The Greek and Roman history illustrated by coins & medals representing their religions, rites, manners, customs, games, feasts, arts and sciences : together with a succint account of their emperors, consuls, cities, colonies and families, in two parts, necessary for the introduction of youth into all the useful knowledge of antiquity / by O.W. Walker, Obadiah, 1616-1699. 1692 Approx. 601 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 243 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2003-03 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A67248 Wing W397 ESTC R991 12241540 ocm 12241540 56789 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A67248) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 56789) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 904:1) The Greek and Roman history illustrated by coins & medals representing their religions, rites, manners, customs, games, feasts, arts and sciences : together with a succint account of their emperors, consuls, cities, colonies and families, in two parts, necessary for the introduction of youth into all the useful knowledge of antiquity / by O.W. Walker, Obadiah, 1616-1699. [16], 360, [1] p. Printed by G. Croom, for William Miller ... and Christopher Wilkinson ..., London : 1692. Reproduction of original in Huntington Library. Pages 138-93 and 232-65 filmed at the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign Campus). Library are added at the end of the Book to replace damaged text in the Huntington copy. "A table of the chapters contained in this book": p. [13]-[16] Advertisement: p. 360. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. EEBO-TCP is a partnership between the Universities of Michigan and Oxford and the publisher ProQuest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by ProQuest via their Early English Books Online (EEBO) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). The general aim of EEBO-TCP is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic English-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in EEBO. 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Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor. The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines. Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Numismatics, Greek. Numismatics, Roman. Classical antiquities -- Early works to 1800. Greece -- History. Rome -- History. 2002-10 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2002-11 Apex CoVantage Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2002-12 John Latta Sampled and proofread 2002-12 John Latta Text and markup reviewed and edited 2003-02 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion THE GREEK and ROMAN HISTORY Illustrated by Coins & Medals . Representing their Religions , Rites , Manners , Customs , Games , Feasts , Arts and Sciences . Together with A Succinct Account of their Emperors , Consuls , Cities , Colonies and Families . In Two Parts . Necessary for the Introduction of Youth into all the useful Knowledge of ANTIQUITY . By O. W. Licensed and En●●red according to Order . LONDON , Printed by G. Croom , for William Miller at the Gilded Acorn in St. Paul's Church-yard , and Christopher Wilkinson at the Black Boy against St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet street , 1692. To William Charleton of the Middle-Temple , Esq SIR , YOUR very great Civility in Perusing , and in some Particulars Animadverting upon these Collections , have given me the Confidence to recommend them by prefixing your Name . Besides your Eminency in this Study , and your Plentiful , and not without great Skill and Difficulty , well chosen Treasure both for this and other parts of Natural History ; and your unparallell'd Readiness to further and assist all Ingenious Lovers of this most Copious and Gentile Study , do justly challenge a more Universal and Publick Testimony of your Singular Worth and Eminent Goodness . For what more Honorable Intention can be proposed , than to endeavor the Introducing the Knowledge of the former Ages of the most Wise and Powerful Empire , out of their most Authentick Records ? And what doth not he deserve , who labours a Resormation of the most Ingenuous part of the Nation ? But this is not my Business at this time : the narrowness of this room will only permit me to present to your self , and the Candid Readers , th●…se few Considerations . 1. The Catalogues of the Greek and Roman Coins discover to any one minded to furnish a Cabinet , which are in either sort most Rare and Curious , i. e. which are not yet described in Print . It is true , there are many Families not found amongst these , but the Collections of that most Learned Ant. Angustinus , will give a great Essay toward compleating that Number . 2. It was not proper for my Design , to take notice of all the Criticisms amongst Authors learned in this Art ; but to prescribe general Directions for Interpreting the greatest Number and most common , as is done in the first part , wherein they are reduced to the most ordinary Topicks ; and in the second , to give so far an account of the greatest Actions of the Romans , when come to their Maturity under the Emperors ; for though not all performed by them in their Persons , yet the Princes attributed them to themselves , rationally enough , because they paid for them . And amongst these I have only chosen those ; wherein seems contained the most useful Erudition . And herein I have chiefly made use of those very eminent Persons , Onuphr . Panvinius , and the excellent Conte Tristan , whose first Volume only seems compleatly finished according to his Intention ; the second is not so well laboured , but the third is little better than Adversaria . I thought it not necessary to proceed much lower than Constantine , because after Aurelian very few , but after Constantine's Family I know not whether any either of good Masters , or considerable Erudition . The Greek Emperors , which have , till of late , lain Fallow , chiefly because thought unintelligible , have now at length , by the great Industry of a most Learned French Gentleman , found their Interpretation ; and we despair not also of understanding those few of the Caliphs found amongst us , by the help of another . 3. It may be some Invitation to this Study , if we consider the great Obligations this Country had to the Romans , not only for their improving it in Buildings , High-ways , Artifice of War ; but also by rendering a great part of it Habitable , which before was Lakes and Bogs . Romney seems to have been the first Essay and Pattern of their Draining ; for which reason to this day it retains the Name of the Roman Island , or their Dry-land , which before was Bog and Water . The working of our Minerals , especially Iron , which the ordinary People attribute to the Danes , seems to have been the Romans Diligence . Not long ago I have seen divers Coins , fresh and rough , as if newly then coined , taken up under a great Mountain of Cinders , which were wrought over again to good Profit , finding that the first Miners were not furnished with sufficient Instruments for drawing out the finest parts of the Mettle . To this I add , that though very many Roman Coins be found here , yet not many of great Rarity ; they being generally of those , who setting up for themselves , against the lawfully-esteemed Emperors , were called Tyrants , especially such as reigned here and in France . Such were Carausius , Alectus , Marius , Maximus , Postumus , Tetricus , Victorinus , &c. till the time of Constantius Chlorus , who dying at York after divers Years reigning ; and his Son Constantine here taking up the Empire , there are many of them and their next Successors , till the entry of the Saxons , which was about Four hundred and fifty Years after Christ. 4. Many Particulars may be interposed , but I shall here take notice only of that wherein this Discourse differs from most Authors ; who say , that because the Tribuneship was Annual , therefore the TRIB . POT . was so likewise , and consequently the Years of the Emperors Reign to be accounted by it ; which to me seems a great Error . Be pleased to take notice of these Instances . It is confessed that Tiberius reigned not full Twenty three Years . But in Gruter's Inscriptions , P. 235. conc . Tiberius TRIB . POT . XXVIII . and P. 236. TRIB . POT . XXXIX . The same is in a Coin of Patin's Edition of Sueton. in Tib. c. 18 wherefore he had TRIB . POT before he was Emperor , together with Augustus . Accordingly Suetonius in Tib. c. 16. Data rursus Tribunitia potestas in quinquennium . Again in Gruter , p. 295. You have AUG . TRIB . POT . XXX . both in the same Year . TIB. TRIB . POT . IX . AUG . TRIB . POT . XXXI . both in the same Year . TIB. TRIB . POT . X. So Augustus's XXXII . with Tiberius's XI . and Aug. XXXV . with Tib. XIV . Augustus had in all TRIB . POT . XXXVI . Years , as Tacitus saith , Annal. l. 1. And so , if Augustus's XXXV . was Tiberius's XIV . then Augustus's last or XXXVII was Tiberius's XVI . and Tiberius's XXXIIX . was the last of his Reign . Commodus was Emperor not full Thirteen Years , but there is a Coin of his TRIB . POT . XV. COS. VI. and in his seventh Consulate he died ; so that he had TRIB . POT . XVII . Years , which was four Years with his Predecessor . SIR , I will not trouble you any more with the like Particulars , perhaps some other Opportunity may be offered for them also : Mean while most heartily wishing you an Addition of new Happiness with the renewal of the Year ; I take leave and remain , SIR , Your Humble Servant , O. W. A Table of the Chapters contained in this Book . PART I. Chap. 1. OF the first Coin amongst the Romans Page 1 2 Of Medals p. 14 3 Of False , Counterfeit , Modern and Rare Medals . p. 20 4 Of Greek Coins p. 27 5 Of Family or Consular Coins p. 45 6 Of the Reverses of Medals p. 63 7 Of their Religion , Priests , Days and Assemblies p. 94 8 Of Countries , Colonies , Places p. 139 9 Of their Magistrates p. 144 10 Of their Wars , Victories , Rewards , &c. p. 152 11 Of their Games p. 160 PART II. Chap. 1. OF Julius Caesar the Trium Viri R. P. C. Marc. Antonius p. 161 2 Of Augustus p. 168 3 Of Tiberius , C. Caligula , Claudius p. 171 4 Of Nero , Claudius Macer p. 184 5 Of Servius Galba , Salvius Otho , A. Vitellius p. 188 6 Of Flavius Vespasianus , Titus Vespas . Domitianus p. 193 7 Of Cocceius Nerva , Ulpius Trajanus p. 201 8 Of Hadrian . p. 208 9 Of T. AElius Hadrianus , Antoninus Pius , Aurelius Fulvius , Boionus Antoninus p. 215 10 Of Marc. Aurel. Antoninus and L. Aurel. Verus p. 220 11 Of Commodus p. 226 12 Of Helvius Pertinax , Didius Julianus , Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus p. 230 13 Of L. Septimius Severus , Bassianus Caracalla , Septimius Geta and M. Opilius Macrinus . p. 236 14 Of Varius Avitus Lupus , Elagabalus , Severus Alexander p. 249 15 Of Julius Verus Maximinus and Maximus p. 261 16 Of M. Anton. Gordianus , Father and Son p. 263 17 Of D. Caelius Balbinus , M. Clodius Pupienus , Ant. Gordianus p. 264 18 Of M. Julius Philippus , Father and Son , Carvil . Marinus , G. Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius , Q. Hetruscus Messius Decius , Caius Valens Hostilianus , Messius Quintus , C. Julius Valens Hostilianus , C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus , C. Vibius Volusianus , C. Jul. AEmylianus p. 269 19 Of P. Licinius Valerianus , M. Cyriades , Ingenuus , Q. Nonius Regilianus , M. Fulvius Macrinus , ( Father and Son ) Quietus , Balista , Odenatus , Moeonius , Herodes , Valens , Piso , AEmylianus , Saturninus , Trebellianus , Celsus , Victorinus p. 276 20 Of Licinius Gallienus , Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus , Q. Julianus Saloninus Gallienus , P. Licinius Valerianus p. 284 21 Of M. Cassius Latienus Postumus , his Son , Lollianus , M. Aurelius Marius , Lucius AElianus , Cecrops , Appius Claudius Censorinus , M. Acilius Aureolus , M. Aurelius Claudius , Claudius Quintillus , Victorina , Zenobia , Herennianus , Timolaus , Vaballathus , Septimius , Domitianus , Firmius , C. Tetricus and his Sons . p. 289 22 Of L. Domitius Aurelianus , Claudius Tacitus , Annius Florianus , Sempronius Saturninus , Bonossus , AElius Proculus p. 300 23 Of M. Aurel. Val. Probus , M. Aurelius Carus , M. Aurel. Numerianus , J. Sabinus , Aurelius Carinus , Eugenius p. 306 24 Of Diocletianus , Valerius Maximianus , C. Carausius , Allectus , Constantius Chlorus , Galerius Maximianus , Valerius Severus , Alexander , Maximinus Daza , Valerius Maxentius , Bassianus , C. Julius Valens , Licinianus Licinius , Valerius Licinianus Licinius , Calocerus , Fl. Delmatius , Jul. Delmatius , Claudius , Hanniballianus p. 311 25 Of Fl. Valer. Constantinus Magnus , Fl. Jul. Crispus , Fl. Jul. Constantius , Fl. Claud. Constantinus , Fl. Jul. Constans , Flavius Popilius Nepotianus Constantinus , Vetranio , Magnentius , Magnus Decentius , Fl. Jul. Gallus , Silvanus p. 333 26 Fl. Jul. Constantius , Fl. Claudius Julianus , Fl. Jovianus . p. 350 Corrigendo . P. 215. Line 4. should be read thus , Fulvius . 1. Boionus Antoninus called before Arrius , Son of Aurelius PART I. Of COINS and MEDALS . CHAP. I. Of the first Coin amongst the Romans . 1. IT is agreed by all Authors , that before the use of Money all buying and selling was Commutation of one Commodity for another . But this manner being found inconvenient ; because , First , It was almost impossible exactly to adjust the values of things ; neither , Secondly , Could Commodities be so easily transported from place to place ; many times also , Thirdly , The Owner of what another stood in need of , did not value what that other had to spare ; they devised and agreed upon one Commodity , which might be a common measure for the just estimating of all others . And this at first amongst the Romans ( for the Eastern Nations had the use of Silver and Gold-Money long before , as appears by the Story of Abraham , Gen. 23. 16. ) was Copper . 2. Now they made choice of a Metal rather than any other Material , because it was frameable easily into any weight or figure ; it would also endure longer , and not be so easily broken as Wood and many other things ; and was in sufficient quantity , which Jewels were not , and yet not so plentiful as other Stones . 3. And amongst Metals they made choice of Copper , I suppose , because there was greater plenty and greater use of it than of other Metals ; most of their Utensils , and Arms , defensive especially , being made of it . So that it being of universal use , every one was ready to exchange for it what he had superfluous . And at first it was exchanged by weight in equality to the value of the thing receiv'd for it : Whence it comes , that in paying , spending , &c. the words of Weight , impendere , expendere , appendere , &c. are still used . Hence also ( i. e. from Copper , being the only money at first ) comes aes , aes alienum , obaerati , aerarium , &c. to signifie not for Brass , but Money in general . 4. But because they found it very inconvenient still to be weighing , Posterity devised to set a publick Stamp on certain pieces , which should declare their weight ; and this in Rome was begun ( as some say ) by Numa Pompilius , from whose Name they will have it call'd Nummus : But as Pliny , l. 18. c. 3. by Servius Tullus , who marked the Images of an Ox , a Sheep , a Swine ; either in imitation of the Athenian Coyn , or in reference to their value ; that so many of such a Mark ordinarily bought an Ox , a Sheep , or an Hog . Hence it was call'd Pecunia . The pieces thus stamped ( whereof none have been of a long time extant ) were of divers weight ; some of one pound call'd As , some of two pounds call'd Dupondium , others of the parts of an As , which had each their several names . For their As or pound was divided into twelve parts , one Ounce was call'd Uncia . Sextans was 2 ounces or 1 / 6 of an As. Quadrans was 3 ounces or ¼ of an As. Triens 4 ounces or ⅓ of an As. Quincunx 5 ounces . Semis , Selibra 6 ounces , half an As. Sextunx 7 ounces , or 6 and 1 ounce . Bes 8 ounces or ⅔ of an As. Dodrans 9 ounces or ¾ of an As. Dextans 10 ounces or Sextans subducted from an As. Deunx 11 ounces or Uncia de Asse . 5. Nor had the Romans any other Brass Money than this , which was very inconvenient by reason of the weight ; so that they were wont to bring their Contribution Money to the Treasury in Carts , and it was deservedly call'd aes grave , [ which was the reason that they were not so much concern'd who coined Money ; and that they took thence Money for publick occasions ; which , if in Bullion , was coined to make it currant amongst the people ] for any thing I can discover , till the first Carthaginian War ; when the Treasury being exhausted , and the Commonwealth much indebted ; they raised the value of their Coyn , ordering that an As should but weigh 2 Ounces , and so be Sextantarius ; so that of every As was made 6 , of which the Commonwealth got five . And then , as it seemeth , began their Money ( probably after the Example of Sicily , some parts of Greece , and most of Italy ) to be stamped with the Image of two-faced Janus on the one side , and the Beak of a Ship in the greater , and the Stern in lesser , pieces of Coyn. 6. But afterwards when they were brought to that great distress by Hannibal , Q. Fabius Max. being Dictator , they were again lessened ; and the As was made of the weight of one ounce , and after a while by the Papyrian Law of half an ounce : and of these they coyn'd not only ounces , but halves ¼ s ¾ s for the greater ease of the people , as appears by the Marks which we see upon the Consular Brass Money , ( tho this Money be now found rarely ) amongst the which was the Quadrans ratitus , pay'd ordinarily for their passage by water from the City to Mount Aventine , then separated by a Ponds or Marshy Lake ; upon this was the Stern of a Rates or Ferry-boat , as upon the As was that of a Ship. 7. In the Year V. C. ( of the City's building ) 484. five years before the first Carthaginian War , was coyn'd the first Silver after the Pattern of the Sicilians ; and the Denarius was made equal to 10 Asses , and therefore had this Mark X or ♓ , which Priscian calls Perscriptum , the Quinarius or Victoriatus to 5 , and Sestertius to 2 , and ½ or ¼ of a Denarius , which seems very strange that 1 / 84 of 1 l. at most in Silver , should be of equal value to 10 l. of Brass , that is , one pound of Silver to 840 l. of Brass ; and this disproportion probably caused the lessening of their Brass Coyn before-mentioned , which was done not long after . 8. But afterwards in the great necessity of the City , in the second Carthaginian War , as they rais'd the value of their Brass Money , so did they also of their Silver ; making the Denarius equal to 16 Asses , the Quinarius to 8 , and the Sestertius to 4 , as by the Marks on some of those Coyns appeareth . And I know not whether those Rates were much altered till Justinian's time . 9. Concerning the Weight of the Denarius , Peireskius was of Opinion , and perhaps not without Reason ; that the first Denarii were six to an ounce , or 72 to a pound or Mna Attica ; but the latter were manifestly 7 to an ounce , or 84 to a pound . Al●… è pondere subtrahunt , cum sit iustum 84 E libris signari , saith Pliny l. 33. c. 9. and tho the Denarius of the Emperors was chang'd according to the Exigences of State , yet seldom exceeded the seventh part of a Roman Ounce , nor less than an eighth , making sometimes 86. 88 , and so to 96 , rarely a 100 Denarii in 1 l. and that only after Nero's time . 10. In Valuation as Coyn , the Denarius and Drachma Atticum was all one , tho not so in weight ; the Denarius weighing about 63 of our grains , the Drachma about 67 , of the same weight is a Drachma of Gold , such were the Aureus Philippicus , Daricus , &c. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was 2 Drachma's , Stater was 4 Drachmaes equal to a Shekel , 10000 Drachmaes were equal to one Talent . An Attick Ounce made 8 Drachma's ; so that it should seem that the Attick and Roman Ounces were different . A Drachme of Silver is worth of English Money 8 , q a q. The Denarius Consularis 7 d ob . q a allowing 8 grains to an English Penny at 5 s. per Ounce . Villalpandus saith , that the Roman Ounce , Pound , &c. are the same which are now used in Rome , but Savot contradicts him , tho I cannot make out the difference ; for he saith only , that an ancient Roman pound was equal to 10 ounces ¼ French. Mr. Greaves saith , that an old Roman pound , &c. weigheth 5246 English Grains , of which our pound Troy weigheth 5760 ; so that the difference of these Pounds is 514 grains . 11. LXII years after the Coyning of Silver , i. e. anno V. C. 546. ( tho Pliny in another place saith it was , and it is more probable it should be only XIII ) anno V. C. 496. they began to stamp Gold , also ( Plin. l. 33. c. 3. ) much-what with the same Stamps as the Silver , but one Aureus , or Denarius aureus , for so it is also call'd , weighed ordinarily 2 Denarii of Silver , or 6 Scrupula ( the Silver Denarius weighing 3 ) and was ordinarily worth 24 Denarii ; so that that Ration of Gold to Silver was 12 to one . But it should seem that the number of Aurei out of 1 l. varied as the Denarii of Silver , for when there were 96 in 1 l. of Silver , there were of Gold 48 : and tho divers Authors say 50 , yet it should seem those 2 were only for the coyning or clipping Money ; so that tho the Gold in an Aureus was worth but 24 Denarii , yet an Aureus coyned was current for 25 Denarii or 100 Sesterces . And this was the ordinary proportion and manner in the time of the Emperors , but at first ( as Pliny saith ) this proportion was not the same , but the Gold was heavier , and they made fewer out of one 1 l. I think it not worth labour to examine this obscure matter any further ; and also if in this whole Discourse I have not every where hit this Truth , I beg your pardon ; I have to my best ability set down what I found most probable ; but the value of their Money was so often changed , their counting also by Sesterces so obscure and intricate ; Authors also making use of numeral Letters in transcribing and printing are so corrupted , besides the difficulty of the Matter it self , that Learned men in these later Ages cannot agree about either the number or weight of their Coyns , as you will see if you please to take the pains to read amongst many , these the most Eminent , Budaeus , Geor. Agricola , Hottoman , and our Mr. John Greaves . 12. Till Severus Alexander's time there doth not seem to have been any Pieces coyned but the Aureus , but he began to coyn Semisses and Tremisses , and then probably began the Aureus to be commonly call'd Solidus ( tho the word be found also in Adrian's time ) in respect of the others , which were but parts ; till his time also the Gold was very good near 24 Caracts fine , which was call'd Obrizum , atque illum , ut qui simili colore rubeat , saith Pliny , quo ignis , Obryzum vocant . But in Sueton the word is otherwise ; for he saith , Nero exegit nummum asperum ( rospo ) [ the roughest , best and newest Coyn ] ; Argentum pustulatum [ which the French call Argent de Grenaille , and that is thus ; When the Refiners take Silver once refined , melt it again in a Wind-furnace , keeping it melted a long time , scumming still the Litharge from it , ( which they make to rise by casting in Coal-dust ) so long till they see their Silver fine and clean ; they then cast it into a Pale of clean water , which makes the Silver fall down in little drops and bubbles , which they call Grenaille , we call it garbled , and the Latins Argentum pustulatum ] & Aurum ad obrusam [ i. e. purisied or perfectly fined , which now adays they call 24 Caracts sine ] but he [ Severus Alexander ] ( tho in his Medals call'd ( for what reason I know not , tho I am consident that admirable Prince did nothing in ostentation ) Restitutor monetae ) abased it ; and coined sometimes Electrum , which is about 19 Caracts ; P. lin . l. 33. c. 4. saith , it is a fifth part Silver , quod [ Argentum ] si quintam partem excesserit , ineudibus non resistit . His Silver also was bad , some of it not above 4 ounces fine ; yet I find not but that he kept the former weight of the Aureus , as did the succeeding Emperors till Constantine the Great , who made 84 out of a pound . But Valentinian heightned them somewhat again , making 72 out of 1 l. which is the reason why in the later Latin Authors Solidu●… is call'd Sextula , because six of them were made out of one ounce . 13. At first the Denarius had on one side the Head of Roma , on the other Castor and Pollux , as the Victoriatus had a Victoria . Afterward retaining the Head of Rome , or some other God , they stamped the reverse with a Biga or Quadriga , i. e. Chariots drawn with two or four Horses , whence they were call'd Bigati & Quadrigati . But afterwards [ as it seems to me ] ( for it is generally affirmed by Learned Authors , that the stamping their Names or Devices upon the Coin was granted as an Honour by the Senate to such Persons as had done some famous Exploit , or notable Service for the Commonwealth ; which tho perhaps it may be true in some very-very few Causes , as for instance , Sueton , c. 94. speaks of Augustus consulting an Astrologer together with Agrippa : Tantam mox fati fiduciam Augustus habuit , ut nummum argenteum notâ Sideris Capricorni , quo natus est , percusserit ; then was Augustus under nineteen years old . Great persons , which were no Magistrates ( and not Magistrates only ) had liberty to coin Money ; or at least Medals or Donaria : and if thus , it will follow , that they made such Donaria upon several occasions , as Birth of Children , &c. Perhaps the Triumviri coin'd the ordinary Money , what other persons stamped was for Donatives and extraordinary ; or not much unlike to what is now in Moscovy , certain Officers to coin the publick Money , but every man might coin his own ; yet in the general , as I said , it seems to me that the Officers of the Mint had liberty to put what stamp themselves pleas'd upon the Coin ; which was frequently somewhat to their own Honour . For besides that , we find very few or no Coins of the famousest men , as of Scipio , Sylla , Marius , Flaminius , &c. before Julius Caesar ( who indeed , saith Dio , l. 44. had that Priviledge given him by the Senate , to have his Image upon the Coin in his life time ) so have we still the Names of one or more Mint-masters , with Reverses sometimes alluding to their Names , as the Lartch-tree to Lariscolus , an Ox or Calf to Vitellius , somewhat of Medicine to Acilius , and the like ; or to the Honour of their Family or Country : as Pomponius put upon his Coin Numa Pompilius ; Titurius stamped Tatius the first King of the Sabines ; or somewhat of their own Exploits , as Metellus stamped an Elephant , divers others Victories , and the like . And this continued a good part of Augustus's time , even as long as the Triumviri put their Names upon the Coin with Augustus's Head. 14. There were in the City certain Officers on purpose to overlook the Mint , who were Magistratus minores . Cic. de leg . lib. 3. called Curatores Denariorum flandorum : how many at first I know not , but afterwards there were three of them called Triumviri : A. A. A. F. F. F. i. e. AEre , Argento , Auro , flando , feriendo , faciundo till Julius Caesar's time , who increased their number , making them IIII - Viri , and so that number continued till after the Victory of Augustus at Actium ; when the Quatuorviri were again reduced to Triumviri , and so they continued . These Officers were chosen ex ordine Equestri , and coined sometimes the publick Money , which is expressed thus EX A. P. sometimes also ( tho as I said , seldom ) the Senate ordered the Inscription , and then there is SC upon it ; but it should seem most commonly the Bullion of private persons , and the Inscription at their own discretion . 15. These were Officers in the City , but there was also Money coined in divers Provinces , Colonies , and Municipia ; and it was a Privilege granted to them , as also to some private men , if that place in Suetonius Tiber. c. 49. be so to be understood . Plurimis civitatibus & privatis veteres immunitates & jus Metallorum ( which if not coining , I know not what it is ) & Vectigalium adempta . Particularly the Officers General of their Armies coined Money very frequently ( as it should seem ) for speedy payment of their Souldiers ; as at Apolonia , Cic. Ep. fam . C. 13. L. Planco : and then the Duumviri or annual Governors of those places ( representing the Consuls at Rome ) marked II viri or H viri ; or the chief Magistrate of the place was Mint-master ; as we see it frequently in the Greek Coins of the Roman Emperors . 16. It is also probable , that till Aurelians's time it was lawful , if not for all , yet for very many Persons and Cities to coin ; perhaps all those who had Charges of high Priesthood and Sacrifices : which is the reason of such diversity of Coins and Medals before his time . It should seem also , that Aurelian reduced the Privilege of Coining to a few Cities , perhaps to those named in notitiâ Imperii ; which might be the cause of the great and difficult War he had with the Monetarii , of whom 40000 perished . Hence in and after his time , and not , or rarely , before , Sacra Moneta , i. e. which belong to the Exchequer to coin : few Greek Coins also after that time , few or no Medaillons , and little variety of Reverses ; the Exchequer coining all of a bigness , and with the same Stamps . Now to what Cities the Minting was restrained , is very uncertain : In the times of the later Emperors the Cities , which had the Privilege of coining , put their Names to the Coin , or some other Mark with Letters ; for what else those Letters in the Coins of the later Emperors should denote , I cannot imagine . Of such as set their Names , I have observed these : All with S. C. or with R , seem to have been coined at Rome , and commonly by good Masters . Con. Constantinopolis . Scis . Sciscia . Sir. Sirmium . Tr. Treviri . Arl. Arelate . Lon. Londinum . Lug. Lugdunum . Nem. Nicomedia . Ant. Antiochia . Al. Alexandria . TES . perhaps Thessalonica . Yet I am not satisfied with this Interpretation of the Letters on the Reverses of the later Emperors , as if they signified the place where coined , for I see some of them that no man can so apply ; and therefore , as I said , I suppose them rather Marks or private Notes . SM . NM . perhaps Sac. Moneta Nova Mediolanensis . S. M. Sacra Moneta , Ob. obsignata , P. percussa , S. signata . 17. Some think that the Jews , till the destruction of the City , had liberty of coining their own Money , and with their own Stamp , which , say they , is the reason that we see so many Shekels . But I find in the New Testament only mention of Grecian , or Roman Money ; and I am afraid many of those Shekels are counterfeit , Scaliger thinketh by the ancient Christians ; but I am sure both by ancient and modern Jews , who are the greatest Falsifyers of ancient Coins , both Roman and Grecian as well as Jewish in the World , and this themselves have confessed to me . 18. Divers Colomes ( as Patrae and many others ) had the Priviledge granted them , sometimes by the Senate , sometimes by the Emperor to coin Brass Money , as appears by divers Spanish Medals in Ant. Augustinus : and in some of Augustus , and in those Medals D. D. signifies those Medals to have been coined Decreto Decurionum , or the chief Magistrates of such Colonies or Municipia . CHAP. II. Of Medals . THE later Italians call all those ancient Pieces Medaglie , quasi Metaglie , because made of Metal ; which Name is still used to signifie such , whether Money , or other stamped or coined Pieces , as are reserved from Antiquity . 1. And of those , as I doubt not but ( as AEneas Vicus , Savot , and others say ) some were current Money ; such were those which had sacra Moneta , or three Women representing the three Materials of Coin ; or some one or more of the III - virs Names with A. A. A. Those which have the Mark of any part of an As , and generally all the lesser sizes ; all very much worn ; all of bad Masters , as are most of those by the Grecian Cities of the Roman Emperors , and such also ( saith Cellini ) as have but a shallow impression ; for Medals ( as being for ornament more than use ) were made with greater care and expence . So they will also confess , that not all , which now we have , were ordinary Coin : as , 1. Not the greater sort , which the Italians call Medaglioni , many of which weigh 2 ounces and ½ . 2. Not such as have about them a Circle of some other Metal than the Medal it self , which the Italians call Cotorniate , or Contornate : those ( as they say ) were either Missilia , Donatives , or Testimonia probatae Monetae , which the French call Pieds forts , or Essays of their Workmanship presented to the Prince and Persons of greatest Quality , which is the reason there are so few of them ; especially those so accurately wrought , that some have thought that they made no more than one with one stamp . The reason why I conceive those not to be Coin is , because they cost more making than they could be worth in common usage ; and for the same reason they must also grant that all of extraordinary Workmanship ; as also those of Corinthian Brass ( if any such , of which by and by ) and in fine , whatever would not quit cost were also for other uses than current Money . And this is also confirmed by what is confessed of the Writers of those matters ; that the Medals of the former Emperors were not current in the times of the later , who yet restamped many of them : and it is observed , that some of the Emperors after Severus , probably Gallienus , stamped a new Medals of all the consecrated Emperors , yet not so lively as the former , but having their Faces somewhat mingled with the Tracts of the then present . 2. It is worth inquiring what uses they made of them , and to what end they coined those beautiful and costly Medals , I shall propose : 1. That they were much taken with the Excellency of the Workmanship , and that afterwards they wore them about their Necks : D. L. 7. tit . 1. l. 28. Nomismatum aureorum vel argentorum veterum , quibus pro gemmis uti solent , ususfructus legari potest . Glossa ; animi voluptatem , delectationem , & recreationem pro fructu haberi . And tho here be mention only made of gold and silver ones , yet 't is not improbable those also of Corinthian Brass , if any such , or other Brass gilt ( of which sort there are many ) were also for the same use : Suet. Aug. cap. 75. Saturnalibus & si quando alias libuisset , modo munera dividebat , vestem , & aurum , & argentum , modo nummos omnis not●… etiam veteres , regios , & peregrinos ; therefore Medals in that time were in great request ; which also is collected out of his Tib. c. 58. Capitale esset nummo vel annulo Effigiem Augusti impressam Latrinae aut Lupanari intulisse ; wherefore either he speaks of some extraordinary Stamp , and not of the Money ordinarily stamped with the Image of Augustus ; but that those so stamped were of more Respect and Dignity , and for Donaria ; or that there was great quantity of other Money not so stamped . Besides see in Nero , c. 11. the great profuseness of Nero in his Missilia , Vest is , Aurum , Argentum , &c. But this could not be the principal intention of their making . Besides therefore the formerly mention'd purposes ; I conceive the Princes themselves caused them to be made for the conservation of their Names and great Actions . For which they chose Brass rather than Iron , because more easie to work , not so subject to rust , and more beautiful ; rather than Gold and Silver , because the Workmanship being of more value than the Metal , was likely to escape the Goldsmiths fire , the prodigal hand of a careless Heir , the subtlety of the Thief , and the transportation of the Merchant . Now I conceive this to be their intention , because we see them so excellently wrought ; all signal Actions with the exact observation of Time , &c. and many times the Authority of the Senate fixed upon them ; which being frequenter ( S. C. ) upon the large Brass Medals than upon Silver and Gold , intimates that there was some greater value set upon these than the other . Besides , few Inscriptions there are either in Gold or Silver , which are not also in Brass , but many in Brass , which are neither in Gold nor Silver . The Cotorniate also are all in Brass ; the Figures in Brass are better cut ; the Erudition also greater ; to which add , that few , if any , Greek Medals , and Medals of Colonies of the Emperors in any but Brass ; and then you have also the reason why greater account is generally made in these times of Brass-medals then either of Gold or Silver . 3. Medals of Copper are of divers sorts , chiefly three , Red , Yellow , and White . Red is ordinary Copper , of which there were divers sorts , as you may see in Pliny , l. 33. c. 1 , 2. I think it not worth time to stand upon them . White was either Copper silver'd o're , or mingled with Tin , and that either whitened after they were coined , perhaps as we do now Studs and Nails , &c. as it is manifest in some of Aurelian , Probus , and that time , or else before ; of which sort there are some in the first part of the Empire , chiefly in the Coins of the external Cities of Augustus , Tiberius , Nero , and so to the Antonini , the which also are not of any good Master , and therefore not counterfeited . Yellow also is of several sorts , 1. Red or Copper gilt , 2. a real Gold-colour throughout , 3. Brass or Kettle-metal , 4. bright yellow Copper gilt , 5. Brass or Kettle-metal gilt . 6. Pot or Candlestick-metal which is mingled with Tin or Lead . Till Severus Alex. most of the Coins are of some of the five first , but after him almost all of the last sort and worst . The second and third sort are they which go under the name of Corinthian Brass , concerning which Authors disagree . For Savot saith plainly , there are none extant either of true Corinthian Brass ( i. e. ) such as was made accidentally at the burning of Corinth by L. Mummius , where all the Statues of Gold , Silver and Brass running together , made a very beautiful and much-prized Composition , or of such as was made in imitation of it ; but those that seem so , saith he , are either Brass gilded , and not mingled in the melting ; or else such as have that beautiful yellow colour from the Calaminaris , which some Copper imbibes better than other ; as Pliny , lib 34. c. 2. observes of Livianum and Cordubense , which , saith he , were near as good as natural Orichalcum ( which before his time was failed ) and of these he noteth , that smaller Money was made , but the Asses of Cyprus-Brass . But other Authors affirm , that there are Medals extant of Corinthian Brass , and those of three sorts : The first is of divers colours , white and yellow , as it were inlaid ; caused probably , because the Metals mingled in pieces , the fire not being sufficient to melt them down ; of this matter very few , yet some of Tiberius , C. Caesar and Claudius they say they are . The second sort is white , in which the Silver predominated , these also very rare . The third sort is of the colour of Gold , of which ( saith AEneas Vicus ) there are many of Tiberius and till the Antonines , but none afterwards . These Medals also are , as he saith , of Excellent Masters , and are also much prized . How to determine the Controversie , I know not , I confess I never saw any of the three sorts to my best remembrance , yet methinks 't is hard to maintain a Negative against them , who pretend to know and to have seen them . 4. Amongst the Silver-coins many are found of Iron and Brass within , and covered with a thin Plate of Silver ; which was the reason , that to discover this fraud , they filed them in small notches , and call'd them Serratos ; and ( as Tacitus notes ) were in reputation amongst the Germans . Pecuniam probant veterem , ac diu notam , Serratos , Bigatosque . De Moribus Germ. Tho Ful. Vrs. interprets Serratos such as had Saws stamped upon them , of which sort are very few , if any . M. Antonius is noted to have used this fraud , as also Livius Drusus to have mingled ⅛ of Brass with the Silver ; but in later times Princes have taken care to make their Coin thinner , for the avoiding this Abuse . CHAP. III. Of false , counterfeit , modern and rare Medals . 1. IN the late renovation of Learning divers persons , inquiring into Antiquity , took notice of the advantage to be received from Medals , towards the perfecting History , and understanding the ancient Customs of the Romans , began to search after them with great curiosity ; and procured them at very great Rates , which was the cause that several Workmen , in hope of gain , set their minds to counfeit them . Such were Victor Gambello ; Giovanni del Cavino , and his Son call'd Padoani , very excellent , yea the best Workmen , and whose Counterfeits are better than the Originals many times , by which and by their forked Letters they are discovered ; Benevenuto Cellini that excellent Goldsmith ; Alexander Greco ; Leo Aretine ; Jacopo da Tresso ; Frederick Bonzagna , and Giovan-Jacapo his Brother ; Sebastian Plu●…bo ; and Valerius de Vicenza , Gorlaeus also ; and 't is now a Trade amongst the Jews more than the Christians . But these are more tolerable , who did only remake ancient true Medals , than T. Annius Viterb . who himself , besides Medals , framed Inscriptions of his own imagination , and buried them in convenient places , that when they seemed ancient , he might find , present , and vend them to the World , as he did his Berosus , &c. The same abuse of describing false Coins for true is also said to be in Guevara's Epistles , Jov. Pontanus his Venditionis Formula ; Pompon . Laetus his Will , Joh. Camers , Cyr. Anconitanus call'd the Antiquary and the Promptuarium Iconum , by which two last many Authors , especially the Spanish , have been misled . 2. The first who set out the Effigies of the Emperors and other famous Persons , was Card. Sadolet , or ( as some say ) Fulvius Ursinus ( for under his Name the Book goes ) under the Title of Illustrium Imagines printed * anno 1517. or perhaps next to him Joan. Huttichius put out a Book call'd Imperatorum Romanorum libellus un●… cum imaginibus , &c. at Strasbourg , anno 1525. and in other places afterwards , the Figures nothing like those upon their Medals . Jac. Strada , anno 1553. at Lyons published his Epitome Thesauri Antiquit atum . This Work was again imitated at Zurich , anno 1558. and afterwards by Rouille at Lyons under the name of Promptuarium Numismatum . Strada is but indifferently faithful , and this Edition especially hath added many false Images and Medals : by the way also note , that the Book of Inscriptions printed at Rome in Leo X's time , is censured to be corruptly printed . 3. Now the ways of falsifying them are these : 1. By filing of the halves of two Medals , whereof one side is wasted , and sodering them together . This is discerned easily , because many times the two parts do not belong to the same Emperor , nor are of the same Master ; but chiefly because the conjunction appears by a white or silver Thread ( for their Soder is made of that Metal ) round about the Edge . 2. If an ancient Medal be almost consumed by working it over again with a Burin or graving Tool , and reingraving the worn Figures ; if well done , these are not ●…uch inferior to true ones : but are known , because the middle is more hollow than the edges . 3. By restamping a Medal worn on both or one side ; or by stamping a new Medal , by which means most of the modern ones are made ; if on one side , they lay a Felt under the other side , notwithstanding which , that side will be flat and battered whilst the other is fresh and rough : if both sides be new stamped , the Traits will be crude and apparent , besides that the new Sculpture is of another Mine than the ancient : the Letters made with another proportion , the M s straight down , whereas all the Ancients are M. And by the writing are they well discerned , for the Letters of the ancient are not uniform , nor very decent : Seeing , as Cellini very acutely observes , they graved all their Molds with Chisels or Burins , whereas the late Counterfeiters struck theirs with a Punch . But the best way is that which Pliny saith , l. 33. c. 9. by comparing them with other modern and counterfeit ones . In hâc artium solâ Vitia discuntur , & falsi denarii spectatur exemplar , pluribusque veris denariis adulterinus emitur . 4. By casting a new Medal upon an ancient one ; to distinguish these , you must take notice , that Learned men do conceive the manner of coining , especially great Medals , was anciently to melt the Metal , and cast it into Molds like a Ball , or Bullet , and then being hot , to stamp them flat with a great and heavy Hammer ( such a one as we see upon some Medals ) whence it comes , that most of the Medals have clefts in the Edges , caused by the force of the Instrument , which the cast ones do not well represent . Besides , the melted Metal doth not so well and distinctly receive the minute Traicts of the stamp . Again , be the Spaud never so fine , there will appear small roughnesses as of Sand upon the cast Piece ; nor can the best Caster in the most accurate flaskes hinder , that there shall not be little Edges of Metal to be filed away ; the cast ones also are lighter than the true . 5. Lastly , by filling up a corroded Medal with a certain strong Paste , and casting over all a thick Varnish made of Sulphur , Verdigrease and Vinegar ; which when you see you must suspect , and trying with any sharp Instrument easily discover the fraud . 4. To give Rules sufficient for discerning of all false Medals is impossible , yet some few I will set down . 1. All which have moral sentences upon them ; as Festina lente ; Veni , vidi , vici , and the like , are false : there being ordinarily nothing but the Names , Titles , Time , Offices , &c. of the Prince , &c. 2. All or the greatest part of the Ancients , who were not Sovereign Princes , or who lived in Common-wealths are counterfeit , as of Hannibal , Plato , Alcibiades , Nero , which Petrus Galilaeus sold to Paul IV. at a vast rate , Artemisia , Fabius , Scipio Africanus , and the like : also Medalions of Priamus , Dido , &c. also the large ones of Carluas M. with a long Beard , and Gothick Inscription . 3. Divers of the Augustae in AEneas Vicus ( i. e. ) such as he confesseth to have taken out of Promptuarium Iconum . 4. All the ancient gold Coins were fine , and if not fine , not ancient . 5. To say somewhat of the Value of them , observe these Rules : 1. Modern Medals well cast upon ancient ones , if cleansed and hansomed , are the best of all counterfeits , and may serve very well to fill up a Series . 2. Modern Medals stamped of a good Master after ancient ones , and of a good representation are the next best , and are more worth than a common ancient one . Modern ones also stamped upon an ancient one defaced , are better than of modern Metal . 3. Of all modern Counterfeiters the Padoani are the best , and their Works , especially such as were stamped when the Stamps were fresh , are much esteemed . 5. It is very hard to cleanse a Brass Medal from Earth and Rust , some boil them half an hour in Water with Tartar , and a little Alom , after they are cold rub them well with Tanners Oaze or with Bran ; others pass them over lightly with Aqua fortis , but this is dangerous , and by no means to be used in such as are of mixed Metals ; others put them in the fire , but that commonly spoils them ; others rub them with Tripoly or a Wire-brush ; but the best way is with the Burin or Graving tool for them that know to use it and have the patience . 6. Medals are esteemed , 1. for their Antiquity , 2. for the goodness of their Master ; the best Masters were from Nero to Pertinax , a time of long Peace , 3. for their well-conservation , cleanness , and beauty , 4. for their greatness , 5. for their Erudition , 6. for their rarity , 7. to make up a Series . Now these Rules are observed by men of the Trade concerning their rareness and value . 7. The Medals are rare , when of a Person who reigned but a short time ; or but few made of him , or one that is singular of an Emperor of whom there are many common . Medals Contorniate , tho of a bad Master , are rare and very much esteemed , so are they which have the Face hollow , such also as have two Heads upon them , whether on the same or divers sides ; such as have the bust or good part of the Body with the Head ; such are many of those who were only Caesar's , and not Augustus's , which have no Reverses , save only an Inscription . The Medals of the lower Emperors in great , and of the higher in little , are rarer . Great Greek Medals of the Emperors are not much more esteemed than the lesser , because of their ill Masters . Great Consular Medals rare , if any at all . Medaglions of Gold and Silver very rare , if any at all , of Brass also rare : Which to understand , take notice there are four bignesses of Medals , 1. Medaglions , 2. great Medals which have frequently S. C. upon them , 3. mean , 4. small ones . The exact bigness of each , tho both Goltzius and Ant. Augustinus set down , yet I think them not exact enough to give them here . Note also , that they are dearer in some places than others ; either according as they find Chapmen , or are known , or that the Emperors lived there ; as here Carausius and Allectus are not scarce , which in other places are counted very rare . CHAP. IV. Of Greek Coins . 1. BEfore we come to the Roman , it will not be amiss to speak somewhat of the Greek Coins , supposing what we hinted before , that those with the Figures of the ancient Athenian and Lacedaemonian Generals , the large ones with the Temple of Diana , Mausolaeum , Q. Dido , Priamus , and the like , are all false ; and that there is no true Medal of Moses , or the Kings of Caldaea , Judaea , &c. we will speak only of the unsuspected . 2. The Gold-Coins , whether Darici , Philippei , Alexandrei , or others , were much what of the same Value and Weight , to wit , about 133 ½ gr . English , or 179 gr . of Holland equal in weight to the Didrachma , but in value 20 Drachmae of Silver . So that it appears their Gold had decuple Ration to their Silver , and that five Darici were worth a Mna or Mina which was 100 Drams . The Attick 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was ½ of an ounce ; and somewhat heavier than the Roman Denarius , tho among the Romans ( the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being a Foreign Coin ) they passed promiscuously one for the other . The Drachma contained 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( Scruples ) 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( oboli ) 6. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( lupuli ) 9. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( siliquas ) 18. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( aereola ) 48. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was two Drachmaes . And 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 4 Drams was call'd Stater . The Drachma weighs less than 70 English gr . and the best 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( Pallas ℞ à noctua ) about 268 gr . 3. The Greek Coins were either of Kings and Princes , or Republicks ; for I shall speak of such as were coined under the Roman Emperors in their proper places Nor will I distinctly set down the Grecian from the Sicilian and Italian-Magna-Graecia ones . The Coins of the Kings are more rare in Brass than in Silver , but of the Republicks rarer in Silver than in Brass . The Greek ones of the Roman Emperors are very rare in Silver , and I know not whether any at all in Gold ; all in a manner of bad Masters : Some there are , but rarely , which are Greek on one side , and Latin on the other : Some , tho Greek , have Latin Inscriptions , as Suessano , M●…nturnens , &c. This Catalogue I have taken chiefly out of Goltzius . Paruta ( who hath written of the Sicilian Medals ) I have not yet seen . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , only found in Reverse to Geta and some other Roman Emperor . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Macedon . Antigonus in Silver not very rare , but not known of which of them . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , rarely with his Head , ordinarily Juno ℞ a Thunderbolt . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Macedon , rare .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of the fews , rare . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , very common with great variety of Reverses with the Lyons Skin , is to be understood Ludi Alexandrei in honorem Herculis ; the Arabians call him not Alexander , but by a name that signifies Bicornis . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , not rare , except with an Elephant , or ℞ his Wife Cleopatra .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Syria , rare . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , ( filius , sc ) King of Epire , Brother of Olympias , Uncle of Alexander the Great . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Syria , rare . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Amyntas third King of Macedon , very rare . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Macedon , rare . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Bithynia , his Head ℞ a Goddess with Arms expanded . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Macedon .   Areta , Rex . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Pergamus , rare . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Cappadocia . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Chalcis , Brother of Herodes Agrippa King of Judaea , of whom Acts 22. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Queen of Egypt .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Queen of Caria .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Pergamus , rare . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Judaea . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Queen of Egypt , rare . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the Sun in Faccia ℞ , a man with a two-edged Ax on his shoulder , and a Spear in his hand 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Probably money of Caria , where Hecatomnus the Prince left five Children , 1. Mausolus , who married his Sister , 2. Artemisia , who both dying , 3. Idrieus succeeded , who married , 4. Ada his Sister . He dying , she was deposed , and banished by 5. Pexodorus the youngest Son , but was restored by Alexander the Great . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , very rare .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Sicily , very rare .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , frequent , but not known of which .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , rare .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Syria .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Syria . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King in Sicily , common . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Syracuse , very rare . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Sicily , rare . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Mauritania , on one side Roman , on the other Punick Letters , common ; with any other Inscription , rare . and Cleopatra Daughter of Antiochus M. Wife of Euergetes or Physcon . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Son of the former . ℞ Cleopatra , the Daughter of M. Antonius by the Egyptian Cleopatra . This was the famous Historian , very rare . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Macedon , common ; his Head with Jupiter Hammons Horns ; usually the Kings of Macedon , after Alexander so decypher'd .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . his Head , ℞ the three Graces , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , her Head , and ℞ a Lobster . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Caria .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Daughter of Antiochus King of Comagenae , and Wife of Alexander Son of Tigranes , made King of Armenia by Nero. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Macedon . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Macedon , rare . His Head ℞ Jupiter thundering . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Caria . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Queen of Egypt , rare in Gold , rarer with M. Antony . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Cnossians .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , ( the great ) common , his Head ℞ a Stag. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , rare . Cesarion , rare . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . very rare 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , probably 〈◊〉 Daughter of Ptolomaeus Philometor , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Caria . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Macedonia . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Macedonia . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Bithynia , common . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Epire and Macedonia . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Macedon . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Syria . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Macedon . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Syria . Ptolemaeus , King of Egypt , very common , not known of which , the ordinary Head is Jupiters , not Ptolomy ' s , ℞ an Eagle . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Egypt . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Macedonia . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , not very rare . Seguin hath set out one with the Heads of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ▪ and Berenice on one side ▪ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . on the other Ptol. Philadelph . Arsinoe and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Armenia , rare .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Syria , very rare . Sir J. Marsham had one . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , not very rare . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Pergamus , in Silver not rare , an Eunuch . Lysimachus seized upon his Treasures and the City Pergamus , and began the Monarchy of Pergamus or the Atta●…ci . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 .   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Syria . Coin is commonly of a Drachma , the other Philips , more commonly Didrachmes . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , King of Macedon , the last but one : his   Apud Seguinum . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a barbarous Head , with a Beard and a Diadem . R , a young man on horse-back . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a King of Thrace , who fought a sore and doubtful battel with Lysimachus presently after Alexander ' s death . There are also , tho very rare , extant , Coins of Rhaemetalces , Cotys , and Rescuporis , Kings of Thracia : probably also of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or Pythonice Wife perhaps of Cotys . Ininthymenou , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . A Catalogue of the Coins of the Grecian Common-wealths , chiefly out of Goltzius . I have taken in all that Goltzius hath both in his Graecia , Insulis Graeciae , Asia , Sicilia and Magna Graecia , and some others . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Jupiter and Juno . ℞ an Ox upon his guard . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the head of Jupiter from whom they pretended their original . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a Bee E 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ℞ a Stags-head near a Palm tree . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , an half-Goat , because that Creature first discovered the Oracle there . Nonius . or because the great Sacrifice there . Paus in Phoc. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , an Oxe which in that Country was of extraordinary 〈◊〉 ; they were called Py●… Boves . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , an old head supposed to be Charondas's their Lawgiver , buried at Catana ; and his Monument found not many years ago as Fazello saith . ℞ either a winged Thunderbolt , or Scepter , or Caduceus ; between two Patera's or Sacrificing Dishes . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , All Coins with twisted Serpents were Cretan . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a young head of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 King of a Country lying upon Propontis , slain accidentally by the Argonauts . He gave name to the famous City of Cyzicum given by Jupiter in Dowry to Proserpina who was the chief Goddess of that City . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Naples and all Campania worshipped Deum Hebonem , who was the same with Bacchus , Beccapeus , &c. and is indeed the Sun in the figure of an Oxe with a mans face . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , A Womans head towred with a double axe upon her shoulder ; probably the head of Smyrna an Amazon Foundress of that City . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , A Sphynx . ℞ Homer probably born there . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   These which are Asterisced are not in Goltzius's greater Work , but in that which is as it were an Index to all the rest ; howbeit tho they are not described in his Book , yet divers of them are not very rare : As also there are divers Coins of those Cities he sets down not described in him . As , Catana in Sicily had on one side the two Brothers carrying their aged Parents upon their shoulders out of the burning . Tenedos , a double or two-edged Hatchet ; ℞ an Head of a Man and Woman , in Memory of a Law made by King Tennes , that a man and woman taken in Adultery should have their heads struck off with an Hatchet ; his own Son being afterwards taken in the fact , he was consulted what should be done with him , and answered , Let the Law be executed , which accordingly was , and this Tennes afterwards Deified . Corinth had Bellerophon killing a Chimaera . Bellerophon was a beautiful young Man of Corinth , who being tempted by Stenobaea ; or , as some call her , Arria the Wife of Praetus , and refusing her , by her was accused to her Husband , as if he had endeavoured to have forced her ; Praetus sent him to Jobates his Father-in law , who , to rid himself of him the more handsomly , sent him to subdue Chimaera , a Mountain in Lycia , the lowest part whereof was infested with Lyons and Serpents , the middle part was good Pasturage , and the top flamed as Vesuvius ; but the young Man returned with Honour , having rendred the Mountain habitable , and was therefore very much honoured by his Country-men . Where you see twisted Serpents , 't is commonly , if not always , a Cretan Coin. Greek Coins commonly have the Name of the City that coined them set upon them , and therefore are easie to be known . Besides what are here named , they find others very frequently . CHAP. V. Of Family or Consular Coins . 