The fourth volume of Plutarch's Lives Translated from the Greek, by several hands.
         Lives. English. Vol. IV.
         Plutarch.
      
       
         
           1693
        
      
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             The fourth volume of Plutarch's Lives Translated from the Greek, by several hands.
             Lives. English. Vol. IV.
             Plutarch.
          
           [4], 822, [2] p., plates : ill. (engraved), table
           
             printed for Jacob Tonson at the Judges Head in Chancery-lane, near FleetStreet,
             London :
             M.DC.XCIII. [1693]
          
           
             With additional engraved title page, reading: Plutarch's Lives Vol. IIII.
             With a final advertisement leaf.
             Imperfect: copy catalogued lacks pp.489-496; pp.487-488 are bound after the table in the preliminary leaves.
             Reproduction of the original in the British Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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           Rome -- Biography -- Early works to 1800.
        
      
    
     
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               PLUTARCHS
               LIVES
               VOL.
               IIII.
               
            
             depiction of Plutarch and Fama
             
               MBurgher
               delin
               .
               et
               sculp
               .
            
          
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           Fourth
           Volume
           OF
           PLUTARCH's
           LIVES
           .
        
         
           
             Translated
             from
             the
             Greek
          
           ,
           BY
           SEVERAL
           HANDS
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           :
           Printed
           for
           
             Jacob
             Tonson
          
           at
           the
           
             Judges
             Head
          
           in
           Chancery-lane
           near
           Fleetstreet
           .
           M.
           DC
           .
           XCIII
           .
        
      
       
         
         
         
           The
           Lives
           contained
           in
           the
           
             FOURTH
             VOLUME
          
           .
        
         
           
             
               
                 Agesilaus
                 ,
              
               
                 Translated
                 by
                 Dr.
                 Needham
                 .
              
               
                 p.
                 1
              
            
             
               
                 Pompey
                 ,
              
               
                 Translated
                 by
                 Dr.
                 Oldish
                 .
              
               
                 p.
                 73
              
            
             
               
                 Alexander
                 ,
              
               
                 Translated
                 by
                 
                   John
                   Evelyn
                
                 
                   Esq
                
              
               
                 p.
                 245
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Julius
                   Caesar
                
                 ,
              
               
                 Translated
                 by
                 Mr.
                 Smalridge
                 .
              
               
                 p.
                 385
              
            
             
               
                 Phocion
                 ,
              
               
                 Translated
                 by
                 Dr.
                 Fowke
                 .
              
               
                 p.
                 487
              
            
             
               
                 Cato
                 the
                 younger
                 ,
              
               
                 Translated
                 by
                 Dr.
                 Waller
                 .
              
               
                 p.
                 554
              
            
             
               
                 Agis
                 ,
              
               
                 Translated
                 by
                 Sir
                 
                   Rob.
                   Thorold
                
                 .
              
               
                 p.
                 659
              
            
             
               
                 Cleomenes
                 ,
              
               
                 Translated
                 by
                 Mr.
                 Creech
                 .
              
               
                 p.
                 690
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Tiberius
                   Gracchi
                
                 ,
                 
                 and
                 
                 
                   Caius
                   Gracchi
                
                 ,
              
               
                 Translated
                 by
                 Mr.
                 Warren
                 .
              
               
                 p.
                 782
              
            
          
        
      
       
         
         
           A
           Chronological
           Table
           to
           the
           Fourth
           Volume
           of
           
           Plutarch's
           Lives
           .
        
         
           
             
               
                  
              
               
                 The
                 Olympiad
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Year
                 of
                 the
                 Olympiad
                 .
              
               
                 After
                 the
                 building
                 of
                 Rome
                 .
              
               
                 After
                 the
                 Worlds
                 Creation
                 .
              
               
                 Before
                 the
                 coming
                 of
                 Christ
              
               
                 The
                 Julian
                 Period
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Agesilaus
              
               
                 95
              
               
                 1
              
               
                 353
              
               
                 3550
              
               
                 398
              
               
                 4314
              
            
             
               
                 Pompeius
              
               
                 174
              
               
                 3
              
               
                 672
              
               
                 3869
              
               
                 79
              
               
                 4633
              
            
             
               
                 Alexander
                 overcame
                 Darius
              
               
                 111
              
               
                 2
              
               
                 418
              
               
                 3615
              
               
                 333
              
               
                 4379
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Julius
                   Caesar
                
                 Consul
              
               
                 180
              
               
                 2
              
               
                 694
              
               
                 3891
              
               
                 57
              
               
                 4655
              
            
             
               
                 Phocion
              
               
                 105
              
               
                 4
              
               
                 396
              
               
                 3593
              
               
                 355
              
               
                 4357
              
            
             
               
                 Cato
                 Uticen
              
               
                 179
              
               
                 4
              
               
                 692
              
               
                 3889
              
               
                 59
              
               
                 4653
              
            
             
               
                 Agis
              
               
                 134
              
               
                 2
              
               
                 510
              
               
                 3707
              
               
                 241
              
               
                 4471
              
            
             
               
                 Cleomenes
              
               
                 138
              
               
                 1
              
               
                 525
              
               
                 3722
              
               
                 226
              
               
                 3722
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Tiberius
                   Gracchus
                
              
               
                 161
              
               
                 1
              
               
                 617
              
               
                 3814
              
               
                 134
              
               
                 4578
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Caius
                   Gracchus
                
              
               
                 163
              
               
                 4
              
               
                 628
              
               
                 3825
              
               
                 123
              
               
                 4589
              
            
          
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           THE
           LIFE
           OF
           PHOCION
           .
        
         
           
             Englished
             from
             the
             Greek
             ,
             By
             
               Ph.
               Fowke
            
             ,
             M.
             D.
             
          
        
         
           DEMADES
           the
           Orator
           ,
           a
           powerful
           Man
           at
           that
           time
           in
           Athens
           ,
           managing
           Matters
           in
           favour
           of
           Antipater
           and
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           being
           necessitated
           to
           write
           and
           speak
           many
           things
           below
           the
           Dignity
           and
           contrary
           to
           the
           Usage
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           was
           wont
           to
           excuse
           
           himself
           ,
           by
           saying
           ,
           
             He
             steer'd
             ouly
             the
             Shipwrecks
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             .
          
           This
           hardy
           Saying
           of
           his
           might
           have
           some
           appearance
           of
           truth
           ,
           if
           apply'd
           to
           
           Phocion's
           Government
           ;
           for
           Demades
           indeed
           himself
           was
           the
           ruine
           of
           his
           Countrey
           ,
           living
           and
           ruling
           so
           dissolutely
           ,
           which
           gave
           Antipater
           occasion
           to
           say
           of
           him
           ,
           (
           being
           now
           grown
           old
           )
           
             That
             he
             was
             like
             a
             sacrificed
             Beast
             ,
             all
             consumed
             save
             his
             Tongue
             and
             his
             Paunch
             .
          
           But
           
           Phocion's
           was
           a
           steady
           Virtue
           ,
           depress'd
           only
           by
           too
           great
           a
           Counterpoise
           ,
           the
           Fate
           of
           Greece
           conspiring
           with
           that
           juncture
           of
           Time
           to
           render
           it
           more
           obscure
           and
           inglorious
           ;
           yet
           Sophocles
           too
           much
           weakens
           the
           force
           of
           Virtue
           ,
           by
           saying
           ,
        
         
           
             Nor
             do
             our
             minds
             ,
             with
             adverse
             Fate
             surrounded
             ,
          
           
             Maintain
             their
             tenour
             ,
             but
             are
             shock'd
             ,
             confounded
             .
          
        
         
           Thus
           much
           indeed
           must
           be
           granted
           to
           happen
           in
           the
           Contests
           between
           good
           Men
           and
           ill
           Fortune
           ,
           that
           instead
           of
           due
           Returns
           to
           their
           good
           Management
           ,
           the
           People
           ,
           by
           unjust
           Surmises
           and
           Obloquies
           ,
           often
           sully
           the
           Lustre
           ,
           and
           endeavour
           to
           blast
           the
           Reputation
           of
           their
           Virtue
           .
           And
           although
           it
           be
        
         
      
       
         
         
           
             
               AGESILAUS
               .
            
             depiction of Agesilaus
             
               〈…〉
               sculp
               .
            
          
        
         
         
           THE
           LIFE
           OF
           AGESILAUS
           .
        
