice given inwardly , or applied outwardly , healeth the most spreading and eating Cankers and Ulcers , and fretting Sores , Sage , Plantine , Rosemary , Honey , Allum , Verdegrease , green and white Copperas , Brimstone , Tansie , Bay-salt , Bramble-leaves , Elder , Ginger , the Roots of Asphodil , quick Silver , Arsnick , Agrimony made up with Hogs-grease Cureth old Cankers and inveterate Ulcers , Allum , Honey and Verdegrease mixed together is good ; the Decoction of white Beets in Water is good for Running Sores , Ulcers and Cankers in the Head , Legs , or other Parts of the Body , the Decoction of the leaves of the Burr-dock , &c. Another Excellent Cure for the Cure of the Canker in the Head , Face or Ey●s , &c. Take three Ounces of Burgundy Pitch , and half a pint of Sallet Oyl , and put them into a large Earthen new Pipkin , and set them over a soft Fire , and let them Simper gently , keeping them stirring while they are on the Fire , to incorporate them the better . Your Pipkin must be the larger , by reason that you are to put in Verdegrease ▪ which is of that fie●y Nature , that it will make it quickly rise and boyl over , if you have not a special care thereof ; After you have boiled it near a quarter of an hour , put to it one Ounce of the Oyl of Turpentine , and as much of the Powder of Verdegrease as will lie upon a six-pence , finely powdered and searc'd through a Lawn Sieve , boyl them also a little while together , then take it off the Fire , and put it into a Gally-pot , and keep it till you have occasion to use it . Directions to know whether it be well or ill made . If it be vell boiled it will be neither too thick nor too thin , but in the condition of an Ointment , and of a very good green Colour ; But if it be too much boiled , your Verdegrease will turn it of a red Colour , which will be so prejudicial to your Salve , that it will lose the healing quality thereof . Directions how to use it . If you use it for a Canker in his Nose , you are to Tie a Linnen Rag upon the end of a stick , and dip it in Wine Vineger and Salt , or Verjuice and Salt mixed together , and put it ●p into his Nostrils , and rub and scrub off the scabs and filth that you find therein ; When you have thus washed and cleansed it , take the longest Goose-feather you can get , and if it be not long enough to reach to the top of his Nostrils , Tie it to the end of a small stick , and dip it into the Salve , and use it as before once a day , and he will do well . If you find it on his Head , Face or Eyes , you must do the like , viz. to rub and scrub off the scabs till they Bleed , and lay on some of your Salve with a Feather , and strew some Wheat-Bran upon it to make it keep on the better . You are to dress it once a day till you find it heal , and then once in two or three days is enough . Observa●ion . The quickest and speediest Way for to effect all outward Cures , is to let him stand in the House during his Cure. Things good to Kill Wormes in General . Alheal , Alkanet , Water Agrimony , the leaves of Bistort , or Snake-weed , the powder of the Root of Butter-Bur , the Seed of Sea Co●ewort , bruised and given in Beer , the powder of ordinary small Centaury , the powder of the Root call'd Devils Bit , Elecampane , the powder of Fern-Roots , the Juice of Flix-weed , Gentian , Feltwort or Baldmony , Germander , Hops beaten to Powder and given him , the powder of Horehound , Knotgrass , Groundsel , Savin , Brimstone , Allom , Salt , Mother-wort , the Bark of the Root of the Mulberry-Tree , Nettleseeds , the powder of the leaves of the Peach ▪ tree , the powder of Plantine , Horse-Radish ; Wild-Rotchet , Rupture-wort , Southern-wood , Vervain , the Bark of the Wallnut-tree , or the powder of the green shells , Wormwood dried and beaten and given , Tansie seed ▪ the white Beete sodden with Garlick , Mercury Calcin'd , Alloes , blak Soap , Ta●ners Ouze , his own ▪ Hair chopped small and given him in his Provender , Rue , Soot , the warm Guts o● a new slain Hen or Chicken rowled up in Salt and Brimstone , and given him , Elder-berries sodden in ▪ Milk , Chalk , Fennegreek , Bay-berries , Turmerick , Worm-seed , Garlick , Hens dung , Saffron , Mint , Sage , Rozin , Juniper berries , the green Branches of Sallow or Willow given him , Reeds , so much of Sublima●um as will lie upon two pence , workt up in Butter and given him , Stone-crop , Quick-silver crude or mortified , with the Juice of Lemons , &c. Particular Receipts for the ●ots or Wormes . Take a quart of new Milk , and as much Honey as will extraordinarily sweet , then give it him in the Morning luke-warm , having fasted all the night before , and let him ●ast after it two houres ; then take a Pint of Beer , and dissolve into it a good spoonful or more of black Sope , and being well mixed together give it him , then ride and chase him a little , and let , him fast another hour , and the Wormes will avoid . Another more Easie . Take Savin chopped and stamped small , a good handful warmed in a quart of Beer , and given him luke-warm , or a quart of Brine given him is very good . Another . Take as much Precipitate , alias , red Mercury Calcin'd as will lie upon a Silver two-pence , and work it into a piece of sweet Butter , the bigness of a small Wall-Nut in the manner of a Pill , then lape it all over again with Butter , and make it as big as a small Egg , and give it him Fasting in a Morning , taking forth his Tongue , and putting it upon the end of a stick , put it down his Throat , and Ride him a little after it , and give him no Water that Night , and let him fast two houres , and then let him feed as at other times . With this Medicine you may kill all manner of Bots , Trunchions and Wormes of what kind soever , but you must be very careful you exceed not the quantity prescribed , for it is a very strong poison . Another . Take the ●ender tops of Broom and of Savin , of each half a hand●ul , chop them very small , and work them up into Pills with fresh or sweet Butter , and having kept him over Night fasting , give him three of these Pills the next Morning early , and let him fast two houres after it , and give Him no Water that Night ; Or take Rosin and Brimstone beaten not very fine , and strowed amongst his Provender , and given him fasting , long before he drinks is good . To a Mare with Foal , be Cautious what you Give her . You shall need therefore but only to Rake her , and to let her Blood in the Roo● or Palate of her Mouth , and make her eat her own Blood , for that will not only Kill , but help all inward Maladies . Another . Take a quart of Milk warm from the Cow , and put half a pint of Honey to it , and give it him the first day ; The next day take Rue and Rosemary , of each half a handful , stamp them well together , then let it in●use together with the powder of Brimstone and Soot , ( so much as will suffice ) four Houres in a quart of Beer or Ale-wort , then strain it , and give it him Blood-warm , then Ride him gently an hour or two , and set him up warm , and give him Hay an Hour before you give him Drink , and let it be white Water , and give him no Hay before you give him his said Drink , and let his Drink be either a Mash or white Water . Another . Take two or three Heads of Garlick well peeled and bruised , with the quantity of a small Nutmeg of black Soap , and put them into a quart of strong Beer , and warm it a little over the Fire , and give it him luke-warm in the Morning fasting , with about an Ounce of the Flower of Brimstone at the Mouth of the first Horn ; And Order him as you do Horses that you give Drenches to . Another . Three or four penniworth of the powder of Carolin● , ( which you may buy at the Apothecaries ) given him in a quart of sweet Wort in the Morning fasting , is a very good Cure for them . Another . Take of Turmerick and Anniseeds a good spoonful , of each beaten to powder , put them in a quarter of a Pint of Brandy , and a pint and a hal● of strong Beer , and gi●e it him fasting in the Morning luke-warm , with some Flower of Brimstone put at the Mouth of each Horn , not exceeding an Ounce of it in all , and let him Fast three or four houres after it . You may Repeat this Drink two or three times , as you see occasion . Another for the Bots in a Horse . Take the Guts of a Chicken newly Killed and wrap them up warm in Honey , and put it down his Throat over Night ; the next Morning give him a Pint of New Milk , with about three Ounces of the Flower of Brimstone , and exercise him after it . Things good i● General to stench Bleeding , either inward or outward , or of any Sinew , Cut or Wound , or of B●e●ding at the Nose . The leaves of Snakeweed or Bistort strowed upon the Wound after it is beaten to Powder , the Juice of Cleavers applied to a bleeding Wound will stop it ; the green leaves of Cud-w●ed or Cotton-weed bruised and laid to the Wound , the decoction of the Herb called Golden Rod outwardly applied the smoother Horse-tail is good , either inwardly taken or outwardly applied , Ladies Mantle , the dried leaves of Medlars strowed upon the Wound being beaten to powder , stoppeth the Bleeding of it ; the Juice of Mint given in Vineger stayeth Bleeding inwardly , Money-wort or the Herb two pence stayeth Bleeding inwardly , so doth Moonwort , or the Oaken Moss of a Pale or Spear ; Mouse-ear stayeth the Flux of Blood inward or outward ; the Powder of the leaves of the Peach Tree strowed upon the Wound , Plantain , Queen of the Medows , Medlars dried before they be ripe and beaten to powder , and strewed upon the Wound , the Juice of Sorrel , stone-crop , a piece of a Fuze-ball or a Mullipuss laid to any Bleeding Wound stoppeth it presently ; An Ointment made of white Lilly-Roots with Hogs-Greas is very good for them . The Broth wherein Coleworts hath been sodden , is good for cut Sinews and Joynts . The Root of Garden-Lilly stamped with Honey , gleweth and soddereth them together , the Herb Tutsan or Park-Leaves , the Leaves or Bark of the Willow-Tree is good for the Bleeding of Wounds , or at the Nose , or Fluxes of Blood , the powder of the blew Bottle taken inwardly , the Juice of Clowns Wound-wort taken inwardly with Comfrey , or applied outwardly , the Down of a Hares or Cony Skins , or Woolen Cloth burnt to Ashes and strewed upon the Wound , Primrose leaves or Wild Tansie bruised , and old Felt burnt and beaten to Powder . Bolearmoniack beaten to powder , and given inwardly or applied outwardly , stancheth Bleeding . To stop Bleeding at the Nole , Tie him hard upon his fore-Legs , about twelve inches above his Knees , and just beneath his Elbow , and keep the Nape of his Neck as cold as may be , with wet Hay or Clothes , and it will stanch him presently . The leaves of Rosemary made into Oyls , Ointments or Bathings , help all cold and benumbed Joynts , Sinews or Members , &c. The best Receipt to stop Bleeding at the Nostrils . The Juice of the Roots or Leaves of Nettles squirted up his Nostrils stayeth the bleeding at the Nose . But the best thing of all to stop bleeding at the Nose , is to take a Hank of Coventry-blew thread , and hang it cross a stick , and set one end of it on fire , and strow a little white-Wine Vineger on it , to keep it from burning too fast , and let him receive the smoak up his Nostrils , and it will stop it in a very short time , when Nothing else will do . New Horse Dung tempered with Chalk and strong Vineger laid to a Bleeding Wound will stop it , burnt Silk is good likewise for it , so is the Juice of Coriander , or bruised Sage , or Hogs dung , or a Clod of Earth , or bruised Hysop , or the soft crops of Haw-thorn bruised , or to boyl two ounces of the Horses blood , and beat it to powder , and strow upon the Wound ; and to stop Bleeding at the Nose , the Juice of Coriander squirted up it stayeth it , or the Juice of Periwincle , the Coam of a Smiths Forge laid to the Wound stayeth bleeding , or Shepherds Pouch distilled and an ounce given fasting , stayeth any inward bleeding , whether natural or unnatural , or Bursa-Pastoris bruised and applied to the place . Particular Receipts to stop Bleeding . Take the powder of the Stone Emachile , and blow it up into his Nose , and lay it to the Vein or Wound that Bleeds , and it stancheth them . Another . Take the Root of Rubarb and bruise it in a Mortar , and stop it into the Nostrils that bleeds , and it stayeth it . Ano●her for the Bleeding at the Nose . Take Bitony and stamp it in a Mortar with bay-Salt , or other white Salt with Wine-Vineger , and put it into his Nostril that bleeds , and it stayeth it . Loosening Things in General , Vide the first Part. Binding Things in General which is good to stop a Loosness , Lask or Flux of Blood. Sloes , or the inner Rind of the black Bush , wilde Bryar-ball , or the inner Rind of it , Dock-Roots , or the seeds of Docks boiled in Beer ▪ the inner Skin that covereth the Chest-Nut , Cud-weed or Cotten-weed , the Root of the Water-flag , or Flower-de-luce , the seed of Flea-wort fryed and given , the seed of Flix-weed given in Water where Steel hath been quenched , the powder of stinking Gladwin is good for the Flux , Winter green , the dried shells of Hazel-Nuts , or the red Skin that is over the Kernel , the berries of Holly-holm , or Halver-bush beaten to powder and given , Knape-weed , Knot-grass , Ladies Mantle , the seeds or Roots of Water-Lilly , Loose-strife or Willow Herb , Honey-wort , or the Herb Two-pence , Moon-wort , the Oaken-Moss of a Pale or Spear , Mulberries , the Roots of Mullen , the Leaves and Bark of the Oak and Acorn Cups , the leaves of the Pear-Tree , or sour Pears , Periwincle , Queen of the Medows , red Roses , Sanicle , the powder of Services when they are mellow , Shepherds Purse , wilde Tansie , the Bark of the Wall-Nut Tree , or the Kernels of the Wall-Nuts when they are old , Yarrow , Wormwood , the Juice of Rue mixed with clarified Honey with red Wine , or Bean flower and Bole-armoniack boiled in Milk ▪ or red Wine and Bay-Salt bruised together , Cinnamon and Nutmegs boiled in red Wine , Tanners Bark , Dragon-water , a pint of it sweetned with Treacle , Myrrh , Mastick , Storax , the Rind of Pomegranate , Allum , for a Foal give him a Pint of Ver-Juice to drink . The inward and outward Barks of the Willow-Tree burnt to Ashes is a great binder and dryer up of Sores , &c. Particular Receipts to stay a Lask or Loosness . Take Bean-flower and Bolearmoniack , of each three Ounces , mix them with red Wine , or stale Beer , and give it him blood-warm . Another . Take half a Pint of Plantine water , and half a pint of red Wine , ( or for want of that , Claret , ) and put into it an Ounce of Cassia powder finely beaten , with as much of the powder of Pomgranate Rinds , and boyl them well together , then take the Yolks of two Eggs , and some Loaf Sugar , and make a Caudle of it , and give it him luke warm , and it will help him . Another . The powder of a Stags Pizel dried and grated , and given him in Claret or stale Beer , is a very Sovereign Remedy for it , so is the powder of the Jaw-bone of a Pike , Teeth and all , given after the same manner . Another very Excellent . Take three pints of stale Beer , and put to it the powder of Cummin-seeds three spoonfuls , and boyl them together till half be consumed , then take Knot grass , Shepherds Purse and Plantine , and stamp them severally and put four or five spoonfuls of the Juice of each of them , and put to the Beer , and boyl them again a little , and give him it half over-night , and half the next Morning ; But if it fall out in the Winter that you cannot get the Herbs , then take the Water of the distilled Herbs , and use it as before . Another . Take as much Bole-armoniack as contains the bigness of a Wall-Nut , beat it into fine powder , and put it into a pint of Claret , ( or for want of that , Verjuice ) and give it him when you find occasion . Or take a pint of Claret , Verjuice or Beer , and put into them an Ounce of the powder of Cinnamon , with some of the powder of the wild Briar-balls , and two or three ●olks of new laid Eggs warmed over the Fire . This Given twice or thrice at most will perfectly Cure him . Another very good . Take a quart of Claret , and put to it four Yolks of new laid Eggs , half an Ounce of long pepper , with as much of the Grains of Paradise , boyl them together and give it him luke-warm . Or take an Ounce of the inward Bark of an Oak , and half an Ounce of the powder of long pepper boiled in a quart of new Milk , and give it half over-night , and the other half of it the next Morning fasting is very good . Another . Take two or three wild Briar-balls , if they be not very large , and beat them to powder , and boyl them in a quart of Beer with a little of the powder of Bolearmoniack , and give it him Blood warm , and it is a certain Cure. Another for a violent Scouring . Take the Intrails of a Pullet , or great Chickin , all but the Gizard , and mix with them of Spikenard one Ounce , and make him swallow it , and this will infallibly stay his Scouring , yea , though it be a bloody Flux . Another which will stay a Lask , be it never so violent . Take a penny worth of Allum powdered , Bolearmoniack powdered an Ounce , put them in a quart of Milk , keeping them stirring till the Milk become all of a Curd , and give it him luke-warm . Another . Take a quart of Red Wine , and put into it an Ounce and a half of Bolearmoniack in fine powder , and two Ounces and a half of the Conserve of Sloes , mix them together and boyl them pretty well , then take it off and put into it a spoonful of the powder of Cinnamon , brewed altogether , and give it him , and let him fast two houres after it , and le● him eat no washed Meat . Hay is wholesom , so is Bread and Oats , if they be well mixt with Beans or Wheat , but not otherwise . Another . Take a handful of the Herb Shepherds Purse , and boyl in a quart of strong Ale , and when it is luke-warm take the leaves of Woodrose stampt and put therein , and give it him . Things good in General for a Bloody Flux . Cummin-seeds , Knot-grass , Plantine , the leaves or seeds of Agrimony , the inner Rind of the Barberry-tree , or Ber●ies , or red Beets , Bistort or Snakeweed , and Turmentil is very excellent , Brank u●sine , Bears-breech , Bucks-horn , Plantine ▪ Burnet , the Roots of Cinquefoyl or Five Leav'd Grass , the Juice of Clowns Wound-wort , red Darnel , the powder of the yellow Water-Flag or Flower de luce , the Flower of ●vy , Kidney-wort , Sage , Wormwood , Shepherds pouch , Red Robin , the seeds of Sorrel or Roots , wilde Tansie , ●ole-armoniack , Myrrh , Southernwood , Parsley , Rue , Spittlewort , Cassia , Cinnamon , Chalk , Vineger , Bursa Pastoris , Tanners Bark , Red Wine , Sloes , Arsmart , Self-heal , Pauls bittony , Milfoyl , the blood of a Hare made into Powder , the Powder of Mens bon●s , the powder of white Dogs Turd , the Pizzle of a Hart , or of Harts or Goats Hornes burned , the Jaw bone of a Pike beaten to powder , red Saunders , &c. Particular Receipts for the Bloody Flux . Take an Ounce of Saffron , two Ounces of Myrrh , three Ounces of Southernwood , of Parsley an Ounce , of Rue three Ounces , of Spittle-wort and Hysop , of each two Ounces , of Cassia which is like Cinnamon , one Ounce , beat all these into fine powder , and with Chalk and strong Vineger work them to a paste , of which paste make little Cakes , and dry them in the shadow , and dissolve some of them in a pint and a half of Barley Milk , or for want of that , that Juic● which is called Crimor or P●isane , and give it him to drink , and it doth not only Cure the bloody Flux , but being given with a quart of warm Water , healeth all grief and pai● either in the Belly or Bladder , which cometh for want of staling . Another . Take Red Wine three pints , half a handful of the Herb called Bursa Pastoris , or Shepherds purse , and as much Tanners bark taken out of the Fat and dried , boyl them in the Wine till somwhat more then a Pint be consumed , then strain it hard and give it him luke-warm to drink , if you add to it a little Cinnamon it will be the better , or to dissolve into a pint of Red Wine , four Ounces of the Conserve of Sloes , and give it him to drink , either of the Medicines are sufficient . Another most Excellent Receipt , which is infallible for the Cure of the Bloody Flux , or any other Scouring whatsoever . Take three pints of new Milk , and dissolve in it over a gentle Fire four or five Ounces of Issing-Glass , which , when it is thoroughly dissolved , it will so thicken the Milk that it will look like unto Cream . After you have so done , pour or strain it forth through a very course Sieve , to take out the dross and dregs of the Issing glass that will remain behind undissolved , and give it him luke-warm in the Morning fasting , and at twice or thrice giving it will Cure him at farthest . 'T is also a very great Strengthner of Nature . When the Issing-glass is dissolved , and the dregs strained and poured from the Milk , there will not be above a quart of it , which is quantity enough to give him at a time . To make your Issing-glass dissolve the freer and better , bruise it first in a Mortar , and then take it in pieces , which if it be right and good , it will Flake off like unto a Wafer , and be Transparent . Issing-glass is not much unlike in form and shape unto a white Pudding ; The Price of it you may find in the Table of the Prices of Drugs . 'T is very good also to be given to a weak Horse , to strengthen and make him lusty . Things good in General for the Falling of the Fundament ▪ To anoint it with Oyl of Roses or warm Red-Wine , if it be not inflamed , and put it up again ; but if it be , bath it with a Spunge dipt in the Decoction of Mallowes , Chamomel , and Dill , mingled together , to asswage the Swelling , and put it up again with your warm hand , and bath the Tuel about with Red-Wine , wherein hath been sodden Acatium , Galls , Acornecups and the paring of Quinces , then throw upon it the powder of Bolearmoniack , Frankincense , &c. Particular Receipts for the Falling of the Fundament . Take Garden Cresses , and having dried them to powder , with your Hand put up the Fundament , and then strow the powder thereon , after it lay a little Honey thereon , and then strow more of the powder , mix with it the powder of Cummin , and it helpeth . Another . Take white Salt made into very fine powder , strow a little upon the Gut , then take a piece of Lard , and first having boiled Mallow-leaves till they be soft , and beat the leaves well with the Lard , and when it is well beaten make it up like to a Suppository , and apply it to the place every day once till it be whole . Another . Take a small Fagot made of the green Boughs of the Willow-tree , and burn them to Ashes in some clean place ▪ When you have done wash his Fundament with warm Water , and strow some of the finest of them upon it , and put it up into its place again with your warm Hand , and Tie down h●s Tuel between his hinder Legs to his Surcingle , pretty streight , and it will Knit very strong again . Or white Pepper strowed upon it , after it hath been beaten and s●arced to a very fine powder , and used as you did the other , is very good also . Things good in General for the Biting of a mad Dog. To let blood first , Angelica , Balm , Wood-bittony , Cardus Benedictus , the Juice of Elder , all taken inwardly ▪ An Ointment made of the Juice of the Figtree leaves and Hogs grease is good to anoint the sore , Gentian , Felt-wort or Baldmony , Hounds to●gue , Mint bruised and laid to the ●ore is good , Pimpernel given inwardly , or applied outwardly , Plantine , the Bark of the Wall-Nut tree taken with Onions , Salt and Honey is good , the tops of Rue , Box leaves , Primrose ▪ roots , of each alike , powdred together , and boiled in new Milk with London-Treacle is good , Hob goblin , Dan-wort . Sallet-Oyl , the powder of Diapente given inwardly , or lay a live Pidgeon cleaved in the midst hot to the Wound , and it will draw out the venom , and heal the sore with Turpentine and Hogs-grease melted together , the leaves of Aristolochia bruised will take away the poison , Yarrow , Calamint and Southernwood made into a Salve . The Ash Keys , the Roots of the sweet Bryar dried and beaten to powder , and given inwardly , and applied outwardly , is good , &c. Particular Receipts for the Biting of a mad Dog. Take Hob-goblin , Periwincle and Box-leaves , of each half a handful , first mince them small , and stamp them very small in a Stone Mortar , and with Milk or Beer administer it both at the Change and Full of the Moon . The best of Cures for the Biting of a mad Dog. Take the Herb which groweth in dry and barren Hills , called , The S●ar of the Earth ; you must give it three days together ; the first time you must gather three of these Herbs with all the whole Roots , and wash and wipe them clean , then pound them well , losing no part of them , and give it him in Beer , an ● be careful that he hath all the Herbs and Roots , you may make them up in sweet Butter , which will do as well ; The second day give him five of these Herbs and Roots , and the third day seven , and he will be assuredly Cured , for it Cureth all manner of Cattel of all sorts whatsoever ; It Cured a whole Kennel of Hounds of a Gentlemans , one Beagle excepted , which they did not suspect to be bitten It Cured a Gentlemans Son , who was so far gone with it that his Head began to be Addle , and to talk idlely , yet it Cured him perfectly , and though he was then but a Child , yet he lived to be a proper man. Look for another afterwards . Another . Take Goats dung , and of Flesh that hath layn long in the Salt , with the Herb Danewort , of each half a pound , and fourty Wall Nuts stampt altogether , and lay part thereof to the Sore , and it will suck out the venom , and heal up the Wound ; but upon the first Dressing give him Wine and Treacle together to drink . Another . Give him two or three spoonfuls of the powder of Diapente , in a quart of good Ale or Beer , and to cauterize and burn the Sore , and to heal it up with a healing Salve . Another . Presently after the Biting let him Blood , then take Sage and Rue , of each a large handful , one Ounce of common Treacle , three or four Heads of Garlick peeled and bruised , of scraped Tinn or Tinnfoyl the bigness of a Nutmeg ; Put all these into a Gallon of strong Ale , and put them up into an Earthen Pot close stopped with Paste , then boyl it in a Kettle of Water till half of it be consumed . Give him five or six spoonfuls of it before the Full of the Moon , and three days after ; but if necessity requires , give it presently . Another not so difficult to make . First , let Blood , ( as you must always do in this Distemper ) then take Henbane and burn it to Ashes , and mingle it with Hogs-grease , and apply it to the place bitten ▪ and give him some of the Juice of the green Herb inwardly to drink in a quarter of a Pint of Angelica water , and he will do well . Things good in General to expel all manner of Poison , either by Serpent , Spider , or any venomous Be●st . Bay-berries , Burrage , the powder of the bl●w Bottle , the powder of the Root of the Butter-burr , water Caltrops , Dragons , the seed of Fennel , Garlick , English or foreign Gentian , Felt-wort or Baldmony , Clove-Gilliflowers , Angelica , Germander , Hawk-weed , the leaves or the berries of the Herb called True-love , or one Berry , Hops , Horehound , Juniper-berries , Lavender-Cotton , the white Lilly , Lovage , wild Marjorem , Mustard-seed , Ground pine or Champepitis , the Seeds of Garden Rue , Sorrel , Southern-wood , Stone-crop , the Juice of Turmentil or Set-foyle , Heart-trefoyl , Vipers Bugloss , the Root of Valerian , Holy-thistle , Birth-wort , the Root of Spider ▪ wort , the seed of Turneps , the Juice of Bastard-wild poppy , Moon-wort , Calamus , white Hellebore , or Neesing-root , Bittony , Elecampane , Mallowes , Cinque-foyl , Master-wort or Herb Gerard , the seed of Hercules , All heal , Parsley-seed , Ameos , or Bishops weed , Wormwood , Pom●itron , the seed of Oringes , Pepper , the Ashes of Reeds given him to drink , Mug-wort , or great Tansie , and Wine and Camomel stampt together . Particular Receipts to expel Poison . Take a pint of Sallet Oyl , and mix with it some Dragon and Angelica water , and give it him luke-warm . Another . Take Calamus , ●ittony , Angelica , Dragons , and Elecampane and Bay-berries , about two ounces of all of them together very finely beaten , and boyl them in a quart of Ale , and give it him , is very Excellent . Another . Take Rue , Mug-wort , Germander and Worm-wood , chopt small and boyled in a quart of Beer and give it him . If You desire to know the best Cure for this Distemper , Look for the Ointment of Dialthaea or Marsh-Mallows , in the Table of the Prices if D●ugs , and you may find the Receipt ●f it . Things good in General for the Plague or Pestilence Red-Lead , Bezor , the seed of the Thorny-Apple , Gun-powder , Bistort or Snake weed , one Blade , Burrage , the powder of the blew bottle , the Roots of the Butter-Burr beaten to powder , the Juice of Cellendine , Cuckoe-pint dryed and beaten to powder , the Leaves or Root of Devils bit boyled in Wine , Elecampane , Garlick , True-love or one Berry , the Berries of Ivy , Juniper berries , pimpernel , the seeds of Garden Rue , Saffron , Sage , the Roots of the Star thistle , Stone-crop , Angelica , the Roots of Valerian , Diapente mixed with Sack and sweetned with Treacle , Urine mixt with Hens dung , Gentian , Aristolochia , Myrrh , Scrapings of Ivory , Bay-berries , Pepper , Germander , Turmentil , the Seeds or Leaves of Southernwood stamped and given in white-Wine , or Ale with Bolearmoniack or Balm , Bittony or Naphe , the Juice of Marigolds , Scabius , Dragons ▪ water , Mug-wort , Featherfew , Yarrow , Tansie , Briar-leaves or Elder-leaves , the Root of the white Lilly given three Mornings together boiled in Beer , causeth the poison of the Pestilence to break forth into Blisters in the outward part of the Skin , the Root of Winter-Green is good , Calathian Violet , Vipers-grass , Rue , Ameos or Bishops-weed . To preserve a Horse from the Infection of the Plague is to anoint his Nose with Vineger , wherein hath been steeped Affasetida during the Infection . Particular Receipts for the Cure of the Plague or Pestilence . Take Devil-bit , Gun-powder , Bistort or Snakeweed , Angelica , Bay-berries , the Root Meum , Elecampane , all beaten to powder , and give it him two Mornings together , and Order him as you do other sick Horses . About three Ounces of all of them is enough . Another . Give him two spoonfuls of Diapente with a pint of white-Wine , or a quart of strong Beer sweetned with Treacle , and give it him . If you desire more Receipts , you may Compound them as your discretion will think ●it , out of my General Things for the Plague . Things good in General for Pissing and Staling of Blood. Agrimony , Wood-bittony , Bucks-horn , Plantine , wilde Bryar Palls , the whole Chest-Nut dried and beaten to powder , the powder of the Root of the Earth Chest-Nut , the Root of Cinquefoyl or Five-Leav'd Grass , Clowns Wound-wort , Comfrey , the powder of an Herb called Crabs-claws , the Herb or Seed of Flix-weed given wherein Steel hath been quenched , Fluellen or Lluellen , Golden Rod , the smoother Tail of the rougher Horse tail , the Juice of Housleek , Spear-Mint , Money wort , Mouse-Ear dried , green Mulberries , red Robin , Shepherds Purse , Bolearmoniack , * Hob-Goblin , Blood-wort , Plantine , the Juice of Purslain ; the powder of Gum ▪ Tragacanth and Arabeck , the red Rattle grass boiled in red Wine , red Roses , the seeds of Rushes , the Juice of the powder of Sanicle . The Seeds of Sorrel or Roots , wilde Tansie , wild Tyme or Mother of Tyme , Turmentil or Set-foyl , the Kernels of old Wall-Nuts , the powder of the Rinde o● dried Pomgranates , Pollipodi●m of the Wall , Knot-grass , Comfery , Storax , Pine-apple , Kernels , Daffodil and Wheat-flower , or Licoris and Anniseeds rowled in Honey and given him . Barley boyled in the Juice of Gumsolly , the Barley to eat and the Liquor to drink , the yellow Willow herb , Bugle , herb Two pence , water-Sengreen , Marsh mallowes , the Root or Queen of the Medow , Knipper-wort , the tender tops of the Bramble-bush or Flowers , the berries of the Hawthorn tree , Acatia , Moss of an Oaken pale or stick boyled in Beer , Coral is a most excellent thing to stop all issues of blood , a live Frog given him , or Aristolochia longa boiled in Ale or Beer is very good . Particular Receipts for the Care of a Horse that Pisses or stales Blood. Take Knot-grass , Shepherds purse , Blood-wort of the Hedge , Pollipodium of the Wall , Comfery , Garden Blood-wort of each a handful , shred them small , and put them into a quart of Beer and boil them , then put to them a little Salt , Leaven and Soot , mix altogether and give it him . Another for the same . Take three or four red Sprats , or one red Herring , with a hard Row , chop them very small , and let them lie asteep a●out half an hour , in a quart of strong Beer , and give it him lukewarm , fasting in the Morning , or at any time of the day when you have occasion , with about a spoonfull of the powder of Bolearmoniack amongst it , and it will Cure him at twice giving at farthest . Another which never yet failed , whether it be a Strair , or some other inward Distemper , and will stop any violent Scouring , being boiled in Beer , and given . Take two or three wilde Briar Apples , if they be small , and beat them to very fine powder , taking out the sticks that are in them , and boyl them in a quart of Beer , and give it him fasting , so long as you find him stale Blood. If you put to it the powder of Hob-goblin , it will be the better , and it will certainly Cure him . Take heed you blood him not , for if you do you endanger his Life . It will Cure him at twice or thrice giving at furthest . These Balls are to be Given when they be Ripe , which is about the latter end of November . Another . Take a good handful of Arsmart , and chop it very small , and boyl it well in a quart of good Beer , and when it is cool enough give it him so long as you find him to stale Blood , with the powder of Bolearmoniack , and you shall find it work a Cure in two or three times giving at farthest . Things good in General for the Cure of the Poll-Evil . To sink it at the first Rising , anoint it very well with red Lead and Sallet Oyl , and cha●e it in very well twice a day with your hand , and keep him warm , and it will sink it , and if you find it will not sink , ripen it with Wine Vineger , and the Loam of a Wall , straws and all , boiled together , and let out the Corruption with a hot Iron , and Tent it with Flax dipt in Hogs-grease , and after four days tent it with a dry Spunge dipt in Turpentine , Saffron and the Yolks of Eggs. But if it be turned to a Fistula , then take of unslackt Lyme and Arsnick , the Juice of Garlick and Onions , Wall-wort ●nd Holly , and boil them till they become an Ointment , then wash the Sore with the Water wherein green Copperas and Allom hath been bo●led , and fill the whole full of the Ointment , by dipping a tent therein twice a day , or to take of Orpiment , unslackt Lyme , Verdegrease , the Juice of Pellitory , Cellendine , black Ink , Honey , and strong Vineger boiled together thick , and made into Rowls , and put it into the Sore , and if the Fistula be killed the Matter will be white and thick , then dry it up with the powder of Savin , Honey and Lym● baked together , or anoint it with Tarr , fresh Hogs-grease and Sallet-Oyl melted together , or tent it with red Lead and black Soap mingled together , and to sink it before it breaks , lay a Charge to it of Shoomakers Wax spread upon Allom'd Leather , or what other Charge you think most convenient . You may find Var●ety of them in my First Part , if you look for Charges . Particular Receipts for the Cure of the Poll ▪ Evil. After you have shaved away the Hair from the Swelling , then lay on a Plaister of black ●hoomakers Wax ▪ with some Mastick melted in it , and spread it upon Allomed Leather and let it lie till it hath ripened or broke the Impostume , then take a Pint of Wine-Vineger , and when it is boiling hot , mix with it as much Loam with the Straws in it , and apply it as hot as the Horse will suffer it , and renew it once a day till it be whole . Another . Take an Ounce of Quick Silver , and kill it in fasting spittle , and mix it with the quantity of a Hens Egg , with Hogs-grease and Brimstone finely beaten to powder , incorporate these very well together , and anoint the Swelling very well with it , then take red Tarr one penniworth , of Hogs-grease half a pound , and of green Copperas and Bay-salt , of each a handful , both made into fine powder , boyl them very well , and boyling hot apply it to the place with a Clout T●ed on the end of a stick , being lately anointed with the Quick-silver , Hogs-grease and Brimstone , and by so scaulding it three or four Mornings together , you may after that but only warm the Tarr , and apply it , and it will be Cured , for this Scaulding doth so Kill the Malice of the Fistula , that it will never break forth any more , and this will Cure any other Fistulaes or foul Ulcers whatsoever . Another . After you have so slit the Sore that the Corruption may Run forth , and you have eaten or cut away the proud and dead Flesh , and washt it and made it very sweet and clean with Allomed water , pour into it some Oyl of Turpentine , and thus dressing it every day , you shall soon find it grow well , for this Oyl will no● only search it at the bottom , but it will also cleanse and heal it . It will likewise heal any raw Back pinch'd by the Saddle , or any Swelling it will likewise sink . Another . Take Euphorbium and Mastick ▪ mix them well together , and Seeth them well with French Sope , and make a Tent and put it into it , and it will consume the evil moisture . Things good for the Pains , vide Scratches , for what Cures the Scra●ches Cures these . Things good in General to Kill the Canker in any Part of the Body . Green Copperas , white Copperas , Bay-salt , unslackt Lyme , Sope and quick Silver well mixt together , Turpentine Hogs-grease , Arsnick , Verdegrease , Allom , Garlick , Rue , Savin ▪ Tar , Ginger , Pepper , Orpiment , Oyl of Vitriol , Elecampane , Fluellen , Tansie , Cuckoe-point , Snap-dragon , Burr-dock Roots , &c. Particular Receipts to Cure the Canker of the Body . Take Savin , Bay-salt and Rue stampt with Barrows-grease , and anoint the Sore therewith , and when the ill Humors are killed , ( which you shall know by the whiteness ) then heal it with Tar , Oyl and Honey mixt together . Another . Take Vineger , Ginger and Allom , and mix them well together , and anoint it therewith , and it will kill the Poison and heal the Ulcer . Another for a Canker , foul Vlcer , L●prosie , and to make Hair grow . Take a quart of Tar , and put to it half a pound of Boars grease , an Ounce of green Copperas , a quarter of a pound of Salt Peter , two Ounces of Wax , a quart of Honey , a quarter of a pound of Rozin , two Ounces of Verdegrease , a quart of Lynseed Oyl , Seeth them till half b● consumed ; then strain it and keep it ciose in a Pot , then when you have occasion to use it , take of it warm , and apply it to the Sore , it doth both heal , draw and make Hair to grow . Things good in general to Cure a Fistula or Canker , or any other Running Sore whatsoever . Wild Champions , Doves Foot or Cranes Bill , the powder of the Root of Sow Fennel put upon them , the Juice or Water of Flix-weed or Toad Flax put into them , the Juice of Coleworts , the Juice of Flea-wort mixed with Hogs-grease clenseth them , the Juice of the Flower-de luce , Fluellen or Lluellen , Golden Rod , the Juice or the distilled Water of Winter green , the Root of the black Hellebore b●aten to powder and strowed upon them , consumeth the dead Flesh instantly , the leaves of True-Love or one Berry , Knape-weed , Knot-Grass , Ladies Mantle , Money-wort or the Herb Two-pence , the Juice of the Leaves or Roots of Nettles is good to wash all rotten and stinking Sores , Fistulaes and Gangrenes , and such as are fretting , eating or corroding scabs or manginess , in any part of the Body , the Root of Cow Parsneps scraped upon the hard skin of a Fistula will take it away , the Juice of Pellitory of the Wall , Pimpernel Ground-pine or Champepitis , the Juice of Plantine , Queen of the Medows , the Juice of Rag-wort or Rag-weed , the red Rattle-grass , Winter Rochet or Winter-Cresses , the Juice of wild Sage , the Juice of S●razens Wound-wort . It is good for Ulcers in the Mouth and Throat , be it never so foul and stinking , and so is Sanicle , the powder of Savin is good to cleanse them , but it keeps them from healing , the Juice of Scabius , the Juice of Garden Succory , Self-heal is good to cleanse Sores , and is good for Ulcers in the Mouth and Throat , so is the Juice of Smallage put to Honey of Roses , the Juice of Sorrel or Wood sorrel is good for Ulcers and Cankers , the Juice of the Tamarisk Tree , Vervain , the Juice of the Leaves of the Wall-Nut Tree , or the Water of them distilled in Ale is good to cleanse and Cure ●oul Running Sores , Wheat-Flower mixed with the Yolk of an Egg , Honey and Turpentine doth draw and heal any Bile , Plague Sore , or any running ●oul Ulcer , Roch Allom and Bay-salt burned to powder and beaten together , and mixed with Cummin and Honey , keep it for your use , and apply it either Tent-wise or Plaister-wise , which will heal any old Sore , the Oyl of Turpentine is good likewise for the same purpose , the Juice of Beets , Calafoma or Calofonia , the Ashes of Garlick strowed upon them , the powder of Cellendine or Verdegrease , Vineger and Honey mingled together upon the Fire ; but if you intend to make it stronger , put to it some Mercury , Sublimate and Arsnick beaten to powder , but the other may be applied to the Mouth , and he receive no danger , or white-Wine Vineger , Mercury , Precipitate , Camphire , green Treacle , Sage , Yarrow and Ribwort , with Honey and Hogs-grease boiled together , till half be consumed , and strain it and wash the Wound with the Liquor , or take four quarts of Cole-trough water , boyl it and skin it , then boyl it over again after you have strained it , with white Copperas , Allom and Verdegrease , of each a pound , beaten to powder , and when it is clear , put it into a Glass for your use . The powder which remaineth at the bottom , keep by it self , for it will heal up any Old Sore , or take Roman Vitriol , Roch Allom and Rose-water boiled till they become as hard as a stone , and strow this powder upon it is excellent good ; but to break a Fistula , take Brook ▪ lyme , Mallows , Arsmart , of each alike , boiled in Chamber-Lye till they be soft , and apply it to the Swelling , and renew it not in two or three days But to Cure a Canker take red Grape leaves , Bramble-leaves , Honey-suckle leaves , Allom , Columbine ●eaves , Sage leaves , boiled in Water , and wash the sore till it bleed , or Verdegrease , Butter and Salt melted scald●ng hot , and pour it into the Fistula , and use it till all the Flesh look red , then tent it with Verdegrease , Allom , Wheat-flower , and the Yolks of Eggs beaten and mingled together , and skin it with Barm and Soot mixt together , or Loam-Wall and Wine Vineg●r put hot upon the sore , is good to ripen and heal it , or Butter , Rozin and Frankincense , made boiling hot and poured into the Wound , and for a Fistula in the Head , dip a Lock of Wooll in the Juice of the Hous●eek , and put it into his Eare , and put Hurds upon it and Tie it clo●e , and this will break it , or ●alt mixed with Butter or Water , and salt put into his Ear will do the like . Particular Receipts for the Cure of a Fistula . After you have searched it to the bottom with a Probe of Lead , or some other thing which will bend wheresoever the Concavity of the Sorrance leadeth it , and when you have found the bottom let it be opened downwards , if it may be possibly done to the end the Corruption may the better issue out , then tent it two or three days with tried Hogs-grease to cause the hole to be the wider , then inject this Water following . Take of Sublimate , and of Precipitate of each as much as will lie upon a three-p●nce , of Allom and of white Copperas , of each three Ounces , burn all these in an Earthen Pot , but first rub the bottom with a little Oyl to keep it from burning , this done burn them together , then take two quarts of fair clear Water , boyl it first by it self , and scum it in the boyling , then take it from the Fire , and put in as much of this powder as will lie upon a shilling at twice , and thus it is made ; b●t if you would have it stronger , then take fair water and Smiths water , of each alike , and of white ▪ Wine vineger a third part , & with the Ashes of Ashen-wood make Lye of them with the Water and Vineger , and so make your Water with this Powder and Lye in the former Ingredients , according as before is taught you , inject this water with a Syringe into the Sorrance , and in a short time it will both kill the Fistula and heal it up , and is an approved and infallible Cure. Another . Take a Pint of the best Honey , an Ounce of Verdegrease beaten to powder , and boyl them together three quarters of an hour , then strain it into a Gally-Pot , and keep it for your use . This is a very precious Ointment to tent a Fistula or Poll-evil , for it searcheth it to the bottom , and eateth away all dead and evil Flesh , which causeth it to heal the better . A Water for a Fistula . Take a Pint of the best white-Wine you can get , or for want of that white-Wine Vineger or Verjuice , and put a good handful of Sage-leaves bruised into it . After you have boiled it pretty well , strain out the Sage from the Wine , and dissolve into it about an Ounce and a half of Roman Vitriol , half an Ounce of burnt Allom , and half an Ounce of the fine powder of Verdegrease ; When it is cool , put it in a Glass , and keep it close stopped for your use . When you dress the Sore , let it be very warm , and Syringe it very well to the bottom once or twice a day , and in five or six Weeks it will be Cured . Another Receipt for a Fistula , Take of Roch Allom and bay Salt burnt , of each half an Ounce , the leaves of Rag-weed and Elder-tops , what you think fitting , according to the Concavity of the Sore , bruise and mix them very well together , with a handful or two of Grey Snails , shells and all , and stop the Hole full of it to the bottom , having first washed and cleansed it very well with a Syringe , with the water abovesaid , do this once or twice a day , and it will do well . Thing● good for Feavers in General , which you are to use according to your Discretion . * To let Blood , the distilled water of the Branches , Leaves , Flowers , or Fruit of the Bramble is very good , the Leaves or Roots of Burrage or Bugloss is very good for Pestilential Feavers , to defend the Heart , and to Mitigate heat in them , the seeds or leaves of the blew-Bottle is likewise good for the same , so is the Root of the Butter-bur , the Juice of Cinque●oyl is good for all inflammations & Feavers , the distilled water of Dandelion ; the inner Juice of the Pomcitron or Lemmons are good , Cochenele is good in Pestilential Fevers , a Manchet steeped in Muscadine and given him , or in Sallet Oyl , Mashes of Malt and warm Water , three or four Yolks of Eggs , given him in eight spoonfuls of Aquavitae , and stir him till his shaking Fit be over is good , so is Muscadine and Sugar-candy brewed together , Wormwood , Pepper , Grains , powder of dried Rue boiled in Ale , and sweetned with Treacle and Sugar-candy is good , so is Ston●-crop bruised and infused in Ale and given him , Germander , Gumgragant and dried Roses put into a quart of Ale , with Sallet Oyl and Honey given him luke-warm is good , Alloes , Garlick , Licoras and Anniseeds mixed in white-Wine and given him , Rue , Long Pepper , Bay-berries , Smallage boiled in Beer , Saffron and Treacle mingled together , or a handful of Thyme boiled in Beer till it be tender , then ●train it and put to it Sugar Candy , Anniseeds and Treacle , and give it him blood-warm ; but for a Hectick Feaver boyl Sage , Yarrow , Ribwort , Plantine , Bramble-leaves , Honey-suckle-leaves , of each a handful , with common Honey a spoonful in two quarts of running Water till half be consumed , then put to it a good Piece of Allom , and two spoonfuls of Vineger , and when it is dissolved drain the Water from the Herbs , and keep it for your use , and wash his Mouth therewith often , for his Tongue will be raw ; Then give him this Drink , take of Alloes an Ounce , powdred Garlick half an Ounce , of Anniseeds and Licoras an Ounce made into powder , bruise your Garlick and put to it three Ounces of brown Sugar Candy , and add to it a Pint of white-Wine , and give it him Blood-warm , and Ride him afterwards ; Give him this Drink every other day for three Mornings together . Particular Receipts for them . Take Oyl of Vitriol , Oyl of Sulphur and the Spirit of Salt , and put to it a quart of strong Beer , ninety or one hundred drops of either of them , and give it him every Morning till you find his Feaver abate ; These three Oyls or Spirits are much of a Nature , for they all comfort and strengthen the Stomach very much , and abate all Inflammations , quenching Draught , and abating the Heat of Feavers , and create a good Stomach ; They purifie the whole Mass of Blood , and resist all Poison , Plague and Putrefaction , and are so excellent Medicines , that they are to be accounted truly Cordial and Comfortable to the whole Body ; powerful , yet safe in Operation ; If you give them alone , they are present death . They are good also applied outwardly , to takeaway hard Knobs or Warts , and to kill Ulcers or Fistulaes in the Flesh . The Dose given him is from Fifty to one hundred Drops . When you take them mix them not together , but use them singly by themselves . Have a care you touch not your Linnen or Woollen with them , for if you do , they will soon eat them full of holes . The salt Spirit I advise you rather to make use of , of the three . Another Receipt good for a Feaver . Take of Diapente one Ounce , Bay-berries and long Pepper , of each half an Ounce , of the flat shell of an Oyster burnt and beaten to powder half an Ounce , of Diascordium half an Ounce , put all these into a quart of strong Beer , and give it him ●uke-warm when you find him want it , and Order him with white-Wine and Honey to preserve his Stomach , and a Cordial of brown Houshold-bread boiled in Beer , and sweetned also with Honey , as you have Directions more fully how to make , and use them in Directions for sick Horses , after the Table of Simples ; This Drink will cause him to sweat and sleep , which will bring him to his Senses , which is the proper effect of the Diascordium ; but if you find that this does not make him sleep , then give him as much powder of Poppy-seeds as will lie upon a six pence in two Hornfuls of small Beer , at each Nostril one , or for want of that a spoonful of white Poppy water , which cause him to sleep soundly . Things good in General to be Given inwardly for the Cure of the Farcy . Hounds tongue , Knot-grass , Horse-Mint and