1. THere are very many Roman Coins , the age whereof is uncertain ; but are generally supposed to be before Julius Caesar , to which difficulty we shall speak by and by : and they were at first collected by Fulvius Ursinus in his excellent Work ; who found no other advantage , beside the Reverses to be made by them , and that to discover the Roman Families ; and according to those Families , he ranketh them Alphabetically , which is the reason they are called Coins of the Families : And so great was his diligence , that I have not read nor met with any could scarce add one Medal of any one Family , he hath not set down ; except one Betiliena and two or three lately added by Monsieur Seguin : Gorlaeus indeed hath pretended an addition to him ; but he hath only more Coins of the same Families , and such are not rare ; but of another Family he hath not added any † And the Architetto Generale of the Kingdom of Naples , a very Curious and Ingenious Gentleman , hath given us hopes that he will discover some others . But Goltzius coming after , and thinking this an inferiour and by intention , was ordered by his Patron Marc. Laurinus to reduce them to the Consuls ; and so they come to be called Consular Coins . An undertaking , which was indeed impossible to come to good effect ; for this he doth , when he finds upon the Coin any Name which in the Fasti he finds to be the Name of a Consul , he immediately attributes that Coin to him . But , First , The Power of Coining was not in the Consuls , but in the Triumviri ; and therefore the Names upon the Coins , are in all probability , the Names of some of the Triumviri that coined that Piece ; because that upon many of them it is so set down ; and we have no reason to imagine , that the rest were any others . Secondly , The Romans had very frequently divers men of the same Name : and therefore , though sometimes , it is possible Goltzius might hit upon the truth , yet it is then but by accident , only when the Mint-Master was afterwards made Consul ; for he could not have any good Conjecture ( much less Certainty ) that such a Coin belonged to such a Person . Thirdly , Besides there was no intention in the Coining , to refer them to Consuls , since there is ordinarily upon them but one Name ; and many times Q. or P. ( i. e. ) Quaestor or Praetor , which were Offices incompatible with the Consulship . Now it is likely , that either the Triumviri had some of those Offices also ; or that some of their Families or near Relations had born those Offices ; and done also those eminent Actions , which are divers times described upon the Coins : So that the Inscription was in the Power of the Mint-Master , except where something was particularly ordered by the Senate ; and then S. C. is set upon it . 2. Yet there are some Learned Men , who think none of these Coins ancienter than Augustus Caesar ; and that they were Coined in the Municipia , upon occasion of their Solemnities , as Games , Sacrifices , &c. because we find sometimes II-Vir upon them ; and they seem to be of a later and better Letter . But it seems to me , that many of them were ancienter , and coined at Rome : for the III-viri were Officers in the City only , as the II-viri were in the Municipia ; and where we find II-viri , that Money was indeed stamped there ; and commonly the Name of the City , is expressed or intimated upon it . 2. The Bigati and Quadrigati were certainly ancient Money of Rome : So Tacitus calls it pecuniam veterem ac diú notam . 3. Neither is the Name nor Head of the Emperour upon them , as was usually upon such Money as was Coined in their times , but the Head of Roma . 4. If the Municipia Coined such , and so many that remain , why not Rome many more ? Then what is become of those infinite numbers of Denarii stamped before the Emperours ? 5. The Names of Offices , as Praetor , Quaestor upon some , and S. C. upon others , are sufficient Arguments , that they were Coined at Rome : to which add , that there is no Sign nor good Argument , to shew they were stamped any where else . Nor is the goodness of the Letters , sufficient to prove them Modern , since sometimes there were better , sometimes worse Masters : besides , many other occasions might intervene for the making the Stamps better or worse ; tho indeed many of them are very bad : besides that , it is difficult , if not impossible , to assign a short time , for the change of the Letters of a Language , one hundred years many times scarce making any difference . 3. I shall set these Coins down in the same order , as I find them in Fulvius Ursinus , that it may be easily known what is in him , and what Coins he omits ; and consequently , are most rare . But for the better understanding of them , I will premise certain Considerations : as , First , That the Romans had ordinarily three Names . Proenomen , imposed at the taking the Toga Virilis ( as the nomen was at the Dies Lustricus ) ordinarily said to have been at first thirteen . Appius , Decius , Aulus , Caius , Cnaeus , Lucius , Manius , Marcus , Publius , Quintus , Sextus , Spurius , Titus . Others add Cossus , Tiberius , Caeso ( the praenomen of the Fabia Gens ) . Numerius , Mamercus ( the praenomen of the Gens AEmilia . ) Their nomen or Name of their Family , all of which , or very few excepted , end in ius , as Tullius , Vipsanius , Julius , &c. which was the same as of Tullus , of Vipsanus , of Julus , &c. Their cognomen or After-Name from some Action , Country , or Accident : and this was used to divide the Family into its branches , as Caesar , Cicero , Agrippa , &c. Some also had an Agnomen or Nick-name , but that was but seldom . 2. Before the times of the Emperors , the adopted was ordinarily called by the Name of the Family of the Adopter ; but afterwards they put the Names of their own Familes first , and after that of the Adopter . 3. At the foundation of Rome , Romulus divided all the Families of the Citizens into Patritios and Plebeios . Patritii were afterwards of two sorts , Majorum Gentium , which some say were only of those hundred Families made Patritii by Romulus ; or , as others say , all that were admitted into the Order by any of the Kings . 2. Minorum Gentium , which some say were all not called Patritii by Romulus ; others , those only , who were created after the time of the Kings . Nobiles were such , whether Patritii or Plebeii , as could shew the Images of their Ancestors ; now none were suffered to have their Statues made , except such as had born the Offices to which belonged a Sella Curulis . All the rest , who obtained Offices , how great soever , and could not sh●…w those Images ( ordinarily made in Wax ) were called No●…i , new or upstart persons . Colonia Patritia was such a one as consisted of Persons of better quality . 4. Romulus again divided the People according to their Wealth , for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Esta●…e worth so much , was obliged to find a Horse , to serve on horse back in the Wars , and were called Equites , of which 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , others Plebeii . Familia Aburia pleb . Coins in Fulvius Ursinus of C. Aburius Geminus . M. Aburius Geminus . Acilia pleb . Mu. Acilius Triumvir . the Reverse ordinarily somewhat in order to Health ; the Name being derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . AElia . AILIA . Allia pleb . Q. AElius Lamia Triumvir . P. AElius Poetus . C. Allius Bala . AEmilia patric . had divers Families known by the Sirnames Scauros . Paullos . Lepidos . Bucas . M. AEmilius Scaurus . M. AEmilius Lepidus . Paulus Lepidus . M. Lepidus Triumvir . R P C ( reipublicoe constituendae ) with Augustus and M. Antony . L. AEmilius Buca IV. vir . in Julius Caesar's time . Afrania pleb . Sp. Afranius . L. Afranius literis Antiquis Graecis perhaps Pompey's Lieutenant in Spain . Alliena . pleb . A. Allienus . Annia . pleb . C. Annius T. F. T. N. ( Titi Filius , Titi Nepos ) Silius . Annius Lamia Triumvir . Antestia , sive Antistia . pleb . was divided into Reginos & Veteres . L. Antestius . C. Antestius . C. Antistius Reginus Triumvir . C. Antistius Vetus Triumvr●… . Antia pleb . C. Antius Restio . Antonia had two Families , Merenda , patric . the other pleb . the Sirname not known , M. Ant. Triumvir . R. P. C. of him very many . L. Antonius Cos. Pietas : ita dictus ob pietatem erga fratrem . M. Anton. C. Antonius M. F. Q. Antonius Balbus . Apronia . pleb . Sisenna Apronius Gala Messalla Triumvir . Arria pleb . M. Arrius Secundus . Asinia pleb . C. Asinius Gallus Triumvir . Atilia had Families both patr . & pleb . M. Atilius Saranus pleb . C. Atilius . Aurelia pleb . branched into the Cottae & Scauri . M. Aurelius Cotta . L. Cotta . M. Aurelius Scaurus . Axsia pleb . L. Axsius Naso . Boebia pleb . M. Boebius Tompilus . Betiliena . AE . Betilienus Bassus Triumvir , This is not in Fulv. Ursinus . Caecilia pleb . M. Caecilius Metellus . Q. Metellus . Q. Metellus Macedonicus had four Sons , three of whom seem to be expressed upon Coins . Marcus triumphed over Sardi●…ia ; his Coin hath an Elephants Head , perhaps for the famous Victory of L. Metellus over the Carthagians in Sicily . A. V. C. 503. Caius sirnamed Caprarius . Quintus called Balearicus because he triumphed over those Islands . Lucius called Dalmaticus , because he also t●…iumphed over Dalmatia . P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica , was called Q. Caecilius Metellus 〈◊〉 Scipio , because adopted bv Q. Metellus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Cn. Foul. ( Cn. Fulvius ) M. Metellus C A ( Calictus ) Q. Metellus . M. Metellus . Caecina . A. Caecina . Caesia . L. Caecius . Calidia patric . M. Calidius . Calpurnia patric . branched into three Families , Pisonum , Bibulorum , Pisonum frugi , dicta à Calpo filio Numae regis . L. Piso. L. F. frugi , L. Piso frugi . C. Piso. L. F. frugi . M. Piso. M. F. frugi . L. Bibulus . C. N. CAEP . C. N. Piso. C. N. Piso Triumvir . Q. Piso Coepio . Caninia had the Rebili Reguli . Galli & Labeones . L. Caninius Gallus Triumvir . L. Caninius Agrippa Duumvir . Corinth . Tempore Galbae . Carisia . T. Carisius . P. Carisius . Cassia had Sirnames Bicellini , who were patric Iaeni & Longini Plebeians : Q. Cassius . C. Cassius Longinus Triumvir . L. Cassius Q. F. C. Cassiu● Celer . Triumvir . Coestia pleb . L. Caestius . Cipia . M. Cipius . Claudia had the Pulchri patric . Min. Gent. and the Marcelli Plebeians . M. Marcellus Cos. qui● quies . C. Marcellus . AP. Cla. T. M. Q. A● Ti. Claud. Ti. F. AP. N. P. Clodius . M. F. C. Cl●dius . C. Pulcher. Taurus Regulus Pulcher Tri●umvir . Clovia . C. Clovius . Cloulia , Claelia patric . C. Cloulius . Cocceia , M. Nerva . Coelia , pleb . C. Coelius Caldus . Caldus Triumvir C. Coil . Cald. L. Coil . Considia , pleb . C. Considius Paetus . C. Considius N●nianus . Coponia , C. Coponius . Cordia , M. Cordus Rufus . Cornelia , patric . had many branches , as the Blasiones , Lentulos , Scipiones , Cinnas , Sisennas , Aquinos & Sullas . Cn. Blasio . Cn. F. P. SULLA . L. Sulla , Sulla Cos. Felix Faustus . Marcellinus ( i. e. Cn. Corn. Lentulus Marcellinus . ) Lentulus MR. F. Lucius Lentulus Marc. Cos. Sisena Cn. Cornelius . L. F. Cinna . Lentulus Spinter . P. Lent. P. F. Cossus Lentulus . Cossus Cn. F. Lentulus Balbus . P. Cornelius Blasio . The fifteenth and sixteenth Coins of this Family in F. Ursinus , seem to be not of Sulla's Son , but of Jugurth . The one and thirtieth seems to be the Image of Corn. Cossas , who An. U. C. 325. slew Lartes Tolumnius King of the Veientes . Cornificia , pleb . C. Cornificius Augur . Cosconia , L. Cosconius M. F. Cossutia , Q. Cossutius Maridianus Triumvir . L. Cossutius Sabula . Crepereia , Q. Crepereius . M. F. Rocus . Crepusia , P. Crepusius . Cupiennia , L. Cupiennius . Curiatia , pleb . C. Curiatius . Curtia , Q. Curtius . Didia , T. Deidi . T. Didius Imp. Domitia , pleb . habuit Calvinos & Ahenobarbos . Cn. Domitius . L. Lic . Cn. Domit , Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus . Domit. Cos. iter . Imp. Durmia , M. Durmius Triumvir . Egnatia , pleb . C. Egnatius . Cn. F. Cn. N. M. Egnat . Q. Oct. Duumvir . Egnatuleta , L. Egnatuleius C. F. Eppia , Eppius ( Scipionis Legatus in Africâ . ) * Epria ap●…d Seguin . Eprius Marcellus . Fabia patric . had Labeones , Maximos & Pictores . Q. Fabius Labeo . Q. Maximus . N. Fab. Pictor . C. Fab. C. F. L. R. Q. M. L. Fab. L. F. Hisp. Fabrinia . M. Fabrinius . Fannia , pleb . M. Fan. C. F. M. Fan. L. C R I. Farsuleta , L. Farsuleius Mensor . Flaminia , pleb . L. Flamin . Cilo . L. Flamin . Chilo L. Flamin . IV - vir . Flavia , pleb . C. Flavii H●…is . Fonteia , pleb . C. Fontei . MV . Font. P. Fonteius Capito . Triumvir . Fufia , pleb . ( Q. Fufius ) Kalenus . Fulvia , pleb . Cn. Foulvius . Fundania , pleb . C. Fundanius . Furia had Purpureones , Crassipedes , Philos patric . & Luscos & Brocchos , pleb . Pur. ( L. Furius Purpureo ) P. Fourius Crassipes . M. Fourius L. F. PHILI . L. Furi . Cn. F. Brocch . Brocchi or Bronchi , were such as had prominent Teeth . Gallia , G. Gallius Luper●…us Triumvir . Gellia , Cn. Gellius . L. Gellius ( Poplicola Quaestor Antonii . ) Herennia , pleb . had Balbos & Gallos . M. Herennius . Hirtia , A. Hirtius . Horatia , patric . Cocles . Hosidia , C. Hosidius . C. F. Geta Triumvir . Hostilia , L. Hostilius Sasernas : some of them IIIVIRI , their Reverse commonly the Head of Tullus Hostilius King of the Romans . Itia , L. Itius . Julia had Caesares patric . & Bursiones . L. Julius . Sex. Julius . C. Caesar Dictator . Caesar Triumvir . R. P. C. Julius Bursio . Junia was divided into divers Families , whereof some were Patrician , others Plebeian : particularly into the Bruti & Silani . Brutus . M. Juni . C. Jun. C. F. D. Silanus , L F. M. Silanus Brut. Imp. Q. Coepio Brutus . Posthumius Albinus . Bruti F. ( Decius Jun●…us Brutus ( one of the Murderers of Julius Caesar ) was so called , because adopted by Pohumius ) . M. Silanus . Labiena , pleb . Q. Labienus Parthicus Imp. ( Son of that Labienus , who was Julius Caesar's Lieutenant ) who in the Civil Wars betwixt Caesar and Antony , invited and conducted the Parthians into Asia and Syria , &c. and recovered those Countries from the Romans . Licinia , pleb . had Crassos , Nervas , Murenas , and Stolones . L. MVRENA . L. Lic . P. Crassus . P. Nerva . A. Licinius Nerva Triumvir . A. Licinius Nerva Silanus Triumvir . P. Licinius Stolo Triumvir . C. Licinius L : F. Macer . P. Crassus Junian ( Scipio's Lieutenant in Africk , seems to be adopted by P. Licinius out of the Familia Junia . ) Livineia , P. Livineius Regulus . L. Regulus . Pulcher Taurus Regulus . Livia , pleb . L. Salinator ( so called , because he in his Censorship introduced the Gabel o●… Salt. ) Lollia , pleb . ( M. I●…llius ) Palikanus ( a seditiou●… Tribune of the people ) L. Lolli●…s Servius . Lucilia , pleb . had Balbos , Bassos , Longos . Capitones . Blaesos . Rufos . M. Lucil. Rufus . Lucretia , was subdivided into other Families some whereof were Patrician , others Plebeian Cn. Lucretius Trio . L. Lucreti . Trio ( pleb . ) Luria , M. Lurius Agrippa Triumvir . Lutatia , pleb . Q. Lutatius . Maecilia , patric . M. Maecilius Triumvir . P. MEA●… ( P. Moecilius Tullus ) P. ME. NT . M. F. Maiania , Mainia . Maenia . C. Mini. Mamilia , pleb . C. Mamilius Lineatinus . Manlia had both Patricians and Plebeians . A. Manlius . Q. F. T. M. A. P. C. L. Q V R. ( Tit●… Manlius cum Appio Claudio Quaestor Urbanus●… L. Manlius . L. Torquatus . L. Torquatus Triumvir . Maevia apud Seguinum . non extat apud F. Ursinum . L. Pollio Maevius the Head of the young Augustus . ℞ a Star between the Horns of the Moon . Marcia had Philippos , Censorinos , & Libones pleb . descended from Ancus Martius . Philippus . L. Philippus . Q. Philippus . L. Censorin . C. Censor . C. NARCI . Cens. C. Marc. L. F. Censor Triumvir . Q. Marc. Q. NARC . F. L. R. Q. Marc. Libo . Maria , pleb . had Gratidianos & Capitones . C. Mari. C. F. Capito . ( Marius . Pro-Triumvir . C. F. Tro. Triumvir . Memmia , pleb . C. Memmius C. F. L. Memmius Gal. L. C. Memmius Gal. Mescinia , pleb . L. Mescinius Rufus Triumvir . Mettia , M. Mettius . Minatia , M. Minatius Sabinus . Mineia , Elius Mines . M. F. Minutia , at first Patrician , afterwards went into Plebeian , F. Minutius C. F. Augur . C. Aug. Q. Minutius Rufus . L. Minutius . Q Thermus . M. F. ( Q. Min. M. Thermi filius . ) Mucia , pleb . had Cordes & Scaevolas . Cordi . Munatia , had the Planci . L. ( Munatius ) Plancus . Mussid●…a , L. Mussidius Longus . L. Mussidius T. F. Longus Triumvir . Naevia , pleb . had Balbos & Surdinos . C. NAE . BA . L. Surdinus Triumvir . L. Naevius Surdinus Triumvir . Nasidia , Q. Nasidius . Neria , NERI . Q. urb . ( Quaestor urbanus . ) Nonia , pleb . Sex. Noni . Suffenas . P. L. U. P. F. ( publicos ludos votivos Praeter fecit . ) Sex. Nonius Quintilian . Triumvir . Norbana , pleb . C. Norbanus . Numitoria , pleb . L. Numitorius . Numonia , C. Numonius Vaala . Ogulnia , pleb . C AR. Oguln . VE R. VE R-Oguln . C AR. Opeimia , L. Opeimius . M. Opeimius . Oppia , Q. Oppius P. ( Praetor . ) Papia , pleb . L. Papius Celsus Triumvir . L. Papi . Papiria , part of this Family was Patritian , Min. Gent. part Plebeian M. Carbo . Carb . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . This seems to be coined at Nicea in Bythinia , where C. Papirius Carbo was Governor about Anno U. C. 687. Pedania had Costas . Costa Leg. Petilia , pleb . Petilius Capitolinus . Petronia , pleb . P. Petronius Turpilianus Triumvir . Pinaria , patric . had Nattas & Scarpos . NATA . Scarpus . Scarpus . Imp. Plaetoria , pleb . M. Plaetorius Cestianus . M. Plaetorius M. F. Cestianus . L. Plaetorius Cest. L. Plaetorius . L. F. Q. S. C. ( Lucii filius Quaestor Senatus consultum . ) Plancia , pleb . C. Plancius . Plautia , pleb . L. Plautius Plancus . P. ( Plautius ) Hypsaeus ( in honorem ) C. Hvpsae Cos. Prtiver . capta . A. Plautius . C. PLUTI . Plotia , C. Plotius Rufus Triumvir . Poblicia , or Publicia , pleb . C. ( Poblicius ) Malleolus . C. MA. L. Poblicius Q. F. M. Poblicius . C. Malleus . C. F. Pompeia , pleb . had Rufos . Magnos & Fostlos , or Fostulos . Mag. Pius ( Sextus Cn. F. ) Magn. Cn. Magn. MAGN. SEX . MAGN. PIUS . Q. Pomp. Rufus Q. F. Sext. Pomp. Fostulus . Pomponia pleb . L. Pomponius Molo L. Pompon . C N. F. Q. Pompon . Rufus . Q. Pomponius Musa . Many Coins of these , the Reverses commonly some of the Muses . Porcia pleb . L. Porcius Licin . C. Cato . M. Porcius P. LAEC . Postumia patric . A ( Postumius ) Albinus . A. ALB. S. F. L. Postum . A. F. C. Postumi . AT . A. Post. A. F. S. N. ALBIN Post. A. F. Procilia . L. Procilius F. Quinctia . patrit . Crispinus Sulpitianus Triumvir adopted into the family of the Quinctii , was called Titus Quinctius Crispinus Sulpic. T. Q. Renia . C. Renius . Roscia pleb . L. Roscius Fabat . Rubria pleb . L. Rubrius Dossin . C. F. L. R. Q. M. ( they seem to be the names of the Triumviri . L. R. perhaps is Lucius Roscius . Rustia . L. Rustius . Q. Rustius . Rutilia both patric . and pleb . L. Rutilius Flaccus . Salvia first pleb . afterwards patr . Q. Salvius Imp. M. Salvius Triumvir . Sanquinia . M. Sanquinius Triumvir . M. Sanquin . Q. F. Triumvir . Satriena . P. Satrienus . Saufeia . L. SAVF . Scrib . pleb . was divided into Curiones and Libones . C. Scr. Libo . on one side Puteal a Conduit or Well-house , on the other Scribon , because near his house , or made by him . Sempronia had Atratinos patric . Gracchos & Pitiones pleb . L. Sempron . Pitio . L. Sempron . T. Sempron . Gracchus . T. Sempron . Gracchus Triumvir . L. Atratinus . Sentia . L. Sentius C. F. L. ( Sentius ) Saturnin . L. SAT. Sepullia . P. Sepullius Macer . Sergia . M. Sergius Silus . Patrician . Servilia patric . ( C. Servilius ) Ahala . M. Serveil . C. F. C. Servil . M. F. C. Serveil . P. Servil . M. F. ( C. Servilius Ahala killed Sp. Melius designing to make himself King ; which gives occasion to many of their Reverses ) M. Servil . Leg. C. Cassii Imper. ( P. Servil . ) Casca longus . C. Serveil . Sestia . patric . L. Sestius . * Sextia plebeia not extant in Ursinus is in Seguinus , the head of Nasica . ℞ C. Valer. C. Sext. aediles about an Oxe's head . Sicinia pleb . Q. Sicinius III-vir . Silia pleb . Silius Annius Lamia III-vir . * Socia extant only in Seguinus . M. Antonies head . ℞ a Trophee . Socius Imp. Spurilia pleb . A Spuril . Statia pleb . L. Statius Murcus . Statilia had Tauros . Taurus Regulus Pulcher Triumvir . * Suillia apud Seguinum . M. Suillius . Sulpicia had Galbas patric . Rufos & Galos . P. Calb . P. Galb . L. Servius ( Sulpitius ) Rufus . Ser. SULP . Ser. Galba Imper. C. Sulpic. C. F. C. Sulpitius Platorinus . Tarquitia patric . C. Tarquitius . P. F. Terentia pleb . C. TER. LUC. ( Lucanus ) ( M. Terentius ) Varro . Thoria pleb . L. Thorius Balbus . J. S. M. R. ( Juno sospita magna Regina . ) Titinia both patric . and pleb . C. Titinius . Titia pleb . Q. Titi. Tituria L. Titurius Sabinus . Trebatia . L. Trebatius . * Trebonia apud Seguin . C Trebonius . Tullia patric . M. Tullius . Valeria had Acisculos . Flaccos Messalas & Catullos , some whereof were patric . some pleb . L. Valerius Acisculus . C. VAL Flaccus C. VAL C. F. Flaccus . L. Valeri . Flacci M. Valerius Barbatus Q. P. ( Quaestor Provincialis ) L. Valerius Catullus III-vir . Messal . F. Sisenna Messala III-vir . Vargunteia . M. VARG . Vergilia pleb . VER . CAR. OGUL ( Vergilius , Carisius , & Ogulnius ) curatores Denariorum Flandorum . Vettia . T. Vettius Sabinus . A. T ( Tatius Sabinorum Rex . ) Veturia patric . Ti. VE . Vibia pleb . had Varos & Pansas . C. Vibius Varus . C. Vibius . C. F. Pansa . C. Vibius . C. F. C N Pansa . C. Pansa . C. F. C. N. C. Pansa . Vinicia . L. Vinicius III-vir . L. Vinicius L. F. Vipsania . M. ( Vipsanius ) Agrippa Cos designatus . M. Agrippa Platorinus Triumvir . M. Agrippa L. F. Cos. 3 o. Voconia pleb . Q. Voconius Vitulus . Volteia . M. Voltei . M. F. LYLO . L. F. Strabo . M. Voltei . M. F. S. C. D. T. CHAP. VI. Of the Reverses of Medals . THE greatest Erudition is contain'd in the Reverses of Medals ; for the understanding whereof , I shall first set down such general Observations as we find frequently , and upon divers of them : Afterwards when we come to the Emperors , such as are particular to one or few of them . These general ones concern their Gods , Sacrifices and Worship ; their Solemn Games and Plays , their Conquests and Triumphs ; their Wars ; their Magistrates and Offices ; their Colonies , their Buildings , &c. SECT . I. Of their Gods. § . There were very many Jupiters , but generally they took their Names from their places , where the most famous Images of them were worshipped , and upon Coins they are represented accordingly . Jupiter Ammon , that Great African Jupiter , whose Temple was in the Desarts of Africk * figured ; a Head with a bushy Beard , curl'd Hair and a pair of Rams Horns . Wherefore such Princes as were devoted to him , put the same Horns also upon their Images and Coins , as divers Macedonian Kings and M. Antonius the Triumvir , &c. Jupiter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or T●…rminalis an Eagles Head upon his own . Terminus was expressed by a Body to the Middle upon a Stock ; Sometimes a young Head crowned with Sacrificing Instruments . This God was President ( as they supposed ) over the bounds of their Fields and Country . Numa introduced him as the first of the Gods ; and his Solemnity was Feb. 20. He is also decipher'd by a piece of a Pyramide with the Base upwards , whereupon stands a Head with Rays about it , and Feet coming out underneath . Sometimes ( as by the Theraeans ) as a man without Arms , and lessening to his Feet . In Medals it signifies that such an Emperor enlarged , setled , defended or vindicated the Limits of the Empire . So careful were they of presrving the Termini even of private mens Inheritanc●…s , that whoso was convinced to have ploughed them up , both his Oxen and himself were accursed . § . 2. Capitolinus , for there was another ( Latiaris ) which hath no Thunderbolt ; his Image in the Temples was always besineared with Blood , and before it stood a golden Table continually furnished , about which were people continually tasting and sipping . Serapis is also figured like Jupiter with a Bushel or Measure upon his Head : He was also Ammon , Dis , the Sun , AEsculapius , Nilus , which was also call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and Jupiter Pharius . To Jupiter was Sacred the Eagle , either because the chiefest ( and as it were ) the King amongst Fowls , as he amongst the Gods ; or because he was the first that tamed them in Crete ; or because Jupiter being born in a Cave , an Eagle brought him every day Nectar which she gathered from the Rocks ; as the Dove did Ambrosia which they gathered from the Sea. For which Favour he placed the Eagle in Heaven , and the Pigeons he metamorphosed into the Pleiades . To Jupiter is also joyned the Thunderbolt which is three-forked , to shew its triple Force , of breaking , piercing , and burning ; tho this be also sometimes attributed to Juno , Minerva , and other Goddesses : The Oak also was sacred to him ; and where any of those is joyned to an Head , they shew that to be Jupiters , ( tho commonly he is design'd in one manner and likeness ) and that Money was coin'd in Honour of Jupiter . Jupiter Axur , a young Head with Tresses and a Garland . Jupiter Philius , a rugged smiling Head like a Philosophers , perhaps because Friendship is oftner found amongst them than Gallants . Vejovis , or Evil-Jupiter , is expressed by an Head and an Hand , as it were darting Arrows , shewing his readiness to hurt . § . 3. Juno born at Samos under an Agnus-Castus-tree , ( whose Head is sometimes joyned to Jupiters , as in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ) to her was consecrated the Peacock , because of his beautiful Train , and the Fable of Argus ; represented ordinarily as a young Woman with a Laurel and a Veil . Juno Lanuvia ( because in that shape worshipped at Lanuvium ) with a Goat-skin and Horns upon her Head ; perhaps she was Juno Sospita , or Sispita , who is also figured with a Shield and Shoes turning up at the Toes . Juno Moneta , like Moneta if Moneta was not the same with Juno ; A Womans Head with her Hair tressed up , and an high Frontal . Anciently a Temple to her upon the Capitol . Manlius , for affecting to be King , being precipitated from the Tarpeian Rock , and his House pulled down , upon the place thereof was built a Temple to Juno Moneta , vowed by Camillus ; call'd Moneta à monendo , because her Image spoke to them ( as they said ) advising them in a dangerous Ea●… 〈◊〉 , and in the War with the Galls , to 〈◊〉 a Sow great with Pig , which is also sometimes expressed upon Coins . The Romans also in their War against Pyrrhus and the Tarentines , b●…ing in great want of money , they made Vows to Juno ; who admonished them to make ●…e of the Arms of Justice , and they should b●… supplied : as indeed it hapned in that War , wherein the noble ●…ricius sent back to Pyrrhus his Physician , who offer'd to poison him ; and after many Battels at last obtain'd a great Victory , and all the Wealth and Riches of Pyrrhus ; wherefore they built a Temple in Honour to her , and therein hung up a Medal with the Inscription . Moneta . Moneta , or the Goddess of Money is sometimes expressed with a Cornucopia in one hand ( Money supplying all things ) and in the other a Balance ; Justice being necessary in buying and selling . Sometimes are three of these Goddesses to represent Gold , Silver and Brass , the middlemost representing Gold being the tallest , [ it seems the middle was the best place in their esteem ] . In some Medals of Commodus we find also Apollini Monetae . Moneta seems to signifie sometimes the Forms or coining Instruments ; sometimes the Coin it self . It is not easie many times to distinguish the Heads of the Goddesses Juno , Moneta , Ceres , Venus , Pietas , Salus , Sybilla , and others being oftentimes all alike figured . § . 4. AEsculapius , or the great God of Health ; an Head with a bushy Beard and a Serpent commonly twisted about a Club. So a Sacrifice for Health to AEsculapius was a Serpent upon an Altar as eating or taking out of a Dish or Platter , probably a little Cake kneaded with Oyl and Wine , which they put into the Serpents mouth to sanctifie and envirtue it ●…or the recovery of the sick . They say that AEsculapius being forced to requicken Glaucus , and not knowing how to do it ; as he was musing , a Serpent entred the Room , which he kill'd with a stick , presently after came another Serpent , bringing in her mouth a certain Herb , which she laying upon the head of the dead one , immediately revived her . AEsculapius taking up the Herb , cured Glaucus with it ; hence the Serpent is Sacred to AEsculapius . And therefore in a great Plague-time the Romans sent to Epidaurus to fetch away AEsculapius's Image , when they were conveighing it to the Ship , there swom from the Land a great Snake , which entred the Ship , and placed it self in the Praetor , Q. Ogulnius's Cabin ; and when the Ship arrived at Rome , she leaped out again upon the Island , where they presently built a Temple to AEsculapius . Others rather think a Serpent applied to AEsculapius , because that after Sickness a man recovers , as doth a Serpent after the casting her Skin . It might also proceed from the brazen Serpent made by Moses . AEsculapius's Wife was Salus , decipher'd by a young Maid feeding a Serpent ; perhaps alluding to the custom at Lanuvium , where in a Cave , in a certain thick Grove lay a great Dragon ; whither once a year the Maids went to sacrifice , carrying each one a Tart or Cake ; when they came to the Grove , they were blinded ; notwithstanding which they were , as by a Divine Virtu●… , guided streight to the Den ; and if they were pure Virgins , the Dragon came and eat up their Cake . They have many times joyned with them their little Son Telesphorus , or Convalescency in a thick Frock . It shews recovery from a sickness , when they are to be kept warm and treated as Children . § . 5. Mars , the God of War pictured as a Soldier , with Arms and Breast plate ; a Cock because armed and vigilant , a Wolf and Picus Martius , because of Romulus and Remus his Children nourished by those Beasts : his carrying a Tropaeum upon his Shoulders , intimates the Opima Spolia gain'd by Romulus over Acron the King of the Caeninensians . But there were anciently among the Romans two Mars's , the one call'd Pacifer and Quirinus , is not armed , nor marching , and had a Temple in the City . The other Bellator , Mavors or Gradivus in a posture commonly of marching , his Temple without the City in Via Appia . Neptune , an Horse , because of his Contention with Minerva , for having jointly built Athens , and contending who should name it , they agreed that he should have that Honour who would bestow on it the better gift ; Neptune thereupon struck the Earth , and there sprung up an Horse for the War. Minerva raised an Olive-tree , which being judged the better gift , she gave it her Name . He hath also a Dolphin the swiftest of Fishes ; a Trident or Fishing-Iron ; and is drawn by Sea-Horses . Mercury , the Messenger of the Gods , hath his Caduceus and Petasus , his Hat and winged Staff ( a sign of Peace and Agreement ) with two Serpents round about , because Mercury finding two Serpents a fighting , as soon as he put his Rod betwixt them , they became quiet . The Rod was white , and the Serpents one male and the other female ; and these Caducei were carried by those Ambassadors , who were anciently call'd Caduceatores ( i. e. ) such as went to an Enemy or Enemies Country to make Peace ; with a Purse also either as the Inventor of Commerce , or because the Monarch that hath his Purse well stuffed , is Master of War and Peace . There is dedicated to him a Dog for Fidelity ; a Cock for Vigilance , and a Tongue for Perswasiveness , the three Conditions of an Ambassador , as he was of the Gods. There is also , but rarely found , another Mercury without Wings , yet with a Caduceus and a Sistrum . This was the Egyptian Mercury or Hermes ancienter than that other of Arcadia . To Bacchus is joyned the Tiger ; either for that a Tiger swom a River to assist him when driven into Fury by Juno ; or for that he was nourished by a Panther or Tigress . He hath about him also Sileni , Fauni , Satyri , &c. ( Drunkenness creating such imaginations . ) He is also crowned either with the Vine branches and Clusters of Grapes , or with Ivy. He hath also Thyrsi or Lances wreathed about with Ivy-branches , or sometimes with woolen Rubans . There are also Liberae , or She Bacchus's crown'd with Ivy ; as there is also Luna and Lunus . He is the Egyptian Osyris , Husband of Isis ; and the Ivy in the Egyptian Language is call'd Chenosyris , or Osyris's Herb ; both are said to be born at Nisa ; both accompanied with a Serpent . His Statues were naked and with Horns , either because the Son of Hammon ; or that he is the Sun ; or to shew the Power of Wine . Sometimes Bacchus is described with Horns ( as when he is call'd Hebo the God of the Campanians , &c. ) and he is call'd also Taurus , for the Ancients expressed their Kings by a Bull , who hath more of Regal qualifications than either Lyon or any other Beast ; and Horns were attributed to Bacchus upon that account ; for being supposed to be Noah , he was the great Monarch of the World ; and Bachar in Hebrew ( whence the name Bacchus ) signifies an Ox. His Feasts or Ceremonies were the Bacchanalia . Apollo is decipher'd commonly with a Tripos or Stool over a Cave ; whereon he that was to receive Answer to his Demand , sate till he was inspired ; with a Harp also and Plectrum or short Instrument to strike the strings ; with a Laurel also ; and sometimes with a Sacrificing - Tripos , whose three feet signified the three parts of Time ; with a Crow and Swan also to represent by their Colours Day and Night ; for Apollo was the Sun , whose Motion is the measure of Time. There was also an Apollo Palatinus worshipped in Mount Palatine ; and is figured as representing the Senate , being the Genius of that great Council . Apollo Actius also is represented with a Sun before him , and a Quiver of Arrows , to intimate his Beams . Many times also he is figured as a Goddess o●… Muse. § . 6. Hercules is known by his Club , Lyons Skin , bushy Beard , Bows and Arrows , a Cup to drink in ; the Poplar-tree dedicated to him , because great and strong . When represented killing the Lyon , not tearing his Jaws ( as Samson ) but breaking his Neck . There is also a young Hercules call'd Aventinus , without a Beard , yet with a Club and Lyons-Skin . Serapis an Egyptian God with a bushy Beard , long Hair , and a Measure upon his Head. The Egyptians to most of their Gods , but especially to Harpocrates the God of Silence joyne●… the Peach-tree ; the Leaf whereof they fansied like a Tongue , and the Fruit like an Heart , to shew they should go both together . The Sun a young Head with Rays about it , tho these also are sometimes about the Heads of the young Princes , who were in their rising Glory ; from whence probably came the custom of Glories of holy or Eminent Persons . Dii Penates , two Faces , one behind another , with a Lace or narrow Ruban about their Heads : Sometimes two Figures sitting with a Vulcan's Head , because worshipped by the Fire-side , and a Dog. Two young Men on Horse-back , rarely on Foot , armed , sometimes their Heads only , but always covered , commonly but not always with two Stars , are Castor and Pollux , who are said to have appear'd in that manner at the Lacus Juturnus after they had assisted A. Post humius fighting against the Latins at Lacus Regillus . They feigned that they lived and dyed by course . They representing the two Hemispheres , the one above , the other beneath us . Triptolemus , the Son of Osyris , taught the Greeks Agriculture , as Isis did the Egyptians : and therefore known by having Ears of Corn in his Hand . § . 7. G. P. R. is Genius Populi Romani ; and they decipher him with a young Head , a little Beard , naked , and a Staff with somewhat like a Flower-de-Luce upon it . But they , in flattery to their Emperors , conceived them to be the Genius of the Commonwealth , as appears by the Coins of most of the later Heathen Emperors . But ordinarily the Genius of a City or Country was not so represented ; but naked with a Mans Head , with one Tower for a City , and more for a Country or People . For they imagined that all Places Countries , Cities , &c. all Persons , even the Gods themselves , had their Genius's or Angels to accompany them : † and for Cities , the manner of adopting them is set down by Mr. Gregory out of Joan. Antiochenus , thus . Those who had a mind to build a City , Castle , &c. caused their Astrologers to find out a fortunate Position of the Heavens ; under which the first stone might be laid . The part of Fortune found out in this first Figure , was made the Ascendent of another ; the first judged of the Duration , the second of the Prosperity of the City . Under the influence of this second Configuration they erected a Statue of Brass , into which this Fortune or Genius of the City was to be invoked by Art , ( i. e. ) by certain Sacrifices and Conjurations . A pure Virgin was then sacrificed ; and a Statue of her set up , and call'd by a new and secret Name ; and Sacrifice done to it by the Chief-Priest of the City . Thus the Name of old Byzantium was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when changed to Constantinople , Anthusa . The Name of Rome was always kept secret , and when they went to besiege a Town , they evoked this Genius by such Ceremonies as they were accustomed . This Statue thus inspirited , was placed in a convenient part of the City ; and look't upon as the only Concernment of it . Such was the Palladium , and divers others , and these were call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Vid. Cap. of the Pont. Max. Vid. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . § . 8. Diana , the Goddess of Hunters , call'd also Berecynthia , Isis , Idaea , &c. with an Hart and Dogs , Bow and Arrows as an Huntress . Her Priests Galli were Eunuchs . She is also described as drawn by Stags , which intimate the diligence and activeness necessary to that Sport. Besides , her Temples were all full of their Heads , and her self cloathed with their Skins . Diana Ephesia , or Isis , standeth upon a Pied Stall with a Womans Face and Head , but the Body 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 multimammum , full of D●…gs ; representing Nature that nourisheth all things . Isis was G. T. A. ( Genius Tutelaris AEgypti , or perhaps Asiae ) a Woman with Horns or Beams , in one hand a Bucket , in the other a Sistrum or obsolete Musical Egyptian Instrument of the fashion of a Racquet . Whether Isis be Diana Ephesia , see at large Menetreius in his Discourse de Diana Ephesia ; this is one difference that Isis hath no Stags joyned with her ; because none of those Beasts were in Egypt anciently , as Aristotle and Pliny say , lib. 8. c. 33. and they never consecrated Exotick Beasts to their Gods. Diana Persica was never worshipped beyond Euphrates , and had Oxen dedicated to her , which went whither they pleased , being marked with a Torch or Lamp , the Mark of the Goddess : As also in Cicilia at Castabalis , where the Virgins dedicated to her Service , went upon burning Coals with their naked Feet : also in Lydia at Hypaepae and Hiero Caesarea , who pretended their Temple to be built by the Great Cyrus , Tac. An. l. 4. Vesta , Sister to Juno and Ceres , sometimes sitting , seldom standing , in one hand a Torch lighted to represent the Everlasting fire , in the other a Discus or Sacrificing Platter . Minerva with an Helmet , Spear and Shield call'd AEgis , ordinarily with Medusa's Head in it ; but sometimes also Octangular without it . It was made of the Skin of the Capra Amalthea ( and therefore call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ) which suckled Jupiter ; and therefore also Jupiter is said to make use of it sometimes , as in the Wars against the Giants , as well as Minerva . The Palladium or little Minerva armed ( almost like to , or the same , with Victory ) as long as it continued in Troy , rendred the City impregnable , and was stoln away by Diomedes and Ulysses , is applied to many Gods and Goddesses : The Temples of Minerva , Mars and Hercules were Dorick Work , plain and without Ornaments . Cybele , the Mother of the Gods , call'd then Rhea , and pictured with her Head radiant : but as she hath the Command of sublunary things call'd Ops or Divine help , is figured as a young Goddess set upon a Corn-measure with Ears of Corn in her hand , and lifting up , or opening her Veil ; She is the Earth that openeth her Skirt to afford nourishment to every Creature . She hath also a Crown of Towers upon her Head , and proper to her is a Pine tree , a little Boy call'd Atys ; and is drawn with Lyons , and hath in her a Crotalus , sometimes also with a Sistrum , or Triangular Musical Instrument with loose Rings , which struck with a stick , made a kind of Harmony : Sometimes also a Drum or such Instrument to make a great noise ( whereby she concealed Jupiter's crying ) and which is framed round according to the figure of the Earth ; sometimes also she hath a Caduceus and a Plough . And the Countries that stamped her upon their Coin , would thereby intimate that they were powerful in Cities and People . The Worship of the Mother of the Gods came into Rome about the Punick Wars ; they say that in Phrygia in a great Desart there is a mighty Rock call'd Agdus , the broken stones whereof Deucalion and Pyrrha took to replenish the World , and out of which also was formed the Image of Cybele . Ceres the Goddess of Corn crown'd , in her hand Ears of Corn , two flaming Torches , and drawn by winged Serpents ; Harvest being in the hottest Season of the Year , when Serpents also are most venemous . Venus drawn with Doves , the most amorous and kissing Birds , with an Apple ( or Orange ) adjudged to her by Paris ; the Myrtle , either because of its Effeminate smell ; or because good in Womens Diseases ; or because growing best by the Sea side where Venus ruleth chiefly . There were two Venus's ; caelestis , which presided over lawful Procreation of Children ; and vulgaris , for Bastardy , &c. She was worshipped at Paphos under the form as of a Pyramid cut off about the middle , and so represented in some Medals of the Emperors , of which we shall speak hereafter . Feronia was the Goddess of Flowers and Garlands , hath a Wreath of Flowers upon her Head , was worshipped by the Sabins under Mount Soracte ; he that was inspired by her , went sasely upon burning Coals and hot Embers ; every year at her Temple a great fair . Hermathenae were above Images * of Minerva with her Helmet , Shield and Spear ; below a Pillar or Terminus larger above than below . There were also divers other Gods and Goddesses mentioned upon Medals , as H●…pona the of Horses and Cattel , Pedina of Feet , Educa o●… Eating , and the like ; subjecting every thing●… to the Dominion , Care and Protection of some particular God ; but of these , few upon Coins , tho many Inscriptions . The Orgia or Procession sacrificed to Cer●… were in this manner performed . 1. Three Priestesses Virgins carried thei●… ( Cist as ) Chests open ; in the first were flowers in the second Ears of Corn , in the third Cake●… and Wafers . Signifying the three States o●… Corn. 2. There were born the Images of four Gods First , Of Jupiter , the Creator of all things , carried by the Hi●…rophantes . Secondly , Of th●… Sun by the Torch-bearers . Thirdly , Of th●… Moon by a Minister of the Altar . Fourthly , Of Mercury by the Fraeco Sacrorum ; and as i●… the Orgia of Bacchus was carried a Pha●…us , s●… in these a Muliebre . 3. They made a great Noise and Howling crying continually Eva , Eva. 4. The Ministers and Women were crown'●… with Serpents , by which also Ceres is said to b●… drawn . 5. Those ( C●…ritae as they were call'd ) carrie●… a Stool or other Garment of Leather . 6. No Mourner was admitted to celebrate Nor any Wine to be used . § 9. Figured like to the Gods , and sometimes accounted for Gods , were other thing●… also ; as the Virtues , good Fortunes , Monster●… &c. of which we shall speak a word or two . Virtue is not easily distinguished from Roma and Minerva ; save that she carrieth commonly a Parazonium , or short unpointed Sword. Such as the Tribunes wore . She is usually armed ( for they esteemed Valour in Battel the greatest Virtue ) and sometimes joyned with another : unarmed , which is Honour . Who ( when by her self ) hath a Womans Face , her Hair wreathed up , and hanging down behind , they sacrificed also to her bare-headed ; Honour being not to be obtained by Subtilty and secret Means , but by true and open Generosity . When Honour is coined with Virtue , Virtue is set foremost , according to the Conceit of Marcellus , who intending to build a Temple to Virtue and Honour , was forbidden by the Augures ; wherefore he built one for each , and so ordered , that none could pass to that of Honour but through the other of Virtue . Pietas towards God is commonly expressed by a Womans Head dressed and veiled , which was the Habit of the Priests when sacrificing ; sometimes also by a Person praying or sacrificing ; sometimes also with a Camillus or little Boy assistant at the Sacrificing . Pietas towards Parents is figured by a Stork , which is said to nourish and bear about her aged and impotent Parents , as is said also of the Glis or Dormouse ; or by AEneas carrying his Father on his shoulders out of the ruine of Troy ; or by the two Cataneans in Sicily , Amphinomus and Anapias , sirnamed Pii , because when their Town was set on fire with the Flames of AEtna , neglecting all their Goods , they carried the one his aged Father , the other his Mother out of the burning ; after the Citizens returned , and rebuilt their City , they worshipped them as their Gods , and put them upon their Coins . Love towards Children is described by small Children . Eternity is like a Virgin [ incorruptible ] with her Head covered [ her beginning unknown ] with a Globe [ the World ] under her Feet , the Sun in one Hand , the Moon in the other ; ( i. e. ) as long as the Sun and Moon shall last : or with the Vestal Fire , i. e. till that go out . A Scepter or some other Symbol of Rule , a Cornucopia [ Happiness ] and a very long Garment . Sometimes also a Phoenix continually renewing , or living ( as Tacitus and other Authors say ) 500 years ; or an Elephant the longest liver of Beasts . They used Eternity or some Emblem thereof many times to represent their Consecrations , i. e. at the time it was believed they became immortal . Concordia , a young Woman veiled ; and that is used many times for Adoptions ; sometimes expressed by two or more right Hands joyned together ; or by a sacrificing Platter ; Concord having a Temple and Sacrifices proper to her , and to her it seems they sacrificed when two or more Augustus's , i. e. with equal Authority ; that they might agree well together ; commonly also with one or more Cornucopias's joyned together ; for Concordiâ parvae res crescunt . Fides is commonly two Hands joyned ( accipe daque fidem . ) Sometimes the Military Ensigns , intimating the Soldiers swearing Fidelity to the Emperor . When they sacrificed to Fides , it was their custom to wrap their right Hand in a white Linnen Cloth. Peace ordinarily in one Hand a Caduceus [ Mercury's Staff , wherewith he quiets even the Ghosts and Inhabitants of Hell ] or an Olive-branch ; in the other Hand a Cornucopia , and on her Breast a Jewel call'd Bulla . Hope is ordinarily a chearful-aspected young Damsel , in a long transparent Robe , which she holds up in one Hand , to shew her readiness to protect ; in the other an Herb or Flower with three Leaves , which some say is no more but a young Plant ( adhuc tua Messis in herbâ ) ; others say it is the Flower-de-lys or Lilly , which was in Heathen Authors the Emblem of Hope . She is also walking on Tiptoe . Justice is a grave young Virgin sitting ( as they fansied ) next to Jupiter's Throne ; in one hand a sacrificing Platter , for to do Justice is the best Sacrifice ; in the other a Staff or Scepter , that being the great Foundation of Authority . Clemency , a Woman holding in one hand a Laurel or Platter , in the other a Staff , like Justice that can hurt but will not . Equity is frequently with a Balance in one hand , and a Spear in the other . They conceived that Rome was built under L●…a , and that therefore the Romans had a greater inclination , or desired to be thought to have it , to Equity than other Nations . Constancy , either like a Soldier , or a Woman sitting and holding out the right hand , as affirming somewhat . Security is a Woman leaning or reposing on one hand , in the other a Scepter or Staff , probably of Laurel : which they counted a Preservative against many dangers ; so that to say , I carry a Staff of Laurel , was as much as , I fear nothing . Providentia , sometimes a Globe , a Building , Ears of Corn , or such Provision as the Coin signified to be made by the Emperor . Fe - ( and sometimes ee , never ae ) licitas like to Peace . The Caduceus was the Rod whereby Mercury slew the Quick , revived the Dead , and in summ , did what he pleased ; Felicity is the obtaining our desires . Fortune with the Stern of a Ship , and a Cornucopia . Sometimes standing on a Globe or Wheel ; shewing , as they thought , her Dominion over the World , yet that Dominion inconstant . Sometimes lying on a Bed with a Crown of Towers upon her Head. Sometimes also sitting . Fortunae Reduci signifies a Sacrifice commonly made by the Senate with great Solemnity to Fortune for a prosperous Journey when the Prince went to War , or any other necessary and publick Employment . Sors , a Womans Head , &c. Vid. Fulv. Ursin. in familia Plaetoria . Seguinus hath another , a young Goddesses Head with C. S. which he interprets Casus and Sors . On the ℞ four Ankle-bones ( Cockals ) tali with this Inscription : Qui ludit arram det quod satis sit , which intimates , that their Custom also was to stake before they play'd . Ubertas , a Woman having money or other things out of an Horn , the Purse of the Ancients , whence Cornucopia . Laetitia , Gaudium , a Child ( the merriest Age ) with a Crown . Sometimes a Goddess with a Crown in one Hand , and Spear in the other ; call'd Vitula from Vitulari , and Euthymia ; it signifies commonly a publick Rejoycing for some notable good Success ; and was celebrated with Vows , Prayers , Sacrifices , Congiaries , Gifts , &c. Juventus , a very solemn Sacrifice , when they first cut their Beards ; and did excedere ex Ephebis . Libertas , ordinarily a Woman holding in one hand a Pileum , or such a Cap as was given to those that were made free , to hide the ugliness of their shaven Scalps ; in the other a Rod called Vindicta ; wherewith the Praetor struck them , to shew , that they were now exempt from being beaten by their Masters . Liberalitas , the Donor sitting , and in one hand a Cornucopia , in the other a square Figure with a Handle and Marks , to shew the quantity of the Donative or Largess . The Quantities were Quadrantale of Wine , a Measure of 80 l. Congius , the eighth part of it , or 10 l. which probably being the most usual Measure given , Donatives in general were call'd Congiaria . Sextarius , the sixth part of a Congius , or 1. l. + 7 / 12. The Coin signifies such a Largess to be given by the Emperor , and commonly with Marks upon it , which shew how often he hath given of those Liberalities . Annona or Provision of Corn given to the People , is figured commonly with Ears of Corn , Cornucopia , Ceres , or the like ; which intimate also some Office for providing Corn. When any part of a Ship added , 't is to signifie that provision was brought by Sea. § . 10. There were also divers mystical Representations or Monsters , which certain Countries or Cities stamped upon their Coins , as they did their Gods and Goddesses . Sphinx , a Womans face , Lyons feet ( to shew , saith Bell. that Nilus overflowed when the Sun was in Leo and Virgo ) Birds Wings : and was the ordinary Seal of Augustus , till he made use of his own Effigies . Harpiiae , a Womans Face , the rest a ravenous Bird. Sirenes , a Womans Face and Body , ending also in a Bird , tho now they falsly paint them ending in a Fish. They were three , one sung , another ( Parthenope buried at Naples , thence call'd Parthenop●… ) play'd on a Pipe , the third on a Harp. Gryphons made up of Eagle and Lyon consecrated to the Sun , because of its force , swiftness , and governing both the Air and Earth , as doth the Eagle and Lyon , and as some Authors say ( who believe there are such Beasts ) sacrificed by the Ethiopians to him . The three Graces are also sometimes seen upon Medals , three Nymphs naked [ Gratitude being to be returned with a free and open heart , without any disguise ] exactly designed , he that abused their Images being held as infamous . They are three to represent , 1. the doing of a Courtesie , 2. the return of it from the Receiver , 3. the Obligation the Receiver hath to acknowledge it , even to the Posterity of his Benefactor . They are joyned together commonly by their hands , to shew that these three should never be separated . They signifie in Medals Thankfulness for a Courtesie received from such an Emperor . Semones , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Cabiri were the Sons of Vulcan , and Cabaera the Daughter of Proteus ; called also Telchines , Idaei Dactyli from Mount Ida in Phrygia , where they were the Ministers of Cybele , Curetes in Crete where they nursed up Jupiter , and Corybantes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Galea , because in the Pyrrichian and Oenoplian Dances , invented or practised by them , armed ; they also taught the use of Fire , and working in Copper and Iron ; to feed Herds and Flocks , the use of Honey , manner of Hunting , and ●…astly the practice of Civilty and Conversation . Many Temples were dedicated to them ; one ●…n Egypt , which none but Priests might come ●…nto ; and they were accounted implacable to ●…ny that offended them . § . 11. We see also upon their Coins their Sacrificings with such things as belonged to them , which were , Secespita , an Hatchet , probabilier a Knife , to kill the Beast . Aspersorium , a Water sprinkle to sanctifie the Altar , Vessels and People . Simpulum , a little Vessel to pour Wine upon the Sacrifice . Simpulum or Simpullum , and Guttu●… or Gutturnium , one was for Wine , the other for Oyl ; call'd Guttus , because having a narrow Neck , the Ovl dropped out guttatim , saith Varro . Vid. Gell. l. 17. c. 8. whilst the Entrails were a burning , they moistned them with Oyl . Pingue superque Oleum sundens ardentibus Extis . Patina or Patera , a Platter to receive the Blood of the Sacrifice . — Tepidumque Cruorem Accipiunt pateris . Virg. Acerra , a little Coffer wherein they put their Incense ; sometimes also a portatile Altar , whereupon they burnt their Incense . Capeduncula , à capiendo thure ex acerra . Mappa , a Towel to wipe the Priests hands . These signified such a one to be Pontifex Maximus . To the Priests belong divers Ornaments o●… holy Vestments , if you so please to call them . Such were their Pilea , of which they had three sorts . 1. Apex , call'd so from apere to bind , which was a thin Cap made of a white Victims Skin offered to Jupiter , with an Olive-tuft stuck on the top with Wool upon it . Lanigeros Apices . Virg. AEn . 8. with an Half-Moon on the Coin of P. Stolo , and was used by all the Flamines and Priests . It had also two strings call'd Offendices ( probably also of Woollen ) to tye it faster or slacker as they pleased . 2. Tutulus m belonged to the Pontifices , and was made of Wool , of the figure almost of a Sugar-loaf , but had not a Half-Moon , nor can I tell whether it had a Virga or Tuft upon the top of it : the fashion of Women gathering their hair altogether , and tying or tiring it into one knot on the top of their head , is call'd Tutulus . 3. Galerus or Albogalerus , was a Cap made of some Beast sacrificed to Jupiter ; was proper to the Flamen Dialis , who never appeared in publick without that and Praetexta . To the Augures belonged a crooked Staff called Lituus , wherewith they were wont to mark out the Quarters of the Sky ; yet not proper to the Augurs , but that as also the Commentaculum or streight Staff was used sometimes by the Flamines , as appears by a Coin of Augustus's , wherein is a Goddess holding a Shield in her left hand , her right hand over the head of a Priest who holds in one hand a Lituus , in the other a Commentaculum . L. Lentulus Flamen Martialis . Sometimes an Augur also is designed by a Cock. Ara was a small low Altar common to all sorts of Gods. Altare higher and larger for the Celestial Gods. Tripos was of two sorts , the one to sit upon , used chiefly in the Temple of Apollo at Delphos ; being set over a certain Cave , whence issued a Breath or Steam that inspired them . And to these Tripos's are joyned Crows consecrated to Gods Presidents of Divination . The other was a certain three footed Instrument , whereupon was set a little Pan for Coals to burn Incense to their Gods. Thensae were certain Chariots which carried Exuvias Deorum , i. e. their Images and Reliques in their Circensian and Solemn Games to the Pulvinar or Bed prepared for them ; and were so call'd , because adorned Linteis tensis , or Pavilions for the greater Ornaments and Majesty . Supplicatio was a solemn time of praying to their Gods for assisting ; or averting some Calamity that threatned ; or giving Thanks for some Success of their Commonwealth . In the War with Philip there was a Supplication for three days , for Cesar fifteen days , for the Victory over Antony at Modena fifty days ; which had been done to Cicero before ( Phil. 14 and in Calph. Pison . ) Sometimes appointed by the Decree of XV viri ; oftner by that of the Pontifices ; but commonly by the Senate with the advice of the Pontifices , as it should seem ; and at length they became ridiculous , as it appears by those decreed for Nero for the Murther of his Mother , for the Fecundity of Poppaea , Tac. l. 4. 15. Annal. Those Supplications were most solemn which were ad omnia pulvinaria Deorum . The manner was , that Youths of about twelve years old went about crown'd , and carrying Laurels in their hands in Procession from Temple to Temple , singing certain Hymns and Prayers to their Gods. Lectisternium began about A. V. C. 356. in a solemn Supplication for deliverance from a great Plague , and sometimes signifies the Bed whereupon the Guests or Sacrifices lay when they dined ; but more commonly the Bed of the Gods , who , that they might be more at ease , had their Pulvinaria or Pillows ; for at those times they lay the Statue of the God they worshipped upon a Bed magnificently and curiously accoustred with Pillows , Coverings , &c. in the Temple with a Table before him , where after sacrificing they feasted as it were in the Company , and to the Honour of their God , who , by his presence amongst them , did testifie the acceptance of their Offerings , and admitted them to his Table . Whilst the Sacrifice was consuming , they first prostrated themselves and prayed ; afterwards they sate down as it were in Meditation ; as is seen upon Medals . An Ox ready for Sacrifice commonly signifies Ludos Seculares , of which hereafter , wherein was a most solemn and great Sacrifice of Oxen ; tho in Julians Coin and some others , it rather seems to refer to the finding of Apis , the Egyptian holy Ox mentioned by Marcellinus , which being Sacred to the Moon , had a spot like her on his side , and his Tail waxed and wained as the Moon . The Oxen to be sacrificed were bound about their Backs and Bellies with certain Rubans , and had on their Heads an Infula , which was a kind of woollen Net-work ( call'd also Filamenta ) which covered their Heads . The Priests also had the like , and therefore the Sacrificers have always their Heads veiled or covered . Some imagine , that from thence proceeded the fashion of Christian Bishops to wear Miters . But this is not probable , for Heathen Priests had not any Covering like a Miter ; that Use rather seems to have been taken up in imitation of the Jewish High Priest. Condemned persons also had the like , as the condemned by the Inquisition in Spain at this day have , the Martyrs therefore being condemned persons , had the same : Thus much for the Roman Priests and Sacrifices , we find upon the Greek Coins divers Officers much differing from the Roman : Such were , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which were not the Chief of Asia , i. e. Governors of the Provinces , but Chief Priests . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , i. e. those Sacerdotia à t●telâ praebebant immunitatem . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which I do not remember to have found mentioned before Augustus's time , but afterward very frequently upon Coins , not so frequently in Authors , what their Office was is obscure : Some say , they were persons devoted or consecrated to a Deity , but this is too large ; they were indeed the AEditui ( i. e. ) such as had Charge of their Temples , Sacrifices , and all other holy Ceremonies , Sacristans . Sometimes whole Cities and Provinces were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , i. e. had the Charge of their solemn Games and Devotions , wherein they made solemn Orations and Panegyricks in Honour of their Gods , and Superiors , they determined all Controversies about their Religion and Worship ; they celebrated and presided in their solemn Games , &c. and they took it for a great Honour , tho done at their own Charge , to be often 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Of their holy Games they had three principal Officers , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Alytarcha was chiefest , honoured and adored by the Name of Jupiter , during the Solemnity he never came within doors , nor lay on a Bed , but in the open Air upon stones on the ground , covered with a Rush Mat and clean Carpets ; his Habit a long white Robe gilded , a Crown of Gold beset with Jewels , an Ivory Scepter and Sandals . The Grammateus wore a long white Robe , a golden Crown after the Laureat fashion , and was adored under the Name of Apollo . Amphithales had a long white Robe , a Wreath of Bays , a golden Pectoral with the Image of Jupiter upon it , and honoured as Mercury . The Grammateus probably registered the Victors Names , the time and stile of Rewards call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the Records of the holy Conquerors . If any of the Company , whether Maids or young Men , upon the Acclamation of the holy People were crown'd , they were to spend the rest of their days in a Cloister ; for immediately after the Games he was consecrated a Priest , she a Nun. Sometimes also the Emperors themselves took upon them the person of the Alytarchae , as is reported of Dioclesian , who immediately thereupon resigned the Empire , saying , That after he had born the person of Jupiter , he would not any more be King. The like was done by Maximianus . The Celebration of these Games in this or that City of the Community ( as of Asia ) was by the people accounted a very holy Solemnity , and an act of extraordinary Devotion to their Gods and Emperors , and therefore required peculiar Priests , which moved the Cities very much to affect the Honour and Dignity of having the Games celebrated there , and of taking care to provide all things necessary for so many Proxies of the Gods ; consequently this gave them a great opportunity of shewing their Devotion unto , and therefore hoping for a Blessing from , their Gods ; of ingratiating themselves into the Favour of the Emperor by their Panegyricks , and of having many holy Persons amongst them , and also of drawing a great concourse of people thither ; at what time were also holden Fairs and general Markets , and consequently much Gain and Wealth to the place . This Favour is express'd upon their Coins how often it was done , sometimes two , three or four times ; and it should seem where any Deity is mention'd , the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 were of that only , as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 where none , it was of the Mother of the Gods the great Deity of Asia . How can a City be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ? Very well , for they might easily manage all the business by a select Council of the Town , and except what required personal Service , and for that they chose such persons as they thought meet for the purpose , which also redounded much to the Honour of that City . CHAP. VII . Of their Religion , Priests , Days , and Assemblies . NExt to their Gods we will speak of their Religion , Priests and Sacrifices , such things especially as conduce to the understanding of their ancient Coins . § . 