         
           
             Translated
             out
             of
             the
             Greek
             by
          
           W.
           Needham
           ,
           
             M.
             D.
          
           
        
         
           ARchidamus
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           Zeuxidamus
           ,
           having
           reigned
           gloriously
           over
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           ,
           left
           behind
           him
           two
           Sons
           :
           Agis
           the
           elder
           was
           begotten
           of
           Lamprido
           ,
           a
           very
           Noble
           and
           Illustrious
           Lady
           .
           Agesilaus
           ,
           much
           the
           
           younger
           ,
           was
           born
           of
           Eupolia
           ,
           the
           Daughter
           of
           
             Melisippidas
             .
             Agis
          
           being
           Heir
           apparent
           of
           the
           Crown
           ,
           was
           bred
           suitably
           to
           his
           Birth
           .
           Agesilaus
           ,
           the
           younger
           Brother
           ,
           was
           educated
           according
           to
           the
           usual
           Discipline
           of
           the
           Country
           ,
           which
           was
           very
           hard
           and
           severe
           ,
           but
           such
           as
           taught
           young
           Men
           how
           
           to
           obey
           their
           Superiors
           .
           Whence
           it
           was
           that
           (
           Men
           say
           )
           Simonides
           called
           Sparta
           the
           Tamer
           of
           Men
           ,
           because
           by
           a
           customary
           strictness
           of
           Education
           ,
           they
           inured
           the
           Citizens
           to
           Obedience
           ,
           and
           patient
           Subjection
           ,
           as
           Horses
           are
           broke
           to
           the
           Saddle
           :
           The
           Law
           did
           not
           hold
           so
           strict
           a
           Rein
           on
           the
           Heirs
           apparent
           of
           the
           Crown
           .
           But
           Agesilaus
           ,
           whose
           good
           Fortune
           it
           was
           to
           be
           born
           a
           younger
           Brother
           ,
           was
           consequently
           bred
           to
           all
           the
           Laconick
           Arts
           of
           Obedience
           ,
           and
           thereby
           fitted
           for
           the
           Management
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           when
           it
           fell
           to
           his
           share
           :
           Hence
           it
           was
           that
           he
           became
           the
           most
           popular
           of
           the
           Spartan
           Kings
           ,
           having
           learned
           how
           to
           temper
           the
           Grandeur
           of
           a
           Royal
           Condition
           ,
           with
           the
           Sweetness
           and
           Debounairness
           of
           familiar
           Condescensions
           .
        
         
           Whilst
           he
           was
           yet
           a
           Boy
           ,
           bred
           up
           in
           one
           of
           the
           Schools
           or
           Colledges
           of
           Youth
           ,
           he
           contracted
           an
           Intimacy
           with
           Lysander
           ,
           (
           a
           
           great
           Man
           afterwards
           in
           Lacedaemon
           )
           who
           much
           admired
           a
           generous
           Modesty
           and
           ingenious
           Shame
           he
           found
           in
           him
           :
           For
           tho
           
           he
           was
           one
           of
           the
           highest
           Spirits
           ,
           and
           fullest
           of
           Bravery
           of
           any
           of
           his
           Companions
           ,
           always
           ambitious
           of
           Preheminence
           above
           them
           ,
           towards
           which
           the
           impetuous
           Vigour
           and
           invincible
           Fervour
           of
           his
           Mind
           irresistibly
           carried
           him
           ,
           maugre
           all
           Opposition
           or
           Difficulty
           he
           could
           meet
           with
           ;
           yet
           on
           
           the
           other
           side
           he
           was
           so
           easie
           and
           gentle
           in
           his
           Nature
           ,
           and
           so
           apt
           to
           hearken
           to
           all
           rational
           and
           friendly
           Proposals
           ,
           that
           a
           good
           Word
           wrought
           more
           upon
           him
           than
           the
           greatest
           Dint
           of
           Force
           ;
           he
           being
           ready
           to
           do
           any
           thing
           upon
           ingenuous
           Motives
           ,
           but
           nothing
           upon
           Compulsion
           .
        
         
           He
           had
           one
           Leg
           shorter
           than
           another
           ;
           which
           Deformity
           he
           easily
           hid
           by
           a
           good
           meen
           and
           briskness
           in
           his
           Behaviour
           ,
           he
           being
           the
           first
           alway
           to
           pass
           a
           Jest
           upon
           himself
           .
           And
           indeed
           it
           was
           a
           great
           Argument
           of
           his
           Love
           to
           Glory
           and
           great
           Actions
           ,
           that
           his
           Lameness
           was
           no
           Discouragement
           to
           him
           in
           the
           pursuit
           of
           them
           .
           Neither
           his
           Statue
           nor
           Picture
           are
           extant
           ,
           he
           never
           allowing
           them
           in
           his
           Life
           ,
           and
           utterly
           forbidding
           them
           to
           be
           made
           after
           his
           Death
           :
           He
           is
           said
           to
           have
           been
           a
           little
           Man
           ,
           of
           a
           contemptible
           Presence
           ;
           but
           the
           goodness
           of
           his
           Humour
           ,
           and
           his
           constant
           Chearfulness
           ,
           and
           agreeable
           Conversation
           ,
           alway
           free
           from
           any
           thing
           of
           Moroseness
           or
           Haughtiness
           ,
           made
           him
           more
           amiable
           (
           even
           to
           his
           old
           Age
           )
           than
           the
           most
           beautiful
           Men
           of
           the
           Nation
           .
        
         
           Theophrastus
           writes
           ,
           That
           the
           Ephori
           laid
           a
           Fine
           upon
           Archidamus
           ,
           for
           marrying
           a
           little
           Wife
           ,
           For
           (
           said
           they
           )
           
             you
             will
             beget
             us
             a
             Race
             of
             Roitelets
             instead
             of
             Kings
             .
          
        
         
         
           Whilst
           Agis
           ,
           the
           elder
           Brother
           ,
           reigned
           ,
           
           Alcibiades
           (
           being
           then
           an
           Exile
           from
           Athens
           )
           came
           from
           Sicily
           to
           Sparta
           ;
           nor
           had
           he
           staid
           long
           there
           ,
           before
           his
           Familiarity
           with
           Timaea
           the
           Queen
           grew
           suspected
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           Agis
           refused
           to
           own
           a
           Child
           of
           hers
           ,
           which
           (
           he
           said
           )
           was
           
           Alcibiades's
           ,
           not
           his
           .
           Nor
           (
           if
           we
           may
           believe
           Duris
           the
           Historian
           )
           was
           Timaea
           much
           concerned
           at
           it
           ,
           being
           herself
           forward
           enough
           to
           whisper
           among
           her
           Servants
           ,
           that
           the
           Infant
           's
           true
           Name
           was
           Alcibiades
           ,
           not
           Leotychides
           .
           Mean
           while
           it
           was
           believed
           ,
           that
           the
           Amour
           he
           had
           with
           her
           ,
           was
           not
           the
           effect
           of
           his
           Love
           but
           his
           Ambition
           ,
           that
           he
           might
           have
           Spartan
           Kings
           of
           his
           Posterity
           .
           This
           Affair
           being
           grown
           publick
           ,
           it
           was
           time
           for
           Alcibiades
           to
           withdraw
           himself
           :
           But
           the
           Child
           was
           forced
           to
           abide
           there
           ,
           and
           to
           endure
           the
           Severity
           of
           Agis
           ,
           who
           never
           owned
           him
           for
           his
           Son
           ,
           till
           upon
           his
           Death-bed
           he
           was
           overcome
           with
           the
           Prayers
           and
           Tears
           of
           Leotychides
           ,
           to
           declare
           him
           for
           such
           ,
           in
           a
           publick
           Audience
           .
           But
           this
           could
           not
           fix
           him
           in
           the
           Throne
           of
           Agis
           ;
           after
           whose
           Death
           ,
           Lysander
           ,
           the
           great
           Lacedaemonian
           Captain
           ,
           who
           had
           lately
           conquered
           the
           Athenians
           in
           a
           Sea-sight
           ,
           and
           was
           of
           great
           Power
           in
           Sparta
           ,
           did
           promote
           Agesilaus
           to
           the
           
           Kingdom
           ,
           urging
           
             Leotychides
             ▪
             s
          
           Bastardy
           ,
           as
           a
           Bar
           to
           his
           Pretensions
           .
           Many
           of
           the
           Citizens
           
           soon
           betook
           themselves
           to
           Agesilaus
           his
           Party
           ,
           being
           thereto
           induced
           by
           the
           Opinion
           they
           had
           of
           his
           Gallantry
           ,
           of
           which
           they
           themselves
           had
           been
           Spectators
           ,
           in
           the
           time
           that
           he
           had
           been
           bred
           up
           among
           them
           .
           Yet
           was
           not
           his
           way
           so
           smooth
           as
           to
           be
           free
           from
           Rubs
           :
           one
           he
           met
           with
           very
           considerable
           from
           a
           Fortune-teller
           named
           Diopithes
           ,
           who
           was
           of
           great
           Esteem
           among
           them
           for
           his
           Skill
           in
           Divination
           ;
           he
           alledged
           ,
           That
           it
           was
           unlawful
           to
           make
           a
           lame
           Man
           King
           of
           Lacedaemon
           ,
           citing
           to
           that
           purpose
           the
           following
           Oracle
           :
        
         
           
             Great
             is
             thy
             Empire
             ,
             Sparta
             ,
             yet
             beware
          
           
             Lest
             thy
             Strength
             bend
             under
             an
             halting
             Heir
             ;
          
           
             Then
             Ills
             untry'd
             shall
             thy
             old
             Honour
             stain
             ,
          
           
             And
             Wars
             destructive
             Rage
             thro'
             thy
             whole
             Country
             reign
             .
          