Spare-Mint , Rag-wort , feed of Bastard Rhubarb , Savin , Scabius , Stone-crop , Tamarisk , Oyl of Vitriol , ten or fifteen drops of it in his Drink is good for it , stinking Gladwin , Dodder , Callamint , Water-Hemp or Water-Agrimony , Hearts-ease , Hops , black Hellebore or Beares foot , Fumitory , the dried Bark of the black Aller-tree , the Root of Asarabica is not only good for it , but likewise for all Cankers or Old putrid Ulcers and Fistulaes upon the Body , the inner Rind of the Barberry-Tree , the inner Rind of the Elder-Tree , or Berries , Burrage , Briony a great Purger , which must be Corrected , Gentian , Feltwort or Baldmony , the Juice of Housleek or Stone-crop , Liver-wort , the seed of Male and Female , Mercury , Chick-weed , Turmerick , Bay-berries , Fennegreek , Nut-galls , the inner Rind of the Wall-Nut Tree , the Juice of Cinquefoyl put into his Eares , or the Juice of Rue and Aqua-vitae , or Assafetida and Brandy put into them , the Juice of Ground-Ivy given inwardly , the Juice of Cellandine , the Juice of Sow-thistle , Southernwood , &c. Things good in general to be applied Outwardly to Kill the Knots of the Farcy . After you have Blooded him well , take Oyl of Bay and Euforbium mixed together , and anoint the Knots with it , or to Bath the place with the Stale of a Cow or Ox , and with the Herb called Lyons Foot , boiled together , or Tallow and Horse-dung melted together , or to burn the Knots with a hot Iron , or to wash the Sore with Salt , Vineger , Allom , Verdegrease , green Copperas and Gun-powder boiled together in Chamber-Lye , or take a penny-worth of Tar , two Handfuls of Pigeons dung , white Mercury two penniworth , and make it into Salve , and anoint him with it . Soot , Bay-salt and black Sope is likewise good , so is Rue , Brimstone , Arsmart , Hemlock , Nettles , Housleek , Brandy , Oyl of Turpentine , Aqua-vitae , Pepper , Ginger , Misle-toe , the powder of unslackt Lime , used at your pleasure , &c. Observation upon this Disease . If his Breath smell strong and stink , his Lights are rotten , and there is no Cure for him . Particular Receipts both Inwardly given and Outwardly applied for the Cure of the Farcin . Take nine Leaves of the Pot-Herb called Beetes , of the smallest but soundest Leaves , and nine grains of Bay-salt , beat these very well together to a salve , and put this Medicine into his Eares by equal portions in the Morning before Sun-rise , and stitch them up , and let him stand with Meat before him , and let his Drink be white water . Unstitch them not in twenty four houres , then take forth the wooll and stuff and he is Cured . Another . If the Farcin be in the fore-parts of the Horse , take two ounces of Arsnick , and put it into a piece of new Cloth , and bind it up with a piece of new pack-thread , and fasten it unto his Mayn ▪ and if it be in his hinder-parts , as well as his fore-parts , then hang it upon his Tail , and the more you ride and exercise him the better , and though the common way is to keep him with a spare diet , I like not of it , for you cannot keep him too well , for the lower you keep him , the more doth the disease get the upper hand of him . Another to anoint the Farcy Knots with . Take black Hellebore , and add to the Herb some of its Juice , then put to it old Boars or Barrows Grease , and boyl it till the Juice be quite boyled away in it , whereby to bring it to an Ointment , with which anoint the Knots or Buttons of the Farcin with , but shave or clip away the hair before you do anoint it . Another for it when it first appears , before it begins to be raw . Take of Chamberly , Soot and Bay-salt , and boyl them very well together , then at night wash the Places infected with a rag , upon the end of a stick very hot , but not so hot as to scauld away the hair ; then in the morning anoint it with Tarr and black Sope , boyled together pretty hot . This done four or five times together will Cure it . Another which De-Grey says he hath Cured 100 Horses with . Take of Rue the leaves and tender tops only , without any the least stalk , a good handful , first chop them small , then stamp them in a Mortar to an Ointment , then put to it one spoonful of the purest tried Hogs-grease you can get , and work them together to a Salve , then stop into either Ear the whole quantity by equal proportions , and put a little wooll upon the Medicine to cause him to keep it in the better , and so stitch up his eares , and let it be in about twenty 24 houres , and then unstitch them , and take forth the Wooll and he is Cured . Another , which if he hath it given him twice it will Cure him . Take the inner Rind of Elder , the inner Rind of the Wall-nut-tree , the inner Rind of the Barberry-tree , of all of them an equal quantity , and not exceeding above a handful of all of them together ; Boyl them in a quart of strong Beer a little while , then take out the Barks , and add to it the powder of Turmerick , Fennegreek , and two Nut-galls beaten to powder , with the powder of Grains of Paradice , about an ounce of all of them , boyl them in the same Beer about as long as you did before , then sweeten it with Treacle , and give it him luke-warm in the Morning fasting , and let him fast two or three houres after it , and order him as you do a sick horse , ; if you put into it a little handful of stone-crop it will be the bettet ; You must wash the buds of the Farcy night and morning with this water . Take half a pound of green Copperas , and boyl it a little while in a quart of Chamberly ; before you boil it you must put in a good quantity of Salt or Brine . Another . After you have kept him slenderly fed all Night , give him the next Morning fasting , half a pint of the Juice of Housleek , and half a Pint of Sallet Oyl mingled together , and let him Fast till Night , and then give him Hay and no Water till the next Morning , and that warm too . This Drink used twice will almost Cure any Farcy . Another for the Farcy ▪ Take a handful of each of these Herbs here under-written , chopped very small , and boiled in three Pints of strong Ale or Beer to about a Pint and an half , and after you have strained the Liquor very well from the Herbs , give it him luke-warm fasting in the Morning , but before you give it him , stir into it an Ounce of crude Antimony , finely powdred and searc'd ; About three or four days after give him the like Drink again , and repeat it the third time if there be occasion , and it will certainly Cure him . The Herbs are these , Chickweed , Wood-bittony , Groundsel and Mullen . The Buds must be anointed also with this outward Application . Take the bigness of a Hazel-Nut ▪ of yellow Arsnick beaten to powder , and put to it about a spoonful of black Sope , ( or for want of that , common Sope ) and lay a little of it upon the Head of every one of them , which will so corrode and eat into them , that they will become so loose , that they will drop out by the Roots , then heal up the wounded places by anointing them with your green Ointment , which you may find in the first Part , or with Sallet-Oyl or Hogs grease ; take care you let him not come to gnaw it with his Teeth for fear of poisoning him , or that you lay it not upon any sound place , for it will make a Wound wheresoever it comes . You may anoint them with the Oyl of Vitriol , if yo● please , which hath the same Operation with the other . Another outward Application for this Disease , which will not only Cure the Buds of it , but any foul Scab , Leprosie or Mange . After you have let Blood , which is always convenient in this Disease ; Take three Pints of old Urine , and a Pint of Vineger or Verjuice , and put to it half a Pound of the Stalks of the strongest Tobaccho you can get , but let them be first bruised and laid asteep in the Urine all Night before you boil them ; After you have ●o done , set it over the Fire , and put to it an Ounce of the Flower of Brimstone , and boil them altogether till it come to a quart , then strain forth the Liquor from the stalks , and anoint the infected places with it till they be well . Another inward and outward Application for the Farcy . After you have Blooded those Buds with your Incision-Knife , which are fresh and green wash them once or twice a day with your Fistula-water , which will Kill them , conditionally you give him this inward Drink with it , viz. Take two quarts of Running Water and put to it , two Handfuls of Herb-grace , chopt indifferent small , with two or three spoonfuls of bruised Hemp-seed , and set it over the Fire , and let it boyl away till it come to three Pints , then give it him three times in nine days , and Order him as you do sick Horses , and he will do well . Another to Cure it by p●tting something into his Eares . After you have bruised about nine or ten Cloves of Garlick , ( being first peel'd ) wiuh a Handful of Rue , and about half a quarter of a Pint of Brandy strain the Juice through a Cloth into some convenient thing , and put to it so much of black or white Wooll as it will well drink up , and fill each Ear full of it , putting a piece of dty Wooll upon it to keep it in the better . Then sowe them up as you have Directions before , and do not unstitch them in twenty four houres ; If you open his Head in the usual place under his fore-top , and put into it about the length of an Inch of the inner Rind of Elder , and let it remain there about the same time , the Cure will be the sooner Expedited . Another Medicine to put into his Eares to Cure it when it is in his Head. After you have let Blood bruise so much of Housleek and Hemlock as will contain two spoonfuls of the Juice of each of them , and add to them two spoonfuls of Sallet-Oyl , and fill each Ear full of it , leaving so much room as you may put Flox or Wooll upon it to keep it in the better . When you have so done stitch up his Eares as in the former Receipt , and at twenty four houres end take out the stuff . If you like best the former way of soaking up the Juice with the Wooll better then this , you may use that . A Drink to Cure the most malignant Farcy that is . Before you Give him this Drink here under-written , let him be kept very sparing of Meat all night , and the next Morning Blooded on both sides the Neck very well . 'T is this , Take the inner Rind of the Barberry Tree , Herb-grace , Sage , Wormwood , Fennel , Lungwort , of each half a Handful chopped small , Anniseeds , Turbich , Turmerick , and of Aristolochia rotunda , about two Ounces of all of them beaten to powder ; boyl the Herbs pretty well in two quarts of small Beer to one quart , then strain it forth and put in your Powders to it , and when it is cold enough to take , give it him . How to Order him before and after you have Given it him ▪ 1. Before you give it him , let him fast four houres , and after it as much , when you have given it him , Air him well by Riding him after it . 2. Let him drink but once a day , and let it be white Water , which is a handful or two of Wheat-Bran stirred in amongst his water , made first luke-warm . 3. Let him be kept in the House with very dry Meat during his Cure. 4. Exercise is very good in this Distemper , and the more you use him to it the better you will find him , 5. 'T is good also in order to his Cure , once or twice a day to Flounce him backward and forward in some clear River or Pond , up to the Midsides , which will cleanse his Body , and take away the Filth and Venom of the Disease . 6. This often washing him in cold water will wash off the poisoned Medicines , if he hath been poisoned with any , and also abate very much the Malignancy of the Disease . 7. Let him rest three or four days after his first Drink , and then give him another , and Order him in every thing as you did before . 8. If you find him after this second Drink that he is not perfectly Cured , you may give him the third , and this will certainly Cure him . 9. When you give him his first Drink , if you please you may Blood him with the end of your Cornet in the Furrow on the top of his Mouth . The Vertues of this Malignant Drink for the Farcy are these . It will cause him to vomit up much Filth , and run at the Nose very nauseous and stinking stuff , and yellowish Water ; It is a great Sweetner and Purifyer of the Blood , as also a great Drier up of all evil and malignant Humours that are seated and rooted in the Body ; If the Heads of the Buds appear red and loose , lay upon them a little burnt Allom , mixed with a little Butter or Hogs-grease , and you shall quickly find them to fall off . A Receipt for the C●re of the Water - Farcy . This is the usual and common Way for the Cure of it , viz. To take a long and small Iron Rod , and bend it backward at one end about the length of a Fleam , then heat it red hot in the Fire , and strike the swelled places under his Belly , and chaps full of Holes , and let and squeeze out the grey and Oyly water , that you find pent up in the Skin , and wash the places , ( to keep them from wrankling , and to take out the Fire ) with Chamberly and Salt , and some powder of Bolearmoniack mixt amongst it as hot as he can we●l endure it for three or four times , and he is Cured . Things good in general to Cure the Running or rotten Frush . To take off the Shoo and pare away all the corrupt places , and make them raw , then put it on again being widened ; then take Soot and Salt , bruise them well together in a Dish , and mix therewith the Whites of three Eggs , and dip Tow therein , and stop all the Foot with it , renewing it seven days together , or to wash it with Urine three or four times a day ; or take a quart of urine , and boyl in it a quarter of a pound of Allom , with some green Copperas , and strain it out , and keep it for your use ; and after you have washed the Sore with it , strow on it the powder of green Nettles Fryed and Pepper , and it will dry it up . When you dip Tow in any thing , you must splint it in that it may not fall off , and during the Cure to let him come into no wet , and at the seven days end leave stopping him , and ride him abroad , and bring him in very clean into the Stable , for dirty setting up breeds this infirmity , &c. Things good in general for the Over-flowing of the Gall , which is a yellowness of the Skin , and a Costiveness of the Body . Saffron boiled in Milk is good , or Ale , Saffron and Anniseeds mixt together , or Cellandine Roots chopt , bruised and boiled in Beer , or for want of Cellandine , Rue , and give it him luke-warm , &c. Things good for Gangrenes inward or outward . The Leaves , Fruit or Roots of Briony ; but it is a great Purger which must be Corrected ▪ the Leaves of Bugle bruised and applied , or the Juice of it to wash the place ; the Meal of Darnel is good to stay them , Cankers , or any other eating and fretting Sores , Water-Cresses , Mallows , Elder-leaves , Brook-lime , mouldy Hay and Bran boiled in the dregs of strong Beer , and laid to very hot , is good to stay its spreading , if any thing will do it ; Nettles bruised and laid to them is good , so is the decoction of the Leaves or Bark of the Tamarisk-Tree , and the place Bathed therewith . VVhat the Spleen i● . It is a long , flat , narrow and spungy substance , of a pale fleshy colour , joyning with the Liver and Gall ; it is the Receptacle of Melancholy , and the dregs of the Blood , and it is as subject to Infirmity as any inward part whatsoever , as to Inflammations , Obstructions , Knobs and Swellings ; it is through the spunginess apt to suck in all manner of Filth , and to dilate and spread the same all over the Body , the appearance thereof is on the left side under the short Ribs , where you shall perceive some small Swelling , which Swelling gives great Grief to the Midriff , and taketh away more of his Digestion then his Appetite , and being suffered to continue , it maketh faint the Heart , and grows in the end to a hard Knob and stony substance . Now if I mistake not , this Spleen is no other then the Milt , and I have known four or five Horses die of it out of one Stable , and it hath been lookt upon no other then the Plague , which if they had had things proper for the Distemper they might have lived . Things good in General for the Spleen , either inwardly taken or outwardly applied . A Decoction of the Herb Archangel in wine applied to the place grieved hot , Barley-Meal-boyled with Melilot and Chamomel flowers , with some Lynseed , Fennegreek , and Rue applied warm , the Juice of Chamomel given inwardly , or to make him Sweat , and then give him a quart of white-wine , wherein hath been boyled the Leaves of Tamarisk , and a good quantity of Cummin seeds beaten to powder , and give it warm , or to pour into his left Nostril every day after he hath Sweat the Juice of Myrobalans mixt with Wine and Water to the quantity of a pint , or take Cummin-seed and Honey , of each six ounces , of Lacerpitium as much as a Bean , of Vineger a pint , and put all these into three quarts of water , and let it stand so all night , and give him a quart thereof next Morning fasting , or Garlick , Nitrum , Hore-hound and Wormwood sodden in sharp wine , and given , and to bathe his left side with warm water and to rub it hard . A Particular Receipt for the Spleen . Take a Handful of Agrimony chopped very small , and work it up with sweet Butter into two or three Balls , with half an Ounce of the powder of Turmerick , and as much of Cummin-seeds powdred , and give him them fasting in the Morning for several Mornings together , and it will Cure him ; 'T is good also to give him some of the Herb boiled in his Drink , or Oxicrocium applied Plaister-wise to the grieved part is very good . Things good in General to Cure the Colt-Evil . The Juice of Rue mixed with Honey , and boiled in Hogs-grease , Bay-leaves , with the powder of Fennegreek added thereto , and anoint the sh●ath with it . The powder of the Herb Avit , and the leaves of Bittony stamped with white-Wine to a moist Salve , and anoint the Sore therewith ; to wash the Sheath clean with luke-warm Vineger , and to draw out the Yard and wash that also , and to Ride him twice every day into some deep Running Water , tossing him to and fro to allay the heat of the Members till the Swelling be vanished ; and if you swim him now and then it will not be amiss ; but the best way to Cure a Horse is to Give him a Mare , and to swim him after it ; To bathe his Cods with the Juice of Housleek , or with the water wherein Knee-holm hath been sod ; if it stops the Urine , then give him new Ale and a little black Sope in it to drink , or to wash his Cods with Butter and Vineger made warm , or with the Juice of H●mlock , or else take Bean-flower , Vineger and Bolearmoniack , and mix them together ; Lay it Plaister-wise to his Sheath and Cods , or to make him a Plaister of Wine-Lees , Housleek and Bran mixt together , and laid to his Sheath and Cods , &c. Things good to Cure the Mattering of the Yard . Take Roch Allom one Ounce , and white-Wine one Pint , boyl them till the Allom be dissolved , then Blood-warm inject this Portion with a Syringe , putting it up into his Yard so far as it may be four or five times a day , till it be well . This is so perfect , that you need not any other . Things good in General for Shedding of Seed , which is no other then the Running of the Reins in Men. Amaranthus that bears a white Flower , the Juice of Bistort added to the Juice of Plantine outwardly applied , Comfrey , to Ride him into some cold water up to the Belly , then cover him warm and give him Red Wine and Hogs-dung , or Red-Wine and Acatium , Venice-Turpentine , &c. Two Receipts ( which may serve in stead of many more ) for the Shedding of the Seed , or Running of the Reins , which is an infallible , safe and sure Way of stopping it ; And is also good for all manner of Bruises by Falls , or any other Accident , &c. Take a pound of common Turpentine , ( if you will not go to the Charge of the Venice ) and put to it so much of the fine powders of Bolearmoniack and English Liquoris , with a little Wheat-Flower , as will make it up into a stiff Paste ; When you have occasion to use it , Rowl it out between your Hands , and break so much of it off as contains the bigness of a small Wash-ball , and give him three of them Morning and Evening upon the end of a stick , or in a Horn full of strong Beer , till you find the Flux of Seed stayed , which will be in a Week or Fortnights time at farthest . 'T is convenient to purge and cleanse his Reins very well first before you give him his Balls , which will not only Expedite , but perfect the Cure so much the sooner and better . Another for the same . Take brown Sugar Candy , Tanners Bark finely powdred and Sifted , with the powder of the dried leaves of Clary , and incorporate them very well with some common Turpentine , and make them up into Balls with a little Wheat-flower , and give him two or three of them at a time , Morning and Evening , about the bigness of a Pigeons Egg , till the Flux of the Seed stayeth , which will be in a very short time . Things good in General for the Cure of the Falling of the Yard . To Wash his Yard with Sea-water , or Water and Salt , and if that will not prevail , prick all the outmost skin of his Yard with a sharp Needle very slightly , and wash all the Pricks with strong Vineger , and this will not only make him draw up his Yard again , but also if at any time his Fundament chance to Fall , this Cure will put it up again , or to put Honey and Salt into his Yard made liquid , or else a quick Fly or a Grain of Frankincense , or a Clove of Garlick clean pilled and bruised , and Bath his Back with Oyl , Wine and Nitre made warm and mingled together ; But the best Cure is first to wash all his Yard with white-Wine warmed , and anoint it with Oyl of Roses and Honey mixed together , and so put it up into his Sheath , and with a l●ttle Bolster of Canvass keep it from falling down , and dress him thus in twenty four houres until he be recovered , and let his Back be kept very warm as is possible , both with Cloth and a Charge of Plaister made of Bolearmoniack , Eggs , Wheat-Flower , Sanguis Draconis , Turpentine and Vineger , or else lay next his Back a wet Sack or wet Hay , and a dry Cloth over it , and that will keep his Back exceeding warm . VVhat is good for the Cure of the Particular Diseases in Mares , Barrenness , Consumption , Rage of Love , Casting Foals , hardness to Foal , and how to make a Mare cast her Foal . If you have your Mare barren , boy● good store of the Herb Agnus in the Water that she drinketh , or to stamp a good Handful of Leeks , with four or five spoonfuls of Wine , then put twelve Flies called Cantharides , and strain them altogether with a sufficient quantity of Water to serve the Mare two days together , by pouring the same into her Nature with a Glister ▪ Pipe made for that purpose , and at the end of three days offer the Horse to her , and if he covers her , wash her Nature twice together with cold water ; Or to take of Nitrum , Sparrows dung and Turpentine , of each a like quantity , wrought together and made like a Suppository , and put that into her Nature , and it will cause her to desire the Horse , and also to conceive . If you will have her fruitful , boyl good store of Mother-wort in the Water which she drinketh ; If she lose her Belly , which sheweth a Consumption of the Womb , give her a quart of Brine to drink , Mug-wort being boiled therein . If your Mare , through good keeping , forsake her food , give h●r for two or three days together , a Ball of Butter and Agnus Castus chopt together ▪ If you will have her cast her Foal , take a handful of Bittony , and boyl it in a quart of Ale , and it will deliver her presently . If she cannot Foal , take the Herb Horse-Mint , either dry it or stamp it , and take the powder or the Juice , and mix it with strong Ale , and Give it her , and it will help her . And if your Mare is subject to cast her Foals , as many are , keep her at Grass very warm , and once in a Week give her a good warm Mash of Drink , this secretly Knitteth beyond expectation . Things good in General for the Cure of a Consumption . Wood-bitony , Hore-hound , Juniper-berries , Leeks mixed with Sallet Oyl and Sack , with some Frankincense , Agarick , Bay-berries , Brank-Ursine , China , Dandelion ; but the best is to scour him well , and put him to Grass ; Or take a Sheeps Head with the Wooll on , wash it clean , and boyl it in a Gallon of fair water , until the flesh come from the Bones , then strain it , and put into the Broth half a pound of Re●ined Loaf Sugar , of Cynnamon , Conserve of Roses , Conserve of Barberries , Conserve of Cherries , of each three Ounces , and give him a quart every Morning fasting ; use this till four or more Sheeps-Heads be spent , and let his Drink be either sweet Mashes or white Water . Take no Blood from him in this Disease , but rather labour to Cherish the Blood h● hath , neither be too busie in Administring unto him Purges , but Cordials , as Diapente , Diatessaron , Duke Powder , Cordial Powder , and such like Restoratives , and to give him good Meat and good Mashes , and to change his Meat sometimes to make him eat his Meat the better . Things good in General for the Lungs . Physick-Nuts is good for Rotten Lungs , Lung-wort , or Wood Liver-wort beaten to powder and Given in Beer , is good for Inflammations and Ulcers of the Lungs , the powder of stinking Gladdon , given him in Beer , with a little Mastick , is good for them . The Decoction of Hysop made with Figs , Water , Honey and Rue helpeth the Inflammations of the Lungs , the old Cough or shortness of Breath , Featherfew , Penny-royal given with Honey cleareth the Breast from all gross and thick Humors , and cleanseth the Lungs ; Calamint is good for the Wheesing of them ; Common Horehound cleanseth them , and is good for the Ulceration of them , so doth Bittony ; Scabius scoureth the Chest and Lungs , Mullen or Lungwort is good , Comfrey , Cowslips of Jerusalem , Cinquefoyl is good for the Liver and Lungs , Chervel boiled is good for the Consumption of the Lungs , Cummin-seeds , Brank-Ursine , Rue , Licoris , Bay-berries , Cassia , Water-Agrimony , Alehoof , the Leaves of the Fig-Tree , Lung-wort which grows upon Oaks or Beeches , which is a kind of Moss with broad grayish tough Leaves , Maiden-hair , wilde Marjorem , Hedge Mustard-seed , Rosa Solis or Sun-dew ; the Juice of Sanicle , Vervain , Wood-bind or Honey-suckles , Cresses , Almonds , Bugloss , Garlick boiled in Milk , Tartar , which is the thickest of white-Wine Lees , dried and made into powder , Elecampane , Sugar-Candy , Diapente , or take a Pint of sweet Sack , Honey , Myrrh , Saffron , Cassia and Cinnamon , of each alike , made into fine Powder , and mix two spoonfuls of it with your Sack , and give it him warm fifteen days together , and feed him with Mashes and white Water . But if his Lungs be rotten , then take the Juice of Purslain half a Pint , and mix with it Oyl of Roses , and put to it Tragantium steeped in Cows Milk , and give it him seven Mornings together , and this will Ripen the Impostume , which you may know by his stinking Breath , then give him this Powder ; Take of Cassia made into fine powder , seven Raisi●s of the Sun stoned , boiled in a Pint of Muskadine , and give it him Blood-warm ; or the Water of Angelica give him with some of the Root . Particular Receipts for the Lungs . Take of Horse Lungwort , alias Mullet , it groweth in every place with broad hoary soft leaves , which do feel like Velvet . shred it , stamp it and strain it ; Then take of Fennegreek a good spoonful , and of Madder as much , made into ●ine powder , and give this to him in a quart of good Ale or Beer , and give it him every other day , for twelve or fourteen days , and sprinkle his Hay with Water , and let his Oats be washed in good Ale , and let his Drink be white Water , and somtimes sweet Mashes . Another , Take a Snake , and cut off the Head and Tail , and Flea it , and after cut the same into Pieces the length of your Finger , and roast it as you would an Eel upon a Spit , and let it Baste it self , and keep the Oyl of it in a Glass for your use ; when you use it anoint the Breast , and his four short Ribs which be against the Lungs ; but first clip away the Hair , for that will take too much of the Oyl up , and thus do often for some time , and it will recover his Lungs again , and make him perfectly ●o●nd . Things good in General for the Consumption of the Liver . There is no absolute Cure for it , but to preserve it give him half a Pint of Sack , with the same quantity of the Blood of a young Pig luke-warm to drink , or to give him three days together no other food then warm Wort and baked Oats , and let him be kept Fasting the Night before he receives his Medicine , or to put into his Wort which he drinketh , two or three spoonfuls of the powder of Agrimony , red Rose-leavs , Saccarum , Rosaceum , Diarcadon , Abbat is , Disantelon , Lico●as , and of the Liver of a Wolf , or to give him Sulphur and Myrrh beaten into fine powder , mixed with a new laid Egg , and given him in half a Pint of Malmsey , and separate him from other Horses , for this Disease is infectious . Things good in General to Preserve the Liver , and to open the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen . Amara dulcis , Alheal , Agrimony openeth and cleanseth the Liver , water-Agrimony openeth the Obstructions of the Liver , and mollifieth hardness of the Spleen , Alexander or wild Parsley , Angelica , Asarabica , the decoction of Avens , the Bark or the Root of the Bay-Tree , openeth the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen , and other inward Diseases , the Juice of the white Beet openeth them , Wood-bittony , Butchers broom or Knee-holly , the leaves of Calamint , Centaury , Columbines , Dandelion , Liver-wort , the leaves or Bark of the Maple-Tree , Pimpernel , Ground-pine or Chamepitys , Agaricum , Almonds , Fumitory , Chamomel , Wormwood , Licoras , Anniseeds , Smallage , Parsley , Spikenard , Gentian , Succory , Endive and Lupine , all these are very comfortable for the Liver , and are to be Seethed in Water that he drinketh , Alloes dissolved , Ireos stamped , ●avoury Lungwort , or Oyl and Wine mixt together ; but the best of all is a Wolfes Liver dried and beaten to powder , and given him in Beer , or strowed amongst his Provender , or Parsley and Harts-horn , or Fennel and Parsley-roots scraped or boiled in Water , and given him with Licoras and Sorrel , or ●ollipodium of the Oak beaten to powder and strowed amongst his Provender , or take Hysop , Cowslip-leaves , Silver-wort or Lung-wort , alias Mullen , Harts-horn , of each a handful ; then take Gentian , Aristolochia rotunda , Fennegreek , Enula compana dried and long Pepper , of each alike , and when they are all powdred and searced , take a spoonful of all of them ; chop the Herbs and mingle them with this powder , and put a spoonful of live Honey to it , and boyl all of them in strong Ale till half of them be consumed , and give it him Blood-warm ; Groundsel preserveth it greatly . Of the Infirmities in General of the Hoofs , as false Quarters , loose Hoofs , casting of the Hoofs , Hoof-bound , Hoof-running , Hoof-brittle , Hoof-hurt , Hoof-soft , Hoof-hard , and generally to Preserve Hoofs . False Quarters . To take off the Shooe , and to take away so much of the Hoof on that side the Sorrance is , that when the Shooe is set on again , the Chink may be wholly uncovered , then open the Chink to the Quick with your Drawing-Iron , and fill up your Rift with a Rowl of Hurds dipt in this Ointment ; Take Turpentine , Wax and Sheeps Sewet , of each alike melted together , and dip your Hurds therein , and stop the Rift therewith , renewing it once a day till it be whole ; and thus the Rift being closed on the top with this Ointment , draweth the place betwixt the Hoof and the Hair with a hot Iron overthwart that place , which will make it grow and shoot downwards , and Ride him with no other Shoo till his Foot be hardned and become ●ound . What is good to Cure a loose Hoof. If the Hoof be loose , let it be of what cause soever , you are first to open it in the sole of the Foot , so as the Humour may have free passage downwards , and put a restrictive Charge about it , as you have some in my First Part , then to heal it up with Turpentine and Hogs-Grease melted together ; Or take three spoonfuls of Tarr , and a quarter of a pound of Rosin , and half a Handful of Tansie , and half a Handful of Rue , and half a Handful of red Mints , and half Handful of Southernwood brayed altogether in a Mortar , and add to it half a pound of Butter , and a Penniworth of Virgins Wax , and melt them on the Fire till it come to be a thick Salve , then spread it upon a Cloth , and lay it to it seven days together till it be whole ; Or to anoint it with Burgundy-pitch , and it will fasten it ; Or take Bittony , Rosemary , Rue , Bolearmoniack and Frankincense boiled together and laid over it ; o● to take Tar , Brimstone in fine powder , Wheat-Bran , and the Urine of a Man-Child , boyled all to a Poultess , and apply it hot to the Hoof , and it will fasten it , or to stop it with the Brains of a Pig , or to stop it with Flax dipt in the Whites of Eggs , or wash it with Vineger , and ●ill it with Tartar and Salt , and then anoint it with Olibanum , Mastick and Pitch of Greece , of each alike , and a little Sanguis Draconis , new Wax and Sheeps Suet , and melt it together , and anoint it with it , and if the new Hoof come , cut away the old . Of Casting the Hoof. Take Aqua fortis the strongest you can get , and first with a Rape or Drawing-Iron File or draw away the old Hoof somewhat near , then touch the Hoof so prepared with your Aqua fortis three or four several dressings and no more , then anoint the Foot with the Unguent for Horses Feet , viz. take Hogs-Grease three pounds , Patch Grease two pounds , Venice-Turpentine one pound , new Wax half a pound , Sallet Oyl one pound , melt and mix all these upon the Fire , and anoint the Coffin of the Hoof up to the top , and this will bring a new Hoof. Another . Take Turpentine half a pound , Tar half a Pint , new Wax half a pound , Sallet Oyl one Pint , melt all these except the Turpentine together , till they be well mixed ; and a little before you take it from the Fire put in your Turpentine , and stir it till it be cold , but before hand make him a Buskin of Leather , with a thick Sole made fit for his Hoof , but wide enough , that it may be Tied about his Pastern , and dress his Hoof with this Medicine , laying Tow or Hurds upon it , and so put on the said Buskin , and fasten it to the Pastern Joynt , or a little above , but so as the Buskin do not trouble the Foot , renewing the Medicine every day till it be whole , and is good likewise for a Hoof-bound Horse ; and as the Hoof beginneth to come , and if you find it grow harder and thicker in one place then another ; or crumbleth , or groweth out of fashion , take your Rape and File it into good fashion again ; and when you finde it so well that you may turn him out , put him into some moist Pasture or Medow , which will cause the Hoof to become tough . Of the Hoof-bound . First , pluck off the Shooes , and shoo him up again with Half-Moon and Lunet-shooes ; then ease with your drawing Iron or Rape , the quarters of the Hoofs on both sides of the Feet , from the Cronet down to the end or bottom of the Hoofs , so deep till you perceive as it were a dew to come forth , and if you make two Rases it will be the better , and enlarge the Hoofs the more , that done , anoint the Hoofs next to the hair about the Cronet with this Ointment . Take of Turpentine one pound , of Wax and of Sheep or Deers Sewet , of each half a pound , of Tarr and of Sallet Oyl , of each half a Pint ; melt all but the Turpentine together , and when you are ready to take it up put in your Turpentine , and stir it well together till it be cold , anoint his Hoofs once a day till you find amendment , and ride him once a day upon soft ground for the space of a Month ; then take off his Half-Moon Shooes , and pare his Soles , Frushes and Heels , so thin , till you may see a dew come forth , and the Blood ready to start , then tack on his Shooes , and stop his Feet as well within as without with this Charge . Take of Cow or Ox-dung , and of Wheat-Bran , of each so much as will suffice , of tried Hogs-Grease , and of the Kidney of a Loyn of Mutton , of each one pound , of Turpentine and Tar of each half a pound , melt all these together , ( the Turpentine excepted ) which must be put in when it is almost ready to take from the Fire , keeping it shirring to mix the Ingredients . Let this Charge be laid on hot , and renew it nine days together , to the end the Sole may arise , but if this will not do take out the Sole clean , and after you have stanched the Bleeding with the tender tops of Hysop stamped in a Mortar , apply then the Oyl of Snails to it and red Nettles ; the Oyl is thus made , take fourty , fifty or more Snails , and put them into a Bag with Bay salt , and when they are hung some time nigh the Fire , there will drop an Oyl from them , and use that with red Nettles once a day for three days , and heal up the Feet with your green Ointment , which you may find in my First Part , which will bring a New Hoof again , which then Shoo him with Lavels again , and turn him forth to Grass . If you fear that your Horse is subject to be Hoof-bound , anoint his Coffin all over with Neats-foot Oyl , especially at the setting on of the Hoof , or with Turpentine , and to stop his Feet underneath with Cows dung . Or take the Fat of Bacon half a pound , of white Sope three Ounces , Balm a handful , and five or six Sprigs of the tender tops of Rue , chop and stamp all these together very well , then fry them and lay them to reasonable hot , and let him come in no wet till he be well , and being thus dressed every day once , his Hoof will in a short time be sound and easie to him again . Things good in general to Preserve Hoofs , and to make them grow . To pare him well when you Shooe him , which ought to be when the Moon is three days in the increase , Turpentine , Hogs-Grease and Bees Wax melted together , and anoint the Coffin with it , or Myrrh , Allom , the Juice of Garlick , Rue , Asses dung or Cows dung , Pitch , Rozin , Sallet Oyl , Dogs-Grease , Olibanum , Dialthea , Sheeps Sewet boiled together , and anoint his Hoofs with it , or Chalk and white Lead mingled together ▪ or Bark dust and Honey mingled together , or Yarrow , Allom and Wormwood boiled in Oyl , or to boyl Beans till they burst , temper them with Honey , and anoint his Feet with them , or to wash them with warm . Vineger , and anoint them with Hore-hound , Wormwood and Grease melted together , standing upon his own wet Litter , is good to keep them moist , and make them to grow . Particular Receipts to make a Horses Hoof grow , and to Toughen it . Take the Juice of Garlick seven Ounces , of old Hogs-Grease two pounds , and a Handful of Asses or Cows dung , boyl and mix them well together , and stop his Feet with it , and anoint the Cronets of his Hoofs , the Medicine being pretty hot . Another for brittle Hoofs . Take Turpentine , Sheeps Sewet , unwrought Wax and Hogs-Grease , of each half a Pound , Sallet Oyl half a Pint and of Dogs Grease a pound , boyl them altogether , and keep them in a Gally-Pot for your use , and when you use it , anoint his Hoofs very well two or three times a day with it , especially at the setting on of the Hair , and to stop them with Cows-dung and Dogs grease melted together . Another most Excellent . Take one pound of Dogs and Hogs-grease , and Clarifie it with Rosemary , then mix it with half so much Cows dung , and boyl it up and anoint his Feet with it either hot or cold , is very good . A most Excellent Receipt for brittle Hoof'd Horses , to make their Hoofs grow so in a Fortnights time , that they will carry a Shoo● that would not carry it before . Take a Gallon of fresh Hogs-grease , half a Bushel of Damask Roses clean pickt , and when you have melted your Hogs-grease , and that it is boyling hot , put in your Damask Roses into it , and stir them well about till they be all wet , then take them off the Fire and put them into an Earthen Pot close covered , and put it into the Oven after you have drawn your Bread , and there set it stand till it be cold , then take it out and put it into a new Horse-dunghill that is very hot , and there let it be for three Weeks , then take it out and melt it again and strain the Roses from the Liquor , and keep it in an Earthen Pot close covered for your use . How to use it . When you dress your Horse , take a spoonful of Tar , and three Balls of Horse-dung warmed in a Pint of that Oyl , then take off his Shooes ▪ and bind up his Feet with a pair of Buskins of Leather with a thick Sole , and pour in the Liquor and let him stand a Week so , but apply fresh shift to him every day poured into the Buskins , but take away none of the old Medicine , then tack on his Shooes again , and stop his Feet , and anointing them with the former Medicine , after his Bags are off you may water him twice a day as at other times , and when his Feet be clean pickt and dry , you may use the Medicine as you did before . In my First part you may have a better Direction to make the Buskin ▪ Things good to soften a Hoof that is too hard . Take an Ounce of Soap , two Ounces of unslackt Lyme , with as much strong Lye as will make it soft , and stop his Feet daily with it till they come to a convenient softness . Or hot glowing Embers put upon the Hoof will soften it . Things good to harden Hoofs if they be too soft . To burn an old Shooe Sole and seethe it in Vineger , and Bath his Feet with it twice a day will harden them , or take of the powder of Galls , Bran and Salt of each a handful , boyled in a Pottle of strong Vineger , and therewith Bath the Hoofs and it will harden them , the powder of Honey and Lyme , the powder of burnt Oyster-shells , the powder of a burnt Felt or Boot mixed together with Cream is good . Things good for the Malt-long . Things good for the Malt-long of the Hoofs , which will run in Waterish humours about the Cronet , which are certain Knobs there . If it be in the Summer take black Snails and Burr-dock-roots , and beat them well together , and lay them unto the sore , and renew them once in twenty four houres ; but if it be in the Winter , take the scrapings of a Pan or Cauldron , and put to it a handful of the inner Rind of the Elder Tree , and having beaten them well together in a Mortar , lay them to the Sore , and renew it once a day , and it will heal it , or take Garlick , Pepper and Honey , of each alike stamped together , and laid to it . For any Hurt upon the Hoof , or for all manner of Hurts in General . To stop the Hoof with Honey and Vineger mingled together for the space of three or four days at least , and then lay on the leaves of Tamarisk bruised with them till it be whole , or to stop the Hoof with Sheeps-Grease and Horse-dung mixt together , and renew it once a day till it be well , or take Pitch and Rozin of each two Ounces , Brimstone in fine Powder an Ounce , melt them together on the Fire , and add to them an Ounce of Turpentine , and as it cooleth make it up into Rowls , and when you use it put it into the Wound pretty hot , and all about the Sorrance , and clap Hurds upon it , and over that a piece of Leather , and so splint it on , and in twice or thrice dressing he will be Cured , two Ounces of Turpentine melted down with some Wax healeth any Wound or Gall , House-Snails seethed in Butter will draw out any Thorn or Nail being often renewed , or take Sope and Salt of each alike , and work them into an Ointment , and after you have washed the Wound with Beer and Salt , or Urine and Salt , and dried it again with a Linnen Rag , bind on the Medicine , and let it remain on for twenty four hours , which will take out the venom ; then take Train Oyl one spoonful or two , and as much white Lead into fine Powder , and work them to a thick Salve , and apply it to the Sorrance Plaister-wise till it be whole , which will not be long , for nothing doth dry up sooner , or is more kindly or natural for the breeding of a new Hoof then this . Things good in General to draw out either Stub , Thorn or Iron , either out of the Foot or any other Part of the Body . Black sope laid to the sore all night will make it appear , the roots of Reeds stamped and mixt with Honey , and laid to it , draweth out any Stub or Nail , so will also black Snails stamped and wrought with Butter , the root of stinking Gladwin roasted and laid to it , the root of the Sword-Flag stamped with the powder of Frankincense and Wine is good , Daffadil stamped with Meal of Darnel and Honey , Clary stamped and laid asteep in warm water , and the slimy substance taken and applied Plaister-wise doth the like . Dittony bruised and applied , Primrose-leaves , Galbanum , Agrimony stamped with Hogs-grease ; if a Cloth be wetted in the distilled water of Haw-thorn , and applied , will draw forth any Thorn and Splint , the seeds and leaves of Mullen boiled in Wine , the Juice of Scabius and Southernwood bruised and laid to it , Sope and Chalk mixed together , and when it is out pour into it scalding hot Turpentine , and when that is cold pour in the powder of Sulphur , or black Snails and Sope bruised together and apply it to the Grief ; and bolster up his Foot or the Sore with Hurds , and keep it from all wet and filthiness . VVhat is good for the Cords in general . To Bathe his Legs with the Grounds of Ale , and to Rope them up with Hay wet in the same for a Fortnight or more together , or take Mustard , Aquavitae and Sallet Oyl , and boil them together , and make a Plaister of it , and apply it to the place grieved . But the best and sure Cure of all is to make a Slit upon the very top of his Nose , and with your Cornet take up his two great Sinews which you shall there find , and cut them in sunder , and so heal it up again with some healing Salve , and this will do him no harm but good , for it will give him the use of his Legs so perfectly , as that he will seldom or never after trip any more , and this can any ordinary Smith do . To Cure the String-halt . Take up the middle Vein upon the Thigh , and underneath the same , then under the said Vein there lies a string , which string must be cut away , and then anoint him with Butter and Salt , and he will both do well and go well . You may find it more at large afterwards . Great Driers in General of old Sores , and of all manner of moist Humours whatsoever . Allom burnt , unslackt Lyme , the Ashes of an old Shooe burnt , Oyster-shells burnt will dry up any sore , be they never so moist , the Juice of Elder , the powder of the Leaves of Brambles , or the inner Rind , the powder of the Root of the Butter-bur , the powder of Fern Roots , the powder of sow-Fennel , the distilled water of Throatwort , the whole Plant , Root and all , w●ll dry up the hollow moisture of corroding Ulcers , the Ashes of Southernwood , the Ashes of Nut-shells burnt , Chamberly , green Copperas , Brimstone , Mastick , Frankincense , Cloves , Myrrh beaten to powder , and laid upon a Chafing-dish of Coals , then take some Lint , and receive the Smoak of it into it , and lay it upon the Sore , but wash it first with Chamberly , Soot and Cream tempered together , Aquavitae and Sope boiled together , Rye flower , the White of an Egg beaten to an Oyl with Honey , Bole-Armoniack and Meal m●xt amongst it , and make a Plaister of it , is good to heal up any New Gall'd Back , Barley-straw burnt and Soot , the powder of Honey and unslackt Lyme will heal any Gall , being first washed with Vineger , the Soot or Grim of a brass Pot , the powder of the Bone of a Crab-Fish , the Powder of Galls , the Grease of Snakes roasted with Heads and Tails off is a great Drier , the Bark of a Willow-Tree burnt to Ashes , is a great Drier and Binder , dry Figs beaten to powder with Allom , Mustard and Vineger , or Oyland soft Grease beaten to a Salve , with Vitriol , Galls and Allom ; the powder of Pomegranates , Salt and Vineger doth dry very much , or take a Toast of Wheaten-bread , spread all over with Honey , and Toasted dry , and beaten in a Mortar to powder , and strowed upon any Gall , and it will dry it up soon , or take Egg-shells burned black and beaten to powder , with old Shooes burned to a Coal and Charcoal , quick Lime and green Copperas burned in an Earthen Pot until it be red hot , then take of each of these alike , and knead them well together till they come to a Paste , and bake it well , and beat it into fine Powder , and strow it upon the sore , and before you dress it , wash it with strong Vineger or Chamberly , and it will be well ; or bathe the sore with hot melted Butter , and strow upon it the powder of Rozin for a day or two , then take of thick Cream and Soot , and work it to a Paste , and apply it to the place Plaister-wise . A Plaister to dry up superfluous moisture , and to bind Parts loosened . Take Bitumen one pound , of the purest part of Frankincense three Ounces , of Bdelium Arabicum one Ounce , of Deers Sewet one pound , of Populeum one Ounce , of Galbanum one Ounce , of the drops of Storax one Ounce , of common Wax one pound , of Rozin Cabial half a pound , of Viscus Italicus one Ounce and a half , of Apoxima one Ounce , of the Juice of Hysop one Ounce , of the drops of Armoniack one Ounce , of Pitch half a Pound , let them be well molten together and incorporated , and make a Plaister thereof . Another Plaister to dry up any Swelling , VVind-gall , Splint or Bladder , in or about the Joynts . Take of Virgin-Wax half a pound , of Rozin one pound and a quarter , of Galbanum one Ounce and a half , of Bitumen half a pound , of Myrrh secundary one pound , of Armoniack three Ounces , of Costus three Ounces , boyl all these together in an Earthen Pot , saving the Armoniack and Costus , which being first Ground like fine Flower , must be added unto the other things , after that they have been boiled and cooled , and then boiled together again and well stirred , so as they may be incorporated together , and made all one substance , and then applying as occasion shall be administred . Things good to dissolve Humours . To bath the Sorrance well with hot melted Butter , and to strew upon it the powder of Rozin for a day or two , then take Cream and Soot , and work them to a thick Paste , and apply it to the Sorrance , and it will dry ▪ up the humour and skin , and heal the sore . VVormwood , Sage , Rosemary , and the Bark of an Elm , or of a Pine , and Linseed boiled in Oyl , and make a Bath thereof , and lay it to the grieved place , and it will dissolve any humour ▪ that are bound and gathered together . A pound of Figs stamped with Salt till they come to a Salve , dissolveth all manner of Humors , by opening the Pores , and giving a large Passage ▪ Look for more Receipts in my first Part , of this Nature . Things good to stop Humours . The Flower of VVheat mixed with the Juice of Henbane stayeth the Flux of Humors ▪ The Flowers of the VVillow-Tree boiled in white-Wine and given inwardly , drieth up evil humors ; Wormwood , Sage , Bolearmoniack , Camphopia , a kind of Gum , Cardimonium is good . Things good to drive back Humours . Vineger , Salt and bold-Armoniack