1. The Religion of the ancient Romans was divided into Sacra , Sacrifices ; over which the Pontifices presided ; and Aruspicia or Divinations ; and Predictions over which were their Augurs , who also declared , if Elections and such like publick Actions were not well , i. e. authoritatively made , and foretold Successes . But in extraordinary cases they consulted the X and afterwards the XV-viri Sacris faciundis , or Interpreters of the Sybils books . The explanation of Portents , Monsters , &c. was committed to the Aruspices ; these were instituted by Romulus , but afterwards lost their reputation , and were commonly very mean persons ( who yet were sometimes consulted even by the Senate in matters of consequence , but then they sent commonly for persons out of Tuscany where this trade flourished most ) till Claudius the Emperor restored them to their dignity ( Tacit. Annal. l. 2. ) and then their College increased so much , that it became an Order . By the way note that ordo signifies ordinarily a Dignity , Art , or Profession , as ordo Senatorius , Equestris , Publicanorum , Mancipiorum , &c. Collegium was a Corporation of three at least , under the same Laws and Interest . Sodalitas ( chiefly Sacerdotum ) fellow Officers because they sate together . Festus verbo sodalis . So that there were in all four summa Collegia or chief Corporations of holy Persons , who had supreme Authority in all things pertaining to Religion , tho the Senate trespassed upon their Office by making Decrees without sometimes , but commonly with , their advice . 1. Pontificium . 2. Augurum . 3. X & XV virorum sacris faciundis , and these three were amplissima or most honourable . 4. Aruspicum . By those three were all matters of Religion managed , and chiefly by the Pontifices and Augures , whose Authority and Dignity was very great ; insomuch that we see such as bore those Offices figured upon their Coin with their Ensigns , a Patera , Urceolus , Simpulum , or some such instrument of sacrificing , and a Lituus for the Augurs , tho the Lituus was not proper only to them : and the III-viri R. P. C. tho they despised and trampled upon all Laws sacred and civil , yet retained these Honours and their Ensigns , as of great consequence , to themselves . § . 2. The Pontifices had books containing their Rites and Ceremonies , which they never discovered ; as their Pontificales Annales , Maximos , Commentarios sacros , Fastos , libros Ceremoniarum . The Augurs had their Augurales , the XV-viri their Fatales , Fatidicos , or Sybillinos , Commentarios Vaticines : the Aruspices had Aruspicinos , rituales , reconditos de fulminibus , fulgurales , historias Tuscas , &c. The Pontifices were the chiefest , so that in process of time the name Pontifex was common to all their Priests ; so we read Pontifex sacrorum , Caesarum , Solis , Volcani , AEdium sacrarum , Coloniae , Domus Augustae , fecialis , Quinquennalis , Saliorum , Vestae , &c. and in case of necessity supplied the Offices of all the other Priests , as of the Flamen Dialis in case of his sickness , or if he was not augurated , &c. they also gave Answers out of the Sybills books , concerning Prodigies , &c. After the death of Ascanius , his son Julus was put by the Kingdom by Silvius son of Lavinia , and made Priest ; but afterwards the Kings were Priests also , till Numa , who first regulated these things , and divided the whole Sacerdotal Dignity and Employment into three parts , of which the Pontifices were one : he then elected to be Pontifex , Max. Marcius M. F. a Senator , and committed to him all the Ceremonies of their Religion writ and sealed up . He joyned to him also three Pontifices Patritians , Quibus solis Magistratus & Sacerdotia adipisci licebat , quare dicti Pontifices a posse & facere , saith Scaevola ; tho Varro derive the word à ponte [ sublicio ] faciendo , or re●…endo : and they were all Patritii a great while , till the common People by their Sedition and Unquietness had got Tribunes ; and then they never rested , but first they obtained by Lex Caninia that they might marry with the Nobility ; then by Lex Licinia , that one of the Consuls should be a Plebeian ; and that part of the XV-viri sacrorum should be Plebeians . Ogulnius preferred a Law that 5 Augurs and 4 Pontifices should be created out of the common People , and added to the former number ; which after much contention was obtained . Yet the Pontificatus Maximus remained amongst the Patritii till T. Coruncanius , who was the first Plebeian ( Atilio Regulo Cos ) that obtained it . Afterwards it was also communicated to Foreigners , the first whereof was Corn. Balbus a Spaniard of Gades , first jure Quiritum donatus , afterwards by Pompey made Cos. & Pont. Max. After the Lex Ogulnia , Sulla the Dictator again enlarged the College of the Pontifices and Augurs ; and after him Julius Caesar added one to every College ; and the Senate upon occasion often added others supra numerum . But after that the Emperors assumed to them the Pontificatum Maximum ; they neglecting all former Laws , chose all other Priests ; tho sometimes in flattery the Senate added also their Decree , as they did to Augustus after M. Antonies death . Dio l. 51. Sulla encreased the number of the Pontifices to 15 , 8 Patricians and 7 Plebeians ; whom Tully calls ex parte dimidi●… Sacerdotes , and then the Patritii were called majores , the Plebeii minores ; as there were majores and minores Flaminii ; and amongst the minores the Senior was call'd Maximus ; and the Junior Minimus-minorum . But tho these at first were accounted Sacerdotes , and tho of a lower rank and in lower places , yet they sate with the Pont. Max. the Flamines , Rex Sacrorum , and other Pontifices in Judgment ; yet at last they came to be no better than Ministers , Scribes , &c. to the Majores . And the greatest of the Majores and the Head of them ( not by Seniority but Choice ) was Pontifex Maximus : ( As the Flamen Dialis had the greatest Authority amongst the fifteen Flamines , Praetor Urbanus amongst the Praetors , and Maxima Vestalis amongst the Virgins . ) So call'd , saith one , quod Maximus , quae ad Sacr●… & Religiones pertinent , Judex sit , Vindexque contumaciae Privatorum , Magistratuumque . For as the Pontifices were chief of all the Sacred Order , so was the Pont. Max. the chiefest of them ; o●… whose Jurisdictions and Power by and by . § . 3. The Pontifices were after their Institutution chosen by the College , and by them also was the Pont. Max. chosen out of their own Body , and were created or inaugurated in Comitiis Curiatis , being they were all Patritii ; but afterwards the Plebeii being made partakers of the Priesthood , they were created in Tributis , [ Tributa were Councils or Convocations of the Common people , wherein the Fathers or Senators had nothing to do ] which Comitia , before Lex Domitia , were holden by one of the Eminentest persons in the College . By Lex Domitia jus subrogandorum Sacerdotum was transferred from the College to the people , and then all the Pontifices were created Comitiis Tributis . And it should seem , that in the Tributis the Pontifices were renunciati , but were confirmed and established in Curiatis , for in those Comitia only were Auguries ; but Plebeii Sacerdotes , who to their Consecration had no need of Auguries , were made in Tributis . It should seem also , that in Comitiis Tributis the people only designed or named the person , but that the Regular and Authentick Election was in the College ; and that they could not chuse any of the same Family with one of themselves ; as neither any person that was a notorious Enemy to any of them . In those Comitia Tributa only seventeen Tribes chosen by Lot gave their Voices for chusing the Pont. Max. The Curio Maximus , Augurs and XV-viri were also created in Comitiis Tributis ; but the Rex Sacrorum in Centuriatis ; and the Flamines in Curiatis ; which were holden by the Pontifices , whom therefore Cicero calls Auctores Centuriatorum & Curiatorum Comitiorum . § . 4. This Custom of Election seems to have lasted , till Julius Caesar , by a great Largess , was made Pont. Max. but he neglecting the way whereby himself attained the Pontificate , created Pont. whom he pleased ; and the Senate afterwards in flattery voted , That if he should have a Son , he should also be Pont. Max. M. Antony also neglecting the Comitia and all Order and Law , created Lepidus Pont. Max. surreptitiously ; and to confirm him the more , and collegue the better , he ordered that from thenceforth the Cooptation or Choice of the Pontifices should be transferred from the people to the College , as Sulla had order'd it before for ten years only . After Lepidus's death ( which some , tho falsly , affirm that Augustus hastened for the purpose . Augustus assumed the Title and Power of Pont. Max. to himself ; as did also all the succeeding Emperors , till they became Christians ; not because they were Patritii , but for the greatness of the Authority and Veneration ; and therefore they always placed ●…t the first of their Titles : Yet before Hadrian , none executed the Function . They also sometimes deffe●…ed to take upon them the Pontificate , as T●…berius was not Pont. Max. till 6 Id. Mart. tho Augustus died Kal. Septemb. and when Pontifices Max. they rarely summoned a College , but o●…dinarily 〈◊〉 all things by themselves , and to settle in them●…ves all the Sacred Authority that was possible ; they were also Augurs , as appears by divers Coins of Julius , Augustus , Vespasian , Verus , &c. which have the Augures Ensigns upon them . And Otho ; if that reading in Tacitus be true , Hist. l. 1. Otho Pontificatus Auguratusque honoratus insignibus , cumulum , &c. They were also sometimes of the XV-viri , that they might engross to themselves all the three summa & amplissima Sacerdotia . So there is a silver Coin of Vitellius , with a Tripos , Dolphin , and Bird , all sacred to Apollo ; whose Priests the XV-viri were . If two Augustus's at the same time , the one was Pont. Max. the other Pontifex only , as appears by the Coins of M. Aurelius and Lucius Verus , of Caraculla and Geta , of Dioclesian and Maximian . § . 5. And before the Emperors times the Pont. Max. was of so great Honour , that it was very ambitiously desired even of Persons of greatest Quality , and seldom any was chosen that had not before sat in Sella Curuli . He took place also and precedence of all the other Magistrates . The Inauguration of the Pont. Max. is described by Prudent . Hymn . Sti. Romani , and was thus ; Putting on his Pontificalia , he went down into a Hole made for that purpose , over which was thrown a wooden Bridge or Cover full of holes ; then was brought an Ox ready for the Sacrifice , and slain upon the Bridge : So that the blood ran down through the h●…s upon the person below and his cloaths ; which being done , the Bridge was removed , and he taken up , and acknowledged Pont. Max. The Pont. Max. and Flamen Dialis were married per Confarreationem , or a most solemn Sacrifice ; some say they might have but one Wife : Si Dialis uxorem duxerit illum Flaminio decedere , & matrimonium Flaminis non nisi morte dirimi ; if they were Laws , or if any other such concerning the Pont. Max. it is manifest by Julius Caesar's Example , they were in his time obsolete and antiquated . The Pont. Max. had a publick House which was call'd Regia , because the Habitation of Rex Sacrificulus ; and it was laureata : This was first given by the people to P. Scipio Nasica in viâ sacrâ , who was by the Senate sirnamed Optimus , that he might be the easilier consulted in Matters of Law , which was his Profession ; and it should seem that the succeeding Pontifices lived in that same , even Julius Caesar himself , who remov'd out of his own house in the Suburra unto this . But Augustus made his whole house publick , because built with the peoples Money . § . 6. It should seem that the Augurs had this Privilege by Law , that they never forfeited their Augurships , no not tho condemn'd to death . The Rex Sacrorum seems also to have had the same Prerogative , but the Pontifices Maximi not so ; but yet in favour to some persons their Priesthoods were made perpetual ; tho Pontifices perpetui doth not always signifie such as were to enjoy their Honours as long as they lived ; but such also as were employ'd continually and assiduously about Matters of their Religion . The Maxima Vestalis and the Rex Sacrorum were also legibus soluti , unquestionable by Law , but the Pontifices not . It was unlawful for the Pont. Max. to go out of Italy till P. Licin . Crassus broke that , whether Law or Custom ; and he was imitated by divers of his Successors , particularly by Julius Caesar ; yet against the gré of the Senate , who voted that Julius Caesar should therefore be given up to the Enemies . Hereupon some have doubted , whether the Pont. Max. could have any Command in their Armies , and consequently be Consul , &c. And 't is true indeed , that the Flamen Dialis was seldom chosen Consul , because it was forbidden him to be General . Exercitum armatum videre Flaminis Dialis religio est , A. Gel. l. 10. c. 15. Yet both the Flamines and Sal●…i might have Civil Power , both Consulates , tho rarely , and other Magistracies . But the Pont. Max. were capable of any Power Civil or Military . So we see the Emperors were always Pont. Maximi . So M. AEmilius was Censor , Liv. l. 40. Tacit. Annal. l. 4. P. Licinius was first AEdile , then Censor , then Cos. Liv. l. 27. and afterwards Master of the Horse to Q. Fulvius the Dictator . P. Scaevola also was Tribunus plebis , tho Tully accounted it dangerous to join those two Offices . The Charge and Employment of the Pontifices was very great and various . At first they judg'd all points of Law , and decided all Controversies : and before the twelve Tables all the Law was contain'd in their Books : of which afterwards Cn. Fulvius discover'd and publish'd so much as concern'd Civil Matters ; but what touched the Rites and Ceremonies of their Religion , was always kept secret : but they had always supreme Authority in judging all Sacred Causes , whether between private persons , Magistrates , or persons Sacred . They ma●…e inquisition into the Lives and Carriages of all ●…uch Officers and Magistrates that had oversight over the Sacrifices and Worship of the Gods ; as likewise all Priests , whether of their own or other Order ; also any person that belonged to Religion in any case , and all other persons in religious Cases : and for some Crimes they could mulctam & poenam ponere ; and the Vestal Virgins they could judge to f●…agellation and loss of life . They declared and interpreted the true Worship of the Gods to the Common people ; and took care to prevent all heterodox Opinions in Religion . They also interpreted the Minds of the Gods when-ever demanded , resolving all Cases of Conscience , as I may call them , and absolving from such faults as were pardonable . They had Charge over Religion and all other Ceremonies ; taking notice also of what concern'd the Commonwealth in Election of Magistrates , undertaking Wars , &c. which were no otherwise rata & firma , but as by them judged consentaneous to the Ceremonies of their Religion . They decreed concerning Sacrifices , Vows , Holy-days , and in general kept the Kalender for all the distinction of their days : which because it is somewhat intricate , you will pardon me , if by a small digression I try to clear it . § . 7. Their days then were , 1. either atri , unlucky days , wherein it was not lawful to fight a Battel , consult the People , nor do any solemn Action , not so much as to bury their deceased Parents ; such were the days immediately following the Calends , Nones , and Ides ; and the fourth day before the Calends , Nones , and Ides ; on the fourth day before the Nones of August was the great Defeat at Cannae . 2. Other days were not atri , and they were 1̄ Festi , Holy-days consecrated to the Gods , in them were Sacrifices to be offer'd , Religious Banquets made , and Games celebrated . Some of them also were Feriae , which were profaned if any labour was performed in them , but what concerned either the Worship of the Gods , or some urgent commodity of life , as if an Ox fell into a pit ; or a Beam of the house broken ; or War brought suddenly upon them : and those Feriae were , α Publick , and those , 1. Stativae , common to all the people upon certain set Days and Months , and were marked in their Fasti ; on such were celebrated their Agonalia , Carmentalia , Lupercalia . 2. Conceptivae , which were every Year bidden or denounced by the Priests or Magistrates , such were Latinae , Paganalia , Sementinae , Compitalia . 3. Imperativae , which the Consuls or Praetors commanded upon occasion . 4. Nundinae , which were Fairs , wherein the Country-people came to sell and buy . β Privatae , and those , 1. of certain Families , as of the Claudia , AEmilia , Julia , Cornelia , &c. 2. Or of particular persons , such were their Birth-days , fulgurum susceptiones , Funerals , Expiations , &c. 2̄ Profesti , or Working days , wherein a man might dispatch any business publick or private ; and these were , α Fasti , wherein the Praetor might hear Causes , and give Sentence ; or , as they phrase it , fari tria illa verba , Do , Dico , Addico : yet on these Days all Comitia or treating with the People were forbidden . Nefasti were such Days , wherein the Courts were not open . β Comitiales , in which they might both plead in the Courts , and treat with the People . γ Comperendini , in quibus vadimonium dicere licet . δ Stati , Days appointed for hearing of Strangers . ε Praeliares , wherein they might demand their own by force , and provoke the Enemy : which it was not lawful to do , in Latinarum Solenni , in diebus Saturnaliorum , nor cum mundus patet ; because that was dedicated to Dis and Proserpina , and then they counted it unlawful either to raise , march , or exercise their Men , to charge the Enemy [ but if the Enemy charged them , it was accounted lawful to fight at any time ] to weigh Anchor , to go to Sea , or to marry a Wife . 3̄ Intercisi , such Days which were common both to the Gods and Men , half Holy-days , in some hours the Courts were open , in some not . § . 8. And because frequent mention is made of their Comitia or General Assemblies , perhaps it will be acceptable to you to know somewhat concerning them also . Of the Divisions of the People , and of their Comitia or General Assemblies . There were two great and solemn Divisions of the People of Rome ; the first according to the place they lived in , and thus they were divided into Tribus and Curias ; the second , according to their Wealth , and thus they were divided into Classes and Centurias . After the Sabins were admitted into the City , Romulus divided the City into three parts , which he therefore call'd Tribus , and the Governor of them Tribunos ; which Name also he imposed not only upon the Places but Inhabitants ; for divers of the Albani ( to the number of 3000 Foot and 300 Horse ) coming with Romulus to his new Colony , he gave them Houses in a peculiar part of the City , and made them into one Tribe , which he call'd Ramnensis , then Titus Tatius the King of the Sabins coming to live at Rome , brought with him also many of his own Country , whom he placed upon Mons Capitolinus , and they were made another Tribe call'd Tatienses , the rest of the people that inhabited betwixt the Mountains Palatinus and Capitolinus , made up another Tribe , and were call'd Luceres ( either because they came ad Lucum , i. e. ad Asylum , and so taken into the City , or that they were Hetruscans that came with Lu●…umo , or Ardeates that came with Luceres , and fixed in Rome ) afterwards Servius Tullus having enlarged the City , divided it into four Regions or Tribes , giving them Names , not as Romulus from their Countries , but from their places ; which were Palatina , Suburana , Esquilina , and Collina ; and he forbad the Inhabitants of any one place to change their dwelling into another ; and this he did probably , because he saw the Ramnenses and Tatienses to be far exceeded in number by the continual addition of new Comers , who were all joined to the Luceres ; probably also he divided the Country about Rome , which belonged to the Romans , into 26 parts , which made up so many Tribus Rusticas , as some Authors say ; others , as Varro , Dionysius and Livy seem to think , that he made not so many Tribus Rusticas , and perhaps no more than fifteen , and their Names were Romilia , Remonia , Pupinia , Veintina , Galeria , Pollia , Voltinia , AEmilia , Cornelia , Fabia , Menenia , Papiria , Sergia , Veturia , and that which afterwards ( A. U. C. 249. ) was call'd Claudia . Afterwards , A. U. C. 258. Claudius and Servilius being Consuls , two more were added , which seem to be Crustumina and Ocriculana . Anno 369. four more were added , Stellatina , Tormentina , Sabalina , and Arniensis . Anno 395. two more , Pomptina and Poplilia , or Popillia or Poblilia . Again , An. 421. two others , Maecia and Sceptia . Anno 435. Ufentina and Falarina . Anno 454. Aniensis and Terentia : and lastly , Anno 512. Uclina and Quirina , which made up the number 35 , which number never alter'd . These 16 last were not in agro Romano , but either in Sabino , or in Umbria , or in Latium , or in Campania , or in Hetruria ; for Ufentina was so call'd from the River Ufens near Terracina , and Arniensis from the River Arnus , and seems to have been about Florence , and they were constituted according as they received more and more Nations to be Citizens of Rome . It is to be noted , That tho the Tribes seem at first of all to have receiv'd their Names from the Places , yet divers of them had other Names from Persons , as the Horatia , Papia , Camilla , &c. were anciently , and Julia , Flavia , Ulpia , &c. were modernly Names of some of these Tribes . Also in the Country he built upon the strongest Hills and Places certain Castles , which he call'd Pagos , whither the Country-people might resort , and be in safety , in the time of any Invasion ; which Pagi also were dedicated to some God , to whom once in the Year all that belong'd to that Pagus , Men , Women , and Children , brought a certain piece of Money , which was receiv'd by him that had Charge of the Pagus , whereby he knew the number of all that belong'd to that Pagus , and defray'd the Charges of the Sacrifices and Pagus . These Feasts or Holy-days were call'd Paganalia . Afterwards this Manner and Government was quite alter'd ; and Tribus signified not any place or quantity of Ground with its Inhabitants , but a Company of Citizens , Free-men , that lived where they listed ; so that persons of one Tribe lived in another : and Tribus was not pars Urbis as formerly , but Civitatis . And this Change happen'd ( as it should seem ) first , because most men desired and counted it greater reputation to be ( as of honourabler Families , so of ) honorabler Tribes . The more honourable were the Rusticae : For Romulus , to encourage Husbandry , committed all sedentary , mechanick , and sordid Arts to Slaves , Libertines , and Strangers ; but Agriculture to Free-men and Citizens , whom he design'd to be the Nursery of his Militia , their 's being a life more active and laborious , and which consequently disposed them better to great Undertakings . Secondly , Because the Adopted passed as well into the Tribe as the Family of the Adopter ; whence it came , that great Families remov'd sometimes from one Tribe into another . Thirdly , Because the Censors in process of time came to have power to add new Tribes , and to remove out of one into another . So that Citizens began not to be of the Tribes in which they lived , but of those which it pleased the Censors either to gratifie them withal , or to punish them . Hence it is probable , that all of the same great Family got into one Tribe , which perhaps gave the Name to certain Tribes , as AEmilia , Claudia , Julia , &c. And Appius thus gave leave to all Citizens to enter themselves into what Tribe they pleased ; but Q. Fabius , A. U. C. 449. finding the abuse which had crept in by Appius's permission ; whereby the meanest people ( being the greatest part ) put themselves into the Rusticae Tribus , and so carried all things in the Comitia factiously , and to the prejudice of the Commonwealth ; he ( I say ) finding this , transferred all the meanest of the people into the Tribus Urbanae ; which was another Reason , why after him all Persons of Quality sought to avoid being in those Tribes . Fourthly , Because that persons for Demerits were punished by being placed in a lower Tribe , and for Reward advanced to an higher ; where , by the way , it seems that one Rustica was more honourable than another . Cic. pro Balbo saith , that Balbus was rewarded for accusing and convicting N. N. of Ambitûs ( unlawfully seeking Preferment ) with a removal into Tribus Crustumina ; whether that was the general Recompence for such Actions ; or that the Accuser had the Tribe of the convicted , if nobler than his own , I know not . § . 9. Servius Tullus divided all the people into six Classes according to their Wealth , and these again into 193 or 194 ( Centurias ) the greatest part whereof were of the richest Persons ; whereby it came to pass , that they who had the greatest Interest in the Publick , had also greatest share in the Government . The Governors of the Centuries were call'd Centuriones , tho they seem not to have had any Power but in War. The first Class into 80 Centurias , 40 Seniorum , and 40 Juniorum under 45 years old , the Census or Wealth whereof was not under a 100 Minae ( 10000 Drachmae ) aliàs at 333 l — 10 s — 0 d of our Money ; they were best and compleatest armed , and commonly had aciem primam in their Armies . To these were added 18 Centuries of the noblest and richest Equites . The second Class was divided into 20 Centuries of Foot-men , and their Census or Wealth was betwixt a 100 and 80 Minae ( about 276 l. ) they had all the Arms of the former , except a Breast-plate , and they constituted aciem secundam . To these were added two unarmed Centuries of Handy-crafts men ( Opificum . ) The third Class was divided into 20 Centuries of Foot-Soldiers . Their Wealth was bewixt 7000 and 5000 Drachmae , or as others , about 167 l. and had all the Arms of the former , except Greaves . These constituted aciem tertiam . The fourth was divided into 20 Centuries of Foot-Soldiers , and their Wealth was betwixt 5000 and 2500 Drachms ( about 24 l ) their Arms were Spears , Shields , and Swords ; and they constituted the last Battel or Acies . To which were added two unarmed Centuries , Cornicinum and Tibicinum . The fifth was divided into 20 Centuries of Foot-Soldiers , whose Wealth was under 25 Minae , and above 12 and ½ ( 39 l — 1 s — 3 d ) These were Velites , and had Slings and Darts , and the like Missilia . The sixth was the rest of the People , Proletariorum and Capite Censorum , whose Wealth was not regarded , and made but one Century , freed from all Tribute and Militia . In giving their Suffrages therefore in their Comitia Centuriata or by Centuries , wherein most of the great Businesses were dispatched ; the best and wealthiest Citizens ( who had the most Centuries ) had the greatest Power . § . 10. The Comitia Centuriata ( call'd by Cicero Maxima ) were , 1. for the Creation of the greater ordinary Magistrates , as Consuls , Proconsuls , Censors , Reges Sacrorum , Praetors , Tribuni Militum Consulari potestate , and XV-viri legibus ferendis , where the Candidates had no Voices ; and these Assemblies were held only by the Consuls , Dictators , Interreges , Trib. Milit. Cons. potestate & X-viri Leg. Scrib . and were call'd per Cornicinem , and were held in Campo Martio , where all the people met , and gave their Voices each in their own Century . 2. For making Laws of greater Consequence , and such as were made by the greater Magistrates , Senatus-consulta , by the Authority of the Senate ; and in these presided the Consuls and Dictators . 3. For Judgments in Case of Rebellion and Treason , and these were held by the Consuls , Dictators , or Praetors . They were only call'd by the greater Magistrates , and all admitted into Centuries , had Voices , whether they lived in the City or Italy ; and they had their Diribitores ( such as marshalled them , and received their Suffrages ) Rogatores , Custodes , and Praecones ; and were in the Campo Martio extra Pomerium ; were proclaimed a competent time before by the Authority of the Senate ( 27 days ; in which time were kept tria Nundina , or three Fairs , and tha●… space of time was call'd Trinundinum ) and they were always post Capta auspicia , both by observation of the Heavens , the Auguries of the Birds , and the Inspection of Sacrifices . § . 11. Tributa Comitia were , wherein the People gave their Suffrages according to their Tribes , and were 1. First for the Creation of some of their Priests . 2. For Creation of lesser Magistrates , whether Provincial , as Proconsuls , Propraetors , and Proquaestors . Or Urbani , and these were either ordinary , such were Tribuni plebis , AEdiles Plebis , Tribuni Militum , AEdiles Curules , Qu●…stores , Triumviri , 1. Nocturni , 2. Capitales , 3. Auro , Argento , AEre flando , feriundo . Or extraordinary , as Praefecti Annonae , Duumviri Navales , Quaestores Parricidii , Duumviri AEdium Sacrarum , &c. 3. For making such Laws as were call'd Plebiscita ; concerning making Peace , solutionem à legibus , Triumphs ; Publicas Quaestiones de Civitate . 4. For such Judgments wherein the Faulty persons were only mulcted . There were to be present , according to the occasion , Candidati , Accusers , Accused ( and they Sordidati ) with their Advocates or Patrons . They had Diribitores , Custodes , Rogatores , and Praecones . They were held without an Auspication , and in any place within or without the City , but only upon Dies Comitiales , and they were proclaim'd ordinarily 27 days before . Romulus divided the People into three Tribes or Wards , and every Ward into 10 Curias , like our Parishes , and ( as these ) each Curia had their proper Temples and Sacrifices . So that Curia signifies , 1. those 30 parts into which the people were divided , 2. the Temples proper to every one of these Curiae , 3. because the Senate ordinarily met in one of these Curiae ; it signifies any place wherein the Senate met . Comitia Curiata were those wherein the People was asked their Sentence by Curias , and what the major part of the Curiae agreed upon was firm , and call'd jussum Populi , in these Comitia the people met not together in one place , but all in their several Curia's , and there voted . 1. They made Laws concerning , 1. the Confirmation of certain Magistrates , which were in other Comitia chosen , 2. the giving Military Charges to the Magistrates , 3. Revocation from Exile , 4. Adoptions , 5. and Testaments . 2. They created certain Priests . They were convoked by certain Magistrates , as Kings , Interreges , Consuls , Praetors , Dictators , and Pontifices ; and that by 30 Lictores , and upon certain days , within the City in Comitio , a place near the Forum . They only had Voices who were in Curias Scripti , i. e. that lived in the City . The manner of holding them was this : the President of the Comitia proposed the business ; and then said , Si ita vobis videtur , discedite in Curias , & suffragium inite : but if the Rogation ( or thing proposed ) seem'd not to be for the benefit of the People , the Trib. plebis interceded and cryed , Veto ; and then the Comitia were Dissolved . But if it was thought fit to be passed , the Curiae were call'd forth by Lot to give their Suffrages , and were call'd forth so often , till 16 of them agreed . They voted first by word of Mouth , afterwards by Tables . And they observ'd , that the Curia first call'd out , was to be boni Ominis , or else the Comitia were put oft till another day . Of the Curiae . § . 12. Curia signifies sometimes the Place or Meeting-house of the People , secondly , the People or Company that met in that one place , thirdly , the Jus or Rights wherewith they were endued . To understand this the better , this is the History of the Curiae . Romulus having divided the whole City into three Tribes ( or Wards ) subdivided every Tribe into 10 Curiae ( or Parishes ) constituting in all 30 and their Governors Curiones ; which number was never increased , and to every Curia he assign'd two publick places for their Meetings , which places were also call'd Curiae ; one for their Sacrifices and Assemblings , for the Exercise of their Religion , the other for Consultations about Secular businesses . Curia locus est ubi publicas curas gerebant . But because in process of time the City became greatly augmented ; so that these places , built by Romulus , were not sufficient to contain the multitudes , they built new ones much larger , into which they did evocare Sacra ( transfer their God , their Altars , Ceremonies , &c. ) only four there were left , out of which it was not lawful to transfer their Sacra : which were Foriensis , Rapta , Veliensis , and Velitia ; which were therefore call'd Veteres Curiae , the rest Novae : Besides these , we find three ancient Names of the Curiae , Saucia , Titia , and Tifata ; and I know not whether any more . So that according to Romulus's Institution , four of the ancient numerically remained , and the number of 30 Curiae was never alter'd ; but they were not ( as he made them ) parts of the Tribus's ; for when there were made four Tribes , there were but 30 Curiae ; nor were there any Curiae in the Rustical Tribes ; but they had their Pagi , where they perform'd their Devotions and Paganalia , as the City-Inhabitants did their Compitalia in the Curiae . For every Curia had his God , and Sacrifices , &c. peculiar to it self , the Expences whereof were by Romulus allow'd out of the Treasury , and every Curia had his Curio ( or Parish Priest ) that minister'd and officiated in that Curia ; both in their Worship , Sacrifices , holy Feasts , and the like . Quest. Whether all that were number'd in the Tribus Rustica were referr'd or listed in some Curia ? It seems that all that did enjoy the full and compleat Liberties and Privileges of Roman Citizens , were referr'd to some Curia ; else they wanted a great part of the Government in the Commonwealth , many things being passed in Comitiis Curiatis ; but many were Citizens ( as Municipes , &c. ) who were of some Tribe , but not of any Curia . The Curiae were subdivided again into ten parts each , call'd Decuriae and their Chief was call'd Decurio ; but these seem not to have been used in the City : but in the Municipia and C●…liniae , we find frequent mention of them . § . 13. But to return from this Digression . The Pontifices also Decreed concerning Games , Ceremonies of all the Gods , that especially which made pro Salute Pop. Romani . They appeased the Wrath of the Gods when denounced by Prodigies or any other way discover'd ; tho procurare prodigia they commonly referr'd to the Aruspices . They did also expiare Piacula , i e. if any thing done against Religion , to make atonement for it , as if a Vestal Virgin was got with Child , any great Sacrilege committed , any Games wrong performed ; and many times they order'd Sacrifices , Games , &c. to be done over again . They presided in all sacred publick Solemnities , and were consulted also in such as concern'd private Persons or Families . And what three of them decreed was accounted firm and holy . Hence that Saying of Neratius Priscus : Tres faciunt Collegium . They also with the Vestal Virgins might go into the Penus Vestae ( which they call'd opening and shutting Penetrale Vestae ) which was an inner secret Room in the Temple of Vesta , wherein were kept the Fortune of the Commonwealth . They did also Deos indigitare ( i. e. ) call them by their proper Names , which it was not lawful sometimes to publish unto the people . These Dii Indigites were Dii Patrii , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 men deified , which it was their Office to do . They also took care of the Intercalation , and equalling of the Civil , with the Natural , Year ; which they kept as a great Mystery and a gainful , being frequently bribed to lengthen the Year by such as were desirous to continue their Offices longer , or the Customs they farm'd . Till Julius Cesar being Pont. Max. took upon him to reform the Kalendar . The Pontifices Minores had also some Sacrifices and Functions proper to themselves ; as that they sacrificed every Kalends to Juno ( call'd therefore Calendarii ) in Curia Calabra ; which was the place of meeting and treating about Matters of Religion , as Curia Hostilia was for Civil by the Senate . Besides this , they had 30 other Curia's for the People , wherein to observe their Holy-days and Ceremonies , which were govern'd by the Curio Maximus and the Flamines Curiales . They had also Jurisdiction in the Cognizance of divers Civil Causes ; as such as concern'd Adoptions , which were commonly perform'd before them in Comitiis Curiatis . Such were Causes Matrimonial , Causes Testamentary , Sepulchral and Funeral ; for none might without their leave remove a dead Body out of its Sepulcher , or renew a Monument , &c. They had anciently Immunitatem à Muneribus , i. e. from Taxes , &c. which afterwards was taken from them , and restrained only to Immunity from extraordinary Taxes . They had Sellam Curulem , & Togam praetextam ( the Triumphers had Togam pictam ) and might not ride in the City but in a Chariot . § . 14. The Rex Sacrorum and Flamines , tho not Pontifices , yet were so joyn'd to the College of the Pontifices , that they commonly sate in Judgment with them ; and some say in this Order , 1 , Rex Sacrorum , 2. Dialis , 3. Martialis , 4. Quirinalis , 5. Pontifex Maximus ; but this Marshalling is very doubtful ; for Livy saith expresly , that the Pont. Max. took place of the Rex Sacrorum , because they would not joyn preheminence to that Name . As to their Sacrifices and holy Ceremonies , there was not so great difference betwixt the Pontifices Majores and Pont. Max. as in other things there was ; for besides that he was Head and Chief ( and as it were Dean ) of the College , presiding in all their Meetings , and answering for them when ever any thing was referr'd to , or demanded of , them : and consequently Head of all that Estate of Sacred persons ; whereby he had Power to convoke the People , propose to them , and ask their Suffrages , and , as some say , Leges ferre , especially concerning Religious matters ; insomuch that the Comitia Centuriata and Curiata were in a manner wholly his , wherein were chosen all the chief Officers of their Religion ; whom he also inaugurated ; even the Rex Sacrorum himself , who else was the chief of them all : yet was his Priesthood under the Pont. Max. Ne additus nomini honos aliquid officeret libertati , saith Livy , l. 2. Besides all these things , he chose the Vestal Virgins , 20 in number , and in his custody were fatale Imperii Pignus in Penu Vestae , which were seven in number : Acus Matris Deûm , Quadriga fictilis , Veientinorum cineres , Orestis ( i. e. ) Priami Sceptrum , Ilione , Palladium , Ancilia . To the Pont. Max. also belong'd the Tensae , Curricula , Praecentio , ludi , libationes , Epulaeque ludorum pubblicorum . He began all their sacred Hymns , and Processions , and all other religious Ceremonies . He also confecit magnos Annales , i. e. writ upon whited Tables what was done every Year , and exposed it publickly at his House , that all might read it . And in what State and Splendor he lived the Proverb of Coena Pontificia shews sufficiently . The Ministers of the Pontifices were the III-viri , afterwards the VII-viri , Epulonum : whose Office was to take care of the Solemn Games : and , if any thing was omitted or wrong done , to advertise the Pontifices of it ; and to provide for the Epulare Sacrificium or holy Feast made of the Sacrifices at those Games ; their Ensign upon a Coin of L. Plancus is Urceolus or an Ewer . Virgines saliae who assisted at the Sacrifices in the Regiâ . Camilli were Youths ( ingenui ) that served the Priest at Sacrificing , and are commonly decipher'd holding a Box of Incense in their hands . Apparitores or Kalatores , Lictores . Scribae most of them Libertini 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , à libris Pontificalibus . Decuria Curiatia . Tibicines who play'd , and Ludii that danced , at their Sacrifices : instead of whom in their Colonies was Petreia , an Antick , that led their Ceremonies in the Habit of an old drunken Woman . Popae , that slew ; Victimarii that dressed , their Sacrifices . Incinerarius that brought the Embers , and kindled the fire . Jecorus and Aruspex Pontificis that stood by , ordered the Sacrificed , and viewed the Liver . Fictores , probably such as sold Images of Flower or Wax to such as were not able , by reason of poverty , to buy living beasts . Nomenclatores Tensarum Jugares , such as assisted in ordering the Tensae . CHAP. VIII . Of Countries , Colonies , Places . § . 1. SPain , upon their Coins is sometimes like a Soldier on Horse-back with a Lance , sometimes on Foot with a round Buckler and two Darts , ( the Weapons of that Country ) sometimes a Woman with a Rabbet , of which was so great plenty heretofore in Spain , that whole Towns have been undermined by them ; and Galen thought they were proper to that Country . Deus Hispanus , or their Tutelar God , is a full Face with short curled Hair , and a Collar of Pearls about his Neck . Africa , a Womans Head tired with the Skin of an Elephants Head : sometimes also beside her a Scorpion , Basket of Herbs , and Ears of Corn. Sometimes also a Serpent before an Elephant ; who is said by his hot Breath to draw them out of their Holes , and so devour them . Sometimes with G. T. A. Genius Tutelaris Africae . Mauritania , and in Hadrian's Money Mauretania , a Woman in a Soldiers Habit leading an Horse commonly without a Bridle , ( Infraenes Numidae Virg. calls them ) and a Switch in the other hand . Italy , sometimes like a Woman crowned with Towers , sitting on a Globe ; to signifie the Command of the World ; sometimes with a Cornucopia . § . 2. Roma , owing her Name to a Woman call'd Rhome ; for when the Trojans lay lurking at the Mouth of Tiber , and made Inroads into the Country , their Wives troubled at that manner of living , by the Counsel of Rhome , when the men were gone abroad to forrage , burnt the Ships ; whereupon perforce they built a City , and call'd it Roma ; sometimes therefore a Woman armed sitting on seven Mountains , or on an heap of Arms , with a Wolf suckling Romulus and Remus , and a Bird or two call'd Picus Martius consecrated to Mars their Father . Sometimes a young Head , to shew its perpetuity and eternal Vigour , armed also for strength . Germania , a Woman with a Lance and Shield , like a Rhombus , with the acute Angles cut off ; which it seems was the defensive Arms of most Countries thereabouts . Sicilia is figured by three Legs in a Triangle , because of the three Promontories , Pelorum , Pachorum , Lilybaeum ; with Ears of Corn to shew its Fertility . Judaea and Phoenicia with a Palm-tree . Armenia with a Persian Quiver of Arrows . Arabia , a Camel. Corinth and Syracuse , her Colony , a Pegasus●… Cyrene , the Plant Silphium ( a gross Stem with two or three branches at the top , like a round Ball ) because thence the best Laserpitium , either the Gum or the coagulated Juice of that Plant , which some conceive to be Benzoin . Egypt , a Woman holding a Sistrum ( a Musical Instrument like a Racket of Iron or'Brass , in the sides of it loose Wyres or Irons with thick ends , that they might not slip out of the holes , and give also a greater sound ; the Sistrum being held by the handle , and shaken to and again in a certain Measure , made such Musick as served their Turns ) Sometimes with an Ibis , a great Devourer of their Serpents . Sometimes with one of their many monstrous Ass or Dog or Hawk Cat-headed Gods. Sometimes a Crocodile . Sometimes a Sphinx , which was a kind of Ape or Monkey , more ingenious than any other sort of these Animals , found amongst the Troglodites , but brought from Egypt , the Egyptians famous for their Dexterity and Wittiness , represented themselves by it . Carthago , on one side a Virgins Head , on the other an Horses ; they say , that at the building of Carthage , an Horses head was found in a Pit in an holy Wood ; whereby was foreshew'd that the new City should be warlike and a great Conqueress , whence the Punick Name of it KAKKABH signifies ( as they say ) an Horses head : the Palm-tree shews them to be a Colony of the Phoenicians . § . 3. Rivers are generally described like an Old man ( because from the beginning ; and thence Fluvius , and most of the Names of Rivers are Masculines ) crown'd with Reeds or Water-weeds , pouring water out of an Urne , and a Cornucopia ; if navigable , with a Boat. Tyber with two Children sucking a Wolf. Nilus with a Crocodile , and many Children playing about him , to represent its Fertility . Tigri●… with a Tiger . § . 4. A Colony is represented commonly by a Plough drawn by two Oxen , or an Ox and a Cow ; which at the building of a City were yoked together ; the Cow inward ( the Wife being to be House-keeper ) with the Plough they made a Furrow , which should be as it were the limits of the City , where the Gates were to be , they lifted up the Plough out of the Earth ; so porta à portando . Sometimes also by a Banner ; for at Rome , when a Colony was to be sent forth , a Banner was set up , and an inscribed Table under it , to shew who was the Conductor , and what numbers were to go , and whither ; that all might have notice who were willing to give in their Names . The numbers being full , out of every hundred they chused ten , who were call'd therefore Decuriones , and made up the Curia or Common Council of the Colony : these out of their own Body chused their Magistrates [ Duûmviri ] who , as the Consuls at Rome , had Power to call together the Curia , to propose , and execute what was decreed by them ; Quaestors also and AEdiles , &c. which were changed every fifth year ; and were therefore call'd Quinquennales ; C. V. Colon. Victrix ; C. I. T. Tar. Colonia Julia Togata Tarracouensis . See a Catalogue of all the Colonies and Municipia in Goltzius . There were divers sorts of Colonies ; the one Civium Romanorum ; the other Latina , as Col. L. Jul. Cori. Colonia Latina Julia Corintbus ; others Italica ; others Latinorum Veterum : the differences whereof were taken from the persons that went , whether Citizens , Allies , or Associate , and may be seen in Sigonius and other Authors . Municipia , were such Towns as kept their own Laws and Customs , and yet had also the Right of Roman Citizens , and were call'd Urbes ; in Colonies , tho they lost some of the Privileges of Roman Citizens ; yet because commonly old Soldiers were planted in them , the Governors of the Provinces , for their Security , chused to reside , and to have their Conventus or Seat of Judicature there , whereby Colonies grew into more Esteem . § . 5. We find also upon ancient Medals divers of their Buildings , as Aquaeducts , Pillars , Arches Triumphal , Forums or Market-places , Rostra : near to which were the Pulpits where they made Orations , Temples , Theaters [ half Circles or half Ovals ] for acting Comedies , Amphitheaters , or as if it were two Theaters joined together , for Huntings , Gladiator-shews , &c. Circus's for Races of Chariots , Horses , &c. Puteal Libonis , was the Cover of a certain Pit made with Lightning ; which tho expiated , yet was not permitted to be inhabited or used , therefore was that Building set over it . Near to , or under which was hid the Whetstone and Rasor of Actius Naevius ; near to it also was the Tribunal of the Praetor , or as some say , of the AEdile . CHAP. IX . Of their Magistrates . Upon their Coins also are frequent Memorials of their Magistrates . § . 1. MAny Persons descending of their Kings , or deriving their Families from them , stamped the Effigies of those Kings upon their Coins . Kings upon Coins are distinguished from other Persons by an Half-Pique they carried in their hands , which they call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; and people in the rude Age of the World worshipped those Spears , and therefore they are put also into the hands of their Gods. Other Kings are known also by their Diademata ; which was a Ruban about four fingers broad , of Scarlet , or some other illustrious and dear Colour and Workmanship , which was bound about their Head. The Kings of Rome also ( at least some of them ) have these Diademata . The Athenians wore certain Cawls ( Reticula ) upon their Heads , adorned with golden Grashoppers ( Cicadas ) because themselves , as those Insects , were born out of the Earth , as they said . The Emperors used them not ( because not acknowledging themselves Kings ) but of those Crowns ordinarily bestowed upon the Soldiers for their Services , or a Laurel one , such as was granted to Jul. Cesar ; till Antoninus Caracalla , who assumed to himself a Diadem , probably after his perfidious Murder of the Persians , and infamous ravage of their Country : after him Elagabalus , Aurelian , Carus , Dioclesian , and others , used it , but none continually till Constant. Mag. who seems to have had a Diadem set on each side with Pearl ; but about Theodosius's time they began to wear Crowns , for his Wife AElia Flaccilla seems to be crowned . The carrying Swords before Kings I do not remember to have read before Attila ; who ( as a small History of him , taken out of Priscus , and is put out by Canisius in Lection . Antiqu. ) going against some of his bordering Scythians , was presented with the Sword of Mars ; sometimes a King of those Nations , and afterwards a God , which Attila had afterwards always carried before him . In that Author also is an accurate Description of Attila's Body , very like that which Conte Thesauro copied after Padre Quaglia's Original . § . 2. The Kings being expelled , and the People brought into great hatred of their Authority , there were established in their room two Consuls ; which were changed every year , who were the chiefest ordinary Magistrates ; convoked the Senate , proposed what was to be consulted , gathered their Suffrages , executed their Decrees , governed Provinces , &c. Their Ensigns were 12 Lictors , men carrying each a bundle of Rods or Birchen Switches , and an Hatchet in the midst , which all waited on each of the Consuls his Month by Course , a Sella Curulis , a Gown of many colours or Trabea , an Ivory Staff or Scepter , on the top whereof was ordinarily an Eagle ; sometimes also somewhat like a Flower-de-lys . At first they were both Patritii , afterwards the people by their Obstinacy and Seditions obtained , that one of them should always be a Plebeian . § . 3. Next to the Consuls were the Praetors ; and indeed at first the Consuls were call'd Praetors ; but the multitude of Employment ( especially matters of Judicature ) increasing , and the Consuls , by reason of foreign Wars , many times absent . A U. C. 388. a Praetor was created a distinct Officer ; which was eagerly desired by the Patritii , as proper only to them , one of the Consuls being taken from them . About A. U. C. 501. were made two Praetors , the one to judge the Causes of Citizens between themselves , call'd Urbanus ; the other the Causes betwixt Citizens and Strangers , call'd Peregrinus . About Anno 520. were added two more to assist the Consuls in governing the Provinces , and 575 two more ; so that of these six , two always remain'd in the City , four went into the Provinces , as they were assign'd by Lot. A. U. C. 605. the number of Causes increasing , all stay'd in the City , and at divers times their number was increased to 64 , but Augustus reduced them to 12. Their Ensigns were six Lictors , Toga praetexta and Sella Curulis . And their Office was to judge Causes , both Civil and Criminal . They made Shews also and Plays ; and the Sacrifice and Worship of the Bona Dea was at their house . § . 4. The next were the AEdiles , instituted A. U. C. 271. two to aid the Tribunes in some Causes remitted to them , and were Plebeians : An. 388. two of the Patritii were added to them , and call'd Curules , because they sate upon Ivory Seats , so call'd . C. Cesar added two more who might have inspection over the Corn , called therefore Cereales . Their Office was to look to the City , the Temples , Baths , publick Buildings , Streets ; to order petty Funerals and Marriages , and to judge of certain Cases concerning these things ; likewise to look to the Corn , to the Markets , Weights and Measures , and whatever was sold. Lastly , they provided ●…nd took care of the solemn and publick Games ●…nd Shews . § . 5. The Tribunes were created A. U. C. ●…60 . at first two , at last , Anno 297. ten : at ●…rst all the Common people ; afterwards of the Plebeian Families , but such only as were Sena●…s . Their Office at first was only to inter●…ede , interpose , or appeal from the Magistrates 〈◊〉 the People , upon Complaint to them of In●…y done to a Roman Citizen by any Magistrate , ●…cept the Dictator ; and their usual Form was ●…to . Afterwards their Power increased ; so that ●…ey took upon them with the people , without ●…e Senate , to make Laws ( Plebiscita ) give Sen●…nce , convoke and dismiss the Senate , and in summ , to oppress the Nobility by all means they could . Yet so sacred were their Persons an●… Office esteemed , that no man durst offer violence to , or resist , them ; till Sulla , being mad●… Dictator perpetuus , curbed their Power , and limited it much by his Laws , which notwithstanding were afterwards repeal'd by Gn Pompeius an●… Palikanus ; who therefore stamp'd upon a Co●… the Rostra , and Image of Liberty . Now the Emperors , tho they govern'd 〈◊〉 absolute Monarchs , yet pretending to reta●… the ancient Forms , call'd themselves Consuls &c. and whereas they could not be Tribu●… plebis , because the Office was annual , and noo●… could be chosen but Plebeii , whereas Pontific●… Maximi were ordinarily Patritii , they therefore assumed Tribunitiam potestatem , the which wa●… renew'd every year ; so that Trib. Pot. IV. 〈◊〉 commonly said to be the same as the fou●… year of his Reign . But this , tho the commo●… Opinion of Medalists , is not true . For Tiber●… v. g. had the Trib. Pot. long before he was Emperor ; so had divers others . TR. Pot. is 〈◊〉 often without any number of years : often tim●… also the years of their TR. Pot. is lesser tha●… that of their Reign , the Emperors now an●… then committing that Trust to such , of who●… they were very confident . § . 6. About A. U. C. 269. were the Qu●…stors fi●…st chosen by the Consuls , afterwards 〈◊〉 the People , to take charge of the publick Money in the Temple of Saturn , and were cal●… Urbani ( Q. P. is Quaestor publicus ) afterwar●… A. U. C. 332. they created other two , wh●… should accompany the Consuls when they went to War ; to take charge of the Money , sell the Prey , &c. Afterwards Anno 439. their number was doubled , and they were sent by Lot with the Pro-Cos . or Pro-Praetors into the Provinces ; afterwards Sulla made them up 20 , and Cesar 40. Their Office was to receive and expend the publick Money , to keep the Military Ensigns ( which were commonly of Silver ) to sell the Prey , to receive , entertain , lodge Ambassadors , and such like . § . 7. Servius Tullus , the sixth King , was the first that ordain'd the censing or valuing of the People , and he did it himself in person ; as did also the Consuls ; till being oppressed with business , it was for a while quite omitted ; but about A. U. C. 311. the e were two Censors created of the Consular persons ; and that from 5 years , to 5 years , tho their Office expired in a year and half ( the Censing being usually perform'd but once in five years ) and if in that time the one died , the other presently gave over his Office . The Emperors kept this Office in their own Persons ; and the Flavian Family , ( i. e. ) Vespasian and his Sons , took a pride to be call'd Censors , and put it amongst their other Titles upon their Coin. But a●…ter them we hear nothing of it till Constantine's time : who made his Brother Delmatius Censor ; who was the last we read of that enjoyed that Office. It was a place of very great Honour and Authority , and had all the Ensigns of Consuls , except Lictors . Their Office was to set down in a Book all , both the publick and private , Wealth of all the Citizens ; there-according to rank them into Centuries and Classes . They let out the Customs in the City and in the Provinces ; and made Laws also concerning them . They took care of publick Buildings , and High-ways , and taxed the Prices of the publick Sacrifices . They took care also of the Manners of the Citizens , especially such as were ignominious , yet not punishable by Law ; as Celibacy , Perjury , running in Debt , infamous Lusts , and the like ; and according to their Demerits punished them , as by casting them out of the Senate , i. e. when the Names of the Senators were read at the beginning of the Censorship , such Names were omitted . And so for the Equites , if any so deserved , they took away his publick Horse ( for the Equites were allow'd about an 100 Crowns to buy a Horse , which they were oblig'd always to make good , and about 20 Crowns a year to keep him , and when they had served 10 Campaigns they restored him ) i. e. when the Equites shew'd themselves , those who were approv'd the Censors commanded to pass by , and take their Horse with them ; but if any so deserv'd , they commanded his Horse to be sold , and this was called Equi ademptio . For the Plebeians , when they so deserv'd , they remov'd from a more honourable and Country Tribe into one less honourable and a City Tribe : or else AErarios relinquebant , sive in Caeritum tabulas referebant , i. e. they took away their Right of giving Suffrages , yet left them to pay Taxes . All this was done publickly in the Campus Martius ; and when all was finish'd , the Lustrum , or Muster-roll was laid up : Vows for the publick Wealth were conceiv'd ; and the Sacrifices call'd Suovetaurilia made , and the Censors ended their Offices . § . 8. The Kingly Power being expelled , the Consular Power in a short time began to be despised , and the people to be very seditious : Wars also grew upon them dangerously , so that they easily perceiv'd the Government of many was not convenient ; and therefore in all great Extremities they were forced to have recourse to the power of one , whom they call'd Dictator . He was always a Consular person , and named by the Consul alone in the night season . His Power was absolute and supreme without Appeal from him . All Magistrates , except the Tribunes , then resign'd their Offices . He had 24 Lictors , made Peace and War , determined Causes , punished , rewarded , as he thought good : his Power was only for half a year . L. Sulla and C. Caesar were made perpetual Dictators ; but after Caesar's death a Law was made , that there should never be any more Dictator . § . 9. We find many times on Coins Pro Cos. Pro Q. and such like , i. e. Pro Consule , Pro Quaestore , Pro Praetore , &c. for whereas the Offices of Consuls , Praetors , and Quaestors were annual , and yet oftentimes it was requisite to continue their Commands in the Wars ( nothing being so detrimental to great Designs as the frequent change of the Principal Agents ) they invented these Offices ; that such a one should command still , for , or instead of , the Consul , Praetor , or Quaestor : and this began about A. U. C. 427. Afterwards also the Praetors and Consuls not being enow for all Employments , Consular men were sent instead of Consuls , Praetorians for Praetor ; and some Provinces were call'd Consulares , others Praetoriae . Some Proconsulares Provinciae also , which were such as were bestow'd by the people , and at first the Consuls commanded them , being continued as Pro-Consule , but afterwards those were put in who never had been Consuls . The Praetor being dead or absent , his place was supplied sometimes by the Quaestor , who was then Pro-Praetore ; sometimes by his Legatus or Lieutenant , who had no Command or Power , but what was given him by the Consul or Praetor , whose Legatus he was . CHAP. X. Of their Wars , Victories , Rewards , &c. § . 1. OUT of their Coins also we learn much of the Time and Discipline of their Wars : Their Armies were divided into Legions . A Legion contain'd sometimes 3 , sometimes 4 , sometimes 5 , and at last 6000 , and receiv'd the name from the order of their raising , as prima , secunda , &c. Legio . Or from the Emperors , as Augusta , Claudia , Flavia Legio , &c. Or from their Quarters , Gallica , Cyrenaica , Scythica , Italica , &c. Or from their Gods , Apollinaris , Minervia , &c. Or some other accident , as Ferrata , Fulminatrix , Victrix , Gemina , Valens , Ad●…utrix , Pia , &c. and was commanded by a Legatus or some Lieutenant , and its Ensigns was an Eagle . Ensigns on Medals signifie sometimes the restitution of such a Legion , or some Honour done by that Legion to the Emperor , or by the Emperor to that Legion . A Legion was divided into ten Cohorts , every Cohort had three Manipuli , one of the Hastati , another of the Principes , a third of the Triarii ( of these there were never above 600 in a Legion . ) Praetoria Cohors or the Generals Life-guard , was first chosen by Scipio of the valiantest Soldiers , increasing their Pay 2½ , and keeping them continually about his Person . Augustus had ordinarily nine of these Cohorts , but at first ten , saith Dion , of a 1000 men apiece . The Cohortes urbanae , for defence of the City , were 4 of 1500 men apiece . A. Manipulus was divided into two Centuries , sixty Centuries in a Legion . Every Century had its Centurion , a Manipulus two ; their Ensigns anciently an handful of Hay , or some such matter , afterwards a Spear with a cross piece of Wood on the top , under which they hung Shields , upon which were Images of their Gods , Emperors , and other great Persons ( so Suetonius . Tyberius munera Syriacis legationibus dedit , quòd Solae nullam Sejani imaginem inte●… signa coluissent ) a Hand in a Circle alluding to Manipulus , or some such other device . The Cohorts anciently had no Ensigns , but afterwards they had Vexilla or Banners ; Vexilla properly signifies the Ensigns of their Horse , and were little Veils , but are generally taken for all sorts of Ensigns , which were much like those Church-Banners carried in Processions . But Vegetius saith , in the Emperors times they were Dragons , Wolves , or the like , carried upon Poles ; but I know not whether these before Trajan's War with the Dacians ; and that Banners were for the Horse , and were call'd Cantabra . Vexilla ( which were like Veils of Cloth or Silk fastened above to a loose Travers on a Spear , wherein were writ the Names of their Emperors . Suet. of Vespasian : Assensere cuncti , nomenque ejus vexillis omnibus sine morâ inscripserunt ) distinguished by the colour , as Cantabra were by the Device or Motto . Labarum was that Vexillum which was carried before the Emperor . Onuphrius saith , that after Rome was reduced under the Government of the Emperors , Aquila was the Ensign of the Legion , Signa those of the Cohorts , Vexilla those of the Manipuli and Horse , and Labarum that of the whole Army , which was always carried before the Emperors . But I find not Labarum before Constantine's time , and his is described by Eusebius de Vit. Const. l. 1. c. 24. yet that sort of Ensign was in use before . Prudentius also and the Fathers mention it very frequently ; and how he had the Name of Christ ✚ wrought upon it . Afterwards Julian forbad that , and introduced the Pagan Vexilla , as Nazianz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . § . 2. There were sixty Centurions in a Legion , and every one of them had his Optio or Lieutenant . So in a Cohort in the Manipulus Hastatorum there were two Centurions , two in the Manipulus Principum , two also in the Triariorum ; and the first Centurion which was over the Triarii of the first Cohort was call'd Primipilus ; and had great Authority , as it were of a Major General , carrying the Orders of the General or Tribune : he govern'd the Eagle , putting it up , and delivering it to the Bearer ; he was one of the Councel of War ; his Pay setled by Augustus was about 300 Crowns per annum , and after the Service was accounted amongst the Equites . A Centurion was known by his Vitis or Flagellum , wherewith he chastised the Soldiers . The Tribunes wore Gold Rings , and better Cloaths , and a Sword call'd Parazonium , wanting a point , which they carried in a Case like a Quiver . § . 3. There were six Tribunes in a Legion ; chosen at first by the Kings , afterwards by the Consuls and People equally , and were call'd Comitiati ; most of them chosen out of the Equites , yet some also out of the Common people ; it was a step to be a Senator . In the more dangerous Wars , Senators were often made Tribunes . They heard Causes , sentenced even to loss of life , gave the Word , look'd to the Guards , &c. The Legatus or Lieutenant-General ( as we call him , for he corresponds very much to that Officer in the French Armies ) had great Power to advise , command , and in the Generals absence to be General . The 〈◊〉 of the Legions were by Augustus call'd Legati Praetorii ; the Lieutenant-Generals were call'd Legati Consulares ; and were merely his Lieutenants ; not having Right to triumph , since they acted only by his Commission , and under him . The General or Imperator had the Command of all , had his Lictores , his Trumpets , his Paludamentum or Scarlet upper Garment , &c. § . 4. The Arms of the Velites , or such , as first charged , and kept not Rank and File , nor were reckoned among the Legions , were , a Sword , seven Darts three foot long , headed with Iron , but weakly , that they might bend , and not be thrown back again ; a round Buckler ( Parma ) about three foot Diameter of Wood covered with Leather , an Head-piece of Wooll or Skin of some wild Beast . The Arms of the Hastati , Principes , and Triarii were much what the same ; only the Triarii had instead of the Pilum , a Spear , as being to fight cominus only . These Arms were , 1. A Shield or Buckler , sometimes round , Oval , imbricatum or equally broad with corners two foot and half broad , and four foot long , to cover the whole Body when stooping , made of Boards , the lighter Wood the better , glued together , and covered with Ox-hide , and edg'd with Iron . Upon their Coins we see often the Ancilia , a sort of Shield like to three Ovals clapt the end of one upon another , the least in the midst . The first of these was said to have fallen down from Heaven , and it was prophesied , that where that Ancile was kept , there should be the Seat of the Empire of the World ; whereupon they made eleven more so like to that first , that none could know the true one : and these were born in their solemn Dances by the Salii . 2. A Sword ( and in later times a Dagger ) upon their right side , that it might not hinder their Shield , about two foot and half long in the Blade , and made more for thrusting than cutting . 3. Pilum , one greater about 4 fingers Diameter , and long about 7 foot , with its Ironbarbed head , and one lesser like a Hunting Spear . 4. A brazen Helmet , wherein they wore Feathers or other Crests , not unlike ours , but more upright ; the Soldier also sometimes had his Name and the Name of his Legion engraven upon it . 5. A Breast-plate , or at least a square piece of Iron or Brass which covered the Breast , called Pectorale ; but those of better Quality had Breast-plates , which were either like Coats of Mail , or plated like ours : the Sarmatae made them of Horn or Horse hoofs . Some made them of Linnen Cloth steep'd in sowre Wine and Salt , and quilted , some of Iron , &c. 6. Boots or Greaves for their Legs . § . 5. Adlocutio was when the General had any thing to say to the Army , encourage them to fight , compose Mutinies , &c. he commonly stood upon a Bank of Turff . Decursio was an Exercising of the Soldiers , when they were armed to run so far , to make them expedite and active , Victory is commonly described a Womans Head with Wings on the Shoulders ; sometimes a Woman winged , crowned with Laurel , in one Hand a Crown , in the other a Palm ; or sometimes writing upon a Shield , or standing upon a Globe ( as if the Romans had conquer'd all the World ) a Jewel also hanging about her Neck , which they call'd Bulla , and was worn by such as triumphed as an honorary Ornament for their Services ; and was also given to Strangers , sometimes for Service done . Trophaeum , was a Memorial set up in sign of Victory , which was the Arms of the Vanquished , hung upon a Tree or Perch . Triumphus , one drawn in a Chariot with two or four Horses , behind him a small winged Victory , holding over his Head a Crown . If a Victory by Sea , it is expressed by a Victory standing on the Prow of a Ship , or somewhat belonging to Maritime Affairs , as a Neptune , Trident , &c. After the Victory obtained in the River by the Romans against the Antiates , they set up the Prows of their Enemies Ships upon a certain place where they made their Orations to the People ; which was therefore call'd Rostra : Sometimes also in Honour of a Naval Victory , they set up a Pillar with little Beaks of Ships carved upon it , call'd Columna rostrata . § . 6. Upon many Coins are expressed the Rewards of such Soldiers as behaved themselves extraordinarily . Such were many times Money , Donatives , &c. which yet was not entirely left to their disposing ; but half of it they were obliged to lay up , which was registred and deposited in Chests in the custody of the Ensign-bearers : by which means both their Debauches were prevented , and their Necessities supplied : besides , themselves also were obliged to the Service , and the Generals knew where , in case of necessity , so much Money was ready for their use . Such were also Crowns of divers sorts . Of Laurel , used commonly by the General after a Victory . Given also by the Senate to Julius Caesar , which , he being bald , willingly accepted and used , as did all his Successors , which were Augusti ; or had absolute Power ; but those who were only Caesares , did not use them ; till Constantine the Great ; who chang'd it into a Ruband edged with Pearl , and set with Jewels , as it seems by his Coins , and this is not for Effeminacy , as Julian ( a continual Carper against him and his Actions ) reports : but more probably , because the other had its Original from Idolatry ; the Laurel being even as a Crown sacred to Apollo . However the succeeding Emperors were so pleased with the Change , that I find not any of them , not Julian himself , returning to the ancient Custom . A Crown of Gold seems first to have been used about Theodosius's time , and that at first as an Helmet , or some Ornament upon it ; hence our Saxons call a Crown Cyne , i. e. Cinings-helmet , the Kings Helmet , but Crowns were of divers fashions ; our Saxon Kings ( as appears by King Edward's Money ) used close ones , not much unlike a Miter ; but Francis I. was the first that used a close or bar'd one in France . Obsidionalis , given by those who were delivered from a Siege to those that reliev'd them , and was made of Grass cut up in the place where they were besieged . Civica , given by the General to such a Soldier as had saved a Citizens life , and slain an Enemy , made of Oaken leaves , set upon his Head by him that was rescued . Muralis , given by the General to him that first scaled the Enemies Walls . Castrensis , to him that first entred the Enemies Trench or Rampart , and these were both gilded ; the first also had Battlements , the second only Nicks like Trenches . Rostrata , of Gold , given ordinarily to the General , who had gain'd a Naval Victory with great labour and industry . Navalis , of Gold given to such a Soldier as first boarded an Enemies Ship. If any one killed an Enemy in any Velitation or pickering when they fought man to man , he was rewarded with a Spear without a head , call'd Hasta pura . The Gods also are frequently described with such in their hands ; in imitation whereof perhaps might be that custom in our Country of the Principal Court-Officers , carrying white Rods or Staves , as Ensigns of their places . If any one had done a more valiant and singular Action ; if a Foot-Soldier , he had a Bracelet given him ; if an Horse-man , a Chain made with Links or Rings to wear about his Neck ( whence seems to proceed the Honour of wearing Gold Chains ) or Phalerae , which seem not to have been Trappings , as we call them , but rather Plates hanging down upon the Breast of the Horse . CHAP. XI . Of their Games . § . 1. GAMES at first were instituted as parts of Devotion and Worship of their Gods ; and therefore always begun and ended with Sacrifices . And these were celebrated either amongst the Graecians or Romans . Of the Graecians , under which also are comprehended the Asiatick , I have spoken somewhat before ; I shall only add , that they were either Occasional , as upon the coming of the Emperor , or some other great Solemnity ; or Set , they were call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which was no more than a great Concourse or Meeting of People ; and therefore besides their Acts of Devotion , at these 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 were their great Fairs or Markets ; all sorts of Contentions , as Running , Leaping , Chariot-driving , Wrestling , Disputes in Philosophy . Quinquennale certamen , more Graeco , triplex , Musicum , Gymnicum , Equestre . Suet. Nero. c. 12. See more also of their Hieronica or Sacred Agonists . Suet. Ner. Cc. 24 , 25. and hither even banished persons had liberty to come . The Charges of the Sacrifices and publick Entertainments were sometimes born by one City , which was then 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , sometimes by a whole Community . On the Reverses of the Money of the later Emperors , we find frequently VOT . V. X. XX. &c. The meaning whereof is , That such a City or Province had vowed publick Games , if the Emperor reigned V. X. or XX years , which did not always signifie that they were fulfilled . Votis V. mult . X. is by some interpreted Votis Quinquennalibus multiplicatis in Decennalia , i. e. the Games and Rejoycings were to be celebrated both the fifth and tenth years of the Emperors Reign . But in some it is plainly , as in Julian the Apostata's Coins , Votis V , multis X , which is meant , that many Cities vowed Games again at the End of the tenth year of his Reign , if it should continue so long . This manner of Vowing was in use amongst the Ancients , when any of their Generals went to War , &c. See the form of it in Liv. l. 36. when they undertook the War against Antiochus . Pompeius was the first , who being sick was honoured with publick Vows for his Recovery . Liv. l. 21. Dic. l. 45. [ Amongst other Vows in greatest Danger was a Ver sacrum , i. e. that whatever Sheep [ Pecus quodcunque ] should be yeaned betwixt Kal. March and Kal. May , should be sacrificed . See the Form in Liv. l. 22. ] At length all Vows were converted into Flattery to the Emperors ; and these were conceived every new year on the Kal. Jan. and III. Non. and they were first made in the Camp by the Soldiers , then in the Capitol by the Priests and Magistrates . Some again were Vota Natalium , others Decennalia , Vicenalia , &c. Of which vid. Dio. l. 53. and at last they came to that excess , that the people vowed at all times and upon all occasions ; for the Emperors safe Journey and Return , for his Health , Family , Fecundity of his Wife , &c. and in all their Epistles to the Emperor they signified that they did Vota facere for him . L , and sometimes , tho seldom , Λ upon their Coins , seems to signifie Lustrum , as L Ε Lustrum quintum ; i. e. there being Ludi quinquennales instituted in the Honour of such an Emperor , this was coined in the fifth Lustrum . I am not satisfied in this Interpretation , but know no better . I had it from Sir J. Marsham . § . 2. But to come to the Roman Games , of which we have more certainty and knowledge ; and of these there were divers sorts : Not to mention the Munera which were given for the Solemnization of Funerals and other occasions ; and were Fightings of Gladiators , or men with Beasts , and the like . Ludi or Games , some were at the Charges of private Persons , some at the publick . Private were for the performing of such a Vow , gaining the good will of the People in suing for an Office , or perform'd by inferior Magistrates , of such Money as they were to bring into the Treasury , and such like . Publick were either extraordinary ; such as were vowed by some chief Magistrate , and by Authority of the Senate ( Pr. LVPF Praetor ludos votivos publicos fecit ) upon Occasion of some War , for the setling or continuing of the Properity of the Commonwealth , for the averting of the Pestilence , Famine , or the like , for the happy Return of the Emperor , for the aversion of the Omen of such Prodigies , for some favor of the Gods , and many of the same sort . Of the ordinary , some were every year , some every fifth year , some every hundreth year , as the Ludi Saeculares . Some were Circenses ( in Circo ) Amphitheatrales ( in Amphitheatro , cavea , ●…rena ) which were Gladiators , fighting with Beasts , and the like . Theatrales ( in Theatro ) such were Comedies , and Tragedies , Pantomimi , Con●…entions in Musick , Fidicines , Citharoedi ( Singers 〈◊〉 the Cithara ) Citharistae ( Players on the Citha●… ) Lyristae , Tibicines . These play'd in Odeo , a ●…articular place ( the Musick-room ) of the ●…heatre . Besides these were Circulatores , who shew'd ●…easts of Activity , Palaestrae in Gymnasiis ▪ I will speak only of the chiefest , and such only as are explain'd by ; or set ●…on Medals , and first of the Ludi Saeculares , which were the chiefest . § . 3. When Tullus Hostilius was King of Rome , and Metius Suffetius Dictator of the Albani , those two Cities began a dangerous War for Superiority ; and as they were ready to joyn Battel , a certain Spectrum appear'd to both Armies , telling them , that Dis Pater and Proserpina commanded before they fought to sacrifice to them both , on an Altar under ground , and so vanish'd . The Romans affrighted with this Prodigy , sent into the City presently , dug a hole in the ground 〈◊〉 Campus Martius near the River , made an Altar sacrificed , and cover'd the hole again with the Earth , so that none , except the Romans , knew of it . The place was call'd Terentum , because the River there wore away the Earth . And hence it came , that that War was determin'd with so little slaughter , by the Fight of the Togemini , 3 Horatii against 3 Curiatii . This Altar was discover'd a long time after in the Reign of Tarquinius Priscus , by one Volusus Valesius , an Eminent person of the Sabines and also well known to the Romans , on this occasion . When , in the time of a great Contagion , a Grove he had before his House , was struc●… and consumed with Lightning , and three of h●… Children fallen sick of the Pestilence , he se●… for the Aruspices to know what he should do●… who told him , that by the manner of the bur●…ing of the Wood , they perceiv'd the Gods we●… angry at him ; and that therefore they must 〈◊〉 appeased . But when he profited nothing by t●… multitude of his Sacrifices , but that his Children grew worse and worse , going one time to fetch them warm water , he kneeled down , and prayed to Vesta , and his Lares to convert the Misery of his Children on his own and his Wives head : when presently rising , and looking towards the Thunder-burnt Wood , he heard thence a Voice promising their Recovery , if he would carry them down the Tyber to Terentum , and there make them drink water of the River , warmed at the Altar of Dis and Proserpina ; which was that water they desired . Volusus hearing this , and mistaking Tarentum for Terentum ( which he knew to be a great way off ) despaired of the Remedy ; and the more when he heard of Water to be warm'd on such an Altar . But consulting the Aruspices , he was told he must obey the Gods. So living at Eretum , 12 miles from Rome by the Rivers side , he presently carried his Children to the River , and put them in a Boat , thinking to go to Ostia ; but coming to Rome late at night , and weary with rowing , and to refresh his Children , he brought his Boat to shore at Campus Martius ; and whilst he was making an Hutte , his fire being gone out , he was told there by a Boat-man , that he had better go a little further to Terentum , and there fasten his Boat , for that there he espied a Smoak . Volusus hearing of Terentum , was wonderfully rejoyced ; and went thither ; where seeing a Smoak come out of the Earth , taking it as a good Omen , he presently fetch'd water at the River , and with great industry made of that Smoak a Flame wherewith he heated the water , and gave it to his Children , who that night recover'd . In the morning they tell their Father , that they had seen a certain God come to wipe their Bodies with a Spunge , who had also bid them to sacrifice ( Furva ) black Sacrifices to Dis and Proserpina , with the fire on that Altar wherewith their water had been heated ; and that for three nights space they should make Lectisternia , Plays , Games , &c. Valesius seeing no Altar thereabouts , went into the City to buy one , whilst he set his Servants to dig a hole in the ground to place it in . They digging , found the Altar , and one of them ran and told his Master ; who presently gave over buying , and return'd to the place , and performed the Sacrifices , as he was appointed . And this was the Original of Ludi Saeculares . For Afterwards in a great Pestilence , P. Valerius Poplicola , probably the Son of this Volusus Valesius . Some say in his first , others say in his fourth Consulate , following his Fathers Example , renew'd the same Sacrifices and Games . After that , Anno 297. U. C. M. Valerio , M. F. Ma●…imo , and Sp. Virginio , A. F. Caelimontano Tricosto being Consuls , were the first Ludi Saeculares begun , and afterwards perform'd every 110 th year , so that the second were in 407 , the third in 517 , the fourth in 627 , &c. tho it should seem they were celebrated extraordinarily at other times upon occasion of Pestilence or other great Calamity , by the Admonition of the Gods ; but ordinarily the Solemnity recurred only every 110 th year ; and that tho there was no Plague , Sedition , or other publick Calamity ; and then they were esteemed a common and solemn Expiation of the Offences of the City . And perhaps they were call'd Saeculares for that very Reason , to contradistinguish them from those other occasional Ludi Terentini , or Ditis Patris & Proserpinae . The fifth Ludi Saeculares were celebrated by Augustus , himself and M. Agrippa being Coss. A. U. C. 737. or as others 736 , which difference seems to have risen from the changing of the Year by Julius Caesar. In these Ludi Saeculares was sung that Ode of Horace which begins , Phoebe , Sylvarumque potens Diana , &c. And of these is the Memory continued by the Coins . Augustus used great diligence to find out the exact and precise times of celebrating these Plays , but the succeeding Princes rather followed their own Fancy than any Reason or strict Computation ; for Claudius Caesar , A. U. C. 800. himself IIII , and L. Vitellio III. Coss. solemnized them ; probably intending to bring them to the 100 th year of the City , as a certain Period , and beginning of a Saeculum ; and none of the Emperors followed his Example but Philippus . But this being but the sixty third year after the last in Augustus's time , he was derided , saith Suetonius , when the Crier invited the People to see those Games , quos nec spectasset quisquam nec spectaturus esset : ( which was the Form in the publishing them ) since several were alive who had seen them before ; particularly one Stephanio a Stage Player , who had acted in them both . The seventh Ludi Saeculares were exhibited by Domitian , A. U. C 841. himself XIIII and and L. Minutius Coss. as his Coins declare . Tacitus being then XV-vir , omits the reason of the Change of the Year . The eighth were Severus and Caracalla Sever. TR. Pot. XII . Cos. III. as his Coins intimate , A. U. C. 957. just 220 years after Augustus's . The ninth were by Philippus , himself III , and his Son II Cos●… . A U. C. 1000. 43 years only after Severus , but with respect to Claudius's Design . The Magnificence of these Games is described both by divers Historians , and many of his Stamps with the Images of the Beasts he exhibited . In one Coin of Gallienus is mention made of the Ludi Saeculares , what is the meaning of it is uncertain . The tenth and last were under Honorius Cos. VI. A. U. C. 1157. following the account of Augustus ; ( for one Centenary under Constantine probably they were omitted ) and it should seem permitted by Honorius , on condition there should be no Sacrifices nor Idolatry , but only Plays and Games . V. Claudian Panegyr . in VI Consulat . Honorii . After Honorius no more mention of them . The time when they were celebrated , is uncertain ; probably on the Days of the Nativity of the City , i. e. 9 , 10 , and 11 Kal. Mai. under the Consuls . But under the Emperors on the day when they cameto their Power , as Panvinius most ingeniously collects out of their Coins . The manner of their Celebration was thus . A little before the time Criers were sent through all Italy , to give notice of the Games , Quos nemo adhuc spectasset , nec ampliùs spectaturus esset . A fragment of the Decree is extant at the End of Ant. Augustin . de Legibus . Then a few days before the time appointed , the Emperor , Coss. or Quindecemviri sacris faciundis , sitting in the Temples of Jupiter Capitolinus and Apollo Palatinus , distributed to the Citizens Piamina , sive Februa , i. e. Thedas , Sulfur and Bitumen . So in Domitian's Coin is Suff. P. D. i. e. Suffimenta populo data : Also in the Temple of Diana on the Aventine were given Barley , Wheat , and Pulse for them to offer to the Destinies ; which is also upon Domitian's Coin , Frug. ac . à Pop. i. e. Fruges acceptae à populo . These things being distributed , they went to watch ad formam Cereris . And on the first day of the Solemnity they went to Terentum , and continued three days and three nights in their Devotions . At two hours after Sun-set the first night the Coss. or Emperor with the XV-viri upon three Altars built on the Banks of Tyber , made their Sacrifices ; whilst upon Scaffolds thereby erected , they sung certain Songs and Hymns composed for that purpose . Afterwards they sacrificed in the Vault , and on the Altar consecrated to Dis and Proserpina . Next morning they went into the Capitol , and there sacrificed to Jupiter , and afterwards beheld Ludos Apollinares , &c. Next day the Matrons came and paid their Devotions in the Temple of Juno , and after them the Emperor , Coss. and XV-viri . The third day in the Temple of Apollo thrice nine Youths Noblemen , and so many Noble Virgins , came and sung Verses and Hymns in Greek and Latin , recommending the Senate and Commonwealth to the Gods. Mean while all the three days and nights in all the Circi and Theaters there were Games and Plays celebrated , and sacrifices offered in all the Temples . It was also the Custom for the Emperor , Cos. or XV-viri to set up an Altar in Terentum , with the Relation of what they had then done , and the time . § . 4. Their ordinary solemn Games were either Circenses , such as were perform'd in the Circus ; or Scenici and Theatrales , such as were in the Theaters or Amphitheaters . The Circenses were said to be instituted by Oenomaus King of Elis , but began in Rome by Romulus to insnare the Sabine Virgins . Valer. l. 2. c. 1. and therefore he call'd them Consualia , because dedicated to Consus the God of good Counsel ; call'd by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Neptunus Equestris : and it should seem by Servius and Sex. Pomp. that for want of Horses he made use of Mules ; and in a place fitted up for that time , probably in the Campus Martius . Afterwards they were celebrated frequently in Honour of all the Gods and Goddesses , and upon all occasions of publick Joy or Honour as well as upon set and ordinary times . Tarquinius Priscus , after the taking of Apiolae , exhibited these Plays more magnificently and orderly ; dividing the Chariots into Bigas , Trigas , and Quadrigas ; and the Horses into singulares and desultorios ; after which follow'd the Athletae , Pugiles , &c. and those began then to be celebrated every year , and were call'd Romani , Solennes , & Magni . He design'd also for them the Circus Maximus ; and at first made Seats ( Foros ) for the people , of Wood sustained by forked Props , the highest being 12 foot from the ground ; but afterwards they were made upon Vaults of Brick , which were at the bottom three , the next rank two , the uppermost one ; the lowest were Shops , those above them Habitations , and between them were Stairs to go up into the Seats . The Circus within was one furlong broad , and three and half long ; but with the Shops and Buildings on the outside four furlongs , containing about a mile , and the Seats were capable of 150000 , or as others , of 260000 persons . The Circus at one end was semicircular , where was a large Gate under a Menianum or Podium , i. e. a fair Tower with a Loggia ; on the Top whereof were the Statues of Quadrigae , the other end call'd Oppidum , because with Battlements and Towers , it was straight , in the ●…st whereof was also a large Gate or Entrance and on the other side six Doors , with Partitions , wherein the Horses were placed to 〈◊〉 , call'd Carceres , quia Equos antequam currebant , coercerent : these were shut up Cancellis , Repagulo ; which was only a Rope holden by two Mercuries , and drawn up , or let down when the Horses were to start . Tho there were six Carceres , yet till Domitian's time no more than four were used . In the Compass of the Circus were six Maeniana or Towers , wherein the Magistrates used to sit , and thence to give a sign of starting , which was the throwing down of a Napkin . Julius Caesar brought the Water round about the Circus , when making a shew of 〈◊〉 Fight with Elephants , he was afraid they ●…d do some mischief to the people , as they 〈◊〉 done in Pompey's time . In the middle of the Circus length-ways , tho at a good distance from either end , was raised up to hinder them from passing from one side to the other between the Metae , a Building about 12 foot broad , and 4 foot high , call'd probably Spinae . Upon which were placed at either end the Metae , which were three Pyramids at first of Wood , afterwards by Claudius made of Marble , on the top of each an Egg in Honour of Castor and Pollux bred of Eggs , Presidents of such Sports . The Horses and Chariots setting forth at the Carceres run about the Metae , i. e. the whole length of the Circus seven times , and he that arrived first at the seventh time was Victor . To know how often they had run about , the Officers of the Circus set upon the Metae one of those Eggs every time they came by . Every Race or Missus contain'd seven Circuitiones : and on one day they used to set out 24 or 25 Missi . Upon the Spinae was also commonly an Obelisk , or , as they now call them , an Aguglia , of which divers are still extant in Rome ; and on the top of this a Ball call'd Pyropus ( made of Brass 3 p. and Gold p. 1. ) because of its lustre like to a burning Coal when the Sun shined upon it ; as also a Temple to the Sun , the Image of Cybele , and near the Metae the Temple of Consus ; but whether these in all , or in all Circus's the same , I know not . There were in Rome besides the Circus Maximus , Circus Flaminius in Campo Flaminio given to the City by Flaminius , beautified and repaired by Augustus . Circus Sallustii in his Gardens , the Remainders whereof are yet to be seen ; Circus Floralis for the Floralia . Circus Castrensis without Porta Maggiore , perhaps built by Aurelian , there being one upon his Coins . Circus Neronis in the Meadows near Castel St. Angelo . Circus Vaticanus demolished by Constant , for the building of St. Peter's Church . Circus Caracallae much of it still remaining near St. Sebastian's . Circus Agonalis ( Piazza Navona ) built or repaired by Severus Alexander , as appears by his Coins . The Circensian Games or Sports were , 1. Races of Chariots and Horses begun by Romulus . 2. Athletica begun by Tarquin . Priscus . 3. Pompa . 4. Ludus Trojae . 5. Huntings . 6. Fightings on Horse-back and a Foot. 7. Naumachiae or Sea-Fights , and 8. Sometimes Stage-Plays . § . 5. Chariot-Races were Bigarum , Trigarum , Quadrigarum : at first they used other Beasts , afterwards Horses only , which in their Bigae were , 1. white , the other black : in the Trigae there was another Horse joyned , whom they call'd Funalis , quia funibus vel loramentis adnexus . The Chariotiers were call'd Aurigae and Agitatores ; and their Companies were call'd Factiones : at first but two colour'd Livories , white and red , afterwards were added Prasina or green much affected by Caius , Nero , L. Verus : and Veneta , blew or of the colour of the Sea-waves . Domitian added two more , Gold and Purple colours ; those of each Faction were call'd Greges , as Greges Prasinorum , Venetorum , &c. and were under the Domini factionum , who maintained and hired them out for gain . Their Horse-Races were either of single Horses or Desultorii ; when one man had two Horses unsadled , and leaped down from the one upon the other in his Course . Such the Soldiers also had many times in War to make use of a second , when the first was weary or wounded . The Singulares also ran sometimes themselves for the Prize ; sometimes they rid before or beside the Chariots , to encourage and direct them . 2. Next were those Exercises call'd by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Such were Running , Wrestling , Fencing , Leaping , throwing the Discus , &c. Running was perform'd after the Chariot and Horse-Races , and much what in the same manner . Fencing , Pugilatus , was fighting with Fists , commonly armed with a Caestus , which was made of Thongs of Leather , studded with Iron or Lead , and fastened about their Hands and Arms. It is described in AEneid . 5. Luctatio , Wrestling , this they did naked , and their Bodies anointed . Leaping and Quoiting , or the Discus , were not much used in the Circus , but are rather to be reckoned amongst ordinary Sports and Exercises . 3. The next was call'd Pompa , which was rather a solemn Procession , perform'd in this manner . From the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus through the Forum to the Circus descended in Ranks and Order : 1. The Magistrate who began the Pompa ; next all the Roman Nobility , and the Sons of Equites on Horse-back , the rest on Foot , marching as to War ; next followed the Chariots , Horses , &c. that were to run ; next the Athletae ; then three Companies of Dancers , Men , Youths , and Boys , decently armed and habited , imitating the Saltatio Pyrrichia or Military Dance . These were followed by those who danced a la Satyresca , some representing Sileni , others Satyrs , &c. then followed certain Musitians after the ancient manner . Then the Ministers of the Priests carrying all things necessary for Sacrifices . Then the Images of their Gods , the chiefest carried upon Thensae ; they were followed with the Armamaxi or Chariots armed after the Scythian manner , adorned with divers sorts of Arms , and the Memorials of their Emperors and Generals . Next all the Colleges of the Priests with the Rex Sacrorum , and the rest of their holy Officers ; and last of all the chiefest Magistrates then in the City , with the rest of the Magistrates . In this Order they marched into and round about the Circus , when the chief Magistrate present commanded the Sacrifices to be made to those Gods , and upon those Altars , as was requisite ; which being rightly performed , the Ludi or Games began , the Magistrates and Officers all taking their places . 4. Hunting , sometimes Fighting with wild Beasts by those they call'd Bestiarii ( tho this was more properly a Munus ) these Beasts were kept in Vivario . 5. Trojae ludus was a counterfeit Fighting between Troops of Noble Youths , the President of which was Princeps Juventutis . This Sport is exactly expressed by Virg. AEneid . 5. 6 , 7. The Skirmishes and Fightings on Horseback , on Foot , and Naumachiae were chiefly exhibited by Julius Caesar and the succeeding Emperors , nothing in them difficult to be understood . The Pompae and Naumachiae seem to have ceased in Constantine's time , the one being prohibited as Heathenish , the other falling of it self after the Emperors resided in the East . But the others seem to have continued till Justistinian's time , when the Invasion of the Goths and other Barbarous Nations gave them somewhat else to think on . Many of these Games were also celebrated in the Amphiheatres , as Huntings ; where they made sometimes artificial Mountains and Woods to represent the Hunting more lively . Martial . l. 1. Ep. 21. See in Vopiscus the notable Hunting exhibited by Probus in the Circus . PART II. Of COINS and MEDALS . CHAP. I. Of Julius Caesar , the III Viri R. P. C. Marcus Antonius . § . 1. CAius Julius Caesar , Son of C. Julius Caesar and Aurelia , was born Jul. 12. A. U. C. 654. before Christ Ninety eight Years , he pretended his Pedegree from Julus the Son of AEneas , the Son of Venus , and therefore amongst his Coins are ; Veneri Genetrici , the Head of Venus ; and reverse , Venus conducted to Anchises lying under Mount Ida , by a Genius with a Scepter in his Hand , presaging the Roman Empire . The Star of Venus , which appearing by day ( as they say ) to AEneas at his parting from Troy , conducted him to Laurentum in Italy , where he should settle . And a Venus naked with a Shield and Helmet , an Ensign and Eagle upon a Pillar ; to shew that she gave Caesar Victory and Power over all his Enemies ; and established his Empire , signified by the Eagle upon the Pillar . And a Venus or Rome with a Cornucopia and a Victory Crowning Mars , or rather Julius Caesar , standing upon a Base ; the Romans dedicated a Statue to him in the Habit of Mars or Quirinus , with this Inscription , Deo invicto . § . 2. Being of very great Parts and Courage , but not very Rich , his Necessities , as well as Ambition , thrust him forwards to seek Employment , both to pay his Debts , and obtain Wealth and Honour ; insomuch that he was ready to undertake any Exploit whatsoever rather than be Idle : At length he was put upon the Wars of Gaul ; which he not only wholly reduced , together with part of Germany and Britanny , but also became Master of a most powerful Army ; which Pompey and his Party perceiving , and fearing his Ambition , endeavoured to make him Disband , themselves keeping up their Army ; and by that means gave him some colour of keeping together . Upon his Disobedience they sought to compel him , and he to resist ; which by little and little bred an utter Defiance and Enmity between him and Pompey , which broke out into a Civil War , wherein Caesar was Victor , and by that means obtain'd the whole Power of the Commonwealth ; made Senators and Magistrates of his own Party , and they again settled him in the absolute Command of all : They would indeed have made him King , but knowing the great Hatred the Romans had to that Name , he durst not accept it ; but chose rather to have the Power than the Name ; and they , to find some precedent for their Innovation , confirm'd it to him under a Title well known to the People , and before used by Sylla ; which was Dictator Perpetuus , which he enjoyed only three Years , four Months , six Days , and was then murthered in the Senate , being Fifty six Years old , by Atilius Cimber , Marcus and Decius Brutus , Cassius and others . He was also Pontifex Maximus , that he might have the Sovereign Dominion in Religion ( which he knew to have very great Power over Mens Minds and Opinions , and consequently over their Actions also ) as well as in the Civil Government by his Dictatorship . He was the first Roman whose Image was stamp'd on the Coin in his Life-time ; and the greatest part of the Reverses refer to one of these two Authorities , and have the Names of the III Viri , or sometimes of the IIII Viri also , who it seems strived which of them should excel in bestowing Honours and Titles upon him . § . 3. After his Death there appear'd a Comet , which , by the Artifice of his Friends , the People were made believe was his Soul received into Heaven ; and thereupon , and for the Greatness of his Actions , he was honored as a God , had Temples , Priests , &c. dedicated to him : Of which Virg. Eclog. 9. Ecce Dionei processit Caesaris Astrum , &c. The Difficultest Coines of Julius Caesar. § . 4. The Head of Rome Caesar , ℞ . Venus in a Chariot drawn by two Cupids and an Harp , L. Jul. L. F. Lucius Julius Lucii Filius ; Caesar , probably Caius Caesar's Lieutenant ; of whom Caesar makes mention de Bell. Gall. l. 7. and elsewhere . This Coin was made for the Honor of the Family . There were three Venus's , Urania , born of Caelus and Dia , presiding over Chast ( i. e. ) Celestial Love. Pandemus begotten of the Virilia of Caelus and the Froth of the Sea , presiding over Lust and Copulation . Apostrophia the Daughter of Jupiter and Dione ; a Deity averting Men from unlawful and hurtful Loves ; and this was the Mother of AEneas from whom the Family of Caesar. But the Poets make but one Venus . Also there were divers Cupids , the one Celestial and Virtuous , the other Common and Lustful . One born of Mars and Venus called Anteros . Another of Mercury and second Venus . A third of Mercury and Diana . Of Cupid and Anteros see an ingenious Apologue in Porphyry . For Venus having brought forth Cupid , was much astonished , as were also his Nurses , that they never perceived him grow , but still he continued of the same Bigness as when he was born ; whereupon consulting the Oracle , they were answered , that he could not grow alone till he had a Brother ; so Venus brought forth Anteros or loving again , and then they both grew up and diminished together . The Harp signifies the Harmony or Sympathy in Love. 1. An Head of a Goddess , or Sicily . Caesar Imp. Cos. Iterum . ℞ . Sicily setting one Foot on the Prow of a Ship , and holding three Legs in her Hand . 2. Allienus Pro Cos. coined by Allienus when he had recovered Sicily from S. Pompeius for Caesar , and sent Caesar two Legions , &c. into the Continent . ℞ . a Trophy , probably for his Victory over Pharnaces , for we find not that he set up 〈◊〉 Trophy for any other Victory . The Sagum o●… Soldiers Coat was not proper to the Romans , but common to all other Nations . 3. The Head of Victory . Caesar Dict. ter . ℞ . Rome marching with a Shield , Trophy and Spoils , with a Serpent . C. Clovius Praef. signifying the Commonwealth ( sor whose Liberty Caesar always pretended to fight ) loaded with the Spoils obtained by his Victories over Asia or Africk , for both places are infested with Serpents . 4. Caesar's Head. Caesar Dict. Perpet . ℞ . the Image Veneris Genetricis , or Victricis with a little Victory in her Hand . L. Buca . Venus the Author of their Family , much magnified by Caesar , therefore invoked by him in his Wars , given as the Watch-word in the decisive Battel at Pharsalia , Venus Victrix ; as Pompey's was Hercules invictus ; he used as his Seal her Image , and graved it upon his Arms ; Built her Temples . Sometimes a Star ( the Morning Star ) added . Caesar to shew himself the Progeny of Venus , was observed to have an handsome Body , to be very neat , and long a dressing himself . 5. The Head of a Woman veiled ( probably Pietas ) C. Caesar Cos. ter . ℞ . a lituus , urceolus , and Hatchet ( Sacrificing Instruments ) Aulus Hirtius Praetor . This was coin'd probably to remember some Sacrifice made , as a Thanksgiving for his Victory over Pompey . When they Sacrificed they had a Veil over their Heads . Virg. AEneid . 3. Et positis aris jam vota in littora solves , Purpureo velare comas adopertus amictu . 6. Caesar's Head veiled . Caesar Dict. perpetuo . ℞ . Venus Victrix leaning her left Hand upon a great Shield standing upon a Globe . C. Maridianus . Probably that Shield Virgil alludes to AEneid . 8. which he saith Venus gave to AEneas — Clypei non enarrabile textum , &c. The Triumviri . § . 5. They who murthered Julius Caesar , intended to restore the Peoples Liberty as it was before ; but Caesar's Party ( by reason that so many of the ancient Nobility and warlike Personages were slain by Marius , Sylla and Caesar , in those Bloody Civil Wars ) was too strong ; and therefore after the Fright and Astonishment for Caesar's Death was over , they began to bustle ; having the People ( who by Caesar's Bounty and Artifices were much of that Party ) to side with them : And first M. Antonius headed them , afterwards Augustus ; sometimes agreeing both together , sometimes at Enmity one with another ; sometimes taking in M. Lepidus , because of his Riches , to be the third , and calling themselves III viri R. P. C. Triumviri Reipublicae Constituendae . M. Antonius had been of Caesar's Party , and upon that account of Reputation with the Soldiers ; but intended by their Assistance to set up himself , till opposed first by Brutus , then by Octavius Caesar , he fled into Gallia , and got an Army , which he joined with Lepidus ; and proposed Accommodation with Octavius , which he accepted ; and so they three became Triumviri , ( this is expressed in a Medal where all their three Heads are on one side , and an Hermathena on the other ) and went against Brutus and Cassius , whom they overthrew , and forced to kill themselves at Philippi in Macedonia . After which Battel Octavius returned to Rome , and M. Antonius went into the East ; where , after divers Exploits he came into Egypt , fell in Love with Cleopatra the Queen , for whose sake he divorced his two Wives successively , called Fulvia , and Octavia the Sister of Octavius . By Cleopatra he had divers Children , a Son and a Daughter at one birth ; the Son he destined to be King of Armenia and Media , which he never obtained . So foolish and vainglorious was this Antonius , that he called himself the Sun and Cleopatra the Moon ; and therefore we see about his , as also about his Son's Head Raies , with such as Apollo is figured , and after him divers others assumed the same honor . Mean while Octavius Caesar made War against him , and at Actium in a Naval Fight quite overcame him , who afterwards killed himself , as he believed Cleopatra had done before ; but she gave him the Precedence in Execution . M. Lepidus had an Army given him by the Senate to command in Gallia ; to whom M. Antony being forced out of Rome and Italy by Brutus and Octavius , and declared Enemy by the Senate , repaired ; and because of his Forces joined him in the Triumvirate ; he kept his Army up entire , thinking to suffer M. Ant. Octav. Caesar , and Sextus Pompeius to ruin or weaken one another so much , that he might master them all . But Caesar having conquered S. Pompeius , did not go against Antony , but turned upon him ; and practising with his Officers gained all his Army from him . Upon his low Submission and Petition , Caesar gave him his Life , and left him Pont. Maximus , and so sent him to Rome , where he lived in great Melancholly and Contempt the rest of his days ; his Son striving afterwards to practise the Legions against Augustus was put to death . CHAP. II. Of Augustus . § 1. C. Octavius Son of Octavius and Atia , Grand-child of Julia the Sister of Jul. Caesar , was born upon Mount Palatine ad Capita bubula , though the chief Habitation of this Family was at Velitrae , A. U. C. 690. before the Birth of our Lord sixty two Years , Sept. 22. having the Sign Capricorn presiding in his Nativity ; whereby ( as the Astrologers said ) he was promised the Empire of the World , and to be a God after his death ; for they held that ♋ and vs were the two ports of Heaven : by vs the Souls of Heroes descended and ascended ; by ♋ those of extraordinary Persons , which made Augustus put a Capricorn upon his Coins . Julius Caesar his great Uncle adopted him into the Julian Family , whereby he obtained the Command , Wealth , good Fortune and Popularity , as well as the Name , of Caesar : hereupon we find upon many of his Coins C. Caesar Divi Filius . Julius Caesar was Murthered when Octavius was about nineteen years old , and in the Country ; whereupon he hasted to Rome , and against the Advice of most of his Friends and Kindred , resolved to take upon him the Name and Inheritance of Caesar. Where M. Antony then Consul , though pretending to revenge Caesar's death , received him very proudly ; but Antony presently after designing for himself against the Commonwealth was forced by him to fly into Gallia to Lepidus , and quit the Siege of Brutus at Modena . Antony having got Power , sent to Caesar , that if he would join with him and Lepidus to revenge the Death of Caesar , they would make themselves III Viri in Imitation of Caesar , Pompey and Crassus , who had done the same before ; if not , they would join with Brutus and that Party against him ; whereupon he assented , and they took upon them the Triumvirate , and many Coins were stamped , some in honor of each of them , some in honor of them all together ; as that with three Hands conjoined , and the Ensigns of Supreme Power , Fasces , Caduceus Orbe , &c. Presently thereupon Caesar went against Sex. Pompeius the Son of Pompey the Great , who by his Fautors ( who were many in the Senate ) was made Governor of the Sea Coast , and had a great Navy ; which Caesar overcame in Sicily . Of this Sextus Pompeius are many Coins stamp'd with some relation to Sea-matters , as with a Neptune , prow of a Ship , &c. and of Caesar his Victory over him , and Conquest of Sicily . Many also of the other III Viri either with the names of the Mint-masters , Quaestor , or some other of their Officers . Caesar's Coin is often reversed with a Thunderbolt , either to represent his own terribleness in War , or the assistance from Heaven , ( particularly from Julius his Father ) which , as they say , he often experienced in the Wars ; and especially in that fatal and decisive Battel at Actium , whereby he became Master of the whole Roman Empire , and in Memory of which he repaired the decaied Temple of Apollo there , and dedicated his own Image in the habit of Apollo Actius in a long Robe , his Harp , &c. ( pretending to be his Son ) in the Library of the Palace . After the Battel of Actium he returned to Rome , and there put it to the question amongst his Friends , whether he should restore to the Commonwealth its ancient Liberty , or take upon himself the absolute Sovereignty , and constitute a Monarchy . After much debate the latter was resolved ; and withal to avoid that Rock which had split many others , and of late his Father Julius ; he determined to abst●… from all Monarchical and odious names , and to content himself with the ordinary Titles of the Magistrates of the City . § 2. So then whereas anciently the eldest of the Censors or Viri Censorii ( such as had been Censors ) was called Princeps Senatus ; and afterwards such were chosen by the Censors in their Quinquennial Muster , commonly the most excellent and eminent Persons , as Scipio the African continued so all his life time ; Octavius chused to be called by that name , as of chiefest honor amongst all the Senators . [ The same Custom was also observed amongst the Equites and Pedites , and amongst the Youth also ; wherefore the young Caesars , ( and some few for Honors sake before the Emperors called Principes Juventutis , ) we find frequently called Principes Juventutis ; but afterwards it became a Title of the young Sons or Heirs of the Emperors ] besides this he was always one of the Consuls , ( or else put in whom he might trust ) and named the other also : So you see upon the Coins of the Emperors , Cos. II. III. &c. Imperator at first was not a Name of Office or Command , but of Honour only . The Soldiers , after a Victory , wherein a certain number of their Enemies were slain , and therefore called by Cicero Victoria justa , because in after-times they were not so punctual , calling their General by the Name of Imperator . So you see many times Imp. X. XVI . &c. i. e. called so so often by the Army : Appian saith , if they had slain 10000 o●…●…ir Enemies : yet afterwards it came to denote him who commanded all the Forces of the Commonwealth in Chief . The Senate being prone to Flattery , most of them expecting Preferment from him , heap'd upon him all the honorary Titles that had before been bestowed upon others ; amongst the rest , that of Pater Patriae or P P. which at first was bestowed upon Cicero for discovering and defeating the Conspiracy of Catiline . They called him also Augustus , a Term applied before time only to the Gods or Heroes ; as if he had somewhat above Humane in him . And in after-times Augustus signified him that was invested in the whole absolute Power of Emperor ; and Caesar , who was designed to be , but not actually invested in the Majesty of the Emperor . None but he that was Augustus designed in Medals with a Crown of Laurel ; the Title of Semper Augustus , or perpet . Augustus not found before Diocletian and Maximianus . When an Emperor with Raies about his Head , it should seem to signifie that he was consecrated by some City or other , and that that Coin was made after such Consecration . § . 3. Being Consul his Sentences might be hindered and interrupted by the Tribune of the People ; to prevent which , he assumed also Tribunitiam potestatem ( for Tribune he could not be and Pontifex Maximus , say some , because the one must needs be a Plebeian , the other a Patrician , which is false , for P. Scaevola was Trib. Plebis and Pont. Max. which yet Tully complaineth of , as dangerous to have two such Powers conjoyn'd in one Person , l. 12. Ep. ad Attic. 5. ) the which was renewed every Year ; by which means also his Person was Sacred and Inviolable ; and by which means also , tho not Consul , yet every Sitting of the Senate he might propose one Cause or Matter to them , tho this Power was after enlarged to the succeeding Emperors , of referring ( or putting to the Vote ) four or also five Causes every Sitting , V. Dio. l. 54. Capitol & Vopisc . themselves also sometimes voted first of all , and that often with an Oration spoken commonly by their Quaestors ; and such Decrees were said Principe Authore fieri ; sometimes last of all , and so had power of mitigating or qualifying the Sentences of the Fathers . Some say , that Tr. P. with the Year , was the time of the Emperor's Reign , but that is false ; for , tho very rarely , it was communicated to another besides the Emperor : As there is mention Tib. TR. P. XXXVIII . but the certain year of their Government was known by the comparing of the times of their Titles together . Because that Religion hath great Force upon Mens Minds , he would not suffer that to be in another's Power ; and therefore after Lepidus's Death he made himself Pont. Max. which all his Successors constantly observed till Constantine , who refused it : Yet Julian resumed it again , and was initiated with divers nasty Ceremonies ; but Gratian absolutely refused it , as unlawful for a Christian ( saith Zosimus ) he means a Lay-Christian , and never after any received it . Augustus also made himself Pro-Consul , which , tho it appears not on his Medals , that I know , yet it is in old Inscriptions ; and Elagabalus in Ep. apud Dionem , calls himself 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Pro-Cos . which I know not whether it was , that he might command also the other Provinces , or that the Pro Cos. might know that they governed under the Power of Caesar , who was the chiefest Pro-Cos . and therefore whereas all other Pro-Cos . laid down their Power and Ensigns before they entered the City , the Prince retained his Pro-Consular Power in the City . So M. Aurelius having married Faustina , had given him Trib. pot . & Imperium Pro-Cos . extra urbem , saith Capitolinus . And thus he conjoyned in his own Person all the Supreme Offices and Employments in the Commonwealth , without any sensible change of the Laws and Customs formerly observed . And his Successors trod in the same Steps ; some notwithstanding referring more , some less to the Senate . § . 4. Augustus himself gave the Senate leave to dispose of such Provinces , ( Strabo l. 17. 12. Two Pro-consular , Asia and Africk , Ten Praetorian , two whereof Tiberius afterward resumed ) and Offices as were Peaceable , or not likely to create any trouble ; but reserved to himself all those where there were any Wars or Commotions , upon pretence of giving them the Pleasure and Profit , and himself the Trouble . But , indeed , that he might keep all the Soldiers in his own Power , under such Legates ( Lieutenants ) as he could trust ; after the Resolution fixed of taking upon him the sole Government , he referred it to the Senate ; by some of whom for Interest , some for Fear , some out of Judgment , it was voted for him for ten Years ; and after those , the Power was again renewed for other ten Years ; and so for every ten Years as long as he lived ; which was observed also by his Successors . § . 5. He had also Statues and Shields vowed and dedicated to his Honor ; there is a Medal on one side Augustus , ℞ . on a Shield SPQR . CL. V. ( i. e. ) Clypeum vovit . Clypeum , a Shield seems ordinarily to have contained only an Inscription to the Honor of any Person ; but sometimes his Effigie or the Effigie of some noble Action of his , and was hung up in some eminent Temple . He had furthermore Honors decreed by most Provinces and Colonies , as appeareth by the Medals ; as of Alexandria in Egypt ; Raemetalces King of Thrace ; Gnossians with their Labyrinth ; Cydonians ( Citizens of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a City in Crete . ) Hierapolitanes ; Maronitarum , or Inhabitants of Marony , Coians . The Coin of Nismes ( some say Augustus and Julius , others Agrippa , whose face it should seem to be ) made by that Colony upon the Conquest of Egypt , after the Victory of Actium . The Palm-tree is Phaenicia , the Crocodile Egypt , chained to a Palm , the Emblem of Victory . Augustus's Head , ℞ . a Victory flying , holding a Crown over a Buckler , wherein are CL. V. ( Clypeus Votivus ) hanging upon a Pillar erected by the People in Honor of Julius Caesar , Suet. c. 85. Plebs in honorem defuncti ( Julii ) solidam columnam prope viginti pedum lapidis Numidici in foro statuit , scripsitque Parenti Patriae : apud eandem longo tempore , Sacrificare , vota suscipere , controversias quasdam , interposito per Caesarem Jurejurando , distrahere , perseveravit . CL. V was a Shield dedicated with certain Solemnities and Performance of Vows to his Honor. Plin. l. 35. c. 3. saith , that Appius Claudius , A. U. C. 259. was the first broacher of this Custom , Placuit , saith he , in excelso spectari , & titulos honorum legi . Caesar's Head , Caesar Augustus , ℞ . Jupiter with his Thunder-bolt standing in the Door of his Temple . Jov. Ton. Suet. c. 29. saith , he dedicated a Temple to Jupiter after his escape of a Danger in his Expedition to Cantabria ( Biscay , &c. ) when as he marched in the night , his Litter was struck with Lightning , and the Servant carrying a Torch killed . Perhaps Horace alludes to this Temple , Carm. l. 3. Ode 5. Coelo tonantem credidimns Jovem Regnare , &c. Augustus's Head , Caesar Aug. Divi Filius Pater Patriae . ℞ . Two young Men in their Gowns , between them two Shields , two bastae purae a lituus & Capeduncula , underneath C [ aius ] L [ ucius ] Caesares . About it Augusti F. Cos. Desig . Prin. Juvent . in memory of Caius and Lucius Sons of Agrippa adopted by him , lately dead , Dio. l. 55. Corpora C & L Caesarum a tribunis militum Romam apportata sunt , parmaeque & hastae , quas aureas ab Equitibus acceperant , in Curia suspensae sunt — Nondum positâ puerili praetexta Principes Juventutis appellari , designare Coss. specie recusantis flagrantissime cupiverat ( Augustus . ) A Blazing Star , Divus Julius , of which before , ℞ . a Temple with Julius Caesar sitting in it , holding a Lituus , and a Star over his Head. The Temple dedicated to him , Virg. Georg. 3. Et viridi in Campo templum de Marmore ponam , In medio mihi Caesar erit , templumque tenebit . Or rather the Temple of Venus , of which Dio. l. 45. Eâ re ( appearing of the Star ) Augustus animo confirmato Statuam Patris aeream cum stella supra Caput in Veneris templo posuit . A Trophy upon the Prow and Rudder of a Ship. Imp. Caesar for his Actiack Victory . ℞ in a Garland Jovi vot . suscep . pro Sal. Caes. Aug. SPQR . Augustus being Sick after the Battel with Brutus and Cassius , it being reported at Rome that he was dead , the SPQR . decreed an annual Supplication and Vows should be made for his Health and Safety . Two Mens Heads together with the Faces toward other two , without an Inscription ; probably M. Antonius , Octavius and Octavia ; for after Fulvia's ( Antonius's first Wife 's ) death , who instigated him to make War upon Augustus , and to join with Sextus Pompeius , their mutual Friends began to endeavor a Reconciliation between them , which at last they effected ; and for the greater Confirmation of it , Antony was to marry Octavia Augustus's Sister , now a Widow by the late death of her Husband Marcellus . ℞ a Ship with the mark of Sicily under it , and Iter. Praef. which seems to concern Sextus Pompeius , who on his own Coins is stiled Iter. Praef. Classis & orae maritimae ex S. C. for though one Condition of that Reconciliation was , that they should both of them go against Sextus Pompeius ; yet Pompey retired with his Fleet to Sicily , and there hindred the Transportation of Corn to the City : which causing a Dearth in the City forced Caesar and Antony to make a Reconciliation with him also ; the Treaty being at Misenum , whereupon it seems this Coin was made . A Womans Head veiled Indulgentiae Augusti moneta impetrata . ℞ the Emperor in a triumphal Chariot , underneath Colonia Augusta , Aroa Patrensis . Patrae was built by Eumelus , who having learned of Triptolemus the Art of Plowing and Sowing , he called his City Aroa . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith Pausan. Afterwards the Achaia●…s ejecting thence the Jonians , Patreus the Son of Preugenes , Grand-child of Agenor , enlarging the City called it Patrae . And Augustus after his Victory at Actium recalled the Inhabitants dispersed by the War ( the Haven being very commodious ) and also brought thither the Inhabitants of divers neighboring Cities , and gave the Patrenses Government over them : amongst other Privileges he gave them , being his Colony , one was to coin Mony. Augustus's Head. Caesar Divi Fil. ℞ a Cupid ( Augustus ) between two Stars ( of Venus and Julius ) upon a Dolphin . S. P. Q. R. Three vexilla , two of the Manipuli bundles of Hay or Straw the middlemost a Veil hung cross-ways Augusto Divi F. Legio IV. Legio VI. Legio X. ℞ Fla●…vo Prae●…fecto Germanorum . L. JVEN tio Luperco II viris Colonia Cae●…sar-Augustana , a Man plowing with two Oxen. Coined by those three Legions quartered at Sarragoza . § . 6. To Livia or Julia his last and best beloved Wife were many honors decreed , as that she should be called Genetrix Patriae , figured in the form sometimes of Juno , Venus , ( Astarte of the Sydonians ) worshipping and stiling them as Gods and Goddesses even whilst alive : the Moon or Diana . But the greatest honor was after his death , when he was voted to be a God and to be worshipped ; they setting upon the highest part of the Funeral Pile an Eagle ( for an Emperor , and a Peacock ( Sacred to Juno ) for an Empress ) which might carry the Soul into Heaven to Jupiter ; whence it proceeds , that upon Medals an Eagle set either upon a Globe , or the top of a Rogus , or Bed of Parade , or some such like , is a Sign of the Consecration of that Emperor . But Augustus had also Temples built to him both at Rome and in the Provinces , had Sacrifices and Priests decreed to him , one of whom was Antonia the Wife of Nero Drusus Germanicus . CHAP. III. Of Tiberius , C. Caligula , Claudius . § . 1. CAlled before his Adoption into the Family of the Caesars , Tiberius Claudius Nero , and Nick named for his Drunkenness Biberius Caldius Mero ; in his old Age was of an●… Ill-favoured Complexion , Pale , Hideous , Copper-nosed . His Master said when he was a●… Child , that he was made of Dirt kneaded with Blood ; which agreed very well to his Disposition , being Cruel , Bloody , Lustful beyond measure , Drunken , and Filthy in all ways possible . Much of which appears also upon his Medals . He came to be Emperor at Fifty six Years old , before which time he had done many signal Actions , and obtained great Victories over the Parthians , Illyricans , Dacians , Armenians , Pannonians , &c. but a while after he gave himself over wholly to Lust and Debauchery ; which brought upon him a new kind of Disease called Colum , and a kind of Leprosie all over his Body . Yet notwithstanding all these things , he wa●… even in his Life-time almost adored , as appears by his Medals ; wherein is a Victory sitting upon a Firmament fashioning a Crown for him ; wherein he is called Tiberius , or the Genius of the River Tiber : Wherein is the Figure of a●… Colossus erected in his Honor , sitting and holding a Spear in one Hand and a Platter in the other , by the Cities of Asia repaired by him after an●… Earth-quake , with the words Civitatibus Asiae restitutis ; wherein is a Stern fastened to a World as if he governed the whole World. The Head of Augustus , another of Tiberius ▪ ℞ . Caius and Lucius Caesars with two Shields either of them an hasta pura , and for the one a●… lituus , as being chief Augur , the other a Simpulum as Pontifex ; two of the same Family no●… being permitted to be Pontifices , Dio. l. 39. no●… in the same College of Priests . Only the Emperors being above all Law , were themselves Pont. Max. and one of their Sons they made Pont. as here Augustus , and in another Vespasian . Caius Caesar , § . 