        
         
           But
           Lysander
           was
           not
           wanting
           of
           an
           Evasion
           ,
           alledging
           ,
           That
           if
           the
           Spartans
           made
           any
           conscience
           of
           the
           Oracle
           ,
           they
           must
           have
           a
           care
           of
           Leotychides
           ;
           for
           it
           was
           not
           the
           limping
           Foot
           of
           a
           King
           that
           the
           Gods
           were
           offended
           at
           ,
           but
           the
           bastardizing
           of
           the
           Herculean
           Family
           ,
           into
           whose
           Rights
           if
           a
           spurious
           Issue
           were
           admitted
           ,
           it
           would
           make
           the
           Kingdom
           to
           Halt
           indeed
           .
           Agesilaus
           made
           Neptune
           also
           a
           Witness
           of
           the
           Bastardy
           of
           Leotychides
           ,
           proving
           that
           Agis
           was
           thrown
           out
           of
           Bed
           from
           his
           Wife
           by
           a
           violent
           Earthquake
           ,
           
           after
           which
           time
           he
           did
           not
           Cohabit
           with
           her
           ,
           yet
           Leotychides
           was
           born
           above
           ten
           Months
           after
           it
           .
           Agesilaus
           was
           upon
           
           these
           Allegations
           declared
           King
           ,
           and
           soon
           possessed
           himself
           of
           the
           private
           Estate
           of
           Agis
           as
           well
           as
           his
           Throne
           ,
           Leotychides
           being
           wholly
           rejected
           as
           a
           Bastard
           .
           Which
           being
           
           done
           ,
           he
           cast
           his
           Eye
           on
           the
           Kinred
           of
           Agis
           by
           the
           Mother's
           side
           ,
           whom
           he
           considered
           as
           Persons
           of
           good
           Worth
           and
           Vertue
           ,
           but
           very
           poor
           :
           he
           gave
           them
           half
           his
           Brother's
           Estate
           ,
           and
           by
           this
           popular
           Act
           gained
           the
           good
           will
           ,
           not
           of
           them
           only
           ,
           but
           of
           the
           Spartans
           in
           general
           ,
           and
           stifled
           that
           Envy
           that
           was
           growing
           against
           him
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           his
           Success
           .
           But
           whereas
           Xenophon
           saith
           of
           him
           ,
           That
           by
           complying
           with
           ,
           
           and
           as
           it
           were
           being
           ruled
           by
           his
           Country
           ,
           he
           grew
           into
           so
           great
           Power
           with
           them
           ,
           that
           he
           could
           do
           what
           he
           pleased
           .
           This
           was
           by
           the
           Power
           he
           got
           with
           the
           Ephori
           and
           Senate
           :
           these
           were
           of
           great
           Authority
           in
           the
           State
           ;
           the
           former
           were
           Officers
           annually
           chosen
           ;
           the
           Senators
           held
           their
           Places
           during
           Life
           ,
           both
           instituted
           as
           Bridles
           to
           restrain
           the
           Licentiousness
           of
           the
           Kings
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           already
           more
           fully
           discoursed
           in
           the
           Life
           of
           Lycurgus
           .
           Hence
           it
           was
           that
           there
           was
           alway
           a
           Feud
           and
           Contention
           between
           them
           and
           the
           Kings
           .
           But
           Agesilaus
           took
           another
           course
           ;
           instead
           of
           contending
           with
           
           them
           ,
           he
           courted
           them
           :
           he
           alway
           acted
           by
           their
           Advice
           ,
           was
           alway
           ready
           to
           go
           ,
           nay
           almost
           to
           run
           ,
           when
           they
           called
           him
           :
           If
           he
           were
           upon
           his
           Throne
           hearing
           of
           Causes
           ,
           and
           the
           Ephori
           came
           in
           ,
           he
           arose
           to
           them
           ;
           whenever
           any
           Man
           was
           elected
           into
           the
           Senate
           ,
           he
           did
           alway
           present
           him
           with
           a
           Gown
           and
           an
           Ox.
           Thus
           whilst
           he
           craftily
           made
           shew
           of
           Reverence
           to
           them
           ,
           and
           a
           Deference
           to
           their
           Power
           ,
           he
           secretly
           advanced
           his
           own
           Wealth
           ,
           and
           enlarged
           the
           Prerogatives
           of
           the
           Crown
           ,
           by
           several
           Liberties
           which
           their
           Friendship
           to
           his
           Person
           did
           grant
           him
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           did
           wink
           at
           .
           To
           other
           Citizens
           he
           so
           behaved
           himself
           ,
           as
           to
           be
           less
           blameable
           in
           his
           Enmities
           than
           in
           his
           Friendships
           :
           for
           towards
           his
           Enemy
           he
           behaved
           himself
           generously
           ,
           scorning
           to
           take
           any
           unjust
           Advantage
           against
           him
           ;
           but
           to
           his
           Friends
           he
           was
           partial
           ,
           even
           in
           things
           manifestly
           unjust
           .
           If
           an
           Enemy
           had
           done
           any
           thing
           praise-worthy
           ,
           he
           scorned
           to
           retract
           any
           thing
           from
           his
           due
           Praises
           ;
           but
           his
           Friends
           he
           knew
           not
           how
           to
           reprove
           when
           they
           did
           ill
           ;
           nay
           ,
           he
           glory'd
           in
           bringing
           them
           off
           when
           they
           were
           obnoxious
           :
           He
           thought
           all
           Offices
           of
           Friendship
           commendable
           ,
           let
           the
           Matter
           wherein
           they
           were
           employ'd
           be
           what
           it
           will.
           Again
           ,
           when
           any
           of
           his
           Adversaries
           was
           overtaken
           in
           a
           Fault
           ,
           he
           would
           pity
           them
           ,
           and
           be
           soon
           entreated
           
           to
           Pardon
           them
           ,
           and
           shew
           them
           Kindness
           ,
           by
           which
           means
           he
           allured
           the
           hearts
           of
           all
           Men
           :
           insomuch
           that
           his
           Popularity
           grew
           at
           last
           suspected
           by
           the
           Ephori
           ,
           who
           fined
           him
           as
           a
           Monopolizer
           of
           the
           Citizens
           ,
           who
           ought
           to
           be
           the
           common
           Goods
           of
           the
           Republick
           .
           For
           as
           it
           is
           the
           Opinion
           of
           Philosophers
           ,
           that
           if
           you
           take
           away
           Strife
           and
           Opposition
           out
           of
           the
           Universe
           ,
           all
           the
           Bodies
           of
           it
           will
           stand
           still
           ,
           Generation
           and
           Motion
           will
           cease
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           mutual
           Consent
           and
           Agreement
           of
           all
           things
           .
           So
           the
           Spartan
           Legislator
           did
           seem
           to
           have
           mingled
           Ambition
           and
           Emulation
           ,
           among
           the
           Ingredients
           of
           his
           Commonwealth
           ,
           as
           the
           Incentives
           of
           Vertue
           ,
           as
           thinking
           that
           mutual
           Compliance
           ,
           in
           winking
           at
           one
           another
           ,
           in
           Cases
           that
           deserved
           Rebuke
           ,
           was
           but
           a
           false
           sort
           of
           Concord
           ,
           no
           way
           useful
           to
           the
           Publick
           ,
           but
           rather
           a
           Corruption
           of
           it
           .
           This
           some
           Men
           think
           Homer
           to
           have
           had
           an
           eye
           to
           ,
           when
           he
           introduceth
           Agamemnon
           well
           pleased
           with
           the
           Jars
           of
           Ulysses
           and
           Achilles
           ,
           and
           with
           the
           hard
           Words
           that
           passed
           between
           them
           ;
           which
           he
           would
           never
           have
           done
           ,
           unless
           he
           had
           thought
           that
           Dissentions
           and
           Factions
           of
           great
           Men
           had
           been
           of
           use
           to
           the
           State.
           Yet
           this
           Maxim
           is
           not
           simply
           to
           be
           granted
           him
           without
           restriction
           ,
           for
           if
           the
           Heats
           grow
           too
           big
           ,
           they
           are
           very
           dangerous
           to
           Cities
           ,
           and
           of
           most
           pernicious
           consequence
           .
        