beaten together , and spread about the Sore driveth it back , or White-Lead and Sallet Oyl beaten together , or Red Lead and Sallet Oyl , or else V●gue●um Album Camphoratum , and such like , but to take away the evil Humours of the Legs , take of common Honey , Turpentine , Mastick , Frankincense , Bolearmoniack made into powder , Sanguis Draconis , New laid Eggs , white-Wine Vineger , the Flower of Rice mixed altogether , and make a Plaister of it , and Lap it round about the Legs from the Feet to the upper Houghs , do this four or five times Hmours made thin . Garlick maketh thin , thick and gross Humours , and cutteth such as are tough and clammy , French Mercury a Decoction made of it and Cummin-seeds . Humours Purged . A Conserve made of Musk , Roses are a great Purger of waterish Humours , Sene purgeth cholerick and phlegmatick Humours , also gross and Melancholick . Simples that are good to cleanse the Body from all manner of evil Humours . Agrimony , Anniseeds , the inner Rind of the Barberry-tree boiled in Ale and given him for three or four Mornings together cleareth the Body from Itching , Mange , Tettars , Ring-wormes , Yellows and Boyls . The Flowers of Broom or Fuz clenseth it of Choler ; The Decoction of the root of Butchers Broom or Knee-holly made in Wine and Treacle p●c thereto , clenseth the Breast from Phlegm , and the Chest from much clammy Humors gathered therein ; wild Marjorem clenseth it from Choler ; the seed of Cow Parsnips clenseth it from tough phlegmatick matter therein ; the powder of English Rubarb steeped all night in Ale and given him fasting , clenseth the Stomach , Liver and Blood , by purging away those evil Humours that offend the Body ; the distilled Water of Dragons given him , is a great Clenser of the internal Parts , Mallows or Macsh-mallows does the like ; Mercury clenseth the Breast and Lungs from Phlegm ; the distilled Water of the Star-thistle or Root beaten to powder is very good ; Common Wormwood clenseth the Body from Choler ; Ground-Pine is good for all Diseases of the Brain , procured from cold and phlegmatick Humours , &c. Simples that are good to dry up all manner of evil Humours in Sores or Wounds The powder of the root of the Butter-bur doth wonderfully help them , wilde Bryar-balls dried and beaten to powder , and strewed upon them , doth the like ; the root of Sow Fennel beaten to powder and used as before doth the like ; so doth Fig wort , Mother-wort and Lung-wort ; Nettles bruised and applied to them is very good ; Pollipody , Rupture-wort bruised and applied to the place grieved drieth up all manner of filthy Ulcers and Humours ; Green Copperas boiled in water , and the place bathed therewith drieth them up ; About two Ounces of burnt Allom , put into a quart of Spring-water after it comes off the Fire , and the place grieved Bathed therewith warm Morning and Evening , and a wet Cloth dipped in the water , and bound about it three or four times double wet , is excellent good to dry them up ; the powder of the root of Turmentil is good ; The Flower of Wheat mixed with the Juice of Henbane laid to them , stayeth the Flux of them to the Joynts ; the Leaves , Bark or Seed of the Willow-Tree doth the like ; the Flowers also hath the same Faculty in drying up of evil humours ; Wood-Sage digesteth Humours , &c. Things good in General for the Shedding of the Hair from the Main or Tail. To anoint the Main and Crest with black Sope , and then to make a strong Lie of Ash Ashes , or else of Urine and Ashes , and wash it all over with it , but if there should grow on the Horses Tail a Canker , which will consume away ●oth the flesh and bone , then lay some Oyl of Vitriol upon it and it w ll kill it ; if you find it eat too much , 't is but wetting it with cold water , and it will stop it ; Or take of green Copperas , Allom and white Copperas boiled in Running water till half be consumed , and wash it with it till it be whole ; but if the Hair fall away , then take Southernwood and burn it to Ashes , and mix it with common Oyl , and anoint it with it , and it will presently bring Hair again ; If it be in the Main , let him Blood ; but if it be both in the Main and Tail , then take Quick-silver and tried Hogs-grease , the Quick-silver being first mortified with fasting Spittle , incorporate them very well together till the Hogs-grease be of a perfect Ash-colour , and anoint the Sorrance with it every day once , heating it in with a hot Fire-shovel , and three or four days thus dressing him he will be well . Things good in General to take away Hair in any part of the Body . The Gum that grows on the Body of Ivy rubbed therewith , for it is of so hot a quality that it doth obscurely burn ; the Juice of Fumitory of that which groweth amongst Barley with Gum Arabick , &c. Particular Receipts to take off Hair in any Part of the Body . Dissolve in Water eight Ounces of Lyme , and then boyl it till a quarter be consumed , then add to it an Ounce of Orpiment , and lay a Plaister of it to any part of the Horse , and it will in few Houres bring away the Hair. Another . Take Rust and Orpiment boiled in Running Water , and wash the place with it very hot , and it will soon bring the Hair away . To make Hair black . The Leaves of the Bramble boiled in Lye , and anoint any place with it maketh it black , or the Leaves and Berries of the Wayfring Tree boyled in Lye , or the Juice of common Elder , or the Decoction of Sage washed therewith . To make Hair Yellow . To wash the Hair with the Lye of the Ashes of the Barberry-Tree . Things good in General to make Hair grow very soon , very thick , and very long . The Roots of the Elme boyled very well in water , and wash the place therewith , the Juice of Thistles put on the place , the Juice of Red Beets , the Juice of Onions ; Tar , Hogs grease , Dogs-grease , the Ashes of green Willow , Nut-shells , Soap , Bears-grease , Aquavitae ▪ Oyl of Turpentine , an Oyl made of the white Lilly-roots with Hogs-grease is very good , the Ashes of Southern-wood mingled with old Sallet-Oyl , &c. Particular Receipts to bring Hair , and to cause it to grow long . Take the dung of a Goat newly made , ordinary Honey , Allom , and the blood of a Hog , the Allom being first made into fine powder , boyl them together and anoint the place with it every day , and it will make the Hair come again apace . Another . To wash the place with the water wherein the Roots of Althaea hath been boyled , and after dry it gently with your hand increaseth Hair much . Others . To wash the place with the Urine of a young Boy , then take Lye made of unslackt Lyme , Ceruse and Lytergy , and with it wash the Hair off , and it will make it come soon , long and thick , or to wash the place with Oyl mingled with the Ashes of Nut-shells burnt , or else Snails shells burnt , or Nettleseeds bruised with Honey , Water and Salt , or the Root of the white Lilly beaten and sod in Oyl , and anoint the place therewith , or the Juice of Radishes or Tar , Sallet-Oyl and Honey boyled together , or the Soot of a Caldron mixed with Honey and Oyl ▪ &c. Another . Take a quarter of a pound of Soap , and as much Piece-Grease , and a quarter of a pint of Aquavitae , boyl these together , and apply it to the bald places , and in a Fortnight it will bring Hair again . Another which is the best of all . Take green Wall-nut shells and burn them to powder , and mix it with Honey , Sallet-Oyl and Wine , and anoint the place therewith , and it will encrease Hair wonderfully and very soon . Things good in General for to Ripen all Imposthumes , Inflammations hot or cold , or for any Swelling in any part of the Body and Legs , and to take away hard Knobs or Kernels , &c. Wheaten-Bran boiled in Vineger , Leaven made of Wheat , Daffodill stamped with Bores-grease and Leaven of Rye-bread , is good to ripen hard Impostumes , Brank-cresses , Sow-thistles , Hawk-weed , the Juice of Thorn-Apples boyled in Hogs-grease to an Oyntment , the leaves of Arsmart bruised and laid to any Impostumes in the Joynts , for the space of an hour or two taketh away the pain ; the Juice of Housleek is good against the burning Inflammations , the Juice of Wall-penney-wort is likewise good for any hot Inflamm●tions or Tumors , all the sorts of Pimpernel is good to Cure Inflammations and Swellings , the Leaves of Flowers of Fether-few is good for all hot Inflammations and Swellings , the Leaves of Mullen boyled in Water and laid to the Eyes Cureth and easeth the pains of them , Walter-Caltrops used in the Nature of a Poultess is good , Water Sengreen , or fresh-water-souldier , Duckmeat , is good for all hot Inflammations and Swellings , the fruit of the Pompion boyled in Milk is good for the Inflammations of the inward parts , the green leaves of Elder pounded with Deers Suet allayeth all hot Inflammations , Straw-berrie-leaves , Bay-leaves , Apples are good for all Inflammations and hot Swellings , Figs stamped and made into the form of a Plaister with white Meal and the powder of Fennegreek and Lynseed , and the Roots of Marsh Mallows applied warm doth soften and ripen Impostumes , and all hot and angry Swellings and Tumors , and if you add thereto the Roots of Lillies , it ripeneth and breaketh venomous Imposthumes . Observation . To all cold Swellings or Imposthumes you may apply hot Simples to them , and to all hot Swellings and Inflammations you must put cold ; If the Swelling doth Imposthumate , you may know it by the heat , and when you have made it fit to be opened , open it with a red hot Iron . Particular Receipts to Ripen Imposthumes or Swellings . Take Mallow-roots , and white Lilly-roots , of each alike , bruise them and put to them Hogs-grease and Linseed-Meal , and boyl them till they be soft , and Plaister-wise apply it to the Grief , and it will Ripen it , break it and heal it presently . Or Oyl of Populeon is very good , anointed twice a day with it . Another : Take Southern-wood and dry it to powder , and with Barley-Meal and the Yolk of an Egg make it into a Salve , and lay it to the Impostume , and it will ripen it , break it and heal it . Another . Take of Sanguis Draconis , Gum Arabick , New Wax , Mastick , Pitch of Greece , Incense and Turpentine , of each a like quantity , and melt them together , then strain them and make a Plaister thereof , and lay it to the Imposthume without removing , and it will both ripen , break and heal it . Another . Take Wheat-bran two Handfuls , and so much Wine , Ale or Beer , as one quart , and to thicken it put to it of Hogs-grease half a pound , boyl them together till the Liquor be quite consumed , and apply it hot to the place , renewing it every day once till it break of it self , or be so soft to be opened , then let forth the Corruption with a hot Iron , and Taint it with Flax dipt in this Salve , take of Turpentine and of Hogs-grease , of each alike ; and of Rozin and Wax a much greater quantity , melt them together and dip the Taint in it , and put it into the Wound , renewing it every day once till it be whole . This is to Ripen Inflammations , Pustules and Kernels , which do grow under the Chaul of a Horse ; but if it be an Inflammation in any other part of the Body , then take four quarts of the Grounds of a Beer-Barrel , of Smallage , Penny-royal , Winter-Savoury , Comfrey , Rue , and of the Leaves and Berries of Misletoe , of each two Handfuls , chop them small and put them to the Grounds , and put to it a pound of Sheeps Sewet or Deers Sewet tried , and three or four Handfuls of Rye or Wheat-bran , so much as will serve to boyl it to a Poultess , and when it is boiled apply it to the place , it will break it or at least soften it that it may be opened , if it be hard when you put your Poultess thereunto , it will send it back . Things good in General for Imposthumated Ears . If it be not broke , Water and Salt put into the Ear , or Butter and Salt will break it , or to apply to this swelling Linseed beaten , and put to it Honey and Hogs-grease melted together , and when it breaks Taint it with Flax dipt in Salve made of Turpentine . Metrosatum and Sallet Oyl ; but if he hath pain in his Ear , dip some black Wooll in the Oyl of Chamomil , and put into it ; but if it be broken , dip it in the Oyl of Roses , Honey and Venice Turpentine , the Juice of Ivy growing on a Pale or Wall , put into the Eares stayeth the running of them , though it be of long continuance , and helpeth old Ulcers and Impostumes bred there , but if you think it too sharp , you may mix it with the Oyl of Roses . Particular Receipts for Imposthumated Eares . Take of Pepper beaten and searced , and tried Hogs-grease one spoonful , the Juice of Rue one handful , white-Wine Vineger two spoonfuls , and if the Swelling , Imposthumation or Inflammation be in the Eares , Face , Head or Throat of the Horse , if you take either black Wooll , fine Lint , Flax or Hurds , and dip it into this Medicine , and so stop both his Eares therewith , and then stitch them up that it get not forth , renewing it once in two days , till the Swelling be clean gone , he will be certainly Cured . But if the Grief be in any other part of the Body , then with this Ointment you shall anoint the grieved or swoln place once or twice a day , till it depart ; but if the Swelling be near about the Cods or Privy Parts , then bath the place well with cold Water , and after it is made dry again , with a Cloth anoint it with the said Ointment every day once or twice , and it is a present Cure ; It Cureth also the Ulcer and Canker in the Nose , and is a sure Cure for the Vives . Things good in General for the Strangles . To anoint and chafe the Swelling well with Bacon-grease or Hogs-grease , and that will ripen and break it . Or so soon as you finde the Swelling begin to arise between his Chaps , take a wax Candle and burn it therewith , till the Skin arise from the Flesh , then lay unto it wet Hay or wet Litter , and that will ripen it and make it break ; then lay a Plaister unto it only of Shoomakers Wax , and that will both draw and heal it . Now if it break inward you may know it by voiding the corruption at his Nose ; then twice or thrice every day Perfume his Head by burning under his Nostrils Frankincense or Mastick , or else by putting a hot Coal into wet Hay , and let him receive the smoke thereof up his Nostrils , or else to blow the powder of Euphorbium with a Quill into his Nose ; and so Note , that whatsoever Cureth the Vives Cureth the Strangles ; or with a small round hot Iron thrust a Hole through the Skin , on both sides the Weesand , and then after it beginneth to matter , to mix Butter , Tanners water and Salt together , and every day anoint the sore therewith till it be whole , to anoint the Swelling with Oyl of Turpentine is good . Blooding him in the Mouth is very good for this Distemper . A Particular Receipt for the Strangles . Take Basilicon , old Bores Grease and Dialthaea , of each four Ounces , of Oyl de Bay one Ounce , incorporate all these very well together , then anoint the place well after you have clipped away the Hair , and bind it up with a piece of Sheeps skin with the Wooll next to the Inflammation , that the warmth thereof may the better help to ripen the Pustules , which being ripened , let forth the Corruption with a small hot Iron , and taint it for three or four days together with Basilicon only , and afterwards heal it up with your black Aegyptiacum , taught you in my First Part , and let him eat good sweet Hay and Bran in stead of Oats , and let his Drink be white Water . An Excellent Receipt for the Strangl● , Squinzey , Strangling or Cold , that hath Run for above half a year or more at his Nose . Give him this Drink in the Morning fasting , in a pint and a half of strong Beer , ( not boiled , but heated ) luke-warm , and blood him in the third ●urrow of his Mouth after it , viz. the powder of Turmerick and Anniseeds , of each an Ounce , half a quarter of a Pint of Brandy , with five or six spoonfuls of white-Wine , white-Wine Vineger , or for want of that , Verjuice ; Then Air him after it . When you have brought him home , Cloath and Litter him up warm , and Tie him to the empty Rack for three or four houres or more ; But if you see him sweat very much , which this Drink does usually cause him to do , and that you find him desirous to lie down , you may untie him and give him that liberty ; let him have no Mash , but only warm water , and a handful or two of Wheat-Bran put into it , and the next Morning give him the like , and presently after it ( to bring him to a Stomach ) give him about two Ounces of Honey in half a Pint of white-Wine , or white-Wine Vineger , or for want of either , Verjuice , and Air him after it . The third day you may give him the common Cordial for Horses , viz. three Pints of stale strong Beer , boyled with a good big Toast of Houshold-Wheaten Bread , crummed into it , and when you are ready to give it him , put into it before it be quite cold , Honey and fresh Butter a quarter of a pound of each , and give it him luke warm fasting , and exercise him after it , and set him up warm three or four houres , after give him as you did before , warm Water and Bran in it . Thus Order him till you finde Amendment . The Vertu●s of the Cordials of white-Wine and Honey , and of the To●st of Houshold-bread boyled in strong Beer , and sweetned with Honey , &c. These do not only help to bring him to a Stomach , and kill the Canker in his Mouth and Throat , ( which this Disease does commonly bring a●ong with it ) but also clears his Guts , and clen●eth and heals his Lights , if there be any Imperfection in them . Observations upon this Disease . 1. If you find that he Runs at the Nose any ●oul , filthy & yellowish Matter , and it afterwards turn white , you need not much Question the Cure. 2. If he hath any Knots or Kernels under his Jaws , your common Charge of Soap and Brandy , heated and rubbed in well , will either break or sink them . 3. If you find the Hair in the middle of the swelling begin to scale off , and that it be soft all over , you may let out the corruption with your Incision Knife , and let it heal up of it self . 4. Though your Dri●● does cause him to be very sick , and make him swell much in his Body , fear him not for he will do well . 5. Two or three Miles Riding every day will do him much good in order to his Cure. A Receipt for a Sprain Shoulder ; And if you desire to see more Variety of Receipts , look for Sinew-strains . Take Oyl de Bay , Dialthaea , fresh Butter , Oyl of Turpentine , of each two Ounces , boyl and mix them well together , and when they be well incorporated anoint the grieved place therewith , so hot as he can well suffer it without Scaulding , and anoint him thus twice or thrice a day , and give him moderate Exercise by walking him a Foot pace gently up and down , and this is a certain and approved Remedy . Another for a Sprain in the Shoulder . Take one Ounce of the Oyl of Spike , half an Ounce of the Oyl of Lin●eed , half an Ounce of the Oyl of St. Johns wort , with half an Ounce of the Oyl of Pompilion , and put them all together into a Glass Viol , and shake them very well together to mingle them , then put them forth into some earthen Vessel , to prevent penetrating and loss of the Medicine ; And when you have occasion to use it , chafe and rub it all over the grieved place with your hand , one holding at the same time at a little distance a hot Fire-shovel , or Brick-bat before it , to make the Oyls sink in the better . This is very good for a slight Strain ; Then Blood him in the Shoulder , and Tie his fore-Feet together . Another for a very great and violent Shoulder-strain , which is the best R●ceipt I know for the Cure of it . If by any Accident he get a Strain in his Shoulder , take this common and usual way which our Smiths do now generally use , viz. To take up his sound Leg before , and double it backwards in the Joynt , and Tie it so doubled with some List or Garter , so fast that it Untie not ; then force him to go upon his three Legs , till he sweat at the Roots of his Eares , Flanks and between his Legs ; then let down his Leg again ( by untying it ) which will cause the Blood to descend so into the Plate-Vein , that it will be more visible to be seen then when it was Tied up ; but in case it does not appear so plain as you would have it , dabb a little warm Water upon it with your Hand , and stroke it downwards towards the place you are to let Blood , and this will make it appear more visible to be seen then it was before . Then Tie up his Leg again , and let him Blood in the common bleeding place , viz. between his Chest and lame Leg , about two quarts or more , according to the greatness or smalness of his Strain . Let the blood that you save for this purpose ( to anoint him with ) be about a quart , add let it be the last blood , for that is the best , and therefore most proper and fit for your use ; put a handful of Salt into the Bowl you receive it into , and keep it stirring all the while it is running to keep it from clotting . When he hath bled so much as you think Fitting , pin up the Mouth of the Vein with a Pin or Needle to prevent Bleeding , winding some Hairs of the Mane or Tail about the Pin , to keep the Pin fast and steddy , and a day or two after take it out ; but before you pin him up , anoint him all over the Shoulder and bottom of his Breast , between his Legs and down to his Knee , with Oyl of Turpentine and strong Beer or Ale , of equal parts alike , shaked and mingled very well together first , in a Glass Vial , clapping and dabbing it well in with your hand ; And after you have anointed him as much as you think good , smear all the said places anointed before with the Blood and Salt , chafing and dabbing this also very well in with your hand , as you did the other ; Then bring him home softly into the Stable , and give him some Meat , and Tie his Fore-legs together with his Surcingle , or any other String that is broad and easie ; The next day you may untie his Legs , and walk him abroad in your Hand at the Halters end , which if you find that he goes pretty well , you may Mount his Back , and Ride him a Mile or more gently ; Then set him up again , and Tie up his Legs as you did before ; The third day after his Dressing , make him a thin flat Wedge of Wood about the bredth of a Six-pence , and drive it between the Shooe and ●oe so fast that it stir not , not forgetting still to Tie his Legs together ; Thus Order him for three or four days together , which is the usual time limited to make him sound again , conditionally it be but a new Strain ; When you take him out of the Stable , or Ride him at any time , you must untie his Legs ▪ and take forth the Wedge . This Receipt is good also for a Shoulder that is pulled out of its place , about the bredth of a Mans Hand or more , or a Wrench Shoulder , or a splayed Shoulder , &c. Things good in General to Cure the Sit-fast , or hard Knobs growing under the Saddle . Take a long Nail with the Point turned inwards , and catch hold of the edge of the dead Skin or Horn which will rise from the sound Skin , and with a sharp Knife cut away all the dead and hard skin from the sound Flesh , and heal it up by pouring hot Butter into it Morning and Evening , and when the Flesh is made even , dry and skin it either with the powder of Honey and Lyme , or with Soot and Cream mixt together ; or to wash the Wound either with Urine or white-Wine , and dry it up with the powder of Oyster-shells burnt , or of Bole-Armoniack ; or take the green Leaves of Cabbage and stamp them with Hogs-grease , and work them to an Ointment , and lay it to his Back , then put on the Saddle and Mount his Back , to the end that the Ointment may the better enter , or sink into his Back , and in few days it will Cure him , &c. Things good in General for a Navel-Gall . To anoint it with the Oyl of Turpentine , will not only cleanse it but heal it also ; but if you find any dead or proud Flesh arise in it , either cut or eat it away before you use any Medicine , with either burnt Allom or the powder of Verdegrease ; or after you have washed and clensed the Sore with your Copperas water , or with warm Vineger , strow this powder on it ; Take of Honey a Quartern , and as much unslackt Lyme as will thicken the Honey , and make it into a Paste , and bake it so hard as that you can beat it to powder , and strow it on the Sorrance , &c. Particular Receipts for the Navel-Gall . Take Oyl de Bay , Oyl of Costus , Fox Grease , Oyl of Savin , of each an Ounce ; then take one hundred of great Garden Wormes , and scour them with Salt and white-Wine , and put all the Ingredients together into an earthen Pot very well stopped , and boyl it well , then add thereto of Sallet Oyl one Ounce and a half , and boyl it over again till it come to a perfect Ointment , then strain it into a Gally-pot , and keep it for your use , only warm it , a●d so dress the Sorrance therewith with Lint or Hurds , and it will soon be whole . Another . After you have washed the Sore with old Urine and Salt , then anoint it with an Ointment made of Bitony , powder of Brimstone , Hellebore , Pitch and old Hogs-grease stamped together and melted , or with your green Ointment in the First Part. Another for the Navel-Gall . If the place be only swelled , and the skin not broken , then dabb the grieved Part all over with your Hand , or with a Rag wet in Brandy , and it will take it down ; Or the Oyl of Turpentine used after the same mann●r will do the like : but if it be raw and sore , then these Medicines are very proper for it , viz. Take a quarter of a Pint of Whale Oyl , by some called Train Oyl , and boyl in it as much of the powder of Verdegrease finely powdred and ●earced as will lie upon a small shilling , and the grieved part anointed with it will Cure it very speedily . Or the same quantity of Verdegrease , Train-Oyl , and two or three spoonfuls of the Ointment of Marshmallows boyled a little together , is a certain Cure for it . How you are to Order them . If the Skin hang loose about them you are to cut it off . But if it be an Old Navel-Gall , which feels hard , then cut out the bruise with your Incision Knife , and ●ear the wound up again with a hot Iron , and heal it up with your green Ointment in the First Part. These Medicines are not only good for a Navel Gall , but for any manner of Sores and raw Backs whatsoever , and also for a Sit-fast . Vnguentum Bubrum desicativum is also good for them , so is Palm-Oyl . What is good for the Cure of the Pal●ey . To let him Blood on his Neck-Vein and Temple-Veins , on the contrary side to that way he wryeth his Neck , then anoint his Back all over with Oyl of Petrolium , and with a wet Hay Rope swaddle his Neck all over even from his Breast to his Eares ; Then for three Mornings together give him a Pint of old Muscadine , with a spoonful of these powders in it , viz. Opoponax , Storax , Gentian , Manna , Succory , Myrrh and long Pepper beaten all into fine powder , but put not in so much of the Myrrh and long Pepper as of any of the rest . Things good in general to Cure the Lethargy or sleeping Evil. To keep him waking with great Noise , and let him Blood in the Neck and Palate of the Mouth , and to give him water wherein hath been boiled Chamomel , Mother-wort , Wheat , Bran , Salt and Vineger to perfume his Head , and to anoint the Palate of his Mouth with Honey and Mustard mixt together , or to put Parsley-seed or Fennel-seed into his Water to provoke him to Urine ▪ Another for the same . After you have Blooded , as you must always do in this Disease , then take some of the green Boughs of the Ash-Tree , and set them on Fire in some clean place , and quench the Coals made thereof in some Ale , and when you have strained it out , give him a Hornful of it at each Nostril , the Cold being first taken off . 'T is good also to open his Forehead underneath his Fore-top , and put into it a Slice or two of an old Onion , and let them lie there till they Rot. Things good in General for the Phrenzie and Madness in a Horse . To let him Blood in all the lower parts of his Body , to draw the Blood front his Head ; As namely , in his Shackle , Veins , the Spur-Veins , the Plat-Veins and the Thigh . Veins , and let him Blood very much , then give him this Drink , Take the Root of wilde Cucumber , and where that cannot be gotten , take a Handful of Rue or Mints , and a Handful of black Hellebore , and boyl them in Beer , and give it him luke warm ; or to give him the Root of Virga Pastoris stamped in water , or to give him Mans Dung in Wine three Mornings together , or to make him swallow down Hens Dung. Things good in General for the Quitter-bone . To open it , and put some Oyl of Vitriol into it , and that will so eat about the Bone , so that you may thrust it out ; this is a very safe , and as good a Medicine as any you have . If you find it eat too much , you may stop the eating of it with cold water , or with your Copperas water in my First Part , which will not only keep it sweet and clean , but also keep proud Flesh from growing in it , or you may heal it up with a Salve made of Turpentine and Hogs-grease , and always before you dress it to wash it with the said water , or Auripigmentum made into fine powder , and steeped in white-Wine twenty eight houres , and apply it to it , and it will eat so about it that you may pull it away with your Fingers , and do likewise after the bone or gristle is taken out , heal it up with your Copperas water and your green Ointment , and let him not come into the water during the time of Cure. Particular Receipts for the Cure of a Quitter-bone . Tent it a day or two with Hogs-grease and Verdegrease ground together , then take scalding hot Grease poured into the Hole , and lay a Plaister of Pitch and Tarr mixt over it for twenty four houres , and if the Bone rise not , do the same again and it will rise , then take it out with your Nippers , and heal it up with some of your Salve , which you best like on , which you may find in my First Part. Another . Take of common Honey and Verdegrease in fine powder , as much of each as will suffice , boyl it till it be red ▪ and tent the Wound till it be whole , keeping evermore the Wound open , lest it heal up above before it be well healed up at bottom . Another . Take of Arsnick the quantity of a small Bean made into ●ine powder , and put it to the botttom of the Sorrance , and stop the Mouth of it with hurds , and bind a clout over it very fast that he bite it not off , for it will poison him , and after it hath remained on for twenty four houres , open it and it will look black therein , it is a sign that it hath done his work , then to allay the fire and to restore the flesh , is to taint it with Turpentine and Hogs ▪ grease melted together , and to cover the taint with a Plaister made of Rozin , Pitch , Wax and Turpentine melted together , and thus dress him daily till you have got out the Core or sharp Gristle , for till that be out the Sorrance will not heal , or to heal it up with your green Ointment . Things good in General for the Cure of a Ring-bone . To wash the place with Vineger after you have shaved away the Hair , then use green Vitriol , Euphorbium , Cantharides , Verdegrease , Oyl de Bay , Venice Turpentine , Oyl of Turpentine , the powder of Tartar and Salt Arsnick , unslackt Lime , the powder of Vitriol , Pepper , Ginger . Particular Receipts for the Cure of a Ring-bone . Scarifie the place about the Ring-bone with a Lancet , then take a great Onion and pick out the Core , then put into it Verdegrease and unslackt Lyme , then cover the Hole and roast the Onion soft , then bruise it in a Mortar , and so very hot lay it to it four days together , and it will Cure it . Another . Take unslackt Lyme and burn it well , which you may know by its lightness , make into fine powder , and lay it upon the place Swelled all along of a good thickness , and bind a Linnen Cloth upon it very fast , and so put him into the water , and let him stand there a pretty while , then take him forth and unbind his Foot , and he is infallibly Cured , for the burning of the Lyme doth kill the Ring-bone even unto the Root thereof ; de Grey declares that he hath Cured with this Receipt about one hundred Horses ; but when you are to dress your Horse you are to bring him close to the water , and so soon as you have dressed him you are to put him presently therein . Another . After you have Washed , Shaved and Scarified the place , then take grey Sope and Arsnick pulverized , of each the quantity of a Wall Nut , which being very well mixed , spread it upon the Sorrance , so far as the Ring-bone goeth , and having thus spread it , apply upon it a few Hurds , and bind a clean Linnen Cloth upon it , and remove it not in twenty four houres , then take it away and stir not the Scab , but only anoint it with fresh Butter till it fall away of it self , and so heal it up with some healing Salve , whereof you have plenty in the First Part. And this Medicine will Cure either Bone-spavin , Splint or Curb ; let him come in no water during his Cure. The common way that our Smiths do ▪ generally use for the Cure of this Infirmity , is to take up the Vein on the inside of the Leg where the Sorrance is , and then to ●ear the Ring-bone with a hot Iron , made about the thickness of the back of a Knife , three times downright , and as many times cross it till it look somewhat of a yellowish colour , then prick three or four holes in it on an equal distance one from another , in the seared Lines quite through the Skin , with a Nail or other Instrument of Iron , which you think most proper and fit for the Work : When you have so done , rub a Handful of common Salt very well in upon it , which will fetch forth the Blood and Water , that was occasioned by the scaring and pricking of it ; Then apply this Charge to it , viz. half an Ounce of Mastick and Frankincense , Burgundy Pitch and common black Pitch , of each as much as contains the bigness of a Wall-Nut ; Boyl all these very well together in an Earthen Pipkin till they be thoroughly melted and incorporated , and apply it very hot upon the grieved place , with a Lath or any other flat stick , and clap Flox or Hurds upon it , pressing it down hard with your Hand to make it stick on the better . Observations how to Order him . Let it stick on till it come off of it self , and if Occasion requires apply another fresh Charge to it . If you turn him to Grass , let him remain the first Night in the Stable , which will make it stick on so much the better . The Cure will be the sooner perfected if you keep him upon dry ground , for if he goes much in the wet it will quickly come off ▪ Things good to Cure the Red Water . Take of the Root of the Herb , called , Emanuel , alias , bonus Henricus , or good King Henry , or all Good , boyl the Roots in Water and give it him , or Mustard-seed beaten small , a good handful given him in white-Wine Vineger two or three times together one after another , keeping his Belly rubbed with a good long stick by two men , one taking one end of it , and another the other end . A particular Receipt very good for it . Give him these things here under-written , well mixed and brewed together in a Quart of strong Beer or Ale for three Mornings together , viz. Three spoonfuls of the powder of the Lean of salt Beef dried , two spoonfuls of the powder of Bolearmoniack , with about four or five Shallots peeled and bruised in a Mortar , with the rest of the Powders , dissolve all these in the Beer as aforesaid , and give it him . 'T is not amiss to give him after his Drink a Pint of Butter-milk , or for want of that a Pint of Cheese-Runnet . This is a very good and certain Cure for it . Things good in General to provoke Vrine , or to cause a Horse to Stale . Wilde Bryar ▪ balls beaten to powder is very good , Alheal , Water-Agrimony , Birds-Foot , Parsley-roots or seed , Mustard-seed , Alexander and Horse-parsley , or Wild parsley which is sold in Apothecaries shops , for Macedonian ▪ parsley , Burdock-seed is a great provoker of Urine , Asarabacca th● Kernels within the Husk of Ashen Keys , Brook Lyme , Pimpernel , Water-cresses , Butchers-Broom , the Root of the Butter-Bur , the Juice of the leave ▪ of the Bur-docks , Champions , Wild-Carrots , the Berries and Fruit of the Winter-Cherries , the Juice of Garden-chervil , the Juice of Cuckoe-point boiled in Ale or Beer , the Seed of Cucumbers , Dandelion , Dodder of Thyme , Dogs-grass , Elder , Elecampane , Eringo or S●a-holly , the Root of Fern , Fennel-seeds , Filipendula , Drop-wort , Flax-weed or Toad-Flax , the Flower-de lu●e , Gentian , Felt-wort or Baldmony , the Seeds of Germander , the seeds of stinking Gladwin , Golden-Rod , Gromel , Groundsel , Hartichoke weed , Hawk-weed , Herb Robert , Hops , the smoother not the rougher Horse-tail , St. Johns wort , the Berries or Leaves of Ivy , Garlick , Radish roots , Horse ▪ Radish-roots , the seeds of Rochet , Kidney-wort , Knot-grass , Juniper Berries , the Flowers of Lavender steeped in white Wine , Ladies smocks or Cuckoe-Flowers , Lovage , Maiden-Hair , Wall-Rue , the Roots of Master-wort , Mother-wort , Mug-wort , Nettle-seeds , dried Acorns beaten to powder and given , Parsley , Piert , or Parsley-break stone , the powder of the Bark of Rest-Harrow , Burnet , Smallage , the Roots of Spignel , the Seeds of the Star-thistle , Lady Thistle , great Turnsole boiled in Water with Cummin , the Water that is gathered from the Willow-Tree when it Flowreth , the Bark being slit to let it out , Honey suckle leaves , Wormwood , Saffron , the Roots of Valerian with Fennel-seeds , Haws bruised and laid asteep in Beer or Ale , Egg ▪ shells dried and beaten to powder and given in Ale or Beer , the Juice of Coleworts , Southernwood , Mallows stamped and given him in Ale , Cherry-stone Kernels , Madder . But for a Horse that can neither stale nor dung , take the Root of Male brake or Fern , the Male is to be known , for if you cut it you will find the perfect Figure of an Eagle upon it , put a piece thereof upon his Tongue , and it will cause him both to stale and dung , a Flint-stone beaten to powder will make him Stale given him in Beer ; Ivy-berries dried and beaten to powder and given in white-Wine is very good . Particular Receipts to cause a Horse to Stale or Piss . Take a quart of strong Ale and put it into a Pottle-Pot ▪ then take as many keen Radish-Roots washed , slit and bruised as will fill up the Pot , then stop it up close and let it stand twenty four houres , then strain the Ale and Roots very hard and give it him Fasting , and Ride him a little up and down , and set him up warm , and you shall se● him Stale , do this two or three Mornings together . Another . Take a good Piece of fine Castle-Soap , about the bigness of a good big Wall-Nut , and dissolve it in a quart of warm Beer with some bruised Parsley seed , give it him in the Morning Fasting , and Ride him moderately after it , and set him up warm , and it will cause him to stale . Another . Take three or four spoonfuls of bruised Bur-dock seeds , and boyl it in a quart of Beer , and give it him to drink luke-warm , putting a good piece of Butter to it whilst it cools . Another for the same . Take half an Ounce of Fennel-seed , half an Ounce of Parsley-seed , half an Ounce of Bur-dock-seed , half an Ounce of Nettle-seed , and half an Ounce of Ivy-berries when they be thorough ripe ; Put all these into a Pint of white-Wine , and a quarter of a Pint of Ale , and let them steep some time therein , and give it him Fasting in the Morning for two or three Mornings together , and exercise him after it . This is a most excellent Receipt , not only for this Distemper but also the Wind-Cholick , Stone and Gravel , for it wonderfully clenseth the Kidneys from Sand and Filth . Another very good . Take Burnet , Dill , Smallage and Anniseeds , of each a like quantity , well dried and beaten to powder , and put a small spoonful of each of them to a Pint of white-Wine , or for want of that a quart of Ale , and give it him as you did the other . Another . Take about a spoonful of these Powders here under-written , and put them into a Pint of white-Wine , and as much Ale , and give him them Fasting in the Morning with exercise after it , viz. Gromel-seed , Broom-seed , Parsley seed , and the powder of the Root of Horse-Radish well dried . Another Infallible Cure for the stoppage of Vrine . Kill as many Bees as you think you have occasion to use , and dry them very well , and beat them to Powder , and give him about an Ounce of them at a time in a Pint of white-Wine , or for want of that a Pint of Ale , and at twice or thrice giving them at furthest , they will so open the Passages of the Uriter Veins , that they will make him Piss and stale very freely . This Receipt is also good for the Strangullion . Things good for the Pain or Vlcers in the Kidneys . Plantine , Licoris , the Decoction of the tender tops of Broom , Broomrape boyled in Wine is good for the Kidneys and Bladder , and provoketh Urine , and breaketh the Stone , to Bath his Back with Sallet-Oyl and Nitrum warmed together , and to cover him warm , then to drink the water wherein hath been boiled Dill , Fennel , Anniseeds , Smallage , Parsley-seed , Mustard-seed , Spikenard , Myrrh , Cassia ▪ or Sallet Oyl and Deers Sewet melted together , and the Root of the Daffodil boiled in Wine . Things good in General for the Strangury or Strangullion . To bath his Loyns with warm water , then take Bread and Bay-berries and temper them with sweet Butter , and give him two or three Balls thereof three days together , or take a quart of New Milk and a quartern of Sugar , and after they are well brewed together , give it him to drink Fasting in the Morning , and to keep him from all sharp Meats , as Mowburnt-Hay , Bran and the like , or to boyl in the Water that he drinketh good store of the Herb Mayth or Hogs Fennel , and it will Cure him . A particular Receipt for it . Take some of the powder of a Flint-stone Calcined , with an Ounce of the Powder of Parsley-seed , and as much of the powder of Ivy-berries , and boyl them a little in a Pint of Claret , and given him , is a very good Cure. Things good for the Stone in General , or for the Stone in the Kidneys . Alehoof , Alkanet , Birds ▪ foot , the seeds of the Bur-dock , Parsley-seeds , the Kernels of the Husks of the Ash-tree , the Bark of the Bay ▪ tree root , Broom , Bucks horn , Plantine , Carrot-seeds , the Berries or Fruit of the Winter Cherry , expelleth the Stone out of the Reins and Bladder , the Juice of Garden-chervil , Chich Pease or Cicers , the Root of Columbines , Coral ▪ wort , Dogs-grass , Doves-foot or Cranes-bill , Elecampane , Eringo or Sea-holly , Fennel , the powder of the Root of Filapendula or Drop-wort , the Flower de luce , the Fuz bush , Garden Rod , Herb Robart , the smoother not the rougher Horse-tail , St. Johns wort , the Berries of Ivy , Maiden-hair , the Juniper berries , Kidney-wort , Knot-grass , Wall-Rue , the Roots of Master-wort , Medlar stones made into powder and given in Wine or Beer , wherein some Parsley-seed hath been infused all night , and a little boyled , the powder of Spear-Mint , Ground Moss boiled , Mouse-ear , Mug-wort , Nettle seeds , Parsley piert or Parsley break-stone , the Kernels of the Peach Tree , Pellitory of the Wall , Pimpernel , the Gum of the Plum-Tree , the powder of the Bark of the Root of Rest-Harrow given in white-Wine , Winter Rochet or Winter-cresses ▪ wilde Briar-balls beaten to powder and given in white-Wine , the seeds of the great round leav'd Dock , Cummin , white Saxafrage , Burnet Saxafrage , the Seeds or Roots of Sorrel , the Milk of the Sow-thistle given in Wine , Spleen-wort , the Seed of the Star-thistle , Garden Tansie , the great Turn-sole boiled in water with Cummin , Vervain , the Tears of the Vine given , but the salt of the Leaves is better , Vipers bugloss , Dodder , Sallet Oyl , the Lard of a Goat , Coriander seed , Castle Sope , the Juice of the red Colewort , the Roots of Alexander , Wormwood , Southernwood , Galingale , Mallows , black Soap , Hysop . Particular Receipts good for the Stone in the Reins , Kidneys or Bladder . Take Saxafrage , Nettle-roots , Parsley-roots , Sperage-roots , and Dodder , of each a Handful , bruise them and boyl them gently with white-Wine until a third part be consumed , then put to it of Salt a Handful , of Sallet Oyl , and of the Lard of a Goat , of each three Ounces , of Hony half a pound ; when all this is boiled , strain it and ring it very hard , and give him of this one Pint every Morning fasting , blood-warm , and if it become too thick by boiling , dissolve into it some white-Wine ; and after the first boiling it must be but only warmed , and let him have it so long as it will last ; Or a handful of Maiden-hair steeped all Night in a quart of strong Ale , and strained , and given him is excellent . Another . Take of Ale or Beer a quart , and put it into a Pot , and put to it so many of the reddest Radish roots clean washed and sliced into small Pieces as will fill up the Pot , then stop it up so close that the Air get not in , and let it remain twenty four houres , then strain the Roots from the Ale or Beer very hard , and give it him in a Morning fasting , and ride him gently upon it , and after that set him up warm covered and littered , and in a little while you shall see him piss freely , let him have it several Mornings together , and during the Cure let his Drink be white Water . Another . Make a strong Decoction ( that is to say ) boil the first quantity of water to an half Pint three times over , of keen Onions clean pilled and Parsley , then take a quart thereof , and put to it a good spoonful of London-Treacle , and as much of the powder of Egg-shells , and give it him . And thus do divers Mornings if the Infirmity be great , otherwise when you see him offended . Things good in General for the Cholick or Stone , or for the Gripings or Fretting of the Guts by VVind . Centaury , Costmary is good for the Gripings of the Belly , Camomel Flowers is good for the Cholick and Stone , and is good given in a Glister for that purpose ; the Roots of the Sea holly boiled in white-Wine , Rue boiled with Dill and Fennel-seeds in Wine is good , Cinnamon , sixteen or eighteen of the Berries of Holly purgeth the Body of thick and phlegmatick Humors , Hawthorn-berries , Cardamum , Cloves , Pepper , Juniper Berries given him , or to put a Jagged Onion into his Fundament , or to give him a Pipe of Tobaccho at his Fundament , Hore-hound , Southernwood , or the powder of a Stags Pizel dried and given in Beer , or the Heart of a Lark swallowed down whole , Hysop , Cowslips , Liver-wort , Lungwort , the Urine of a Child given him to drink , Gentian , Aristolochia rotunda , Enula Campana , or a Glister made of Sope and salt Water , or to give him two drams of Myrrh in Wine , Nettle-roots , Sperage-roots , Dodder bruised and boiled in white-Wine , with some Salt amongst it , is good to give him Fasting , the powder of the wilde Briar Apple-balls . Or you may give him by way of a Drink , or by Glister , this following Drench , viz. Two good Handfuls of Mallow leaves boiled in three Pints of New Milk till it comes to a quart ; Strain out the Milk from the Mallows , and give it him either way sweetned with Loaf-sugar luke-warm . This is a most Excellent Receipt for the dry Gripes , for this will make his Body loose , which by this means will free him from those tormenting pains he is troubled with . Particular Receipts for the Cholick or Stone . Take of white-Wine a quart , Fennegreek four Ounces , Bay-berries and Pepper , of each four Ounces , Grains and Ginger of each an Ounce , Water-cresses two Handfuls , Sage one Handful , Sengreen one pound , Mints a Handful , stamp the Herbs and pound the Spices , and put them to the Wine and boyl it , then strain it and put two spoonfuls of Honey to it , and give it him luke-warm . Another . Take Cloves , Pepper , Cinnamon , of each one Ounce , all made into fine powder , and well mixed , then put it into a quart of Sack , and let it boyl a while , then take it off , and put to it one spoonful of Honey , and give it him luke-warm , then Cloath him up and Litter him , and let him Fast three or four houres after it , then give him Hay , and one hour after that a sweet Mash or white Water . Another for the Cholick and Stone . Take of white-Wine one Pint , of Burdock Seeds eight Ounces made into fine powder , of Parsley-seed two Ounces , two Ounces in powder of Hysop , unset Leeks and Water-cresses , of each half a handful , of black Sope half-an Ounce , stamp them well and strain them with the Wine , then put to it your Bur and Parsley-seed , and so give it him blood-warm ; this will break the Stone , and bring it from him with much ease , and cure his Cholick . Another for Griping and Fretting in a Horses Belly . First , blood him in the Mouth with your Cornet Horn , and give him a Pint or a Quart of Pork or Beef Brine cold , when you see occasion ; After you have so done , strip up your Shirt as high as your Elbow , anoint your Hand and Arm with Sallet Oyl , Butter or Hogs-Grease ▪ and put it into his Fundament , and draw forth as much of his hard and baked Dung as you can well get ; Then take a good big angry red On●on and peel it , and Jag it cross-ways with your Knife , and Rowl it very well in Salt and Floure of Brimstone , and cover it all over with fresh Butter , and put it up into his Body as far as you can well thrust it , and Tie down his Tuel or Tail close between his Legs , to his Surcingle or Girts , and walk or Ride him about a quarter of an hour or more ; then Untie his Tail , and you shall find he will purge freely ; The excellency of this Receipt is , That it will cleanse his Maw and Guts , and Kill the Wormes within him ; The next Morning you may give him a comfortable Drink warm , made of an Ounce of Horse Spice , boyled a little in a quart of strong Beer sweetned with either Hony or common Treacle . Or you may give him a Cordial of three Pints of strong Beer , with a Toast of Houshold Wheat bread crummed in it , and boyled together with a little Mace , and when you have taken it off the Fire , dissolve into it two or three spoonfuls of Honey , with a good big Lump of sweet Butter , and he will do well . Things good in General for the Dropsey . To let Blood first , to take away the thin Wheyish Blood , the Kernels within the Hu ks of the Ashen Keys , Broom , Chamomel , wild Carrets , Centaury , the Berries of Elder either green or dry , Dwarf Elder , Hawk-weed , Wormwood , Juniper berries , Kidney wort , wilde Marjorem , the Juice of Pellitory of the Wall , the Seed of Plantain , Bayberries , Succory , the Bark of the Tamarisk Tree , Lady thistle , Vervain , Peony Seeds , Coleworts , Smallage , Elm boughs , Sallow Leaves , or whatsoever else that will make him Urine , Chiche steeped in water a day and a night , Parsley stamped and mixt with white-Wine , or Burdock seeds taken the same way , Rue , red Sage , Winter Savoury , Time , Horse Radish , Roots , Rubarb , Saldanella , Salt of Scurvey-Grass , Garden Scurvey-Grass , Rosemary tops , Asarabica , Wood bitony , China-roots , the Juice of the white Lilly-Roots tempered with Barley-Meal and baked , and given him for to eat is very good . A Particular Receipt for the Cure of the Dropsey . Take