2. Called Caligula , because of the Soldierfashion'd-Shoes he wore , was born in the Army , A. U. C. 764. reigned three Years and ten Months , and lived twenty eight Years , five Months and seven Days ; was of Disposition Wicked , Furious , Tyrannical , Treacherous , Foolish , Ridiculous , Prodigal , Luxurious , Cruel , ●…ncestuous ; would needs be a God , and habited and accoutred himself sometimes like one God , sometimes like another ; challenged Jupiter to fight with him ; made Engines to shoot great ●…ones against Heaven , and to counterfeit Thunder ; was slain by Chaerea . Few of his Medals extant , the Senate in hate to him , calling in his Coin , to obliterate as much as they could , his Memory . Yet some there are , as Pax Aug. representing the Condition wherein he found the Empire , as one with the Heads of Caius and Caesonia his last Wife , ℞ . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Caesonia was every way as wicked for a Woman as he for a Man ; and their Daughter being but a Child , let her Nails grow to scratch ●…ut the Eyes of the Children her Play-fellows : All slain by Cassius Chaerea . Claudius , § . 3. Born A. U. C. 743. reigned thirteen Years nine Months , died aged Sixty three years , was of an hansome out side , but a very il●… mind ; a great Glutton and Drunkard , Luxurious , Incontinent , Cruel , Timorous , Inconstant , Heavy , Lasche , a great Dicer , ruled by his Wives and Servants ; yet built many Magnificent Works , Aquaeducts , Highways , the Port of Ostia ; made good Laws , preserved the Bounds and Reputation of the Empire . But what he did well , was for fear lest the chief Men should Conspire against him , not for love of Virtue ; and the same fear wrought in him by Messalia and Agrippina his Wives , caused him to cut off whomsoever they pleased : So that he put to Death Thirty Senators , 221 Equites , and other Persons innumerable . So Foolish and Timorous was he , that when his Wife Messalina was Married openly to Silius , it was a long time before he knew it ; and when he did , durst not a great while take Vengeance of her . But he was afterwards poisoned by his Wife Agrippina in a Dish of Mushrooms or Tertuffale , which he loved above all other things , and his Mother had longed for when Great with him . Claudius had one only Son called Britannicus ▪ whom Nero and Agrippina ( his Step mother ) Murthered ; of him Medals very rare : Ye●… Seguinus hath one , his Head 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ℞ . a naked Figure ( supposed to be the Sun with a Hart to shew his Swiftness ) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Alabanda was a City in Caria , where the Sun was very much worshipped . Many Medals of Claudius ; one reverse a Temple , in which Peace or Rome crowneth him ; the words Romae & Augusto communitas Asiae . A Britain naked , fighting with a Poignard against a Roman Soldier armed . A Jupiter amidst seven Stars , with Thunder in one Hand , and a Trident in the other ; or a Jupiter and Neptune joyned , as if both gave their Power to Claudius . There arose in his days a Rebellion headed by Furvus Camillus Scribonianus Legatus in Dalmatia ; the Army which chused him Emperor , terrified with Omens , slew him the fifth day . No Medals of him . Seguinus hath set down a very curious Coin of Lead , on the one side a Digamma , a Letter sound out by Claudius , and not used after his Death , with a Palm issuing out of it IO. 〈◊〉 Sat. ℞ . a Garland , which he conceives very probably to be after the Victory Claudius obtained in Britanny . Dio saith , that the Gallican Legions refusing to march into Britanny , he sent Narcissus his Freed-man to perswade them to it ; who coming to the Army , and setting himself in the General 's Seat , and beginning to make a Speech , the Army universally cried out IO Saturnalia ! IO. as if Servants then ruled ; and turning to A. Plautius their General , desired him to lead them into Britanny , which he did ; and afterwards hearing of their good Success , Claudius came in Person , and attributed to himself the Victory and Triumph . CHAP. IV. Of Nero , Claudius Macer . 1. NERO was born A. U. C. 789. A. D. 38. reigned thirteen Years , seven Months , Twenty eight Days , died about Thirty two Years old . The most abominable Monster for Lust , Debauchery , Cruelty and all Wickedness that ever the World saw . He gave his mind to nothing laudable but Singing and Playing . The Senate having voted him to be whip'd to Death through the Streets , he chused rather to kill himself , crying out , Qualis Artifex pereo . Medals many of him ( tho the Senate decreed his Coins should not be Currant ) because of the length of his Reign . Yea , mistrusting some such thing of the Senate , 't is probable that he caused upon divers of his Coins , the Pourtraict of Augustus and Tiberius to be stamped . 2. As himself standing one Foot on a Globe , and a Spear in his Hand ; as if his Valour had given him the Empire of the World. The like a Roma sitting and setting her Foot upon a Globe . His Figure standing , Raies about his Head like the Sun , in the one Hand a Laurel , in the other a Victory ; the word Aug. Germanico ; perhaps to represent the Colosse he caused to be made of himself ; and in imitation of that of Rhodes . Four Fishes ; perhaps coined in Greece upon the Birth of his Daughter Claudia , where it was the Custom , that the fifth day after the Birth of a Child , the Women , who had been assistant at the Labour , first washed their Hands ; then took up the Infant and carried it , running throughout all the House , to the Hearth especially ; and then the Kindred made a Feast of such Fishes as are here expressed , Lobsters , Pulpes ; such viz. as are very Proliferous and Inciters to Lust ; these Feasts were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . By the way Athenaeus notes , that the tenth day after the Child was born , the nearest Kindred met together to name the Child , which they did after they had Sacrificed and Banqueted together . In Rome the eighth day was commonly for Females , the ninth for Males , the Lustricus for purifying and naming the Child . Ara pacis , and another the Temple of Janus shut up ; the reason of opening of Janus's Temple in time of War , was taken from Romulus , who fighting against the Sabins , and being worsted , there rose up immediately out of Janus's Temple a Spring of Hot Water , wherewith the Romans scalded and so vanquished their Enemies . Going therefore to War , they set open Janus's Temple in hopes of like Success . Three Arches of a Bridge with Con. C C II. i. e. perhaps Consensu civitatum Campaniae duarum : Then it signifies some Bridge made over the great Trench he endeavoured to cut between Avernus and Ostia . ( The Port of Ostia , tho upon his Medals , was chiefly built by Claudius ; he only adorned and compleated it . ) A Triumphant Chariot drawn with four Horses , and Nero holding a Crown and Palm , with the word Euthymius , perhaps representing his Victory at the Olympick Games in a Race of Horses . Euthymius was a Famous Wrestler of Locri , who fought with the Daemon Temsus , and delivered a Beautiful Damsel from him ; for which reason he was made a God and worshipped by the Locri ; who probably stamped this Medal in Honor of him . An Hydraulick Instrument like our Organs , in which he was much delighted , as Sueton. noteth . A Serpent as ready to take Fruits from an Altar ; which either represented AEsculapius ; or as a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , his Mother perswading him that sleeping he was preserved by a Serpent from the Trains of Messalina . Besides , it was a good Augury to have a Serpent come and eat upon their Altars , as Virgil noteth of AEneas ; and that they nourished Serpents as signs of good Luck ; and this Nero did in the Wood of Lavinium amongst the rest . Nero Caesar in his Youth . ℞ . a Senator , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . an Acknowledgment of some Favour that City received by his means . Nero Radiant as the Colossus of Rhodes . ℞ . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the Rhodians st●…g themsel●…es Rhodi●… Ne●…nenses Augusti . Nero like Apollo . ℞ . his Wife like Latona , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Europa carried upon a Bull. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . She being Venus and Astarte . Nero with a Serpent about his Neck , signifying Felicity . ℞ . An Eagle with a Palm . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . The River Meles , Famous for inspiring Poetry . Nero and Agrippina . ℞ . Libertas . Nero ℞ . Jupiter , the two Monarchs of Heaven and Earth . So of Serapis also . Nero. ℞ . Poppaea Sabina , as a Juno . Nero. ℞ . Messalina ( his last Wife ) as a Ceres . Claudius Macer , 3. Was Propraetor in Africk when Nero died , and commanding the Army there ; partly instigated by his own Ambition , partly by Calvia Crispinilla the Mistress and Minister of Nero's Lusts , who after Nero's Death , being condemned and sought for to be slain , fled to Macer ; and perswaded him to hinder the City from Corn , till they declared him Emperor ; it seems also he had some Party in the City amongst the Senators ; since there is a Medal of him with his Image and S. C on one side , on the other a Ratis with Propraet . Afric . But Galba being Emperor , sent Trebonius Garucianus immediately into Africk , who got his Army from him and ●…lew him . CHAP. V. Of Servius ( Sueton. ) Sulp. Galba . Salvus Otho , Aulus Vitellius . 1. GAlba , born A. U. C. 750. reigned seven Months , six Days ; died aged Seventy three Years ; employed for a long time in great Charges and Commands , at Nero's Death he governed Spain ; where he was declared Emperor by the Army , and Encouragement of Julius Vindex . Sriving to reduce the Army to the ancient Severity and Discipline , and giving them nothing , but being extremely and sordidly Covetous , he fell into their Hatred . The People also were no less offended with his Lust and Impotency , whom he governed by his three Friends , T. Vinius , Corn. Laco , and Icelus his Freed Man ; Persons contemptible for their Arrogance , Cruelty and Baseness ; they were after a while all together slain by Otho , who had before-hand corrupted the Army : He chose Piso also , a Sour young Man , to be his Successor , who was slain with him . His Medals are a Soldier with a Victory in one Hand , a Pike with an Eagle in the other , with Roma renascens , as if ruined by the former Emperors . And the same ℞ . with Roma ℞ . XL. or Quadragesima remissa , which was a certain Tax paid at the Passages of Rivers and Ports , which he remitted . A Triumphant Arch with S. C. erected either in remembrance of his former Victories , or the Defeat of Macer . Honos & Virtus . Mars presenting Liberty kneeling before Galba , the word Libertas restituta ; because by the Fame of his Arms he forced Nero to kill himself . His Wife was Lepida , by whom he had two Sons , who both died young . Q. Calph. Piso frugi Licinianus was , because of their like manner of Life , chosen by Galba to be his Successor ; he was Caesar but four days , was killed with him , and buried by his Wife Verania who bought his Head. Galba's Head , Galba Imperator . ℞ . the Head , as , of a Goddess . Rest. Num. which some interpret Restitutor Nummorum . But no History mentions any such thing of him ; besides Nummus is scarce found in that Sense , but Moneta . Others say Restitutor Numidiae , where he governed two Years Pro-Cos . and established and settled the Province . Others say Restitutor Numinis , the Head seeming to be of a Goddess , not of a Country . Sueton. saith , that when he took the Toga virilis , he dreamed that Fortune stood before his door , and told him , that if he would not let her in , she would go to the first Man she met ; whereupon going to his door , he found a Brazen Image of Fortune of above a Cubit long , which he took in , carried to his House at Tusculum ; and kept an Anniversary Sacrifice to it . M. Salvius Otho . 2. Born A. U. C. 784. A. C. 33. reigned three Months , five Days , killed himself at thirty seven years old : was Courteous , Prodigal , Effeminate , Delicate , Dissolute , Luxurious : he governed Lusitania without blame ; courted Galba , and was the first who perswaded him to take upon him the Empire , coined all his Plate for his Assistance in hopes to be adopted by him ; having contracted such great Debts that nothing less than the Empire could deliver him . But as soon as Piso was adopted , he resolved to kill Galba ; and by excessive Largesses , and other means , drew the Soldiers to his part . He was very intimate with , and imitated Nero in his Life and Manners ; and the People made their Acclamation , Neroni Othoni . He debauched Poppaea from her Husband to deliver her to Nero ▪ Whereupon he was sent Governor into Portugal . It is doubted whether any large Medals of Brass of Otho , yet small Coins of Brass there are , and of Silver not very rare . Such as Otho - ℞ on Horse-back brandishing a Spear Pont Max. the Goddess Victory Victoria Othonis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ℞ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ℞ Isis's Head LA the East generally took part with him , because acknowledged by and resident in the City ; and Sueton. saith particularly that he often sacrificed to Isis. Aulus Vitellius . 3. Was born A. U. C. 767. A. C. 16. reigned six Months , twenty two Days , died aged about fifty four years ; a Fat , Gross , Heavy , Dull , Sottish , Cruel , Lustful , Drunken , Glutton , Nasty Beast ; having all the Vices of Caligula , Nero and Otho ; and nothing either of their Ingenuity , Parts , Conduct or Gentileness . He came into Reputation with Tiberius by Flattery and serving him in his Lusts : by the same Arts he continued in the favor of the rest . Galba , thinking him not fit to head or manage a Design , sent him General into Lower Germany , where , by giving the Soldiers Licence to do what they pleased , he got their Favors so much , that they saluted him Emperor . Presently he marched into Italy , where having got the better in one Battel : Otho , through his Effeminateness , impatient of Labor , never so much as rallying his Men , ( who were overcome by Surprize , and desired much to regain their Honor ) or retiring to his Army , slew himself , and left the Government to Vitellius ; who behaved himself in it most cruelly and covetously , killing all he could have any Pretence against , for their Wealth ; which he consumed wholly upon his Belly , and so laschly that he , without ordering or providing for himself , was taken by Vespasian's Soldiers naked in a Sink , and soled through the City , and at last carried to the Scalae Gemoniae ; there a long time tormented , and at last thrown into Tyber . Of his Medals , — A Vesta , holding a Sacrificing Platter in one Hand , in the other a Torch , with Vesta ℞ . ( populi Romani ) Quiritun . signifying that he was Pont. Max , or that Vesta was the chief Defendress of Rome , or that his Government was to be Eternal . — AEquity the Goddess . AEquitas Aug. Victory ( with a Platter and Palm ) sitting , S. C. for he pretended to take Arms to Revenge Galba's and Piso's death . A Tripode , with a Dolphin and a Crow XV VIR . SACR-FAC ( Quindecimvir Sacris faciundis ) Vitellius was one of them , whose Office was to keep the Sybils Books , and make certain Sacrifices : the Dolphin a Fish of good Presage . Apollo was called Delphinius because he guided Castalius the Cretan , conducting a Colony under that shape . Theseus also sacrificed to him under that Name ; and Plutarch testifieth that many Altars of the Greeks had a Dolphin upon them : the Crow Sacred to Minerva , and much esteemed in Augury and Divination . A Shield curiously wrought 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sextilia was his Mother , a brave and vertuous Woman , whom he saluted Augusta ; which Title she refused , saying , She had born Vitellius , and not Germanicus : And afterwards not approving his Actions , it was reported she was poisoned by him . Yet some think that to be her Image which is on a Reverse of Vitellius , with Mater Augusti , Mater Senatus , Mater Patriae . His Wives were , first Petronia ; whom , after he had a Son by her , he repudiated and slew Dolabella , because he married her . Second , Gelaria Fundana , by whom he had a Son almost Dumb and Stupid , slain by Matianus , and a Daughter whom Vespasian married very honorably . CHAP. VI. Of Flavius Vespasianus , Titus Vespasianus , Domitianus . § . 1. FLavius Vespasianus was born A. V. C. 761. A. C. 10. reigned nine Years , 11 Months , and twenty two Days , died aged sixty nine Years ; of mean Parentage , obtained the Empire by his Merits : for having done great Services in Britanny , where he fought thirty Battels , and Germany ; he was at last sent into Judaea , ( being not feared because of his mean Extraction ) where the Legions hearing of Galba , Otho and Vitellius , their Election by their Armies , conceived themselves as able to raise an Emperor as the others ; and therefore by common consent made choice of him , who was presently received by all the Eastern Legions . He was a very Prudent , Sober , Vigilant , Valiant , Clement , Moderate , Frugal and Liberal Person : Frugal in his own House , and towards the Courtiers , who blam'd him much for Covetousness ; but so Magnificent in building Temples , Cities , Bridges , Highwaies , &c. that it is much admired how he found Wealth enough to do it , after those expensive Beasts ; especially since he oppressed none , but wept extraordinarily even at the just Punishment of Malefactors . The Greeks , to whom Nero had foolishly given liberty , tax him for reducing them again to pay Tributes , and be subject to the Romans ; for which they had no reason , using their Liberty to quarrels amongst themselves , and to the prejudice of the Commonwealth . Very many Medals of Vespasian , the chief are ; His Victory over Judaea , a Woman leaning to a Palm-Tree with her Hands bound , signifies the Captivity of the People : A Woman sitting in an unusual Posture , alludes to that of Isa. 3. 26. She , being desolate , shall sit upon the ground . Two Capricorns with a Globe between . He was born under Capricorn as was also Augustus , and of later Times Charles V. and Cosmus Medices , surnamed the Great . Vespasian's Head. ℞ a Jupiter with a Patera in his Right Hand , in his Left a Scepter with an Eagle on the Top. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Anno novi Templi octavo : Before his coming to the City , his Son Domitian and Sabinus seized upon the Capitol , where Vitellius besieged and fought them ; Sabinus was slain there , Domitian escaped ; but the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus was burnt , by whether Party uncertain . Vespasian therefore coming to Reign in his first Year rebuilt that Temple , from which Building he counts this Epocha . A Victoria Pacifera , with a Bulla , Caduceus , and a Serpent before , betokening the Direction of the Gods , as the Caduceus of Prudence , the word Paci Augustae . The Front of the Temple of Peace built by him adorned with many Statues , SPQR . Vespasian Consecrated , crown'd with Laurel not Radiant , as being a great and invincible Heroe , ℞ a Pot between two Laurels : The Pot represents the Pot of Oil set by the Dead before they were interred . Before their Doors also was set a Pot of Water , for them that entred to Expiate themselves . The Laurels were in honor of his Victories . A Womans Head without Inscription ; probably Coenis his Concubine after his Wives death , whom he loved dearly , a prudent Woman . Jupiter sitting holding a Victory . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as much as Jupiter the Castle-or Town-Keeper . Bolanus , he that governed Asia . His Wife was Fl. Domitilla , by whom he had Titus , Domitian , and a Daughter called Fl. Domitilla ; both the Mother and Daughter died before he came to be Emperor ; but notwithstanding they were Consecrated , and Medals made for them . Titus Vespasianus , § . 2. Born A. U. C. 793. A. C. 42. reigned above two Years , and died , as most say , poisoned by Domitian , aged forty Years . Was the most Couragious , Liberal , Prudent , Chast , Mild , Knowing , Temperate , Innocent Prince that till that time the Romans had . He chaced out of the Court all Women , &c. of evil Lives ; sending away Q. Berenyce , who hoped he would have married her ; as also all Accusers , Calumniators and Flatterers ; some of whom he put even to Death ; he said he lost that day in which he did not good to some or other . Being advised to put to Death some that conspired against him , he said he had rather dye himself ; his Father , himself and Brother , were perswaded that all things were by Fate ; and that they could not prevent the Death appointed and destined to them by the Gods. Pax. Aug. a Peace , and a Thigh of a Sacrifice upon a Stool ; for to Peace they Sacrificed only the Thigh and Leg-bones . Nor was it lawful to shed Blood in her Temple : So they killed and dressed the Sacrifice without , and then brought in and burnt the Bones . Antiochia , Vesp. and Titus much honoured that City , not only building much of it , but placing there the Brazen Cherubims brought from Jerusalem , and building a Theatre in the place where the Synagogue of the Jews stood . An Altar Providentia , intimating that it was his Providence and Wisdom that destroyed the Jews ( under whom the Christians also were comprehended ) and established the worship of the Gods. Victoria Navalis over the Jews upon the Lake of Genesareth . An Elephant , a Symbole of Perpetuity and Magnificence ; but Titus had also a marvellous Elephant ; which perceiving one day that the Wife of his Master committed Adultery with another Person , killed them both ; and laying them both together in the Bed as they were before , covered them ; and when his Master came home , he carried him to the Bed , uncovered them , and shewed what was done , and afterwards shewed his Teeth , which were Bloody . Titus sitting on a Rock , leaning on his Perizonium , and a Horse ( the Emblem of Empire ) brought to him by a Woman , supposed to be Fortune naked , without Wings , Wheel or Orb , they fancying that when Fortune had travelled all the World over , at last she came to Tyber , and went into the Palace , where immediately she laid aside her Wings , Wheel , Globe , &c. and there rested . A Woman upon the Prow of a Ship , ( because of the Situation upon the Sea ) with a Scepter in one Hand , a Vine-branch in the other ( because of its Fruitfulness in excellent Wines ) a Dove , ( which there were nourished in great quantity ; the Syrians not eating but nourishing them as Sacred , Birds of Venus , and into which Semyramis the great Queen was converted . ) The word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 like a Jupiter with Towers on his Head , and a Flower in his Hand ( which seems to be Lotus , esteemed by them , because of it they made Bread. ) Nilus was worshipped by the Egyptians as Jupiter . His Wives were Arricidia who died without Children . Marcia Furnilla ( whom some call Fulvia ) by whom he had Julia Sabina ; he was divorced from her , being yet a private Person . Julia Sabina his Daughter , refused by Domitian , married Flavius Sabinus , whom Domitian , for love of her , caused to be Murthered ; and having got her with Child , perswaded her to destroy the Foetus , whereby she also killed her self . Her Medals a Julia Augusta , ℞ . a Peacock Divi Titi F. Venus Augusta , Venus resting upon a Pillar , in one Hand the Helmet of Mars , in the other a Spear ; her Cestus or Scarf ( which was a sort of thin Vestment , through which the whole Body was seen ; therefore in the Cestus was said to be placed the Charm of Love ) tyed about her Thighs : Signifying that she was Venus , and had Command and Power over Domitian . Domitian , § . 3. Was born A. D. 52. U. C. 803. reigned about fifteen Years , was slain at the Age of Forty four Years by his Domesticks , who were afraid he should have Murthered them , as he had done many others . He was Beautiful enough , and at first by his good Laws for reforming their Religion , and against Gelding Boys , and his frequent hearing of Causes , gave hopes of good Government ; but he changed after a while , and shewed his own Inclinations to be Barbarously Cruel , Traiterous , Insolent , Cowardly , Ignorant , Lustful , and every way Vitious . He ( because ( as some imagine ) he heard the Sybils prophecied of a Virgins Conception ) gave out , and imprisoned some for not saying , that he was the Son of Pallas ; which is the reason why somewhat of Pallas is upon most of his Medals . He would needs be a God , sometimes Jupiter , Hercules , &c. would have his Bed be called Pulvinar ; suffered himself to be adored ; gave his Hand to be kissed , &c. He banished also all Learning , especially Philosophy , out of Rome . A Goat within a Crown . Princeps Juventutis , perhaps in Flattery to resemble him to Jupiter , educated by a Goat of Amalthaea , of whose Skin he made his AEgis . A Ram. Princeps Juventutis ; the Ram the chief of the Flock , and first of the Signs . Domitian having upon his Breast the AEgis — ℞ . on Horse-back , his Horses Foot upon the head of a River ; representing a Statue described by Papinius Statius , made in Honour of Domitian after his giving Peace to Germany , or rather his buying it . A Triumphal Arch. In the Habit of Mars , with a Trophy on his Shoulder for his German Victory . Pallas standing upon a Ship with two Prows , her Invention ; probably representing the Vessel in which Domitian passed the Rhine and Danow ; being so fearful that he could not endure so much as the trouble of Rowing ; he had a Boat on purpose drawn by the Gallies , in which he sate alone like an Image . Plin. Paneg. An Altar dedicated to him by the Nicaeenses ( probably for giving them the Primacy of Bithynia against the Nicomedians ) under the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or Forensis ( President of Tribunals ) esteeming him a God. As also in that of an Eagle holding Thunder ; they called him Jupiter Domitor Orbis . Isis stretching or displaying a Sail ; called Pelagia Goddess of Navigation , and Inventress of Sails . § . 4. His Wife was Domitia Longina , Daughter of that brave Corbulo , whom Nero caused to kill himself ; he took her from her Husband AElius Lamia , whom he afterwards also slew . She was a very wicked Woman , and governed by Paris a Comaedian ; whereupon Domitian turned her away , but overcome with her Beauty afterwards received her ; and for fear he should again use her worse , she helped to Murther him . Others commend her much for her Virtue ; and Procopius saith , that after Domitian's Death , she was so much reverenced by the Senate , that she was sent for thither , and desired to request what she pleased of her Husbands ; she only desired the liberty to set up his Image where she pleased , which was granted . She sent therefore and gathered together his torn Limbs , and had them put together , and sowed , and fastened , so as the Body being given to the Statuaries , they made a Statue upon it ; which she placed upon the ascent to the Capitol ; which he saith remained there till his time , representing the marks of the sowed Limbs . A Peacock , Concordia August . made after her Repeal . By her he had a Son , which dying young was consecrated — A Child sitting upon a Globe amongst Stars . Domitian and Domitia . ℞ . a Temple with a Goddess , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Domitian began his Patents , Dominus ac Deus noster sic jubet ; she might well be a Goddess then . Lucius Antonius injured by Domitian ( who called him Scortum ) Governour of Germany , raised a Rebellion , but was overcome and slain by another General . CHAP. VII . Of Cocceius Nerva , Ulpius Trajanus . § . 1. NErva was born A. D. 33. reigned some say sixteen Months , others 27. he entered into the twenty eighth Month , for he was Cos. IV. and in the second year he was made Emperor , for at that time we find his Medals ; died aged above Seventy two Years ; was a most Just , Mild , Wise , Tranquill , Passionless , Irreproachable , Bountiful , Learned Prince ; recalled those Domitian had banished ; and in their rooms sent the Informers , Accusers , Sycophants of the Court ; was persecuted and banished by Domitian jealous of his Virtues . Being advanced to the Empire by the Murtherers of Domitian , he could not protect them from the Rage of the Soldiers , who cut them to pieces ; the first Action of Insolence of the Army , but not the last . A little before his Death he most wisely provided for the Commonwealth , by adopting Trajan ; who having gained a great Victory in Pannonia , and sending a Crown to Nerva , was by Nerva adopted in the Temple of Jupiter Capit. and immediately made Caesar and Trib. Pot. given him ; tho it seems he abstained till after Nerva ' Death , from the Title of Augustus ; yet was he partaker of the Sovereignty . Ulpius Trajanus , § . 2. Was born A. C. 54. reigned nineteen Years , six Months , sixteen Days : we find no more than TRI. Pot. XVII . died at the Age of sixty four Years at Selinapte , from his death called Trajanopolis ; was exceedingly Valiant , Magnificent , Just , Liberal , Benign , Eloquent , ( but either for Laziness , State , or his squeaking ( and not very intelligible ) Voice , had another to speak for him in the Senate , ) a very great Soldier . Patient and Painful ; was taxed for Drunkenness , Lust , and Ambition of Honor , which made him be called Wall-Flower , because so many Inscriptions of his Name upon Buildings . His Medals very many . His Head with an ordinary Inscription , ℞ Osyris , or the Sun with a Peach upon his Head , and a Stag ( to intimate his Swiftness ) in his Hand . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . LI I. Koptika was a Prefecture in Egypt . His Head an ordinary Inscription , ℞ his Pillar with an Owl on the Top , an Emblem of Vigilance , Providence and Wisdom . A Ship with Soldiers in a Storm , and Trajan standing in the Sea calming it , &c. shewing the miserable Condition of the Commonwealth when Trajan undertook it . Trajan under the shape of Hercules ℞ the Erymanthean Boar , ℞ the Club , as if Trajan were a new or second Hercules . So he is also represented as Euthymius the famous Locrian Wrestler , and deified for it , drawn in a Chariot by four Horses , as the Cities were wont to bring home ( breaking down a part of their Walls for them ) their Citizens when Victorious in their Games . Divi Nerva & Trajanus Pat [ res ] For Trajan did extremely honor his Father Trajanus , who had obtained a great Victory against the Parthians , calling him Divus , erecting Statues , a triumphal Arch unto him , and coining many Medals with his Name . Arabia with a Camel ; in one Hand a Branch ( it should seem ) of a Frankincense-Tree , or perhaps Schoenanthe the best Food of the Camel ; in the other a Calamus Odoratus : Never wholly conquered but by Trajan , who made it a Province , and endeavored to bring it under the Roman Laws . Italia , presenting two Children to Trajan , and underneath Alim . Ital. many People abstaining from marriage because of the difficulty of Educating their Children ; the Emperor took upon him that Charge , and maintained at least five thousand of them in Italy . At Alexandria a Woman having five Children at one Birth he took Charge of them all ; and the next year he returning thither , she had three more , all which he maintained also . Parthia Capta , a Trophy between two Captives , in Memory of Trajan's great Victories there , where he took Susa it self the chief City , and in honor of which Conquest Hadrian instituted Games every year called Trajanalia ; which continued a long time , probably till after Constantine the Great . An Athlete between two Goddesses . Filinus , who was an excellent Athlete of Cos , and won twenty four Prizes at the Olympique and other Games . This was coined by the Coans in honor of Trajan , to signifie that he had won as many Victories over his Enemies , as their brave Athlete had : So the Locrians called him Euthymius . Diana winged , Shooting , drawn in a Chariot by two Centaurs , and Trajan-Hercules marching before Diana drawn in a Chariot by a Lyon and a Boar ; both stamped in his honor of giving liberty to Hunt in the Circensian Games and other where , which by the former Emperors were forbidden . The Centaurs taught Diana to Hunt ; and they who are born under that Sign are supposed to have great power over Beasts : or , that Trajan-Hercules ( as Hercules was said to do ) brought Diana from the banks of Ister ( Danubius ) where she used to Hunt ; and where he was favoured by her in his Dacick Wars , to Rome , to inspire the Skill and Dexterity of Hunting into the Romans . Imp. Nervae Traj . , &c. ℞ Diana sitting naked betwixt two Soldiers standing with a Child in one Arm. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 On the same Medal Latin and Greek , which is very rare . Dictynna was a Nymph , companion of Diana ; afterwards taken for Diana her self , and so worshipped . The two armed Figures intimate perhaps the Pyrrhichian manner of Dancing invented in Creet either by one Pyrrhus , as Pliny saith , or by the Curetes or Coribantes . A Croissant with a Star between her Horns . B 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ZANTIN 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 N 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 T ( 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ) The Byzantines ( Constantinopolitans ) being besieged by Philip of Macedon , he endeavored to take the City by a Mine in a dark , cloudy , rainy Night : but upon a sudden the Moon broke forth , dispelled the Clouds and discovered his Men , ( some add also that the Dogs about the Town by their barking advertised the Citizens ) and after the Moons setting , the Morning Star shined so bright that Philip could not do any thing that Night , and afterwards raised his Siege and went away : Whereupon the Byzantines grew very Devout towards the Moon , which they called Hecate ; to which Dogs also are Sacred , and took the Moon for their Devise . The Front of an ancient Temple with a Semicircle before it , and four Pyramids ; betwixt the two middlemost a kind of Pyramidal Figure , which was of Venus Paphia , for there she was worshipped under that form . Clem. Alexand. Strom. 1. saith that the Ancients , before they had the Art of Statue-making , worshipped Pillars as their Gods , citing a Passage out of the Author of Phoronis to this purpose , Callithoe , excelsi clavem quae gest at Olympi Junonis , quae velleribus festâque Coronâ Reginae ornavit Sublimem prima Columnam . and out of the Author of Europaea , that the Statue of Apollo Delphicus was a Pillar . Tacitus , Maximus Tyrius , and others , say that the Statue of Venus Paphia was a Pillar ending ina Pyramid . The same is said to be done by the Phaenicians to their Gods , Euseb. de praepar . Evang. l. 1. Jupiter sitting , &c. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( that throws down Thunder ) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Cyrrtum in Syria , A Vase or Water-pot with a Womans Head coifed , &c. The Picture of Canopus the Egyptian God , who was supposed to govern the Water ; and was much worshipped in Egypt : and when the Persians came with their Fire , the Egyptians made a Canopus full of holes which they stopped with Wax , and filled the Vessel with Water ; the Wax being melted with the Fire , the Water running out quenched the Fire , and so Canopus got the Victory over the Persian God. A Temple and within it a Mountain , under it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the People thought that the Mons Casius was indeed Jupiter . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Seleucensis Pieriae Syriae . Seleucis was that part of Syria called Tetrapolis . Many of his Medals also are reversed with his Pillar set up by S. P. Q. R. in honor of him for his Dacick Victories ; 't is still extant at Rome in the same Place where erected then . It was designed by Julio Romano at the Expence and Command of Francis I. King of France , who had an Intention to have such another cast in Brass for himself in France . Fr. Villamena Engraved it , and Mutianus first , and afterwards Ciaconius . Interpreted it . His only Wife was Plotina , a very Grave , Prudent , Just , Moderate , Courageous Woman and Virtuous . Pliny calls her Sanctissimam . The first time she entred the Palace , she said openly , Talis huc ingredior , qualem me egredi opto : As Trajan long time refused to be called Pater Patriae , so she with her Sister Marciana to be called Augustae . Hadrian did extremely honor her , whereupon she disposed Trajan to adopt him his ( Cousin ) rather than her own Cousin ; he built Temples , made Hymns , and mourned extremely for her . Pudicitia . The Empress holding her Scarf or Veil by the ends , whereas ordinarily Pudicitia is described a Woman veiled . His Sister Marciana , like him in Countenance and Manners , lived in the Palace in wonderful Concord with him and Plotina : He built in honor of her Marcianopolis in Mysia , upon occasion that her Maid going to take up Water out of the River there , let fall her Pitcher of Gold , which a good while after she took up Swimming upon the Top. For Trajan apprehending there the Presence of some God , built that City , and called it by the name of his Sister . She had a Daughter called Matidia , who was also Augusta , and had two Daughters , Sabina married to Hadrian , and Matidia the younger called the Aunt of Antoninus Pius . She seems to be the Mother of Ulpia Gordiana , the Mother of the eldest Gordianus . Matidia was also deified . Pietas Aug. Matidia with her two young Daughters . Where Piety signifies the love of Parents towards their Children ; though ordinarily of Children toward Parents . CHAP. VIII . Of Hadrianus . 1. HAdrianus was born A. C. 77. reigned 20 Years , eleven Months X died aged Sixty three Years X was in all Arts and Sciences the most knowing Man of his time ; but withal so Ambitious , Envious and Jealous of the Reputation of his Knowledge , that he could not brook any one should pretend to equal him ; and for this cause some he put to Death . Historians report him , yet he seemeth not to have been , of a Cruel Disposition ; for tho he put many to Death , yet there were also many Conspiracies against him , especially the first and last Years of his Reign . And to Nigrinus ( one of those he executed ) he designed the Succession in the Empire , and de facto adopted his Son in Law AElius . He was , or at least seemed to be , extremely Devout towards the Gods ; forbidding all Human Sacrifices ; building many Temples , and in many of them placing no Statues ( which Temples were called Hadriania , ) some to our Lord Jesus Christ , as admiring his great Miracles . He forgave the People a great Summ of Money due to the Exchequer , of which a Medal — Reliqua vetera Sestertium novies millies abolita : And giving great Congiaria , was called by the Senate , Optimus Maximusque Princeps . By a great Bleeding at the Nose he fell into a Dropsie , which he first assayed to cure by Magick , which not succeeding , he afterwards betook himself to the Physicians ; being in very great Pain he grew Mad , and commanded many Senators to be slain , who were saved by Antoninus called therefore Pius . For the recovery of his Phrensie , he went to Oreste , which he therefore called Hadrianopolis . He visited almost all the Provinces of the Empire , on foot , with great Labour and Pains , going always bare-headed : To many of them he was a Benefactor , as appears by his Medals , especially to Africk , where , it seems , his Father was Pro-praetor ; whose Figure , with his Mothers Domitia Paulina's , seems to be that with two Heads , Divis Parentibus . A Crescent with one Star ; the Star signified the Soul of his dear Antinous , which he supposed , and said he often saw in the Moon ; with the Seven Stars , perhaps an Emblem of his happy Marriage to Sabina . Adrian , on his right Hand an Eagle reaching him a Scepter , as from the Gods , Providentia Deorum . Also another with a Thunder , alluding to a Dream , which he had at Antioch two nights before his Adoption , that he saw Fire descend from Heaven upon his Body , which compassed , but harmed or frighted him not . An Head Radiant Oriens , signifying that the East conspired and united at his Adoption . Also the East was the place whence their Gods came , and there were born ; and therefore the Temples opened towards the East , that the Gods might come in ; and at Noon none entered their Temples , because then they were full of Gods , and they prayed toward the West . The Christians quite contrary prayed toward the AEquinoctial East , as Sidonius saith . They thought also that the Sun arose out of the East , and run his course only to gratifie their Emperors ; thence those Inscriptions , Soli invicto Comiti . Sol Dominus populi Romani . Sol invictus pacator Orbis , &c. A Woman with two naked Children Sacrificing on an Altar before . Hadrian . Adventus Aug. Judaeae ; signifying that by his coming he forced the Jews to Sacrifice to his Gods , and not Circumcise their Children ; for he made a most Cruel ( the only one he made all his time ) War against them , and destroyed them exceedingly , rebuilding Jerusalem , and calling it AElia . A Woman sitting , &c. Britannia & exercitus Britannicus ; and — Restitutori Britanniae ; signifying his settling of Britanny in Peace , and his building the Wall of Eighty Miles from New-castle to Carlisle , to defend them from the Scots and Picts . Hadrian travelling through divers Provinces , settled and ordered their Affairs quietly and peaceably ; therefore we see upon many of them , Restitutori , &c. a Woman kneeling , and him in Robes of Peace taking her by the Hand ; with some mark to know the Province by , as for Achaia the Herb Oreoselinum in a Vase ; being that wherewith Hercules was much refreshed after his killing the Nemean Lyon , and wherewith they crowned the Victors in the Nemean Games . So Adventus Augusti . Terra Stabilita , an Husband-man with a Plow and Anchor , to shew not only the Firmness of the Peace , but that by his Piety he had obtained that there should not be so many Earthquakes ; which in the beginning of his Reign were very frequent . Sabina holding a Palm-branch , and two Children at her Feet , Hilaritas P. R. the People wishing Fecundity to Sabina ; tho we read not that she had any Children . The Palm-tree was accounted Happy , to cause Fecundity , and to help Women to an easie Delivery . Hilaritas was chiefly for the Birth of Children , and Hilaria the Feasts publick for Great Mens , Hilariae private for the Birth of Common Mens , Children . Hadrian Hercules with a Club , and three Apples , and a Navigable River , intimating that Hadrian like Hercules ( worshipped at Gades near to which Adrian's Family was ) went up and down settling Peace and Concord , and taking all Thieves and Robbers out of the World ; the River is Baetis . A great Serpent or Dragon ( which is Osiris , and signified the River Nile ) with a Caduceus , as being the cause of the Felicity of Egypt , and a Sistrum . The God Lunus , &c. Nisae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 n , a City in Armenia near to Mesopotamia , where this God was worshipped , as making his worshippers Masters of their Wives , whereas they thought those that worshipped Dea Luna were under the Power of their Wives . A Crown like Flames issuing out in certain places in the midst . A , conceived to be Corona Antinoa , in Honour of Antinous , made of the Buds of Lotus and Palm-leaves . Isis Suckling Orus with a Water-pot behind her . Isis and Osiris being taken for the Genius's of Nature , and its Fecundity , which consists in Moisture , they always carried in their Procession a Pot of Water ; as the Romans had a Vessel they called Praefericulum . The armed Head of Pallas probably stamped at Athens , which City being ruined by the Wars , he restored , repairing their Walls , their Temples , building an Academy and other Temples ; for which the People rendered him all the Honour they possibly could ; amongst the rest erected a great Colossus of him , and called a Colony of theirs in Delos , Novae Athenae Hadrianiae . 2. Hadrian's Wife was Julia Sabina , with whom he did not well agree , accusing her of Morosity , Frowardness , and ill Humour ; tho she seems indeed to have been a Virtuous and Grave Woman , but much offended with his wicked and horrible Love to Antinous his Boy . She had no Children , endeavouring not to have any , left ( as she said ) she should of that Man breed a Plague to Mankind . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . A Temple with a Semicircular 〈◊〉 , in the midst the Umbilical Image of Venus Paphien , on the top a Crescent with the Morning Star , as to the Moon ; on either side a Dog watching as to Hecate or Diana ; intimating that Sabina was Diana for Chastity , the Moon for Brightness and Beauty , and Venus for Fecundity . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Two Fishes which seem to be the Pelamides , or young Tunny-fish before a Year old , which is there caught the best and in great abundance . Of his Sisters none named but Paulina married before Trajans Adoption to C. Jul Servilius Ursus Servianus . She died before Adrian ; not any Medals mentioned of hers , nor that she was called Augusta . 3. He had a Favorite and Ganimede called Antinous , born in Bithynium or Claudiopolis the Capital City of Bithynia ( for whose sake he favoured much that Country ) who ( as some say ) to avert some Dangers fore-signified by certain Dreams and Prodigies , from the Emperor ; or ( as others ) that the Emperor might , by his Intrails , be resolved in some difficult matter , was content to be Sacrificed ; for such Affection of his , Hadrian heaped upon him all the Honours he possibly could ; calling Flowers , Stars , Cities , Games , Sacrifices by his Name , and building Temples to him . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ℞ . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . A young Man ( seeming to be Antinous ) with winged Feet , and a Pedum or feeding Staff , and sometimes a Caduceus ( representing Mercury ) and with his right Hand pointing to a Cow ; intimating , probably , the Descent and Original of that wretched Boy , whom some call Philasius , and feign him to be of the Progeny of Hercules . Antinous's Head. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ℞ . an Upupa or Houpe in a Crown of Laurel . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . That was ordinarily a sign of Piety towards the Gods and Parents . 4. Hadrian being Sick , adopted L. Aurelius Ceionius Commodus Verus , who afterwards took the name of L. AElius Verus , it should seem for his Beauty ; he was Learned and of excellent Discourse , governed Pannonia with Reputation , but his manner of living was Effeminate and Luxurious ; being very Sickly he died before Hadrian , leaving a Daughter ( Fadia ) and a Son L. Ceionius AElius Commodus Verus , who afterwards reigned with M. Aurelius . AElius Caesar ℞ . Pannonia , presenting an Ensign or Cornet to him , lying along in form of the River Danubius , intimating that that River was not advantageous to them , but by his Aid . Angeloni saith , his Wives Name was Lucilla , and that it is she we see upon Medals with six Children about her , with Faecunditas Aug. but this is not likely that she should be Augusta and not her Husband ; besides that no History mentions it to be so . CHAP. IX . Of T. AElius Hadrianus , Antoninus Pius , Aurelius Fulvius , Boionus Antoninus , called before . 1. ARrius Son of Aurelius Fulvius and Arria Fadilla was born A. C. 87. reigned twenty two Years , six Months ; died aged Seventy four Years , six Months , A. C. 162. When Hadrian felt himself declining , and not knowing whom to chuse , as he was coming one day to the Senate , he saw this Antoninus sustaining his Aged and Impotent Father , and conducting him into the Senate ; with which Action Hadrian was so much pleased , that he immediately adopted him , having no Relation before to him or his Family . He was the best of all the Emperors , of an excellent Understanding , Knowing , Eloquent , Taciturn , but Cheerful ; Skilful in governing , Courteous , Bountiful , Moderate and Chast. Tho he spent most of his time in the Country , yet he governed the Empire very well , with great Vigilance , Justice , Activity , Clemency and Prudence : Being blamed by his Wife for giving too little of his own Inheritance to a Servant ; he answered , Stulta , postquam ad imperium transivimus , & illud , quod habuimus ante , perdidimus . He punished but one for Treason , and forbad also to enquire of his Complices , and was very kind to his Son. Either because of his Piety towards the Gods , or his observance of Hadrian , or the saving of many Senators Lives whom Hadrian commanded to be killed , the Senate gave him the Surname of Pius ; which with the addition of Felix ( P. F. ) the succeeding Emperors continually used . Magnifick Games called Pialia were made in his Honor. He sacrificed in his own Person ordinarily every day , blamed the Heathens for imputing the causes of publick Calamities to the Christians . Genio Pop Rom. It was not lawful to publish the name of the Genius of Rome as long as it was a Commonwealth ; but afterwards the Emperors were esteemed the Genius of it ; and that they were animated by the Spirit of the Gods immediately , for we see Genius Caesaris , by which they frequently swore . — Genio Senatus it should seem , was coined in Honour of him , when he gave liberty to the Senators to dispose of all their Goods by Will , whereas Caesar before had restrained them to half , to the other half the Emperor succeeding . Alexandria ( the chief City of Egypt , and second of the Empire ) holding in one Hand either a Book ( as the chief place for Learning ) or some square Packet ( for Merchandise , ) in the other Ibis ( a black Stork that devoured their Serpents , and was Sacred to Mercury . ) Laetitia Cos. IIII. ( which was the Year when M. Aurelius espoused Faustina , and gave great Donatives even to the Soldiers , made great shews , &c. as appears by many of his Medals . Annona Cos. IIII. &c. ) two Goddesses , the one taller ( which was Faustina the Mother , ( for their Heroes they figured about a third part taller than the ordinary Stature , and the Gods double to ordinary Persons ) holding in her Hand Ears of Corn ; for whereas before her Death , there was a great Famine , and presently after great Plenty , they attributed it to her then deified , that she had obtained it for them of the Gods , hereupon the Emperor gave the People a Congiary , ) the other lesser , as being yet Mortal , which was Faustina married to M. Aurelius , with a Ball in her Hand , because the World was her Dowry , or Venus her Apple . This young Faustina was also after her Death worshipped as a younger Ceres , her Mother being the Elder ; and Ceres or Corn is the great cause of publick Joy. Pietati Senatus , giving them thanks for their Decree of the Surnames of Pius and Pater Patriae . His Head. ℞ . SPQR . A. N. F. F. Optimo Princip . that Annum novum Faustum foelicem . A Jupiter veiled over a Goddess ( Juno ) as flying and holding a Globe ; over either a Star signifying Antoninus and Faustina . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Jupiter ; at Trallae he received the first Omen of his Empire , the Priestess of Jupiter , instead of saluting him ave Proconsul , saying ave Imperator . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. a Mount , two Temples , &c. as described by Josephus called Hermon , afterwards Panium , because of a Famous Temple of Pan ; under it the City Paneas anciently called Dan , because of one of the Fountains of Jordan , afterwards rebuilt and called Caesarea Paneadis , and Caesarea Philippi , the two Temples one to Augustus , the other to Antoninus . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . AEsculapius and Venus . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being quite ruined by an Earthquake , as also a great part of Ionia sore shaken , Antoninus repaired them , and planted Coos with a Colony of Milesians ; therefore Antoninus and Faustina were meant by the two Deities . Cybele sitting upon a Rock , under her a Man with his Head and Arms above Water , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( Flavia ) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( Samosate ) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( Sacrum asylum ) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( legibus suis vivens ) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( Metropolis Comagenes . ) The Man seems to be Euphrates the Son of Arandax , who finding his Son Axurta sleeping one day near his Mother by mistake slew him , and afterwards drowning himself , gave name to the River Euphrates . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . A Jupiter's Head with Serapis's Bushel , Ammon's Horns , and Osiris or the Suns Beams , AEsculapius's Serpent twisted about a Pisis , or Neptune's Trident like a Mercuries Caduceus , and a Cornucopia for Nilus . The NT . probably Antoninus , as if he were acknowledged by the Egyptians to have been their Serapis , or comprehending all the Gods of the Heathen . ℞ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . A Man on Horse-back under him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 perhaps for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , one of the Cabiri , Corybantes , or Idaei Dactili . Antoninus's Head — Antoninus Aug. Pius P P. TR. P. Cos. IV. ℞ . a young Child swathed , newly born , not Faustina , for she was married when he was Cos. IV. whose Mother seems there to represent Rhea or Mater Magna , with the Corybantes or People with Instruments of Musick , and Satyrs . Antoninus's Head. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. ℞ Jupiter ( or Pius in his shape ) sitting upon Rocks and raining out of an Horn upon a Statue lying along underneath , probably some River , a Rock also , a little House or Temple , and a Cypress-Tree 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , where note that it should seem I anciently in Latin was not pronounced like ee . since the Greeks express it by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and Seneca Ep. 58. renders 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by I. Antoninus's Head , &c. ℞ a Woman naked sitting upon a Rock , with a Water-flower in her Hand , and a Water-plant behind the Rock . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Marcus Sabinus Governor of Philippopolis a City in Thrace under Mount Rhodope coined this : it should seem by this that Rhodope was so called , not from a Queen of Thrace , but from a Nymph Daughter of Strymon got with Child by Neptune . 2. His Wife was Annia Galeria Faustina , Sister to AElius Caesar , a foolish lightheaded Woman , who denied her self nothing she desired ; she died at thirty six Years three Months old , she had two Daughters , one died in his Proconsulat married to Silianus Lamia , the second was Faustina ; and two Sons , one ( of whom a Medal with his Mother deified ) Galerius Anton. the others name not known , as neither the time of their Death , as neither whether the two Cornucopia's a ℞ of Antoninus be meant of them or the two Sons of M. Aurelius . Faustina , that hath her Hair wreathed on the top of her Head is the Mother , she that hath it tied up behind the Daughter . CHAP. X. Of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus , and Lucius Aurelius Verus . 1. M Aurelius Antoninus Son of M Annius Verus , ( Brother of AElius Caesar ) and Domitia Lucilla was born A. C. 122. reigned nineteen Years ten Days , died at fifty nine Years old — At Syrmium by the help of his Physicians ( as some say ) in favor of Commodus . Was sickly , but exceeding Couragious , Laborious , Prudent , Just , Mild , Learned , ( in Philosophy especially ) and Chast. He put none to death , but only banished them , for Treason : forbad Gladiators to kill one another , and therefore blunted their Weapons . Whilst he was Caesar he wore not Garments different from ordinary Persons , nor would suffer Fire to be carried before him ; his word was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , All things flow from Above ; and that he that would live or govern happily must imitate the Gods. Very liberal towards all Poor Persons , even the Christians , as appears by Capitolinus who calleth them homines novos : where see also who was Lucius Commodus Verus : He gave to Hierapolis ( which was almost wholly Christian ) at one time three thousand quarters of Coin. Yet held the Soul to be Mortal , and the Gods to have Bodies . Notwithstanding his great Wars he never forsook his study of Philosophy , which yet made him not at all morose . Aurelius Caesar armed , riding upon a Sphinx , ( the Emblem of Subtilty , Cunning and Prudence , as also of Egypt ) either as if by his Prudence he conquered Barbarians , and all other his Enemies ; or particularly some Exploit in Egypt . A Woman ( perhaps Faustina praying for the Health of M. Aurelius , or perhaps of the whole Empire , which was in his time much afflicted with the Plague and such Diseases ) before the Altar of Salus , ( another of AEsculapius ) presenting a little Cake ( which they called Sanitatem ; and being put into the hands of the Idol , and taken out again , was accounted Sovereign for many Diseases ) and a small Vase it may be the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or poculum Sanitatis . The Temple of Mercury upon four Hermes's : Over-head a Dog , a Cock , a Tongue , Relig. Aug. for ☿ as the Inventor of Religion and Sacrifice was accounted the Genius of Piety and Religion ; with a Purse , to shew the plentiful Provision for the Entertainment of his Temple , by the Bounty of the Emperors ; A Dog , ( Fidelity ) a Cock , ( Vigilance ) and a Tongue , ( Perswasiveness ) necessary to a Pontifex . This God much worshipped by M. Aurelius . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . A King with a Diadem and Head-●…e , not unlike an Imperial one : the name of the Kings of the Osdroenians , Eddessenians , &c. which are parts of Arabia , who seemed to be Christians , and are divers of them called by the Fathers Viri Sancti . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . The Emperor presenting an Eagle to Cybele . Attalus the Son of Polemon the great Sophister , ( probably ) sent to the Emperor in behalf of his Country ruined by Earthquakes , obtained great Succor ; for he repaired them and many other of those Asian Cities , which worshipped the Goddess Cybele . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Two Athletes with Cestus's : probably some Eminent Persons the Lacedemonians ( a People above all other addicted to Martial Exercises ) sent to the Emperor ; who also practised those Athletick Exercises very much , to strengthen his Health , as he did also Hunting and Hawking , as his Father loved Fishing . If it be enquir'd what kind of Hawking was then in use among the Romans , whether like our Modern ? and of what Continuance that hath been ? I answer , that it is out of my design to enter into such Discourses ; but that I am informed that a Person of Quality of this Nation hath an ancient Greek Author of this Subject ready for the Press . 2. His Wife was Faustina , a very beautiful and sprightly , but a vile abominable Woman for Lasciviousness , and all other Wickedness ; which yet either her Husband was ignorant of , or would not be informed , or dissembled ; for in his Book he commends her much , and when she died bewailed her in a most extraordinary manner , as if he had never understood Philosophy ; and afterwards deified her , for which Actions he is justly censured . He had by her six Children as appears by a Medal of Faustina with two in her Arms , and four about her : No Son attained to Age save Commodus , Sextus Annius Verus younger than Commodus died at the Age of seven Years , by the unskilful cutting of an Imposthume behind his Ear , his Father punished not , but comforted the Physicians , and mourned for him only five days . There are Medals of him . Antonius Geminus , Twin with Commodus , died at four Years old . Annia Cornificia , Sister to M Aurel. married Numidius Quadratus , by whom she had a Son of the same name , to whom M. Aurelius left his Mothers Inheritance ; he was put to death by Commodus . Lucilla married L. Verus . Fadilla put to death by Caracalla , of the rest little known . Veneri Victrici . Faustina ( as Venus ) half naked holding M. Aurel. ( as Mars ) lest he should ●…o to the Wars ; or else getting him to her self from Fadia the Daughter of AElius Caesar. Fortunae muliebri , to which she was much devoted , her Temple four Miles out of Rome , whither went only such as were Univirae , and offered a Crown . Soeculi felicitas : Two Children upon a Bed. When Male Children of a good House were born they carried them into the Temple of Juno Lucina , and laid them upon a Bed of the bigness of that Hercules lay in when he slew the Dragons ; for an Omen of their future Prowess . AEternitas . Faustina carried upon the Wing of a Victory , or Minerva , or perhaps Diana Lucifera , into Heaven after her Consecration . AEternitas . Faustina of a grand and divine Stature set between two Heroines , or lesser Goddesses ; probably her own and Husband's Sister both installed amongst the Demi-Goddesses , as coming to accompany her to Heaven . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a City of Thrace gratifying the Emperor for setling their Peace , by his Victories over their Neighbors . Isis and Anubis , Dog-headed , whom the Egyptians conceived the chiefest God and Goddess , intimating Faustina and Aurelius . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Certain Quinquennalian Games celebrabrated at Actium , perhaps renewed by Aurelius . 3. Lucius Aurelius Verus , ( called also Commodus before his Adoption ) Son of AElius Caesar was born A. C. 129. reigned about eleven years , and died of an Apoplexy about forty two years old : He was a Foil to M. Aurel. being Rash , Heady , Light headed , Prodigal , Voluptuous , a Mocker , so much given to Whoredom , that at the request of a common Strumpet he cut off his Beard which he had so carefully nourished , easily drawn and ordered by his Servants . At first he was not so bad as after the Parthian War , which he finished chiefly by his Lieutenants . M. Aurelius notwithstanding with great Prudence covered his Faults , and commended in him what was good , i. e. to love his Servants , not to dissemble , not to be bloody . Rex Armenis datus , They say his Name was Soëinus ejected first by Valogesus , who flying to the Romans was made a Senator , and afterwards re-established ; which perhaps is shewed by his Roman habit . Col. Patr [ ensis rather than Patricia ] an Athlete , sacrificing and laying his left Hand upon a Term , ( or Pillar with a Head upon it ) as sacrificing to ☿ the God of Games , for Patrae was a City of Achaia , the Theatre of Games , to which Verus was much addicted . The Statue of Jupiter in the shape of Verus upon the top of a Mount flaming on one side and Trees on the other , perhaps Vesuvius : it may be the Inhabitants thereabouts worshipped him to deliver them from the danger of those Eruptions ; or else as Jupiter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or President of the Mountains , upon the top of which the Heathens used to worship their Gods. Venus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or on Horseback . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . i. e. Anatho a holy Town of the Isle Prosopites , ( an Island made by Nilus ) and an Asylum . His Wife was Lucilla the Daughter of M. Aurelius , whom he married in his Parthick Expedition ; her Father promised to accompany her into Syria , though he went no farther than Brundusium ; but her Husband , lest M. Aurelius should be witness of his Debauches , met her at Ephesus , where they were married . But before that she was possessed with the Devil , which could not be ejected by any but Abertius Bishop of Hierapolis ; to which City after the Ejection , the Emprors gave that great Largess of Corn. After Verus's death she was married to Claudius Pompeianus , a very virtuous and worthy , though mean , Person ; but she maintained her quality of Emperess , till Commodus being displeased with her , at first banished , and afterwards killed , her . She was a Daughter worthy such a Mother , such an Husband , such a Brother . Her Head 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ℞ . Ceres sitting 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Dio speaks in Trajan's time of Manus a King of the Arabians beyond Euphrates between the Osroeni and Armenia Major , possibly this Mannus might be his Son or Grand-child . For Verus sending Avidius Cassius against Vologaesus a near Neighbor to this Mannus , Mannus being afrighted , cajoled the Empress then being at Antioch with her Husband , pretending friendship to the Romans for fear . 4. Under M. Aurelius and Verus arose up a Rebel , Avidius Cassius , a Man of many , especially Military , Virtues ; who endeavored to engage in his quarrel the Legions of Asia , Syria and Egypt ; pretending first to restore the ancient popular Government , but afterwards taking upon him the Title of Emperor , he was slain after three Months by common Consent of the Armies and People , wonderfully affectionate to the Virtues of M. Aurelius . CHAP. XI . Of Commodus , 1. COmmodus was born A. C. 162. reigned 12 Years nine Months , and was strangled at the Age of thirty one Years . In his Impurity , Brutishness , Cruelty , Injustice , Gluttony , Drunkenness , Impiety equalled Caligula , Nero , Vitellius and Domitian . He murdered his Wife , his Sister , his Cousin German , his Aunt , all his Friends and twenty four of the eminentest Persons of the Empire . He violated his Sisters , the Vestal Virgins ; had three hundred Concubines , and as many This his Incontinency was augmented by the Ointments and Medicines he took to preserve him from the Plague ; which reigned violently in his time . He defiled the Temples and Altars with Murder and Lust , gave his mind to be a Gladiator , Charioteer , Pimp , &c. Yet in hate to the Senate Severus afterwards made him a God. Jupiter laying his Hand on the Shoulder of Commodus . I. O. M. Spon [ sori ] Sec [ uritatis ] Aug [ usti ] . Col [ oniae ] Aug [ ustae ] f [ elio ] Cermeno , in another Germeno , a Wolf suckling two Children . Rome being much desolated by a great Plague , Commodus repeopled , and would have it called Colonia Commodiana . Now Rome was composed anciently of four Villages ▪ Romula , Velia , Germalum and Forum ; this Germalum called also Germanum , was ( as Plutarch notes afterwards called Cermanum , Cermenum ; which it seems Commodus stored with People . Commodus with a Lion's Skin L. AE L. Aurel. Commod . P. F. ℞ Herculi Romano Aug. for amongst other Madnesses of this Sot , this was one , that he would be called and clothed as one of the Gods , so Anubis Nobilitas Aug. P. M. he said Anubis was his Ancestor at whose Ceremonies he presided , and was masked like Anubis with his Dog's Head , with the Snout whereof he used to beat the bare Scalps of such as went nigh him . Crispina in the habit of Fortuna Victrix , before her a Basket of Fruits , behind three Children , one swathed , as if Crispina were the cause of all his good Fortune ; that she had any Children is known only by her Medals : It seems they lived not long . Africk and Egypt giving a handful of Corn to Commodus habited as Hercules Romanus , setting his foot upon a Prow . For by his Negligence there being a great Famine , and the People mutining , he built a Fleet to fetch Corn out of Afrrick and Egypt . The Goddess Salus ( Daughter of AEsculapius ) raising up a Man. Salus generis humani , seems to initiate the recovery of Commodus ( and in him of the whole World ) from some great Disease . Apollini Monetae , perhaps referring to this , that Commodus inspired by him , had put to death Cleander , the Cause of the Dearth and Poverty . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Telesphorus , ( a God of Health , and Son or Grand-child of AEsculapius ) upon an Altar in a Capuch , and his Hands ( as if cold ) under a long wide Vestment , as he is usually represented . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Juno the Goddess of the Samians , Juno Pronuba , or as she presided at Marriages , therefore is she habited like a new married Woman . This seems coined in Honor of the Marriage of Commodus . Bacchus drawn by four Elephants , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , calling Commodus , as it were , their new Founder . An Eagle and a Serpent . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Nicomedia being horribly ruined with an Earthquake , the People had a design to build it in another place over against the ancient Situation . As they were therefore Sacrificing , an Eagle came and took the Head of the Sacrifice off the Altar , and carried it on the top of a Rock on the other side of an Arm of the Sea , a vast Serpent appeared at the same time , which Swom to the same place ; which the Inhabitants following there built their City . 2. His Wife was Crispina the Daughter of Brutius Praesens , whom having taken in Adultery , he slew . A naked Woman stooping down with a Laurel branch in her Hand , and setting her Foot upon I know not what Colo. Aug [ usta ] Troas : Troas was called Alexandria from Paris the Son of Priam ; and Antigonia , Antigonus re-peopling it ; and was situated between Mount Ida and the Sea. The Figure seems to be of Herophile the Sybil in her posture of Prophecying , standing upon a Stone , and Laurel in her Hand ; which Herophile lived a great part of her time at and was buried near , this Alexandria . From whence she was called Phrygia , Trojana , Hellespontica , Gergithea , Marpessa , Erythrea , ( from Marpesses called Erythrea , because of the red Soil ) Ancyrana , and Delphica ; from the several places of her Abode and Prophecying . CHAP. XII . Of Helvius Pertinax , Didius Julianus , Pescennius Niger , and Clodius Albinus . 1. P. Helvius Pertinax , Son of Helvius Successus , Son of a Freed Man , was born A. C. 127. reigned about four Months , died aged 67 Years four Months , more or less , slain by the Praetorian Soldiers , his Guards . He was very Prudent , Learned , Eloquent , Valiant , Constant , of a present Spirit , Moderate , Just , so Frugal that he seemed Avaritious . A very skillful and experienced Soldier ; was very averse from receiving the Empire , put upon him by the Murderers of Commodus ; In the Senate preferring others before himself , hindering his Wife as much as he could from being called Augusta , and his Son from being Caesar ; saying , That it was sufficient that himself reigned against his will. Whether discouraged by his obscure Birth , his old Age , or the Licentious Times , is unknown . He endeavored with great Labor , Vigilance , Courage and Dexterity , to settle the Common-wealth in good order ; repressing the Insolencies of the Soldiers , banishing and punishing all the Ministers of Tyranny , bestowing the wast and untilled Grounds upon such as would husband them ; saying , That those Possessions were the Commonwealths , not the Emperors ; taking away illegal Taxes ; selling all Commodus's Superfluous and Luxurious Statues , Eunuchs and Houshold-stuff to pay a Largess to the Soldiers and Citizens ; recovering vast Sums of Money which Commodus had sent to the Barbarians to buy Peace of them ; retrenching the Expences of his House . And it is almost incredible what Reformations he made in those few Months of his Reign . His Head. Imp. C. P. Helvius Pertinax Aug. ℞ . A Woman with a Cornucopia and a Tessera , such a one as they used in their Largesses . Civibus Liberatis . Either from the Tyranny of Commodus ; the People as they met any Senator crying out Age , Age , Salvus evasisti , vicisti ; or because People being very much necessitated for want of Corn , himself went by Sea to hasten home the Corn that was sent for . 2. His Wife was Fl. Titiana , of a loose and wicked Behavior , which is the Reason he would never permit her to be called Augusta , therefore also few Medals of her ; besides he was enamoured of Cornificia his Concubine , but not to the Prejudice of any one . He had by his Wife divers Children , amongst the rest a Son called Pub. Helvius Pertinax , whom he educated as a private Person , at his Father's House , at School , &c. nor suffered him to use the Title of Caesar the Senate gave him ; after his Father's Death and Consecration he was made his Priest , and afterwards Consul , and was at last murdered by Caracalla , for having called him Geticus after the Murder of his Brother Geta. DIS Custodibus . A Fortune setting her Stern upon a Globe ; either intimating the Golden Fortune , which was solemnly carried into the Palace of the new Emperors ; or else some Statue of Fortune , erected by him in Honor of the Gods that so protected him . Col. Hel. Colonia Helvia , of which two are mentioned , one on the Promontory of Lilybeum in Sicily ; the other in Piceno . Two Hercules's with their Clubs ; the one supposed the Divine Hercules , the other Pertinax . It was taken as an Omen of the Empire , that Commodus that day he was slain gave to Pertinax his Club to hold wherewith he acted Hercules . 3. M. Didius Severus Commodus Julianus was born A. C. 134. reigned two Months , six Days , and was beheaded by the command of Severus at the Age of sixty Years , four Months , four Days . The Praetorian Soldiers having murdered Pertinax , retired into their Camp , and proclaimed , that he , who would give most , should by them be made Emperor ; which Julianus hearing , made them such offers as contented them ; whereupon they presently saluted him Emperor , and conducted him to the Palace , where seeing the Frugal Provision made for Pertinax , he scorned it very much , and commanded great Preparations to be made ; intending to live more like Commodus , to be thereby more grateful to the Soldiers ; to content whom also he took his Name . But hereby he incurred the hate of the People , ( whom at first he despised , but afterwards slew many of them by his Soldiers ) and the Senate ; where entring , he made an insolent and foolish Oration in Commendation of himself . And as he invaded the Empire unworthily , so he carried himself laschly , and negligently , especially when the People first cried up Pescennius Niger , and afterwards Sept. Severus , to whom he offered at last to be Partaker of the Empire ; which Severus refused , who sent his Soldiers disguised into Rome , who slew Julianus after he was condemned by the Senate . His Wife was Manlia Scantilla , who together with his Daughter Didia Clara , ( married to Cornelius Repentinus her Cousin German ) both of them stiled by the Senate Augustae , incited the old Man to take upon him the Empire . Little notice is taken of them by Historians ; and but few Medals of them . 3. C. Pescennius Niger Justus Son of Annius Fuscus and Lampridia , was born , when and where not known ; reigned about eight Months , and after many Battels was slain by Severus about fifty eight Years old : was called Niger , because of the Sun-burntness of his Neck and Face ; the rest of his Body being very white . Was very Sober , and so Chast that he never accompanied his Wife but that he might have Children by her . Rather plain , open and generous than cunning , yet Wife and Prudent ; he by Letters perswaded M. Aurelius to continue the Governors of the Provinces five Years at least ; that the Assistants of the Governors should succeed them ; that the Governors and their Counsellors should have their Salary duely paid them ; saying , Judicem nec dare debere nec accipere . Was in great Employments , which he discharged with great Honor. Was because of his Valor , Virtue and Generosity , in the East called the Second Alexander . Imitating the ancient Captains in the Discipline of War. His Wife , Children , and whole Family were put to death by Severus . Minerva Victrix . Minerva reaching Niger a Crown , and he offering her a Globe , hereby acknowledging her for his singular Patroness . Probably he dedicated some Statue to her in this Posture . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ( a City in Syria Euphratesianâ ) Niger , as AEsculapius , acknowledging him thereby their Saviour . 5. Decimus Clodius Albinus ( called also Septimius by Severus when he made him Caesar ) Son of Ceionius Postumius Albinus , and Aurelia Messalina , reigned about three Years , eight Months , killed himself being vanquished by Severus . Was Hasty , Proud , Cholerick , Active , Valiant ; So bold a Gladiator that he was called the Cataline of his Age. Very Lascivious , a horrible Eater , but little Drinker . Grave , exceeding severe towards the Soldiers , Learned , and Eloquent . Commodus would have made him Caesar , which he refused ; but accepted afterwards from Severus , who honor'd him only to amuse him ; sending at the same time five Persons to kill him , whom Albinus compelled to confess by force of Torments . Whereupon he went to fight Severus ; and first defeated his Lieutenant Lupus : and afterwards encountered Severus himself near to Lions , where Severus's Party being almost overcome , was restored by Laetus , who brought a fresh Army ; whereupon Albinus through Despair killed himself , and his Body was most barbarously used by Severus . Saeculo Frugifero Cos. II. ( and another Saeculi foelicitas , much what the same thing their chief Felicity consisting in Plenty ) . A Deity-raies about his Head like Apollo , a Caduceus like ☿ and a Trident like Neptune . Probably the ☿ of the Galls , which was the great Genius of the world , and therefore Author of Fecundity ; the Head is the Sun presiding over the Seasons of the Year , the Caduceus's Wings represent the Fecundity of the Air , as the Serpents do the Harmony of the Elements ; and the Trident the Fruitfulness of the Water . Another like the former , but the Head like Cybele , and an Howe instead of a Trident. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( Sidetens●…um the Second City of Pamphylia , where it seems Albinus had been Governor , and which Severus chose to himself ) two Warriors joining hands , Severus in Arms as Superior , the other without as Inferior . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( Gaditanorum ) a Temple and Hercules standing ; being much worshipped there . Albinus was an African , and had governed Spain . Gades two Islands , one belonging to Africk , the other to Europe . His Wife was Pescennia Plautiana , Daughter of Plautius Quintillus , whom Severus slew . By her he had a Son Pescennius Primaeus , or Prinaeus slain with his Mother ( though before pardoned ) by Severus ; after the Victory over Albinus . CHAP. XIII . Of L. Septimius Severus , Bassianus Caracalla , Septimius Geta , and M. Opilius Macrinus . 1. L. Septimius Severus , Son of L. Sept. Geta , and Fulvia Pia , was born at Laeptis , A. D. 147. reigned seventeen Years , eight Months , three Days ; and died at Sixty five Years , nine Months , twenty three Days old ; was very Active , Vigilant , Couragious , Indefatigable , Provident , ( especially for Provision ) of good Understanding , and a Lover of Learning , tho himself not Learned ; but withal most horribly Ambitious , Traiterous , Cruel , Covetous and Vindicative , more than any of his Predecessors , having put to Death Forty of the eminentest Persons of the Empire at once , without hearing their Cause , upon Suspition of their Conspiring with Albinus ; for which , being exceedingly hated , he endeavoured to engage the Soldiers to himself , by giving them many Gifts , and Licences to wear Gold Rings , to have Wives with them , &c. the cause of much Misery and Ruine of the Empire , and even of himself ; for as soon as Caracalla came into his Youth , they began to cast their Eyes upon him , and neglect Severus ; made Caracalla Augustus in despight of him ; which so heightned him , that he continually sought to kill his Father , sometimes by Poyson , sometimes by the Sword ; which so enraged the Gouty Old Man , that his Disease increased exceedingly , and became so insupportable , that he would have killed himself , but was hindered ; and at last eat so enormously on purpose that he died upon it , after he had in vain endeavoured to punish his Son , whom he mortally hated . Dying he said , Omnia fui , & nihil expedit . Diis Auspicibus , &c. Col. II. Hercules and Bacchus with a Dog. Severus going to fight in the East against Niger , purposing also to invade the Parthians and Indians , Sacrificed to these two Gods , under whose Auspicia [ Standards ] of the one , as a Victor over Tyrants , of the other , as over the Indians . Auspicia also they called the Sacrifices they made the day of their entering their Office or Employment . The Heroes anciently were said to have Dogs with them ; both because of their Fidelity , &c. and of their Divination ; they attributing much to their Barking , Howling or Fawning . Hercules's Dog , crushing a Purple Fish , discovered to Hercules that excellent Die. Saeculi felicitas , a Crescent with Seven Stars , shewing the numerous Issue he had ; besides his Sons , two Daughters , and Grand-children of Caracalla — So Julia between Caracalla and Geta. So a Ship under Sail , shewing the Common-wealth , after the Storms of Civil Wars , sailed quietly . Severus , Julia and his two Sons , before his going to Britanny reconciling them . Geta with an Helmet , as being to have part of the Army under his Command . Pacator Orbis , a young Head radiant ; it was one of the Titles bestowed upon him after the Parthick Victory ; the Head is of Caracalla , and Sun mingled together ; Caracalla went with him in this Expedition . Marti Statori ; it should seem some Vow made to him , when in the Battel against Albinus , the Soldiers running , and his Horse Slain , and himself on the Ground , yet he rallied and conquered . Libero Patri , a Bacchus ; to whom he dedicated a great Temple . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( certain Games first instituted in the Honour of Apollo , renewed in Honour of Severus ) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Two Earthen-pots upon a Table with two Palms ; on the Ground a Sacrificing Pot and five Apples , which seem to be the Prize contended for . Many Medals made by the Perinthians in Honour of Severus , who after the taking of Byzantium after three years Siege , bestowed the Privileges thereof upon the Perinthians , to whom also , he subjected it with all its Territory ; insomuch that they stiled their City Metropolis Europae . Tho afterwards he restored all to Byzantium . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 — Abgarus King of the Edessenians confederate with Severus , and assisted him exceedingly with his Archers against the Parthian . ( Civitas ) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Honorat hac Statuâ ( Minervae ) Severum Aug. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . The Ilienses or Trojans accounted Severus their great Heros . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ( The Praetor of the Smyrneans ) about , an Oaken Garland ; within which 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . which were the first solemn Plays made in the Honour and presence of Severus and his two Sons returning from the Parthick War ; called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because made at the common Charge of the Towns of that Province . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Egypt , where was a Famous Temple of Serapis , and the Sepulchre of Osiris ; Severus with a Bushel as Serapis . Caracalla with Rays as Osiris . Concord holding in either Hand a Temple , one to Severus , another to his Sons , built probably on either side of her Temple 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , certain Games of which we know nothing . A Temple of an Antick Fashion , I. O. M. H. Jovi optimo Maximo Helvio , i. e. Pertinaci Jovi facto . Col [ onia ] Hel [ via ] in Piceno ; eundem honorem etiam Severo post mortem decernentes . 2. Severus's first Wife was Martia , by whom he had two Daughters married to Probus and AElius two eminent Persons ; it seems he loved her well , and afterwards erected a Statue to her . His second Wife was Julia Domna , and so the Syrian and Asian Medals stile her , Surnamed Pia after she came to Rome in Honour of Fulvia Pia the Mother of Severus . She was born at Emesa in Syrophaenicia , Daughter of the Priest of the Sun named Bassianus . Severus , then Governour of the Lionnois in the sixth year of the Reign of Commodus , understanding by his Astrologues ( to whom he was much given ) that her Horoscope was , that she should be married to an Emperor , was never quiet till he obtained her . She was very Beautiful , Learned and of great Capacity ; wherefore he consulted with her in all Affairs of Consequence , and put her Name in all his Letters and Missives to the Senate : She also saluted all as Severus and Caracalla did . He did not love her , being she was exceeding Proud , Arrogant , Malicious , Cunning , Quarrelsome , and given to her Lusts and Pleasures . Yet did he not control her , tho she conspired to take away his Life . After the Death of Severus , she endeavoured all she could to reconcile the two Brothers ; till at last Geta was killed by his Brother in her Lap , which also she durst not resent , nor Lament , for fear he should kill her also ; as he would have done , had he not feared an universal Revolt . When Caracalla was slain by Martialis the Friend of Macrinus , she fell into bitter passionate words against Macrinus ; and would have killed her self , but the Blow was not Mortal : But after that Macrinus had treated her well , she took heart , till her words and endeavours to get the Army from him were told him ; then he sent her word to retire her self whither she pleased ; but she chused rather to starve her self to Death . She had two Sons , Caracalla in the first year of her Marriage ; to whom she was never married , as some Historians report , and Geta. Julia's Grand-mother seems to be Varia Soaemias ; her Father M. Jul Bassianus , her Sister Julia Maesa called before Varia ; who had two Daughters Julia Soaemias and Julia Mamaea , by Julius Avitus Lupus . Soaemias married Varius Marcellus , by whom she had Varius Avitus Lupus , called Elagabalus . Mamaea married Genesius Marcianus Father of Alex. Severus . Marcellus and Marcianus seem to be B others , Sons of Varius Marcellus Alexianus ; and Severus Alexander's Name was Alexianus Marcellus . Foecunditas , the Goddess Tellus lying half along to shew her Stability ; and not subject to Earthquakes as under Antoninus ; four Children ( the four Seasons ) about a Globe with Stars upon it , intimating Julia and her four Children , two Sons and two Daughters . Luna Lucifera , the Moon in a Chariot drawn by Horses , two by Oxen. 1. Mater Castrorum . 2. Mater Augg. 3. Mater Deum . 1. As Sacrificing to the Ensigns . 2. As Cybele sitting on a Cube , which signifies Stability , drawn by four Lyons . 3. As Cybele sitting leaning on a Globe with two Lyons beside her . Mater Augg. Mater Sen [ at●…s ] Mater Pat [ riae . ] an Inscription common also to other Empresses . Her Head 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ℞ . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Bacchus ( who in Egypt is 〈◊〉 Osyris the Husband of , ) and , Isis ●…awn in a Chariot by a Male and Female Centaure , those Creatu●…s being accounted great D●…inkers ; on Isis's le●…t Hand Cupid with a Torch ; and Cissus , Bacchus's boy Dancing ; for when Cissus was Dancing with a Satyr , the Satyr struck him down and wounded him mortally ; whereupon Bacchus turned him into an Ivy tree called therefore 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and therefore also Sacred to Bacchus . 3. Bassianus called at first , and by a Nick-name , Caracalla , but afterwards M. Aurelius Antoninus ; was born A. C. 188. reigned six Years , two Months , five days , and was killed by a Captain as he was at stool , in the Twenty ninth year of his Age ; was very unhansome , and therefore strived to make himself Terrible ; he was Proud , Violent , Impatient , Brutish , Furious , Bloody , Light-headed , Traiterous , Presumptuous , Covetous , Prodigal , Cowardly , Lustful ; so that he had in a short time , by his Lusts , wasted and decayed his Body , and made himself uncapable of Generation . He slew Twenty thousand Persons at one time , as also almost all the Eminent Persons of the Empire ; almost all the Inhabitants of Alexandria ( for having mocked him ) and that most Treacherously : So did he also to the Germans ; under pretext of Marriage with his Daughter , he invited Artabanus King of the Parthians , with his Nobility , into a great Plain , and the●…e slew most of them , but the King escaped . He designed to Murther his Father , threatned his Mother , killed his Brother , his Father-in-Law Plautianus , his Aunt Lucilla , his Governour and Kinsinan Papinianus ; forced his Preceptor to kill himself ; for which he was so haunted , that many times he became Furious , crying out upon his Father and Brother for Persecuting him , so much ▪ that none durst ●…ame Geta to him . Tho his Baseness was such , ●…hat he durst not put on Armour . 〈◊〉 ●…is Fear ●…rced him to make his Cloaths so like Armour , ●…hat he was believed alwa●…●…o 〈◊〉 A●…med . As he passed through Macedoma he imitated Alexander the Great , would be called Magnus , and set both their Heads upon the B●…sts of ●…is Statues . At Ilium he would needs be Achilles . Providentia , the Head of the Sun ( to whom Providence is many times attributed as well as Power ) shewing the Providence of Severus in ●…aking Antoninus Caesar. A Lyon Radiant with Thunder in his Mouth , ●…ems to signifie the Lyon , which , as he was going against the Parthians , came down from 〈◊〉 Mountain , and fought against his Enemies 〈◊〉 the head of his Troops . He also nourished 〈◊〉 Tame Lyon , which he sed at his Board , ●…d carried always with him , and which , when he went forth that time he was slain , ●…ould have stayed him in his Tent , so that ●…e tore his Garment . A Lyon also in this Figure , was worshipped at Heliopolis ( the Country of Julia ) and thereabouts , as the God Genaeus or the Sun ; a certain 〈◊〉 , ●…amed Eusebius , testifying that ●…e saw a Globe 〈◊〉 Fire descending from Heaven , and that it ●…as the God Genaeus . Col. Caesarea A●…ph . in the 〈◊〉 o●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Goddess 〈◊〉 like a Nun , 〈◊〉 ●…eems to be Diana Alp●…a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Indulgentiae foecundae . Julia sitting as a Goddess , obtaining some Favour or Indulgence for Carthage or some other City . v. g. some Privilege , Liberty , Prerogative , &c. So the Romans expressing by this Medal , the great Benefit to all the World by her Fecundity . Caracalla Radiant ( imitating the Sun ) in a little Oval Chariot drawn by four Horses ; which was the manner in the Ludi Circenses in Honour of the Sun , whom they fansied to be carried about the World in such a Vessel . With these and such-like Games was Caracalla mightily delighted . AEsculapius with the little God Telesphorus , and a Ball ; it seems coined for the recovery of Caracalla from some great Sickness ; and that he submitted his Empire unto them . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , ( i. e. Decreto Senatus . ) An Eagle crowning Caracalla , &c. Severus , to the great affright of the Senate , declared himself Son of M. Aurel. and Caracalla took upon him the name of Commodus . Two Gods , the one in●…olded in the Scarf of the other , drawn by two Horses : Probably Caracalla and Julia , represented by the Perinthians , in their Games , as the Sun and Moon . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , ( Zeugma was a strong City and Castle upon a Passage over Euphrates on the other side , on the edge of a vast Solitude ) a Temple on the Top of an high Rock , to which there are two Asc●…nts ; probably erected by Vespasian , and repaired by Caracalla at his return out of Parthia , or by the People in Honour of him ; with a Capricorn alluding to the Situation of the place ; on one side being a place fit for Goats only ; the other for Fishes , i. e. Euphrates where Venus turned her self into a Fish. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . A freed Man of the Emperor 's made Governour of Magnesia a City of Ionia at the Mouth of Maeander . A young Man ( Caracalla ) crowned with Olive , and a Girdle ( of Scarlet ) sitting before an Altar , whereon is a Pine-Apple ( Sacred to Cybele ) and about him three Coribantes beating their Sheilds : probably intimating the Initiation of the Emperor in these Mysteries , for the Expiation of his Fratricide ( for which these Ceremonies were accounted very Efficacious , two of the Coribantes having killed their Brethren ) and Preservation from Danger . This Emperor being very Timorous , and also much troubled in mind for that Fratricide , of which yet ( probably by being thus initiated ) he was not recovered . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . A Serpent with a Man's Head ; the Serpent the Genius of Wisdom , &c. was frequently worshipped , and particularly by the Nicomedians ; the Egyptians brought in the manner of joyning Beasts with Mens Heads or Bodies . Bacchus leaning upon , and caressing , Pan ; in the other Hand a Capricorn ( into which Sign Pan was converted ●…or transforming himself first into it , and thereby shewing the Gods the means to escape Typhon , who had almost surprised them . ) Pan is joyned to Bacchus , both because he was brought up in the Cave with him ( ☿ his Father leaving him there to keep him company ) and that he was the Best and Drunkennest Companion he had . Bacchus was worshipped chiefly at Nysa in Egypt . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . An Instrument betwixt an Ox and Sheep , it may be to draw Water out of the bottom of the Sea ; as they say they did , their Island ( s●…uate in the Phaenician Sea ) being a Rock , and having no Spring being once besieged . Geta in a Croissant , they imagined that the Souls of thei●… 〈◊〉 inhabited the Air from the Earth to the Moon ; but the Gods above the Moon and Sun ; and that the Goddesses , or 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 passed through the Moon , and some pure and innocent Men also as Geta. ( But this ra●…ly ▪ for ordinarily they took their way through the Sun. ) His Wi●… was 〈◊〉 Plautilla Daughter of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the greatest Favourite the 〈◊〉 Empire ever saw , a Vile , Brutal , Traitor ; that 〈◊〉 one time caused a hundred Citizens So●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quality to be g●…lded for Musitians ●…o 〈◊〉 Daughter ; he was slain for Treason in 〈◊〉 his presence ; and his Daughter , with the two Children , thereupon banished , and afterwards slain ; a fit end for so shameless and impudent a Woman . Venus felix ; Plautilla like Venus , giving an Apple to her Son young Antoninus . 4. P. Septimius Geta was born A. C. 190. reigned with his Brother ten Months , fifteen Days , was slain by him in his Mothers Bosom , at the Age of Twenty three Years ; was like his Father Severe , but not Cruel , having ( as some Authors say ) disswaded him from putting to Death so many of the Friends of Niger and Albinus , lest there should be more in Rome sorry than glad for their Victory . Delighted much in Neatness , Gardens , learned and virtuous Mens Conversation ; acquitted himself well in the Wars ; wherefore his Brother , jealous of the Affection generally born to him ▪ never rested till he had slain him , and to satisfie the People he afterwards Consecrated him . Principi Juventutis . Geta on Horse-back , looking back upon two others that ride after him . The Ludus Trojanus invented by Ascanius and described AEneid . 5. Castor standing by his Horse Cyllanus , intimating the Excellency of Geta in that Exercise . Castor being the better Horse-man , and Pollux the better Pugil . Hercules and Juno . Dii Patrii , both the Gods of their Family and their Country Tripolis . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Vase full of Apples ( gathered out of the Gardens Sacred to Apollo ) the Rewards of the Victors at the Pythian Games at last , as an Oaken at first , and afterwards a 〈◊〉 Garland . Palms were generally given to all Conquerors . M. Opilius Severus Macrinus , 5. Of an Equestrian Family , was born A. C. 166. reigned fourteen Months , three Days ; at Fifty four Years old was overcome and slain by the Army of Elagabalus ; he was before he came to be Emperor , of good Government and Reputation ; but afterwards very Luxurious , given to Pleasures and Vanities , to Plays , Foolish Pastimes , and also Haughty ( tho Rustical in his Behaviour ) giving difficult Access , and seldom answering to the Satisfaction of Petitioners ; withal Unfortunate , being vanquished by Artabanus ; of whom he bought a Peace with a vast Summ of Money ; yet he endeavoured to reduce the Soldiers to their ordinary Pay , and disaccustom them to those P●…ofuse Largesses of Severus and Caracalla ; 〈◊〉 which causes he was hated by them ; and th●… hat●…ed helped by the Practices of Jul. Maesa , and her Money made them receive her Grandchild Elagabalus , and destroy both him and his Son. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 — An high Mountain of Rocks , underneath which a Temple and two gr●…t Stones . It should seem Caesarea of 〈◊〉 , o●… some place thereabouts , in the 〈◊〉 Maurimena , where he was born , and to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Temple seems dedicated . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Macrinus in the form of Jupiter Urbanus . His Wife was Nonia Celsa Daughter of one Diadumenus : little known of her but her Unchastity ; being supposed to have by another Man 6. M. Opelius Antoninus Diadumenianus slain with his Father at the Age of twelve Years ; perhaps so called , because he was born , instead of a Caul , with a Diadem about his Head , so strong , that it could not easily be broken . Was exceedingly Beautiful , Graceful and Ad●…oit . Little else known of him . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . A Cow , probably the black Cow they Sacrificed yearly to Proserpina , which being at Pasture when Mithridates besieged the Town , came in of her own accord at the time of the Sacrifice ; the Inhabitants intending to Sacrifice , in her stead , a Cow of Paste . A Town Famous for Beautiful Women : Proserpina they called Servatrix , because in the War with the Gyants , she , with Hercules , fought with them in that place , and saved their Town , which the Gyants would have destroyed . CHAP. XIV . Of Varius Avitus Lupus , Elagabalus , Severus Alexander . 1. VArius Avitus Lupus , called to gain the Favour of the Soldiers , Bassianus ; they proclaimed him Emperor , and called him Antoninus . Afterwards he called himself * Elagabalus , assuming the name of the God whose Priest he was Hered●…tarily ; was born A. C. 205. reigned about five Years ( as appears by his Medals ) tho others say but about three Years , eight Months , and was killed , drag'd through the Street●… into a Jakes , afterwards cast into Tyber , aged 20 Years more or less . He was a Devil in the shape of an Hermaphrodite , a Prodigy of Impiety , Villany , Lust , Debauchery , Gluttony and Cruelty . He brought his God to Rome , built him a stately Temple , into which he transferred all the Mysteries and Holy things of all the other Gods , as the Palladium , Fire of Vesta , Ancilia , &c. His Lust was unexpressible , clothed himself like a Woman , was married to a vile Man , and used as his Wife ; would have made Hierocles , the vilest of his Rakehels , Caesar , and his Successor ; bathed himself in Sweet Waters ; exhibited a Naval Fight in a Lake of Wine , trod upon Plates of Gold ; his Chamber-pots were of Onyx , and his Close-stools of Massy Gold : Called the Senators his Slaves , brought his Mother to sit and Sign amongst them ; designed to set fourteen of his Infamous Rout over the Fourteen Regions of the City , and other Pimps and Coach-men , &c. over the Provinces , &c. sent to gather all the Cob-webs of Rome , which amounted to ten thousand Pound weight . His 〈◊〉 , &c. was beyond Apicius , betwixt five and six hundred Heads of 〈◊〉 at a Meal , to pick out the Brains ; he 〈◊〉 his Slaves with Peasant . He slew Euthymianus 〈◊〉 , his 〈◊〉 ●…ther , who took care of him , made him 〈◊〉 &c. because he was a Prudent Man , and the Soldiers refusing to kill him , he struck him first himself ; took hundreds of the best Mens Sons in Rome and Italy , to Sacrifice them by the Advice of his Magicians ; and as he said , that the Grief might be more general , he took none but such whose Parents were alive . He would have slain his Cousin Alexianus , whom he had adopted ; but durst not for the Soldiers who guarded him , and slew Elagabalus ; who had provided Scarlet Silken Cords , Golden Daggers , &c. to kill himself withal . It is difficult to distinguish the Medals of Caracalla from those of Elagabalus ; Caracalla is made commonly Frowning , the other not so . Elagabalus puts commonly Imp. on his Medals , the other not ; saith Leon-August . A Temple with a Victory crowning Security , Col. Berytus . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . A Thunder bolt upon an Altar . Seleucia in Syria upon the Mediterranean Sea-coast ; which Seleucus there built , having , as an Omen of its future Felicity , a Thunder-bolt there falling ; and the Seleucians worshipped it as the chiefest God. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( a City in Jonia ) Hercules in a Temple : there arrived a Bark with an Image of Hercules between Chius and Erythrae , which either City strived to have to themselves ; a certain Man dreamed that the Erythraean Women should cut off their Hair , make a Cable of it , and draw the Bark to their Town ; which the better sort refused , but the poor Thracian Women there did so , and drew the Bark and Image which was there very much worshipped . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . The Sun or Orient figured as Elagabalus . ℞ . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Goddess Salus , with little Telesphorus behind her . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Ad●…d the Sun , Benos or Belus a King. The Goddess Salus seems to be Margatis or Dea Syria . His Wives were six , First Annia Faustina Great Grandchild to M. Aurel. Ant. whose Husband Pomponius Bassus he ●…ew to have her , and forbad her to mourn for him . The Marriage of Elagabalus with Faustina ; the Sun ( his God ) between them . 2. Julia Cornelia Paula , he married her to have Children , and gave a great Donative to the Senators , Equites , their Wives , the Soldiers and the People ; besides many Games , &c. after a while he repudiated her , because ( as he said ) she had a Stain in a secret part of her Body . Concordia , a Woman beyond them embracing them both , having their Hands joined over an Altar . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. Anazarbeorum Metropolitarum Amanicae Ciliciae anno secundo , a Capricorn over a Globe . Anazarbus , a famous City of Cilicia called Dio Caesarea , Caesar Augusta , and afterwards Justinopolis , being repa●…ed by Justine as before by Augustus ; in Memory of which they coined his Capricorn . 3. Julia Aquilia Severa , a Vestal Virgin , but very beautiful , and for that cause taken by him out of the Sanctuary ; saying , That being a Priest and marrying a Vestal their Children must needs be holy ; yet after a while he cast her off and married three others successively ( whose names are lost ) and took her again at last . 2. The Mother of Elagabale was Jul. Sooemias , who educated him to that Lasciviousness and Wickedness he afterwards practised , being her self so inclined ; after her Husband's death she took to her Assistance in all her Affairs in Bed and elsewhere Eutychianus a Freed Man , who had been a Comaedian ; but a prudent Man whom Elagab . slew . She was very Proud , taking place in the Senate , and Voting and Signing all Acts as did Maesa also ; endeavoring by all means to destroy Alex. Severus her Sisters Son , she drew Ruin upon her Self and Son by the universal Hatred all Mankind bore to them . She erected a little Council of Women , where they voted ridiculously concerning their Habits , Ornaments , &c. Venus Caelestis . Sooemias in habit of Venus , with a little Boy ( Elagab . ) and the Sun upon a Globe , she publishing him to be the Son of Caracalla . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a Goddess with a Wheel and a Rhombus , representing Fortune , Venus , Nemesis or Hecate favorable to Sooemias and her Family . 〈◊〉 Rhombus accompanieth Hecate , and was a certain Instrument whereby Magicians pretended to work many Feats ; whose help these People it seems used to get the Empire . Julia Maesa , was called Maesa because Priestess of the Sun by them named Mese ; a Subtil , Prudent , and Sprightful Woman , was exceedingly enriched by living in the Court of Severus and Caracalla , all which Macrinus to shew that he was no Enemy to the House of Severus , suffered her to enjoy , and inherit also her Sisters Wealth ; by which she afterwards corrupted the Soldiers against Macrinus . Under Elagabalus she shewed her self a discreet Woman , managing whatever she had committed to her very prudently , and she was the only Support he had , but perceiving his Courses , she foresaw he could not escape sudden Death , and therefore perswaded him to adopt Alexander Severus ; for fear also lest he should adopt Hierocles whom he married : To this purpose for a while she accompanied him in his wicked detestable Actions , but after he had adopted him , she took very great care for his Preservation , and afterwards advised him very prudently in Governing and Reforming , and at last died very Aged , and was consecrated . When the Soldiers were worsted by Macrinus's , she descended from a Tower where she beheld the Fight , run amongst them with Elagabalus on Horse back , and by Perswasions and Reproaches rallied them again and won the Fight . 3. Alexianus Marcellus , called afterwards Bassianus , in favor of Caracalla , whom he was not unwilling should be thought to be his Father rather than Varius Genec●…s 〈◊〉 a Sy●…an . But being Emperor he was called M 〈◊〉 Severus ( in honor of those two 〈◊〉 , ) Alexander , changing Alexianus into Alexander , in Honor of Alexander the Great , in whose Temple , on whose Birth-day he was born at Ar●…na , whom he desired to imitate , and i●… he could , to equal . He was born A. C. 207. reigned thirteen Years , seven Months , seventeen Days , and was slain by Maximinus at the Age of twenty nine Years . He was of a vivacious Spirit , which appeared by his bright and sparkling Eyes , which they who looked upon him were not able stedfastly to behold ; and by the Subtilty and Piercingness of his Spirit many were perswaded that there was somewhat more than Human in him . He was excellently ●…arned in most kinds of good Literature , be●…g of an excellent Wit and Memory . He was Wise , Moderate , Prudent , Just , Merciful , be●…ved and reverenced of all good Men , though 〈◊〉 seve●… a Justicer that the Colour came in his face , and his Choler was stirred , even to vomit●…g , at the sight of a corrupt Judge ; yet was not Cruel , nor ever put to death any who was not condemned by the Senate . So Pious that ●…e adjugded a Tavern in Controversie betwixt ●…he Christians for a Church , and the Host to 〈◊〉 Christians , saying , That it was much better ●…od should be served there , in any manner , than it ●…ould be a place of Debauchery : He also worshipped Christ and Abraham amongst his Lares or private Gods , and made use of Sentences of Scripture which he had learned up and down . Though accused by the Soldiers and such People as under the last Emperors were only enriched , of Avarice ; yet was it necessary , after the Commonwealth was so exhausted by those Prodigies , that good Husbandry should recover it ; and he began the Reformation in himself , retrenching all Superfluity at his Table , Utensils , Cloths , of which all he used were very ordinary and of common sort ; he sold all his Jewels , applied the Taxes and Paiments of the Cities toward the Reparation of their publick Places ; set up Manufactures , lent Money to Poor People , he repaired the Ruins of all the ancient Buildings , and put not his Name upon any of them ; and erected many new . He gave four Congiaries to the People , and a quantity of Oil promised by Severus . When a Governer returned from his Charge , if he had done well , he thanked him in the name of the Commonwealth , used him with all possible Honor , and rewarded him Nobly . He reduced the Taxes to a third part , repaired many Cities and Temples ruined with Earth-quakes ; settled Salaries for the Professors of Sciences , and the Nourishment of such Poor Children as were willing and fit for Study . Would often Chide virtuous Persons who had served the Common-wealth fo●… not asking somewhat of him ; founded and endued many Hospitals for such Children as had thei●… Patrimonies ruined in the Wars . For these an●… such-like Actions the Comedians , Calumniators , and other wicked Courtiers , and especially the Soldiers accustomed to the Profuseness of Caracalla and Elagab . hated him extremely ; as likewise because he endeavored to reform their Discipline exceedingly corrupted , that he with great Courage and Dexterity , cashiered a Legio●… sometimes all at once which was incorrigible . And Maximinus , ( offended with him for a just Reproof given him by the Emperor for some indiscreet Actions in the Parthian War , ( wherein Severus , though with great Loss , so suppressed and abated the Fury of the Parthian , that he stirred not in many Years afterwards ) taking occasion upon it , ) perswaded the Soldiers to Murther him , which they most vilely and wickedly did near Ments in Germany : Thus died the Repairer of the almost ruined Commonwealth , the Stay of Justice , the Reformer of the Soldiers , the Refuge of the Poor ; and who for good Government had no equal amongst all the Emperors ; he did nothing without the Advice of twenty of the Prudentest , most experienced Persons in the Commonwealth . When the Legions mutined in the East , and threatned to kill him , with wonderful Courage he commanded them to lay down their Arms and Disband . When Camillus would have made himself Emperor , he accorded to him that Honor at his Table , and every other Place , carrying him along to the Wars with him , and inviting him to take pains , &c. according to his Example ; which so wearied Camillus that he desired leave to retire , and so did . He changed all Elagab's Officers , which he had set in all the Empire . He forbad all vicious Persons to salute and come to him ; but good Men he visited even in their own Houses , especially when Sick. To Courtiers and Smoak-sellers he was an implacable Enemy ; stifling one of them with Smoak because he Sold Smoak . He would not have any Panegyrick made in his Praise . Severus and Maesa ℞ . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. Bona for tuna sive Tucca Terebentinorum Carthaginensium : Fortune with a Globe , Scepter and Wheel . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was the Name of a Town which worshipped Fortune , which they here apply to Maesa , by whose Conduct Severus came to the Empire . A Lectisternium to Fortune , as giving her thanks for the Empire . Severus Alex. without a Garland . ℞ . Alex. the Great 's Effigy , a sign of the great Honor and Devotion he bore to him . A Garland of Gold within 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. Chrysanthina Sardianorum ter Neocororum . The Sardians , as Neocori made Games and Wrestlings in Honor of Sev. Alex. called Chrysanthina , and sent him this Crown of Gold made in fashion of Leaves ( probably of the Plant and Flower Chrysanthis , ) these Games probably instituted by Chrysanthas , a great Commander of Cyrus the Great , famous for his great Services to him , whom he set over Lydia and Ionia , after the Example of Cyrus himself . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( Tenos was an Isle one of the Cyclades ) a Trident charged with a Serpent . In that Isle Neptune was worshipped under the Epithete of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Neptune also brought Storks amongst them 〈◊〉 devour their trouble-some Serpents . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . The Zacinthyans , ( Zante now the Isle is called ) a Colony of the Ionians , were very idle and effeminate Persons , given much to Plays and Dances , one of which is here represented , i. e. Diana , as surprising the Satyrs ; and old drunken Maron Dancing about one of her Nymphs lying asleep . 〈◊〉 His Wife was ( Sulpitia ) Memmia , Daughter probably of Sulpitius Marcianus , a Person of great Reputation , Power , and a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in also to the Emperor . Mamaea being offended that she took the Name of Augusta , caused her to be banished ; wherefore her Father being Angry , endeavored to raise a Mutiny amongst the Soldiers against the Emperor , for which he was put to death . Monsieur Seguin ( as Morellus saith ) discovered S. Barbiam Orbianam to have been the Wife of Alex. Severus . He had a Sister called Theoclia , whom he would have married to Maximus Son of Maximinus , had it not been for the barbarousness of the Father , which exasperated his Father against him . Afterwards she was married so Messala Son of Silius Messala , put to death by Elagabale . Julia Mamaea ( Mother to Sev. Alex. ) was at first instructed by Origen and the Christians , but afterwards fell into divers Heresies that taught her to conceal , next to counterfeit , and and lastly to quit all Religion ; and give her self up to hoarding of Money . She became also Proud and Haughty , by which Courses she brought that excellent Emperor into Dis●…putation ; he strived to reform and restrain her , but could not ; she having got so great Power . A Medaillon , wherein she is represented as having somewhat of Isis ( having a Peach between two Leaves on her Head ) the Moon , ( by the Crescent ) Nature , ( by her Breasts discovered ) Concord , ( a Cornucopia ) Minerva , ( by her Nose-gay of Olive and Laurel ) and Victory , ( by her Wings . ) ℞ . Felicity , or Maesa Crowning Mamaea , holding a Sacrificing Platter and a Scepter . Two other Figures perhaps of Theoclia and Memmia Col. F. Bostra Alexandrea . Bostra , one of the chiefest Cities of Arabia , first made a Colony by Trajan , afterwards repaired by this Emperor . A Head with Towers to shew its Strength , Cornucopia for its Plenty , and a Star for the East . 5. Sulpitius Martianus , Father-in-Law to Alex. made Caesar by him . V. S. Antoninns , was by the Guards , who had slain Ulpianus , set up ; but he refused to be Emperor , and going away lived unknown . After his refusal they set up Uranius . In the East one Taurinus set up himself , but for fear drowned himself in Euphrates . Ovinius Camillus also rebelled against him , whom Alex. sent for , carried him into the Senate , declared him his Companion , communicated Counsels with him ; took him with him to the War , where he presently grew weary , and disposed to kill himself ; which the Emperor prevented , sending him to his own House with a Guard of Soldiers ; but afterwards finding that he practised the Soldiers against him , and that the Soldiers were inclined to him , as one likely to let them do what they list , he was put to death . CHAP. XV. Of Julius Verus Maximinus and Maximus . 1. C. Julius Verus Maximinus Son of Micca and Abaqua , the one a Goth the other an Alain , born in a Village of Thrace about A. D. 173. reigned five Years more or less , was slain with his Son Maximus about the Age of sixty five Years , was a Gyant in Stature , Bulk , Strength , Force , Boldness , Eating , &c. a great Enemy to Idleness , Filthiness , &c. which made him retire under Elagabale ; but otherwise Impious , Sacrilegious , Ungrateful in the highest degree to his Emperor , who had brought him from his Retreat , made him General of his Armies , and had thoughts of Marrying his Sister to his Son ; Murdring him , and all those who had assisted him in his necessitous and low Condition ; Cruel and Avaritious , putting to death all Alexander's Friends and Counsellors , all the chiefest Christians , all the Eminentest Persons of the Commonwealth to get their Wealth ; suborning Accusers , Informers and Calumniators against them : an incredible number of whom was put to death by Pupienus , &c. Inconsiderat , Rash , Imprudent , even in War , losing by his ill Conduct an Army that he carried against the Persians , and at last his Life also by his indiscreet besieging of Aquileia , which not being able to take , he accused his Officers , and put most of them to death , which made the whole Army rise against him , and kill him and his Son in his Tent. Maximinus and his Son , ℞ . Castor and Pollux , naked on foot with their Bucklers and Javelins . Maximinus and Maximus , ℞ . Neptune sitting , and two Tritons who were the Sons of Neptune , and Salacia BPOYZHN 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 N. which is no other than 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , ( the like Letters being often changed one into another ) a City of Bithynia upon the Sea of Propontis . His Wife probably was Paulina , a good Woman , aged when he came to the Empire ; who endeavored to perswade him from that Cruelty he used , and was sorry when he committed it ; which the Tyrant not enduring made her away also . She was Consecrated , of which some Medals . His Son was C. Jul. Verus Maximus , the beautifullest Person of his time , and withal Chast , Liberal , and not Cruel ; yet Prouder , Statelier , than his Father : was born A. D. 218. and was slain with his Father about twenty one Years Old. Col [ onia ] Fl [ avia ] Pac [ ifica ] Diylt [ um ] a City in Thrace so called . An Apollo . He was betrothed , but not married , to Junia Fadilla of the Family of Antoninus Pius , as it should seem . After his death she married Toxotius . There rebelled against Maximinus , Magnus a Commander in his Army , whom he slew , and with him four thousand Soldiers unheard . Titus Quartinus , General of the Strangers , in favor of Alexander Severus , whom a private Soldier slew , and cut off his Head. His Wife was Calphurnia , both of them very Wise and Virtuous Persons . Also Pompeianus , possibly M. Aur. Cl. Pompeianus , Grand-child of M. Aurel. Anto. chosen by the Senate after Gordian's death , he died suddenly two Months after his Election . CHAP. XVI . Of M. Anton. Gordianus , Father and Son. § . 1. M. Anton. Gordianus , Son of Mettias Marullus , and Ulpia Gordiana , was born A. D. 158. reigned eighteen Months and hanged himself , because his Son was defeated and slain , through Despair , being above eighty Years Old. He was exceedingly Noble , Rich and Learned ; was also of very good Reputation for Prudence , Moderation , Sobriety , Neatness , Liberality and Magnanimity . He was proclaimed Emperor being absent at Thysdrum in Africk his Government , utterly against his will ; nor did he accept of it , till constrained by force . He associated his Son to him , and sent him with a new raised Army against Capellianus , who headed the Army of Maximin , by whom he was slain ; which the old Man hearing , rather than come into the Hands of his Enemy , hanged himself : Both their Bodies were ( as they were a Transporting to Rome to their Sepulchres ) drowned in the Sea. His Wife was Fadia Orestilla , Daughter of Annius Severus , of the Family of Antoninus . § . 2. M. Antoninus Gordianus their Son was born A. D. 192. and slain about forty six Years Old , was a Man of very good Understanding , Honesty , Integrity , Civility , but not used to Wars ; and besides much given to Pleasure , for he married not but kept many Concubines ; he was Bald , and of a long Visage , by which only his Medals are distinguished from his Fathers . His Sister was Mettia Faustina , married to Julius Balbus . CHAP. XVII . Of D. Caelius Balbinus . M. Clodius Pupienus . Ant. Gordianus . 1. D. Caelius Balbinus was born A. D. 179. reigned about a Year , and with Pupienus was slain by the Soldiers about the Age of sixty Years , was of a noble Family , very Rich , Prudent , Cheerful , Bountiful , Sincere , peaceful Disposition . He was esteemed a great Politian , having governed many Provinces with great Reputation ; but not experienced in War ; therefore there was joined to him Pupienus , a severe warlike Person ; these two falling to despise one another , and both of them the young Gordian , together with some discontents which the Soldiers received about their Election , made the Soldiers kill them both . Foelicitas temporum . Three Obelisques dedicated to him , Pupienus and Gordianus . Two Hands joined , ( Balbinus and Pupienus ) Patres Senatus . 2. M. Clod. Pupienus Maximus , Son of Maximus and Prima , was born A. D. 175. reigned about one Year and was slain , aged seventy four Years ; was of a severe Countenance , Sober , Just , Chast , Clement , Pardoning as soon as any demanded it ; not Cholerick , Prudent in Affairs ; very Valiant , Experienced , and Fortunate in Wars : Loved by the Senate , and feared for his Severity by the People ; who therefore Mutining , would not be appeased till Gordianus also was joined with them . He presently went against Maximin , and by Prudent managing his Affairs , destroyed him . Jovi Ultori . Jupiter naked marching with a Whip in his Hand , either against the Gyant Maximin , or the Persians , whither Pupienus designed to go ; as if the God of the Romans , Jupiter , had taken the Whip out of the Hand of the Sun , the Persian God. A. K. M. K. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ℞ . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. Tarsi Metropolis Amano idicae Ciliciae Secundo Anno. A Sea-Monster , or Deity playing on a Shell , with a Stern and Dolphin above perhaps Amphitrite , the Wife of Neptune , perswaded to marry him by the Dolphin . The Stern signifying some Supreme Power , her Trumpet or Shell to call and give orders to the Sea to Ebb and Flow , Calm , &c. 3. M. Anton. ( called both Antonius and Antoninus ) Gordianus Son of Gordianus the African , or ( as some say ) of his Sister , was born A. D. 226. reigned six Years , was Murdered by the Treason of Philippus at the Age of twenty two Years , was nobly descended , very well inclined , Knowing , Eloquent , defective in nothing but Age , and exceedingly beloved of all Men ; till giving himself to his Pleasures , his Eunuchs and Courtiers took Licence to do many Injustices . But after he married Tranquillina the Daughter of Misitheus , an upright , wise , and experienced Man , he was guided wholly by his Counsels , and first chased away those Vermin of Courtiers , and set good Men in Command : and prospered mightily , reducing Sabinianus a Rebel , and Conquering the Persians , till Misitheus dying , the Traytor Philip turning , by many Artifices , the Army against Gordianus , at last Murdered him : He was afterwards Consecrated . Col. Tyr. Metrop . Ambrocie Petre. Two Rocks , a Cup with Fire and a Purple Fish. U. S. Two Stones near Tyrus , of which many Stories . Serapis with his Basket and a Garland . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Carrae , a City in Mesopotamia , after his Persian Victory , set up ( it should seem ) a Statue in Honor of Gordian as to Mars Romanus ; before which they Sacrificed upon an Altar . A Cybele and Crescent the Gods worshipped in all those Countries , being the Dea Syria . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Apollo in habit of a Goddess with his Tripos , Snake , Crow , &c. being much worshipped there , though rendring Oracles only in Winter , and in Summer at Delos . About Patera he was born , where , when he was young a little Girl brought him in a Box divers sorts of Sweet-meats ; which the Wind taking from her , carried into the Sea , which cast them up not far thence , where they built Patera , after the name of the Box ; which is marked by the Crow sitting upon a Box in the Medal . Or it may be the Box signifies Ointment and Medicines , in which Lycia abounded . and of which Apollo the God of Health makes use . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . B. N. bis Neocorus Ao 1 o Gordiani here designed very young with a Mountain upon his Head , as the Sovereign Genius of that famous Mountain Argaeus . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . The Emperor and Empress as taking Palms to bestow on the Victors at their Games , in the Front of a Temple under a Hill , representing the Situation of Nicomedia . Gordian and Asgarus : Asgarus probably acknowledging the Resettlement of him in his Kingdom , or some part of it to Gordian . The Ox , Mnevis , with a Peach upon his Head , and a Garland about his Neck , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; perhaps some great Body of the Ephesians dwelling at Alexandria . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Seleucia in Cilicia . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. Bacchius Panegyricus Apameorum [ Phrygiae ] situated upon two Rivers , Marsyas or Lycus and Maeander , grown bigger with Orga or Orba , newly received into its Channel ; Marsyas holding a Flute in his Hand , because there grows in him a certain Reed called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( the word signifying a 〈◊〉 ) which being shaken with the Wind makes excellent Melody , or perhaps of which Flutes were made . Marsyas also was the first that invented that Instrument , on which he plaid so cunningly , that he challenged Apollo with his Harp , who overcoming him fleaed him alive ; for whom the Nymphs and Satyrs were so grieved , that they increased his small Stream with their Tears into a River . Diana of the Ephesians worshipped also at Apamea , and all the Country thereabout : The two Nymphs also represent the Situation of the City between two Mountains and these two Rivers ; one of them having in her Hand a Rock with a Cave , whence issueth the River Marsyas . What the Letters signifie is not known . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Hypaepenorum Praetore Ant. Tauro Anno primo . Hypaepis a Town of Lydia . Gordianus . ℞ . a Woman crowned with Towers sitting upon Rocks , at her Feet the River Tygris . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Singara a Town in Mesopotamia , whither it should seem Severus transported a Colony , calling it Aurelia , because of his great Affection and Observance to M. Aurelius . Gordianus undertook such another Expedition into these places , as Severus had done before . His Wife was Furia Sabina Tranquillina , of whom little written or known . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Chalcedon . A Swan carrying Apollo up to Heaven , which was the Form under which the Chalcedonians worshipped him . Against this Emperor the Carthaginians chose one Sabinianus , whom afterward being besieged by the Emperor's Army , they delivered up into his hands . The Senate also chused Severus Hostilianus to oppose the Violence of Philip who had murthered the Emperor , but Philip advancing before Hostilianus was in order to receive him , he either slew himself , or by ill binding his Wound , after letting Blood , he bled to Death . CHAP. XVIII . Of M. Julius Philippus , Father and Son , Carvil . Marinus , G. Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius , Q. Hetruscus Messius Decius , Caius Valens Hostilianus , Messius Quintus , C. Julius Valens Hostilianus , C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus , C. Vibius Volusianus , C. Julius AEmylianus . 1. M. Julius Philippus , born at Bostra , his Father was a Famous Captain of Robbers , his name Saturnius , reigned about five Years and a half , and with his Son was slain by Decius A. D. 253. an Ambitious , Bloody , Traiterous Person ; and a Fighting , but not very resolute or provident Soldier : He celebrated with great Pomp the Ludi Saeculares , and was slain by Decius his own General , whom he had sent against the Rebels . Virtus Augg. the two Emperors on Horseback : Philip desired to bring that Militia into request above foot . P [ rovinciae ] M [ ysiae ] S [ uperioris ] Col [ onia ] Uim [ inacium ] An. VII . perhaps Annona VII . a Goddess ( the City ) between a Cow for a Colony , and a Lyon shewing the Valour of the People . The Heads of Jupiter and Bacchus , representing the two Philips . Bacchus being born in Arabia , or rather unsowed from the Thigh of his Mother Semele . Philip's Head. ℞ . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the three Furies ; one with a Serpent and Key ; ( with a Key perhaps they open and shut Hell-gates at their pleasure , ) another with two Fire-brands or Torches ; a third with a Sword and Whip and two Dogs . — Visaeque canes ululare per umbras Adventante Deâ — AEn . 6. They were worshipped in divers places that they might not hurt . His Wife was Marcia Otacilla Severa , a Virtuous , Prudent and Chast Woman ; of whom little known , save that some say she was a Christian. Provincia Dacia ; probably her Country Transilvania ; a Woman between an Eagle and Lyon , signifying their Faithfulness to the Romans , and their Valor . His Son was Caius Saturnius afterwards called M. J. Philippus , was slain in the Arms of his Mother at twelve Years old ; naturally 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . He had a Sister married to Sabinianus . Carvilius Marinus Governor of the Legions of Pannonia , &c. rebelled against Philip ; who sent Decius against him , but the Soldiers had slain him before ; and perswaded Decius to take the Empire , who joyning those Rebels to his own Army , came into Italy , conquered and killed Philip. Seguin hath a Coin , an Head with an Eagle . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , it seems Marinus was consecrated , either by the Soldiers repenting of their Murther , or in hatred to Philip , whose Vengeance they feared ; or by Decius , thinking by this means to gain his Soldiers ; or by Philip to divert from himself the opinion of his Murther . ℞ . Rome sitting with a Victory on her Hand , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . S. C. Jotapianus also in Syria was slain by his Soldiers . Lucius Priscus , Brother to Philip , Governor of Syria , after his Brothers Death , set up for himself , but was slain by the Soldiers . 2. G. Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius born at Bubalia ( Buda ) A. D. 211. reigned about two Years , and died swallowed in a Marish as he was flying from Cneva King of the Goths ; he was a prudent Person able to govern a great Empire , by reason of his Experience , Vigilant , Couragious , not Ambitious , Fair-conditioned ; but a cruel Persecutor of the Christians , insomuch that he slew a Kings Son , an Hostage in his Court , only because he saw him frequent the Christians Church . The Arabians were so implacably offended with him , that to keep them in order ( since he could not send an Army against them ) he caused many Lyons , as also Serpents of both Sexes to be brought out of Lybia and sent amongst them . Dacia , A Woman with an Ass's Head upon a Spear . Dacia contains Transilvania , Moldavia , and Walachia ; the People were called Getae by the Greeks ; they carried an Ass's Head as their chief Ensign before the Battel , intimating their Constancy and Fearlesness of Death , their Sufferance also , &c. also a Sign of good Luck . CE II. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Septimia Colonia Rhesaenesiorum . Anno 1. A City in Mesopotamia near the River Aborus , made a Colony by Sept. Severus . His Wife was Herennia Sallustia Barbia Orbiana , of whom little is written ; and very few Medals found ; tho others say that she was the Wife of Alex. Severus , and that Decius's Wife was Herennia Etruscilla . His Son was L. Herennius Hetruscus Messius Decius , made by his Father Caesar at the beginning of his Empire , and Augustus when he took him with him in his Expedition against the Goths ; where he was slain with an Arrow valiantly fighting in the Van-guard ; which being related to his Father , he said , the loss of one Soldier was no great matter . Pietas Augg. ☿ without wings , as being continually to reside with the Emperors , and not to return to Heaven ; with a Purse , as if all their Piety was for Interest . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 &c. Sub Praetore Glycone Theologo ●ergamenorum primorum Neocororum . AEsculapius under the Countenance of young Decius , and Juno Pronuba or Nuptialis , in Honor of the Marriage of this young Prince , carrying two Torches , as Mother of the Sun and Moon ; as also the Mother , or at least the next Kindred , carried Torches before the Bride ; and a Veil wrought only by the Hands of Chaste and Fruitful Matrons . His Wife , the Martyrologies say , was Tryphonia , a Christian Woman who suffered Martyrdom ( as is supposed ) under Valerian . 3. Caius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus seems to be the Son of Severus Hostilianus Caesar , before Philippus ; he received the names of Messius Quintus by the Adoption of Decius , who married to him his Daughter Gneia Seia Sallustia Barbia Orbiana ; and left him to govern Rome and Italy whilst he went against the Goths : Decius thus providing to settle the Empire in his Family ; but was deceived , the Pestilence taking away Hostilianus about the same time the Decii were slain by the Goths . His Wife was Gneia Seia , &c. not Herennia as her Mother was called . Caius Julius Valens Licinianus seems to be the Brother of Hostilianus ; him the People , seeing the Decii were dead , perswaded to be Emperor ; who going into Illyricum to fight against Gallus , was abandoned and slain by his Soldiers . The Senate also chused Hostil . Perpenna Licinianus , of the same Family , who was also after a while taken away by the Plague . 4. C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus , was born Anno Christi 207. was with his Son Volusianus made Emperor in the Isle Meninge or Girba , reigned about two Years six Months , was slain by AEmilianus at the Age of Forty seven Years ; seems to have married Hostilia Severa Daughter of Severus Hostilianus , and his Son Volusianus to have married Herennia Hetruscilla Daughter of Decius ; so that Decius could not trust any Man better to go against the Goths , who had seized upon Philippopolis in Thrace ; nor is it probable what many Authors say , that Gallus betrayed Decius into the Hands of the Goths , shewing them what was to be done to ruine Decius ; but rather that Decius was Ruined by his own Rashness , constraining the Goths to fight with him upon Disadvantages , for hastily and disorderly pursuing them through a Marsh , they turned Head and destroyed him ; but Gallus gathering the Relicks of the Army , and what more Men he could get together , put himself speedily in a condition to fight them ; but because of the Persians then Invading , and the Plague within ruining , the Empire , he chose rather to make them a Bridge of Gold , and send them away with a 〈◊〉 of Money ; which though Dishonorable , yet was then a necessary Composition . Returning to Rome , he began to make Preparation against the Persians , who had taken and pillaged as far as Antioch ; mean while AEmylianus , left by him Governor in Pannonia , practised the Soldiers against him , who ●…lew him and his Son at Interamna ( Tarni ) as he was marching against the Persians . Junoni Martiali , the Mother of Mars , and also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Fortitude presiding over Arms ; whence by the Falisci called Curitis ▪ from Curis , signifying a Spear . Juno sitting with a pair of Sizers , or some such thing in her Hand ; if Sizers , it denotes the Custom that Men had to cut off , and cleanse themselves from , their Hair before her Images ; or because Sizers are the chiefest and most ordinary Tools of Womens labor . Apollini Salutari , because the Emperors took great care to free the Empire from the Contagion that reigned , they were called Apollines Salutares . His Wife was Hostilia Severa , of whom we find nothing . In Sir J. Cotton's Library is a small broken Coin , with OCTIA 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , probably this Woman . 5. C. Vibius Volusianus , little noted , except for a great Persecutor of the Christians , and his care for Interring such as died of the Plague . Was ●…ain with his Father . His Wife seems to be Herennia Hetruscilla , of whom little is spoken ; yet there are some Me●…als both of her Husband and her self , but easie ●…o be understood . 6. C. Julius AEmylianus , called by Victor AEmilius AEmilianus , was a Moor , and born about A. D. 214. reigned about four Months , and was slain in his Palace at Spoleto about forty six Years old , got the Emp●… by Treachery and Ingratitude , kept it without any Reputation , and lost it shamefully , being by the Senate declared publick Enemy , and sending to Valerianus then with the Gaulish Legions offering to make him Emperor if he would destroy AEmilianus ; which he understanding offered to lay down the Empire , so that he might command the Army against the Persians ; but Valerian would not Capitulate with , but slew , him . Votis decennalibus S. C. the Senate made solemn Prayers that it would please the Gods to grant him a Reign of Ten Years , when they would renew them again . CHAP. XIX . Of P. Licinius Valerianus , M. Cyriades , Ingenuus , Q. Nonius Regilianus , M. Fulvius Macrianus , ( Father and Son ) Quietus , Balista , Odenatus , Moeonius , Herodes , Valens , Piso , AEmylianus , Saturninus , Trebellianus , Celsus , Victorinus . § . 1. P. Licinius Valerianus , Sirnamed Colobius , Son of Valerius Licin . Gallienus was born A. C. 184. reigned about seven Years , was taken Prisoner at Cesarea by Sapor King of Persia , and afterwards cruelly flea'd to death at seventy six Years old . Notwithstanding what some Authors say , he seems to have been a Man of great Valor , Prudence and Conduct , of great Experience and an Exemplary Life ; being by Decius made Censor , an Office usually annexed to the Emperor's Person , and partaker of the greatest Charges of the Empire ; and was in such Reputation that he was generally desired by all Men to be Emperor . At first he ceased the Persecution raised against the Christians , and employed them very much ; afterwards by the perswasion of a certain Magician , he began a most violent and inhuman Persecution against them ; using also most devillish Sacrifices and Practises , for which causes God Almighty ( it seems ) gave him up into the Hands of the Persians . For many of his Lieutenants being by them beaten , and the East Country much ruined by the Plague and the Wars ; he was forced to go in Person , where Fighting , his Army was ruined , and himself taken Prisoner , and laden with Chains in his Robes , was forced to be a Foot-stool to the Persian when he got on Horse-back , for many Years together , and at last flea'd alive . Col [ lonia ] Julia Augusta Felix Helvia ( Lilybeum in Sicily ) certamina Sacra Capitolina OEcumenica Iselastica Helvia . Three Vessels with Palms in them , Prizes for the Victors . OEcumenica probably because free for all Nations to come , and all sorts of Exercises . Iselastica , because the Victors were drawn in a Chariot of four Horses into their own Town , and received a certain Stipend from the Emperors called therefore Iselasticum . Coloniae Tyro Metropoli : Tyre made Metropolitan of Phoenicia by Hadrian , and a Colony by Sept. Severus . A Man upon a Gate with a Goddess , the Sun , &c. hard to be understood except it refer to the Story of the Slaves , who having all but one ( Straton ) slain their Masters , ordered that he should be King who saw first the Sun arising ; Straton , by the Advice of his Master , looked Westwards upon the House-tops , &c. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Julis a City in the Isle Ceum ; Three Nymphs naked , perhaps the Graces or some other Nymphs there worshipped . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Diana ( or rather Mariniana ) like Fortune . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Valerian's Head ℞ . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . The God Lunus with Horns upon his Shoulders , an Hunting Spear in his left hand , a Discus or some such thing in his right ; an Oxe's Head at his Foot. Seguin . Some Historians say that he had two Wives , by the first whose name is not known , he had Gallienus ; by the other called Mariniana , probably the 〈◊〉 of Carvilius Marinus , Licinius Valerianus , who was first Caesar and afterwards Augustus ; after her death she was Consecrated , of which there are Medals . 2. There rebelled against Valerian Marcus Cyriades the Son of a rich Syrian , who being Chid by his Father for his Debauches , robb'd his Cossers , fled into Persia , and there perswaded first Odenatus , and afterwards Sapor to invade the Romans ; Sapor's Army he Commanded , took Antiochia , Caesarea , and many other Places , slew his own Father , called himself Augustus ; and was at length slain by the Treachery of his own Soldiers . Gallienus , after the departure of his Father , having the charge of the West , and being busied in repelling the Germans who invaded Gallia ; Ingenuus General in Pannonia rebelled , and declared himself Augustus , against whom Gallienus fought near Murcia , and conquering him , he slew himself . Q. Nonius Regilianus gathered up in Maesia the scattered Troops of Ingenuus , where he commanded some Legions for defence of the Country against the Sarmatae ; he was declared Emperor as it were in Jest ; one declining Rex , Regis , Regi , Regilius , Regilianus , as if thereby destined to reign : Though a very Valiant , and against the Sarmatae , a very Fortunate Captain , yet Gallienus came upon him , and overcame him : His Soldiers , to make their Peace the better , slew him . He was consecrated as his Medals intimate . 3. M Fulvius Macrianus , by his Prudence , Valor , Constancy and Integrity , came to be of such Authority , that Valerian , at his departure into the East , committed the Charge of the Armies unto him : Valerian being taken , and the Soldiers wanting a Commander , they chused him ( Balista refusing it because of his Age ) Emperor , with his two Sons Macrianus and Quietus . Having therefore settled the East as well as he could , he left Balista and Odenatus to fight against the Persians : Himself , with his Son Macrianus , and an Army of Forty thousand chosen Men , came for Italy ; but in Illyricum were fought , and by Aureolus ( who there made himself Emperor , pretending it was by the consent of Gallienus ) and his Lieutenant-General Domitius Domitianus . they were vanquished and slain . M. Fulvius Macrianus the Son , was for his extraordinary Strength and Valor , though young , made a Tribune by Valerianus . Some Medals both of the Father and Son. C. Fulvius Quietus , being left in the East with Balista , recovered a great part of the Country to the Romans ; but after the loss of his Father and Brother , Aureolus sent Odenatus to sight against them , who slew , at Emesa , Balista ; and the Emesians slew Quietus after their Defeat . Servius Anicius Balista , Praefectus Praetorii to Valerian , an exceeding prudent , valiant Person ; after Macrianus's Defeat , suffered himself to be made Emperor ; he won very great Victories over the Persian , forcing him to fly to the utmost Desarts of his Kingdom , taking also his Treasures and Wives , but was afterwards slain by Odenatus . Some , but few , Medals of Quietus and him . 4. Odenatus was first General of the Palmyrenians , and took part with the Persians against the Romans ; but was afterwards , by Valerianus , won over to the Romans ; and when he went against the Persians , his Country-men made him King ; afterwards Gallienus made him Emperor , because of his vindicating the East from the Persians . He was exceedingly Prudent , Valiant , &c. but above belief Indefatigable , having been the greatest Hunter of all the East . He drove Sapor beyond Ctesiphon , which he took with all his Wives , Satraps and Treasure ; which so enraged Sapor , that he fleaed Valerian , and filled up a Valley with the Bodies of the Captive Romans , which he there slew , and marched over them . Odenatus , after that , fought with him , and overcame ; but was at last , together with his Son Herodes or Herodianus , slain by his Nephew Maeonius ; for Odenatus and he being together on Hunting , and a wild Beast coming upon them two , Odenatus forbad the young Man to strike , saying himself would slay it ; notwithstanding Maeonius slew it , and this he did several times after he was chid ; which made the Emperor take his Horse from him , and make him go on foot , which , in that Country , was a great Disgrace . Maeonius therefore threatned Revenge , his Uncle put him in Irons , whence after a few days , by the Intercession of Herodes , he was delivered ; in requital whereof , he slew both of them at a Banquet : Himself , for his detestable Life , being by his own Friends shortly after slain . Odenatus had Herodes by a former Wife , by Zenobia ( who was thought consenting to the Murther , that her Sons might come to the Crown ) Herennianus and Timolaus . Herodes or Herodianus was , though Valiant , altogether unlike his Father , being given to the Luxury and Delicateness of the Asiaticks , which his Father bore withall very much , giving him all Sapor's Concubines and Jewels . Some Medals of them both , ( that is , Odenatus and Herodes . ) He seems to have had a Son called Hermias Vaballathus . 5. P. Valerius Valens , a wise valiant and experienced Man , set over Achaia by Gallienus , when Macrianus was declared Emperor in the East , ( there being great Jealousies and ancient Emulations betwixt them . ) Macrianus sent Piso to destroy him ; he , to avoid the Designs of Macrianus , made himself be called Augustus by his Soldiers , and so when Piso came , he slew him ; but was himself also , after a while , slain by his own Soldiers . Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi of the Ancient Nobility , of great Worth also and Integrity ; and in so great Veneration , that Valens himself was sorry for his Death ; and the Senate consecrated him , as being the ablest and worthiest Person in the whole Empire : Being sent by Macrianus against Valens , he came into Thessaly , where finding Valens Emperor , to save himself from him , he also called himself Augustus , and received the Surname of Thessalius ; but was slain there . Tiberius Cestius Alexander AEmylianus was Governor of Egypt , whither Equites only were sent , because of the Levity of that People in chusing Princes ; was chosen Emperor in a Sedition at Alexandria . He purged the Country of Thieves , and prepared for an Expedition towards the East , but was set upon by Theodotus , whom Gallienus sent with an Army against him , being constrained to retire into Alexandria , ●…e there endured a great Siege ; but at last Theodotus got the City by Treachery , and took AEmylianus alive , and sent him to Gallienus , where he was Strangled in Prison . 6. Sextus Julius Saturninus was a Person of very great Worth , the best Soldier of his times , and was constrained to be made Emperor , at that time he telling the Soldiers , that they had lost a good General for a bad Emperor ; he got many Victories over the Barbarians , and was at last slain by his own Soldiers unwilling to be reformed . C. Annius Trebellianus was first chosen Prince of the Isaurians , because of his Dexterity in Thieving , and afterwards made himself Emperor ; and so maintained himself a long time in that Mountainous Country , till Causisoleus the Brother of Theodotus found means to draw him into the Plains , where he fought and slew him . He was probably by some Rebellious City , as other Rebels were , consecrated : as appears by his Medals . C. Titus Cornelius Celsus , having a long time , with great Reputation , served in Africk , the Africans were advised to make themselves an Emperor like other Countries , which they did , and chose this Man , forcing him to accept it ; the seventh day after he was slain by the Citizens of Sicca , by the perswasion of Galliena the Cousin of Gallienus , his Body was eaten by Dogs , and his Effigie hang'd upon a Gibbet . 7. M. Piauvonius Victorinus , Son of Victorina possibly the Sister of Postumus , a Man comparable to any , or perhaps all the Ancients , had it not been that his Lust spoiled all his Virtue ; he was chosen by Postumus to assist against the Generals of Gallienus ; which he did so valiantly , that they got no Advantage over them . He was slain by the Practises of Attilianus , for having violated his Wife . After his Death Postumus consecrated him , and chose Tetricus in his stead . Invictus , the Sun running , either to shew Victorinus's Celerity in his Warlike Enterprizes , or his design to go into the East ; whither his Mother , envious of the Glory of Zenobia , urged him to go . Saeculi felicitas , Fortune carrying the Infant Platus , as represented at Thebes , as Pausanias reporteth in his ninth Book . Shewing , that by Fortune's favoring the Enterprizes of Victorinus , Riches were much encreased . L. A. ( perhaps Aurelius ) Piauvonius Victorinus , Son of the other , was made Caesar when his Father was made Augustus , and afterwards Augustus also , probably slain with his Father . A Galley I. AASVI . what the meaning is , is not known . CHAP. XX. Of Licinius Gallienus , Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus , Q. Julius Saloninus Gallienus , P. Licinius Valerianus . § . 1. P. Licinius ●…gnatius Gallienus , born A. C. 219. reigned with his Father near seven Years , and eight Years alone , was slain about the Age of Fifty Years ; was very Courteous and Liberal , Quick , Ingenious , Easie , Learned , Eloquent , Vigilant , also Circumspect and Valiant ; but very Vindicative , putting to Death Four thousand of Ingenuus's Soldiers in cold Blood ; very Debauched , Wanton , and given to his Pleasures ; which he unwillingly left when he was to go upon any Exploit : He ruined Three hundred thousand Goths with Ten thousand Men ; he conquered also Ingenuus , Regilianus and divers other Tyrants ; but Postumus he could not overcome ; nor did he pursue his Victories against the Barbarians , nor endeavor to redeem his Father ; nothing but imminent Danger forcing him to quit his Voluptuousness and Debauchery : And as he neglected to provide against the Goths , who invaded the Empire , the Officers of the Army slew him , and chose Claudius in his stead ; wherewith the Soldiers were much displeased , but the same Officers appeased their Mutiny , by Money distributed amongst them . Gallienus , as the Genius of the City of Rome , ℞ . Intrans S. C. Urbem , probably when made Augustus by his Father , and sent with an Army to protect the West ; where the Barbarians made great Spoil even in Italy it self : to the great Affright of the Romans , who thought themselves secure by his , their good Genius's , entering the City . Gallienum Aug. ( possibly to be supplied SPQR Statuâ donavit ) ℞ . ob conservationem salutis ; he endeavoring to remedy the great Mortality which continued in his time . Restit . Galliarum ; probably after a Battle which he gained against Postumus , he took this Title ; Galliarum were the three Gallia's , Cisalpina , Narbonensis , Comata . Apollini Cons. Aug. a Centaure shooting : Apollo being Famous for it , and for his Horses , they are both joyned together to preserve the Emperor from the Archers of the Persians on Horseback . Leg II. Parthica VII . ( Septimum ) Pia. VII . Felix . He gave these Titles to his Legions as often as they did him Service eminently ; which they carried also in their Ensigns ; and was a gentile Invention to engage them to him . So Leg Mi [ nervia P [ ia F [ elix Vic [ trix . Jovi Cons. Aug. the Amalthean Goat which nourished him , of whose Horn he made the Horn of abundance , of her Skin his AEgis ; and made her self a Star. Soli Cons. Aug. an Ox consecrated to Apollo , who by his force brings forth Pasturage for them . Mnevis was an Ox sacred to Jupiter , as Apis to the Moon . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . without naming him Emperor or Aug. ℞ . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . A Mans Head altogether unknown , probably some Kinsman of the Emperor's . § . 2. His Wife was Cnea Cornelia Salonina Daughter of Attalus , and before called Chrysogone , a learned Woman , and Favorer of Plotinus , and other knowing Persons : He had a Concubine dearly beloved of him , called Pipara or Pipa , Daughter of a King of Germany , to whom he gave part of Pannonia for his Daughter . Juno Aug. Salonina , in the Habit of Juno with a Flower ( Lilly ) in one Hand the Flower over which Juno passing conceived Mars , and which signifieth the Chaste Love of Man and Wife ; and a Torch in the other . AEquitas publica : Three Goddesses with Balances and Cornucopia's , expressing the Justice of the Emperor in governing the three parts of the Empire , signified Africk by Serapis , Asia by the Sun , and Europe by Salonina . Augusta in pace . Salonina sitting in the habit of Peace . Junoni Cons. Aug. Stags with Horns ; Dian Hunting spied five mighty Stags with Golden Horns , four whereof she took , the fifth by the help of Juno escaped , and was slain by Hercules after . Deae Segetiae , or she that takes care of the Corn after it appears out of the Earth . 3. Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus Son of Gallienus and Salonina : all the Medals inscribed P. C. Lic . Valerianus Nob. Caes. are of this Person . So those with Pub. Lic . Saloninus Valerianus Caes. So with D. Valeriano Caesari or Divo Caesari Valeriano , was of a good Wit , but given to his Pleasures as much as his Father ; being young he was sent to Gallia with Albinus , yet under the Command of Postumus to dispose the Legions there to oppose the Goths . When he arrived , Postumus had defeated the Goths , and recovered from them a very great Booty ; which Albinus said he ought to have presented to Saloninus as representing his Father . Postumus , provoked by the Reproaches of that Man , made the Soldiers ( to whom he had distributed a great part of it ) to Mutiny , and bringing them before Colen , the Citizens delivered up Saloninus and Albinus into his hands , who presently put them to death , and proclaimed himself Augustus . Gallienus Consecrated his Son. Dii Nutritores . Jupiter giving a Victory to his Father , both of them are called his Nourishers . Jovi Crescenti Valerian ; an Infant upon a Goat , it being their Custom first to set them upon Sheep and Goats , and afterwards upon Horses . Q. Jul. Saloninus Gallienus was the second Son of Gallienus ; little known of him , the Historians confounding him with his Brother , only their Medals shew them several Persons ; Some Inscriptions also mention a Sister they had called Julia Galla , who being possessed with the Devil , was dispossessed by S. Zeno Bishop of Verona . She was married to Serg. Terentianus Prefect of the City . 4 P. Licinius Valerianus was Brother to Gallienus by the Father , but not the Mother : He was made Caesar by his Father , and Augustus by his Brother , with whom he was also slain A. C. 269. for as Gallienus and he were Marching against Aureolus , the Army seeing no hopes from them to chace away the Goths and Barbarians , or recover Gallia , Brittanny , and part of Spain , possessed by Tyrants ; they slew them . Though Valerian was of good Understanding , Valiant , and not at all debauch'd ; insomuch that Gallus lamented much his death , and erected him a Sepulchre . Deo Volkano , he erected a Temple to him as his Brother did to Mars , he being as necessary to war as any other God. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Seems to be the City it self , sitting and holding an Image of Juno Pronuba upon her Head , perhaps intimating the Marriage of this Prince with His Wife Cornelia Supera , as is very probable , though Historians mention her not , yet some Medals do . CHAP. XXI . Of M. Cassius Latienus Postumus , his Son , Lollianus , M. Aurelius Marius , Lucius AElianus , Cecrops , Appius Claudius Censorinus , M. Acilius Aureolus , M. Aurelius Claudius , Claudius Quintillus , Victorina , Zenobia , Herennianus , Timolaus , Vaballathus , Septimius , Domitianus , Firmius , C. Tetricus , and his Sons . 1. M. Cassius Latienus Postumus , born in France of mean , perhaps Equestrain , Parents , was of all the Tyrants the most Illustrious , Generous , Constant , Magnanimous , Wise , and beneficial to the Commonwealth ; a Valiant and experienced Captain , an excellent States-man , and true Justicer : Wherefore he was marvelously beloved , not of the Gauls only , but many of the Roman Senators went over through discontent unto him . Being made Emperor , and having slain the Son of Gallienus ; Gallienus came against him with a great Army and was vanquished ; in another Battel he got the better , and besieged Postumus in a strong City , but his Army was so harassed with the Siege , and himself wounded , that he quitted the Siege , and retired into Italy ; where he made Peace with Aureolus on purpose to reinvade Postumus more fiercely , but he succeeded not . Postumus therefore went about to settle Gallia , and to reduce all things to very good order for the space of Ten Years , till Lollianus another General raised a Party of the Barbars against him , but Postumus overcame and besieged him in Mentz , which he also took , but denying the Pillage of it to his Soldiers , they mutined , slew him , and chused Lollianus in his stead . Postumus's whole Face to shew his Clemency , &c. ℞ . his half Face armed to shew his Valour . Postumus and his Son ℞ . Mars and Julia Donata resembling Victory , Wife of Postumus ( as is conceived ) . Herculi Deusoniensi . Deuson a Town in Germany , probably Duyts near Colen , called also Deutsch ; near to which probably Postumus was born . Postumus Father and Son , ℞ . Victory and Peace . Felicitas Aug. perhaps ( many of his Medals signed with Victoria ) is meant Victoria or Victorina , Mother of Victorinus , probably his Sister . A Galley Laetitia Aug. probably for some Conquest by Sea , or over Britanny . Minervae Fautrici . It should seem he was equally Learned as Warlike , and for that Reason Valerian committed the Education of his Son Gallienus unto him , as Gallienus did his . Salus Provinciarum , the Rhine , upon whose Banks all along Posthumus built Forts to hinder the Irruptions of the Germans into the Roman Provinces . His Wife , as appears by an ancient Medal , was Julia Donata , of whom nothing writ . 2. Caius Junius Cassius Latinius ( or Latienus ) Postumus was his Son , to whom Valarian committed the Government of Gallia Narbonensis . But Postumus being declared by the Army Emperor , made him Caesar , and afterwards Augustus . He was so Eloquent , that divers of his Controversies are taken for Quintilian's . He much resembled his Father in Manners , as also in his Countenance , only he was not so curled , nor so flat nosed . It is supposed he died naturally before his Father , no mention being made of his death . AEternitas Aug. Three Heads Radiant , one in Face ; the other half fac'd , representing perhaps the Wise and Children of Postumus not mentioned by Historians , but the like Medal of Severus is so interpreted . Postumus on Horse-back speaking to his Soldiers Exercitus Iscamicus , perhaps the Legion that lay at Caerleon in Britanny . 3. Spurius Servilius Lollianus Commanded part of Germany , and was General of the Horse under Postumus ; whose old Age despising he rebell'd and chose Mentz for the Seat of the Wars ; he reigned one Year before Postumus's death : Afterwards making the Soldiers work at the repairing of the Fortresses on the Rhine , with too much Severity , they slew him . M. Aurelius Marius , at first a Smith , afterwards a Soldier , got by his Valor and Industry to be chosen Emperor after Postumus's death . He was a Man of vast Strength , Pride and Insolency ; though Historians say he reigned but three days , yet it is manifest by his many Medals , that he reigned some while both in Gallia and Britanny . Victoria seems to signifie his Victory in Britanny , of which V. Camdenum . Lucius AElianus was made Emperor after Lollianus by the Army about Mentz , he reigned but awhile , being slain either by Tetricus or Claudius . Victoria Aug. the only Medal found of him . 4. Cecrops or Cecropius a Dalmatian , was he that much assisted Claudius to obtain the Empire , not only aiding Heraclianus and Martianus to entrap Gallienus , but himself giving the false alarm that Aureolus was a coming , and giving him the first and mortal stroke . It should seem that he rebelled against Aurelian , not Gallien . Zosimus also nameth one Antoninus , of whom nothing is known . Appius Claudius Censorinus , a Person of great Reputation , having honorably discharged all the great Offices of the Empire , and in his old Age retired , was forced by the Soldiers to take the Empire against Claudius ; those very Men slew him who forced him to be chosen . He was buried near Bologna with this Inscription . Felix ad omnia , infelicissimus Imperator . He reigned three Years , as appears by a Medal of his . M. Acilius Aureolus a Dacian , and at first a Shepherd , but being Active , Vigilant , Valiant , &c. Gallien made him General of the Horse , and he served him with great Success a long time ; he was afterwards made Governor of Illyricum , where , by the Soldiers he was made Emperor , having defeated Macrianus , and entertained the rest of his Army , he took upon him to be Emperor ; Gallien could not suppress him , but made him partaker of the Empire on condition he would go against Postumus and ruin him , which he could not do . Afterwards Gallien mistrusting him , fought against him , forcing him to retire into Milan ; where Gallien besieging him was slain . Claudius being made Emperor , Aureolus submitted to him ; but afterwards they falling out , fought , and Aureolus was by the Soldiers slain , contrary to the mind of Claudius , who would have given him his Life . After his death he built a Bridge in the Place called by his Name ; and erected him a Tomb. LI ( Legio prima ) MINERvia Restituta . Minerva and Aureolus holding a Palm between them . 5. M. Aurelius Claudius , as some say , natural Son of Gordian III. and a Woman of Dalmatia was born about the Year 239 , reigned somewhat above two Years , and died of the Plague , as some say , as others , slain in a Mutiny of his Army about thirty two Years of Age. He was of a prodigious Strength of Body , but a more Heroical Courage , Prudence , Integrity , Constancy , Justice and Capacity . Valerian made very great account of him ; sodid Gallienus , who sought by great Presents to pacifie him , when he knew that he was offended at his Debauchery , and at last when he saw himself dying , he sent him the Imperial Ornaments in Gratitude to whom , and to wipe off the Suspition of his Murder , he writ to the Senate not to suffer any more of Gallienus's Friends to be put to death ( the Nobility being very violent against them ) and to give himself the honor of Consecration , which were both done . There were two Wars upon his hands , Tetricus in France and the Goths ; he chused first to go against the Goths ; saying that Tetricus was his Enemy , but the Goths the Commonwealths Enemies ; and though there were a vast number at least 320000 , and 2000 Ships of War ; yet he absolutely ruined them , slaying a very great number of them ; as he had done before also when General under Gallienus . He died at Syrmium , and the Senate dedicated to his honor his Statue of Massy Gold in a Discus of Gold in the Senate ; and his Statue of Gold also in the Capitol before the Temple of Jupiter of ten Foot high ; as also a Columna rostrata , with his Statue on the top of it of fifteen hundred Pound of Brass . He was a great Persecutor of the Christians . Virtus Claudii Aug. Claudius holding an Horse , intimating his Governing the Commonwealth , represented often by an Horse . Divus Claudius Caesar ℞ Consecratio . We read not of his Consecration by the Senate ; this then must be according to the common Voice and Desire of the People . Divo Claudio ℞ Consecratio . Claudius young , as about seventeen Years old ; shewing him after his Consecration to have renewed his Vigor , and to continue always youthful . 6. M. Aurelius Claudius Quintillus , Brother of Claudius , was chosen Emperor by the Army left in Italy ; and after his Brother's death confirmed by the Senate ; he reigned seventeen days , and hearing that Aurelianus was chosen Emperor by the Soldiers , he cut his Veins and bled to death , or some say he was slain in a Mutiny by the Soldiers , and , as appeareth by his Medals , Consecrated after his death . 7. Victoria , or Victorina , seems to have been the Sister of Postumus , a Woman of great Understanding , Generosity and Artifice , as appears by her insinuating so much into the Soldiers Affections , that she made them chuse her Son and Grand-child , and afterwards her Kinsman Tetricus Emperors : Called Mother of the Armies , and being another Zenobia . Septimia ( as appears by a Brass Coin set out by Seguinus ) Zenobia seems to have been a Syrian , and probably a Jewess at least by Profession ; or else a Samosatenian Christian ; tho some say Samosatenus fell into his Heresie by endeavoring to convert her from Judaism . She never lay with her Husband after she had once conceived ; was a Woman of great Understanding , Prudence , Courage , Constancy , Gravity , Eloquence , Justice and Laboriousness ; marching a foot many times in the Head of her Infantry , and haranguing the Soldiers with her Helmet ; sometimes also she would drink with the Officers , whereby she kept those unconstant Nations always firm to her . Her extraordinary Abilities , and the Services done against the Persians , by her Husband Odenatus and her self , merited Pardon from Aurelianus . At first she reigned under the Title of her Sons , but afterwards she stiled her self Queen of the East ; designing to subject the whole East ; and afterwards march into the West , and joyning with Victorina , make themselves Mistresses of that also For which cause Aurelian came upon her , and in a great Battle overcame her ; but offered her Peace , and a quiet Retreat ; which she refused , trusting to the Aids of the Persians , Sarazens , &c. which Aurelian turned from her : So that in fine , he besieged her in Palmyrene her chief City , whence she escaped upon a Diomedary , but was overtaken at Euphrates , brought back , and carried in Triumph in Chains of Gold and rich Jewels ; afterwards she had Houses and Lands to a great Value near Tivoli Tiburtium , where she and her Family lived a long time in great Honor , and left Posterity after them in Rome . Herennianus and Timolaus Sons of Odenatus and Zenobia , one or both , after the Death of their Father , were called Augusti by Gallienus , notwithstanding the whole Power was in Zenobia . What became of them is uncertain ; most probable that Herennianus died before , and that Timolaus lived with her at Tiburtium , and left his Posterity at Rome . Hermias Vaballathus was the Son of Herodes , Son of Odenatus by another Wife , to his prejudice , it should seem , Zenobia and her two Sons reigned ; or else that she governed under his Title , who it seems after the Murther of his Father , was brought up in some place of Armenia , or there abouts , under the Protection of the Romans ; and that Aurelian made use of his Soldiers and Subjects to quell Zenobia . Most of his Medals are Reverses to Aurelianus . Imp. C. Aurelianus Aug. the East mingled with some Lines of Aurelian , ℞ . Vabalathus UCrim PR . the Image of Vabalathus crowned with Laurel . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( his Father being called Athenes Herodianus or Herodes , the Syrians commonly ( as this Prince ) had two Names , one Greek , the other Syrian . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . being the fourth Year of his Reign , which was the first of Aurelianus ; and in another Medal the fifth of his , which was the second of Aurelian . 8. Septimus was made Emperor by the Soldiers in Dalmatia , and presently by them slain Zosimus also nameth one Epitymius ; and another Achilleus a Kinsman of Zenobia reigning in Egypt , and defeated by Diocletian ; these two may probably be the same , the Coins being inscribed . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Zosimus also nameth Urbanus , but if not he that was Governor of Palestine , and put to death by Maximianus ; we know nothing of him . Domitianus also is named , probably that Claudius Domitius Domitianus the General of Aureolus , an eager and valiant Man , who defeated the Macriani ; and in hatred to Aurelian ( who slew Aureolus - with his own hand , when Claudius would have saved him ) being Governor of AEgypt , was chosen by the Alexandrians ; there being a Medal of such a one , with Ale. under the Reverse . Antiochus was made Emperor by the Palmyrenians against Aurelian , who came upon them , ruined their City , but spared Antiochus as unworthy his Anger . M. Firmius an inseparable Companion of Zenobia , the Relicks of whose Army he gathered up , and when Aurelian was passed over into Thrace , with them , and the Aid of some Neighboring Nations he made himself Emperor in Egypt ; but Aurelian returning upon him , shut him up in Alexandria , where he took and slew him . 9. C. Pivesuvius Tetricus of a Senatorian Family , being Governor of Gallia Aquitanica , was by Victorina perswaded to suffer himself to be chosen Emperor ; he governed all Gallia and part of Spain , defending them with great Valor , Justice and Prudence for ten Years together , till Faustinus endeavoring to debauch the Army from him , he sent to surrender himself to Aurelian ; when the Armies met , Tetricus and his Friends were in the Van , and went over to Aurelian , abandoning his Seditious Soldiers to the Mercy of Aurelian , who slew many of them . Yet Aurelian carried both Tetricus and his Son in their Imperial Robes in Triumph ; but afterwards honored him very much , employing him in ●…erning the most important Provinces in Italy , 〈◊〉 which Employment he lived a long time in great Content ; and after his Death , in the time of Tacitus , was consecrated . Imp : Pesuvius Tetricus Aug. ℞ . Pivesuvius Aug. which Pivesuvius seems to be the Name of some Family into which he was adopted ; his Son also bore the same Name . Tetricus and his Son , ℞ . AEternitas [ Imperii ] Aug. a Goddess holding a Globe , on which stands an Eagle ; the Eagle a Symptom of long Life and Eternity ; which was wished to Tetricus to be continued in his Family by his Son. C. Pac. Tetricus seems to have been the eldest Son of Tetricus , being on his Medals called Augustus , which the other was not , Histories mention him not ; it seems he died presently , his Medals being very rare . P. Pivesuvius Tetricus , another Son of C. Pisuv . Tetricus , was made Caesar when very Young ; he was led in Triumph with his Father by Aurelianus ; but was well treated by Aurelian , being left in the Senate , enjoyed all his Patrimony , and was much honored by all Men. CHAP. XXII . Of Lucius Domitius Aurelianus , Claudius Tacitus , Annius Florianus , Sempronius Saturninus , Bonossus , AElius Proculus . 1. LUcius Domitius Aurelianus , probably called L. Valerius Aurelianus , and assumed that of Domitius after his Adoption by Ulpius Crimitus , who it seems , was of the Familia Domitia , was born in Dacia or Mysia , of his Father named Aurelius , Farmer to a Senator , and his Mother Priestess of the Sun : He reigned six Years , and was Traiterously slain by Mucapor . He was a great Justicier , enemy to all wicked Persons , Chaste , and so Severe , that he was accounted Cruel ; and for that reason Valerian preferred Postumus before him to educate his Son ; and he was ordinarily called Manus ad ferrum ; of excellent Conduct and Discipline in War ; so that since Caesar , none performed such great things in Person as he ; defeating the Goths , and taking Cannabus , their General , Prisoner ; as also the Marcomans , Su●…ves , &c. breaking into Italy , without giving them Battle , only by Advantagious Ski mishes : Thence he went to settle the City , where he was cried out upon as Cruel , for putting some Senators to death : Thence against Zenobia , in the way destroying the Barbarians that had invaded Bithynia , he met her accompanied with Zabas her General , who had reduced Egypt under her Command ; their Army consisted of Seventy thousand Men at Emesa , where , after a sore and bloody Battle , he forced them to fly : Afterwards he took her and Palmyra , where treating them severely , as soon as he was gone from them into Europe fighting against the Carpi , they rebelled , so that he returned and ruined the City entirely : Thence he went into Egypt against Firmius , whom he took and slew : Thence against Tetricus : Thence he went to Rome and triumphed , leading with him twenty Nations Captives ; where after having settled the Commonwealth , and made many good Laws ; he marched against the Persians relieving Ausburg by the way ; but being near Byzantium , he was slain by Mucapor suborned by his ungrateful Secretary Mnestheus , whom he had threatned to punish for some Fault ; fearing therefore his Displeasure , he shewed the Mutinousest Heads of the Army a Counterfeit List of such Names as Aurelian intended to put to death , by that means inciting them against him . The Army ( which loved him exceedingly because of his Valor and Bounty ) executed his Murtherers , and built him a Magnificent Tomb in the place wherein he was slain , and sent to the Senate to chuse a new Emperor , which they did after six Months . He built the Walls of Rome , yet finished them not , walled with B●…icks the Channel of the Tyber , from the City a great way down towards Ostia , repressed the Mint-masters who falsified the Coin , and fearing Punishment , raised an Army against him , which he defeated and slew many of them . Pietas Aug. Aurelian and Severina Sacrificing with a Star before them , which was the Sun , to whom Aurelian bore a particular Devotion , calling him Dominum suum ; probably the first Sacrifice they made in the Temple of the Sun which they built . His Wife was Severina , as appeareth by the Medals , for Historians neither name nor speak much of her ; only they say , that one time she desired leave of her Husband to wear a Skarlet Silk Gown , which he would not permit : Saying , that it was a Shame to buy Threads as dear as Gold , for at that time one Pound of that Silk was equal in value to one Pound of Gold. He had also a Daughter , but not so much as her name is known . 2. M. Claudius Tacitus being Prince of the Senate , was chosen Emperor Anno 276. reigned six Months and twenty Days , and was killed at Tyana at the Age of Sixty five Years . The Soldiers and Senate complimented one another for six Months about the Choice of an Emperor ; at last the Senate chose this , a very Prudent , Wise , Valiant , Moderate , Clement Person , and though Aged , yet Vigorous ; for which Action they were exceedingly joyed , as if their Ancient Power had been returned them . He took well that the Senate at his request denied to make his Brother Consul . He gave all the Money he had , which was a very great Summ , immediately to the Soldiers : He undertook an Expedition against the Goths , who ( having been sent for by Aurelian to help him against the Persians , and finding him dead ) had seized upon the Provinces near to Pontus ; where he conquered them in two Battles . He severely punished all who had hands in the Murther of Aurelian ; returning back towards Europe , finding so many laid wait for his Life , he died out of Melancholly , as is supposed . Conservator Militum Suorum ; for had not he accepted the Empire , the Soldiers had either been disbanded or grown Licentious . 3. M. Annius Florianus Brother to Tacitus's Mother , was chosen Emperor after Tacitus's death ; he reigned two Months , and either killed himself , or was slain by the Soldiers unanimously favoring the Election of Probus . He was not so sufficient , as desirous , to govern ; and therefore immediately after his Nephew's death seized upon it : But hearing that the Syrian Legions had chosen Probus , he left the Goths half conquered ( permitting them to return into their Country ) to go fight Probus ; and to that purpose march'd to Tarsus , Probus being weaker , delay'd to fight till the Advantages were equal ; when the Armies came in sight , they separated without fighting , as endeavoring an Accommodation . But Probus mean while debauched Florianus's Legions from him ; insomuch that Probus's Soldiers came to Florianus and took away his Robes ; but he taking heart put them on again ; and sent to Probus to know if he would partake of the Empire . Probus having got all the Soldiers , sent him word , that he must either be a private Man or dye . So he chused to have his Veins cut , and died , A. P. Sempronius Saturninus a Gaul , a Man of great Abilities , and who had done very eminent Services for the Empire , was by Valerian set over the Eastern Limits of the Empire ; but forbid to come into Egypt : Yet in Aurelian's time he came to Alexandria , where he was presently saluted by that giddy People Augustus ; which he refused , and immediately retreated into Palestine , where considering with the Soldiers , that what had been done was sufficient to give Umbrage to Aurelian , who never pardoned ; and that therefore they were in eminent Danger ; the Soldiers forced him to accept the Title , which he maintained till Probus's reign ; who offered him pardon if he would lay down his Arms ; which the Soldiers fearing Revenge , would not suffer him to do . So Probus came against him , and with very great difficulty forced him into a Castle , there besieging him , and there he was slain against the will of Probus , who would gladly have preserved him . 5. Q. Bonosus a Britain , but spending most of his time in Spain , was made Governour of the Frontiers of Rhetia ( the Grisons , ) he was a very great Drinker , yet never Drunk ; and Aurelian made use of him to make the Embassadors of the Barbarous Nations Drunk , and get out their Secrets . The Germans burning one time all the Roman Ve●…els that were upon the Rhine and in his Custody , fearing Punishment he made himself be declared Emperor , and maintained himself in Gallia a great while , till after a long and sore Battle , being conquered and taken by Probus he was hang'd . His Wife was Hunila Daughter of a King of the Goths , a Beautiful , Virtuous and Discreet Woman , whom being Captive , Aurelian gave to Bonosus , to the end that being next to the Barbarians , by her means he might have better Intelligence concerning them . By her he had two Sons ; they were all honourably maintained by Probus after Bonosus's death . Titus AElius Proculus , a very Valiant and Experienced Captain , but much given to Lust , was perswaded by his Wife to make himself Emperor ; which , with the help of the Lionois , and some Slaves added to his Army , he did : but was first chased by Probus , then taken , together with his Son Herennianus ( whom he intended to make his Companion in the Empire ) and slain . His Wives name was Viturgia , called also Samso , an Ambitious Woman . CHAP. XXIII . Of M. Aurel. Val. Probus , M. Aurelius Carus , M. Aurel. Numerianus , J. Sabinus , Aurelius Carinus , Eugenius . 1. M. Aurel. Val. Probus Son of Maximus , a Man Famous amongst the Soldiers , was born A. D. 231. reigned seven Years , more or less , and was slain by his Soldiers at Syrmium the place of his Birth . He was very Mild , Just , Liberal , but severe towards the Soldiers , never suffering them to be Idle ; insomuch that at their leisure times he made them Plant Vines in several Countries ( as Hannibal ( to whom he was compared ) filled Africk with Olive-trees ) yet very liberal to them , never retaining to himself any thing of the Spoil but the Arms. He was so Moderate , that he withstood , as much as he could , being chosen Emperor , though in all Mens Judgments the fittest for it . He was mightily esteemed by all the preceding Emperors ; Valerian making him Tribune of the third Legion before he had a Beard ; Aurelian designed him for his Successor . Tacitus would have had him chosen Emperor , and made him Lieutenant General through all the East . At twenty Years old he sought against the Sarmatae , where he was honored with four Hastae purae , two Vallares Coronae , one Civique , four Ensigns Military , two Bracelets , one Chain , and a Plate of Gold weighing five Pound . After the Death of Tacitus , the chief Officers speaking to the Soldiers to chuse an Emperor Fortem , Sanctum , Verecundum , Clementem , Probum , they all cried out with one accord , Probe Dii te salvent . His first care was to search out and punish all those that had alarmed Tacitus , or had any hand in the Murther of Aurelian ; but all that assisted Florianus he pardoned . The Senate was infinitely rejoyced with his Election , for indeed never any Man had performed such and so many noble and heroical Exploits before being Emperor , as he had done ; nor any Man , in so short a space of time , so many after ; for in Gallia he slew , at divers Battles , Four hundred thousand Barbarians , took from them Seventy Towns , with all the Booty and Wealth they had got ; nine Kings he had Prisoners at one time : Afterwards he marched into their ( the Germans ) Country , destroyed their Army , took Semnon their King and his Son Prisoners . He defeated the Franks , Vandals , Bargundians , and took their General Ingillus , and sent the Prisoners to People Britanny . Thence he went against the Sarmatae , whom he forced to restore all that ever they had taken from the Romans . Thence into Thrace , where he so frighted the Goths , Scythians and Getae , that they absolutely submitted to him . Thence he passed into Asia , destroyed in Isauria the dangerous Thief Palfurius , and settled all the Provinces . Thence he went into the East , where he subdued the Blemmyes , took the strong Cities Copten and Ptolomais . He so frighted the Persians , that they sent to beg Peace , which he refused : Mean while he sent vast Numbers of Barbarians to People the wast Regions of the Empire ; some of whom rebelled and spoiled others of the Provinces . Having triumphed over an infinite number of Nations , he departed to go against the Persians ; when employing his Soldiers to drain some Marshes about Syrmium , and withal , saying , That he hoped after a while there would be no more need of Soldiers , ( which was an Aim more glorious than ever any had before him ) his Army mutined against him and slew him . Nor indeed was there any of the ancient Heroes , to whom he was Inferior . He was Consecrated . Siscia Probi Aug. probably his Birth Place , a City in Pannonia situated between the Savus ( Saw ) and Colapis ( Calpa ) which makes an Island called Segestica wherein Siscia is situated , now called Sisceck , the chief Town of Croatia . His Wife was said to be Julia Procla , no Hi●…y nameth her ; Seguinus hath set out a Coin 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , her Head with an unusual dress : 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whether it were this or no , or who it was , he knoweth not . 2. M. Aurelius Carus was born A. D. — was chosen after Probus ; reigned about one Year , was slain by Thunder ; not much unlike or inferior to Probus , only more Ambitious and less Religious than he , suffering himself to be si●…ed upon his Medals , Deo ac Domino nostro Caro. Going against the Persians , they sent an Ambassade to him ; who found him lying on the Grass at Dinner upon salt Pork and Pease ; after they had told their Message , he bid them tell their Master , that if he did him not Reason in a short space he would make his Kingdom as bare as his Head , shewing them withal hid bald Head , and envited the Ambassadors to Dinner , who returning with their answer , the King came in Person , and yielded to all Carus demanded . Finding the Soldiers mutining against Probus , ( whose Praefectus Praetorii he was ) and that they practised to make himself Emperor , he informed Probus desiring liberty to retire , but Probus would not suffer him . Probus being Murdered , he revenged his death severely . Afterwards defeated the Sarmatae ; and afterwards the Persians in Mesopotamia ; thence he entred Assyria , took Ctesiphon and Seleucia ; after which he became Sick , and after a great Thunder-storm , was found dead in his Tent. He was Consecrated . 3. M. Aur. Numerianus , younger Son of Carus , was by him made Caesar at his first being Emperor , and Augustus after the Victory over the Sarmatae . He accompanied his Father into Persia , servived some Months , and was Murdered by Arrius Aper his Father-in-Law . He was the best Orator and Poet of his time , besides of wonderful Magnanimity , Sufficiency and Virtue . He so much lamented the death of his Father , that it brought a Rheum into his Eyes , so that he was forced continually to March in his Litter closed ; which occasion Aper took to Murder him at his return from Conquering the Persians , and taking Babylon ; which was not known till betray'd by the Smell . He was Consecrated . Virtus Augustorum : Numerianus and Carinus fighting against their Enemies , many of whom lie dead under them . The Name of his Wife is not known , he had a Son called Basiliscus a great Persecutor of the Christians , as both himself and Father were . Julianus Sabinus , after the death of Carus made himself Emperor near the Veneti , he was Corrector Venetorum , which was the same with Governor , he was overthrown and slain by Carinus going to fight Diocletian . 4. A. Aurel. Carinus was born at Narbone about A. D. 250. was made Caesar and Augustus at the same time with his Brother Numerianus , he reigned about two Years six Months , and was slain about the Age of thirty six Years , not unlike in Disposition to Gallienus ; save that he was more Cruel and Lustful , and Gallien more Ingenious and Handsome ; he had nine Wives , all which he cast off successively , slew an incredible number of Persons without cause . His Father hearing of his ill Carriage , said he was not his Son , and intended to send Constantius Chlorus to succeed him . Hearing that Diocletian reigned instead of his Brother , he went to fight him in Pannonia , where , after having overcome him , he was slain by his own Officers for his evil Carriage , especially towards their Wives . Eugenius , a Tribune , having fifteen hundred Men to cleanse the Port of Seleucia , was by them forced to take upon him to be Emperor ; the same Night they seized upon Antioch , where the People slew them and Eugenius among them . But Diocletian most cruelly punished these two Cities for this Rebellion ; as afterwards Egypt for creating Achilleus , of whom before . M. Aurel. Julianus is named by some Authors , little known of him . CHAP. XXIV . Of Diocletianus , Valerius Maximianus , C. Carausius , Allectus , Constantius Chlorus , Galerius Maximianus , Valerius Severus , Alexander , Maximinus Daza , Valerius Maxentius , Bassianus , C. Julius Valens , Licinianus Licinius , Valerius Licinianus Licinius , Calocerus , Fl. Delmatius , Jul. Delmatius , Claudius , Hanniballianus . § . 1. C. Valer. Diocletianus ( called before Diocles ) was born of his Father a Freed-man of Anulinus a Senator , and his Mother called Dioclea , in Dioclea a City of Dalmatia about A. D. 245. reigned twenty Years , quitted the Empire and lived retired in his own Country nine Years . Afterwards killed himself for fear of Constantine and Licinius at the Age of sixty eight Years ; was extraordinary Cunning and Subtile , distrustful of his Friends , horribly Cruel and Insolent , making himself be called God and Jupiter ; also Dominus a Name hateful to the Romans , and clothed with the greatest Splendor possible . To encourage the Worship of himself he endeavored to extirpate Christianity . From a private Soldier he came to be Master of the Palace to Carus and Numerian , and finding Numerian Murdered by Aper , he presently slew him , upon which the Soldiers proclaimed him Emperor . His horrid Cruelties ( which notwithstanding he sought to father upon Maximian ) obscured his good Actions ; the Persecution against the Christians he began upon occasion of an Oracle of Apollo , who said he could not speak truth because of the Just ; he asking who were those Just , it was answered the Christians : thereupon he began to persecute them , and spared not his own Wife Serena , or any of his Friends who refused to worship Idols . But seeing the great number of Christians , he ordained to put out one of their Eyes . Seeing it impossible for one Man to defend the Empire , he chused Val. Maximianus his old Acquaintance , and asterward Galerius Maximianus and Constantius : Maximian he sent into Gallia against Amandas and AElianus , Rebels , whom he Conquered ; but was forced to compound with Carausius who reigned in Britanny . Mean while Diocletian Conquered Achilleus in Egypt , and afterwards sent Maximianus against some Rebels in Africk whom he reduced ; and Galerius Maximianus against the Persians who beat him ; but returning with more Strength upon them he Conquered them . Diocletian went against the Saracens . The great Cause of their good Fortune was their Concord ( which outwardly was inviolable , though there was inward Grudgings amongst them all ) by the Authority and Cunning of Diocletian ; who at last seeing the great Success of Galerius , and the Valor and good Fortune of Young Constantine , began to suspect his own Condition ; and fearing in his old Age to come to misery by one or other of those young Men , he quitted the Empire at Nicomedia ; Herculius Maximianus doing the same the same day at Milan , both using the same words , Recipe Jupiter quod commodasti . He died , some say , in continual Apprehensions of being destroyed by Lightning , which his Palace once was ; others say that Constantine Marrying his Sister to Licinius , invited him to the Marriage ; which he refusing , they sent some threatening words ; in as much as he favored Maximian and Maxentius ; fearing therefore they should put him to some shameful Death , he poisoned himself . Jovi invicto Aug. communicating to Jupiter his Attribute of Augustus , and assuming to himself the Name and Epethite of Jupiter ; in all his Patents he called himself Jovius , and adopted Maximianus , whom he called also Herculius : probably pretending to make the Christians , when they worshipped the Statues of the Emperors , to adore the Gods also . His Wife was named Serena , as appears by the Martyrologies , especially that of St. Susanna his Neece ; whom she perswaded to Constancy in her Religion , and with whom she was Beheaded on the Fifteenth of August , as some say , others say she survived her a while , and died of a natural Death : as also was Gaius ( Pope ) and Gabinius , ( the Father of St. Susanna ) Sons of his Brother Maximinus ; and many others of his Kindred . L. Pomponius AElianus , and Saloninus Amandus , headed a great number which were discontented with the Government of Carinus , who called themselves Bagaudae , who seized upon a great part of Gallia , and were at last defeated by Maximianus . 