         
         
           When
           Agesilaus
           was
           newly
           entred
           upon
           
           the
           Government
           ,
           there
           came
           News
           from
           Asia
           ,
           that
           the
           Persian
           King
           was
           making
           great
           Naval
           Preparations
           ,
           resolving
           with
           an
           high
           Hand
           to
           dispossess
           the
           Spartans
           of
           their
           Maritime
           Greatness
           .
           Lysander
           was
           glad
           of
           this
           Occasion
           of
           Succouring
           his
           Friends
           in
           Asia
           ,
           whom
           he
           had
           there
           left
           Governours
           and
           Lords
           of
           Cities
           ,
           who
           for
           their
           Male-administration
           and
           Tyrannical
           Behaviour
           ,
           had
           been
           deposed
           ,
           and
           many
           of
           them
           put
           to
           death
           :
           He
           therefore
           perswaded
           Agesilaus
           to
           undertake
           the
           Expedition
           ,
           and
           by
           translating
           the
           War
           from
           Greece
           to
           the
           Barbarous
           Country
           ,
           to
           prevent
           all
           the
           Designs
           of
           the
           Persian
           .
           He
           also
           wrote
           to
           his
           Friends
           in
           Asia
           ,
           that
           by
           a
           Solemn
           Embassy
           they
           should
           demand
           Agesilaus
           for
           their
           Captain
           .
           Agesilaus
           thereupon
           coming
           into
           the
           Publick
           Assembly
           ,
           offered
           his
           Service
           ,
           upon
           condition
           that
           he
           might
           have
           thirty
           eminent
           Captains
           adjoyned
           to
           him
           as
           Counsellors
           ;
           that
           he
           might
           also
           have
           2000
           of
           the
           newly
           Enfranchized
           Helots
           ,
           and
           of
           other
           Allies
           to
           the
           number
           of
           6000.
           
           
           Lysander's
           Authority
           and
           Assistance
           soon
           obtained
           his
           Request
           ,
           so
           that
           he
           was
           sent
           away
           with
           thirty
           Spartan
           Captains
           ,
           of
           which
           Lysander
           was
           the
           Chief
           ,
           not
           only
           in
           Power
           and
           Reputation
           ,
           but
           also
           in
           Friendship
           with
           Agesilaus
           ,
           who
           esteemed
           his
           procuring
           him
           this
           Charge
           a
           greater
           Obligation
           ,
           
           than
           that
           of
           preferring
           him
           to
           the
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           Whilst
           the
           Army
           was
           drawing
           to
           the
           Rendezvous
           at
           
             Gerastus
             ,
             Agesilaus
          
           went
           with
           some
           of
           his
           Friends
           to
           Aulis
           ,
           where
           in
           a
           Dream
           he
           saw
           a
           Man
           approach
           him
           ,
           and
           speak
           to
           him
           after
           this
           manner
           :
           
             O
             King
             of
          
           
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           ,
           
             you
             cannot
             but
             know
             that
             (
             before
             yourself
             )
             there
             hath
             been
             but
             one
             General
             Captain
             of
             the
          
           Greeks
           ,
           viz.
           Agamemnon
           ;
           
             now
             that
             you
             succeed
             him
             in
             the
             same
             Office
             and
             Command
             of
             the
             same
             Men
             ,
             leading
             them
             out
             of
             the
             same
             Country
             to
             the
             War
             ,
             you
             ought
             also
             to
             offer
             such
             a
             Sacrifice
             ,
             as
             he
             made
             before
             he
             weighed
             Anchor
             .
          
        
         
           Agesilaus
           soon
           remembred
           that
           the
           Sacrifice
           which
           Agamemnon
           offered
           was
           a
           Virgin
           ,
           he
           being
           so
           directed
           by
           the
           Oracle
           :
           Yet
           was
           he
           not
           at
           all
           disturbed
           at
           it
           ,
           but
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           arose
           ,
           he
           telleth
           his
           Dream
           to
           his
           Friends
           ,
           adding
           withal
           ,
           That
           he
           would
           worship
           the
           Goddess
           with
           such
           Sacrifices
           as
           would
           be
           acceptable
           to
           her
           ,
           and
           not
           imitate
           the
           rude
           Barbarity
           of
           that
           General
           .
           He
           therefore
           ordered
           an
           Hind
           to
           be
           crowned
           with
           Chaplets
           ;
           and
           delivered
           to
           his
           own
           Southsayer
           ,
           not
           to
           him
           whom
           the
           Baeotians
           did
           of
           course
           delegate
           to
           that
           Office
           .
           When
           the
           Baeotian
           Governours
           understood
           
           it
           ,
           they
           were
           very
           much
           moved
           ,
           and
           sent
           Officers
           to
           Agesilaus
           ,
           to
           forbid
           his
           sacrificing
           
           contrary
           to
           the
           Laws
           of
           the
           Countrey
           .
           These
           having
           deliver'd
           their
           Message
           to
           him
           ,
           immediately
           went
           to
           the
           Altar
           ,
           and
           threw
           down
           the
           Quarters
           of
           the
           Hind
           that
           lay
           upon
           it
           .
           Agesilaus
           took
           this
           very
           ill
           ,
           and
           without
           further
           Sacrifice
           ,
           immediately
           hoised
           Sail
           ,
           being
           ever
           after
           a
           great
           Enemy
           to
           the
           Boeotians
           ,
           and
           much
           discouraged
           in
           his
           Mind
           at
           the
           bad
           Omen
           ,
           boading
           to
           himself
           an
           unsuccessful
           Voyage
           ,
           and
           a
           bad
           issue
           of
           the
           whole
           Expedition
           .
        
         
           When
           he
           came
           to
           Ephesus
           ,
           he
           found
           the
           Power
           of
           Lysander
           grow
           very
           great
           and
           invidious
           ,
           all
           Applications
           made
           to
           him
           ,
           great
           Crowds
           of
           Suitors
           alway
           attending
           at
           his
           Door
           ,
           all
           Men
           following
           and
           worshipping
           of
           him
           at
           so
           high
           a
           rate
           ,
           as
           if
           nothing
           but
           the
           Name
           of
           Empire
           was
           left
           to
           Agesilaus
           ,
           the
           whole
           Power
           of
           it
           being
           devolved
           
           upon
           Lysander
           .
           None
           of
           all
           the
           Commanders
           that
           were
           sent
           this
           Voyage
           into
           Asia
           ,
           was
           either
           so
           powerful
           or
           so
           formidable
           ;
           no
           one
           rewarded
           his
           Friends
           better
           ,
           or
           was
           more
           severe
           against
           his
           Enemies
           .
           Which
           things
           made
           the
           greater
           Impression
           in
           Mens
           Minds
           ,
           because
           they
           observed
           the
           debonnair
           and
           popular
           Behaviour
           of
           Agesilaus
           ,
           whereas
           that
           of
           Lysander
           was
           high
           and
           rigid
           .
           He
           took
           Men
           up
           short
           ,
           and
           by
           that
           fierceness
           of
           Carriage
           so
           subdued
           the
           Spirits
           of
           Men
           ,
           that
           they
           wholly
           submitted
           to
           him
           ,
           
           giving
           little
           Regard
           to
           Agesilaus
           .
           This
           was
           first
           stomached
           by
           the
           other
           Captains
           ,
           who
           with
           Indignation
           resented
           it
           ,
           that
           they
           should
           be
           rather
           the
           Followers
           of
           Lysander
           ,
           than
           the
           Counsellors
           of
           Agesilaus
           .
        
         
           At
           length
           Agesilaus
           himself
           ,
           though
           no
           envious
           Man
           in
           his
           Nature
           ,
           nor
           apt
           to
           be
           troubled
           at
           the
           Honours
           redounding
           upon
           other
           Men
           ,
           yet
           being
           highly
           jealous
           of
           his
           own
           Glory
           ,
           began
           to
           apprehend
           that
           
           Lysander's
           Greatness
           would
           soon
           eclipse
           his
           ,
           
           and
           carry
           away
           from
           him
           the
           Reputation
           of
           whatever
           great
           Action
           should
           happen
           .
           He
           therefore
           went
           this
           way
           to
           work
           :
           He
           first
           opposed
           him
           in
           all
           his
           Counsels
           ;
           whatever
           
           Lysander
           advised
           ,
           was
           rejected
           ,
           and
           other
           Proposals
           followed
           .
           Then
           whoever
           made
           any
           Address
           to
           him
           ,
           if
           he
           found
           him
           a
           Retainer
           to
           Lysander
           ,
           certainly
           lost
           his
           Suit.
           Whoever
           was
           prosecuted
           by
           him
           in
           Judiciary
           Matters
           ,
           was
           sure
           to
           get
           off
           with
           Victory
           ,
           and
           whoever
           was
           visibly
           favoured
           by
           him
           ,
           was
           used
           with
           all
           Severity
           and
           Rigor
           .
           These
           things
           being
           not
           done
           by
           Chance
           ,
           but
           constantly
           and
           on
           set
           purpose
           ,
           Lysander
           was
           soon
           sensible
           of
           them
           ,
           and
           stuck
           not
           to
           tell
           his
           Friends
           ,
           that
           they
           suffered
           for
           his
           sake
           ,
           bidding
           them
           apply
           themselves
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           such
           as
           were
           more
           powerful
           with
           him
           than
           he
           was
           .
           Which
           Sayings
           of
           his
           ,
           when
           they
           seemed
           to
           be
           designed
           purposely
           
           to
           procure
           Envy
           to
           Agesilaus
           ,
           he
           stuck
           not
           to
           affront
           Lysander
           at
           a
           higher
           rate
           ,
           imposing
           upon
           him
           the
           Office
           of
           dividing
           the
           Flesh
           among
           the
           Souldiers
           ,
           and
           would
           in
           publick
           Companies
           speak
           scornfully
           of
           him
           ,
           bidding
           them
           go
           and
           pay
           their
           Observances
           to
           the
           Suttler
           of
           the
           Camp.
           Lysander
           no
           longer
           able
           to
           brook
           these
           things
           ,
           complained
           at
           last
           to
           Agesilaus
           himself
           ,
           telling
           him
           ,
           That
           he
           knew
           very
           well
           how
           to
           Oppress
           his
           Friends
           .
           To
           which
           Agesilaus
           answer'd
           ,
           
             I
             know
             who
             they
             be
             that
             pretend
             to
             more
             Power
             than
             myself
             .
             That
             ,
          
           replied
           
             Lysander
             ,
             is
             rather
             said
             by
             you
             ,
             than
             done
             by
             me
             ;
             I
             desire
             onely
             this
             Favour
             of
             you
             ,
             that
             you
             will
             assign
             me
             some
             Office
             and
             Place
             ,
             in
             which
             I
             may
             serve
             you
             without
             incurring
             Envy
             .
          