a Gallon of Ale , and set it upon the Fire , and scum off the Froth as it riseth , then put into it of Wormwood and of Rue , the tender tops and leaves without stalks , very well picked , of each a Handful , and boyl it to a quart , then strain it , and dissolve into it three Ounces of London Treacle , and put into it of long Pepper and Grains made into sine Powder of each an Ounce , then brew them well together ; an give it him blood-warm , and bath and anoint his Legs that be swelled with Train-Oyl twice a day , till it go away , and give him Mashes or white Water , and feed him with such Meat as he will best eat , and if the Weather be seasonable turn him to Grass , and he will do well . Things good in General for Gravelling . To take off his Shooe , and with your drawing Iron draw the place till you come into the quick , prick forth all the Gravel , and crush forth the matter and blood clean , then wash it clean with your Copperas water taught you in my First Part , then pour upon it Sheeps Tallow and Bay-Salt molten together scalding hot , and stop up the Hole with Hurds and set on the Shoo again , and at two or three times dressing it will be whole ; but till he be thoroughly well do not travel him , neither let his Foot come into any wet , or after the Gravel is gotten out , stop his Foot with Hogs-Grease and Turpentine molten together , pouring it into the Wound scalding hot , or to stop it with Hogs-Grease , Verjuice , Bees Wax , the Juice of Housleek beaten in a Mortar together , and melt it , and dip Flax therein , and use it as you did the other ; or to wash it with Beer and Salt , or Chamberly and Salt ; and to put into it scalding hot Pitch , Virgins Wax , Deers Sewet , Bores Grease and the Juice of Housleek , and stop it up with Hurds , and tack on the Shoo again , or to lay into it Flax dipped in the white of an Egg , or to heal it with the powder of Galls and Tartar mixt together . Things good in General for Molten Grease . First , to take blood from the Neck-Vein to a good proportion , to let out all the inflamed Blood , and to give him Bran prepared or dried Bran , and if he empties himself , to give him a restringent Glister , which you may find in my First Part. But things in general to be given inwardly are these , Sallet Oyl , Sack , Honey , Cordial powder of Anniseed , Hemp-seed , Cummin-seed , Fennegreek-seed , Powder of Elecampane Roots , Brimstone , Licoras , Colts-foot . In Maladies of this Nature you must forbear to administer such Drugs as be hot , for that is the way rather to kill then recover your Horse , for lenitive and gentle things are the only means to bring it away . Particular Receipts for Molten Grease . Take of Titian three Pints , three Ounces of Loaf-sugar finely powdered , of Cordial powder an Ounce , of Live Honey four Ounces , and give it him to drink Blood-warm . Another for Grease fallen into his Legs . When you have warmed him well by Riding him two or three Miles ; then take about half a Pint or more of Sack , and three or four penny-worth of Sallet-Oyl , and give it him to drink , then ride him as far again , and he will purge out his molten Grease ; This done two or three times will Cure him for that Winter . Another for Molten Grease . After you have let him Blood , take half a Pint of white-Wine , half a Pint of Sallet-Oyl , of Rubarb and of Aloes two drams , of Sene half an Ounce , of Agarick three drams , Bay-berries half an Ounce , Saffron two drams , Duck or Duke powder , and of Cordial powder of each two drams , make what is to be powdred into powder , and mix them well together , adding thereunto four Ounces of Live Honey , give it your Horse after it is well warmed upon the Fire blood-warm , but be sure you let him fast about three Houres before you give it him , and three houres after you give it him , and let his Drink be either a sweet Mash or white Water for five or six days after , and let him have in stead of Oats Bread made for him , or Bran prepared ; but if you give him Oates , put in amongst them Fennegreek bruised ; but if you desire to approve of another Receipt ; Look in my First Part for Balls for Colds , Glanders or Molten Grease . Another very good for it . To abate the stirring and working of his Body , and to bring and restore him to his perfect Health again ; Take this course for his Recovery , Take an Ounce of Diascordium and dissolve it in a Pint of Sack , or for want of that in a quart of Beer or Ale , and give it him cold in the Morning fasting , and Order him as you do sick Horses , with Mashes of Malt , bursten Oates , warm Cloaths , warm Water , &c. But if you find that he falls from his Stomach , and dungs hard , to Remedy these two Evils I direct you to the Directions how to Order sick Horses , about the beginning of the First Part after the End of the Table of Simples , where you may find Vineger and Honey to bring him to a Stomach , and a Cordial of Bread boyled in Beer with Butter and Honey put therein , to Loosen his Body , and to bring him to Heart again , Which when you find him lusty and strong , you may give him as much of the powder of Mechoachan as will lie upon a shilling at thrice , in a quart of warm Beer or Ale ; Or you may give him a Purge of Aloes . Another also very good . Take an Ounce of the best Aloes Succotrina you can get for Money , half an Ounce of the Cream of Tartar beaten to powder , with as much of each of these powders as are here under-written , as will lie upon a Groat , viz. Licoris , Flower of Brimstone and Ginger ; Mix them altogether , and work them up in a little fresh Butter at first , then divide them into three equal parts , and cover over every part all over with fresh Butter , to keep the bitter taste of the Aloes from offending him . Let your Balls be made about the bigness of a small Wash-Ball , thick in the middle and sharp at both ends ; stick them upon a stick not too sharp at the end , and give him them in the Morning Fasting , with a small Horn-full of warm Beer after every one of them , to make them pass down the better ; Let him have moderate Exercise after them , and Order him as you do sick Horses , and he will do well . General Simples good for a Surseit . Angelica , the distilled water of Broom Flowers , the Leaves of Balm , with Nitre given in Ale , or the Juice of Ivy-leaves so given , Liver-wort , Common Wormwood , the distilled water of wilde Poppey , &c. A particular Receipt for a Surseit . Take three Quarts of strong Beer , one Handful of Wormwood , one Handful of Cellendine , one of Herb-grace , alias Rue , chop them gross , and boyl them in it till they come to a Quart ; Then strain and squeeze the Liquor from the Herbs , and put into it two spoonfuls of Honey , and two Ounces or more of Treacle of Jeane , with a Lump of sweet Butter , and give it him Fasting in the Morning with Exercise after it , and when you bring him Home , Cloath and Litter him up warm , and two or three houres after give him a Mash and white Water . Another for a Horse whose Coat stands staring , and do●s not thrive ; Or that hath swelled Co●s or Legs by reason of Moulten Grease , setled and dried in his Body , which commonly brings along with it Gauntness and Costiveness , with several other Distempers , &c. The only Way to Remedy and help these Distempers , is first to give him a Purge of Aloes made up according to Art as you may find the manner how in Directions for the Purging of Horses after the Table of Simples , and Order him as you do sick Horses with Mashes , bursten Oats , scalded Bran , warm Clothing and warm Water &c. About three or four days after he hath done Purging and drank cold Water , to bring him to a Stomach , give him Honey and white-Wine , and to comfort him and Loosen his Body , and to make him Stale freely , give him the Cordial of Houshold Wheat Bread boyled in Beer , &c. You may find the manner how to make this also in the Directions how to Order sick Horses after the Table of Simples ; As to the Ordering of his swelled Cods or Legs , you may apply to them ( after his Physick hath done working ) the common Charge of Soap and Brandy scalding hot , and three or four days after Ride him into some River or clear Pond , up to the mid side , and Flounce him backwards and forwards , which will be a means to abate and take away the Swelling ; You need not lay on your Charge above once . These Directions are in case of a dry Surfeit . But if he be troubled with a Cold , which you may soon know by his Coughing and Running at Nose , then give him this Drink , viz. of the Powder of Anniseeds and Turmerick , of each on Ounce , put into a Pint and a half of strong Beer , half a quarter of Brandy , and about five or six Spoonfuls of white-Wine Vineger , ( or for want of either , Verjuice ) . Boyl all these a little , and give it h●m luke-warm Fasting in the Morning . If you find his Stomach lost give him his Cordial . But if you find that your Horse is fat and strong , and hath his Grease setled within him , then give him the Purge of Aloes first , but if you find him both fat and ill together , then give him this white-Wine and Honey , and Cordial , to bring him to a Stomach , and after them give him his Purge . Observation . These Heats and Colds which are occasioned by hard Labour or violent Riding , does commonly bring along with them hard Pustules and Kernels under his Chaul , which you may either sink or break with your common Charge of Soap and Brandy , boiled together and applied hot ▪ If you find that they break wash them with Verjuice and Butter , or Vineger and Butter melted together , and they will do well . Things good in General to Mollifie Hardness . Linseed , Fennegreek , Rosin , Pitch of Greece , Flower of Roses boyled together with Turpentine , Honey and Sallet Oyl , till it come to an Ointment , Malvar●sco , Oleum , Rosatum , Brank-ursine , Mallows , Coleworts , Lard , Oyl of Cypress with Meal , Pellitory , Wormwood or Grease , Mustard-seed and Cummin boiled together , or the Juice of the Roots or Leaves of Elder , Armoniack , Aloes , Opoponax Nettles , Mercorella , the Roots of Cucumbers , Hogs-Grease and Tar , Turpentine and old Grease beaten together , Oyl of Turpentine is very excellent to take down a Swelling , Patch-Grease and Turpentine melted together , and stop his Feet therewith , and anoint his Coffins therewith , or Salt and Water mixt together , and Bath the Swelling therewith , and dip a Linnen Cloth in the same , and lay that upon it , and it will dissolve it . What is good for bruised Kidneys . The powder of the Herb called Crabs-Claws , Plantine , Licoris , Broom , &c. Things good in General for a sore Mouth and Throat . Wood-bine leaves , Bolearmoniack , Plantine water , to wash it with a Water made of them ▪ or to wash it with Bay salt and Verjuice warmed together . If the Palate be sore , then let him Blood there , then take Honey , young Onions and toasted Cheese boiled together , and anoint the Pallate with it , or to wash it with the Juice of Alehoof , the Juice of Golden Rod , Mallows or Marsh-Mallows , or Mint , or Mulberries , or Nettles , or Pellitory of the Wall , or Privet , or Queen of the Medows , or Rag-wort , or Sage and Allum , or Self-heal , or Succory , or the Juice of the English Vine , the Decoction of Rag-weed , Plantine boiled in white-Wine , Mustard-seed applied outwardly dissolveth the Swelling of the Throat . What is good for the Quinsey . To let Blood under the Tongue , and if his Throat is so swelled that you can get nothing hardly to go down it , lay a Poultess under his Chaul , and that will open the Passage , then take a Bulls Pizzle or a Whale-bone , and Tie a Linnen Rag about it , and dip it into Milk , wherein Allum and the powder of a Dogs-turd hath been dissolved , and thrust it up and down his Throat , and put a Hornful of it down after it ; if he be so bad that he can eat nothing but what you give him with a Horn , which must be comfortable and Cordial things ; be sure let the Hornful of Milk wherein Allum and Dogs-turd hath been dissolved , be the last thing you give him , or else it will do him no good , and to Tie him up to the Rack half an Hour after it ; you are to use it two or three times a day or oftner as you shall see occasion , or four Ounces of the Juice of Cinquefoyl given down at a time for certain days together cureth it , or the Juice of Cudiweed or Cotton-weed taken in Wine and Milk is a good Remedy against t , so is Hysop boyled with Figs. Another Receipt good for it . After you have Blooded him under the Tongue , take as many Leaves of common Mallows as you think fit for your use ; Boyl them very well in his own Piss and apply it as hot ( Poultiss-wise ) to his Throat as he o●n well endure it , and you shall soon find the wonderful effects of it , for it will open the Passage of his Throat , and take down the Swelling occasioned by the Inflammation of it ; Do this two or three times if you see occasion , and apply your inward Medicine also to it , as the Receipt above will direct you . Things good in General to Kill Lice or Vermin . The Decoction of the Herb or seed of Henbane , and wash him with it , to wash his Body all over with Cows Piss for three or four days together , it is an approved and certain Cure , and is as good as any I can give you . However I shall give you some more Receipts , which is to anoint him with Quick-silver and Hogs-grease mixed together , or take Staves-acre and green Copperas boiled in Running water , and wash him all over therewith , and at twice dressing it will Cure him , or Tobacco shred small and boyled in small Beer with some powdred Allum , and when the Allum is dissolved , to wash him therewith . Another very good to destroy them . Take Hogs Lard , and anoint your Horse all over his Back-bone , and under his Mane , and about his Flanks , or any where elsewhere you find your Lice do come , and it will destroy them ; the reason is , that this food being so very delicious , and so well lik't of by them , makes them seed so much upon it that it causeth them to burst . Or to take Train Oyl , which is Whale Oyl ▪ and anoint his Breast and Flanks with it , and then dip a broad List of Woollen into it , and sow it about his Neck , and this will destroy them . Things good in General to keep the Flies off a Horses Head. To anoint his Head with Oyl and Bay-berries mingled together , or to rub his Head all over with the water wherein Rue hath been steeped in after it is well bruised , or to anoint his Head or round about his Eyes with Lynseed Oyl , and it will keep them away , or with the water wherein Devils dung hath been dissolved is the best of all , or with the water of Pellitory of Spaein , or the leaves of Ivy bruised with a little Water , and his Head washed therewith . Things good in General for the Cure of the Leprosie or Mange . To take Blood first from the Neck-Vein , good store , and scrape away the Scurf with an old Curry-eomb , Oyster-shell or such like , then these things you are to use as your discretion serves , Staves-acre , Chickweed , Elecampane , Mercury Sublimate , the leaves of Bramble boyled in Lye , Cow-Piss , the powder of the dried root of Briony , the powder of the red Dock , or the powder of Arsnick , Resalgar or white Mereury mixed with Hogs grease till it be killed , Urine , Tobaccho and Brimstone boiled together is very good , or Salt , Verdegrease , Allum , Verjuice and Train Oyl boiled together and anoint him therewith , or Broom , Wormwood , Mustard-seed , Elecampane , Chimney-soot and black Soap boyled together , or the Juice of Hemlock , unslackt Lyme , Pepper and Ginger boiled in Beef-broth , and anointed therewith is very good ▪ Particular Receipts for the Mange . Take a quart of fair Running Water , and put into it half a pound of green Copperas , and an Ounce of Allum , and an Ounce of Tobaccho chopped small , then boyl them together till they come to somwhat more then a Pint , and anoint him all over with it very warm after you have rubbed off the Scabs , and Tie him to the Rack three or four houres , twice dressing him cures him . Or the Ashes of the Bark of the Ash Tree made into a Lie , and the Body washed therewith , Calamint taken inwardly , the Decoction of the Leaves of the Fig tree , wilde Flower , &c. Another . First , let Blood , then take a quart of old Urine or Vineger , and break it into a quarter of a pound of Tobaccho , and set it on the Embers to stew all Night , and wash the infected places , whether it be in the Mane or otherwise . Another for any Mange or Vniversal Leprosie in a soul Surfeited Horse . After you have let him Blood , and scraped off the Scabs or Scurf , take of Verjuice and Vineger a Pint , Cow-Piss a Pint , Train Oyl a Pint ▪ old Urine a Pint , and put to them a Handful of wilde Tansie , and a Handful of Bay-salt , a quarter of a pound of Brimstone , as much Allum , two Ounces of Verdegrease , and four Ounces of Bolearmoniack , boyl all well together , with this very hot wash ▪ him well , and if you put to it a quantity of a Pint of Blood you take away , it is not amiss , do this twice or thrice . Another . Take Mother of Salt Peter , the best and strongest , and wash the Sores therewith so hot as he is able to suffer it , and in three or four times dressing it will cure him , this will not only kill the Mange , but all Scratches , Pains and Rats-tails , &c. Another . Take of Sopers Lees , and after you have scraped away the Scurf , wash him with it , and in once or twice dressing he will be well , it cures the Mange not only in Horses , but also Dogs , provided they get not to it with their Mouth . An inward Drink with an outward Application , which I think is the best Remedy that can be Invented for this Disease . Take Anniseeds and Turmerick , of each an Ounce , finely beaten , of the blackest Rozin powdered one Ounce , put them into a quart of strong Beer , heated luke-warm , and give it him in the Morning lasting , with a little of the Flower of Brimstone at the Mouth of every Horn you give him , not exceeding above an Ounce in all , and let him fast four or five houres after it , and Order him afterwards as you do a sick Horse . About two or three days after his Drink , when he hath a little recruited and recovered his strength again , apply this outward application ( but first curry off all the Scabs with an old Curry-comb till the blood and water appear ) viz. Take Oyl of Turpentine and Beer , of equal parts alike , with some Flower of Brimstone , well shaked and Jumbled together in a Glass Vial , to incorporate them the better , and anoint him all over with it , Tying him first with a strong Bridle to the Rack to prevent him from biting at it , for it is a very terrifying , biting and sharp Medicine , and will torment him for about half an hour or more and then the smarting will be over . If you find your Horse full of good and in heart , you may venture to give him two or three of these Drinks and Ointings , if you see the Cure will not be performed without them ; but if he be a very poor lean Horse , then one is enough till he hath recovered more heart and strength . Things good in general for the Cure of the Scab , Tetter , or Ring-worm . The water that is ●ound in the hollow places of a decayed Beech-tree , and annoint him with it , the Juice of the leaves and roots of stinking Gladwin , one part of Plantine water , and two parts of the Brine of Beef boyled together and clarified , and anoint him with it , Plum-tree leaves boyled in Vineger , killeth Tettars , the Juice of the Root of Monks Rubarb , which is a kind of Dock , some call it Garden-Patience , is very good , the Oyl of Wheat pressed between two thick Plates of Copper , the Juice of Mercury mingled with Vineger , Water-cresses , the Roots of Docks boiled in Vineger and bathed therewith , Cardimonium mixt with Vineger . To make a strong Lye of old Urine , Ash Keys and green Copperas , and bathe the Knots therewith , and it will kill and heal them ; or to cut the Head and Tail of a Snake , and cut it into small Pieces and roast it , and anoint the Sore with the Grease of it , and it will heal it in a shor time , and have a care you touch no place but the Sorrance , for it will venom . Particular Receipts to Cure the Tettar or Ring-worm . Take two drams of Precipitate , and put it into a small Vial-Glass with fair water , much more then will cover the powder , keep it close stopped , and with this Water twice a day wash it , and it will infallibly Cure it ; and after you have dressed the Sorrance , shake the Glass , and let it stand till the next dressing ; But if it be in any fleshy part , you may kill it by Bathing the Sorrance with the Juice of Southern-wood , Maudlin and Rue , of each alike stamped together and strained , and Bathe the place with it twice a day till it be whole . Another . Take the roots of Elecampane , and the roots of red Docks , of each alike , slice them thin , and put them into three quarts of Urine , with two Handfuls of Bay-salt , let it boil till one quart be consumed , then take it off , and with a Clout fastned to a stick wash the Sorrance very hot , four or five Mornings together , and it will Kill it . A very good Receipt to Cure any manner of Scab , Itch or Scurf , in any part of a Horses Body . Mix Sallet Oyl , his own Water , white Wine Vineger , Salt , Butter and Brimstone together , and anoin● the grieved part with it twice a day , and it will Cure them . Let your Quantities of all these things be more or less , according to the Cure you undertake . Things good in General for the Crown Scab , which is a stinking and filthy Scab , breeding round about the corners of the Hoof. Spread upon a Plaister this Ointment , take salt Bacon , Grease , Soot , Wax and Pitch molten together , and lay to it ; and if the Flesh grows proud , eat it away with Verdegrease beaten to powder , or with burnt Allum , or scrapings of Harts-horn or Ox-horn made into powder , or take Sope and Hogs-Grease , and half a pound of Bolearmoniack , and a quarter of a pound of Turpentine mixed well together , and make a Plaister and bind it on fast , renewing it every day till it leave Running , and then wash it with strong Vineger made warm , and let him come into no water during the Cure ; or to Bathe him with old Urine sod with salt , and that will dry up the Humours and heal it , or to wash it with green Copperas , Allum and Honey boiled together in fair water , and wash the Sore with it three or four times a day , and this will both kill and heal it without any other Medicine . Things good in General for a surbated Horse . Take two new laid Eggs , and after you have well picked his fore-Feet , break them raw into his Soles , then stop them up with Ox or Cow dung , and he will be well by the next Morning ; or Sugar-Candy melted with a hot Iron between the Shoo and the Foot , and when it is hardned take Nettles and Bay-salt , stamped and laid upon it , or after his Foot is pared , to cool it stop his Feet with Bran and Hogs-Grease boiled together very hot , and to cover the Coffin round with the same , or to stop them every Night with Cows dung and Vineger mingled together . Things good in General for Sinews that are Cut , Prickt , Bruised or Shrunk , or for any other Griefs in them . Alheal is good for the Grief of them , Wood-bitony , Comfrey soddereth cut Sinews together , the dried powder of red Wheat boiled in Vineger is good , wilde Tansie , Oyl of Chamomel , Mugwort cureth the Contraction and drawing together of the Sinews ; or Tarr , Bean-flower and Oyl of Roses mixed together , and laid to the place hot , and if it do not presently good , then take Wormes and Sallet-Oyl Fried together , or else the Ointment of Wormes , which you may have at the Apothecaries , and apply either of them , for they Knit the Sinews again if they be not quite cut asunder ; but if there be a Convulsion , you must with your Scissers cut the Sinew asunder , then take Rozin and Turpentine , Pitch and Sanguis Draconis melted together , and clapped somewhat hot to the Sore , then take Flax and clap upon that , for that will cleanse and defend , and is a very excellent Medicine for any swollen Joynt whatsoever . But if the Sinews be not much swelled , but only stiff , then take of black Soap a pound , and seethe it in a quart of strong Ale , till it wax thick like Tarr , and anoint the Sinews and Joynts with it , and it will supple them and stretch them forth be they never so much shrunk ; Or take a quart of Neats-soot Oyl , a quart of Ox galls , a quart of Aqua-vitae or Brandy , a quart of Rose-water , or a Handful of Rosemary stamped , boyl all these together till half be consumed , and strain it , and use it as you see occasion . A Receipt for a Cut Sinew . Take the Leaves of Nep or Woodbine , and bruise them well in a Mortar with May Butter , and apply it to them , is very good to Knit them together . A Particular Receipt for the Shrinking of the Sinews . Take a Handful of Chickweed , of red Roses dried the like quantity , put them into a Pint of Ale , and a Pint of Canary , and let them boyl together till a fourth part be consumed ; then put to them a Pint of Trotters Oyl , and let that boyl also a good while , keeping them stirring , which being strained anoint the grieved part therewith , chasing it in very well with your Hand , holding a hot Fire-shovel or Brick bat before it at the same time , to make it sink in the better ; When you bind it up , put to it some of the Herbs , and at three or four times Dressing it will be well . The Decoction of the Root of Scabius and Garden Tansie boiled in Sallet Oyl ; Or the Decoction of the Leaves of Mullen , with Sage , Marjorem and Camomel Flowers , and the grieved part bathed therewith , is excellent good for them , &c. Things good in General to Cure the Tongue of a Horse that is hurt . To boyl in Water Wood-bine leaves , Primrose leaves , black Berryleaves , Knot-grass with some Honey , and put to it a little Allum , and two or three times a day wash it with a Clowt Tied upon a stick , being luke-warm , or take Mel Rosatum and anoint therewith , and be sure whensoever you dress his Tongue or Mouth , Tie him up to the Rack an hour after it , that so the Medicine may take the better effect ; or take red Honey , the marrow of powdered Pork , quick Lime and Pepper made into fine powder , of each alike , boiled together till they come to an Ointment , and anoint with it twice a day . Particular Receipts for the Cure of the Tongue of a Horse that is hurt . Take of Arman half an Ounce , and put it into the Fire till it become red hot , then take it out and beat it to very fine powder ; then take a Sawcer full of live Honey , and of white-Wine one Pint , mix and steep these with the Powder together , and so let it boyl over the Fire , keeping it stirring , then take it off and let it cool , and so wash his Tongue Morning and Evening with it till it be whole . Another . Take the Juice of Selandine , and wash the Hurt therewith nine days together , and it will Cure it though it be half Cut asunder , for the Juice of the Selandine will conglutinate and sodder the Tongue together , being cut or wounded . Things good for Venomed Things . Garden Bazil or sweet Bazil laid to it is good for any thing Venomed by a Spider , Wasp , Bee or Hornet , Water-bistort or Snakeweed is likewise good ; and if he hath drunk Horse-Leeches , Hens-dung and the like , give him three spoonfuls of the Herb Sow-thistle dried in a quart of Ale. Another for a Venom . Take a Handful of Rue , and stamp with it the Fat of rusty Bacon , till it come to a perfect Salve , and therewith dress the Sore till it be whole . Another to be used either inwardly or outwardly . If he hath eaten any Venomed thing , Give him the Juice of Sage , Morning and Evening in Wine or Ale ; but if he be outwardly venomed , bruise the Sage , and apply it to the grieved part twice a day , and it will take out the Venom . Things good in General for Vlcers . Tarr , Hogs-Grease , green or white Copperas , Salt-Peter , Bees Wax , Honey , Rozin , Verdegrease , Linseed Oyl , all boiled together , and make a Salve of it , and dress it with it . Euphorbium , Mastick , French Soap is good , or to wash the Sore with white Wine and green Copperas dissolved together , and to heal it up with Swines Grease , the Leaves of Lillies beaten in a Mortar , and make a Salve of it , and lay it upon the Sore , and cover it with a Plaister , or Loam and Horse dung mixed with Pepper and the white of an Egg ; or to strow upon the Sore of the powder of Galls , or to scald it once a day with Sallet-Oyl or Sack , Frankincense , Cloves ▪ green Copperas and Brimstone , and double as much Myrrh as any of them , and put it upon a Chafing-dish of Coals , and receive the smoke of it upon Hurds , and keep it close in a Box , and when you use it , wash the Sore with Urine or Vineger twice a day . Things good in General for a Vlcer or Canker in the Nose . Green Copperas and white Copperas , with some Allum boiled in Running water , and squirted into his Nostrils luke-warm , three or four times one after another , is good ; but if the Canker be hot and very burning with great pain ; then take the Juice of Purslain , Night-shade , Lettice , and mix them together , and wash the Sore with a fine Cloth dipt therein , or else squirted up his Nostils , and it will allay the heat of it ; Or to take Sage , Rue , Hysop , of each a Handful , and seethe them in Urine and Water , and strain it out , and put into it a little white Copperas , Honey and Aquavitae , and wash or squirt it into the place ; But if the Canker be killed heal it with this Water , take of Rib-wort , Bitony and Dasies , of each a Handful , and Seethe them well in Wine and Water , and wash the Sore therewith ; Or take Chrystal made into fine Powder , and strow upon it Pauls Bitony bruised is very good . Things good in General to Cure the Vives . To Cut a Hole where the Kernels are , and pick them out with a Wire and ●●ll the Hole with Salt , and at three days end it will run ; then wash it with the Juice of Sage , and heal it up with an Ointment made of Hony , Butter and Tarr , or with your green Ointment in my First Part ; or to wash the Sore wherein hath been boiled green Copperas and Allum , and to Taint it with Flax dipt in the white of an Egg , beaten to an Oyl , or to heal it up with Hogs Grease , Turpentine and Wax molten together ; or take a Spunge dipped in white-Wine Vineger , and bind to the Sore , and renew it twice a day , till the Kernels do Rot , then open the nethermost part of the softness , and let the corruption out , and fill the Hole with Salt finely brayed , and the next day wash away the Filth with warm water , and the next day after wash the Sore with Honey and Fitch-flower mingled together till it be whole . Particular Receipts for the Cure of the Vives . Take Tar , tried Hogs-Grease , Bay-Salt and Frankincense powdered , of each as much as will suffice , melt them together , and with a Clowt fastned to a stick , scald the place four or five Mornings together , until the inflamed places do become soft and ripe , then slit the Skin with your Incision-Knife , and let forth the Corruption , and heal up the Sore with tried Hogs-grease and Verdegrease made up into fine Powder , melt them upon the Fire , and let it not boyl more then a Waum or two , then put in some ordinary Turpentine , and so stir all together till it be cold , and anoint the Sorrance with it till it be whole . Another which is the best Cure for it . Take a penniworth of Pepper beaten to fine Powder , Swines Grease a spoonful , the Juice of a Handful of Rue , Vineger two spoonfuls , mix them very well together , and convey it equally into both the Eares of the Horse , and so Tie or stitch them up , then shake his Eares that the Medicine may sink downwards , which done , let him Blood in the Neck-Vein , and Temple-Veins , and this is an infallible Cure. Another very good for the same . The Vives are Cured several manner of ways , as you find by the Receipts above , but the most usual and common way that our Smiths generally use for the Cure of this Infirmity , is for to let Blood on both sides the Neck-Veins , then to sear the Swelling with a small hot Iron , from the Root of the Ear , down to the bottom of it , till the Skin look yellow ; the manner and form of the Searing-Iroh must be somewhat like the shape and fashion of a great Arrows Head , as you see by the Figure in the Margin , with three or four small Lines or Stroaks on each side , drawn from the Body of it . After you have seared it , to take out the Heat of the Fire ; and to make it sound again , anoint it with fresh Butter or Hogs-Grease , and he will do well . What is good to Cure the Arraistes or Rats-tails , which is a kind of Scratches . To Ride him till he be warm , which will make the Veins to swell , and the better to appear , then let him Blood on the Fet-lock Veins , on both sides , making him to bleed well , and the next day after to wash the Sores with warm water , and then clip away all the Hair from about the Sores , and anoint the grieved place with this Ointment , viz. Take green Copperas and Verdegrease , of each two Ounces , and of Common Honey , four Ounces , beat your Copperas and Verdegrease very small , and so work them with your Honey to an Ointment , and anoint the Sores daily with it till it be whole . Things good in General for the Cure of the Wind-Cholick . Alheal , True-love or one Berry , the Berries of Holly , Holm or Hulver-Bush , Juniper-Berries , the Flowers of Lavender steeped in Wine , wilde Parsnips , Jack by the Hedge , Winter and Summer Savory , but the Summer is the best , Burnet , Saxafrage , the leaves of the Willow-tree bruised , and the Juice given with some Pepper in Beer , Cardamum , Fennegreek , Hawes beaten to powder , Rue , Cloves , Cinnamon , an Onion peeled and Jagged , and put it into his Fundament , or to give him a Pipe of Tobaccho at his Fundament lighted , and the Wind of his Body will draw it out . If you intend to see more of this Nature , look for Cholick . Angelica , Wood-bittony , Mullen , Mustard-seed , Centaury . A Plaister to lay upon the Wound to keep in the Taint or Salve . Take Pitch , Rozin , Mastick , Turpentine , Hogs grease , of each so much as will suffice , melt them together and keep it for your use , when you use it , spread it upon Leather and cover the wound therewith , this Salve doth infinitely comfort a Wound both green or old , be the same Fistula or otherwise . Things good in General to Cure the Wind-Galls . To open them the length of a Bean and thrust out the Jelly , then take the White of an Egg and Oyl-de bay , and mix them together , and apply it with Hurds , Plaister-wise , and in three or four days thus dressing , it will be Cured , and after you have opened it , and the Jelly squeezed out , to lay Pitch and Rozin melted together upon it , and to clap some Hurds upon that . This is a very good Cure. To lay to it Oyl de-bay , Turpentine , Verdegrease , the white of an Egg and Red Lead boiled together till they become a Salve , or the Roots of Cummin beaten with Salt and laid to it , or to anoint them with the Juice of Onions , or Leeks , or Ground-Ivy and Wormwood sodden in white-Wine , and laid to them ; or after the Jelly is let out , to Lap a wet woollen Cloth about it , and with a Tailors hot Pressing Iron rub upon the Cloth till all the moisture is dried up , then daub all over it Pitch , Mastick and Rozin boiled together , and lay Hurds upon it . In all these kind of Cures you must first shave away the Hair , and open the Sorrance , and squeeze forth the Jelly before you lay any Charge to it , and to keep him out of the Water during the Cure. Particular Receipts for the Cure of the Wind-Gall . Take Tachamahaca , Mastick , Perozin , of each the quantity of a Hazel-Nut , and of Stone Pitch to the quantity of a Wall-Nut , with a little Brimstone powdered , melt all these together , and when it is molten put in as much Turpentine as a Wall-Nut will contain , and spread it upon a Plaister , and lay it to the place warm , and daub it all over with the same Salve , and Flox upon that , and let it remain on till it fall away of it self . Another . Take of Oyl of Vineger , and dip your Thumb therein , and rub the Sorrance with it every day till the Hair do fall off , which will cause the Wind-galls to break out and bleed , then heal and cure them as you have been already taught . Another for the Cure of the Wind-Galls . Take about half a Pint of white-Wine Vineger , one Ounce of Roman Vitriol , one Ounce of Mastick , one dram of white Copperas , and one ounce and a dram of Euphorbium , boyl all these together till a fourth part be consumed , then strain it out , and put it into a Glass close stopped , and keep it for your use . The manner of using it is to rub about a spoonful of it upon each side where they are for three or four days together , and not clip away the Hair. A Purgation for a Horse Sick of Grease or Costiveness . Take a Pint of old white-Wine , and set it on the Fire , and dissolve into it a Lump of Castle Soap as big as a Hens Egg , and stir them well together , then take it off , and put into it two good spoonfuls of Hemp-seed beaten , an Ounce of Sugar-candy beaten to powder , and brew all together ; then having warmed the Horse , to stir up nis Grease and other foul humors , give it to him to drink , and walk him up and down a little after it , to make the potion work , then set him up warm , and after a little stirring him in his Stall , if he grow sickish , give him liberty to lie down , then after two houres fasting give him a sweet Mash , and feed as at other times : Or if you find him sick , give him a pint of warm milk down his throat , and he will be quickly well . For Costiveness , Rake out his hard dung , then boyl an Ounce of each of these things in a quart of Beer , viz. Anniseed ; Fennegreek , Linseed , and the powder of Piony , and give him a Pint of it luke-warm . To Cure a Horse that is swelled after Blood-letting . Take Lynseed Oyl , Hogs-grease and red Lead mixt together , and melt them together over the Fire , keeping them stirring till it becomes cold , or else the red Lead will sink all to the bottom ; then rub it once a day well in with your Finger till the swelling be down , and this will dissolve the hardest Knot that is ; If it be in the Winter you must heat it in with a hot Fire-shovel ; but if it be in the Summer , the Sun will do the same thing . Another for a Horse that hath taken Cold after Blood-letting ; Or that hath been Prickt by some rusty F●eam , so that it wrankles . Take Soap and Brandy , and dissolve them together cold , and wash the place with it is good for them ; so is the Ointment or Oyl of Populeon , the place grieved being anointed with it . Or Pitch both white and black of equal parts alike melted together , and applied hot upon the end of a Lath , and Flox or Hurds stuck upon it while they come off of themselves , is also a very good Cure. Things good to Cure a Bone-Spaven . Though this is a very hard thing to Cure , yet I shall give you such Receipts as I find in an Eminent Author . First , take up the Vein which feeds it , and let him Bleed well , and do no more to him that day ; the next day shave away the Hair from off it , and rub it hard with a Rowling Pin , ( having first anointed the place with Petroeleum , and chafed it well with your Hand ) or some other round and smooth stick Morning and Evening , for four days together , and at the fourth days end slit down the Skin with your Incision-Knife , the full length of the Spaven , but be very careful you touch not the great Artery or Vein , both which do lie very near , for if you do but hurt that you Maim the Horse past all recovery , having thus done lay to the place the Herb called Flamula , bruise it and bind it on so fast that it fall not off in two days more : Then for three days after take Cantharides and Euphorbium , and incorporate them well together , ( being before beaten to powder ) with black Soap and Bay-Salt , and lay this to the place , and thus dress it every Morning , and this will lay the Bone and Crust bare . After take Fearn roots , Hounds-tongue and Boars Grease , incorporate all these together , and lay to the place till you perceive the Crust to be loose , and to be wasted ; and now and then try to Loosen it with your Cornet , or other Instrument , and if you can conveniently take it off , do so , which done heal up the Wound with your green Ointment prescribed in my First Part. But if you find a Swelling begin to arise in the Spaven place whereby you suspect it , then for the prevention thereof , after you have first shaved away the hair , anoint the place with natural Balsam , for two or three days together , then repress the humour with this Charge take three Ounces of the Oyl of Roses , Bole-armoniack one Ounce , Wheat Flower half an Ounce , and the White of an Egg ; Make all these into one Body , and every day after you have anointed it with Balsam , lay on the said Charge . Things good in General for all manner of Burnings or Scaldings , either by Shot , Gun-Powder or Wilde-Fire . The leaves or roots of the yellow Lilly , Daffodil stamped with Honey , the Juice of an Onion , the Juice of the red Lilly , Lettuce , the Juice of Thorn-Apples boiled in Hogs-Grease to the form of an Ointment , cures all manner of Burnings or Scaldings whatsoever in a very short time , Water Plantine , the Juice of Housleek , St. Johns wort bruised , the Herb Tutsan or Park leaves , an Ointment made of the Juice of Cowslips , and Oyl of Linseed Cureth all manner of Scaldings or Burnings whatsoever , Ivy that groweth upon Walls or Trees , Brank-Ursine , the Juice of Elder-leaves , the Decoction or the distilled Water of Archangel , the Flowers and Herb of Ladies Bed straw made into an Oyl , by setting it in the Sun , is good , the leaves of the Bur-dock bruised with the White of an Egg , is a most excellent thing for all manner of Burnings by Fire , the Juice of Colts-foot , the Decoction of Dasies , Wall-wort and Agrimony cureth inward Burnings , being given inwardly , the Decoction of the leaves of Brank-Ursine . Particular Receipts to Allay Burning with Shot , Gun-Powder or wilde Fire . Take Varnish and put it into fair Water , and beat them very well together , then pour away the Water from the Varnish , and anoint the place burned with a Feather dipt into it , and in a few days dressing it will kill the Fire , which done heal the Sore with your carnifying and healing Salves . Another . Take Hogs-Grease and set it on the Fire , and take off the Filth that shall arise , and when it is well boyled , take it off the Fire and put it into an Earthen Pan to cool for four or five Nights together in the open Air , then wash it in fair Running Water so often till it become White , then melt it down again , and keep it for your use , and anoint the place grieved , and it will Cure him . Another . Take fresh Butter and the Whites of Eggs , as much of each as will suffice , beat them well together till you bring them to a formal Ointment , and anoint the places burned therewith , and it will speedily take away the Fire , and Cure them soundly . Another . Take a stone of quick Lime , which must be well burned , which you may know by its lightness , dissolve it in fair Water , and when the Water is setled ▪ strain the clearest through a fine Cloth , then put into the water either the Oyl of Hemp-seed or Sallet Oyl , of like quantity with the water , and so beat them well together , you shall have an excellent Unguent very precious for all sorts of Burnings . And the Nature of these three Unguents be to leave no scars . Wherefore we apply them for most sovereign Remedies , as well for Man as Beast . To Help a Horse that is Costive in his Body . Take a Decoction of Mallowes one quart , Sallet Oyl half a Pint , or fresh Butter half a pound , Benedicta laxativa one Ounce , give him this Blood-warm Glister-wise , then clap his Tail to his Tuel , and hold it close , and make him keep it for half an houre at the least , and when it hath workt , give him a sweet Mash , and so keep him to Mashes and white Water for two or three days . What is good to make a Horse draw up his Yard . To Bathe his Yard and Sheath with white-Wine made warm , then anoint it with Oyl of Roses and Live Honey mingled together , and so put up the Yard into the Sheath , and with a short Bolster of Canvass keep it from falling down , and dress him once every day till he be well , and let his Back and Fillets be kept warm , and anoint him with Acopum , but if you have it not , apply this Charge unto his Back and Fillets . Take Bole-armoniack , the Whites of Eggs , Wheat-Meal , Sanguis draconis , Venice Turpentine , and strong white-Wine Vineger , of each as much as you think fit , mix them well together , and charge his Back with it , as also his Sheath and his Stones . Another . Take the Ashes of Ashen wood , the whitest , finest and best burned , and searce them , one pound of Red Clay dried , and made into fine powder , half a pound , Bolearmoniack half an Ounce powdred , boyl all these in as much Verjuice of the Crab , as will make it liquid like Pap and with it anoint his Yard , Sheath and Stones , Morning and Evening , and he shall be presently Cured . A Receipt to Scour and Cleanse a Horses Yard , that is Foul and Furred by Pissing within his Sheath . Draw forth his Yard , and Rub and Pick off the Filth with your Hand , and cleanse it well with Butter and white-Wine Vineger melted together , and squirt some of it up into his Yard with a Syringe , and he will do well . A Receipt to Prevent Diseases in a Horse the whole Year . The first day of April open a Vein in the Neck , and if it be good take the less ; if bad , take the more ; then from that day until the first of May give him this which I shall prescribe , and let him have it Morning and Evening during the whole Month of April , from the first to the last , which is before his turning out to Grass , or Soyling , which shall be about the middle of May , and let him have the same all the whole Month of October , ( like as you must do in April ) after you have taken him from Grass about Bartholomew Tide , that which I prescribe is this . To Prevent Diseases . Take a Bushel of Old Rye , sweet and clean , well purged , or made clean from all Filth , and put it in a clean Iron Pot , dry , and without Water , put it over the Fire ▪ and put in your Rye and keep it continually stirring to the bottom , until it be so parched that it becometh black , hard and dry , then take it from the Fire and put it into some clean Vessel , and when it is cold keep it close stopped for your use . When you use it , take two or three Handfuls of it , and beat it into fine Powder , and mingle it amongst his Provender , at every Watering , Morning and Evening , or at other times when you give him Oates ; do this these two entire Months of April and October , for all Men hold that in these two Months the Blood turneth and altereth , as we alter his Diet , from hard and dry Meat to Grass , and so likewise from Grass to dry Meats , for this Rye thus parched and ordered , doth refine the Blood , cool the Liver , and purgeth the Spleen , so as the whole Structure of the Body is thereby better ●ured and freed from all such bad and unnatural Humours , which would otherwise make the Body inclinable to sundry Maladies and Diseases , which this Rye preventeth . Things good to keep a Horse from Casting forth his Drink . As it proceeds from Cold in the Stomach , or other Causes , as Cold in the Head where the Rheum bindeth , about the Roots and Kernels of the Tongue , hath as it were strangled and made strait the Passages to the Stomach ; therefore to prevent this mischief you must give him Cordial and warm Drinks , as Malmsey , Cinnamon , Anniseeds and Cloves , well brewed and mixed together , and to anoint his Breast and under his Shoulders , with either the Oyl of Cypress , Oyl of Spike , or the Oyl of Pepper , and to purge him with Fumes or Pills , for such Fumigation joyning with these hot Oyls will soon dissolve the Humors . A Particular Receipt for the Cure of it . This Infirmity comes also by Glut of Provender , or by eating of raw or green Food , as new Pease or Beans , &c. You may also take this course for the Recovery of him , viz. To give him comfortable Things , as Diapente boiled in Beer or Ale , and the like ; Or to keep him Fasting , and let him have no Meat , but what he is willing to take out of your Hand , viz. Bread , Hay , Oats , &c. Let his Drink be new Milk till his Stomach returns to him again . 