2. M. Aurel. Valer. Maximianus ( surnamed Herculius ) was born at Syrmium in Pannonia of obscure Parents , about A. D. 249. reigned twenty Years , and was strangled by the command of Constantine , being about sixty Years old . He was Clownish , Brutish , Cruel , Fierce , Lustful , Treacherous and Proud , yet a good Soldier . Diocletian made use of him to act all his barbarous and inhumane Cruelties ; keeping still an ascendent above him , both because of his better Understanding and Parts , and also the Authority of Adopting him ; so that against his Inclination he perswaded , or rather over-ruled him to lay down the Empire with him : but this forced Retirement lasted not long , before he sought an occasion to be in Action again , which offered it self by Maxentius ( supposed and taken by himself to be his Son ) who living near to Rome , was sollicited by the Praetorian Guards and the Populace , to declare himself Emperor , seeing Constantine succeed Constantius ; which he did , and committed many Wickednesses and Insolencies ; which Maximian perceiving , returned from his Retirement to retake the Government , which he could not endure should be usurped by his Son. But at first he pretended only to reform and establish the Commonwealth , to restrain his Son , &c. Mean while Galerius Maximianus had made one Severus Caesar , and sent him into Italy with a puissant Army against Maxentius , who bribing his Soldiers , defeated him , and afterwards slew him at Ravenna ; which to Revenge Galerius came in Person , but returned without doing any thing . Maximian hereupon thinking the Crimes of his Son rendred him Odious , came into the Army , harangued them , and endeavored to pluck the Purple from his Son ; but the Army took against him , baffled , and would have killed him , had he not excused himself by saying , That what he did was to try their Constancy and Affection to his Son. Thence he went to Illyricum , where he was also rejected , and at last to Constantine to whom he married his Daughter Maximiana Fausta , yet perfidiously sought to Murder him ; which he could not bring about by reason of the great Affection both Soldiers and People bore to Constantine , to whom it was at last revealed by his Wife ; which Maximian knowing , fled first to Arles , thence to Marseilles , where endeavoring to escape , he was caught and strangled by the command of Constantine . Virtuti Aug. Htrcules carrying the Boar , alluding to Diocletian's killing Aper , wherein possibly Maximianus assisted him . His Wife was Val. Eutropia , a Widow , having a Daughter Theodora , who was married to Constantius . She seems to have been a Christian at least after the death of Maximianus , by whom she had Maximiana Fausta , married to Constantine . 3. C. Carausius an Irish Man , at first a Pyrate , afterwards commanded a Fleet upon the Coast of France to defend the Continent from the Allemans , Saxons , &c. against whom he obtained many Victories . After a while he connived at their Landing and Robberies , and at their return homewards , fought them , and took their Prey , whereby he became very rich ; not restoring any thing to the poor People , nor paying any thing to the Emperor , and seized upon Britain ; where he maintained himself so well , that Maximian was glad to make Peace with him , leaving him the Command of the Island , upon Condition he should defend it against the Barbarians . He was after seven Years reign slain by Allectus the Captain of his Guards . Allectus being an able and experienced Soldier , was chosen by Carausius to Command his Fleets ; when for some Misdemeanors committed , fearing Carausius would put him to death , he slew him by Treachery , and enjoyed the Government three Years , till Constantius by the help of Asclepiodotus undertook the War against him , and first took from him Bologne ; and afterwards Landed in divers parts of Britain , fought with and ruined Allectus ; who seeing his Army defeated , with the desperatest of his Men he fell in upon the Enemies , and was there cut in pieces . 4. Flavius Valer. Constantius , surnamed Chlorus Son of Flavius Eutropius , a great Person amongst the Dardaniens , and Claudia Daughter of Crispus , the Brother of Claudius the Emperor , was made Caesar by Dioclet . and Maximian , in which Quality he reigned twelve Years one Month , and after the Retirement of those two he was Augustus two Years three Months , he died of a natural death at York . He was Chast , Civil , Prudent , Sober , Liberal , Good natured , Charitable , a very good Soldier and Polititian , but wanted Learning : He neglected so much getting of Wealth , that being one time to make a Feast greater than ordinary , he was glad to tax the Houses of the City to furnish him ; he was most exceedingly beloved and reverenced by the Gauls . Diocletian sent some Persons of Quality to admonish him of the neglect of laying up Money ; whom having patiently heard , he deferred to answer till the morrow , mean while sending to all the Monied Men of the City , that he had need of Money , and desired them to shew in that time of Exegence how much they respected him ; they immediately sent in such quantities of Money , that the Messengers were astonished at it . He fought first against a King of the Germans , whom he defeated and took Prisoner : ●…erwards against Allectus : next against the Batavi and Frisons , many of whom he transported into Gallia ; then against the Germans , who came upon him so suddenly at Langres , that he was forced to be drawn up into the City by a Cord , but presently after his Legions arriving , he fought them , and slew almost sixty thousand ; and lastly against the Picts . He married Helena when he was young , a Christian , secretly , as himself also was , by whom he had Canstantine , who was brought up by Galerius lest he should be a Christian : from whom he escaped , and came to his Father lying sick upon his Death-bed , who presently adopted him , not only to the Empire , but the Affections of the Army and People . Divo Constantio Pio Principi . We find not that he was Consecrated , but it may be these modest Titles might be rendred his Worth and Goodness after death . Constantius veiled ℞ . memoriae aeternae : a Lyon , Hercules loosing one of his Fingers in the Battel against the Lyon , it was honorably buried , and upon the Tomb was set the Statue of the Lyon ; which afterwards turned into a Custom to set a Lyon upon the Tomb of an Heroe . His first Wife was Julia Flavia Helena , never sufficiently to be praised : Constantius was forced to quit her and marry Theodora ; but it seems his Affection was still towards her , and Theodora being dead , he received her again , and made her Augusta two Years before his death , which her Son continued to her . Her Country some make Britain , some Bithynia , where , in the time of Carus , Constantius was Governor . Helena veiled DHMR . i. e. Diva Helena Mater AuGG . Constantine the younger being then dead . This , as also the Consecration of Constantine , ( drawn in a Chariot , and reaching out his Hand towards another coming out of Heaven ) being expressed thus by his Sons , Constantius and Constans . His other Wife was Flavia Maximiana Theodora , Daughter of Eutropia the Wife of Maximian , who when he chused Constantius , Caesar , made him put away Helena , and marry this his Daughter-in-Law . She died before Constantius , and left six Children , Delmatius , Constantius , Aniballianus , Constantia married to Licinius , Eutropia Mother of Nepotianus , who rebelled against Constantius , and Anastasia Wife to Bassianus Caesar. Pietas Romana . Theodora giving Suck to a Child , which it seems was the Fashion in those days . 5. Galerius Valerius Maximianus surnamed Armentarius , was born near Sardica in Thrace of poor Country Parents . Diocletian gi●…ing him his Daughter Valeria to Wife made him Caesar , and so he continued thirteen Years ; and Augustus afterwards seven Years six Months . He died miserably A. D. 〈◊〉 . was without Capacity or Judgment or Experience in Civil Affairs , though Just , a good Soldier , but extremely Arrogant , affirming with great Oaths , that he was begot by a Dragon , as was said of Alexander ; Cruel as Diocletian , Brutish as Maximian , and Lustful as any : Being , when made Caesar , sent by Diocletian against the Persians , and returning with loss , Diocletian made him run in his Robes by his Litter a great way together , the Shame whereof so nettled him , that receiving a greater Army , he fought and overcame his Enemies so much , that Diocletian , jealous of his Honour , recalled him . Yet they triumphed , and presently after Diocletian and Maximian retired , making Constantius and Galerius Augustus's , and Maximinus and Severus Caesars . But Galerius being now in perfect Liberty and Authority , denied himself nothing that his Arrogance or Lust suggested ; particularly he outragiously persecuted the Christians ; to whom , at Nicomedia , he made a great Oration of the Glory of his Actions , and the Prosperity of the Seasons ; but immediately the Weather changed , ruined all the Corn and Fruits with Thunder and Lightning ; and Maxentius made himself Emperor in Italy ; where he first defeated Severus and put him to death at Ravenna ; afterwards Galerius himself coming with an Army , endeavored to draw Maxentius to Parley ; which not being able to do , and besides finding the Country by Maxentius's Practices , ready to rise against him , he returned into Illyricum ; where he made Licinius , one of his Generals , Caesar ; and thence to Sardica in Thrace , where he fell into a Disease , that all his Body was devoured by Worms , and so he died . Others say , that the Stench of his Body was so intolerable , that the Physicians could not endure it , the greatest part of whom he therefore put to Death ; but one boldly telling him , that his Disease was the Judgment of God fallen upon him for persecuting the Christians ; he by a new one recalled his former Edicts against them ; yet notwithstanding , his Disease encreased so much , that for mere Anguish he killed himself . P. D. Jovii ( for Galerius being Augustus took that name upon him , as after his death also Maximinus did ) and Licinii invictorum Augusti & Caesaris . Galerius and Licinius holding a Globe ( as partaking in the Government ) with a Victory upon it . ℞ . Jovi Tutatori , &c. Moneta Karnuntensis ; for at Carnuntum in Pannonia he created Licinius Caesar , of which this Medal is the Monument ; from which Adoption , and Maximinus's taking upon him the Authority of Augustus of his own head , proceeded afterwards many Wars and Miseries . His Wife was Galeria Valeria the Daughter of Diocletian ; in Honor of whom he called that part of Pannonia which he had drained Valeriam . Gal. Valeria Aug. her Head curiously dressed , on the top , for a Symbole of Felicity , a little Serpent probably of Gold , or some such like matter , called , as it should seem , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or a Sling ; Women having that part of their Head hollower than Men , they filled it up , and covered with a certain Ornament ; which because tied on with Ribbons , they called it a Sling . 6. Flavius Valerius Severus , chosen Caesar by Constantius and Galerius after the Retirement of the two old Emperors , Anno 306. he was defeated , taken and slain by Maxentius at Tres Tabernae , having reigned about two Years , a weak Man , a Drunkard , and was chosen by Galerius , who hoped to have him obedient . He was set over Italy and Africk ( Constantius having Britain , Gallia and Spain ) but Maxentius , Son of Maximianus , and Son-in-law to Galerius , took it ill that Severus , the Nephew of Galerius's Father-in law , should be preferred before him ; and therefore he sollicited the Praetorian Soldiers and the Populace , who chose him Emperor . Against him Severus came with a great Army as far as Milan , but Maxentius debauched by Money and Promises a great part of his Army , and even Anullinus his Praefect of the Praetorium ; so that Severus was forced to save himself in Ravenna with the rest of his Troops , where Maxentius in vain besieged him . But Maximianus Herculius , pretending to compose the Difference between them , perswaded Severus to come forth to a Personal Conference with Maxentius ; which doing , he was entrapped by an Ambush laid for him , and slain by the Counsel of the said Maximianus Herculius . 7. Alexander , A Phrygian of mean Birth , Timorous and Lazy and Aged , being Sub-praefect of the Praetorium , was chosen Emperor in Asrick ; for Maxentius sending his Statues to be adored in Asrick , the People , who were affected to Galerius refused , and made an Insurrection . Maxentius therefore endeavoring to go thither with an Army , was hindered by his Diviners , who foretold him ill Luck if he went ; wherefore he sought other ways , and sent to make this Alexander of his Party ; and to that end desired him to send his Son ( a beautiful young Man ) for an Hostage ; which he absolutely refusing , and fearing the Revenge of Maxentius , was forced to declare himself Emperor , by the consent of them that were in Insurrection ; which Maxentius understanding , sent against them his Praefectus Praetorii Volusianus , and Zenas an old General , who defeated Alexander , and took him Prisoner at Cirta and strangled him . We find also some few Medals of one Nigrinianus a Youth , and consecrated ; but no History or Inscription informs us who he was ; for that Consul mentioned by Occa he is not ; perhaps the Son of Alexander . 8. C. Valerius Galerius Maximinus ( surnamed Daza ) Son to Galerius's Sister , was made Caesar , A. D. 306. and so continued four Years , and Augustus three Years ; died miserably at Tarsus ; was rude and unlearned , yet loved learned Men ; not cruel , but being Drunk ( to which he was much addicted ) he did many cruel Actions . So that he made an Order , to execute none whom he had condemned in his Drink , till he had examined the Cause again when Sober . He was ( if possible ) a greater Enemy to the Christians than any of his Predecessors ; was also very Silly , Unexperienced and Insolent ; for as soon as Galerius was dead , he thought all the Empire belonged to him , and therefore began to make War upon the rest ( Licinius , Maxentius and Constantine , ) but with Licinius first , because nearest . Yet he staid a while till he saw what would become of Maxentius , whom Constantine overcame ; and yet longer , being afraid of the Alliance made between Constantine and Licinius ; and therefore he ( as well as they ) revoked his Edict against the Christians ; but as soon as Constantine and Licinius were at distance , he gathered a very vast Army , using all Enchantments , &c. against Licinius , who totally ruined his Army , and made him , casting away his Robes , to hide himself ; which he did for a time in a Farm-house ; but Licinius departing , he began to look abroad , and gather an Army ; but first of all he put to death all his Magicians , &c. as conspiring with Licinius ; afterwards Licinius coming upon him , he fell into a most painful Disease , beginning with an Appus Caninus , consuming his Flesh like an hidden Fire , forced with Pain the Eyes out of his Head ; and so he died , acknowledging the Judgment of God for his Cruelty towards the Christians . Licinius slew all his Children and Friends . 9. M. Aurel. Valer. Maxentius Son of Maximian and Eutropia , made himself be saluted Emperor at Rome . about A D. 306. was overcome by Constantine , and drowned in the Tyber , having reigned six Years , and lived about thirty Years , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Lustful , Cruel , Cowardly , Covetous , Heady , given to Magick , &c. At the beginning of his Reign he feigned to be a Christian , to flatter the People , was also very Mild , but after a while he shewed his own Nature , ( being from a Child , because of his evil Disposition and Stupidity , hated by his own Father and Father-in law ) ravished their Wives , slew whom he pleased , many Senators also , rip'd up Women with Child and Infants . After the Victory obtained against Alexander in Africk , he used very great Cruelty against the Africans , sparing none that was accused to have sided with his Enemy ; and though he ceased the Persecution against the Christians for a while , yet began it again ; he was so hated , and yet so negligent and unable to govern , that the Crys of all that part of the Empire obliged Constantine to come against him , who first sent him an Embassy , offering him Conditions ; with which Maxentius was so enraged , that he threw down his Statues , and drew his Pictures through the Dirt , &c. Constantine thus affronted , made haste over the 〈◊〉 , and first defeated Ruricius Maxentius's best General , and afterwards himself , accompanied with almost two hundred thousand Men. Maxentius being mightily hated , many of his deserted him after the first Charge ; but the old Soldiers fought a long time , till being overcome , they fled with Maxentius himself over Ponte Mola ( Pons Milvius , ) which being made of Boats , and oppressed with their weight broke , and Maxentius , with many of the rest , fell into the River and were drowned . His Body being found the Head was cut off , and carried into Rome in Triumph . AEternitas Aug. Nostri Moneta Ost iae percussa . Maxentius and his Son Romulus in likeness of Castor and Pollux with their Horses . His Wife probably was Magnia Urbica ; he married the Daughter of Galerius by his first Wife , whom he quitted when made Caesar. Two days before the great Battle Maxentius was so tormented in his Palace , that with his Wife and Son he quitted it , and went to lodge in a private House . M. Aurel. Valer. Romulus eldest Son of Maxentius , when made Caesar , or died , uncertain ; only he died Young and was consecrated . Divo Romulo Nostrae Urbis Conservatori . Imp. Maxentius Divo Romulo NV ( nostrae urbis ) filio . 10. Bassianus Caesar. Constantinus having married his Sister to Licinius , sent to him Constantius ( Son of Constantius , Chlorus and Theodora ) his half Brother , to perswade him that Bassianus ( the Husband of Anastasia another of their Sisters might be made Caesar , and govern Italy , which he did ; and Licinius afterwards practised him by 〈◊〉 ( Bassian's Brother ) to take part against Constantine ; but Constantine coming upon him before he was provided , took and slew him ; demanding Senecio of Licinius , and being refused , and for other reasons , as sor throwing down his Images , &c. he made War upon Licinius . Anastasia probably was afterwards married to I. Ranius Ac●…itus Optatus , whom Constantine made Patricius an Honor above the Praefecti Praetorii , and next to the Emperor himself ; he was slain after by Constantius . C. Julius Valens was created Caesar by Licinius ( when conquered by Constantine ) whose Confident he was ; to raise Men in Thrace and thereabouts , with greater Authority , which he did , and they fought again , where Licinius also was beaten , and made Peace with Constantine , upon condition that Valens should be deposed and put to death . Licinius , upon the same ground , made also M. Martinianus , another of his Confidents , Caesar and Augustus ; but both of them were defeated and taken in another Battle near Chalcedon ; and Martinianus put to death , but Licinius consined to Thessalonica , where endeavoring to raise new Seditions , he was slain . 11. C. Valer. Licinianus Licinius born in Dacia ( Transilvania ) of mean Parents , Anno 275. He was first made Caesar , and sent into Illyricum , then Augustus , and succeeded Galerius and Maximinus ( whom he overcame ) in the East , and reigned about fifteen Years in all ; being vanquished many times by Constantine , he was at last put to death in Thessalonica , about Sixty Years old . He was Cruel , Traiterous , Uncivil , Lustful , Covetous above all the rest , and so great an Enemy to Learning , that he persecuted all the Professors of it , especially Orators , Advocates , and People belonging to Law-Courts , as also the Philosophers . So was he also an Enemy of Flatterers and such like Courtiers ; A good Soldier and given much to Husbandry : Galerius made him Emperour against Maxentius ; but before he went against him Galerius died , and presently after Maximinus declared War against him , for making himself Caesar without his leave , and taking also from him part of his Government . But Maximinus was defeated , and afterwards died . So Licinius became Monarch of the East as Constantine was of the West , who agreed very well together , and met at Milan , where Constantine married to him his half Sister Constantia . Amongst other Articles of their Agreement , one was to favor the Christians ( setting out Edicts in both their names to that purpose ) which Licinius observed about three Years for fear of Constantine , and his own Wife who was a Christian , and also exceeding affectionate to Constantine . But his Hypocrisie discovered it self after a while , for being at Nicomedia , he first turned all Christians out of his Court , pe●…secuted the rest , openly shewed himself a Zealous Professor of Paganism ; and withall he 〈◊〉 ravishing Senators Wives and Daughters ; of all which Constantia advertising her brother secretly , he resolved to make War upon him , for that and the business of Bassianus ; and after a long Fight near Cibala in Pannonia , forced him to fly to Syrmium , and thence into Dacia ; where making Valens Caesar he raised a new Army and fought again in Campo Margiensi ; where the night coming on , hindered that Licinius was not totally defeated : So he marched away to Beraea in Macedonia , and there sent an Ambassador to Constantine to beg Peace ; whom , after a long time of Deliberation , whether he should receive him , at length he heard , and granted Peace upon certain Conditions . After which they made Crispus , Constantine and Licinius , Caesars . But Constantine being gone against the Goths and Sarmatae , Licinius began a new horrible Persecution against the Christians , and complained of Constantine with Threatnings , for taking away Thrace from him , making it the Seat of the Wars against the Goths ; with whom it seems Licinius held Intelligence , and made use of against Constantine . After many Treaties of Accommodation , &c. Constantine assembled a great Army and Fleet and fell upon him . Jul. Crispus ( Son of Constantine by Minervina his former Wife ) commanded the Fleet , and was sent against him in Asia , whilest Constantine fought with him about Hadrianople , who disordered and vanquished Licinius , killing Thirty four thousand and forcing his Camp. Licinius fled to Byzance , where rallying his Men , and making Martinianus Emperor , he got up a new Army . But Constantine besieged him in Byzance , Crispus also with his Fleet defeated Licinius's Fleet coming to his Aid ; which Licinius hearing , retired , with his Wife , Son , Treasures and Army , to Chalcedon ; and whilest Constantine besieged Byzance , he got Aid from the Goths ; which Constantine hearing , lest Crispus before Byzance , and went himself into Bithynia to fight Licinius ; they met near Chalcedon , where Licinius lost his Army , and escaped with some Horse to Nicomedia , where he was besieged by Constantine ; there Licinius begged his Life by his Wife Constantia ; which was granted , and he was sent to Thessalonica , where practising new Insurrections , he was put to death . His Wife was Fl. Valeria Constantia , Sister to Constantine , a Christian , Prudent and Virtuous , endeavoring all she could to hinder the Persecution , and Solace the Christians ; after Licinius's death , her Brother treated her so Nobly and Honorably , that she was in the same esteem with him as Helena his Mother had been . Yet afterwards she turned Arrian , and perswaded Constantine to recall Arrius who was banished : Afterwards she seemed to return Catholick . She had by Licinius one Son called Licinianus Licinius . Fl. Valer. Licinianus Licinius , Son of Licinius and Constantia , was born A. D. 312. was made Caesar at twenty Months old , at fourteen Years old was put to death by Constantine , by the Practices of Fausta , to whom perhaps jealous for her own Sons , his hopefulness gave some Umbrage , if not to Constantine himself . Who foresaw that his Fathers old Officers applying themselves to him , might probably make some Disturbance . He seems also to have been very Opiniastre in his Paganism , which made him suspected by his Mother and her Court , fearing some danger from the Pagans , whose Head this young Man seemed to be , as the Family of Constantine of the Christians . Constantine , after his Fathers death , made him Consul with himself , and always used him as his own Son. 12. Calocerus Master of the Camels rebelled in Cyprus , and made himself King , but Constantine sent an Army , took him and executed him as a Thief . Fl. Delmatius Hanniballianus , Son of Constantius and Theodora , half Brother of Constantine , was made Censor by Constantine , and probably Caesar also ; as were also his Sons , and the rest of Constantine's Brethren , though inferior to his own Sons , or perhaps only Nobilissimi , which were inferior to Caesar's , but above Patricii . He died before Constantine , or before his Sons were advanced , who were Delmatius and Hanniballianus . Fl. Jul. Delmatius was his eldest Son , and very hopeful , in many things resembling Constantine , who made him Caesar and Cos. A. D. 333. He overcame and took Prisoner Calocerus . He resided ordinarily with the Army in Mesopotamia ; and after Constantine's death he was designed Governor of Thrace , Macedonia and Achaia . But Constantius ( as many say ) jealous of his Greatness and Favor , underhand practised the Souldiers to Mutiny against , and Murther , him , after he had reigned three Years . Fl. Claudius Hanniballianus was the younger Brother , and by Constantine made Rex Regum and Gentium Ponticarum ( i. e. Cappadocia and Armenia Minor ) and had his Daughter Constantina to Wife ; he gave him that Title probably to shelter him from the Jealousie of his own Sons ; which yet he could not do ; for it is very probable that he also was put to death by the Practises of Constantius . Securitas publica ; A River , it should seem Euphrates , underneath Con. Ob. i. e. Constantinopoli Obsignata . Shewing that he was set there in those Countries upon Euphrates , to guard that part of the Empire against the Persians . Flavia Jul. Constantina was his Wife , after whose Death she was married to Constantius Gallus Son of Constantius , Brother of Constantine ; and caused much evil to the Empire , being Mortalis Megaera , and ruined her Husband most miserably ; but he being called to give account of his Actions to Constantius , this Constantina went before , in hopes to pacifie her Brother , but died in the way of a Feaver . She seems not to have been that Constantina that built the Church of St. Agnes at Rome , and wherein her self , with her Aunt Constantia , were Baptized . CHAP. XXV . Of Fl. Valer. Constantinus Magnus , Fl. Jul. Crispus , Fl. Jul. Constantius , Fl. Claud. Constantinus , Fl. Jul. Constans , Flavius Popilius Nepotianus Constantinus , Vetranio , Magnentius , Magnus Decentius , Fl. Jul. Gallus , Silvanus . 1. FL. Valer. Constantinus , the only Son of Constantius and Helena , was born at Naissus in Dardania , as others in Dacia , as others in Thrace , A. D. 272. reigned One and thirty Years ten Months , and died of a natural death , Anno AEt . 65. and some Months . He was Magnus and Maximus , because of his very great Dignity and Power ; nothing laid to his Charge , but that he was too severe , especially towards those of his own Family , having put to death his Son Crispus , ( though for a Pretext he served himself of the Accusation of his Wife Maxim. Fausta ) probably for fear least he should have proved too Great for him ; having obtained many great Victories , and being much honored by all Men. So that Constantine seems to have been too Ambitious and Covetous of Honor , jealous of his State and Dignity ; and Bloody sometimes in his Humour , especially in his declining Age. He was also too Negligent in his Expences , and not sufficiently capable to prefer Persons of best Worth to publick Charges ; though Cruel to his own Relations and Family , putting Licinius to death , Poysoning Crispus , stifling Fausta his Wife in a Bath ; yet was he not at all Cruel in his own Nature ; abolishing that cruel manner of death , Crucifying ; not taking Revenge of the Egyptians for defaceing his Statues . Herculi Conservatori Caes. Hercules strangling the Lyon. Hercules represented young , intimating Constantine himself , who whilst Hostage in the Court of Galerius , was by him put to Combat a Lyon , which he overcame and slew . Jovi Conservatori Augg. He seems to mean Diocletian , and by Augg. Constantine and Licinius . Marti Conservatori . Mars resembled like Constantine ; Mars also being born in Thrace . Constantine also in his Youth was called Thracala ( Thracula ) praestantissimus ; the most excellent Thracian . Soli invicto Comiti ; the Sun ( as Constantine ) radious . Constantine being esteemed to have the Genius of the Sun , his Swiftness , Beauty , Vigor , unconquerable Force , Influence upon his Inferiors . Fundator Pacis Constantine ; as Mars drawing a Captive by the Hair of the Head ; probably alluding to what he did in the Wars against the Sarmatae , whither he was sent by Galerius with a few Men , on purpose to have been destroyed ; but he overcame , and in Person drew a fierce young Sarmate by the Hair of the Head before Galerius . Constantine having on his Head-piece , which Mark is also found on some ancient Medals even of the Ptolomees , and some Romans also ; which whether any of their Hieroglyphicks , or the Letters of the Coiners name , or what else , is uncertain . ℞ Victoriae laetae ( over Maxentius and Licinius represented by two Captives below ) Principis perpetui vota upon an Altar ; denoting Christ as Julian notes , or signifies the Victory in his tenth Year , or vota Decennalia . DV ( Divus ) Constantinus PT ( Pater ) Augg. Constantine veiled . ℞ . Constantine drawn in a Chariot with four Horses , holding up his Hand towards another Hand coming out of Heaven . It doth not appear that Constantine was consecrated either by Pagans or Christians , till a long time after by the Greeks ; yet was generally by both esteemed to be Happy and Blessed ( a Man performing such great Actions , being ( as they thought ) very dear to the Gods , ) and though not consecrated , yet taken up by Jupiter , reaching him his Hand to draw him up into Heaven . Drawn in a Chariot , the Soul being called , by the Philosophers , the Charioteer of the Body , and his Head veiled , to intimate his dazling Splendor . So that this Medal represents the common opinion had of him both by Christians and Pagans . Constantine's first Wife was Minervina , whom he married , being a Young Man , and the Son only of Constantius Caesar ; with whom he lived in great Continence ; and had by her Crispus . 2. Fl. Jul. Crispus , eldest Son of Constantine by Minervina , born at Arles , was a Beautiful , Valiant , Couragious , Mild , Chaste , Constant , Virtuous young Man ; having all the Virtues , without any of the Vices , of his Father ; was also a Christian educated by Lactantius ; in his Youth he conquered the Franks and Allemans in the depth of Winter ; also he vanquished by Sea the Admiral of Licinius , who escaped with no more than four Vessels : He fought also with great Reputation against the Generals of Licinius , and Licinius himself also . At length being frequently solicited to Wickedness by Fausta his Mother-in-law , and he refusing her , she turned her Love into Hatred ; she accused him falsly to Constantine , to have endeavored to force her , who either really , or for some other private Consideration , feigning to believe her , condemned him to dye without hearing him speak in his Justification ; and accordingly he was put to death by Poyson . But Helena , Grand-mother to Crispus , being exceedingly grieved , and blaming her Son very much for that unjust Action ; he enquired secretly concerning the Accusation , and having discovered the Truth , he commanded his Wife Fausta to be stifled in a Bath over-heated . It should seem he was married to one Helena , and that they had a Child , but nothing mentioned in History : 'T is said by some , that Constantine erected a Statue of Silver with a Head of Gold to Crispus , with this Title 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , to his Son unjustly condemned . Constantine's second Wife was Flavia Aurelia Maximiana Fausta , the Daughter of Maximianus and Eutropia ; she had three Sons , Constantinus , Constantius and Constans , and three Daughters . After she was dead they say , that Constantine would not vouchsafe her Burial , but caused her Carcass to be carried to the top of an high Mountain to be eaten by Fowls and Beasts ; and that her Sons afterwards buried her Bones with their Father . She was a Pagan , and had that Reputation with her Husband after his Victory over Maxentius , that she perswaded him again to Idolatry ; wherein notwithstanding he staid not long . 3. Fl. Jul. Constantius , the Brother of Constantine , seems to have been second Son of Constantius and Theodora , though Factious , Seditious , and Envious of the Glory of Constantine , ( if he had failed , the Empire would have come to his House ) yet was many times employed by him , as in Embassy to Licinius , who had married their eldest Sister Constantia , to perswade him to create Caesar Bassianus , who had married another Sister Anastasia . He was also made Patricius , and Cos. and Praefectus Orientis , though it seems this was after the death of Helena who was no Friend to him . It is reported by some Authors , that Constantius and his Brother caused Constantine to be poisoned in a Bath ; but Constantine coming to the Knowledge of it , writ to his Son Constantius to dispatch him out of the way ; which he did shortly after , making him be slain by the Soldiers a little while after he had taken Possession of the Empire . His first Wives name was Galla ( Flav. Anicia Galla ) by whom he had two Sons , the eldest slain with his Father , the other ( Gallus ) put to death by Constantius for his evil Government . His second Wives name was ( Flav. Anicia ) Basilina the Daughter of Anicius Julianus , she was a Pagan , died young , and had no Child but Julianus . The third Brother of Constantine ( 1. Delmatius , 2. Constantius ) was Constantine ; probably he helped Constantius in poisoning Constantine , and was put to death also as well as he by Constantius . 4. Fl. Claud. Constantinus , eldest Son of Constantine and Fausta , was born at Arles , A. D. 312. was made Caesar by his Father , who died when he was Twenty two Years old , and was slain at Twenty five Years , reigning only three Years , seems to have been of a peaceable Disposition , very Bold , if not Rash , yet Ambitious of Honor , and loving Wine . In the division of the Empire between Constantine's three Sons and two Nephews , Delmatius and Hanniballianus , ( of which two the rest quickly eased themselves ) Constantine had for his share Spain , Gallia , Germany and Britain ; Constantius Thrace , Asia and the East ; Constans Illyricum , Italy and Africk ; Delmatius , Macedonia , Achaia and Peloponesus ; and Hanniballianus , Armenia , Cappadocia and Pontus . The first Quarrel was , that Constantine pretended to Italy and Africk , and resolved to force them from Constans ; and came with an Army into Italy , where he was met with an Army which Constans pretended to send to his Brother against the Persians , was defeated fighting undiscreetly ( as having drank too much ) and slain ; and cast into the River Alsa near Aquileia . In his Fathers time he had conquered the Goths and Allemans , and as soon as he came to be Augustus , he restored Athanasius to the Bisnoprick , who was banished at Triers . Constantius his Brother lamented mightily his death : Nothing mentioned of his Marriages . Victoria Beatissimorum Caes. ( Crispi and Constantini ) Vot . V. which was always made at their entrance into their Caesarship . 5. Fl. Jul. Constans , youngest Son of Constantine and Fausta , was born A. D. 320 was made Caesar Anno 334. and three Years after came to the Empire , which he governed about thirteen Years , was Assassinated about the Age of thirty Years , by the Complices of the Rebellion of Magnentius . He was Active , Vigilant , Warlike , by the sole Terror of his name keeping the Barbarians , his Neighbors , in Peace all the time of his Reign . Also very Pious , restoring all the Orthodox Bishops , and adorning the Churches very much ; very Bountiful , sending great Alms to the Poor every where ; extremely Vigilant , Industrious and Laborious ; he overcame the Franks and other Barbarians ; he made a Voyage in the midst of Winter into Britain ; he marched always on Foot in the head of his Army ; his very great Labors brought him into Gouts and Pains in his Sinews , which much tormented him : He chased away from the Court all Players , Buffoons , &c. [ Some Writers give him a contrary Character , but Libanius a Pagan , and all the Christians , speak very much in his Honor. ] By his Severity he alienated the Minds of the Soldiers from him ; which encouraged Magnentius , a wicked debauch'd Person , but much acquainted with the Barbarians , himself being a Gaul , one whom Constans had rescued with his own Robe from the Fury of the Soldiers , to rebel against him , and declare himself Emperor at Authun ; whose General Gaiso pursuing Constans , forsaken of most of his Men , overtook him as he was passing the Pyronean Mountains to go into Spain , at a Town called Helene ( Helne or Elne ) and there slew him . He was afterwards very much lamented , and all his Murtherers and Opposites grievously punished ; especially Marcellinus , who cruelly persecuted all Constans's Kindred , slaying Nepotianus , Eutropia , and many others . Gaudium Pop. Romani ; A Crown within Sic V. Sic . i. e. Sicut quinquennalia sic Decennalia ; intimating the Publick Joy expressed in Pastimes , &c. at the beginning of the sixth Year of Constans ; and that the People desired to do so much again after the tenth Year . T E S Thessalonicae ( coined . ) Felix temporum reparatio ; A Phenix burning her self on the top of a Rock ; signifying the renewing of the Empire ( decayed by reason of the Wickedness of former Emperors ) under Constantine and his Sons , as the Phenix renews her self . Some write that there was a Phenix seen at the building of Constantinople by Constantine . Gloria Reip. Constantius and Constans ( being Consuls the tenth Year of their Reign , and it should seem entering their Charge at Siscia , after they had been at Thessalonica celebrating their Decennalia , and now consulting about the War in Britain ) with two Women ( Constantinople and Rome , the one being Cos. for the East , the other for the West ) presenting them Branches of Laurel : Circles as Glories about their Heads , such as the Pagan Gods had about theirs , representing a bright Cloud , which they called Nimbus ; such as Virgil describes about Pallas , AEn . 2. and the Moon , AEnei . 3. and in some Medals is seen about Nero. Felix temp orum Reparatio . Constans drawing after him a Youth ( for reforming the Times must begin with Youth , old Men accustomed to their old Habits being irreformable ) near two Trees , the one withered ( representing the former times of Paganism ) the other fresh , ( the new ones under Constantius ) for we find this called Novum Saeculum . He was espoused ( but it appears not that he was married ) to Olympias the Daughter of Ablatius Praefect of the Praetorium to Constantine , and put to death by Constantius ; after Constans's death , she was married to Arsaces King of Armenia . 6. Flavius Popilius Nepotianus Constantinus , ( taking his name probably when he came to be Emperor ) was Son of Popilius Nepotianus and Eutropia the Sister of Constantine ; seems to have been employed in the Wars , and made a Tribune in his Youth by Constantine ; he and his whole Family are commended by Athanasius ( entertained by them ) for good Christians . When Constans was slain , and Magnentius prospering , he conceived himself and his whole Family Ruined and Massacred , if that Tyrant prevailed ; being therefore of Constantine's Family , he gathered together the Gladiators , Slaves , and such Men as he could get , armed them , and calling himself Emperor , vanquished Probinus Governor of the City for Magnentius . P●…t his Men not being disciplined , 〈◊〉 great Murthers upon all who were 〈◊〉 to favour Magnentius . Magnentius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Insurrection , sent Marcellinus , 〈◊〉 ●…ent , with part of the Army against Nepotianus , who not having had time to gather Strength , ( not having reigned Forty days ) was defeated and slain , and all his Family and Friends also ; so that Rome was , by reason of the Murthers , almost desolated . 7. Vetranio born in Maesia , Sober and Innocent ; of a plain and sweet Conversation ; yet an excellent and experienced Soldier , Fortunate and Beloved , a Devout and Charitable Christian also , was declared Emperor against his will by the Legions of Pannonia , in Envy to those of Gaul , &c. which had chosen Magnentius ; to whom he would not in any wise ( though solicited ) joyn himself ; but sent to Constantius to assist him against Magnentius . But Constantius being at a great distance , and Magnentius near approaching to him , he was forced to accommodate his business with Magnentius ; and so they both sent Messengers to Constantius to make Peace , they continuing in the Government of their Provinces as Emperors , yet he as Supreme . But Constantius kept the Messengers in the Court , and hasted with all Diligence and Secrecy , so that he surprised Vetranio , who was forced to joyn his Army with Constantius . Constantius mean while used him with all Magnificence , and they agreed the next day to Harangue both Armies ; which Constantius knew so well how to do ( having also gained some of his chiefest Officers by Money ) that both the Armies declared him sole Emperor , and plucked Vetranio off the Scaffold , pulled off his Purple , and declared him a private Man. Constantius then sent him to Constantinople , and in Bithynia assigned him a House and sufficient Revenues ; where he lived contentedly six Years afterwards , and very Holily : He reigned about ten Months . 8. Magnentius Son of one Magnus , was of great Strength , Eloquent , Confident in Prosperity , Timorous in Adversity , dissembling his Cruelty , Treachery and Ingratitude . He pretended to be a Christian , yet permitted the Idolaters their Night-Sacrifices ; used Magick and Inchantments . He was Colonel of the two principal Legions ( Jovian and Herculian ) of Constans's Army , and gracious amongst the rest , having been Fortunate against the Barbarians in several Rencounters . Constans being Gouty , and unable to endure the Fatigues of War , he resolved to make use of his Reputation amongst the Soldiers against his Master , ( who in a Sedition and Mutiny of the Soldiers , had protected him from their Violence by his own Robes ) assisted especially by Marcellinus Captain of Constans's Guard , and Chrestus Intendant of the Kitchin. At Autun then Magnentius celebrating the Birth-day of his Son , feasted all the Chief Officers of the Army and City ; and when they had well drank till late in the night , Magnentius went forth , and returned clothed with Purple , and his Guards , as Emperor , shewing himself to the Company , who after a short but efficacious Speech , declared him Emperor , and adored him according to the Custom ; so did the Citizens by little and little , and the rest of the Army also corrupted by his Largess : Then keeping the Gates shut , that none could go forth , he chose those of his Men , in whom he most confided , commanded by Gaiso , to surprise Constans who mistrusted nothing ; and as he was returned from Hunting , wearied and asleep at Elne in the County of Rousillon , they slew him , awaked with the noise , and endeavoring to save himself in Spain : To the Officers also whom he knew Faithful to Constans , he sent Letters in Constans's name , to come to him with all speed ; these he slew , by Ambuscades and other Treacheries , to a very great number ; and so seized upon Gallia and Britain , Spain , Africk , Sicily and Italy ; till the Legions of Pannonia chused Vetranio ; whom Magnentius endeavored to joyn to himself . But Constantius having joyned to his own the Army of Vetranio , marched to meet the Tyrant , creating Gallus ( Son of Constantius his Uncle ) Caesar , naming him Constantius , and leaving him to govern the East : To ballance which , Magnentius also made his Brethren , Decentius and Desiderius , Caesars , and sent them to raise Men , &c. The Armies on either side marched to fight , and Constantius's Vantguard was ill handled by an Ambuscade of Magnentius's ; which encouraged the Tyrant so , that laying a Bridge over the Savus ( heightned also by the Revolt of Silvanus from Constantius , and by Constantius's sending Philippus to Magnentius to treat of Peace ) he marched his Army , which was there encountred by Constantius's Soldiers , and almost ruined : So that he was forced to pretend that he came to make Peace , and take Conditions of Constantius ; which Philippus there proposing , he assented unto ; whereupon Constantius gave him leave to march his Army into Pannonia , where he ruined Siscia and many other Cities ; and grew so proud , that he sent to Constantius to surrender the Empire and beg his Life . Constantius answered , God would Revenge his Treason . Mean while the Tyrant besieged and assaulted Syrmium , where he was beaten off with great loss ; thence he went to Mursia , where Constancius having defeated an Ambuscade , at Cibalis fought a very sore Battle with him , getting a great Victory , loosing Thirty thousand , and killing Thirty six thousand and eighty . This being in Autumn , and Constantius's Army being much weakened , he sent part of his Horse to pursue them . The Tyrant rendezvouzed at Pavia , which he fortified , and quartered his Men so Advantagiously , that he feared little of Constantius , and so gave himself to all Voluptuousness ; but in the end of Winter , Constantius sending part of his Army to compass them about , he came with the rest , and forced him to fly into Gallia ; where using all sorts of Cruelty , he retired to a Castle , and sent to Constantius to beg Pardon , who denied it . Mean while the People seeing him in this condition , refused to send him Succor ; yea , his own Army , to beg their Peace , beset him at Lyons , intending to deliver him up alive to Constantius : For which cause , entering into a Rage , he slew all his Kindred and Friends that were present ; and last of all himself also , Forty two Months after his Election . Victoria Aug. ( over Nepotianus ) Libertas Romanorum ( to worship Idols . ) 9. Magnus Decentius , Brother to Magnentius , was a warlike Man , and left by his Brother in Gaul , to govern and assure it to their Party ; where he was defeated by Chnodomarius set on by Constantius ; but as he was leading an Army to his Brothers Assistance , having heard that he had slain himself , he also strangled himself at Sens. Desiderius his other Brother , some say , Magnentius slew , with his Mother and Kindred , when he killed himself also ; others say he was only wounded , and that his Wounds being healed , he presented himself to Constantius , who pardoned him . 10. Fl. Jul. Gallus ( called Constantius when created Caesar by Constantius ) was born at Massa in Tuscany , A. D. 325. he was made Caesar and sent to govern the East , where he reigned betwixt three and four Years ; was put to death by the Command of Constantius , about the Twenty ninth Year of his Age ; he was Rude , Simple , Light-headed and Bloody ; though this not so much of his own Inclination , as through the Suggestions of the Fury his Wife : He was brought up in Cappadocia , and escaped when his Father , Brother , Uncle and Cousins were murthered , by reason of Sickness , as Julian did because of his Infancy ; they were both intended by Constantius for Church-men , and were brought up accordingly . He carried himself very valiantly against the Persians and Jews ; and was always an Orthodox Christian. Constantius married his Sister Constantina to him , and made him Caesar , being Twenty five Years old : After a while he began to practice against the Emperor , and put to death his best Friends and Officers ; of which , and other his Violences and Tyrannies , Constantius being informed , drew him to him with fair words and shews , though he doubted a long time , and if he could have found his Men Faithful , he would have declared himself Augustus ; but by his Cruelty , Insolence and Inconstancy , he had got the Hatred of all Men. So sending before his Wife to make his Peace , as well as she could , ( who died of a Feaver contracted by Indignation to see her self in that condition ) he departed from Antioch towards Constantinople ; by the way Constantius discharged him of part of his Train , and afterwards set a Guard upon him ; who took away his Robes , put him into a Hackney-Coach , and carried him to Pola , where being examined he was put to death , having been a long time tormented with the Apparitions of those he had murthered . 11. Silvianus the Son of Bonitus a Tribune , was a valiant and prudent Man , who was Faithful to Constans , but was forced to follow in the Army of Magnentius , till he found an Opportunity to go over to Constantius ; which he did with all his Men , who made him General of the Infantry . He was a Man of great Capacity , a Christian , Generous , &c. But Constantius grew Jealous of him , which made him , for the Safety of his Life , to declare himself Emperor at Colen , whither Constantius had sent him to fight against the Germans , who had done much hurt in Gaul ; for the Flatterers and Sycophants of Constantius's Court ( which were many , the Prince hearkening to them ) perswaded him that Silvanus intended to Rebel , and counterfeited Letters , as sent from Silvanus , to some Friends , for that purpose . So that , to preserve his Life , he was forced to make himself Emperor : Whereupon Constantius , then at Milan , sent Ursicinus , an Ancient Soldier , ( but laid by by the Flatterers means ) with some other valiant Men , with Letters to him from the Emperor , who dissembled that he knew any thing of his Rebellion ; but with Instructions to kill him ; which they did , having insinuated themselves into his Favor , by pretending Discontents ; by which Suggestion Ursicinus got so much into Favor with him , as none so much . CHAP. XXVI . Fl. Jul. Constantius , Fl. Claudius Julianus , Fl. Jovianus . 1. FL. Jul. Constantius , second Son of Constantine , was born A. D. 317. was Caesar thirteen Years and a half , being created that day his Father laid the first Stone of Constantinople : He reigned about Twenty five Years and six Months , and died Aged about Forty four Years . He was Sober , Chaste , Learned , Peaceable , Bountiful , and too credulous towards his Friends , affectedly Grave ; his greatest Vice was hearkening to Eunuchs and Courtiers , and by their Instigation doing things sometimes Cruelly and Unreasonably , these Julian afterwards put to death ; had it not been for that and his own Distrustfulness , Jealousie , and Suspitions of his Kindred , Friends and Officers , he had been comparable to the best Princes . By his extreme Zeal also to Arrianism , he vexed mightily many of the Godly Bishops and Doctors of the Church . He fought against the Persians and vanquished them , though with very great loss ; afterwards with Magnentius , &c. but returning to the East , the Barbarians invaded Gaul , and the Persians the East ; so that he was forced to seek out for some one to make Caesar , which was Julian Son of Constantius ( his Uncle ) and Basilina ; which he did , and gave him Helena his Sister in Marriage , sending him into Gallia ; where Julian having done very great matters , was by the Legions saluted Augustus ; which so alarmed Constantius , that he left the Persians and the East , to chastise Julian ; but as he was in Cilicia a violent Feaver surprised him , and he died with great Grief and Sorrow , that he left his Enemy his Heir , and one that was so great an Idolater ; that he had been such a Favorer of Arrianism , and put to death so many of his Kindred . He was brought to Constantinople , and buried with very great Pomp. Constantius Aug. Three Palms ( representing probably the three Sons of Constantine ) over the middlemost ( Constantius ) a Star ( perhaps the beatified Soul of Constantine ) for that was in his time , and afterwards , the ordinary Representation of that shedding his Influence upon Constantius . He was married in his Father's Life-time to the Daughter of his Uncle Constantius , the Sister of Gallus , whose Name and Story is unknown . But after the death of Constans , and Victory over Magnentius , he married Fl. Aurelia Eusebia , the beautifulest Woman of that Age , and very Virtuous also , learned , and of a sweet and mild Disposition ; but proud and intermeddling so with all Affairs , that nothing could be done without her ; an Arrian and great Supporter and Favorer of them . She was Barren , but very desirous to have Children ; whereupon taking some Drugs into her Womb , she became Sick and Hectick , and so died . His last Wife was Maxima Faustina , whom at his death he left with Child of a Daughter called Constantia , which at the Age of fourteen Years was married to Gratianus the Son of Valentinian . 2. Fl. Claudius Julianus , Son of Constantius and Basilina , was born A. D. 360. was made Caesar by Constantius , and so governed five Years ; when he had made himself Augustus , he reigned about one Year and eight Months , and was slain in Persia about the Age of Thirty three Years ; he was Light-headed , Vain , Fantastical , but desiring to seem a great Philosopher , imitating them in all external Behaviour , Loquacious in Extremity , and so Superstitious and Anxious for the future , that he consumed innumerable Sacrifices ; a Flatterer of Constantius when alive , and contrary in all things to him when dead . He was by Constantius destined to the Clergy , and accordingly he studied Theology , and all other Sciences fit for that Profession , yet Hypocritically having Paganism in his Heart ; this proceeded from his Masters , some whereof were Pagans , as Mardonius , Libanius : and his Acquaintance with Maximus a great Magician and Necromancer , put to death afterwards for these things by Valentinian . Julian's Ambition still inciting him to search and enquire after the future . This Maximus , as also his Master AEdesius and Jamblichus , were the great Procurers of his Apostacy , which notwithstanding he dissembled all the time of Constantius . He was in danger of death with his Brother Gallus , but by the Favor of Eusebia he escaped , and obtained leave to go to Athens , whither he drew also divers of his Philosophers and Magicians ; and by the Priest of Eleusis ( the knowingest Magician of his time ) he enquired of his future Condition . From Athens he was sent for to Court then at Milan , where he was made Caesar , married to Helena the Emperor's Sister , and sent into Gaul with a small Army , to deliver it from the Oppression of the Barbarians ; at that time he professed Arrianism , but coming into Gaul , and finding the People ( so many as knew of it ) averse from it , he pretended to be Orthodox , animating the Bishops and Clergy against it , because against Constantius : Being arrived at his Command , he regained many places from the Franks , escaped many Dangers , ( especially at Sens his Winter-quarters . ) Next year Constantius gave him a larger and absoluter Commission , to raise Men , &c. and then he defeated and took Prisoner Chnodomarius , and sent him to Constantius ; complaining afterwards very much , that not himself but Constantius had triumphed : He chased away the Franks , restored Gallia , and transferred the War into Germany , where he delivered many Prisoners , took much Spoil , Towns and Captives , and sent many Soldiers to Constantius then going to the East ; and whether puffed up with these Successes , he made himself , or was by the Force of the Soldiers compelled , so it was , that he was saluted , Augustus ; of which he gave notice to Constantius presently , with many Excuses and Protestations . Constantius endeavored to reduce him to reason by Letters , but in vain , for he resolved to maintain his Election ; and to that purpose , after a while ( his Wife dying in the mean time ) he resolved to fight Constantius : In his way Vadomarius with an Army ( who had defeated one of his Tribunes with his Army ) interposed himself , ( as he saith , by the setting on of Constantius ) whom under shew of Friendship , inviting him to a Feast , he took Prisoner . Marching forward then into Illyricum and Thrace , Constantius returned from the Persian War to fight him , but died in the way in Cilicia , so that Julian remained sole Emperor . The principal Officers and Commanders went to Julian , assuring him that Constantius had named him his Successor , thinking thereby to calm his Spirit towards the Servants and Familiars of Constantius ; which yet they did not , he slaying and banishing many of them , without any Injury done to himself by them ; and displaced all the Officers of the Houshold : He , to shew his Mildness , and to set greater Enmity amongst the Christians , recalled all the banished Bishops of the Christians , commanding and licensing all to serve God as they pleased . He restored the Pagan Altars and Temples , spent much Money in perverting Persons from Christianity , promoted Heathenism with all his Power ; the first Expedition he undertook , was against the Persians ; whither marching , at Antioch he was hugely affronted and scorned with Jeers and Libels ; entering into Persia , he suffering himself to be Fooled by certain Run-aways , burnt his Fleet , and marched into desart and inconvenient places , where being continually alarmed and harassed by the Persians , he was at last slain by one of their Troopers . Apolonius Tyaneus . ℞ . An Athlete drawn by four Horses ; intimating the Games addressed by Julian to the Honor of Apollonius , worshipped as a God by the Inhabitants of Tyana . Many of Julian's Medals have upon them Serapis , Anubis , Isis , or some other of their Deities mingled with some Traits of Julian ; Libanius affirming that many Countries and Towns erected Statues unto him , mixed with the Effigies of their Gods ; and that they prayed publickly unto him , and that none who prayed unto him , went away without performance of his request . His Wife was Flavia Maximiana Helena , called also by her Brother Constantia , seemed to be a virtuous Christian ; she died not long after his assuming the Title of Augustus . Isis Faria ; which was the true name of Isis the Daughter of Pharoah , and married to Joseph who was afterwards worshipped as Serapis ; so saith Tertullian . 3. Fl. Jovianus was born at Singidunum in Pannonia the Son of Varronianus , a Man of gre●…t Esteem in the Court ; he reigned seven Months one and twenty days , and died about thirty three years old : He was very Strong , Valiant , Couragious , Resolute , Affable , Chast , Continent and Clement , and an Orthodox Christian , protesting he would not accept the Empire , except all the Army would declare themselves Christians , which they presently did . He refused to serve under Julian , except he had liberty of his Religion , which Julian granted . After Julian's death he was chosen Emperor by the universal Consent of the whole Army , which was brought into a desperate condition by the Rashness of Julian ; insomuch that Jovianus was forced ( to save the remainder of it ) to make a Peace with the Persian ; to yield to them the Provinces conquered upon them by Galerius , and two strong Towns , Nisibus and Singara . He associated to himself in the Empire ( his Father being newly dead ) his Son Varronianus an Infant ; he forbad and severely punished all Idolatry , extirpating out all Magicians and their Superstitions . As he was going to Constantinople at Dardastane , he was found dead in his Bed , probably of an Apoplexy , being given to eat and drink somewhat too Liberally . His Wives name was Charito Daughter of Lucilianus , a very worthy Person , who ( probably for the Profession of Christianity ) had forsaken the Court for a private Life ; but was , by Jovianus , made Governor of Illyricum , and was slain afterwards in a Mutiny at Rheims . Charito was a Zealous Christian. Varronianus an Infant , after his Father's death , had one of his Eyes put out , to make him uncapable of the Empire . 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Jupiter . † A conceit crept also into America , and amongst the Inland inhabitants of Canada ; such are the Algoumekins , and many other neighboring Nations . V. part . 2 : cap. 1. * Images with the Heads of Mercury and Min●…va . C. 9. Eygpt . Cic. de prov . Cons. ●…o , l. 39. J. Gregorout of Job . Antioch . Polyb. l. 3. Flor. Epit. 18. Pet. l. 2. Some say that of all the Sacred Order , the Rex Sacrorum was chief next the Flamen Dialis , then Martialis next Quirinalis , and then Pont. Max. but it seems that Pont. Max. was chief , and had Authority over all the Sacred Order ; and that Rex Sacrorum , and the Flamines were designed only to the peculi●… Service of certain Gods , without any other Authority . The Flamines were at first by Numa instituted three ; but afterwards th●… came to be fifteen ; but the first three were of most esteem , and wer●… always Patricii . Liv. l. 27. Flaminem Dialem invitum inaugura●… coegit P. Licinius , Pont. Max. C. Valerim . Florus , Epit. l. 19. L. Caecilius Metellus Pont. A Posthumium Cos. quoniam idem & Flamen Martialis erat — in urbe ten●…it , nec pallus est à Sacris rece●…ere . Pro Domo suâ & in Rullum . Spartian . Gutherius Serv. AEn . 8. Cic. de ND 13. de Arusp . resp . Cic. pro Domo suâ . Cic. Epist. 7. l. 5. ad Attic. Epp. 9. 13. Dionys. l. 2. & 10. Serv. AEn . 8. Fest. verbo Mamurius Kings . Vide cap●… 10. of Crowns . Consuls . Praetors . AEdiles . Tribunes . Quaestor . Censors . Dictator . Pro-Cos . Yet that sort of Ensign was in use before . Notes for div A67248-e50100 AEn Vic. * The divers writing of this name Elagabalus , Sec Selden de Diis Syris Synt. 2. c. 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 o●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Ingenuus . Regilianus Macrianus Macrianus 〈◊〉 . Balista . Odenatus . Maeonius . Valens . Piso. AEmylianus . Saturninus Trebellianus . Celsus . Victorinus . It is said that his Brother Domitian , and his Nephews Probus and Metrophanes , Sons of Domitianus , were Bishops of Constantinople , v Jus. Cp. R. p. 297.