        
         
           Upon
           this
           Agesilaus
           sent
           him
           to
           the
           Hellespont
           on
           an
           Embassy
           ,
           whence
           he
           procured
           Mithridates
           ,
           a
           Persian
           of
           the
           Province
           of
           Pharnabazus
           ,
           to
           come
           to
           the
           Assistance
           of
           the
           Greeks
           with
           200
           Horse
           ,
           and
           a
           great
           Supply
           of
           Money
           .
           Yet
           did
           not
           his
           Stomach
           so
           come
           down
           ,
           but
           he
           fell
           to
           forming
           a
           Design
           of
           wresting
           the
           Kingdom
           out
           of
           the
           Hands
           of
           the
           two
           Families
           which
           then
           enjoy'd
           it
           ,
           and
           make
           it
           wholly
           Elective
           :
           and
           it
           is
           thought
           that
           he
           would
           have
           made
           a
           great
           Commotion
           in
           Sparta
           ,
           if
           he
           had
           not
           died
           in
           the
           Baeotian
           War.
           Thus
           ambitious
           Spirits
           are
           apt
           to
           grow
           troublesom
           in
           a
           Common-wealth
           ,
           
           and
           when
           they
           transgress
           their
           Bounds
           ,
           do
           more
           harm
           than
           good
           .
           Of
           this
           ,
           
           this
           Quarrel
           between
           two
           such
           great
           Men
           is
           an
           Example
           :
           for
           though
           
           Lysander's
           Pride
           was
           unsufferable
           ,
           and
           his
           ambitious
           Projects
           very
           inconvenient
           to
           
           Agesilaus's
           Affairs
           ,
           yet
           might
           the
           King
           have
           found
           out
           many
           ways
           of
           taming
           him
           ,
           less
           reproachful
           to
           a
           Man
           of
           his
           Quality
           ,
           and
           ambitious
           Designs
           .
           Indeed
           in
           my
           opinion
           they
           were
           both
           equally
           Guilty
           ,
           both
           blinded
           with
           the
           same
           Passion
           ,
           so
           as
           one
           not
           to
           know
           the
           Power
           of
           his
           Prince
           ,
           the
           other
           not
           to
           bear
           with
           the
           Imperfections
           of
           his
           Friend
           .
        
         
           Tisaphernes
           being
           at
           first
           afraid
           of
           Agesilaus
           ,
           soon
           treated
           with
           him
           about
           setting
           the
           Grecian
           Cities
           at
           Liberty
           ,
           which
           was
           agreed
           on
           .
           But
           soon
           after
           finding
           a
           sufficient
           
           Force
           drawn
           together
           ,
           he
           resolved
           upon
           War
           ,
           for
           which
           Agesilaus
           was
           not
           sorry
           .
           For
           the
           Expectation
           of
           this
           Expedition
           was
           great
           ,
           and
           he
           did
           not
           think
           it
           for
           his
           Honour
           ,
           that
           Xenophon
           ,
           with
           10000
           Men
           ,
           should
           march
           through
           the
           heart
           of
           Asia
           to
           the
           Sea
           ,
           beating
           the
           King's
           Forces
           when
           and
           how
           he
           pleased
           ,
           and
           that
           Agesilaus
           ,
           in
           the
           Head
           of
           a
           Spartan
           Army
           ,
           (
           so
           terrible
           both
           by
           Sea
           and
           Land
           ,
           )
           should
           make
           so
           great
           a
           Voyage
           ,
           and
           raise
           no
           Monument
           of
           his
           Fame
           by
           any
           great
           Action
           :
           Therefore
           to
           be
           even
           with
           Tisaphernes
           ,
           he
           revengeth
           his
           
           
           Perjury
           by
           a
           Stratagem
           :
           he
           pretends
           to
           go
           to
           Caria
           ,
           whither
           when
           he
           had
           drawn
           Tisaphernes
           and
           his
           Army
           ,
           he
           suddenly
           turneth
           back
           ,
           and
           falleth
           upon
           Phrygia
           ,
           taking
           many
           of
           their
           Cities
           ,
           and
           carrying
           away
           great
           Booty
           .
           He
           took
           this
           occasion
           of
           shewing
           ,
           that
           for
           Friends
           to
           break
           their
           Solemn
           Leagues
           ,
           and
           betray
           their
           Faith
           ,
           was
           a
           downright
           Contempt
           of
           the
           Gods
           ;
           but
           the
           Circumvention
           of
           an
           Enemy
           in
           War
           ,
           is
           not
           only
           Just
           but
           Honourable
           ,
           and
           of
           great
           Advantage
           to
           the
           Author
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           Being
           weak
           in
           Horse
           ,
           and
           withal
           terrified
           by
           some
           ill
           Omen
           in
           the
           Sacrifices
           ,
           (
           viz.
           a
           Calf's
           Liver
           wanted
           that
           little
           Lobe
           which
           the
           Southsayers
           call
           the
           Head
           )
           he
           retired
           to
           Ephesus
           ,
           and
           there
           raised
           them
           :
           He
           obliged
           
           the
           rich
           Men
           ,
           that
           were
           not
           minded
           to
           serve
           in
           Person
           ,
           to
           find
           Horse-men
           armed
           and
           mounted
           ;
           which
           being
           performed
           ,
           Agesilaus
           his
           Army
           was
           soon
           changed
           ,
           from
           shabby
           Foot
           into
           many
           gallant
           Regiments
           of
           Horse
           :
           For
           those
           that
           were
           not
           good
           at
           Fighting
           themselves
           ,
           hired
           such
           as
           were
           more
           Martial
           in
           their
           Inclinations
           ,
           and
           such
           as
           loved
           not
           Horse-service
           ,
           substituted
           in
           their
           rooms
           such
           as
           did
           .
           He
           professed
           in
           this
           to
           imitate
           the
           laudable
           Example
           of
           Agamemnon
           ,
           who
           took
           the
           Present
           of
           an
           excellent
           Mare
           ,
           to
           dismiss
           a
           rich
           Coward
           from
           the
           Army
           .
        
         
         
           When
           by
           Agesilaus
           his
           Order
           ,
           the
           Prisoners
           
           he
           had
           taken
           in
           Phrygia
           were
           exposed
           to
           Sale
           ,
           they
           were
           first
           stripped
           of
           their
           Garments
           ,
           and
           then
           sold
           naked
           .
           The
           Cloaths
           found
           many
           Customers
           to
           buy
           them
           ,
           but
           the
           Bodies
           being
           by
           the
           Ease
           they
           had
           alway
           lived
           in
           ,
           rendred
           white
           ,
           and
           tender-skinned
           ,
           were
           derided
           and
           scorned
           as
           unserviceable
           :
           Agesilaus
           who
           stood
           by
           at
           the
           Auction
           ,
           told
           his
           
             Grecians
             ,
             These
             are
             the
             Men
             against
             whom
             ye
             fight
             ,
             and
             these
             are
             the
             things
             for
             which
             ye
             ●ight
             .
          