'T is also very good to bring him to his Stomach again , to put a Piece of sour brown Bread steeped in Vineger , into a Bag , and hang it at his Nose for him to smell of it . Things good in General for the hungry Evil. To comfort his Stomach by giving him great Slices of white Bread , Toasted and steeped in Sack , or to let him drink Wheat-Flower and Wine mingled together ; or to make him Bread of Pine Nuts , and Wine mingled together , but there is nothing better then moderate Feeding of the Horse many times in the day , with wholesom Bean-bread well baked , or Oats well dried and sifted . Particular Receipts for a Horse that hath swallowed down Hens-dung , or a●y other venomous thing . Take a Pint of Sallet-Oyl , and two Spoonfuls of Sugar-candy beaten to powder , and as much of the powder of Diapente , and brewing them well together give it him to drink , and for want of Diapente , so much of the shaving of Ivory , or of an old Stags-Horn especially , the Tips thereof burnt , or three spoonfuls of the powder of Sow-thistle given him in a Pint of Ale or Beer . Another . Take of the Urine of a Man , as it cometh warm from him , one Pint , of Bay-Salt a handful , stir them well together , and give it him , and after walk him up and down for half an hour . If you desire to see more Receipts , you must look for things that are good to expel Poison . Things good for Pain in the Teeth , Loose Teeth , Wolfes Teeth and Jaw Teeth . For loose Teeth the Cure is to prick all his Gums over with a Lancet , making them bleed well , then rub them all over with Sage and Salt , or with the leaves of Elecampane , and it will fasten them . The Pains of his Teeth comes by means of Distillation of Humors , which is Cured by rubbing all the outside of his Gums with fine Chalk and strong Vineger mixt together ▪ or after they are so washed to strow upon them the powder of Pomegranate Pills , or to cover the Temples of the Head with a Plaister of Rozin and Mastick molten together . Now for the Cure of the Wolfes Teeth or Jaw Teeth , Tie up his Head to some Post or Raster , and after you have opened his Mouth with a Cord , so wide as you can see any part thereof , take an Instrument of Iron made like unto a Carpenters Gouge , and with your left Hand set the Edge of the Tool to the foot of the Wolfes-Teeth on the out-side of the law , turning the hollow side of the Tool downwards , knock it out as steadily as you can with your Mallet , and put some Salt finely brayed into the holes . Now if the upper Jaw Teeth doth hang over the nether Jaw-Teeth , and so cut the inside of the Mouth , then take your Gouge and Mallet ▪ and pare the Teeth shorter by little and little , turning the hollow side of your Tool downwards towards the Teeth , by which means you shall not cut the inside of his Cheeks , then with your File file them all smooth , without any ruggedness , and then wash his Mouth with Vineger and Salt. Things good in General for the Crick in the Neck . The Cure is to thrust a sharp hot Iron through the flesh of the Neck in five several places , three inches distant from one another , and to have a care you touch not any Sinew , and Rowel all of them with Horse-hair , Flax or Hemp , for the space of fifteen days , and anoint the Rowels with Hogs-Grease , and the Neck will soon be restored , or to Bathe the Horses Neck with the Oyl of Peter , or the Oyl of Spike very hot , and then Rowle it up in wet Hay , or rotten Litter , and keeping him very warm , without using any burning , wounding , or other violence , he will do well , the leaves or roots of Down or Cotton-thistle given inwardly , or the leaves or roots of the Fullers thistle , Eringo or Sea-holly , or Vineger and Patch-grease melted together , and chafed in very hot against the Hair , and afterwards Bathed in with Soap and Vineger mixt together , is very good . A certain Way to Raise up the Crest that is fallen . Is first to Raise it up with your Hand , and to place it where it ought to stand , then having one standing on the same side the Crest falleth from , let him with one Hand hold up the Crest , and with the other thrust out the bottom of it , so as it may stand upright , then on that side to which it falleth , with a hot Iron ( somewhat broad on the Edge ) drawing his Neck first at the bottom of the Crest , then in the midst of it , and lastly at the setting on of the Hair , and to draw it through the Skin , and no deeper then on the other side ( from whence the Crest falleth ) gather up the Skin with your Hand , and with two Plaisters of Shoo Makers Wax , laid one against the other at the edge of the Wound , and with smooth Splints to stay the Skin , that it may shrink neither upward nor downward , then with a Pair of sharp Scissers clip away all the spare Skin which you had gathered with your Hand , then with a Needle and some red Silk , stitch the Skin together in divers places , and to keep the Skin from breaking , stitch the Edges of the Plaister also , then anoint the Sore with Turpentine , Honey and Wax melted together , and the Places which you drew with a hot Iron , with Piece-Grease made warm , and thus do twice a day till it be whole ; and have great care that your Splints shrink not . But the best Cure for this Infirmity , is to let him Blood , and to keep him very well , for strength and fatness will ever raise the Crest . Things good for a Horse that is Wrung , or hurt in the Withers . If you find that by taking off the Saddle his Withers are swoln , clap on the Saddle again , and lay upon the place some wet Litter , then take up a thin Turf of Grass and Earth together , and put into the Fire , and let it there remain till it become red hot , then take it out and moisten the Grassy side very well with white-Wine Vineger , then take off the wet Litter , and lay the Turf very hot with the Grassy-side next to the place , and so put on the Saddle again , and let it so remain all Night , and this presently helpeth any Swelling in the Withers , or any other part of the Back , as also any Swellings by Spur-Galls . But if the Skin be broken or ulcerated , then take sweet Butter , Bay salt and the powder of Frankincense , of each as much as will suffice , boyl all these together , and with a Clout fastned upon a stick , dip it into it scalding hot , and scald it two or three times but if it be full of corruption , then make incision on both sides beneath , that the Matterative stuff may the more easily void away downwards , and heal it up with your powder of Lyme and Honey , or to anoint it well with the Oyl of Turpentine , and it will either asswage or break the Swelling , and if it be broke squeeze forth the corruption , and drop some of the said Oyl into it Morning and Evening , and it will both cleanse and heal it ; but if the Skin be only Galled off , take Cream and Soot well mixt together , and lay upon the Sore , and it will heal it presently , if the Wound be not very deep . Things good in General for Swelled Cods . If it come of Rankness of Seed , or of Blood , then let him have a Mare , and let him Cover her two or three days together , and half an Hour after Ride him into the Water above the Cods or Stones against the stream , and he will do well . But if it come of other Causes , take the Lees of Claret-Wine , or for want of that , the Dregs of strong Beer and Cummin-seed made into fine powder , and a little Wheat and Bean-Flower , boyl them altogether to an Ointment , and anoint his Cods warm therewith , then draw forth his Yard , and wash that and his Sheath also with white-Wine Vineger , and three or four Houres after Ride him into the Water above the Cods , and let him stand in the Water some short time , and to Ride him against the stream , do this every day till the Swelling be asswaged , or take the Roots of wilde Cucumbers and white Salt , boyl them in fair Water to an Ointment , and anoint his Cods with it warm , and then apply this Ointment . Take Goats-Grease , or Deers Sewet , the White of an Egg and Sallet Oyl , boyl them gently , and anoint his Cods therewith , but this must be after he hath been ridden into the Water , and dry again . A Charge for Swelled Cods . Or take Bolearmoniack beaten into fine Powder , Vineger and the Whites of Eggs well beaten together , and anoint him therewith daily , till it be abated ; and if it Impost humate , where you find it to be soft , open it with a hot Iron , or with your Incision Knife , if it break not of it self ; and heal it up with your green Ointment , taught you as aforesaid . Another for any Bite or Bruise on his Cods , which cause them to Swell very much . To remedy this Accident , Wash and Bathe them very well with warm Whey Morning and Evening for three or four days together , and anoint them after it with the Oyl or Ointment of Populeon till you finde the Swelling abated , keeping his Cods warm with a Linnen Bag , made in the nature of a Purse , and drawn easily over them . If you find that the Swelling is abated , you may then apply the Common Charge of Soap and Brandy to it very hot , which will Knit the Strings of his Cods together again ; But if you find that they are so torn that you question his Cure then the best way in my opinion is to Geld him . A most Excellent Bath , which is not only good for Swelled or bruised Cods , but for all manner of Bruises in any Part of the Body , from Head to Foot. Take two quarts of the strongest Ale you can get ; Then set it over the Fire in a large Skillet or Pipkin , and put to it two good Handfuls of the Rind of the black Berry Bush , and let it Simper away till it come to a quart , then strain it forth and keep it for your use . How you are to use it . Bathe the grieved part Night and Morning with it very hot , and heated very well in by the Fire , then dip a Linnen Cloth in the same , and bind it up hot ; When you have done , peel off the Bark towards the Root , ( when you gather it ) for that is the best . This is a very great Strengthner of any weak Member , by either Bruise , Strain or Pain . Things good in General for Bursting or Ruptures in Horses . Though I hold it incurable , yet I shall give you those things that worketh much good , though no absolute Cure. These things are great Knitters , and are to be taken inwardly , Valerian , Rupture-wort , Cross-wort , Cranes-bill , the powder of the Roots of Chammack , the Leaves and Nuts of the Cypres , Elm leaves or the Bark thereof , Corn-Flag ; any of these things given inwardly , with the outward means used , maketh the Cure the more effectual ; The outward means is this , Bring the Horse into a place where there is a Beam overthwart , and strow it thick with straw , then put on four strong Pasterns , with four Rings on his Feet , and fasten one end of a long Rope to one of those Rings , with the loose End of the Rope , and so draw all his fore-Feet together , and he will fall ; then cast the Rope over the Beam , and hoist him up so , that he may lie flat on his Back with his Legs upwards without strugling , then Bathe his Stones well with warm Water and Butter molten together , and the Stones being somewhat warm and well mollified , raise them up from the Body with both your Hands , being closed by the Fingers close together , and holding the Stones in your Hands in such manner , work down the Gut into the Body of the Horse , by stroaking it downwards continually with your two Thumbs , until you perceive that that side of the Stone to be so small as the other , and so having returned the Gut to the right place , take a List of two Fingers broad , thoroughly anointed with fresh Butter , and Tie his Stones both together with the same , so nigh the Body as may be , yet not over-hard , but so as you may put your Finger between , that done , take the Horse quietly down , and lead him gently into the Stable , and keep him warm , and let him not be stirred for the space of three Weeks , but forget not the next day after you have placed his Gut in his true place to unloosen the List , and to take it away , and as well at that time as every day once or twice after , to cast a dish or two of cold Water up upon his Cods , and that will make him to shrink up his Stones , and thereby to restrain the Gut from falling down , and at the three Weeks end , to make the Cure so much the surer , take away the Stone on that side he is bursten , so he shall hardly be bursten on that side again , and during the Cure let him not eat much nor drink much , and let his Drink be always warm . A particular Receipt for the Rupture . Take common Pitch , Sanguis draconis , Powder of Bolearmoniack , Mastick and Frankincense , of each an Ounce , and make a Plaister thereof , and lay it upon his Loyns , and upon the Rupture , and let it remain there till it fall off of it self , and it will Cure him ; Conditionally you give him some strengthning things inwardly , which you may find variety of , if you look for General Things good for Ruptures . Particular Receipts for the Botch in the Groin of a Horse , which is a hard Swelling there , which will cause his Legs to swell , especially from the Cambrels or Hoofs upwards . The Cure is to Ripen it with this Plaister , Take of Wheat-Floure , of Turpentine and of Honey , of each a like quantity , stirring it together to make a stiff Plaister , and with a Cloth lay it on the Sore , renewing it once every day till it break or wax soft , and then Lance it , so as the matter may run downwards , then Taint it with Turpentine and Hogs-grease molten together , renewing it every day once , until it be perfectly whole . Another for the Botch in the Groin , or any Impos●humation . As soon as you can perceive the Swelling to appear , lay upon it a Plaister of Shoomakers Wax spread upon Allum-Leather , and let it lie until the sore grow soft , then open it with a Lancet , or let it break of it self , when the Filth is come out , wash the Sore very well with strong Allum water , then Taint it with the Ointment called Aegyptiacum till it be whole . A Receipt to Cure the Mellet , which is a dry Scab , that groweth upon the Heel of the fore-Feet . Take of ordinary Honey half a Pint , black Soap a quarter of a pound , mix them together , then put thereto four or five spoonfuls of Vineger and as much Allum finely beaten and imburned as a Hens Egg , and of Rye Flower two spoonfuls , mix them very well together , and having clipped away the Hair , apply it to it Plaister-wise , so far as the Sorrance goeth , and let it so remain for five days , then take it away , and wash all the Leg , Foot and Sorrance , with powdred Beef-broth , and after Rope up his Legs with Thumb bands of soft Hay wet , in the same Liquor , and he will be sound ; you are to remember that whensoever you are to dress the Sorrance , you take off the dry Scab , or whatever crusty thing shall be upon the place , and to wash it very clean . A Receipt for the Hough-bonney . To Ripen it either with rotten Litter or Hay boiled in old Urine , or else with a Plaister of Wine Lees , and Wheat-Flour boiled together , to ripen the Swelling , and bring it to Putrefaction , or else to drive the Swelling away ; but if it come to a Head to Lance it in the lowest part of the softness , with a thin hot Iron to let out the matter ; then to Taint it with Turpentine , Deers Sewet and Wax , of each alike molten together , laying a Plaister of the same Salve over it , to hold in the Taint until it be perfectly well . Things good in General for the Cure of the Fig in a Horses Foot. Cut away the Hoof so as there may be a convenient space betwixt the Sole and the Hoof , to the end the Fig may the more easily be Cured ; then put to the Sorrance a piece of a Spunge , which you are to bind close upon it , which will eat it off to the very Root , and heal it up with your green Ointment , in my First Part , Or to cut it away close with your Incision ▪ Knife , or else to burn it off with a hot Iron , ( which is the better way ) then for two days after lay tried Hogs-grease to it , to take away the Fire , take then the Tops of the most angriest Nettles you can find , pound them very small , and so lay them upon a Linnen Cloth , just the bigness of the Fig ; then take the powder of Verdegrease , and strew it upon the chopped Nettles , ( which must be done before you lay it to the Sorrance , ) and so bind it upon the Sorrance , renewing it every day once till the Hoof have recovered the Sore . To Cure Blisters . Fret them in the Sun till they bleed , then take the Roots of Ivy , and stamping them in a Mortar , mix them with as much Tar , Brimstone and Allum , till they come to a Salve , and dress it therewith , and it will heal it . Things good in General for Knots in the Joynts , Hardness , Cramp● or any Inflammations . The powder of Diapente beaten with Linseed Oyl , or Sallet Oyl , to an Ointment , and applied once a day to the Grief , is good for the Cramp or Inflammation , or Wine , Oyl and Tar mingled together as it is boiled , is good , or Mustard , Hogs grease and Bay-salt mixed together with Vineger , and applied , is good , or take a Plaister of Figs , and the roots of Fern and Rochet mingled with Hogs-grease and Wine-Vineger , or take dry Pitch , Pitch of Greece , of each one part , of Galbanum and Lime , of each four parts , of Bitumen two parts , of Wax three parts , melt them altogether , and anoint the place therewith very hot , and it will take away the Grief . A particular Receipt to Cure a Knot that is moving in the Place where it grows If you find in any part of your Horses Body a Knot or Kernel that feels soft , and slips up and down in the Skin when you handle it ; Take your Incision-Knife , and slit the Skin right over against it , so wide , that you may pinch the Knot out to cut it off ; When you have so done , to stanch the Bleeding of it , Sear the inside of it with a hot Iron , and stop the Wound , either with the powder of Bolearmoniack or Hares Wooll . The next day unstop it , and wash the Wound clean with a Linnen Rag Tied upon a stick , dipped in Verjuice or white-Wine Vineger ; Then dry up the moisture that you shall find therein with a Linnen Rag also , and heal it up with your green Ointment in the First Part , or what other healing Salve you think best fit for the purpose . Observation . In all Wounds that you have in Cure , be sure you cleanse and wash them very well before you apply any healing Medicine to them . Another to take away the Knots under the Chaul , occasioned by Heats and Colds . Brandy and Soap dissolved together over the Fire , and Chafed in very well hot , with your Han I heated in afterwards , by holding a hot Fire-shovel before it , will either sink or break them . Or Butter or Hogs-grease used after the same manner is very good . Observations upon Dressing of them . Before you anoint them Sear away the Hair with a Candle , and in a Fortnights time or little more they will remove , conditionally you give him some inward Medicine for a Cold. How to Cure Wounds made with the Shot of Gun-powder . Search first if the Bullet be in the Wound , if it be , take it out with an Instrument made for that purpose , but if you cannot get it out , you must have patience , for Nature it self will wear it out of its own accord , without any Impediment , for Lead is of that Nature that it will not Canker ; then to kill the Fire , drop in some Varnish into it with a Feather to the bottom , and stop up the Mouth of the Wound with some soft Flax dipt likewise in the same ; then charge all the swollen place with this Charge . Take of Bolearmoniack a quartern , of Linseed beaten into powder half a pound , of Bean-flower as much , and three or four Eggs , shells and all , and of Turpentine a quartern , and of Vineger a quart , mingle them well together upon the Fire , and being somewhat warm , charge all the sore place with part thereof , and clap a Cloth upon it to keep the Wound warm , continuing so doing every day for four or five days together , then at the fifth days end leave anointing it , and taint it to the bottom with a Taint dipt in Hogs-grease and Turpentine melted together , renewing once or twice every day till the Fire is killed , which you shall perceive by the Mattering of the Wound , and by falling of the Swelling , for so long as the Fire hath the upper Hand , no thick Matter will Issue forth , but only a thin yellowish water , neither will the Swelling asswage , and then of Turpentine washed in nine several Waters half a pound , and put thereto three Yolks of Eggs , and a little Saffron , and Taint it with this Ointment , renewing it every day once till the Wound be whole ; but if the Shot be got quite through the Wound , then take a few Weavers Linnen Thrums made very knotty , and dipping them first in Varnish , draw them through the Wound , running them up and down in the Wound at least twice or thrice a day , and charging the Wound on either side upon the swollen places with the Charge aforesaid , until you perceive that the Fire is killed , then clap on a comfortable Plaister upon one of the Holes , and Taint the other with a saint in the Salve , made of washt Turpentine , Eggs and Saffron , as is beforesaid . Some Farriers use to kill the Fire with the Oyl of Cream , and to heal up the Wound with Turpentine , Wax and Hogs grease melted together , or to kill it with Snow-water , and charge the swelled place with Cream and Barm beaten together , and to heal up the Wound by dipping a Taint in the Yolk of an Egg , Honey , Saffron , well beaten together . Of Bones being broken and out of Joynt to Cure. * If your Horse hath any broken Bone , then take a double strong Can vass , which ought to be as broad as the Horses Fore-shoulders to his Flanks , then you shall have another double Canvas , which shall come from between his fore-Booths up to the top of the Wither , whereas meeting with the rest of the Canvass , and having very strong Loops and Ropes fastned to them , sling him up upon some Beam , no higher then that his Feet may touch the Ground , and if it be a fore-Leg that is broken , raise him up then higher before then behind , and if a hinder , then a little higher behind then before , so that he may rest most upon the Members most sound , when he is thus slung , put the Bone into the right place , and wrap it close up with unwashed Wooll , newly pulled from the Sheeps Back , bound fast to the Leg with a smooth Linnen Rowler , soaked before in Oyl and Vineger mingled together , and look that your Rowler lie as smooth and as plain as may be ; and upon that again lay more Wooll dipt in Oyl and Vineger , and then Splint it with three broad , smooth and strong Splints , binding them fast at both ends with a Thong , and be sure to keep out his Leg streight for the space of fourty days , and Loosen not the Bones above thrice in twenty days , unless it shrink , and so require to be new drest and bound again , and fail not to pour on every day through the Splints Sallet Oyl and Vineger mingled together , and if at the fourty days end you find that the broken Places be soddered together with some hard Knob or Gristle , then loose the bands , and ease the Canvass , so as the Horse may tread more firmly upon his fore-Foot , which if he doth , loose him altogether , and let him go up and down fair and gently , using from henceforth to anoint the place with soft Crease , or to take of Liquid Pitch one pound , of Wax two Ounces , of the purest and finest part of Frankincense one Ounce , of Amoniacum four Ounces , of dry Rozin and of Galbanum , of each one Ounce , of Vineger two pints ; Boyl first the Vineger and Pitch together , then put in the Amoniacum dissolved first in Vineger , and after that the aforesaid Drugs , and being united in one , strain it , and make into a Plaister , and use it according to your occasion , or to take a quart of old Sallet Oyl , and put to it of Hogs-grease and of Spicma , Nitre , of each one pound , boiled together till they begin to bubble above ; then take it from the Fire , and when you use it , let it be chafed in very hot , and then the former Plaister solded about it , which is very comfortable for a broken Bone. A Bath very good for broken Bones . To a Gallon of standing Lye put to it these things here under-written , viz. Knot Grass two Handfuls . Plantine two Handfuls . Comfrey a Handful . Wormwood a Handful . Boyl these very well in the Lye , and while it is warm Bathe the afflicted Member therewith , and give him also at the same time inwardly the Buds of Elder ( gathered in March ) boiled in running Water for several Mornings together , in half a Hornful of Sallet Oyl and Vineger , and it will much avail to the Knitting of the Bones . A Receipt to Cure a Stifled Horse . After you have Tied down his Head to the Manger , then take a Cord and fasten it to the Pastern of the stisled Leg , and draw his Leg forwards , and so the Bone will come right , by helping it with your hand , which being in , your care then must be to keep it in with your hand , and then Tie the other end of the Cord to the Rack , so as he may not put back his Leg , to dislocate the Bone for an hour or two after , till it be setled and dressed ; wherefore let his Keeper stand by him all the while , lest he should lie down , or be unruly . Take Pitch , which you must have molten in a Pot in a readiness , and with a Glout upon a stick , anoint his Stifling three or four inches broad at the least , and ten Inches long , and presently before the Pitch can cool , have a strong Piece of new Canvass cut fit for that purpose , which being made very warm by a Fire , clap it upon the place so neatly that the Bone cannot go forth again . This Plaister must not lie towards the Flank and Foot long-ways , but cross-ways upon the Joynt , as it were about the Thigh , otherwise it cannot hold in the Bone. Having thus done , anoint the Plaister on the out-side all over with the said Molten Pitch , and whilst it is warm , clap Flox of the Horses Colour all over the out-side of the Canvass , and let the Plaister remain on till it fall away of it self , and after that you may apply such good Unguents as you may think most expedient for the Malady ; but if the Bone be not out , then put in a French Rowel , a little beneath the stifling place , and let it remain in fifteen days , turning it once every day , and at fifteen days end take it forth , and heal up the Orifice with your green Ointment in my first Part. Another which is very good . The only way for the Cure of this Imperfection , is the common way that Farriers generally use , viz. To swim him in some deep River or Pond , till he sweat about the Ears , which will put the Bone into its right place again ; When you think that he hath swum enough , take him out of the Water , and throw an old Blanket over him to prevent catching of Cold , and lead him Home gently ; When you have him in the Stable , put a Wedge of Wood about the bredth of a Six-pence between his Toe and his Shoo on the contrary Foot behind , and when you find him thoroughly dry , anoint him upon the grieved part with Piece-grease , or Oyl of Turpentine and strong Beer , of equal parts alike , well shaked and mixt together in a Glass Vial ; Chafe it in very well with your Hand , one holding at the same time before it a hot Barr of Iron , or Fire-shovel , to make it sink in the better ; Or for want of them , you may apply unto it Brandy and Common Soap and strong Beer mixt together , and used as you did the Turpentine . These are very sharp Medicines , ( especially the Turpentine ) which will cause the place to swell and heave up , but fear them them not , for they will work a speedy Cure. To Cure the String-Halt . Take up the Vein in the Thigh , and then anoint all the Leg and the Thigh from the Body down to the very Foot , a long time together , holding a red hot Fire-shovel to the place , and let him be anointed with this Ointment . Take of the Oyl Petroilum , of the Oyl of Wormes , of the Oyl of Nerval , of Patch or Pe●ce-grease , of the Oyl of Spike , of each one Ounce , of London-Treacle two Ounces , and of Hogs-grease one pound , melt all these upon the Fire ; then take it off , and keep it stirring till it be throughly cold , and with this anoint the Visited Member every day once , and then Wisp him with a soft Thumb-band of Hay from the Pastern to the top of the Hoof , and thus do for ten days together , rubbing and chafing in the Ointment very well a long time together , holding a hot Fire-shovel near it , the better to cause it to sink into the Sinews , Nerves and Joynts . But after you have done anointing him , keep him warm and well Littered , and let the Thumb-bands be daily made lesser and lesser , and shorter and shorter , till you perceive him to Handle both Legs alike , and your Horse to be Recovered ; but you must not Ride him that he may sweat much in a Month after ; and so soon as warm Weather cometh , turn him to Grass in some dry Pasture , where is Water , and take him up again about Bartholomew-Tide , or before the Cold cometh ; and whilest he coth remain in the Stable keep him warm , and so he will be free of his String-halt , and be a sound Horse again ; To Anoint him also with Acopum is very good ; With this Receipt De Grey says , he hath Cured sundry Horses of this Malady . How to make your Unguentum-Theriacum , which is good for any Ach in the Joynts , Griefs in the Hip , Stifling Place , Legs , Shoulders , Pastern , or any other part of the Legs , a Back Sinew-sprain only excepted . Take Norvel , of Oyl of Pamphylion , and of black Sope , of each two Ounces , and of Tried Hogs-grease half a pound , melt them all upon a gentle Fire , and being molten put into it of ordinary Treacle two penny worth , then take it from the Fire , and keep it stirring till it be cold , then will it be of a dun colour ; Keep it in a Gally-pot for your use , and when you use it , anoint the place grieved with the same , rubbing and chafing it in very well , and heating it well in with a hot Fire-shovel . Hot Simples in General . Agarick , Aloes , Allum , Anniseeds , Aristolochia , Assafetida , Asonteo , Asarabacca , Arsmart , Archangel , Angelica , Alexanders , Alehoof , Balm , Garden-Bazil , Bayberries , wilde running Bitony smelling like Marjorem , Burrage is hot and cold , so is Brank-ursin , Briony , Broom , Butter-bur , Burdock , Brimstone , Celandine , Chervil , Garden clary , Clowns wound-wort , Calamus , Coloquintida , Garden cummin , Chamock , Cinnamon , Cloves , China , Darnel , Elecampane , Fennel , Gentian , Garlick , Germander , stinking Gladwin , Golden Rod , Gromel , English Galingale , Ginger , Glass-wort is so hot that it hath a costive burning quality , Galls , Grains of Paradice , Galbanum , Hemp-seed , Garden Hysop , Honey , St. Johns-wort , Juniper-berries , Ivy , Jack by the Hedge , Iris , Knee-holm , Lavender , Lavender-cotton , Ladies smocks , Garden Lilly , Lovage , Leeks , Mallows and Marsh-Mallows , wilde Marjorem , sweet Marjorem , Marigolds , Master-wort , Melilote , French and Dogs Mercury , Spear-mint , Misle-toe , Mother-wort , Mouse-ear , Mug-wort , Mustard-seed , Neesing-roots , Nutmeg , One blade , Pepper , Rag-wort , Rest-harrow the wilde Rochet , Rosemary , Garden Rue , Saffron , Sage , Sanicle , Sarasens Confound , Savin , common Saxafrage , Burnet Saxafrage , Scabius , English Scurvey-Grass , Self-heal , Smallage , Sope-wort , Southernwood , Sea star-wort , Staves-acre , Garden Tansie , Time , Tutsan , Turmerick , Valerian , Veruain , Wold , Weld or Diars-weed , Fennegreek , Scutchanele , London Treacle . Cooling Simples in General . Clove Gilly-flowers , Groundsel is an universal Medicine coming of Heat whatsoever , Hawk-weed , Housleek , Knot-grass , Kidney-wort , Lettuce , Water-Lilly , Licoris , common Liver-wort , Medlars , Money-wort , Tree-Moss , Ground-Moss , the unripe fruit of Mul-berries , Mace , common Night-shade may be used either inwardly or outwardly , and is no way dangerous as the others are , Navel-wort , Orpin used outwardly , Water-Plantine , Land-Plantine , Pomegranate , Queen of the Medows , Shepherds Purse , common Sorrel , Wood-Sorrel , Sow-thistles , Strawberry-leaves , Succory , Stone-crop , Star-wort , Spinach , wilde Tansie , all the parts of the black Thorn or Sloe-bush , Medow trefoyl , Honey-suckles , both the Vervains , Vine-leaves , Violets , Vipers-bugloss , Vineger , the Leaves , Flowers , Seed , and Bark of the Willow-Tree , Yarrow , Antimonium , Alkanet , Garden Arach , Barberry-bush , Barley , Bilberries , Blew-bottle , Bucks horn , Plantine , Bole-armoniack , Comfrey , Cranes-bill , Dandelion , all the kinds of Docks are generally cold , Ducks Meat applied outwardly is a great Cooler of hot Inflammations , Fumitory . Things good in General for a Prick or Stub in the Sole of a Horses Foot. To pull off his Shoo , and pare his Foot so deep that you may discover the Hole , making the Mouth of it about the bredth of a Two-pence , then wash it well with Chamberly and Salt , or green Copperas and Allum boiled together in Water , then Tack on his Shoo again , and stop the Hole with Turpentine , Hogs-grease and Verdegrease melted together , and lay Flax or Towe upon it , and put over that Cows dung , and cover it with Leather , and splint it with two cross splints , and renew it once in two or three days , and keep him out of wet during the Cure. Or Taint it with Tallow and Turpentine melted together , and anoint his Coffin all over with Bolearmoniack and Vineger mingled together , and take red Nettles stamped with Vineger , and black or common Sope , and stop the Wound therewith , or to wash the Wound with Vineger and Salt ; or if it be in the Summer , take the tender Buds or Leaves of Elder stamped ; if in the Winter , the inner Rind of it , and melt some hot Tallow with it into the Wound . Or take Turpentine , brown Sugar-candy powdred , and white Ginger powdred , and melt them all in an Iron Spoon , and pour it hot into the Wound , and put Hurds or Flax upon it , or Roch-Allum burned and made into powder , and fill the Hole therewith , and lay Hurds thereupon , or Oyl of Turpentine poured into it is excellent good , for it will not only search it to the bottom , but take out the Venom and heal it up . Or after you have clensed it with Salt and Vineger , take Salt made into fine Powder , and four times so much Turpentine , and boyl them well together , and pour it into the Wound scalding hot , and put into it the powder of Brimstone dissolved in white-Wine , and lay Hurds upon it . Or take Oyl de bay four Ounces , of Orpin , of Cantharides and Euforbium , of each two Ounces made all into fine powder , and set them on the Fire , keeping them stirring till they become an Ointment , and with it dress him as before is taught . But if the Foot be bruised , fear a Live Spider upon it with a hot Iron . A Particular Receipt for a Stub in the Foot , or for any Over-reach of the Toe of the Hinder-foot upon the Heel of the sore-Foot , or for any Accidental Cut with a Stone . After you have well searched and made clean the Wound with Water and Salt , or Verjuice , Beer and Butter ; Take these things here under-written , well beaten and bruised together till they come to a Salve , and spread them upon a Linnen Rag , or brown Paper , with a Rag bound and Tied fast over it to prevent the coming of it off ; Let it lie on twenty four houres before you take it off ; Continue so dressing and washing it every twenty four houres till you find amendment ; but if you find it amend very fast , you need not dress it in two or three days . The things you are to apply to it are these . viz. Common Soap about the bigness of a good big Wash-Ball , a large Onion peeled and a spoonful of long Pepper beaten to Powder , and mashed and bruised together with the rest . Of Clifts and Cracks in the Heels cross and overthwart , which are a kind of Scratches , and are Cured with the same Medicines as they are . Falling Evil Cured , which is no other then the Falling Sickness in Man. Take a pretty quantity of Blood from the Neck , and four or five days after let him Blood in the Temple Veins , and on his Eye-Veins , then anoint his Body all over with a comfortable Friction , then Bath his Head and Eares with Oyl de bay , Liquid Pitch and Tar mixt together , and of the same , put some of it into his Eares , then make him a Cap or Biggin of Canvass , Quilted with Wooll , to keep his Head warm , then give him a Purgation or Scouring ; but if the disease continue still , then pierce the Skin of his Forehead with a hot Iron in divers places , and after anoint it with sweet Butter , for thereby you shall draw out the gross Humours which do oppress the Brain , and keep him warm in the Stable , during the time of his Physicking . General Things to be Given inwardly for it . The Seed of the Bolbonack , or the Satten Flower , the Leaves and Flowers of Flea-wort , stinking Ground-pine taken with Oxymel or Honeyed Water is good , given Evening and Morning for some time together , Bitony , the Flower of Violets , the Roots of Peony , Master-wort of Gerrard , Anniseeds , the Leaves and Bark of the Mastick Tree , the Gum of it hath the same Vertue given in Ale , the distilled Water of red Cherries . A Particular Receipt . A spoonful of the powder of dried Missle-toe that grows upon the Apple tree , ( which is shaped much like Ivy-leaves ) given him in half a Pint of Canary , and kept warm , is very good . A Hip-shot Horse . There is so uncertain a Cure to be made of it , that I durst say nothing of the Cure. The Cure for the Hurle-Bone out of Joynt . Take Oyl of Turpentine and strong Beer , of equal parts alike , and shake them very well in a Glass-Vial , and anoint the grieved part therewith , as also the Brawn and inside of his Thigh down to his Gambrels , and heat it in very well by holding a hot Fire-shovel before it , while you are doing it ; This will make him sound in a few days , conditionally you continue using of it , working the Bone gently in with your Hand , to bring it to its right place again . This is a very sharp and biting Medicine , which will make his Skin puff and heave up , but you need not fear it , for there is no danger in it ; When you have anointed him Tie him up to the Rack-staves for about half an hour , to prevent his biting of it with his Teeth , which may prejudice him ; while he stands in the Stable , put a Wedge of Wood about the bredth ▪ of a Six pence between his Toe and his Shooe ; but when you Ride him you are to take it out ; but when you come home to put it in again . Or after you have anointed him once with Oyl of Turpentine and Beer , and put in his Bone into its right place again , you may clap a Charge upon it made of Oxycrocium and Paracelsus , ( which you may buy at the Apothecaries ) which will strengthen it so very much , that it will keep it from slipping out of its place again . But the most best , speedy and certain Cure is , ( though it doth a little disfigure your Horse ) is to Pin him , which every Smith either does , or ought to know . Quick-Scab to Cure. To let him blood , then clip away the Hair where the Sorrance is , and take off the scurf and scabs with an old Curry-Comb , or other such like thing , then with fair cold water wash it well , and lay a Linnen Cloth well wet in it to the place , and do nothing to it in ten days after ; and if you find it doth not heal , dress it as before ; and so a third time and a fourth till it be throughly healed ; Or to take Mallowes and Marsh-Mallowes , of each alike , and boil them in fair water as much as will suffice , till they be soft ; and with the Herb and Decoction bathe and wash the Sorrance two or three days together warm : Then take of common Honey a Pint , Copperas , Allum , of Glass and Verdegrease , all made into fine powder , of each four Ounces , Turpentine and Quick-silver mortify'd , of each two Ounces ; boyl all these together with the Honey unto an Unguent , and with it dress him every day till it be whole . Rot in a Horse Cured . Let him first bleed under the Tail , then take of Mares Milk two quarts , or the Milk of a red Cow then take a Lump of Arement , then take a young Horse about the Age of fonr years , and of colour black if it may be , if not of some other colour , run and chafe him about till he sweat much ; then with a Spoon or some other Instrument Rake off the Sweat from off his Head , Neck , Breast , Back , Sides , Ribs , Buttocks , Legs , and in each part or member where you can get off any , and so put your Arement and your Sweat into the Milk , mixing them well together , and by equal Portions give it him three Mornings together , till he hath taken it all ; and let him drink no drink after it in six or seven houres ; and immediately after his Drink , lead him forth into some Pasture where other Horses be , to sneeze , stale or dung , to empty himself , which is very wholesom for him so to do , before he either eats or drink , then set him up warm and well Littered ; and if the Season do serve , give him of the green Blades of Rye ; if not , give him Barley steeped in Milk three days , but renewed every day once ; Then after every of these Drinks , if you feel him cold in the Pastern Joynts , or that he trippeth or stumbleth as you lead him in your hand , do no more to him , for he is past Cure ; Otherwise , for nine days together after , Morning and Evening , give him white Water only , unless now and then a sweet Mash ; and somtimes give him Milk with his white Water ; if he be not above nine years old , this will prolong his life , whereby he may do the more service . Mr. Grey declares , that this Receipt a Knight taught him , who recovered sundry Horses with it . Swaying in the Back . Take of the Fat of the fruit of the Pine-tree two Ounces , of Olibanum three Ounces , of Rozin four Ounces , of Pitch four Ounces , of Bole-Armoniack an Ounce , and of Sanguis Draconis half an Ounce , incorporate all these well together , and lay it Plaister-wise all over the Reins of his Back , and let it remain till it fall off of it self Another most Excellent Receipt for Swaying a Weakness in the Back . These Infirmities are seldom or never perfectly Cured . But the best Help for them that I know of is , to give him inwardly some strengthning things , as common Turpentine made up into Balls , with the powder of Bolearmoniack , and powder of the dried leaves of Clary , and to apply outwardly at the same time all over the Reins of his Back these strengthning Charges , viz ▪ Oxycrocium and Paracelsus melted together . Or Coleworts boiled in Sallet Oyl , made thick like a Poultess , with the powder of Bolearmoniack and Bean-floure . If you desire to see more Variety of Charges , ( though these are very good ) look into the First Part , and there you may find plenty , where you may pick and chuse what you best fancy . Foundering in the Body to Cure. To Cure this Distemper , is first to Rake his Fundament , and to give him a Glister , which you have variety of in my First Part ; Then take Sack or Ale a quart , Cinnamon half an Ounce , Licoris and Anniseeds , of each two spoonfuls beaten into fine powder , with five or six spoonfuls of Honey , put them all into the Ale together , and warm them till the Honey is molten , and give it him luke-warm to drink , and Ride him gently after it for the space of an hour , and let him fast two houres more , and keep him warm Clothed and Littered , and let his Hay be sprinkled with Water , and his Oats very clean Sifted from dust , and give it him by little and little , and let his drink be warm Mashes of Malt and Water , and when he hath recovered strength let him blood in the Neck-Vein , and once a day perfume his Head with Frankincense . There is no Drink nor Diet that is comfortable , but is good for this Disease . The Way of Gathering , Drying and Preserving of Simples and their Juices , viz. Roots , Barks , Leaves , Herbs , Flowers , Seeds , &c. CHAP. I. Of Roots . 1. Chuse those that are sound , and not rotten nor worm-eaten , and let them be such as have their proper taste , smell and colour . 2. Those that are dry , hard and sound , are the best and fittest for your use . 3. If they prove soft , dry them in the Sun , or else string them and hang them up by the Fire , but the dry and hard ones you may lay any where . 4. The small Roots will keep a year or two very well , but the larger sort of them will keep four or five , but they are best in their prime the first year . 5. The best time to gather them is in the Summer , before they Run out to seed , for then they grow hard and sticky , and lose their Vertues . 6. Those Roots that you may have all the year , as Plantine , Fennel or Parsley , &c. trouble not your self to dry them . CHAP. II. Of Barks . 1. Barks of such Trees as are frequently with you , as the Oak , Elm or Ash , &c. Gather them but when you have present use for them ; As for the Out-landish you may have ready dried at the Druggist . 2. The Barks of Roots , as Fennel , Parsley , &c. is only that which remains when the Pith is out , which is called a Bark , though very improperly . CHAP. III. Of Leaves , of Herbs or Trees . 1. Of Leaves , gather such as are fresh and green , and full of Juice , and in the picking of them be careful to throw away the dead and decayed Leaves , which are not fit for any Physical use . 2. That Place they most delight to grow in are best for use , as Bitony delights to grow in the Shadow , and therefore 't is better then that that grows in the Sun , because it is its proper place . 3. Those Herbs that Run up to Seed , and in Flowers their leaves are not so good then as before they were spindled ( some few only excepted ) and therefore I advise you , If through Ignorance you know them not , or through Negligence forget them , rather chuse to take the Tops then the Leaves . 4. The Sun is better to dry them in , then the Shadow . 5. The best Way to keep them after they be dried , is near the Fire , in a Bag made of brown or white Paper . 6. 'T is not certainly known how long Herbs will keep , but 't is concluded by most they will keep a year very well . 7. You may know when they are decayed by the loss of smell , colour or both . 8. Those that grows upon dry Grounds , does usually keep longer then those that grow upon moist , and those that are very full of Juice , will not continue their Virtue so long as those that are drier , because more subject to Putrifaction and Corruption . 9. Those that you do thoroughly dry will keep better then those that are ill dried . CHAP. IV. Of Flowers . 1. The Flower , which is the Glory and Beauty of the Plant , is of excellent use in Physick , if it be gathered when it is in its prime . 2. When you intend to gather them let them be thoroughly dry , and the Sun shining ; for if you gather them when they be wet they will not keep . 3. When you have gathered them dry , them thoroughly upon a Table , or in the Window where the Sun comes , before you put them up in Papers , to hang near the Pire . 4. If you find their Smell and Colour continue , you may be assured their Vertues are not lost . CHAP. V. Of Seeds . 1. The Seed contains the vital faculty and spirit of the whole Plant , and therefore hath in it equal Vertues with it . 2. Gather them not till they be full ripe , and from the places where they delight most to grow in , and let them be thoroughly dried in the Sun before you lay them up . 3. These having the spirit of the whole Plant in them , are not so subject to corrupt as the others are , and therefore you need not keep them so near the Fire as you do the Herbs . 4. They will continue good and sound four or five years ; but they are best in their prime the first and second . CHAP. VI. Of Juices . 1. The Juices that you are to press out of Herbs , Plants , Tops and Flowers must be done when they are young and tender . 2. If you intend to preserve them some time , you must gather them when they be thoroughly dry . 3. When you use them they must be bruised in a Stone-Mortar with a wooden Pestle , and put afterwards into a Canvass bag , and the Juice pressed out in a Press , and when you have so done set it over the Fire in an Earthen Pipkin or Skillet , and clarifie it by taking off the scum that shall arise ; You may know when it is well clarified , for then the scum will not appear on the top . 4. This being Clarified according to your mind , you may preserve it for your use , ( in the Winter when you can get no Herbs ) these two ways . First , by putting it into a Glass when it is cold , and pouring so much Sallet Oyl over it as will cover it , let the Oyl lie about the thickness of two Fingers above the Juice ; This Oyl being of a light Body will always get uppermost , and keep out the Air from entring , and so preserve it the better from putrefaction . When you have occasion to use it , pour it out into a Porringer or any other convenient Vessel , so much as you think you shall use , and take off the Oyl that comes out with it , with a little Cotton or with a Spoon , and put the remainder back again in the Glass , ( if you leave any ) and it will quickly sink under the Oyl again , &c. The second way of preserving it is after you have Clarified it , to boyl it over again , ( being first cold ) to the thickness of Honey , and this way it is used for the Diseases of the Mouth . The Way of Making and Keeping all Necessary Compounds , Viz. Electuaries , Pills , Waters , Ointments , Plaisters , Charges , Poultisses , Oyls , Syrups by Infusion and by Decoction , or by Juice . CHAP. I. Of Electuaries . 1. If you desire to preserve your Horses Health abroad as well as at Home , then make up some Electuary with some Herbs , Rooes and Flowers , suitable to the Diseases you think he may be most Afflicted with , whether they be Coughs , Colds , or any other Illness , and put it into a Gally-pot . 2. If you intend any Physick for present use , let the Herbs , Roots , Seeds and Flowers be always in a readiness , ready dried in your House , that so you may not want them when you come to use them . 3. They will keep best whole , for being beaten and made into powder , they will be soon penetrated by the Air , which will cause them to lose much of their Strength and Virtue . 4. If you find them not dry enough to beat , make them fit for the Pestle by drying them by the Fire . 5. When you use them , beat them as small as you can , and then Sift them through an indifferent fine Sieve . 6. To one Ounce of this Powder you may add three Ounces of clarified Honey , and make up what quantity of Electuary you please , according to the occasion and use you have for it . 7. Your Honey must be clarified by the Fire , by scumming off the scum from it that shall arise . 8. Mix the Powders and this Honey very well together in a Mortar , before you put them up for your use . 9. The usual Dose of Cordial Electuary is from one Ounce to two Ounces , dissolved in a pint or a quart of strong warm Ale or Beer , and given him in the Morning or Evening fasting , and to fast two or three houres after it . CHAP. II. Of Pills or Balls . 1. The Invention of these Pills or Balls at first were for the Purging of the Head , as I have told you in some of my Physical Observations . And as such Infirmities as lie nearest the Passages were best removed by Decoctions , because they pass to the grieved part soonest , so in the Infirmities of the Head or other parts of the Body more remote from the Stomach and Bowels , are best removed by Pills or Balls , which are longest in Digestion , and therefore the better able to call the offending Humor to them . 2. The Way of Making them is very familiar , for with the help of a Pestle and Mortar , and a little of your care , you may make any Powder into Balls , you have Directions at large for the making of them after the best Receipt for the Glanders . 3. The Manner of Giving them are two-fold , viz. either upon the end of a Stick , with his Tongue first drawn forth on one side of his Mouth , or in a Horn-full of strong Beer . CHAP. III. Of Distilled Waters . 1. Waters are distilled out of Roots , Herbs , Flowers and Fruits , and are best when they are distilled in their greatest strength and vigour . 2. Distilled Waters are the weakest of all Artificial Medicines , and made more weak by distilling them in a Pewter Still , being good for very little unless mixed with other Medicines . But the strongest Way of Stilling them is in Sand. 3. When they are distilled put them up into a Glass , and bind on the Top of it a Paper prick't full of Holes , that so the fiery ▪ Vapours may Exhale , for else they will cause them to Mother , which will corrupt the Waters . Then cover them close , and keep them for your use . 4. Stopping them with Cork is the common Way though not the best , because that Way will make them grow Musty , and not much better is Paper , if it be suffered to touch the Water ; But the best and most approved Way to keep them is to Top them with a Bladder , being first wet in Water , and bound over the Glass . 5. Those Waters that are distilled in a Pewter Still will not keep above a year good , when those that are distilled in Sand will keep twice as long . CHAP. IV. Of Oyntments . There be many Ways of making Oyntments , but the most familiar and easie is the common Way , viz. To bruise those Roots , Herbs or Flowers you intend to make it of , and to two Handfuls of the bruised Herbs , add a pound of tried Hogs Seame , Mash and beat them very well together in a Mortar , then put them into an Earthen Pot ( covering it with paper to keep it from filth ) and set it in the Sun , or in some other warm place for four or five days that it may melt , then take it forth and boyl it gently over the Fire for some little time , then strain it out while it is hot , pressing the Herbs very hard to get what Grease you can out of them , then add to it as many more fresh Herbs bruised and set in the Sun , and Ordered in every thing as before ; but if you think them not yet strong enough , you may repeat the Herbs over again the third or fourth time , for the fuller of Juice the Ointment is , the stronger will it be ; The last time you boyl it , boyl the Herbs and all with it , and when they be crisp and the Juice consumed , ( which you may know by the leaving of its bubling while it is on the Fire ) 't is enough , then strain it out very hard in a Press , and to every pound of Ointment add two Ounces of the best common Turpentine you can get , and as much Bees Wax , which will take away the offensiveness of the Grease , which is very prejudicial to Wounds as well as Oyl . CHAP. V. Of Plaisters . 