        
         
           The
           Season
           of
           the
           Year
           being
           come
           ,
           he
           boldly
           gave
           out
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           Invade
           Lydia
           ;
           which
           plain
           Dealing
           of
           his
           was
           mistaken
           for
           a
           Stratagem
           by
           Tisaphernes
           ,
           who
           by
           not
           believing
           Agesilaus
           ,
           over-reached
           himself
           :
           
           He
           expected
           that
           he
           should
           have
           made
           choice
           of
           Caria
           ,
           as
           a
           rough
           Country
           ,
           not
           fit
           for
           Horse
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           deemed
           Agesilaus
           to
           be
           weak
           ,
           and
           directed
           his
           own
           Marches
           accordingly
           .
           But
           when
           he
           found
           him
           to
           be
           as
           good
           as
           his
           Word
           ,
           and
           to
           have
           entred
           into
           the
           Country
           of
           Sardis
           ,
           he
           made
           great
           haste
           after
           him
           ,
           and
           by
           great
           Marches
           of
           his
           Horse
           ,
           overtaking
           the
           loose
           Stragglers
           who
           were
           pillaging
           the
           Country
           ,
           he
           cut
           them
           off
           .
           Agesilaus
           mean
           while
           considering
           that
           the
           Horse
           had
           out-rid
           the
           Foot
           ,
           but
           that
           he
           himself
           had
           the
           whole
           Body
           of
           his
           own
           Army
           entire
           ,
           made
           haste
           to
           Engage
           
           them
           :
           He
           mingled
           his
           light
           arm'd
           Foot
           ,
           that
           
           wore
           Leather
           Shields
           ,
           with
           the
           Horse
           ,
           commanding
           them
           to
           begin
           the
           Battel
           ,
           whilst
           he
           brought
           up
           the
           heavier-armed
           Men
           in
           the
           Rear
           :
           The
           Success
           was
           answerable
           to
           the
           Design
           ;
           the
           Barbarians
           were
           put
           to
           the
           Rout
           ,
           the
           Grecians
           pursued
           hard
           ,
           took
           their
           Camp
           ,
           and
           put
           many
           of
           them
           to
           the
           Sword
           :
           The
           Consequence
           of
           this
           Victory
           was
           very
           great
           ,
           for
           they
           had
           not
           only
           their
           liberty
           of
           Foraging
           the
           Persian
           Country
           ,
           and
           Plundering
           at
           pleasure
           ,
           but
           also
           saw
           Tisaphernes
           pay
           dearly
           for
           all
           the
           Cruelty
           he
           had
           shewed
           the
           Greeks
           ,
           to
           whom
           he
           was
           a
           professed
           Enemy
           :
           For
           the
           King
           of
           Persia
           soon
           sent
           Tithraustes
           ,
           
           who
           took
           off
           his
           Head
           ,
           and
           presently
           dealt
           with
           Agesilaus
           ,
           about
           his
           Return
           into
           Greece
           ,
           sending
           to
           him
           Ambassadors
           to
           that
           purpose
           ,
           with
           Commission
           to
           offer
           him
           great
           Sums
           of
           Money
           .
           
           Agesilaus's
           Answer
           was
           ,
           That
           the
           making
           of
           Peace
           belonged
           to
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           ,
           not
           to
           him
           :
           As
           for
           Wealth
           ,
           he
           had
           rather
           see
           it
           in
           his
           Soldiers
           hands
           than
           his
           own
           ;
           that
           the
           Grecians
           thought
           it
           not
           Honourable
           to
           Enrich
           themselves
           with
           the
           Bribes
           of
           their
           Enemies
           ,
           but
           with
           their
           Spoils
           only
           .
           Yet
           ,
           that
           he
           might
           gratifie
           Tithraustes
           for
           the
           Justice
           he
           had
           done
           upon
           Tisaphernes
           ,
           the
           avowed
           Enemy
           of
           the
           Greeks
           ,
           he
           removed
           his
           Quarters
           into
           Phrygia
           ,
           accepting
           of
           thirty
           Talents
           towards
           the
           Charge
           
           of
           it
           .
           Whilst
           he
           was
           upon
           his
           March
           ,
           he
           
           received
           a
           Patent
           from
           the
           Council
           of
           Sparta
           ,
           which
           did
           constitute
           him
           Admiral
           as
           well
           as
           General
           .
           This
           Honour
           was
           never
           done
           to
           any
           but
           Agesilaus
           ,
           who
           being
           undoubtedly
           the
           far
           greatest
           Man
           of
           his
           Time
           ,
           (
           as
           Theopompus
           witnesseth
           )
           gloried
           more
           in
           his
           Vertue
           ,
           than
           in
           his
           Authority
           and
           Power
           :
           Yet
           he
           committed
           a
           great
           Oversight
           in
           preferring
           Pisander
           to
           the
           Command
           of
           the
           Navy
           ,
           when
           there
           were
           many
           at
           hand
           both
           older
           and
           wiser
           ,
           and
           more
           experienced
           Captains
           ;
           in
           this
           not
           so
           much
           consulting
           the
           Publick
           Good
           ,
           as
           the
           Gratification
           of
           his
           Kindred
           ,
           and
           especially
           his
           Wife
           ,
           whose
           Brother
           Pisander
           was
           .
        
         
           Having
           removed
           his
           Camp
           into
           
           Pharnabazus's
           Province
           ,
           he
           not
           only
           met
           with
           great
           plenty
           of
           Provisions
           ,
           but
           also
           raised
           great
           Sums
           of
           Money
           ,
           and
           marching
           on
           to
           the
           Bounds
           of
           Paphlagonia
           ,
           he
           soon
           drew
           
           Cotys
           ,
           the
           King
           of
           it
           ,
           into
           a
           League
           ,
           to
           which
           he
           of
           his
           own
           accord
           inclined
           ,
           out
           of
           the
           Esteem
           he
           had
           of
           Agesilaus
           his
           Honour
           and
           Vertue
           .
           Spithridates
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           fell
           off
           from
           Pharnabazus
           ,
           did
           constantly
           attend
           Agesilaus
           in
           the
           Camp
           whithersoever
           he
           went
           :
           This
           Spithridates
           had
           a
           handsom
           Boy
           to
           his
           Son
           ,
           of
           whom
           Agesilaus
           was
           enamoured
           ,
           also
           a
           very
           beautiful
           Daughter
           ,
           that
           was
           marriageable
           ;
           her
           Agesilaus
           matched
           
           to
           Cotys
           ,
           and
           taking
           of
           him
           1000
           Horse
           ,
           with
           2000
           light-armed
           Foot
           ,
           he
           returned
           into
           Phrygia
           ,
           and
           there
           pillaged
           the
           Country
           of
           Pharnabazus
           ,
           who
           durst
           not
           stand
           him
           
           in
           the
           Field
           ,
           nor
           yet
           trust
           to
           his
           Garisons
           ,
           but
           getting
           his
           Jewels
           and
           rich
           Commodities
           together
           ,
           flitted
           up
           and
           down
           with
           a
           flying
           Army
           ,
           till
           Spithridates
           being
           joyned
           with
           Erippidas
           the
           Spartan
           ,
           beat
           him
           out
           of
           all
           his
           Holds
           ,
           and
           they
           possessed
           themselves
           of
           all
           the
           Spoil
           .
           Here
           Erippidas
           being
           too
           
           severe
           an
           Enquirer
           into
           the
           Plunder
           wherewith
           the
           Barbarian
           Soldiers
           had
           enriched
           themselves
           ,
           and
           forcing
           them
           to
           deliver
           it
           up
           with
           too
           much
           Strictness
           ,
           so
           disobliged
           Spithridates
           ,
           that
           he
           changed
           sides
           again
           ,
           and
           went
           off
           with
           the
           Paphlagonians
           to
           the
           Sardians
           .
           This
           was
           no
           small
           Displeasure
           to
           Agesilaus
           ,
           not
           only
           that
           he
           had
           lost
           the
           Friendship
           of
           a
           valiant
           Commander
           ,
           and
           with
           him
           a
           considerable
           Part
           of
           his
           Army
           ,
           but
           chiefly
           that
           he
           did
           it
           with
           the
           Disrepute
           of
           a
           sordid
           Covetousness
           ,
           of
           which
           he
           alway
           took
           care
           to
           clear
           both
           himself
           and
           his
           Country
           :
           Besides
           these
           publick
           Causes
           ,
           he
           had
           a
           private
           one
           ,
           viz.
           the
           excessive
           Love
           of
           his
           
           Son
           ,
           which
           touched
           him
           to
           the
           quick
           ,
           yet
           did
           he
           so
           much
           endeavour
           to
           master
           ,
           and
           especially
           in
           presence
           of
           the
           Boy
           ,
           to
           suppress
           all
           appearance
           of
           it
           ,
           that
           when
           Megabates
           (
           for
           that
           was
           his
           Name
           )
           did
           address
           
           himself
           to
           him
           to
           Salute
           and
           Kiss
           ,
           he
           declined
           it
           .
           At
           which
           ,
           when
           the
           young
           Man
           blushed
           and
           drew
           back
           ,
           saluting
           him
           at
           a
           more
           reserved
           distance
           ,
           Agesilaus
           soon
           repenting
           his
           Coyness
           ,
           and
           changing
           his
           Mind
           ,
           pretended
           to
           wonder
           why
           he
           did
           not
           salute
           him
           with
           the
           like
           Familiarity
           as
           formerly
           .
           His
           Friends
           about
           him
           answered
           ,
           
             you
             are
             in
             the
             fault
             ,
             who
             durst
             not
             stand
             the
             Kiss
             of
             a
             pretty
             Boy
             ,
             but
             outrun
             it
             ;
             he
             will
             soon
             offer
             you
             the
             like
             Kindness
             again
             ,
             if
             he
             may
             but
             find
             it
             welcome
             to
             you
             .
          
           Upon
           this
           Agesilaus
           paused
           a
           while
           ,
           and
           at
           length
           answered
           ,
           
             You
             need
             not
             encourage
             him
             to
             a
             repetition
             of
             that
             Kindness
             ;
             I
             had
             rather
             be
             Master
             of
             myself
             in
             the
             refusal
             of
             that
             Kiss
             ,
             than
             see
             all
             things
             that
             are
             now
             before
             mine
             eye
             turned
             into
             Gold.
          
           Thus
           he
           demeaned
           himself
           to
           Megabates
           when
           present
           ,
           but
           he
           had
           so
           great
           a
           Passion
           for
           him
           in
           his
           absence
           ,
           that
           I
           question
           whether
           if
           the
           Boy
           had
           returned
           again
           ,
           all
           the
           Vertue
           he
           had
           ,
           would
           have
           obliged
           him
           to
           such
           another
           Refusal
           .
        
         
           After
           that
           ,
           Pharnabazus
           sought
           an
           opportunity
           
           of
           conferring
           with
           Agesilaus
           ,
           which
           Apollophanes
           of
           Cyzicum
           ,
           the
           common
           Host
           of
           them
           both
           ,
           procured
           for
           him
           :
           Agesilaus
           coming
           first
           to
           the
           appointed
           Place
           ,
           lay
           down
           upon
           the
           Grass
           under
           a
           Tree
           ,
           lying
           there
           in
           expectation
           of
           Pharnabazus
           ,
           who
           bringing
           with
           him
           soft
           Skins
           and
           wrought
           
           Carpets
           to
           lye
           down
           upon
           ,
           when
           he
           saw
           
           Agesilaus's
           Posture
           ,
           grew
           ashamed
           of
           his
           own
           Provisions
           ,
           made
           no
           use
           of
           them
           ,
           but
           laid
           himself
           down
           upon
           the
           Grass
           also
           ,
           though
           he
           had
           a
           fine
           delicate
           richly-died
           Coat
           on
           ,
           which
           was
           like
           to
           lose
           much
           of
           its
           beauty
           by
           the
           action
           :
           Pharnabazus
           had
           matter
           enough
           of
           Complaint
           against
           Agesilaus
           ,
           and
           therefore
           after
           the
           mutual
           Civilities
           were
           over
           ,
           he
           put
           him
           in
           mind
           of
           the
           great
           Services
           he
           had
           done
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           in
           the
           Attick
           War
           ,
           of
           which
           he
           thought
           it
           an
           ill
           Recompence
           ,
           to
           have
           his
           Country
           thus
           harrassed
           and
           spoiled
           ,
           by
           those
           Men
           who
           had
           been
           so
           obliged
           to
           him
           .
           The
           Spartans
           that
           were
           about
           Agesilaus
           ,
           hung
           down
           their
           Heads
           ,
           as
           ashamed
           of
           the
           Wrong
           they
           had
           done
           to
           their
           good
           Ally
           .
           But
           the
           King
           briskly
           answer'd
           ,
           We
           ,
           O
           Pharnabazus
           ,
           
             when
             we
             were
             in
             Amity
             with
             your
             Master
             the
          
           Persian
           ,
           
             did
             behave
             our selves
             like
             Friends
             ,
             now
             when
             he
             hath
             given
             us
             occasion
             of
             War
             ,
             we
             behave
             our selves
             as
             Enemies
             .
             As
             for
             you
             ,
             whose
             kind
             Offices
             we
             are
             ready
             to
             acknowledge
             ,
             we
             look
             upon
             you
             as
             his
             Servant
             ;
             we
             are
             fain
             to
             do
             these
             Outrages
             upon
             you
             ,
             not
             intending
             the
             Harm
             to
             you
             ,
             but
             to
             him
             whom
             we
             wound
             through
             your
             sides
             .
             But
             whenever
             you
             will
             choose
             rather
             to
             be
             a
             Friend
             to
             the
          
           Grecians
           ,
           
             than
             a
             Slave
             of
             the
             King
             of
          
           P●●sia
           ,
           
             you
             may
             then
             reckon
             this
             Army
             and
             Navy
             to
             be
             all
             at
             your
             Command
             ,
             to
             defend
             both
             you
             and
             your
          
           
           
             Country
             ,
             together
             with
             your
             Liberties
             ,
             without
             which
             there
             is
             nothing
             honourable
             ,
             or
             indeed
             desirable
             among
             Men.
          
           Upon
           this
           Pharnabazus
           discovered
           his
           mind
           ,
           and
           answered
           ,
           
             If
             the
             King
             sendeth
             another
             Governour
             in
             my
             room
             ,
             I
             will
             certainly
             come
             over
             to
             you
             ,
             but
             as
             long
             as
             he
             trusteth
             me
             with
             the
             Government
             ,
             I
             shall
             be
             just
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             not
             fail
             to
             do
             my
             utmost
             Endeavours
             in
             opposing
             you
             .
             Agesilaus
          
           was
           taken
           with
           the
           Answer
           ,
           and
           shook
           Hands
           with
           him
           ,
           and
           (
           rising
           )
           said
           ,
           
             How
             much
             rather
             had
             I
             have
             so
             gallant
             a
             Man
             my
             Friend
             than
             mine
             Enemy
             .
          
        
         
           Pharnabazus
           being
           gone
           off
           ,
           his
           Son
           ,
           staying
           
           behind
           ,
           ran
           up
           to
           Agesilaus
           ,
           and
           smilingly
           said
           ,
           
             Agesilaus
             ,
             I
             make
             you
             my
             Guest
          
           ;
           and
           thereupon
           presented
           him
           with
           a
           Javelin
           which
           he
           had
           in
           his
           hand
           .
           Agesilaus
           received
           it
           ,
           and
           being
           much
           taken
           with
           the
           good
           Meen
           and
           Gallantry
           of
           the
           Youth
           ,
           looked
           about
           to
           see
           if
           there
           were
           any
           thing
           in
           his
           Train
           fit
           to
           offer
           him
           in
           Return
           ;
           and
           observing
           the
           Horse
           of
           Adaeus
           ,
           his
           Secretary
           ,
           to
           have
           very
           fine
           Trappings
           on
           ,
           he
           took
           them
           off
           ,
           and
           bestowed
           them
           upon
           the
           young
           Gentleman
           ;
           nor
           did
           his
           Kindness
           rest
           there
           ,
           but
           he
           was
           ever
           after
           mindful
           of
           him
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           when
           he
           was
           driven
           out
           of
           his
           Country
           by
           the
           Injury
           of
           his
           Brethren
           ,
           and
           lived
           an
           Exile
           in
           Peloponnesus
           ,
           he
           took
           great
           care
           of
           his
           Maintenance
           ;
           and
           
           not
           only
           so
           ,
           but
           also
           condescended
           to
           assist
           him
           in
           his
           Amours
           ;
           for
           he
           being
           in
           Love
           with
           a
           Youth
           of
           Athenian
           Birth
           ,
           which
           was
           bred
           up
           to
           his
           Exercises
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           playing
           of
           the
           Prize
           in
           the
           Olympick
           Games
           ,
           and
           this
           Youth
           being
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           his
           great
           Bulk
           ,
           and
           sour
           Looks
           ,
           in
           some
           danger
           of
           not
           being
           admitted
           into
           the
           List
           ,
           the
           Persian
           betook
           himself
           to
           Agesilaus
           ,
           and
           made
           use
           of
           his
           Friendship
           :
           Agesilaus
           readily
           assisted
           him
           ,
           and
           took
           great
           pains
           in
           effecting
           his
           Desires
           .
           He
           was
           in
           all
           other
           things
           a
           Man
           
           of
           great
           and
           exact
           Justice
           ,
           but
           when
           the
           Case
           concerned
           a
           Friend
           ,
           to
           be
           strait-laced
           in
           point
           of
           Justice
           ,
           (
           he
           said
           )
           was
           only
           a
           colourable
           Pretence
           of
           denying
           him
           .
           There
           is
           an
           Epistle
           written
           to
           Idrieus
           ,
           Prince
           of
           Caria
           ,
           that
           is
           ascribed
           to
           Agesilaus
           ;
           it
           is
           this
           :
           If
           Nicias
           
             be
             innocent
             ,
             absolve
             him
             ;
             if
             he
             be
             nocent
             ,
             absolve
             him
             upon
             my
             account
             ,
             however
             be
             sure
             to
             absolve
             him
             .
          
           And
           indeed
           this
           is
           the
           true
           Character
           of
           Agesilaus
           ,
           as
           to
           his
           Deportment
           towards
           his
           Friends
           :
           Yet
           was
           not
           his
           Rule
           without
           Exception
           ;
           for
           sometimes
           he
           considered
           the
           Necessity
           of
           his
           Affairs
           more
           than
           his
           Friend
           ,
           of
           which
           he
           once
           gave
           a
           great
           Example
           ,
           when
           upon
           a
           sudden
           and
           disorderly
           Remove
           of
           his
           Camp
           ,
           he
           was
           forced
           to
           leave
           a
           sick
           Friend
           behind
           him
           ;
           who
           when
           he
           called
           loud
           after
           him
           ,
           and
           implored
           his
           Help
           ,
           Agesilaus
           turned
           his
           
           Back
           ,
           and
           said
           ,
           
             What
             an
             hard
             thing
             is
             it
             to
             be
             merciful
             and
             wise
             too
             ?
          