1. The Emplaisters of the Greeks consisted of very many Ingredients , viz. Gums , Rosin , Wax , Herbs , Seeds , Roots , Juices , Liquoris , Minerals , Metals , Stones and Excrements of Creatures , &c. which said Metals they reduced to powder , and mixed them with their satty substances , which the rest of the Plaister consisted of while it was hot , keeping it continually stirring up and down to prevent the sinking of them , that they may the better stiffen and incorporate together ; which after it was somewhat cold and hard , they made them up into Rolls , and when they needed it they melted them again by the Fire . 2. The Arabians made up their Medicines with Meal , Oyl and Fat , which needed not so much boyling as the other did . But seeing these are so difficult to make , and when made , so rarely used in Farring , I shall advise you to let them alone , and buy them rather of the Druggist , when you have occasion to use them , then put your self to the needless trouble of making of them . CHAP. VI. Of Charges . 1. The Use of these are for Strains , Sprains , or any other Weakness in the Legs , Shoulders or Back , and are made of several things , viz. Pitch , Rosin , Mastick , Oxycrocium , Paracelsus , add Hernium , Galbanum , Frankincense , Turpentine , Meal , Bolearmoniack , &c. The manner of using them is to melt what things you have occasion for in an Earthen Pipkin , and lay it on with a Lath all over the grieved part , then clap upon it some Flax , Hurds , Tow , Wooll , Deers Hair or such like thing , then heat the Charge again , and daub it all over the Flax , Tow or Wooll the second time , scalding hot ; then daub it over again the third time as you did before , pressing it all the time close with your Hands to the grieved part to make it bind on the faster , and let it remain there till it fall off of it self . 2. If his Charge be on his Legs , be careful that he come not into the Water , for that will soon fetch it off . But to prevent this , chuse rather to keep him in the Stable , and Water him there till he be somewhat amended . CHAP. VII . Of Poultisses . 1. Poultisses are vulgarly called Cataplasmes , which is as much as to say a thick Poultess made of Meal and Herbs , which is a very excellent Medicine to ripen and break Sores , ease Pains , cool hot Inflammations , dissolve hardness , ease the Spleen , disperse Swellings , and digest Humors . 2. When you are to make them , you are to take those Roots and Herbs as are most proper and suitable to the Disease and Member afflicted , chopping them first small , then put them into clear running Water , and boyl them to a Gelly , then add to them a little Meal of Lupins , ( or for want of that Barley-Meal , ) with a little Sallet Oyl , or rough sweet Suet , which I account better ; Then spread it upon a Linnen Cloth , and apply it to the grieved part , bound fast with a Tape or Pack thread that it fall not off . CHAP , VIII . Of Oyls . 1. Sallet Oyl is made from the Expression of Olives , which is so temperate , that it exceeds in no one quality . 2. Of Oyls , some are Simple , and some are Compound . 3. Simple Oyls are such as are made by Expression of Fruits or Seeds , as Linseed Oyl , Rape-seed Oyl , and Oyl of sweet or bitter Almonds . 4. Compound Oyls are made of the Oyl of Olives , and other Simples , as Leaves , Flowers , Roots , &c. 5. The Manner of making up those Herbs or Flowers you intend to make your Oyl of , must be first bruised , and then put into an Earthen pot , and to two or three handfuls of them so bruised put a pint of Sallet Oyl , and then cover up your Pot close with a paper ( to keep it from Filth ) then set it in the Sun for about a Fortnight ; then warm it on the Fire , and press out the Oyl from the Herbs very hard , and add so many more Herbs to the Oyl , and use them in every thing as before ; The oftner you repeat your Herbs , the stronger will your Oyl be . When you think it is strong enough for your use , boyl the last Herbs ( you put in it ) and Oyl together , till the Juice be consumed , ( which you may know by the leaving of its bubling ) and the Herbs grown Crisper . Strain it while it is hot , and put into some convenient Earthen or Glass-Vessel , and set it up till you have occasion to use it . CHAP. IX . Of Syrups by Infusion , by Decoction and by Juices . 1. A Syrup is a Medicine of a Liquid Form , Composed of Infusion , Decoction and Juice . 2. Those Syrups that are usually made by Infusion , are made of such Flowers as lose their Colour and Strength in Boyling ; As Violets , Roses , Peach Flowers . They are thus made , viz. To every pound of Flowers well pickt , add three Pints of Spring Water made boyling hot on the Fire ; Put them in an Earthen Vessel , and put the Water to them , then cover it close , and let it stand by the Fire to infuse about twelve or thirteen houres , then strain it out ( in such Syrups as Purge , as Peach-Flowers , Damask Roses , &c. the usual and best way is to repeat to their Infusion fresh Flowers divers times , which after you have strained it out into some convenient Vessel , add to every pint of it two pounds of Loaf Sugar , then melt it over a gentle Fire again , taking off the Scum that shall arise , and your Syrup is made . 2. Those Syrups that are made by Decoction are made of Compounds , yet any Simple Herb may be made also into a Syrup ; Take the Root , Herb or Flower you intend to make into a Syrup , and bruise it a little in a Mortar ; Then take it forth , and put to every Handful of Roots , Herbs or Flowers , a pint of Running Water , and boyl it till half the Water be consumed ; After you have so done , strain it through a Woollen Cloth , letting it Run out at leisure without pressing ; And to every pint of this Decoction add one pound of Sugar ; then boyl it again over the Fire till it come to a Syrup , which you may know when it is well done , if you take a little of it now and then in a Spoon , and let it cool . Be sure you take off the Filth that doth arise while it is a boyling ; And when you think it is enough , strain it hot through a Woollen Cloth , and press it out and keep it for your use . 3. Syrups that are made by Juices , usually are made of such Herbs as are most full of Juice , and are best made this Way , viz. Take the Herbs and beat them in a Mortar with a Wooden Pestle , then press forth the Juice , and Clarifie it as you were taught before in Juices , then set it over the Fire again , and let it boyl till a quarter of it be consumed , and to a Pint of it add a pound of Sugar , and boyl it up to a Syrup , keeping it scumming all the while ; When you think it is well boiled , strain it through a Woollen Cloth , as you did the other , and keep it for your use . 4. If you make Syrups of Roots that are hard , as Grass-Roots , Parsley , Fennel , &c. Bruise them very well first , then lay them asteep in that Water you intend to boyl them in , which will cause the Vertue of them to come forth so much the better . 5. Your Syrups that are well made will keep somewhat above a year , but such as are made by Infusion will not keep so long . 6. The best Way to keep them when made , is in Glass or Stone-pots , and to bind a Paper about the Mouth of them . CHAP. X. Of Decoctions . 1. Decoctions are made either of Fruits , Barks , Roots , Leaves , Flowers or Seeds , and is made after the same manner as is shewed you in your Syrups . 2. Those Decoctions that are made of Wine are more durable then those made of Water . 3. If you make a Decoction for to cleanse the Passages of Urine , and to open Obstructions , chuse rather to make it of white-Wine , because it is of a more penetrating and subtil Nature then Water . 4. Decoctions are of the best use for the Cure of such Diseases as lie Lurking in the Passages of the Body , Stomach , Bowels , Kidneys , Passages of Urine and the Bladder , &c. which are more powerful in Operation , in passing quicker to the aforesaid Diseases then any other sort of Medicines . 5. All the difference that are between Decoctions and Syrups made by Decoction , is only this , Syrups are made to keep , Decoctions only for present spending . 9. You may sweeten them with Sugar or Syrup , or such things as you imagine most fit for the Disease you give it . 7. If you make a Decoction of Roots , Herbs , Flowers and Seeds together , boyl the Roots a good while first ▪ because they retain their Virtues longer ; so then the next in Order according to the same Rule , are , first , Barks ; secondly , Herbs ; thirdly , seeds ; fourthly , Flowers ; And fifthly , Spices ; which are put in last , because their Vertues do soonest come sorth . 8. All Decoctions are to be kept in a Glass close s●opped , and the cooler you set them the longer they will keep , their usual time of lasting is not above a Week at most . 9. The usual Dose you are to give him at a time is a quart or more , according to the Age , Strength and Constitution of your Horse , Season of the year , strength of the Medicine , and quality of the Disease . Roots th t are hot in the First Degree . Liquoris , Dogs-grass , Marsh-mallows , Burrage , China , Valerian , Bazil , Parsley , Bugloss , Pilewort , Lillies , Peony male and female , wilde Parsnips , Burrdocks , Spatling Poppey , Kneeholly , &c. Herbs hot in the second Degree . Lovage , Water-flag , Fennel , Butter-bur , Hogs Fennel , Swallows-wort , Carline-thistle , Devils-bit , Spignel , Mercury , Sarsaparilla , &c. Hot in the third Degree . Ginger , Angelica , Asarabica , white Dittany , Doronicum , Elecampane , Hellebore white and black , stinking Gladdon , Filapendula ▪ Aron , Sow-bread , Birth-wort , Galangal , Cellandine , Snake-root , 〈…〉 and black , Master-wort , Rest-harrow , &c. Hot in the fourth Degree . Leeks , Onions , Garlick , Pellitory of the Wall , &c. Roots that are very Temperate . Cinquefoyl , Turmentil , Mallows , Bears-breech , Mechoachan , Jallop , Eringo , Asparagus , our Ladies thistle , &c. Roots Cold in the first Degree : Plantine , Comfrey the greater , Sorrel , Madder , Beets white and red , Rose-root , &c. Cold in the second Degree . Hounds-tongue , Alkanet , Succory , Endive , Dazies , &c. Cold in the Third . Mandrakes , Bistort , &c. Cold in the Fourth . Henbane . Roots dry in the first Degree . Calamus , Aromaticus , Bears-breech , Madder , Burr-docks , Pile-wort , Red Beets , Eringo , Self-heal , Knee-holly , Endive , &c. Dry in the second . Hounds-tongue , Zedoary , Plantine , Mercury , Reeds , Devils-bit , parsley , Butter-bur , Fennel , Spignel , Lovage , Alkanet , Marsh-mallows , Valerian , Sprattling poppey , Bazil , Water-flag , our Ladies thistle , Cyprus long and round , ●orrel , Smallage , Aspodel male , swallow-wort , &c. Dry in the third . Cellendine , Angelica , Hogs Fennel , Turmentil , Ginger , Birth-wort long and round , Aron , Sow-bread , Carline thistle , Bistort , Briony white and black , Sarsaparilla , Asarabica , Virginian snake-root , China , Doronicum , Dittany , Galangal of both kinds , Hellebore white and black , Elecampane , Rest harrow , Peony Male and Female , Filapendula , Orris English and Florence , stinking Gladdon , &c. Dry in the Fourth . Costus , Pellitory of Spain , Garlick , Onions and Leeks , &c. Roots Moist are , Dasies , Burrage , Valerian and spatling poppey , Bugloss , white Beets , Liquoris , Dogs-grass , parsnips , Skirrets , &c. Of hot Medicaments Appropriate to the Parts of the Body . 1. Heating the Head. Doronicum , Fennel , peony , Spikenard , Winters his Cinnamon , Bitony , Costmary , Cardus benedictus , Cowslips , Eye-bright , Featherfew , Goats-Rue , Herb Mastich , Lavender , Laurel , Lovage , Maudlin , Mellilot , Time , penny Royal , Rosemary , Celandine , Scurvey-Grass , Sneese-wort , fena , peony Male and Female , Chamomel , sage , Nutmegs , Jallop . 2. Heating the Throat . Devils-bit , pilewort , Archangel white and red , Alewort . 3. Heating the Breast and Lungs . Birthwort long and round , Calamus , Aromaticus , Cinquefoyl , Elecampane , Liquoris , Orice squills , Cassia Lignea , Cinnamon , Bitony , Bayes , Bawm , Calaminth , Camomil , Distaff , Thistle , Fennel , Germander , Hysop , Hore-hound , Indian-leaf , Maiden-hair , Nettle , Oak of Jerusalem , Organy , periwincle , Rue , scabius , Time , Figs , Raisins , Orris English and Florentine . 4. Heating the Heart . Angelica , Butter-bur , Basil , Cinnamon , Citrons , Carline-thistle , Turmentil , Valerian of both sorts , pimpernel , Bay-berries , Bawm , Broom , Cardus Benedictus , Rue , Goats Rue , Rosemary , southernwood , sene , saffron , spicknard , Juniper-berries , Mace , Nutmegs , Wall-nuts , Mustard-seed , Doronicum , Bugloss . 5. Heating the Stomach . Avens , Fennel , Galangale , Ginger , Radish , Spicknard , Enula , Cassia Lignea , Cinnamon , Citrons , Lemmons , Sassafras , Bayes , Bawm , Broom . Hysop , Indian Leaf , Mints , Time , Parsley , Sage , Smallage , Wormwood , Rosemary , Cloves , Almonds , Ben , Nutmegs , Pine-Nuts , Annis , Caraway , Cardamums , Cummin , Elecampane , Fern. 6. Heating the Liver . Carlin thistle , China , Dogs-grease , Fennel , Gentian , Parsley , Rhubarb , Smallage , Turmerick , Sparagus , Agrimonia , Ale-cost , Ash , Bayes , Asarabacca , Centaury the less , Chamepitys , Germander , Fox Gloves , Hops , Horehound , Hysop , Ladies-thistle , Thyme , Maudlin , Pimpernel , Celandine , Samphire , Sage , Elder , Scordium , Water-cresses , Chamomel , Bitony , Annis , Caraway , Cummin , Cinquefoyl , Parsley , Rubarb , Knee-holly , Rhapontick . 7. Heating the Spleen . Ash , Round Birth-wort , Thistle-Fern of both sorts , Fennel , Gentian , Parsley , Sparagus , Bayes , Agrimony , Centaury the less , Chamepitys , Dodder , Germander , Hops , Hore hound , Harts-tongue , Maiden-hair , Thyme , Smallage , Samphire , Sage , Scordium , Sena , Tamarisk , Water-cresses , Wormwood , Bitony , Wall-flower● , Annis , Caraway , Fennel . 8. Heating the Bowels . Ginger , Valerian great and small , Zedoary , Alehoof , Alexanders , Chamomil , Ginger . 9. Heating the Reins and Bladder . Bazil , Burdock , Carline-thistle , China , Cyprus long and round , Dropwort , Knee-holly , Marsh-mallows , Parsley , Smallage , Sparagus , Spicknard , white Saxafrage , Valerian , Sassafras , Agrimonia , Bitony , Brooklime , Bayes , Broom , Chervil , Costmary , Camomil , Clary , Germander , Hops , Melilot , Thyme , Nettleseed , Organy , Pimpernel , Penny-royal , Rochet , Samphire , Scordium , Toad-flax , Vervain , Gromwell , Restharrow , Licoris , Pellitory of the Wall , Elder , Turpentine , spatling Poppey , Filapendula , Dogs-grass . 10. Heating of the Womb. Peony , Valerian , Angelica , Pimpernel , Briony , Aristolochia rotunda , Mugwort , Rue , Mercury , Featherfew , Savin , Bitony , Elder , Spicknard , red Fetches , Rosemary , Indian Nut , Juniper berries , Oringes , Cinnamon , Nutmegs , Cassia Lignea , Saffron , Cardamums , Ash , Pepper , Castoreum , Birthwort long and round , Galanga greater and lesser , Hogs Fennel . 11. Heating the Joynts . Branca ursina , Costus , Ginger , Hermodactils , Jallop , Mechoacan , Agrimony , Arsmart , Camomil , Costmary , Carden cresses ▪ Cowslips , Melilot , Rosemary , Rue , Sciatica cresses , Water cresses , Sage , Bayes . Of Cold Medicaments Appropriate to the Parts of the Body . 1. Cooling the Head. Lettice , Purslain , Mandrake , Plantine , Night-shade , Henbane , Water Lillies , Roses , Poppy , Violets , Gourd , Cucumber , Melons , Opium , House leek , Wood-sorrel , Strawberry leaves , Violet leaves , Fumitory , Willow leaves . 2. Cooling the Throat ▪ Bramble leaves , Orpine , Privit , Strawberry leaves , Poppey , Oringes , Lemons . 3. Cooling the Breast and Lungs . Endive , Lambs Tongue , Plantine , Polipody , Purslain , Water-Lillies , Bramble-leaves , Coleworts , Violet leaves , Mallows , Bugloss , Cichory ; Poppeys , Quinces , Strawberry leaves , Barley ; Mulberry leaves , Prunes , Sanders , Fennegreek , Gum tragant , Arabick . 4. Cooling the Heart . Dandelion , Sorrel , Wood-sorrol , Water Lillies , Violet-leaves , Cucumbers , Gourds , Barberries , red Corans , Citrons , Pomegranates , Sanders , Camphire , Vipers Bugloss , Lettice , Burnet , Strawberry leaves , Water-Lillies . 5. Cooling the Stomach . Cichory , Sorrel , Asparagus , Water-Lillies , Rudive , Purslain , Myrtle , Roses , Violets , Cucumbers , Barley , Quinces , Citrons , Oringes , Pomegranates . 6. Cooling the Liver . Asparagus , Gramen , Water-Lillies , Sorrel , Strawberries , Gichory , Sow-thiltle , Endive , Purslain , Lettice , Roses , Bugloss , Burrage , Poppey , Barley , Lemons . 7. Cooling the Spleen . Willow , Hemlock , Fumitory , Oyl of Vitriol , spirit of Salt , Oyl of sulphur , which three last you must not exceed above 90 or 100 drops , put into a quart of Ale or Beer . 8. Cooling the Reins and Bladder . Grass , Strawberries , Water-Lillies , Purslain , Willow , Lettice , Cassia , Fistula , Violets , Roses , Poppey , Citrons , Lemons , Barley . 9. Cooling the Womb. Bistort , Comfrey , Bursa pastoris , plantine , stinking Arach , Balaustins , Water-Lillies , Willow , Henbane , poppy , pomegranats , Medlars , Myrtles , Red Coral . 10. Cooling the Bowels . Cassia , Fistula , sow-thistle , Bucks-horn , Orpine , Plantine , Fumitory , Mallows , Alth●a . 11. Cooling the Joynts . Henbane , Housleek , Lettice , Night-shade , Willow , poppy , Opium . The Properties of Purging Medicaments . 1. Purging Cheler 1. Mild ; As Cassia Fistularis , Tamarins , Manna , Calabrina , Aloes succotrina , Rheubarb , Damask-Roses ▪ Violets . 2. Strong , as , Asarum , scamonie . 2. Purging Phlegm . 1. Mild , as Myrobalans , Chemulan and Emblican , Carthamus-feeds , Mechoachan . 2. Strong , as Agarick , Jaiiup , Turpethum , Coliquintida , Hermodactyls , Euforbium , sagapenum , Briony , spurge , sow ▪ bread , Elaterium , squills , Turbech , Ground-pine . 3. Purging Watry Humors , 1. Mild , as soldanella , German Orrice . 2. Strong , as Elaterium , Cambogia , Hedge Hysop Ensula . 4. Purging by Vomit . 1. Mild , warm Water , sat Broth , Oyl with water , Butter , Roots of Garden-Cucumber , Orach , Mellon , Asarum . 2. Strong , as white Hellebore , Tobacco , Sulphur of Antimony , Merchrius vitae , Crocus Metallorum , Turpethum , Minerale , Gutta gamba . 5. Purging by Vrine . 1. Mild , as Roots of parsley , Smallage , Eringo , Ruscus , Asparagus , Pimpernel , leaves of Pellitory , Asarum , Chervil , Scordium , saxafrage , Seeds of Gromwel , Winter-cherries . 2. Strong as Sal tartari , Succini , Absynthii , Oleum tarti , Baccarum , luniper , Vitrioli , Sulphuris , Cerae , Wood and Bark of Guajaccum , Sassaphras . 6. Purging by the Throat , Mercurius dulcis , Sublimatus & Praecipitatus , Turpethum Minerale , Unguentaque Mercuriata , 7. Purging by Sweat , 1. Mild , as Angelica , Pimperhil , Turmentil , Gentjan , Carduus , Scabius , Zedoary . 2. Strong , as Lignum Guajaccum , Sassaphras , Bezoar-stone , Aurum Diaphoreticum , Antimonium Diaphoreticum , Bezoar-joviale & Minerale , Sal tartari , Sulphur Auratum . 8. Purging by the Nose . Roots of Orris , Bind-weed , Leaves of Beet , Marjorem , Sage , Bitony , Ivy , Ginger , Roots of Pellitory of Spain , white Hellebore , Leaves of Sneesewort , Tobaccho , Pepper , Mustard , Euforbium . The Properties of Altering Medicaments . Softening Things , the Roots of Lillies , Altheae , Wild Cucumber , Briony , Leaves of Mallows , Pellitory , Violets , Elder , Dwar-Elder , Flowers of Chamomil , Seeds of Fennegreek , Lime , Fat , Figs , Fresh Butter , Hogs-grease , Bears grease , Old Oyl . Loosening things . Lillies , Lynseed , Fennegreek , Fat , Butter , Althaea , see more in my first part . Abol●shing Things . Herb Mercury , Chamomil , Melilot , Elder , Fennegreek and Lynseed , Old Oyl , Butter , Orris , Tyme , Penny-royal Hysope , Mug-wort , Seed of Annis , Fennel . Opening Roots , Smallage , Fennel , Asparagus , Parsley , Holm , Cichory , Eringo , Gentian , Fern , Madder , Tamarisk , Ash leaves , Fumitory , Wormwood , Agrimony , Maiden-hair , Liver-wort , Chamepitys , Dodder , Hore hound , Calamint , Penny-royal Scurvey-Grass , Brook-lyme , Water-cresses , Hops , Seeds of Annis , Ameos , Lupins , Almonds , Cinnamon , Vineger , Endive , Garlick , Onions , Pellitory , Turmerick , &c. Binding things ; Roots of Turmentil , plantine , Comfrey , white Lillies , peony , Bistort , Rhubarb roasted , leaves of Amomum , Agnus Castus , Cypress , Cinquefoyl , Bawm , Flea-wort , Horse-tail , Ivy , Knot-grass , Solomons Seal , Bay , Myrtles , Oak , Purslain , Shepherds purse , Medlars , Rice , Lentiles , Galls , Mirtle-berries , Barberries , Acorns , Mastick , Dragons blood . Allum , Coral , bole-Armoniack Iron , Sumach , Pomegranate Rind . See more of this Nature before spoken of . Drawing things ; Birth-wort Roots , Roots of An mony , Bindweed , Taragon , Gentian , pellitory , Crow-●oot , Daffadil , Aron , Garlick , Onyons , leaves of Sciatia cresses , Calamint , Ditany , pimpernil , Ivy , Seeds of Nettles , Euphorbium , Ammoniacum , Galbanum , sagaponum , pitch , Rozin , Cantharides , pigeons and Hens dung , sope ; see more in this part before spoken of . Striking back Things ; Roots of plantine , leaves of Housleek , purslain , Duckweed , Endive , Lettice , Night shade , sumach , Hen-bane , red Roses . Dissolving things . Roots of Asphodil , Birthwort , Briony , leaves of Arach , Beets Chamomil , Chickweed , Dill , Maiden hait , Althaea , Mints , pellitory , Bawm , Cleavers , Mallows , scordium . Cleansing things Roots of Aron , Asphodil , Birth-wort , Celandine , Orrice , Gentian , Solomons seal , Tamarisk , leaves of smallage , Tansey , Wood , Hysop , Water-cresses , Horse-hound , Agrimony , Tansey , pimpernel , pellitory , Arach , Beets , Aloes , sugar , Honey , Fenne greek-seeds , Turpentine , Vitriol , Whey . Pain-removing things ; Roots of Eringo , Orris , Rest harrow , Water-flag , Marsh-mallows , leaves of Arach , Beets , Chamomil , Chick-weed , Dill , Maiden-hair , Fennel , Marjorem , Time , parsley , Rosemary , Rue , saffron , Fennegreek-seed , Hogs and Hens-grease . Things good to clear the wind . Costus , Galingal , Garlick , Fennel , parsley , smallage , spicknard , Zedoary , Camomil , Dill , Juniper , Marjorem , Organy , savory , Wormwood , ●chenanth , Bay , Nutmeg , pepper , Ginger , Annis , Caraway , Cummin . Humour-d●ssolving things , Roots of Turmentil , Zedoary , Virginian snake weed . Ginger , leaves of Cardus benedictus , scordium , Butter-bur , Rosemary , sage , Rue , Flowers of Saffron , Bezoar-stone , Cochenele , Treacle . Things good to drive away poison , Angelica , Birthwort , Bistort , ●ugloss Costus , Cyprus , Carline , Doronicum , Enula , Garlick , Gentian , smallage , Turmentil , Vipers bugloss , Zedoary , Bitony Cardus , Calaminth . Agrimony , Avens , Juniper , Organy , penny-royal , Rue , scordium , Wormwood , Centaury , Bay-berries , pepper , Citrons , Anniseeds , Animi , Cardamums , Caraway , Fennel , Bezoar , saffron , Cochenele , Dragons , plantine . See more in this part . Astonisting things . Mandrake-roots , leaves of Mandrake , Hemlock , Henbane , poppey , Opium , spirit of Darnel and Darnel meal . To stop the Running of the Glanders for present sale . Take some Frank in cense and strow it upon a Chafing dish of Coals , and let him receive the smoke through a Tunnel , into the Nostril that runneth , and it will stop it for some time . The best Receipt for the Cure of the Glanders that is , which if your Horse be Youthful , and his Strength and Lungs not too much wasted , you need not fear the Cure ; For if any thing in the World will Cure this Disease , this Receipt will. Take a small Faggot made of the green Boughs of the Ash-tree , and set it on Fire in some Chimney-corner , clean swept for your use , then having a Gallon of the best Ale you can get in a readiness , quench so many of the Coals that is made thereof therein as will make it pretty thick , then strain it through a Linnen Cloth into some convenient Vessel , fit for your use , then double it over again to make it the stronger , by quenching fresh Coals therein ; then strain the Liquor from the Coals as you did before , and when it is cold put it into a Bottle close stopped for your use ▪ for if you do not put it in cold , it will quickly soure , which will spoil it . If you make it strong enough you shall find that the Coals will drink up a quart or more of your Ale , when you use it , shake the Bottle to make it all alike , then pour out of it so much as you think fit for your use , and warm it luke-warm , and put a small drenching Horn full of it into each Nostril of your Horse , if he runs at both , if not ▪ but one will serve ; do this Morning and Evening during his Cure , and ride him gently after it for about an hour , Then let him feed a while upon Hay , and after that you may give him some drink ; Three or four quarts of this Liquor will perfect the Cure at the farthest ; if you find , that the Kernels under the Chaul do waste , which this Liquor will take away in four or five days at the furthest , you need not much question the Cure ▪ you are to keep him in the House during his Cure. After you have given him this drink for about a week together you may rest him , by forbearing to give him any more for a day or two , then give it him again ▪ and so use it till you have Cured him . 'T is convenient if the Horse be very strong and lusty , before you give him this Drink , to cleanse his Body with this Scouring , which is both safe and sure . Take an ounce of the best Barbadoes Alloes you can get for mony , and beat it very fine , then mix it very well with fresh Butter , and after you have so done divide it into three parts , and cover every part all over with Butter , as big as a good Wash-Ball ; then give them the Horse in a Morning fasting upon the point of a stick , and stir him a little after it , then bring him into the Stable , and keep him warm , and let him fast two or three Houres , then give him a Mash of Malt , and after that some Hay . The best of all Receipts for the Ordering and Making up of Pills or Balls of Alloes , for the Scouring or Purging of a Horse that is sick , either of Cold , Surfeit , Molten Grease , Worme● , or any other inward Illness , &c. Take an Ounce of the best Barbadoes Aloes , or of Aloes Hepatica with half an Ounce of the Fylings of Steel Needles , and put them both together in a Mortar , and beat and rub them round about with your Pestle , till the Aloes be finely powdred , then drop into it sixteen or twenty drops of B●andy . ( or for want thereof , Water ) and rub them round with your Pestle ▪ and they will incorporate and become one Body , which you may work and make up with your Hand like unto Paste , into what form or shape you please ; Divide them into two or three Balls , and give him them Fasting in the Morning one after another in a Hornful of cold strong or small Beer , and exercise him after it , then bring him Home , and set him up warm Clothed and Littered , and no question but he will purge very well . Some Observations upon i● . If you chance to put too much Brandy into it , it will be so thin that you cannot work it up into a Paste . If this Misfortune happen to you , put a little of the powder of English Liquoris to it , and that will so qualifie the thinness of it , that you may work it up into a Body very well ; Or you may make up your Aloes after the same manner only with the powder of Liquoris , or with any other Powder , which you think most proper for your use . How to know the Goodness of the Fylings of Steel Needles . If it look bright and be clean from dirt 't is good ; but if you find it of a rusty colour 't is naught ; You may buy it at the Needle-makers in Crooked Lane , near the Monument , for 6 d. the pound . Another Receipt very good for the said Distempers . Take an Ounce of Barbadoes Aloes , or Aloes Hepatica , with a dram of each of these Roots here under-written , finely beaten and searc'd viz. Gentian , Aristolochia rotunda and Elecampane , put them into a Mortar together , and make them up as in your former Receipt . Or you may make up your Aloes with the powder of Crude Antimony . Another Excellent Purge or Scouring , which is good to free a Horse from the same Distempers as the others did , and is the best way I know of for the dissolving of Aloes . Take an Ounce of the best Barbadoes Aloes , or Aloes Hepatica , and beat it in a Mortar to a fine powder , then put it into a Bladder , and wet the powder very well with Brandy wine , then Tie it up hard that it receive no Vent , and put it into a Skillet of Water , and set it over the Fire , and you shall find that in a little more then a quarter of an Houres boyling ▪ your Aloes will be quite dissolved . Then take it off the Fire , ( having first in a readiness a quart of strong Beer indifferent hot ) and untie or clip your Bladder with a Pair of Scissers , and let out your Aloes into the Beer , and put also into it an Ounce of fresh Butter , with the Yolks and Whites of two New laid Eggs ; Brew and beat all these very well together , till you think they are cool enough to give him , and Order him as in the former Receipt . If your Horse be strong and lusty , and that you think this is not a sufficient Dose strong enough for him , you may either add more Aloes , or else you may put into it as much of the powder of the Root of Jallop and Liquoris , as will lie upon a Six-pence , which will strengthen his Purge very much and make it work very freely , kindly and safely . Some more Physical Observations in the Giving of Purges or Scourings . 1. When you give your Horse a Purge or Scouring , either for Surfeit , Cold , or any other Illness , let him fast about three houres before he takes it , and about three or four houres after it . 2. Let the first thing he eats after he hath fasted his limited time , be a Mash of Malt or boiled Oats , and let him not have it till his Physick hath wrought twice or thrice with him , which will set it working so much the more freely . 3. If you give him Hay first , before you give him his Mash , 't will so bind his Physick upon his Stomach , that it will spoil the Operation and working quality thereof , to the no little prejudice of his Health . 4. The best time in my opinion is to give it him about four or five in the Afternoon , for then 't is possible you may see the Working of it the next Morning , which if you give it him in the Morning ( which is the usual time of giving a Horse Physick ) it may work in the Night , and so prevent you of seeing the Operation thereof . 5. According to the strength of your Horses Body , and the quantity or quality of the Physick you give him will be the Operation of it , for in some Horses it will work in twelve houres , in others not in twenty four , and again in others not in fourty eight . 6. Let him have no Water , till after his Physick hath done working , and then let it be a little Aired before you give it him , with a Handful or two of Wheat-bran put amongst it . 7. If you fear your Horse is troubled with Bots or Wormes , and that you find him to begin to dung loose after his Purging , then put a Tobaccho-pipe at the same time ready lighted into his Fundament ( breaking off some part of it before you put it in , lest it prove too long ) and the Wind from within his Body will draw it out , as orderly as if it were taken at your Mouth , so that the Smoke being thus received into his Body will so suffocate and choak them , that it will make them to let go their hold , which being loose will be the more easily thrown out by the Purge in his Excrements . A Particular Receipt for Splaiting of the Shoulder , which is a Torn Shoulder . Put a Pair of streight Pastornes on his Feet , keeping him in the Stable without disquieting of him ; then take of Dialthaea one pound , of Sallet Oyl one Pint , of Oyl de bay half a pound , of fresh Butter half a pound ; Melt all these together in an Earthen Pot , and anoint the grieved place therewith , and also round about the inside of the Shoulder , and within two or three days after , both that place and all the Shoulder will swell , and either prick it with a Launcet or Fleam in all the swelling places , or else with a sharp hot Iron , and then anoint it still with the Ointment before said ; but if you see that it will not go away , but swell still , and gather to a Head , then Launce it where the Swelling doth gather most , and is softest under your Finger , and then Taint it with your Green Ointment , which you may find in the First Part. Things good in General to Cure a Shoulder Pight , which is a Shoulder out of Joynt . To make him swim in a deep Water up and down a dozen Turnes , for that will make the Joynt to go into its right place again ; then make two Pins of Ashen-wood the bigness of your Finger , being sharp at the Points and five inches long , then slit the Skin an Inch above the Point , and an Inch beneath the Point of the Shoulder , and thrust in one of these Pins from above downwards , so as both the ends may equally stick with the Skin ; and if the Pin of Wood will not easily pass through , you may make it way first with an Iron Pin , then make other two holes cross to the first holes , so as the other pin may cross the first pin right in the midst with a right Cross ; and the first pin should be somewhat flat in the midst , to the intent , that the other being round may press the better without stop , and close juster together ; then take a piece of a little Line , somewhat bigger then a Whip-cord , and at one end make a Loop , which being but over one of the Pins ends , so that it may lie betwixt the Pins ends and the skin , and fasten the last end with your pack-thread unto the rest of the Cord , so as it may not slip ; And to do well , both the Pins and the Cord should be first anointed with a little Hogs-grease , then bring him into the Stable ▪ and let him rest the space of nine or ten days , and let him lie down as little as may be , and put a Pastorn shoo on the sore leg , and at nine or ten days end you may anoint the place with a little Dialthea or Hogs-grease , and so turn him out to Grass , and let him run there till the pins be rotted off . If you work him in a Cart after , a Months time , it will settle his shoulder the better , and make him the more fit to ride . The Cure for the Canker in the Mouth . Take Allum half a pound , Honey a quarter of a pint , Columbine leaves and Sage leaves , of each a handful , boyl them together in three Pints of running Water , until a Pint be consumed , and wash the sore places therewith , ( with a Rag Tied upon a stick ) till they bleed , Morning and Night till they be Cured . The C●ring of the Gigges , Bladders or Flappes . Pull out his Tongue , and slit them with an Incision-Knife , and thrust out the Kernels or Corruption , and wash the place with Vineger and Salt , or Allum-water , and they will do well again . But to prevent their coming at all is to wash it often with Wine , Beer and Ale , and so shall no Blister breed thereon , nor any other Disease . To make Vseful unto you those several Weights and Measures , which are set down by some Authors , in some Physical and obscure Characters , ( and therein contained many Excellent Receipts ) ; Take them as followeth , VIZ. ss The Character of the half-pound lb A pound lb ss A pound and a half ℥ An Ounce ℥ j ss One Ounce and a half ʒ A Dram ʒ ss A Dram and a half ℈ A Scruple ℈ ss A Scruple and a half gr . A Grain , which is the least of all Weights , M. A handful . P. A Pugil . p. A. part . A. Of each alike , Note that Twenty Graines Make A Scruple . Three Scruples Make A Dram Eight Drams Make An Ounce . Twelve Ounces Make A pound . FINIS . A TABLE Alphabetically set down , shewing , where the Diseases of a Horse do Grow , either inward or outward , in any Part of his Body , and how you may Know them , and what were the Causes that Bred them . The Pages Direct You to their Cu●es , which are found only in the Second Part. A. ACcloyed or Cloyed , is no other then Prickt with a Nail in the Shooing , vide Prickt page 396 Arristes vide Rat-tails 377 St. Anthonies Fire is a vehement burning disease in the Flesh , and is of the Nature of Noli me tangere or Wilde ▪ Fire , and is named of some , The Singles of an horse , which is very hard and difficult to Cure 233 and 234 Anticor or Heart-sickness , is caused many times by too much seeding without exercise , and sometimes by hard and immoderate Riding , and careless looking after him afterwards , which makes the Blood of this useful Creature ( a Horse ) so corrupted and inflamed , that unless it find some way to vent it self forth , it soon puts a Period and End to his Life . This Disease hath its Seat and Residence near the Heart , and is known by a Swelling in the middle of his Breast against the Heart , from whence it derives its Name 234 Attaint upper , is a Swelling of the Master , or Back-S●new of the Fore-legs , near the Pastorn-Joynt , and cometh ordinarily by an Over-reach 235 Attaint Nether is the same with the other , coming sometimes by a Wrench , and sometimes by a strain ; All the difference of them is , whereas the other is upon the Foot-lock Joynts , this is under it , and is usually upon the Heel or Frush , and is not always visible to the Eye ; but it may be felt by the heat and burning of it , and by its softness , which will arise by a Swelling like a Bladder or Blister , wherein will be corrupt and vitious matter like to Jelly , which will make him complain very much ib. Anbury is a kind of Wen● or spungy Wart , growing upon any part of a horses Body 279 Apoplexie , vide Palsey Ach or Numbness in the Joynts cometh by Cold , taken by hard and violent exercise or labour 232 Avives , Vives or Five● ; see Vives B. Bloody Flux , vide Flux bloody 310 Back-swayed , vide Swaying in the back ▪ Barbes are a common Disease , and few horses are without them , they are known by two Paps under his Tongue , which seldom prove hurtful to him , till they be inflamed with corrupt blood , proceeding from vitious humours , which wil● make them raw , and grow beyond their usual length , and cause them to become very painful to him , which will hinder his feeding . You must clip them away with the Scissers . 301 Blood-spaven , is a soft Swelling which groweth through the Hough , and is commonly full of blood , and is biggest upon the inside , and being fed by the Master-Vein , makes it greater then the swelling on the outside ; It runneth down the inside of the Hough down the Leg to the Pastorn ; This Disease is occasioned from the corruption of the Blood , taken by hard Riding when the Horse is young and tender , which by overmuch heating , makes it so thin and flexible , that the humour falling downwards resideth in the Hough , which makes the Joynts stiff , and causeth him to go with great pain and difficulty . This Disease not growing hard makes it more easie to Cure then the Bone-spaven 260 Bone-spaven is a great Crust as hard as a bone , if it be let run too long , it sticketh , or rather groweth on the inside of the Hough , under the Joynt , near to the great Vein , which maketh him to Halt very much , it cometh at first like a tender Gristle , which by degrees cometh to this hardness ; It is bred several Ways , either by immoderate Riding or hard labour , which dissolves the Blood into thin humours , and falleth down , and maketh its residence in the Hough , which causeth the place to swell , and so becometh a hard Bone , which occasions this name of Bone-spaven , it cometh also hereditary from the Sire or Dam , which are troubled with the same d●sease . 261 Blood-running Itch cometh by the Inflammation of the Blood , being over-heat by hard Riding , or other sore labour ; It getteth between the skin and the flesh , and maketh a Horse to rub , scrub and bite himself , which if let alone too long , will come to a grievous Mange , and is very infectious to any Horse that shall be nigh him ; What cureth the Mange cureth this disease . 369 Bots and Wormes in general are of three sorts , viz. Bots , Trunchions and Maw-wormes : Bots are usually found in the great Gut near the Fundament , Trunchions are found in the Maw , and if they continue there too long , they will eat their Passage through , which will certainly bring death , if not killed . The third sort are called plain Wormes , which remain in a Horses Body , which are of an evil effect also . Bots are a small worm with great heads and small tails , breeding in the great Gut adjoyning to the Fundament , which may be taken away by your hands , by picking them away from the Gut where they stick . Trunchions are short and thick , and have black and hard heads , and must be removed by Medicine . Maw-wormes are of a reddish colour , somewhat long and slender , much like unto Earth-wormes , about the length of a Mans Finger , which also must be taken away by Medicine . They proceed all from one cause , which is raw , gross and phlegmatick matter engendred from foul feeding , which causeth all these three sorts of evil creatures to breed . The Signes to know when he is troubled with them is , He will stamp with his feet , kick at his Belly , turn his Head towards his tail , forsake his meat ; He will groan , tumble , wallow , and also frisk his tail to and fro 303 Bunches , Knots , Warts and Wens , come somtime by eating of foul meat , by bruises , by hard riding and sore labor , wherby the blood becomes so putrified and foul , that it turns into evil humors , which occasions these kind of sorrances . 278 Blood-shotten Eyes , or all diseases of the Eyes come of two causes , viz. either inward or outward ; The inward Causes proceed from evil Humors that resort and flow to the Eyes , or by some stroke or blow that is given him thereon . 290 to 291 Bleeding at Nose cometh commonly among young horses , proceeding from great store of blood , or by means that the Vein ending in that place , is either opened , broken or fretted ; It is opened many times by reason that the Blood aboundeth too much , or that it is too fine or too subtil , and so pierceth through the Veins ; Or it may be broken by some violent strain , cut or blow , Or it may be fretted or gnawn asunder , by sharpness of the blood , or by some other evil humours contained therein . 306 Botch in the Groyn cometh by reason that a horse being full of humours , and suddenly laboured , causeth them to resort to the weakest parts , and there gather together and breed a Botch , and especially in the hinder parts of the Thighs , not far from the Cods ; The Signes be these , His hinder Legs will be all swoln , especially from the Gambrels or Hoofs upwards ; and if you feel with your hand , you may find a great Knob or Swelling , and if it be round and hard it will gather to a head . 388 Blisters are certain hollow risings between the skin and the flesh , proceeding either from some Burn , Scald or Chasing , and are very full of thin water . 389 Burstness , vide Rupture C. A Canker is a very filthy and lothsom Sorrance , which if it continue long uncured , it will fester and putrifie the place so where it is , that it will eat to the very bone , and if it happens to come upon the Tongue it will eat it asunder ; if it lighteth upon the Nose , it will eat the Gristle through , and if it cometh upon any part of the flesh , it fretteth and gnaweth it in great breadth ; you may easily know this Sorrance , for where it is the places will be raw , and bleed often , and many times a white Scurf will grow upon that place infected with it . It proceedeth many ways , either by Melancholy and filthy Blood ingendred in the Body , by unwholesom Meat , or by some sharp and salt humours coming by Cold not long before taken , which will make his Breath to stink very much . 302 and 318 Clifts and Cracks in the Heel , cometh several ways , either by over-hard riding or labour , which occasions Surfeits ; or by giving him unwholesom Meat , or by washing him when he is hot , which corrupts his Blood , and causes the Peccant humours to fall down and settle where the Sorrances are , which makes his Heels very raw , and run very offensively with stinking Water and Matter , which prove very troublesom to the poor Creature ▪ 266 Cods and Stones Swelled , cometh several Ways ▪ Either by some Wound , or by the sting of some Venomous Creature , or by Fighting of one Horse with another , or by means of some evil Humors , which corrupt the Mass of Blood , which fall down to the Cods sometimes after Sickness , or Surfeiting with Cold , and then it is a Sign of Amendment , and sometimes from having too much plenty of Seed . 386 and 387 Cord is a streight Sinew in the Fore-Legs , which cometh from the Shackle-Vein to the Gristle in the Nose , between the Lip , the length of a Bean. Or there b● two strings like threads that lie above the Knee and the Body , and runneth like a small Cord through the Body to the Nostrils , which causes a Horse to stumble , and sometimes to fall , and is a defect , which is very common amongst young Horses . You may know this Infirmity by his stiff going , and stumbling without any visible Sorrance . 341 Cholick is commonly occasioned by Wind , which makes it bear this Name of Wind Cholick ; It causeth very violent pain , by Griping of the Belly of a Horse , which will make him strike at it , and sometimes to lie down and tumble , and stamp with his Feet , and be so painful as to make him forsake his Meat . 362 Colt-Evil , is a Disease that is subject both to a Horse or Gelding . It cometh to a Horse with an unnatural Swelling of the Yard and Cods , proceeding of Wind , filling the Arteries and hollow Sinew , or Pipe of the Yard ▪ or else through the abundance of Seed ; And to a Gelding for lack of Natural Heat to expel their seed any further . 330 Cold or Poze in a horses Head , is gotten by means and ways unknown , according to the Temper and Constitution of a Horses Body , and the best Keeper , that it cannot warrant his Horse from this Infirmity . You must know , that if the Horse be subject to bad Humors , you must endeavour to expel them , by Purging of his Head. Now according as the Cold which a Horse hath taken , is new or old ; great or small , according as the Humours do abound in his Head , and as those Humors be thick or thin , so is the Disease more or less dangerous : If he hath but a new taken Cold , he will have small Kernels like Wax Kernels under his Chaul about the Root of his Tongue ▪ but if he hath great , then you may imagine his Cold of a longer date . His Cold may be new also , if you find him Rattle in his Head , or avoid thin Matter out of his Nose or Eyes , or if he hold down his Head in the Manger , or when he drinketh , his Water cometh up again out of his Nostrils , or if he cheweth between his Teeth Matterative stuff , but if he casteth foul stinking Matter out of his Nose , and Coughs grievously ; Then it is a sign he may have the Glanders or Consumption of the Lungs 242 to 250 Consumptions are of two sorts ; One is called , A dry Malady , the other A Consumption of the Flesh . The first cometh by violent Heats and Colds , with fretting and gnawing Humours , descending out of the Head , which fall upon the Lungs , which causeth at first thin Matter to Run from the Nose ; but after some certain time it groweth thick , tough and vitious , which ceaseth and causeth a Maceration and Leanness of the whole Body , whereby he droopeth and pineth away , and though he doth eat and drink , yet he doth not digest it kindly , to do him good The Signes to know this Malady is , His Flesh will soon consume away , his Belly is gaunt , and the Skin thereof so hard stretched , or rather shrunk up that if you strike it with your Hand it will sound like a Tabor , neither will his Hair shed in due season , as other Horses do , he will Cough , and that but Huskingly , as if he had swallowed some small Bones ; And is a Disease hard to be Cured . The other Consumption is that of she Flesh which also is occasioned by a Cold , which for want of a Cure in time , causeth this Maceration and Leanness throughout the whole Body , and cometh several Ways , either by violent Heats , or immoderate Labour , or Riding him into the Water before he be thoroughly Cold , and setting him up negligently afterwards . 333 and 334 Cramp or Convulsions are all of one Malady , they are forcible Contractions of the Sinews , Veins and Muscles , in any Member or part of the Body , which proceeds several Ways , Either from some Wound or Sinew cut asunder , or for want of Blood , or by over-heats and sudden cooling afterwards ; Or lastly , by over-much Purging him ; The Signes to know this Malady is , That the Infected will be so stiff , that the whole strength of a Man is not able to bow it , he will be Lame and well as it were in a moment . There is also another kind of them , which seizeth upon a Horses Neck , and Reins of his Back , and so almost universally over his whole Body , which proceedeth several Ways , Either from some great Cold , which may be catched several Ways , or by loss of Blood , whereby a great Windiness entereth into the Veins , and so benumbeth the Sinews . This is also known by his Neck and Head standing awry , his Eares upright , and his Eyes hollow , his Mouth dry and clung , and his Back will Rise like a Camel , which must be Cured by giving him something to make him Sweat , and by Loading him with warm Woollen Cloaths . 239 , 240 Costiveness , is when a Horse is so bound in his Belly , that he cannot dung but with great pain and trouble , It is a Disease very dangerous and perillous to him , and is the Origen of several Maladies ; you may know it by several Symptoms , sometimes it proceedeth from Glut of Provender , or over-much feeding , somtimes by eating too dry and hard meats , which sucketh and drieth up the moisture of a Horses Body , viz. Beans , Pease , Wheat or Tares , &c. Not but that they are very wholesom food , and the heartiest Meat a Horse can eat ; but feeding too much upon them over-heats his Body , more then any other Grain whatsoever , which shuts up a Horses Office of Nature , so that it makes him he cannot dung : And besides , they are very windy food , which causeth many bad humours and obstructions in the Body ; sometimes Costiveness cometh also by much Fasting , in the Dieting of them for Races or Hunting , which doth suck up ( like a Spunge ) the phlegmatick moisture of the Body . 378 and 381 Crown-●●●b is a filthy , stinking and cankerous disease , breeding round about the Feet , upon the Coronets or top of the Hoof , next the Hair , which causeth much pain unto him ; It cometh to him , by reason he hath been bred in some cold wet Soyl , striking corrupt Humours up to his Feet , and is more troubled with these in the Summer then the Winter . The Signes to know it are these ; The Hair about the Coronets will be thin and staring like Bristles , and run with Matterative Water . 372 Camery or Frounce , are small Warts or Pimples in the most of the Palate of a Horses Mouth , which are very soft and sore , and are bred also somtimes in his Lips and Tongue ; It is occasioned many ways , somtimes by eating of wet Hay whereon Rats or other Vermin hath piss'd upon , somtimes by drawing frozen dust amongst the Grass into his Mouth , and sometimes by licking up of Venom ; The Signes shew themselves , which are the Pimples or Whelks , and soreness of them , with the unsavoriness of his food that he hath eaten before ▪ and his falling from his Meat . 301 C●rb is a long Swelling beneath the elbow of the Hough in the great Sinew behind , above the top of the Horn , which maketh him halt and go lame when he hath been heated ; It cometh to him several Ways , either hereditary , or by some bruise or strain , or by heavy loading him when he was too young . 263 Casting out of his Mouth and Nostrils his drink , proceedeth from a cold Stomach , or by some Cold taken in his Head , where the Rheum bindeth upon the Roots and Kernels of the Tongue , which hath as it were strangled and made strait the Passages of the Stomach . 383 Canker in the Eyes , cometh of a rank and corrupt Blood , descending from the Head into them , where it breedeth a little Worm like the Head of a Pismire , which groweth in the corner next his Nose , which will eat in time , if let alone , through the Gristle of his Nose , and so pass into his Head , and kill him . You may know it by the great and small Pimples within and without the Eye-lids , and the Eye it self will be full of corrupt matter . What cures it in the Mouth cures this . 302 , 318 Chops , Clefts or Rifts , in the Palate of a Horses Mouth , proceedeth either from course and rough Hay full of Thistles , and other pricking stuff , or by ●oul Provender full of sharp seeds , which by frequent pricking the Bats of his Mouth , doth cause them to wrankle and breed corrupt blood , which may turn to the Canker . What Cures the Canker in the Mouth , if it comes to this disease , cures this ; but to prevent the Canker wash his Mouth with Vineger and Salt , and anoint it with Honey . 418 Canker in the Mouth , is a rawness of the Mouth and Tongue which is full of Blisters , and cannot eat his meat ; It proceeds from crude and undigested meat , rankness of blood , or unnatural heat coming from the Stomach . 302 and 418 Crick in the Neck is a kind of Convulsion , which I shall speak but briefly hereof , because I have handled it fully before in all the Kinds thereof . It is when the Horse cannot turn his Neck any manner of ways , but hold it right forth , insomuch that he cannot take his Meat from the ground , but with great trouble and pain . 384 Crest-fallen is , when that part which a Horses Man● groweth on , which is the upper part thereof , and called the Crest , leaneth either to one side or other , not standing upright as it ought to do . It cometh for the most part from Poverty , occasioned by ill keeping , and especially when a sat horse falleth away suddenly upon any inward sickness . 385 D. Dropsey is a disease which causeth a universal Swelling of the Body through the great quantity of Water that lieth between the Skin and the Flesh , occasioned by Melancholy Blood , Water and Wind which will make his Belly and Legs to Swell , but his Back , Buttocks and Flanks will be dried and shrunk up to the very Bones , & if you thrust your Finger hard upon the place swollen , you shall leave the print thereof behind , for the Flesh wanting natural heat , will not return again to its place . Other Signes there be to know this disease , viz. he will be evil coloured , heavy , dull , and of no Face , Strength nor Spirit , and therefore proceedeth principally for want of good Nourishment and Digestion , which passeth into Melancholy . It proceedeth also either from the Spleen or the Liver , or both , the Blood being putrified and turned into a thin Water , and sometimes for want of good Exercise , or over-much rest . He will be also short Breath'd , lose his Stomach , and be very dry , and though you bring him to the Water he will drink little , but only pudder long with his Nose in it . In a word , he will be as if he had a general Consumption over his whole Body , and his Hair will peal off with the least rubbing . 363 Dimness of Sight or Blindness , is occasioned several ways . Either by some strain , violent Riding , hard Labour , and overcharging him with a Burthen beyond his Strength , whereby the Strings of his Eyes are stretched beyond their due Compass hereditary . Lastly , by some blow or wound . The Sign is , want of Sight , or the ill effected colour of the Eye , 288 E. A Boney Excretion , is occasioned most an end by Causticks , or burning Corrasives , which are put to Wounds that lie close to the Bone ; as when the Wound is in the Leg , or about the Pasterns , for the Flesh being very much burned by them , cause then Excretion to grow upon the Bone , which by the little Experience of the Farrier the wound is healed , but this Excretion doth remain ; and somtimes it cometh by a Shackle , or the Galling of a Lock or Fetters , that has bin long continued upon the Foot. What Cures the Bone-spaven cures this . 262 and 379 Enterfering cometh several Ways , Either hereditary from the Parents , or by some stiffness in his Pace , or by evil and too broad Shooing , which maketh him to go so narrow behind with his hinden Feet , that he fretteth one Foot against another , so that there groweth hard mattery scabs , which are so sore that they make him to go Lame . The Signes are his ill going , and the visible Sign of the Scabs . 284 Eyes blood-shotten . See Blood-shotten Eyes . 288 to 293 Eyes Lunatick . See Lunatick Eyes . 293 F. Feltick is no other then a Galled Back . Fraying is stiffness taken in his Legs and Feet . 287 to 288 Farcin or Fashions is a creeping Ulcer , and is the most lothsom , stinking and filthy disease that can come to a Horse . It proceedeth first of corrupt Blood engendred in the Body by over-heats and colds , which beginneth first with hard Knots and Pustles , which at last by spreading and dilating it self , will over-run the whole Body of a Horse , but it commonly beginneth in a Vein , or near to some Master-Vein , which feedeth and nourisheth the Disease ; It com●th sometimes also by Spur-Galling with rusty Spurs , Snaffle , Bit , or the like ; As also by the Bit●ng of some other Horse infected with the said Disease ; Or if it be in the Leg , it may come by Enterfering one Leg with another , and by many other ways , 323 and 324 Water Farcin cometh to a Horse by his feeding upon low Watery Grounds , and in Pits or Holes where the Grass grows above Water , which in picking out the Grass he licks up the Water with is ▪ which will cause ▪ Horses sometimes to swell under the Belly and Chaps ▪ which when you come to prick it with a hot Iron ( bent back again about the length of a Fleam ) there will Issue from it abundance of yellow , gray and oyly Water . 328 Flanks , is a Wrench , Crick , Stroke , or other Grief gotten in his Back , which word we are beholding to the French sor . Now there is another sort of Flanks , which is quite different from the other , which is a kind of Pleurisie , which is when he is over run with too much Blood , which endangereth a Mange , or else falleth dangerously sick thereby , who by reason that he hath been often blooded before , his Body now requires it , whereof he missing , falleth into a lothsom and dangerous Malady . 300 Falling of the Fundament cometh several Ways , either by Weakness , being poorly Fed , or by some Cold , which occasions a Scouring and Flux of Blood. 311 A Feaver , according to the Learned Physicians , is an unnatural and immoderate heat , which proce●deth first from the Heart , and so spreadeth it self through all the Arteries and Veins of the Body , stopping all the natural Motions thereof , and there be several sorts of them , viz. Quotidian , Tertian , Quartan and Pestilent , and are all of one Nature , though some be more Malignant then others are ; Only a Hectick Feaver is of a Nature far different from the former , and so likewise a Pestilent Feaver . Vegetius speaketh of Summer , Autumn and Winter - Feavers , without making any great difference between them , more then that one is worse then another , by reason of the time and season of the year he hath it in ; I shall shew you first the Causes from whence they proceed , and then give you the Signes how you may know it . It cometh by hard Labour or Exercise , as of too much Travelling , and especially in hot Weather , and sometimes by extream heat of the Sun , and also by extream Cold of the Air , and sometimes it is bred of crudit or raw Digestion , which hapneth by too greedy eating of such Corn as was not throughly or●ed nor cleansed . Now the Signes to know a Feaver are these , The Horse doth continually hold down his Head , and is not able to lift it up , his Eyes are so Swelled , that he cannot easily open them for Matterative stuff , and will fall away and consume in his Flesh , his Lips and all his Body is Lush and Feeble , his Stones hang down , he will covet much to lie down , and often to rise again ; If his Ague come with a cold Fit , he will shake and quiver , and when the Cold Fit is over , he will burn , and his Breath will be hot and will fail , and his Flanks beat , he will Reel as he goeth , he will Covet much to drink , and evermore keep his Mouth in the Water , although he will drink but little . These are the certain Signes of a Feaver as I know of . 321 Fistula is a deep , hollow , crooked Vlcer , for the most part springs from Malignant Humours engendred in some Wound , Sore or Canker not well Cured , sometimes it cometh by a Bruise which hath Festered inwardly , which either burst forth of it self , or was opened by the Farrier , sometimes it cometh by a co-Wrench or pinch of a Collar in drawing , or by being wrung with the Tree of a Saddle . The Signes to know it , is the hollowness of it descending downwards from the Orifice , which is much straiter at the Mouth then the bottom , and sendeth forth thin Matter from the same . 319 and 370 Foundering in the Feet , cometh evermore by hard riding , or sore labour , by great heats and colds , whichdistemper the body , and stirs up peccant and malignant humors , that inflames the Blood , melts the Grease , and causeth it to descend downwards into his Feet , and there setleth , which causeth such a numbness and pricking in his Hoofs , that he hath no sense nor feeling of them , for he is hardly able to stand , which if he do , it is but after a feeble manner , for you may soon push him down with your hand ; besides , he will stand shaking and quaking , as if he had a Fit of an Ague . This disease cometh several ways , sometimes by watering him when he is very Fat , and his Grease molten within him , and then suddenly cooled , by setting him upon cold Planks without Litter , or taking his Saddle off too soon , or else by letting him stand when he is hot in some shallow water up to the Feet-locks ; by which means , through the extraordinary coldness of it , causeth the Molten-Grease to descend into his Feet , and there to cake and congeal , which is the true reason of this Malady . A Horse also may be Foundred by wearing strait Shoos in the heat of Summer , and Travelling upon hard Ground . To know when a horse is foundred upon his sore-feet , and not on his hinder-feet . You may know it by this , He will tread only upon his hinder-feet , and as little as he can on his fore-Feet , and go crouching and crimpling with his buttocks . Sometimes he will be Foundred on his hinder feet , and not on his fore-feet , ( but this is very seldom ) which you may know by his seeming very weak behind , and will rest himself as much upon his fore-feet as he can , being very fearful to set his hinder-feet to the Ground . 271 Foundering in the Body , cometh by eating too much Provender suddenly when he is too hot , & panting , whereby his meat not being well digested , breedeth evil humors , which by little and little do spread through all his members , and at length doth so oppress all his Body , that it taketh away his strength , and make him in such evil condition , that he can neither go nor bow his Joynts , and being once laid , is not able to rise again , neither can he stale nor dung but with great pain . Itcometh also if he drink too much upon Traveling when he is hot , and not riding him after it . The Signes to know it , He will be Chill and quake for Cold after drinking , and some of it will come out of his Nose , and some few days after his Legs will Swell , and after a while begin to Pill and have a dry Cough , which will make his Eyes to Water , his Nose to run with a white Phlegmatick stuff , and cause him to forsake his Meat , and make him hang down his Head for extream pain in the Manger . Foundering is a French word , and signifieth no more then a Surfeit given in the Body of a Horse . 272 and 399 Chest-Foundered is discovered by this infirmity ; He will often covet to lie down , and stand stradling with his fore-Legs . 275 Fa se Quarter is a Rift , Crack or Chink on the out-side , but most commonly on the inside of the Hoof , which is an unsound Quarter , seeming like a Piece put therein , and not all of one entire Piece ; It cometh several ways , somtimes by ill Shooing and Par●ng , sometimes by Gravelling , or a prick with a Nail or Stub , which will make him halt , and waterish Blood will issue out of the Chink or Rift . 335 Flux cometh several ways , vide Lask or Loosness . Bloody Flux or Flix are of several kinds , sometimes the fat of the slimy filth that is avoided , is sprinkled with a little Blood , sometimes the Excrements is like waterish blood , and somtimes like pure Blood , and all these do spring from one and the same cause , which is the Ulceration of the Guts . Now you may know by their several mixtures , whether the Ulceration be in the inner small Gut , or in the outward great Gut , if it be in the inner Guts , then the Matter and Blood will be mixt together , but if it be in the outward Gut , then they be not mingled together , but come out severally , the Blood most commonly following the Matter . It cometh commonly of some sharp Humour , breeding by filthy raw Food , or sore Travel , or Labour , being violently driven through many crooked and narrow Passages , do cleave to his Guts , and with their heat and sharpness fret them , causing Ulceration and grievous pains . It cometh also by some great Cold , Heat or moistness , or by means of receiving some violent Purgation , as Scamony , Stibium , or such like violent Simples applied in too great a quantity , or it may come by weakness of the Liver . 310 The Fig , this disease bears its name from a hard piece of Flesh growing upon the Frush or Heel , which resembleth the shape and fashion of a Fig. It cometh by reason of some hurt received in his Foot ( being not throughly Cured ) or by some Stub or Nail , Bone , Thorn or Stone , and sometimes by an over-reach upon the Heel or Frush . 389 Falling-Evil is a disease that is seldom seen , which is no other then the Falling Sickness , proceeding from ill Blood , and cold and thick Phlegm gathered together in the fore-part of the Head , between the Panicle and the Brain , which being disperst over the whole Brain , doth suddenly cause the Beast to fall , and bereave him of all sense for a time . It is more subject to Italian , Spanish and French Horses then to English , Some are of opinion , that at a certain course of the Moon , Horses and other Beasts many times do fall and die for a time , as well as Men. This Disease is known by these Signes , When they are fallen , thei● Bodies will quiver and quake , and their Mouths will foam , and when you think they are dying , they will rise up immediately and fall to their Meat . You may know whether they will fall often or not ▪ by putting your Fingers to the Gristle of their Nostrils , and if it feel cold , he will have most , but if it be warm , he will seldom fall . 239 , 397 Frenzy , vide Madness . G. Gigges , Bladders or Flappes in the Mouth of a Horse , are small Swellings or Pustules , with black Heads on the inside of his Lips , under his great Jaw-teeth , which will sometimes be as great as a Wall-Nut , and so painful withal , that they will make him let fall his Meat out of his Mouth , or at least keep it in his Mouth unchawed . They do proceed from foul Feeding , either of Grass or Provender , you may feel them with your Finger . 418 Gangrene , is a running and creeping Sore , that as far as it runs mortifies the Flesh , causing it to rot , so that of necessity , that Member wherein a Gangreen is Radicated must be cut off . 329 Grease Mol●tn , is when his Fat is melted by over-hard Riding or Labour : You may know it by his Panting at the Breast and Girting place , and heaving at the Flank , which will be visible to be seen the Night you bring him in , and the next Morning , and besides , his Body will be very hot and burning . ib. Glaunders is such a lothsom and filthy disease , and withal so infectious , that it will infect those that stand nigh him . It cometh first of Heats and Colds , which beginneth with a thin Rheum , and ascendeth up to the Head , and setleth near to the Brain , and so venteth it self at the Nose , which in time groweth thicker and thicker , till it comes of a yellowish Colour , like unto Butter , which is then very hard to cure , but if it comes to a viscious , and of a tough and slimy substance , and the Colour be Green , and stink much , having run some Months with some reddish Specks in it ; then the most Experienced Farrier may fail in the Cure thereof , and the Horse die under his Hands ; for then it is most certain , if he hath those last Symptomes , that his Lungs are Ulcerated , and his Cure not to be performed without great difficulty . Besides , these inward Signes to know this Disease , I shall give you one outward , one which is , He will have some Kernels and Knots that may be felt under his Chaul , and as they grow bigger and more inflamed , so doth the Glaunders more increase within the Body of the Horse . I would advise you before you begin his Cure , to prepare his Body for four or five days together with scalded Bran , and give it him instead of his Provender , for this will dry up the moisture and bad humours in his Body , then let him Blood in the Neck ▪ and the next day Rake him , and give him the Glister in the First Part. 254 and 414 Graveling cometh to a Horse in traveling , by meanes of little Gravel stones getting betwixt the Hoof and the Shoo , which setleth at the Quick , and there festereth and fretteth . 364 H. Hoof-Brittle , or Brittle-hoof , cometh either by Nature or Accident . It cometh Naturally by the Sire or Dam ; Accidentally by a Surfeit that fell down into his Feet , or else in that he had been formerly Foundred . 335 to 340 Hair falling or shedding from his Mane or Tail cometh by Heat taken , which hath engendred a dry Mange therein , which occasion●th their she●ding ; somtimes it comes by a Surfeit , causing Evil Hu mours to resort to those Parts , &c. 345 Head-ach is a pain that cometh either of some inward cause , as of some cholerick humour , bred in the Panicles of the Brain , or of some outward cause , as of extream heat or cold , or of some sudden blow or noisom favour . The Signes to know it are , The Horse will hang down his Head and Eares , his Sight will be dim , his Eyes swollen and waterish , and he will forsake his meat . See the First Part. Hoof-cast , or cas●ing of the Hoof , is when the Coffin falleth clean away from the Foot , which cometh by means of some Foundering , Prick or Stab , which breaketh on the top round about the Coronet , which in time causeth it to fall off . 336 Hoof-bound is a shrinking in of the Hoof , on the top thereof , and at the heel , which maketh the skin to stare above the hoof , and to grow over the same ; It cometh to a horse several ways , either by keeping them too dry in the Stable , by strait Shooing , or by some unnatural heat after Foundering . The Signes to know it are , He will halt much , and his hoofs will be hot , and if you knock them with a Hammer , they will sound hollow , like an empty Pottle , and if they are not both Hoof-bound , you may know which is the grieved Foot , by the smalnes of it . Some call this Sorrance a dry Foundering . 377 Hide-bound , is when the skin sticketh so fast to the Horses Back and Ribs , that you cannot pull it from his Flesh with your hand . It cometh to a horse several ways , sometimes by Poverty , sometimes for want of good ordering , sometimes by over-heating him by hard Riding , and carelessly letting him stand in the Wet and Rain , and sometimes of corrupt and filthy Blood Siccicating the Flesh , which wanting its natural course , causeth this shrinking of the Skin together , which maketh him illy disposed , and to have a gaunt , shrivelled and shrunk up Belly to his Flanks , making his Hair to stare , and his Legs to swell , with many more Signes ; but let these serve in stead of more . 258 Hip-shot is when the Hip-bone is removed out of his right place ; It cometh to him many ways , sometimes by a wrench or stroke of a horse , sometimes by slip , strain , sliding or falling . The Signes to know it are , He will halt and go sideling in his going , and the sore Hip will fall lower then the other , and the Flesh in process of time , will consume away , and if you suffer him to run too long , it will never be restored to its pristine Estate . 397 The Hurle-bone is about the midst of the Buttock , and is very apt to go out of the Socket with a Slip or Strain , the Cure of it you may find in p. 397 Hoof-swelled , cometh sometimes to young Horses , when you over-Ride , or hard laboring them in their youth , which make them to swell in that place , by reason the blood falling down there , setleth , which if it be not speedily removed , will beget a wet Spaven . 340 Haw in the Eye , is a Gristle growing between the nether Eye-lid and the Eye , and will put it quite out , if it be not taken in time away . It cometh to him by gross , rough and phlegmatick humours , which falleth from the Head , and knitteth together , which in the end groweth to this Infirmity . The Signes of it are , the watering of the Eye , and unwilling opening of the nether Lid. 288 Hough-bouey , is a round boney swelling like a Paris Ball , growing upon the very top or elbow of the Hough , and cometh ever of some stripe or bruise , or by bruising himself in his Stall , by offering to strike at the Horse that standeth next him , striketh against the Bar that divides them . 389 Hoof-loosened , is a dissolution or dividing of the Horn or Coffin of the Hoof from the flesh , at the setting on of the Cronet . Now if the parting be round about the Cronet , it cometh by means of Foundering ; If it be in part , then it cometh by some prick of some Channel-Nail , Quitter-bone , Retreat , Graveling or Cloying , or such like thing , The Signes to know it are these , When Loosened by Foundering , it will break first in the fore-part of the Cronet right against the Toes , because the Humour doth always covet to descend towards the Toe ; but if it proceeds from Pricking , Graveling and such like Cankered thing , then the Hoof will loosen round about , equally even at the first ; but if it proceeds from a Quitter-bone , or hurt upon the Cronet , then the Hoof will break right above the place that is grieved , and very rarely seen to go any further . 336 Hungry-evil is a great desire to eat , it cometh from some great emptiness or lack of meat , when the Horse being even at the Pinch , and almost Chap-fallen ; It comes many times by Cold outwardly taken , sometimes by Travelling in Frost and Snow , and in barren places , which outward cold maketh the stomach cold , whereby all the inward Powers are become weakned . The signes to know it , are a change and alteration in his feeding , having lost all temperance , and snatching and chopping at his meat , as if he would devour the Manger . 383 Imposthumes are swellings which come several ways , either by gathering of filthy corrupt humours in any part or member of the Body , making that to swell , which grows at last to an Inflammation , and breaks out into foul , mattery and running Sores , which proceed from corrupt food or bad blood , and at the first very hard and sore ; There are two sorts of them , hot and cold ; you must first ripen them before they can be healed ; sometimes they are occasioned by some blow upon the Eares , or bruise by a Hempen Halter , or of Cold taken in the Head , which remaining in the Body , make their Passage through the Eares ; It is known by much burning , and his unwillingness to be handled about that place . 346 and 347 K. Kibed heels is a scab breeding behind , somwhat above the nether Joynt , growing overthwart the Fet-lock . It cometh many ways , sometimes by being bred in cold Grounds , sometimes for lack of good dressing after he hath been ridden or laboured in foul ways , which dirt sticking to his Legs , ●retteth his skin , and maketh scabby rifts , which are very painful to the Horse ▪ causing his Legs to swell , especially in Winter and Spring-time , and then he goeth very stiffly . What Cures the Scratches cures this disease . 266 Kernels under the Chaul of a Horse , cometh by Heats and Colds , which bringeth the Glanders . I refer you therefore to the Cure of the Glanders . 157 L. Lask , Loosness or open Flux of a Horses body ▪ bringing him to extream weakness and faintness ; It cometh sometimes from cold taken , sometimes by reason that Nature is offended with too many cholerick humors , descending from the Liver or Gall down into the Guts , sometimes by drinking too much cold water presently after he hath had his Provender , for by that means the Water getting to the Provender causeth it to swell and breed Crudities , and ill humours in the Stomach , and so conveyeth themselves down into the Guts , sometimes by sudden Travelling or hasty Running upon a full Stomach , before his Meat be well digested , sometimes by drinking cold Water when he is too hot , and not presently warmed in his Belly , sometimes by licking up a Feather , or Hens dung , with many other ways which will occasion it ; stop it not too suddenly , for Nature it self is the best Physician ; but if you find he hath had it so long , that Nature is become weak and feeble , then you are to seek out for some Remedy for the Cure of it . 307 Lampass is a Swelling that proceedeth from abundance of Blood , resorting to the first Furrow of the Mouth , joyning to the fore-Teeth , which will cause the said Furrow to swell as high as his Gathers , which will hinder his Feeding , and make him let fall his Meat half chawed , out of his Mouth again . This is a natural Infirmity which every Horse hath first or last . And every commo Smith can Cure. 30 Ligs are little Pustles or Bladders within a Horses Lips ; There are many other Diseases that belongs to the Mouth , viz. Bloody Rifts , Gigs , Camery , Inflammation , Tongue-hurt , Barbs , and are all Cured by this one Receipt hereunder written , except the Lampass , which every Countrey-Smith can cure , viz. Take Worm-wood and Shirwit , and bruise them in a Mortar , with a little Honey , and anoint the Sores with it , and they will do well . Leprosie is a Cankered Manginess spreading over all the Body , which is very infectious , cometh of abundance of Melancholy , corrupt and filthy Blood , infected by Surfeits taken by over-hard Riding or Labour . The Signes to know this Disease are , The Horse will be all Mangy and Scurfey , full of Scabs and raw places about his Neck , and not very pleasant to look on , and be always rubing and scrubing . 369 Lice cometh of Poverty , and will breed most about the Eares , Neck and Tail , and over all the Body ; they may be catched also by running abroad in the Winter in Woods , or places full of Trees , for the dropping of the Trees falling upon his lean and thin Body breed them , sometimes he may catch them from another Horse ; You may know when he hath them by this , He wil rub and scrub himself against Walls and Posts , and will be always poor when he hath them . 369 Low-worm is a disease hardly known from St. Anthonies Fire , or the Shin●les , haveing the very self-same Symptomes . 'T is a Worm that is bred in the Back of a Horse between the Skin and the Bone , and runeth along the Neck to the Brain , and when it cometh to touch the Panicle thereof , it maketh him stark mad ; 'T is known by these Signes , viz. After a long and wearisom Journey , he will be Sick , and fall from his Meat , and stretch out himself at length with his Feet , bonding his Back , and straining to Piss , but cannot , but if he doth Stale , it is but little , and that in his Sheath , which in time will make him so Mad , that he will gnaw the Manger , Rack-staves , or any thing within his reach . Some Farriers take this disease for the Staggere , and so kills many a good Horse . The Cure hereof being not put down in the diseases I have here inserted it . Take Six Heads of Garlick clean pilled , of Acrement a quarter of a pound , Rue , and that Turmentile that beareth the yellow Flower , of each one pound , bruise them in a Mortar together , and put so much white-Wine to them , that after they be strained , there may be of the Juice and Wine two quarts ; Then after you have Blooded him in the Tail pretty well , divide this Pottle of Liquor into six parts giving him one part every Morning , till he hath taken all of them ; And this will perfectly Cure him , vide St. Anthonies Fire . p. ●33 Lungs , the diseases of them cometh from Heats and Colds , by hard Riding , which Iet run too long without Cure , causeth them to putrifie , corrupt and rot . You may know this Infirmity by the beating of his Flanks ▪ and working of his Ribs ▪ but most chiefly when he Cough●th , and then the more slowly they do beat and heave , the more old and dangerous is the disease . He will draw his . Wind short , and but little at once , and groan often , especially when he lieth down and riseth up again , out of his Nose will issue forth Corruption , and will seem to shewsomthing between his Teeth . 333 and 334 Lethargy or Sleeping Evil , is most subject to Dun and white Horses . It proceedeth from Phlegm , cold and moist Humors which getteth into the Brain , does so stupifie and benumb it , which bringeth this sleepiness upon him , and is the true Sign of this disease . 354 Lunatick Eyes look sometimes as if they were covered with White , and somtimes they will look clear , and alter their colour , according to the Moons , from which they take their Name , vide Moon-Eyes ▪ 288 M. Mattering of the Yard , vide Yard Matter●d 331 Melancholy is called the Staggers , but the true Name thereof is the Stavers , vide the Saggers . 335 Mo●foundred cometh from the French , which signifieth Molten Grease , or Foundering in the Body . 364 and 399 Moon-Eyes bear that Name , by reason that at certain times of the Moon they will seem very well , & atother times they seem covered over with a white Phlegm , which is the worst sort of Blindness that is , and is not to be Cured , for the more you tamper with it , the worse it is ; therefore my advice is , that you let them alone , for they will go in and out till they go quite out ▪ It may be called a Lunatick-Eye , which cometh several ways , sometimes from the Sire or Dam , sometimes from evil humors residing in the Head , which descend down to the Eyes , and they come also by hard riding , or labouring , which the poor Beast was put to perform more then he was able . 288 Mallender is a kind of a dry and hard scab , which hath chinks and chops in it , and hard , stubborn and long staring hairs , like to Hogs bristles , growing about it , upon the inward part of the Fore-legs , just against the bending of the Knee . It is an evil Sorrance which Cankereth and Corrupteth the Flesh , and makes him go Lame at first going out ; It cometh to him several wayes , sometimes by corrupt Blood , by hard Labour , or Riding , sometimes for lack of clean keeping and rubbing ; and usually those horses that hath most hair upon their Legs , as the Flanders and Freezla●d Horses hath , are most subject to this disease . 275 Mange is a most infectious and filthy disease , which will make him rub and scrub against every thing he can lean against , and if you remove not his fellow-Creatures that are in company with him , at home or abroad , they are subject to catch it from him . The Signes to know it are , His Hair will stare , and in many places pill away from his Skin , and a Scurf will arise thereon ; it cometh somtimes also by over-heats and colds , by hard Riding or Labour , whereby the Blood is corrupted , or by feeding upon unwholesom Meat . 369 Mourning of the Chine , in plain English is no other then the Glaunders , which hath its first Source and Origen from heats and colds by hard Riding or Labour , which being let run too long , cometh to this filthy disease , the Glaunders ; which in time doth waste the Liver , and putrifie the Lungs , which will in Conclusion kill the poor Creature , if not taken in time . 254 Those that have opened a Horse that hath died of this disease , have found the Pith and Chine sound and good , and therefore this Malady in reason cannot be called the Mourning of the Chine , but the Glaunders . Madness or Frenzy is divided into four Passions . The first is , when some bad Humors or Blood getteth into the Panicle of the Brain , but in one part only , it quickly makes him dull of Spirit and Sight ; which you will know by this Sign , He will turn round like one that is Giddy ; the reason is , because the outward part of the Head is grieved only . The second is , when the Venom of such bad Blood doth infect the middle of the Brain , then he becometh Frantick , leaping against Walls or any thing else that standeth in his way . The third is , when corrupt and bad Blood filleth the Veins of the Stomach , and infecteth as much the Heart as Brain , then he is said to be mad . The fourth and last is , When the Blood infecteth not only the Brain and Heart , but even the Panicles also , and then he is said to be stark mad , which you may know by biting at every man that comes near him , and by gnawing the Manger and Walls about him , and at last he will be so very mad that he will tear his own skin in pieces . 354 Malt-long or Malt-Worm is a cankerous sorrance about the hoof just upon the Cronet , which will break out into Knobs and Branches , which will run with waterish sharp Lye , or Humor , which will Venom the whole Feet , Which are Signs enough to know them . 340 Molten-Grease see Grease-Molten . Mules , vide Scratches , for what cures them cures these . Mellet is a dry Scab that grows upon the Heel of the fore-Feet . 388 N Navel-gall is a bruise on the back , or Pinch of a Saddle behind , which if let alone too long , is difficult to Cure 'T is called a Navel-gall , because the Hurt is right against the Navel . 353 Night-Mare is a Melancholy blood that doth oppress the heart , making himsweat more in the night then in the day , which doth take from him his rest ; the way to know it is , by taking notice of him in the Morning , whether he Sweats in the Flanks , Neck and short Ribs , which if he do , you may be sure that he hath it . 239 O , Over-reach is a painful Swelling of the master Sinew , which is by reason that he doth over-reach and strike that Sinew with the Toe of his hinder Foot , which maketh him to halt and go lame . vide Attaint upper and nether . 235 P. Pissing of blood cometh several ways , sometimes by riding him too hard , by labouring him beyond his strength , or by carrying too heavy a burden upon his back ; sometimes it cometh by reason of some Vein broken in his Body , and then clean blood will issue forth many times ; sometimes it cometh by some Stone fretting upon the Kidneys , by hard Riding or Labour ; And lastly , it cometh by Journeying him in Winter , being newly taken up from Grass , and travelling him before he is thoroughly cleansed from his Grass , which cannot be well under a week or two . Your Eyes are the Witnesses of this disease , for he will Piss water like to Blood. 315 Powle-evil is a Fistula growing betwixt the Eares and the Powle , or nape of the neck , which proceedeth from evil humors that approach unto that place , or else of some blow or bruise , for that is the weakest and tenderest part of all the head , and therefore soonest off●nded , which rude Carters do little consider of , whilst in their fury they beat them upon their Head with their Whip-stocks ; And therefore no Horses more subject to this disease then they ; This disease comethmost in the Winter . The Signs to know it is by the Swelling of the place , which in process of time will break of it self , rotting more inward then outward , therefore is more dangerous , if not Cured in time . 317 Pursiveness or shortness of Breath cometh two ways , Natural and Accidental ; Natural is when he is Cock-thropled , for that his Thropel or Wind-pipe being so long , that he is not able to draw it in and out , with so much ease and pleasure as other Horses do that are loose thropled , for that the Wind-pipe being too strait that should convey his Breath to his Lungs , and vent it forth again at his Nose , makes him pant and fetch his Breath thus short ; Likewise , when his Pipe is too much filled with fat or other Phlegmatick stuff , which suffocates him , and makes his Lungs labour the more ; It cometh secondly by Accident , when he is hard ridden after a full stomach , or presently after drinking , which caus●th phlegmatick humors to distil out of the Head into the Wind-pipe , and so fall upon the Lungs , where they rest and congeal , &c. It cometh also by Heats , Colds , Glaunders , and the like ; And brings with it a great many Inconveniencies , viz. Dulness and Heaviness in Travel , subject to sweat much , and ready to fall down upon every little strain . 252 Prickt is called Accloyed , Cloyed or Retrait , &c. Most of which Names are borrowed of the French , and signifies no more then a Prick , by the negligence or unskilfulness of the Farrier , in driving of the Nails , by their weakness , ill pointing or breaking of them ; which if not presently taken out , will in time break out into a foul sore ; You may know it by his going lame ; but if you desire to know it more certainly , pinch him round his Hoof with a pair of Pinchers , and when you come to the grieved place , he will shrink in his Foot ; Or you may try him where he is prickt by throwing water upon this Hoof , for that place where he is prickt will be sooner dry then any of the rest . With many other Signes there are which your Ingenuity may find out . 396 Planet-struck or Shrow-running , is a depriprivation of feeling or motion , not stirring any of his Members , but remain in the same form as when he was first stricken . It cometh to a Horse several ways , sometimes by choler and phlegm superabundantly mixt together , sometimes from Melancholy Blood , being a cold and dry humour , which oppress and make sick the hinder part of the Brain , sometimes of extraordinary heat or cold , or raw digestion , striking into the Veins suddenly ; Or lastly , from extream Hunger , occasioned by long Fasting , The Signes whereof you have had already , viz. Numbness and want of Motion . If this Disease cometh of Heat , You may know it by the hotness of his Breath , and the free fetching of his Wind ; If it proceed from Cold , then you may know it by his stuffing and poze in his Head. 239 Palsie or Apoplexie is a Disease depriving the whole Body of Sence , and which is called a General Palsey , and hath no Cure. But when he is deprived but of some part and Member of his Body , ( and most commonly it is in his Neck ) then it is called a particular Palsey ; The Signes to know it are , He will go Groveling and side-ways like a Crab , carrying his Neck as if it were broken , and goeth crookedly with his Legs , beating his Head against the Walls , and yet forsaketh not his Meat nor Drink , and his Provender seemeth moist and wet . It proceeds from foul Feeding in Fenny Grounds , which breed gross and tough Humors , which joyneth with Crudities and raw Digestion , oppress the Brain , or it cometh by means of some wound or blow given him upon the Temples . 354 Pearl , Pin and Web , or any unnatural spot or thick Felm over the Eye , cometh by some stroke or blow given him , or from descent of the Sire or Dam. The Pearl is known by a little round , thick white spot like a Pearl , ( from which it hath its Name ) growing on the Sight of the Eye . 288 The Pains is a kind of Ulcerous Scab full of Fretting Matterish Water , and breedeth in the Pastorns betwixt the Fetlock and the Heel , which cometh for want of clean keeping , and good rubbing , after the Horse hath been Journeyed , by means whereof the Sand and dirt remaining in the Hair , fretteth the Skin and Flesh , which cometh to a Scab , and therefore those Horses that have long Hair , and are rough about the Feet , as the Friezland and Flanders Horses are , are soonest infected with this Disease , if they be not the cleanlier kept . The Signes be these , His Legs will swell with the vehemency and heat that is caused from the venom and filthy water that issueth from the scabs , for it is so sharp and scaulding ▪ that it will scauld off the Hair , and breed scabs so far as it goeth . What Cures the Scratches cures these . 266 Pestilence , Plague , Murrain or Garget is all one disease , which is very Infectious and Contagious ; It cometh to a Horse many ways , sometimes by over-hard Riding or Labour , whereby a Horse is surfeited , somtimes by the Contagiousness of the Air , and Evil Vapours and Exhalations that springs out of the Earth , after great and sudden Floods , or coming into Fenny or Marish Ground that hath alwayes been bred in pure and wholesom Air. The Signes to know this Disease are these ; 'T will come suddenly upon him , but after three or four days drooping , he will swell under the Roots of his Eares , like the Swelling of the Vives , and under the Chaul , and come up to his Cheeks through the Malignancy thereof , and become very hard , he will forsake his Meat , and be very sleepy , hanging down his Head in the Manger , his Eyes will be yellowish , he will Breath short , which will be very hot and offensive , and sometimes he will break forth in a Carbuncle or Boyl in his Groine , as big as a Goose-Egg , and his Stones will hang Limp and Flaging , but not always . If you cannot recover him , but that he dieth , bury him very deep , that no scent , if possible , may remain on him to infect the rest . 314 Q. Quinsey is no other then a sore Throat , which if not carefully taken in time , will soon put a period or end to his days . It cometh sometimes by Cold and Phlegmatick Humors setling there , or for want of Blooding , when he is over-run therewith . 368 Quarters false , vide false Quarters . Quick-scab doth putrifie and corrupt the Blood and Flesh , and at last breaketh forth into a lothsom and infectious Disease much like unto the Mange or Leprosic . It cometh by a Surfeit taken by over-Riding or hard Labour , it is called a Quick-scab , because it runneth from one Member to another , for sometimes it will be in the Neck , and at other times in the Breast , sometimes in the Main , and then another time in the Tail. 398 Quitter-bone is a hard Round Swelling upon the Cronet , between the heel & the Quarter , and groweth most commonly on the inside of the Foot. It cometh to a Horse many ways , sometimes by Gravel underneath the Shoo , sometimes by some Bruise , Stub , Prick of a Nail , or the like , which being neglected , will Impostumate and break out about the Hoof , it cometh sometimes also by evil humors which descend down to that place , whereof that Quitter-bone springeth . 355 R Red-water is that which issueth from any Wound , Sore or Ulcer , which so long as that remains in them , it doth so poison them , that till it get out , they are not to be Cur●d . 357 Ri●g-bone cometh two ways ; Naturally , or Accidentally ; Naturally , from the Stallion or Mare , Accidentally by some blow of a Horse , or any other Accident , the Pain whereof breedeth a viscous slimy Humour , like a Gristle upon the top of the Cronet , and sometimes goeth round about it , which resorting to the Bones that are of their own Nature , cold and dry , waxeth hard , and cleaveth to some Bone , which in process of time cometh to a Bone ; the Signs to know it are , There will be a hard swelling round about the Cronet of the Hoof , which will be higher then any place of it ; besides , his Hair there will stare and be bristly ▪ and make him halt . 356 R●t●enness is to have his inward Part , viz. His Liver Lights and Lungs so wasted and consumed , that he is not to be recovered by Ar● ▪ Rheumatick or waterish Eyes , cometh by the Flux of Humors , distil●ing from the Brain , and sometimes by some stripe received ; The Signes to discover it is , The continual watering of the Eye , and his close shutting of his Lids together , accompanied somtimes with a little swelling . 288 Rupture , Incording or Burstness is , when the Rim or thin Film or Chaul , which holdeth up his Entrails , be broken or over-strained , or stretched , that the Guts fall down either into his Cod or Flank , which cometh several wayes , either by some stripe or blow , or by some strain in leaping over a Hedg , ditch or Pale , or by teaching him to bound when he is too young , or by forcing him when he is full to run beyond his strength ; or by your sudden stoping him upon uneven ground , whereby he stradling and slipping his hinder Feet , teareth the Rim of his Belly , The Signs to know it are these , He will forsake his Meat , and stand shoring and leaning on that side that he is hurt ; And if you search on that side with your Hand , betwixt his Stone and his Thigh upwards to the Body , and somewhat above the Stone ; you shall find the Gut it self big and hard in the feeling , whereas on the other side you shall find no such thing . 387 & 388 R●t-tails is a most venomous disease , and not much unlike to the Scratches of a horse . It cometh to him several ways , sometimes by too much rest , and the Keepers negligence in not rubing and dressing him well ; and by reason of too much rest and good keeping without exercise , the blood corrupting in his body falls down into his Legs , which causeth this disease . 377 Retrat is no other then a Prick in the Foot by a Nail , vide Prickt . 395 Rheum cometh by Cold , which maketh his Teeth loose , and seem long by the shrinking up of his Gums , which will spoil his feeding , that all the Meat will lie in Lumps in his Jaws , vide Colds 241 Rot is a disease so like unto a Dropsey , that it is hard to distinguish it from the same ; mistake not this disease for rottenness ; for if he be rotten , his Liver and Lights are so putrified , that they are not to be recovered : But this Rot is of the Nature of a Sheeps Rot that is said to be rotten , when his Liver is become soul and tainted , yet we do eat his flesh , and affirm it to be good meat , whereby the Sheep is not rotten , but hath a Disease called the Rot ; It cometh several ways , sometimes to young Horses feeding in Wet or Fenny Grounds , and sometimes when they are over-heated in their breaking , whereby their Blood is enflamed , putrified and corrupted , causing Obstructions in the Liver , which cause putrefaction , and so knots and pustils do engender therein , which breedeth this Disease . The Signes are these , he will lose his Stomach , pant much , beat and heave in his Flanks , swell under his Belly , his Hair will stare , his Legs swell , burn and dint when you press it with your Finger , and his Coat will not shed at those usual times as other Horses do , and will be so faint and feeble that he will lose his courage and mettle . 398 Running of the Reins , vide Mattering of the Yard . 131 S. Shedding of the Seed cometh somtimes from abundance and rankness of the Seed , sometimes by Strains , or putting too heavy a load upon his Back , and sometimes by weakness of the Stones and Seed-Vessels , not being able to retain the Seed until it be digested and thickned . 331 Strain or Sprain is the Sinews stretched beyond their strength , by reason of some slip or wrench . 294 Shackle-gall is on the Pastornes , vide Gall 284 Surbating is a beating of the Hoof against the Ground ; It cometh sometimes by means of evil shooing , lying too flat to his Feet , sometimes by Travelling a Horse too young before his Feet are hardned , which many times doth occasion a Foundring , sometimes by hardness of the Ground , and high lifting up of the Horses Feet ; and those Horses that are flat footed , their Co●●ns are so tender and weak , that they be most subject to this Sorrance . The signes to know it is , he will Halt on both his fore-Legs , and go stiffely and creeping although he were half Foundred . 373 Spleen , see the Nature of it . 329 Screw is the Nature of a splint , only the splint is on the inside of the Knee , and the screw is on the outside 263 Swellings and Tumors cometh by Heats and Colds , taken by hard Riding , or fore Labour , whereby the Horse being overmuch heated , the Grease falleth down and setleth in his Legs and other parts , which grow dry and hard , and breedeth splints , spavens , curbs , Ring-bones and the like sorrances , which in time are no other things then proper Tumors , Besides , it doth occasion other Knots and swellings . See the First Part for the Cure of them . Scratches are of several sorts and kinds , though they are called by several Names , viz. Crepances , Rats-tails , Mules , Kibes , Pains , &c. being no other then the very Scratches which are certain dry Scabs , Chaps or Rifts , that breed between the Heel and the Pastorn-Joynt , and so goeth many times above the Pastorn , even up to the very Hoof of the hinder Legs , but sometimes they are upon all four Legs , though not very common , They proceed several ways , sometimes by dry melancholy Humors which fall down upon his Legs , sometimes by fuming of his own dung lying under his heels , or near him , sometimes by the Negligence of the Groom , in not rubbing his Heels well , especially after a Journey or hard Labour , when he brings in his Horse from Water , and doth not rub his Legs and Heels dry from the Sand and Dirt which doth burn and fret them , and so cause Swellings , and those Swellings cause Scratches : sometimes it cometh by corruption of the blood after great heats and surfeits , taken sometimes by being bred in Fenny , Marish and watery Grounds ; and sometimes they come to a Horse after a very great Sickness taken by Surfeit ; Or lastly , by over-hard Riding or Labour , whereby his Grease is molten , which falleth down and setleth in his Pastorns and Feet-locks , which doth occasion this Sorrance . The Signes to know it are these , The staring , dividing and curling of the Hair ; it beginneth first with a dry scab upon his Pastorn Joynts , like unto chaps or chinks , and are in several shapes and formes , sometimes long , sometimes downright , sometimes overthwart , which will cause the Legs to swell , and be very gourdy , and run with fretting , waterish , matterative and offensive stuff , which will make him go so lame at the first setting out , that he will be hardly able to go . 'T is good to clip away his long shaggy hain from his Pastorns , ( if he have any ) which will in some measure prevent them , or or at least curb them . 266 Sit-fast or Stick-fast is a hard Knob , which is as hard as a Horn that grows in a Horses Skin , under the Saddle , fast to his Flesh , which cometh by a Saddle-Gall or Bruise , which not Imposthumating , the Skin falleth dead , and looketh like a hard piece of Leather . 352 A Surfeit is occasioned by Heats and Colds ; The Signes to know it is , He will not thrive , but be gaunt Bellied , and dried up in his Body , and cannot Cough but Gruntingly . His Coat will stand staring , and doth not lie smooth , sometimes his Cods will swell ; And when it falleth out of his Body into his Legs , they will swell also and stink , by reason of the thin , moist , white , yellow , thick and stinking Water or Matter that flows from them , which will make them so stiff , that he is not able to go over the Threshold . 366 Not Staling or Dunging cometh several wayes , sometimes by being too high kept , and but little exercise given him ; therefore exercise is as wholesom for a Horses Health , as good Food is nourishing to his Body , sometimes it cometh when you suddenly travel him , when he hath been newly taken from Grass , before his Body is emptied of it , and dry meat put into the room thereof , The Signes to know this Grief is , He will lie down and tumble with extream pain , as if he had the Bots. 357 Staling of Blood , vide Pissing of Blood. Selender is a kind of Scab , and is the same with the Mallender , only the difference is , that the Mallender breedeth upon the bending of the Knee , on the inside of the Fore-Legs , and the Selender is bred on the bending of the Hough in the Legs behind , proceeding both of like causes , and requireth like Cure. 275 Stinking Breath is occasioned by means of corrupted and infected Lungs , and you may know it by the Smell , vide Lungs infected . 333 A Splint in the beginning is a very Gristle , and will , if let run too long , become to be as hard as a Bone , and will be greater or smaller according to the cause of its Coming , sometimes as big as a Wall-Nut , sometimes as big as a Hazel-Nut ; It is found for the most part upon the inside of the Shank between the Knee and the Foot-lock Joynt , and is very hard and difficult to Cure ; It is so painful to Him , that it will not only cause him to Halt , Trip , Stumble , but also fall in his Travel ; It cometh to him by means of too hard Travel , or sore Labour , whilst he is very young , or by oppressing him with too heavy a burden , whereby the tender Sinews of his Legs are offended ; It cometh also Hereditary , from the Sire or Dam being troubled therewith , and is known by the sight and feeling , for if you pinch it with your Thumb and Finger , he will shrink up his Leg. 263 Stumbling cometh two ways ; First , Naturally ; Secondly , Accidentally ; Naturally , by reason that the Sinews of the fore-Legs are somewhat streight , so that he is not able to use his Legs ▪ with that freedom and nimbleness he should ; which to Cure him of this Disease , is to cut him of the Cords , viz. A Slit made upon the top of his Nose , and with your Cornet raise up the great Sinews , and cut them asunder , and heal it up again with some good Salve , and this will do him no harm but good , for it will give him the use of his Legs so perfectly , that he will seldom or never trip more . Secondly , Accidentally , by either Splint or Wind-galls , or by being foundred , prickt , s●ub'd , graveled , Sinew-strained , hurt in the Shoulder or Withers , or by carelessly setting him up when he is too hot , which maketh him go very stiff , which stiffness causes stumbling . 341 Stavers or Staggers , is a Giddiness in the Head , which when it seizeth the Brain , cometh to Madness ; It is caused several ways ; sometimes by corrupt blood , or gross and tough humors oppressing the Brain , and is very common to most Horses , and very dangerous if not taken in time ; sometimes it cometh by turning him out too soon to Grass before he be cold , which by hanging down his Head to Seed , stirreth and make thin Humors that fall down to the head , and so by degrees seizeth the Brain , which bringeth this mortal Sickness ; It cometh also by sore riding and hard labour ; which inflames and putrifies the Blood , and disorders the whole Body ; The signes of this Disease are these , Dimness of sight ▪ reeling and staggering of the Horse , who for very pain will beat his Head against the Walls , and thrust it into his Litter , forsake his Meat , and have waterish Eyes 235 Swelled Legs cometh to a Horse several ways ▪ sometimes by hard Riding or sore Labour when he is too fat , and carelessly putting him to Grass , or setting him up in the Stable too hot , whereby he taketh cold which causeth the Blood , Grease and Humours to fall down into his Legs , and so cause them to swell , sometimes it cometh by long standing in the stable , when the Planks where his fore-Feet stand higher then his hinder-Feet doth , which uneasie posture causeth the Blood to settle in the hinder Legs , which causeth them to swell . 287 Stifled , this Malady cometh to a Horse Accidentally , viz. Either by some strain in Leaping , or by a slip in the stable , or on his Travel , or by some stroke or blow with a horse , which either puts out the bone , or much hurts or strains the Joynt , The sign to know it is , by the dislocated bone , bearing it self out which will make him grow lame , and unwilling to touch the Ground , but only with his Toe , till it be put in again . 393 Stone cometh many ways , sometimes from the weakness of the Bladder , occasione ▪ by gross and bad Humors , stoping the Water-Conduit , or principally by violent Labour , or immoderate Riding , sometimes it cometh by foul Matter descending from the Liver and Spleen , which falling down into the Kidneys and Bladder , setleth there ; whereby there groweth in the Mouth of the Conduit , certain hard inflamed Knobs , which stoppeth his Urine , and causeth him to stale with great pain and trouble , by reason the Sinews and Pozes about the Neck of the Bladder are benumbed , which taketh away the sense and feeling of the Bladder , sometimes it cometh by keeping a Horse in his Travel too long from staling , for his Water being over-heat by Exercise , doth conglutinate and become so viscous and thick ; that Nature cannot discharge it self so freely as it should do , and being pent up too long in his Kidneys , engendereth Gravel , sometimes red , and sometimes grey , which falling down into the Conduits , by mixture of Phlegm and gross Humours , is there brought by Conglutination , to become a hard stone , which stoppeth the Passage of the Urine , so as he will not be able to piss or stale , The signes to know this Distemper , needs no more then this , That he would fain piss , but cannot , and that many times drop by drop . 360 and 363 String-halt is a sudden twitching or snatching up of his hinder-Leg much higher then the other , and cometh most an end to the best Metled Horses . It cometh by taking cold suddenly after hard Riding or sore Labour , especially if you wash him when he is too hot , which will chill his Blood , and so stupisie and benumb his Sinews , that it takes away the sense and feeling of that Member . 341 and 394 Strangury or Strangullion is when a Horse is provoked to stale often , and avoideth nothing but a few drops ; It cometh to him several ways , sometimes by hard Riding or sore Labour , which heats and makes sharp the Urine , somtimes by hot meats and drinks , sometimes by Ulceration of the Bladder , or by means of some Imposthume in the Liver and Kidneys , which being broken , the Matter falleth down into the Bladder , and with the sharpness thereof , causeth a continual provocation of Pissing , which will be with such pain , that he will whisk , wry , and beat about his Tail as he pisseth 360 The Strangle is not , as some suppose , a Quinzey , but an Inflammation of the throat , proceeding from some cholerick or bloody Fluxion , which cometh out of the branches of the Throat-veins into those parts , and there breedeth some hot Inflammation , stirred up by a hard cold Winter , or by cold taken after hard riding or labour . 'T is a great and hard swelling between the Horses nether chaps , upon the roots of his Tongue , and about his Throat , which swelling , if it be not prevented , will stop his Wind-pipe , and so strangle or choke him : The Signes to know this disease are , His Temples of his Head will be hollow , his Tongue will hang out of his Mouth , his Head and Eyes will swell , and the passage of his Throat so stopt that he can neither eat nor drink , and his Breath will be very hot . 349 Swayed in the Back cometh several ways , sometimes by some great strain , slip or heavy burden , sometimes by turning him too hastily round : His Grief commonly lieth upon these kind of strains and wrenches , in the lower part of the back below his short ribs , and directly between his Fillets . You may perceive it by the reeling and rowling of his hinder parts in his going , and be ready to fall to the Ground by his frequent swaying backward and side-long , and when he is down , 't is a great deal of trouble for him to rise again 399 Shoulder-pincht cometh either by labouring or straining him too young , or by putting too great a burden upon his back . You may know it by the narrowness of the Breast , and by the Consumption of the flesh of the shoulders , insomuch as the fore-part of the shoulder bone will stick out , and be higher then the flesh . And if it be of a long standing , he will be very hollow upon the brisket , towards the Arm-holes , and will go wider beneath at the Feet , then above at the Knees . The Cure I set down here , because it is not in the place of Cures : 'T is this , Give him a Slit with a sharp Knife an inch long , upon both sides , an inch under the shoulder-bone : then with a large Quill put into the Slit , blow up first one shoulder , and then the other , as big as you can possibly , even up to the Withers , and with your hand strike the Wind equally into every place of the shoulders , and when they be both full , beat all the windy places , with a good Hazel wand over all the Shoulder , then with a flat Sclice of Iron loosen the skin within from the flesh : Then rowel the two slits or cuts , with two round Rowels made of the upper Leather of an old Shoo , with a hole in the midst , that the corruption may issue forth , and let the Rowels be three inches road , and put in flat and plain within the Cut ; Then make a Charge and lay upon the same : Look in the Table for a Charge , and there you may take your Choice . Shoulder-wrench or Strain cometh several ways , sometimes by turning or stopping too suddenly upon some uneven ground , sometimes by running hastily out at some door , som etimes by slipping or sliding in the Stable or abroad , sometimes by the stroke of another Horse , and sometimes by falls on the Planks or slippery Ground . You shall perceive it by his Trailing his Leg upon the Ground close after him . 351 Shoulder-splaiting or Shoulder-t●rn , cometh by some dangerous sliding , either abroad or at home , whereby the shoulder parteth from the Breast , and so leaves an open Rift , not in the Skin , but in the flesh and film next under the skin , which maketh him so lame that he is not able to go . You may know it by the trailing of his Leg after him in his going ▪ 417 Shoulder-pight is , when the Shoulder-point or pitch of the Shoulder is displaced by some great Fall , Rack or Strain . You may know it by this , His Shoulder-point will stick out further then his fellow , and besides he will Halt downright . ib. Spaven-blood or bone , vide Blood or Bone-spaven . Shrow-running , vide Planet-struck . T. Tongue-hurt cometh by accident , or with a Bit , Halter or the like . 374 Tetter , Flying-worm or Ring-worm , is a very evil sorrance , which runneth up and down the Skin of a Horses Body , from whence it bears its Name ; It cometh to him several ways , sometimes by heat in the Blood , which engendreth a sharp and hot humour ; sometimes by bad and foul feeding ; it is most commonly found in his Rump , which runneth down the Joynts till it comes into his Tail , and if it continue there long it will turn to a Canker ; But yet sometimes it will settle upon some fleshy part of his Body , which will so trouble him with itching and rubbing against walls and posts , that he will bring away the hair , yea , and the Skin and Flesh also with his Teeth , if he can come at it , so violent is his itching . You may know it by the falling away of the hair , by his continual rubbing , but if it get into the Joynt between the top of the Rump and the Tail , then it is known by a Scab , which you may feel with your Finger , and if you scrape or pick it away , there will come out of it by little and little a thin water , which being let long to run , will in time run into his Tail , and become a Canker , as I said before . 371 Trunchions are wormes in shape , short and thick , and of a pretty bigness , which have black and hard heads , vide more for Bots ; and there you may find all the kinds of them that do engender in a Horses Body . 303 V. Aves , Avives or Fives , are all one Disease ; They are certain flat Kernels , much like unto Bunches of Grapes , which grow in a Cluster close knotted together in the grieved place . They Center from the Ears , and creep downwards between the Chap and the Neck of the Horse toward the Throat ; and when they come to inflame , they will swell , and not only be painful to the Horse , but prove mortal by stopping his Wind , unless you take a speedy course for the Cure of him ; 'T is commonly rankness of Blood that is the cause of this Infirmity . When you go about the Cure of them , have a care you touch them not with your Fingers , for that will venom them . 376 W. Wind-broken , or broken Wind , cometh to a Horse , when you let him stand long in the stable without exercise , and foul food , whereby gross and thick humors are drawn into his Body so abundantly , that sticking to the hollow places of the Lungs stop up his Wind-pipe , that the Wind cannot get backward nor forward : sometimes it cometh to a Horse when you run him off his Wind , when he is very fat and foul , you may know it by his heaving and drawing together of his Flanks , and by blowing wide his Nostrils . 251 , 252 Wart or spungy Excression growing near to the Eye , doth come from condensed Phlegm residing there , which in time causeth the Eye , either to consume or to grow little , if it be not remedied . 279 A Wen is a hard Rising out of the flesh , like a Tumor and Swelling , and are of several Sizes , sometimes great , sometimes small , some are painful , and some are not painful ; They proceed from gross and vitious humors , binding together in some sick part of the Body , but most commonly by some stroke , bruise , blow or a stone thrown at that place , it is outwardly flesh , but towards the root it is Matterative . 278 Wind-Galls are Bladders full of corrupt Gelly , which being let forth is thick , and of the colour of the Yolk of an Egg ; they are sometimes great , and sometimes small , and grow upon each side of the Fet-lock Joynts upon all four legs , and are so painful to him , especially in the Summer season , when the Weather is hot , and the ways hard , that they make him not only halt downright , but sometimes fall ; They come for the most part from extream labour and heat , whereby the humors being dissolved , do flow and resort into the hollow places about the nether Joynts , and there settle , which is the occasion of this evil Malady . 377 VVolfes-teeth are two small teeth growing in the upper Jaws , next unto the great grinding teeth , which are so painful to him , that he cannot endure to chaw his meat , but is forced either to let it fall out of his Mouth , or to keep it still half chewed . 384 Wormes vide Bots. and there you may find all sorts of them that breed in a Horses Body , and how you may distinguish them one from another . 303 VVind-cholick , vide Cholick . 363 and 377 Wrench in a Horses back , vide Flanks . 300 The Womb of a Mare is subject to many diseases , viz. Ascent , Descent , Falling out , Convulsion , Barrenness . Abortion , &c. She may be barren through the untemperateness of the Womb or Matrix , as for that it is too hot and fiery , or else too cold and moist , or else too dry , or else too short , or too narrow , or having the Neck thereof turned awry , or by means of some obstruction or stopping in the Matrix , and that the Mare is too fat , or too lean , or sometimes for want of being well horsed ; the cure is , Take a good Handful of Leeks well stamped in a Mortar , with half a Glass full of white-Wine , then put to it twelve Flies called Cantharides , then strain altogether with a sufficient quantity of water , that may serve her therewith two days together , by pouring the same into her nature with a Horn or Glister-Pipe made of purpose , and at the end of three days next following , offer the Horse unto her that should cover her , and immediately after she is covered , wash her Nature twice together with cold water . Or take Nitrum , Sparrows dung and Turpentine , of each a like quantity wrought together , and made like a Suppository , and put into her Nature , causeth her to desire the Horse , and also to conceive . Y. Yellows in a horse is the same that the Physicians do call the Jaundice in a man , and there are two kinds of them , The yellow and the black , the yellow being moist , and the black dry ; the yellow proceeds from the overflowing of the Gall , occasioned by Choler , and the black cometh from the overflowing of the Spleen , proceeding from Melancholy , which are both dangerous infirmities , but the black is most deadly and mortal . The yellow is discovered by the changing his natural colour from white to yellow , viz. The Balls of his Eyes , The Tongue , the inside of his Lips and inward parts of his Nostrils are coloured yellow ; The black Jaundice is discovered by the quite contrary symptomes ; for having this disease , the whites of his Eyes , Tongue , Mouth and Lips will be of a duskish colour , and not so clear and sanguine as before . And though this distinction of the yellow and black Jaundice be strange to some Farrie●s , ye● it is most certain , that when a Horse dieth of the Yellows , he dieth of the black Yellows , for when it cometh unto the case of Mortality , then are all the inward parts converted to blackness , and the yellow substance is clean mastered . The Origen of this Malady cometh principally from unnatural heats given him by hard riding or labour , which inflames the Liver , Gall , Blood and Spleen , which causeth choler to have the sovereignty and dominion over the humors , which occasions this disease , which endeth in a sudden death , if not timely prevented . 237 Yard mattering or mattering of the Yard , cometh most commonly in covering time , by his over-freeness in spending upon Mares , when the Horse and Mare are both too hot , doth burn them , giving him the Running of the Reins , as we truly term it , The Signes to know it are , The falling down of yellow Matter from the Yard , and a swelling at the end thereof , and when he staleth , he will do it with a great deal of pain , and cannot well draw up his Yard again . 331 Yard fallen down , or Falling down of the Yard , cometh to him for want of strength , to draw it up within the Sheath , but let it hang down between his Legs ; It is occasioned either through the weakness of that Member , or by means of some Resolution in the Muscles and Sinews serving the same , caused by some violent slip , strain or stroke in the Back , or else by some great weariness and tyring . 332 and 381 The TABLE of the Diseases and Cures . THE Nature , Temperature and Virtue of most Simples , set down Alphabetically . From page 175. to p. 224 A. Accloyed is Prickt . vide Prickt . An Advertisement , not only about the several sorts of Aloes , how you may know and distinguish them one from Another , but also some Directions for the Physicking of Horses , and for Dressing of Wounds . From p. 226 to 228 An Advertisement touching the Vsefulness , not only of the Table of Simples , but also of the General Simples set down one after another before every Disease . 229 Antimony crude or raw , the use of it declared . 232 Aches , Numbness , or any swelling or weakness in any Joynt or Sinew , General Simples good for them . ib. Aloes , how to make into Purges and Scourings , See the manner of it after the best Receipt for the Glanders , at the latter End of the Book . St. Anthonies Fire , General Things good for the Cure of it . 233 Particular Receipts good for the same . 234 Anticor or Heart-Sickness , General things good for the Cure of it . ib. Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Attaint Upper or Nether , General Things good for the Cure of it . 235 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Aristes , vide Rats-Tails . Apoplexie , vide Palsey . Adders Tongue Ointment , vide Ointments Anberry cured 279 Aloes , several excellent Ways how you are to make it up into Purges . 414 and 415 B. Broken Wind , General Simples good to help it . 251 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Breath short , General Simples good to help it . 252 Particular Receipts good for the same . 253 Blood-Spaven , General Things good for the Cure of it . 260 Particular Receipts good for the same . 261 Bone Spaven Cured ib ▪ and 379 Back Galled to Cure. From 283 to 285 Bruises or Swellings , either inward or outward , General Simples good for the Cure of them . 285 Particular Receipts good for the same ▪ 286 Bruises and Strains , Observations upon the Cure of them . 293 Back-Wrench't , weak or swayed , General Things good for the Cure of it 330 and 331 Barbes cured 331 Bots or Wormes , General Things good for the destroying of them . 303 Particular Receipts good for the same . 304 Bangle-Eares help'd , vide First Part , 121 Bleeding , General Simples good to stanch it . 306 Particular Receipts good for the same . 307 Binding , Simples in General , which is good to stop a Loosness , Lask or bloody Flux , ib. Particular Receipts good for the same . 308 Biting of a mad Dog , to Cure , General things good for it . 312 Particular Receipts good for the same , ib. Blood-letting , swelling after it to cure , be it never so bad . 379 Burning or Scalding , either by Shot , Gun-powder or Wilde Fire , General Things good for the Cure of them . 380 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. A Bath for swelled Cods . 387 Botch in the Groin to cure . 388 Blisters cured . 389 Bones broken and out of Joynt cured . 391 A Bath very good for the same . 392 Back-swayed to cure . 399 C. A Caution about Aloes . 226 Comprehensive terms explained . 230 and 231 Cold and Hot Ointments repeated ●ver again , and the Vertues that belonged unto them made known . 231 Cramps or Convulsions of the Sinews , General things good to help them . 239 Particular Receipts good for the same . 240 Colds and Coughs of all sorts , General Simples good for the Cure of them . 241 Particular Receipts good for all the sorts of them . 242 to 250 Curb to cure , general Things good for it . 265 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Cib'd Heels , vide Scratches , for what cures them cures these . 266 Crepances , vide Rat-tails . Camery , vide Frounce Canker cured 302 and 318 Canker , vide Fistula , and all other running and foul Sores to cure . Colt-Evil , General Things good for the cure of it . 330 Consumption , General Simples good for the cure of it . 333 Particular Receipts good for the same . 334 Cords , which is stumbling , General Things good for the Cure of it . 341 Cleansers of the Body from all manner of foul Humours , General Simples good for it , 344 Cholick or Stone , General Simples good for the Cure of it 362 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Crown-scab , general things good for the Cure of it 372 Cut-Sinews , general Simples good for to help them 373 and 374 Costiveness to help 378 and 381 Casting forth of his drink , to Cure. 383 Crick in the Neck , general things good for the Cure of it 384 Crest Fallen raised up again 385 Cods swelled , to Cure , general things good for them 386 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. and 387 Chops , Clifts or Rifts , see for the cure of it in the Letter C. in the Alphabetical Table of the Diseases of a horse . Cooling Simples 395 Of Clifts and Cracks in the Heels ; see for Scratches , for what cures them cures these Cleansers of all Sores by washing them , see the First Part. Charges of all sorts , see also in the First Part for them . D. Directions for the Drenching and Physicking of horses 225 and 226 Further Directions for the same . 228 and 416 Diseases and Infirmities of Mares to Cure 332 Drawers forth of any Stub , Thorn or Nail , either in the Foot , or any other part of the Body 340 Driers up of all manner of moist humors , General Simples good for them 341 Dropsey , general things good for the cure of it 363 Particular Receipts good for the same . 364 See for more Simples good for the Cure of it in the First Part Diseases in a horse to prevent the whole year , a very good Receipt to preserve him sound 382 Casting forth of his Drink , General things good for to help it 383 E. Eaters away of proud Flesh , General things good for it 277 An Ointment for the same purpose . ib. Enterfering or Shackle-Gall to Cure 284 Eyes watery , Eyes blood-shotten , Wart in them , Inflammation Pearl , Pin or Web , general things good for all the Diseases of them 288 Particular Receipts good for all the diseases of them , from 290 to 293 Eares Imposthumated , general Things good for the cure of them 348 Particular Receipts good for them . ib. F. Falling-Evil or Planet-struck general things good for the cure of it 239 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Foundering , General things good for the cure of it . 271 Particular Receipts good for the same 272 and 399 Feltick is no other then a Galled Back , vide Back-Galled 283 to 285 , Fraying or Stiffness taken in the Legs vide Imperfections of the Legs . Frounce or Camery to cure 301 Falling of the Fundament , General things good for it 311 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Fistula , Canker , or any other running sore to cure , general Things good for it . 319 and 375 Particular Receipts good for the same . 320 Feavers of all sorts , general Simples good for the Cure of them 321 Particular Receipts good for the same . 322 See more in the First Part for the several sorts of them 229 to 230 Farcey , general things inwardly Given for the cure of it 303 General things applied outwardly for the cure of it 224 Particular Receipts inwardly given , and outwardly applied for the cure of this Disease , from 223 to 328 Frush running , or Rotten , general things good for the cure of it 328 Falling of the Yard , General Simples good for the cure of it 332 False Quarters cured 335 Frenzie or Madness , General Things good for the cure of it . 354 Flies to keep from coming to a Horses Head to vex and trouble him 369 Fallen Crest or Crest-Fallen , to raise up again 385 Fig , General things good for the Cure of it 389 Falling Evil or Falling Sickness . 397 General Simples given inwardly for it . ib. A Particular Receipt for the same . ib. Flaps cured 418 Flanks , vide Wrinch in the Back . G. Glanders , General things good for the cure of it 254 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. and 413. The best Receipt that is for the Cure of this Disease is in 414 Glanders stopt for present sale 413 Galled or swayed Back to Cure , General things good for it , 283 Particular Receipts good for the same 284 Garded or swelled Legs , whether by Grease or any other Accident cured 299 Gall overflowed , general things good for the cure of it . 329 Gangreen cured , General things good for it . ib. Griping or Fretting of the Guts , Cholick or Stone , General Things good for the Cure of it . 362 and 363 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Graveling , General Things good for it . 364 Grease Molten , General Things good for it . ib. Particular Receipts good for the same . 365 Grease fallen into the Legs to Cure. ib. A very good Purge for it . 318 Gigs , Bladders or Flaps to cure . 418 H. Hide-bound , General Things good for the Cure of it . 258 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Hard swellings cured . 278 Head purged , vide perfumes in the first part good for it . Halting , vide Strains of all sorts Hair made to grow . 318 and 346 Hoofes , all the Imperfections of them cured . From 335 to 340 Hurts in the Hoof , of what sort soever , General Things good for the Cure of them . ib. Humours dried up , general Things good for them . 341 and 344 Humours dissolved . 343 Humors to stop . ib. Humors to drive back . ib. Humors made thin ib. Humors purged 344 Hair shedding from the Mane or Tail , General things to prevent it . 345 Hair to take away , General Things good for it . ib. Particular Receipts for the same ib. Hair made black ib. Hair made yellow ib. Hardness mollified , General Things good for to do it 367 Hens dung swallowed , or any other venomous things general Things good for the Cure of it 374 and 383 Hough-bonney cured 389 Hardness or Knots in the flesh 390 Hot Simples 395 Hip-shot 397 Hurle-bone out of Joynt cured ib. I. Joynts and Sinews , that hath in them any Ach or Numbness , Weakness or Swelling , General things good for them 232 and 233 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Joynts , Arteries and Sinews , Comforted after Travel , Cold or pain . 259 Infirmities of Mares to help 332 ●mposthumations and Inflammations , hot or Cold , general Simples good for them 346 and 390 Particular Receipts good for them . 34● Imposthumated Eares , general Things good for them 348 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. K. Kidneys that hath ulcers in them cured . 360 Kidneys bruised . 368 Knots in the Joynts , or for Cramps and Inflammations general and particular , Receipts good for the same . 390 L. Legs swelled , general things good for the cure of them . 287 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. 288 and 300 Lampass . 301 Lameness of all sorts to help . 293 and 300 Loosening Simples . 103. See more of this in the First Part. 154 Lask or Looseness stopt , general things good for it . 307 Particular Receipts good for the same . 308 Lungs , general things good for them . 333 Particular Receipts good for the same . 334 Liver preserved , general Simples good for it . 335 Lethargy or sleeping Evil , general things good for it . 354 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Lice or Vermine killed , general things good for it . 369 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Leprosie or Mange , general things good for to kill it . ib. Particular Receipts good for the same . 370 Lust provoked . See for Simples good for the same in the First Part. 148 M. Mallender or Sellender , general things good for the cure of the m. 275 Particular Receipts good for the same . 276 Mattering of the Yard , or Running of the Reins . 331 Mares , their several diseases to cure , 332 Milk in Mares to increase . See the First Part for it . 148 Mouth-sore , general things good for it . 368 Mange or Leprosie . 369 Milt cured . 388 N. Night-Mare . 239 Neesing-powder . See the First Part for Perfumes for the Head. Navel-gall , general things good for it . 353 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. O. Oyl of Camomil , how to make for any grief in the Limbs , proceeding from a cold Cause . 230 Oyl of Spike , how to make for all manner of Sinew-strains and Pains , and Aches in the Limbs . ib. Oyl of Mastick , how to make for any cold Griefs ib. An Ointment for the Killing and Shealing all manner of Scabs . 270 O●●tments , general Simples good to put into them for the cure of all manner of Wounds . 279 Particular Receipts good for them . 280 Observations upon dressing of Wounds . 281 Observations upon bruises and strains . 293 Observations on the Liver and Spleen , and general things good for them . 335 Ointment of Theriacum , which is good for any Ach in the Joynts , Grief in the Hips , stifling Place , Legs , Pastern or any other Part of the Legs and Back , Sinew-strains only excepted . 394 P. Physicking of Horses , Observations and Directions for the use of it . 225 and 226 Pursiveness or shortness of Breath , General Simples good for it . 252 Particular Receipts good for the same . 253 Planet-struck or Falling Evil , General Simples good for it . 239 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Poison of all sorts expelled , General Simples good for it . 313 Particular Receipts good for the same . 314 Plague or Pestilence , General things good for it . ib. Particular Receipts good for the same . 315 Pissing of Blood , General Simples good for it . 314 Particular Receipts good for the same . 315 Pol-Evil , General things good for it . 317 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Pains ; see Scratches , for what cures them cures these A Plaister to dry up any superfluous moisture , and to bind parts Loosened . 342 Prickt 396 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Purgers of the Head. See the First Part Another Plaister to dry up any Swelling , Wound , Wind-●all , Splint or Bladder in or about the Joints . 342 Palsie 354 Pissing or Staling with pain , General things good for it . 357 Particular Receipts good for the same . 358 A Plaister to lay upon the Wound to keep in the Tent or Salve . 377 A Purgation for a Horse that is sick of Grease or Costiveness . 378 Provokers of Lust , General Simples good for it in the First part . 148 Purges of Aloes , several excellent Ways how to make them up . 414 and 415 Physical Observations , 225 and 416 Q. Quarters false , to amend . 335 Quitter-bone , General things good for the cure of it . 355 Particular Receipts good for the same ▪ ib. Quinsey or sore Throat , General things good for it . 3●8 Quick-scab . 398 R. Running foul Sores . See for Fistula Running and rotten Frush , General things good for the cure of it . 328 Running of the Reins . 331 Ring-bone , general and particular Receipts good for the same . 356 Red-water , general and particular Receipts good for the cure of the same . 357 Ring-worm , general and particular Receipts good for the cure of it . 371 and 372 Rot cured . 398 S. Sick Horses how ordered , see Directions how to do it in p. 225 , 228 and 416 Simples put down in Order one after another before every disease , and also an Account of the Table of Simples . 229 Stavers , Head-ach or Farcin , general and particular Receipts good for them . 235 and 236 Stomach hot , general things good for to help it . 260 Particular Receipts good for the same . ib. Spaven-blood to cure . ib. Spaven-bone to cure . 261 Another which will not only take it away , but also a Curb , Ring-bone or any other Boney Excression . 262 Splint taken away , general and particular things good for it . 263 Swellings of all sorts to cure . See the First Part for them . Scratches , general and particular Receipts good for them . 266 and 267 Sellender or Mallender , general and particular Receipts good for them . 275 and 276 Salves and Ointments for all manner of Swellings of Wounds , from 279 to 284 Swellings dissolved without breaking . 283 Shackle-Gall to help . 284 and 288 Swellings and Bruises to cure , either inward or outward . 285 Swelled Legs of all sorts to cure , General things good for them . 287 , 299 and 300 Swellings by Shackle-gall to cure . 288 Strains , observations upon them and upon Bruises . 293 Strains of all sorts to cure , from 294 to 300 Swelled or Garded Legs , whether by Grease , or any other Accident . 299 Staling or Pissing of Blood , General and particular Receipts good for the same . 315 Spleen , what it is , general and particular Receipts good for the same . 329 and 330 Shedding of the Seed , General things good for it . 331 Strangles , General and particular Receipts good for the same . 349 and 350 Shoulder-strain or sprain . 351 Sit-fast , General things good for it . 352 Not staling and pissing of a horse , General and particular Receipts good for the same . 357 and 358 Stone , General and particular Receipts good for the same . 360 and 361 Stone cholick , General and particular Receipts good for the same . 362 Surfeits , General and particular Receipts good for them . 366 Scab , Te●tar or Ring-worm , General and particular Receipts good for the same . 371 and 372 Surbated , General things good for it . 373 Sinews , that are cut , prickt , bruised or shrunk , and for all Griefs belonging to them , General things good for them ib and 374 See more General Things good for them in the First Part. Swelling by Blood-letting , though it be never so bad . 379 Scaldings by Shot , Gun-powder or wilde-Fire ; General and Particular Things good for the same . 380 Swelled Cods , General and Particular Receipts good for the same . 386 and 387 String-halt . 341 and 394 Stumbling , vide Cords Simples that are hot . 395 Simples that are Cooling . ib. Swayed back . 399 Strengthn●ng Simples . See the Fi st Part for General Simples good for it 151 Shoulder splaiting , which is a Tor● Shoulder . 417 Shoulder-pight , General things good for the Cure of it . ib Shoulder-pincht . See the Alphabetical Table that shews you where the Diseases of a Horse do grow , and there you may find the Cure. Sores of all sorts to wash . See the First Part for them . Swellings of what Nature soever , either hard or soft . See the First Part for them . p. 149 Sweat to cause . See the First Part. 150 Shortness of Breath . See more of it in the First Part. Stinging and biting of venomous Beasts . See more of this also in the First Part. Sores and Ulcers of all sorts to Cure ; General Simples good for them in the First Part. Suppository what it is . See the First Part. 146 T. Tired Horses , General and Particular things good for to help them . 259 , 260 Tetter-scab and Ring-bone , General and Particular Receipts good for them . 371 and 372 Tongue of a Horse hurt , General and particular things good for the Cure of it . 374 Teeth , all the infirmities of them cured , viz pain in the Teeth , loose Teeth . Wolfes Teeth and Jaw Teeth . 384 V. Ulcers , Fistulaes and running Sores , general and particular Receipts good for the Cure of them . 319 and 320 See more Simples good for them in the First Part. 151 Urine caused to a Horse that cannot stale , General and particular Receipts good for the same . 357 and 358 Ulcers in the Kidneys to Cure. 360 Ulcers in any Part , General and particular things good for them 375 Venomed things , general and particular Receipts good for the same . 374 and 383 Vives , Avives or Fives , General and particular Receipts good for the cure of it . 376 W. Wind-broken , vide broken wind . Wind preserved 252 A Water to wash and cleanse a Sore or Wound 377 Another Water to cleanse and heal a Sore . 2●8 A green Wound or Puncture cured . ib. Wen , or any other Excression taken away in the Flesh . ib. Wounds , how to order and dress in the cure of them , and what Herbs are good to put into Wound Salves . 281 , 282 and 283 Wrench , or weakness in the Back , General things good for the cure of it . 300 and 301 Worms of all sorts killed , General and particular Receipts good for the same . 303 and 304 Wind-cholick , General things good for it . 377 See for more general Simples good for it in the First Part , 150 Wind galls General and particular Receipts good for the same . 377 and 378 Wolfes-teeth cured . 384 Withers wrung cured . 385 Wounds by Shot cured . 391 Womb , see for the several Infirmities of it in the Alphabetical Table of the Diseases of a Horse . Wart spungy . 279 Y. Yellow , General and particular Receipts good for it . 237 and 238 Yellows black , general and particular Receipts good for the same . 239 Yard mattering to cure . 331 Yard fallen , General things good for it 332 , 381 and 382 The Way of Gathering , Drying and Preserving of Simples and their Juices , viz. Roots , Barks , Leaves , Herbs , Flowers , Seeds and Juices . 402 The Way of Making and Keeping all Necessary Compounds , viz. Electuaries , Pills , Waters , Ointments , Plaisters , Charges , Poultisses , Oyls , Syrups by Infusion , by Decoction and by Juices , from 403 to 408 Roots hot in the first degree . 408 Herbs hot in the second , hot in the third , hot in the fourth , Roots temperate , Roots cold in the first , cold in the second , cold in the third , cold in the fourth . Roots dry in the first , dry in the second , dry in the third , and dry in the fourth . Roots moist , from 408 to 409 Hot Medicaments appropriate to the Parts of the Body , viz. Heating the Head , Heating the Throat , Heating the Breast and Lungs , Heating the Heart , Heating the Stomach , Heating the Liver , Heating the Spleen , Heating the Bowels , Heating the Reins and Bladder , Heating the Womb , Heating the Joynts , &c. from 409 to 410 Cold Medicaments appropriate to the Parts of the Body , viz. Cooling the Head , Throat , Breast , Lungs , Heart , Stomach , Liver , Spleen , Reins ▪ Bladder , Bowels and Joynts . 410 and 411 The Properties of purging Medicaments , viz. Choler , Phlegm , watery Humors , by Vomit , by Urine ; Purging the Throat , by Sweat , and by the Nose . 111 and 112 The Properties of Altering Medicaments , viz. softning Simples , Loosning Simples , Abolishing Simples , Binding Simples , Drying Simples , striking back Simples , Dissolving Simples , Cleansing Simples , Pain-removing Simples , Simples that are good to clear the Wind , Humor-dissolving Simples , Simples that are good to expel poison , and Astonishing Simples . ERRORS that have Escaped the Press in the Second Part of the Experienced FARRIER . PAge 176. line 4. for Jallop read Jallap . ib. p. l. 5. f. Turbich r. Turbith . l. 10. f. Zedory r. Zedoary . p. 177. l. 9. f. Humors r. Tumors . p. 178. l. 6. f. omforteth r. comforteth . l. 15. f. secure r. scour . p. 182. l. 6. f. Madders r. mad Dogs . p. 182. make 180. p. 179. m. 181. p. 186. m. 184. p. 183. m. 185. p. 179. m. 181. l. 16. f. weaknews r. weakness . l. 21. f. Woumbs drinks r. wound-Drinks . p. 186. m. 184. l. 38. f. droaped r. drooped . p. 183. m. 185. l. 6. f. reserved r. referred . p. 127. l. 29. f. half a dram r. one Ouuce . p. 208. l. 17. f. Six Drams r. one Ounce . p. 253. l. 3. f. Ashen skies . r. Ashen Keis . p. 256. l. 27. f. my First Part r. at the latter end of the Book . p. 266. l. 28. After Train Oyl put ( are good ) p. 269. l. 31. r. Cornfield . p. 273. l. 17. f. Hough r. Hoof. l. 20. f. Houghs r. Hoofs l. 29. f. Hough r. Hoof. p. 274. l. 3. f. Hough r. Hoof. l. 33. f. Hough r. Hoof. l. 37. f. Hough r. Hoof. p. 275. f. Contrive r. Continue . l. 20. f. Hough r. Hoof. p. 280. l. 9. f. Meal . r. Meat . p. 282. l. 5. f. free r. freer . 289 , l. 36. f Bine-bole , r. fine-Bole . p , 290. l. 21. f. Tulba r. Tutia . l. 4● . f. some years r. some years last . p. 294. l. 13. f. Sinew-strength r. Sinew-strain . p. 299. l. 8. f. better r. hotter . p. 310. l. 4. f. four or five Ounces of Issing-Glass , make one Ounce or better , and to dissolve it first in a little fair Water over the Fire , before you put it to the Milk. p. 327. l. 30. f ! Turbich . r. Turbith . p. 352. l. 5. f. add r. and. p. 358. l. 14. f. the smoother not r. the smoother root of the. p. 362. l. 15. f. two Drams r. one Ounce , p. 363. l. 1. the Receipt for the Cholick and Stone , put it out , for the Quantities are all false . p. 370. l. 14. f. and tye him r. Tie him . p. 409. l. 25. f. Calaminth r. Calamint . p. 410. l. 1. f. Agrimonia r. Agrimony . l. 18. r. Agrimony . p. 411. l. 39 : f. Jallup r. Jallap . p. 413. l. 5. f. in this Part. r. in the F●●st Part. l. 32. f. Calaminth r. Calamint . p. 417. l. 23 f. it r. its . FINIS . BOOKS , Printed for Richard Northcott , at the Mariner and Anchor , on the Lower End of Fish-street Hill , and at his Shop Adjoyning to St. Peters Alley in Cornhill . The Mariners Magazine , or STURMY'S Mathematical and Practical ARTS , containing the Description , Making and Use for the most useful Instruments for all Artists and Navigators , the Art of Navigation at large ; A New Way of Surveying Land , Gauging , Gunnery , Astronomy and Dyalling ; Performed Geometrically , Instrumentally , and by Calculation . The Compleat Academy , A Drawing Book Wright's Errors in Navigation detected and Corrected Mr. Norwood's Sea-mans Companion The Countrey Copy-Book Dr. Newton's Scale of Interest Dr. Newton's Art of Practical Gauging Mr. Cravens Aeternalia , or a Treatise on Eternity . The English Rogue Compleat in four parts Mr. Philips his Mathematical Manual Jehosaphat , being the History of the Five wise Philosophers . Where you may also be Furnished with all other Sea-books . The Art of Measuring , Containing the Description of the Carpenters New Rule ; Furnished with Variety of Scales , Fitted for the more speedy Mensuration of Superficies and Solids . Written by Sam ▪ Foster , sometime Professor of Astronomy in Gresham-Colledge . Also certain Geometrical Problems , a Table of Logarithms to 30000 , and some Uses of the same Exemplified in Arithmetick and Geometry ; but more particularly applied to the Mensuration of Superficies and Solids , as Board , Glass , Pavement ▪ Wainseet , Plaistering , Fyling , Timber , Stone , Brick-work and Gauging of Cask . The second Edit on with Additions . By VV. Leybourn . To which is Added A Supplement , being the Description of the Line of Numbers , with its Use , in divers Practical Examples of Mensuration ; Of Singular Use for Workmen , Artificers , and all other Ingenious Persons delighting there n. By John Wiblin Carpenter . A Description of the Five Orders of Columns and Tearms of Architecture : According to the Ancient Use and best Rules of the most Eminent Italian Architects , viz. The Tnscan , D●rick , Ionick , Cor●n●hian and Composite . Drawn and Described ( with great Care and Diligence ) after the right Symmetry and Measure of Free Masons . By HANS BLOOME . For the Use and Benefit of Free Masons , Carpenters ▪ Joyners , Carvers , Painters , Bricklayers ; In General , for all that are Concerned in the Famous Art of Building . Advertisement , THE True ▪ Plain and Golden Spirit of Scurvey-Grass , being highly Approved for their Admirable CVRES in the Scurvey , Dropsey , and several other General Distempers ; Faithfully Prepared by Robert Bateman , the First Author , at his House at Pauls Chain , near Doctors Commons , London , and most Eminent Towns in the Countrey , with Printed Directions for their Vse : The Bottles are Sealed with his Coat of Arms , the Half-moon and Ermins , to Prevent Counterfeits . Price 1 s. each Bottle . Sold by the said Mr. R●ch . Northcot next St. Peters Alley , and at the Marriner and Anchor , upon Fish-street Hill , near London - bridge . Notes, typically marginal, from the original text Notes for div A57242-e400 Nil dictum quod non prius dictum Notes for div A57242-e10620 ☜ 1. Ox. 2. Fox . 3. Hart ▪ 4. Woman ▪ ☞ Turmerick , white Lilly Roots chopped small and dried . ☞ ☞ Throw these things among his Provender . ☞ Notes for div A57242-e11970 The time of Gelding is when the Moon is in the Wain , the Sign in Arie : or Virgo , the time of the year is early in the Spring or Fall. ☜ Notes for div A57242-e15960 ☜ Notes for div A57242-e22080 ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ An Iron with a Button . The Drawing Iron . ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ Notes for div A57242-e38560 ☞ See more of them in the Table of Simples . You may give him two Ounces of it by it self . All these within this Bracket are bought at the Grocers . You may Give one Ounce and a half of it by it self . 'T is not so strong as Alloes Succe●ing . 'T is commonly adulterated with the Oyl of Turpentine . This is also adulterated . Have a care of the adulterate . Have a care of the Adulterate . She has been dead about lafayear , but he Son contrives in the H use , and sells it . Notes for div A57242-e47640 ☜ Notes for div A57242-e47930 ☞ ☞ Notes for div A57242-e48010 ☞ Notes for div A57242-e48050 ☞ Notes for div A57242-e48110 ☞ Notes for div A57242-e48160 ☜ The Flower of it is best , used for any inward use . Notes for div A57242-e60970 ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ 1. W. ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☜ For want of the Leaves ta●e the Root . ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ T●e up the Horses Head , for ●ear of biting it away . When you take off the P●aister , anoyn● the place with Train Oyl 〈◊〉 . ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☞ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ I. W. ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ If your Roots be green , slice them , if dry beat them to powder . ☞ ☞ ☜ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ●●oo● not your Horse in this Dis●●se , for if you do it w●ll certainly K●ll him . The Scull of a dead man , dried and beaten to powder , and given in Sack i● most excellent . ☜ ☜ * [ Hob-goblin is a Stone much like an Oyster-shell , which you may find upon course stony Lands . It is good also beaten to powder to take off a Felm from the Eyes . ] . ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☜ This water will Cure any Fistula whatsoever if it come to the bottom , and heal is up with your green Ointment . A Cank●r Cured . ☜ ☜ ☜ * Some hold it death to let Blood , but this you may use as Discretion serv●th . If you desire to know the several sorts of Feavers , look in the First Part for Feavers , and there you shall find them . ☞ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☜ ☜ ● . W. ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☜ ☞ ☜ If you give it for Bruises or Falls , leave out the Bolearmoniack . ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ For the dry Gripes . ☜ ☜ ☜ You shall find another most excellent for this Purpose afterwards . ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ RESALGAR is a composition of Sulphur , Orpiment and unslackt lyme , and is a most strong ●●rrosiv● . ☞ ☜ Blood him first , and about two or three days after give him this Drink . ☞ ☜ ☞ See more of this in the First Part. P. 151. ☞ ☜ See a more large Account of things of this Nature in the First . Part p. 152. ☞ ☜ See the Expellers of Wind in the First Part. p. 150. ☞ ☜ ☜ They are both very cooling things . ☞ ☞ ☜ ☞ They are both very cooling things . ☜ ☜ ☞ ☞ ☞ * If the Bone do fall in its true Pl●ce●g in , it will give on a sudden a great 〈◊〉 See my First Part for Conglutinating things , good in General , or Strengthners of Parts out of Joynt . p , 1●6 . ☞ ☜ Patch or Piece-grease is the Tallow that is gotten from Shoomakers shreds ☜ ☜ The Nail or S●ub must be first drawn out and the Corruption let forth and made very clean , before you dress it . ☜ ☜ Notes for div A57242-e87520 ☞ Notes for div A57242-e88050 ☞ Clip away the Hair before you apply it . ☞ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☜ ☞ ☜ ☞ ☞ Or with the Help of the Fire and your warm Hands , you may work up by it self into Balls the b●itlest sort of ●loes that is . ☜ ☜ ☜ Or you may dissolve your Aloes in cold Brandy , being first beaten into fine powder , and put therein . ☜ Notes for div A57242-e109000 ☞