           This
           Story
           is
           deliver'd
           by
           Hieronymus
           .
        
         
           Another
           Year
           of
           the
           War
           being
           spent
           ,
           Agesilaus
           his
           Fame
           still
           increased
           ,
           insomuch
           
           that
           the
           Persian
           King
           received
           daily
           Informations
           concerning
           his
           many
           Vertues
           ,
           and
           the
           great
           Esteem
           the
           World
           had
           of
           his
           Continency
           ,
           his
           Candor
           and
           Moderation
           .
           When
           he
           made
           any
           Journey
           with
           his
           private
           Train
           ,
           he
           would
           usually
           take
           up
           his
           Lodging
           in
           a
           Temple
           ,
           and
           there
           make
           the
           Gods
           Witnesses
           of
           his
           most
           private
           Actions
           ,
           which
           others
           would
           scarce
           permit
           Men
           to
           be
           acquainted
           with
           .
           In
           so
           great
           an
           Army
           ,
           you
           should
           scarce
           find
           a
           common
           Soldier
           lye
           on
           a
           coarser
           Mattress
           ,
           or
           fare
           more
           hardly
           ;
           he
           was
           so
           inured
           to
           the
           varieties
           of
           Heat
           and
           Cold
           ,
           that
           both
           seemed
           natural
           to
           him
           .
           The
           Greeks
           that
           inhabited
           Asia
           ,
           were
           much
           pleased
           to
           see
           the
           great
           Dons
           of
           Persia
           ,
           with
           all
           the
           Pride
           ,
           Cruelty
           and
           Luxury
           ,
           in
           which
           they
           lived
           ,
           to
           vail
           Bonnet
           to
           a
           Man
           in
           a
           poor
           thread-bare
           Cloak
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           governed
           by
           a
           Word
           or
           Nod
           ,
           or
           a
           Laconick
           Sentence
           out
           of
           his
           Mouth
           :
           It
           put
           them
           in
           mind
           of
           that
           Verse
           in
           Timotheus
           ;
        
         
           
             While
             Mars
             himself
             her
             firm
             Sceptre
             hold
             ,
          
           
             Greece
             fears
             not
             the
             weak
             Charms
             of
             Foreign
             Gold.
             
          
        
         
         
           Asia
           being
           now
           grown
           afraid
           of
           the
           Lacedaemonian
           Arms
           ,
           was
           every-where
           ready
           to
           yield
           to
           them
           .
           Agesilaus
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           took
           order
           with
           several
           of
           the
           Cities
           ,
           and
           composed
           the
           Differences
           of
           divers
           of
           the
           Republicks
           without
           Bloudshed
           ,
           or
           Banishment
           of
           any
           of
           their
           Members
           :
           By
           these
           means
           having
           rendred
           himself
           every-where
           popular
           ,
           he
           resolved
           to
           quit
           the
           Sea-side
           ,
           to
           march
           further
           up
           into
           the
           Country
           ,
           and
           to
           attack
           the
           King
           of
           Persia
           himself
           in
           Susa
           and
           Ecbatane
           ,
           not
           willing
           to
           let
           that
           Monarch
           sit
           idle
           in
           his
           Chair
           ,
           whilst
           he
           made
           Wars
           by
           his
           Lieutenants
           ,
           and
           by
           his
           Money
           corrupted
           the
           Demagogues
           of
           Greece
           .
           But
           these
           great
           Thoughts
           were
           interrupted
           by
           unhappy
           News
           from
           
             Sparta
             ;
             Epicydidas
          
           is
           
           from
           thence
           sent
           to
           remand
           him
           Home
           ,
           to
           assist
           his
           own
           Country
           ,
           which
           was
           then
           involved
           in
           a
           great
           War.
           
        
         
           
             The
             Fields
             of
             Greece
             no
             Barbarous
             Foe
             surrounds
             ,
          
           
             She
             bleeds
             (
             alas
             !
             )
             with
             more
             dishonest
             Wounds
             .
          
        
         
           What
           better
           can
           we
           say
           of
           those
           Civil
           Wars
           ,
           and
           Intestine
           Broyls
           ,
           which
           did
           destroy
           the
           Fortune
           of
           Greece
           ,
           and
           call
           her
           back
           from
           her
           full
           Career
           of
           Victory
           over
           the
           Barbarians
           ,
           only
           to
           sheath
           her
           Sword
           into
           her
           own
           Bowels
           ?
           For
           I
           do
           by
           no
           means
           assent
           
           to
           Demaratus
           of
           Corinth
           ,
           who
           said
           ,
           
             That
             those
          
           Grecians
           
             were
             deprived
             of
             a
             great
             Satisfaction
             ,
             that
             did
             not
             live
             to
             see
          
           Alexander
           
             sit
             in
             the
             Throne
             of
          
           Darius
           .
           That
           Sight
           should
           rather
           have
           drawn
           Tears
           from
           them
           ,
           when
           they
           considered
           ,
           that
           they
           had
           left
           that
           Glory
           to
           Alexander
           and
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           whilst
           they
           spent
           all
           their
           own
           great
           Commanders
           ,
           in
           playing
           them
           upon
           each
           other
           in
           the
           Fields
           of
           
             Leuctra
             ,
             Coronea
             ,
             Corinth
          
           ,
           and
           Arcadia
           .
        
         
           Nothing
           was
           greater
           or
           braver
           than
           the
           Behaviour
           of
           Agesilaus
           on
           this
           occasion
           ,
           nor
           can
           a
           nobler
           Instance
           be
           found
           in
           Story
           ,
           of
           a
           ready
           Obedience
           and
           just
           Deference
           to
           
           the
           Orders
           of
           the
           Senate
           .
           Annibal
           ,
           though
           in
           a
           bad
           condition
           himself
           ,
           and
           almost
           driven
           out
           of
           Italy
           ,
           yet
           stormed
           and
           raged
           when
           he
           was
           called
           Home
           to
           serve
           his
           Country
           .
           Alexander
           made
           a
           Jest
           of
           the
           Battel
           between
           Agis
           and
           Antipater
           ,
           the
           Success
           of
           which
           required
           his
           looking
           back
           into
           his
           own
           Country
           ,
           laughing
           and
           saying
           ,
           
             That
             whilst
             we
             are
             fighting
          
           Darius
           in
           Asia
           ,
           
             it
             seems
             there
             is
             a
             Battel
             of
             Mice
             in
          
           Arcadia
           .
           Happy
           Sparta
           mean
           while
           ,
           in
           the
           great
           Justice
           and
           Modesty
           of
           Agesilaus
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           Honour
           he
           paid
           to
           the
           Laws
           of
           his
           Country
           ;
           who
           immediately
           upon
           receipt
           of
           his
           Orders
           ,
           (
           though
           in
           the
           midst
           of
           his
           good
           Fortune
           ,
           and
           in
           full
           hope
           of
           so
           great
           and
           
           glorious
           Success
           )
           left
           his
           Work
           unfinished
           ,
           instantly
           departed
           ,
           leaving
           his
           Friends
           in
           Asia
           very
           sorrowful
           for
           the
           loss
           of
           him
           :
           Which
           great
           Kindness
           and
           Fidelity
           of
           his
           ,
           that
           had
           obliged
           so
           many
           to
           him
           in
           Asia
           ,
           did
           sufficiently
           confute
           the
           Saying
           of
           Demaratus
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           
             Phaeux
             ,
             That
             the
          
           Lacedaemonians
           
             excelled
             in
             their
             Publick
             Transactions
             ,
             and
             just
             maintaining
             of
             Leagues
             ,
             but
             the
          
           Athenians
           
             were
             better
             Observers
             of
             private
             Friendships
             .
          
        
         
           The
           Coin
           of
           Persia
           was
           stamped
           with
           the
           Picture
           of
           an
           Archer
           ;
           Agesilaus
           said
           ,
           
             That
             a
             thousand
          
           Persian
           
             Archers
             had
             driven
             him
             out
             of
          
           Asia
           ;
           meaning
           the
           Money
           that
           was
           laid
           out
           in
           bribing
           the
           Demagogues
           ,
           and
           the
           Orators
           in
           Thebes
           and
           Athens
           ,
           whereby
           those
           two
           Republicks
           were
           incited
           to
           a
           War
           with
           Sparta
           .
        
         
           Having
           passed
           the
           Hellespont
           ,
           he
           went
           by
           
           Land
           through
           Thrace
           ,
           not
           begging
           or
           entreating
           a
           Passage
           any
           where
           ,
           only
           he
           sent
           his
           Envoys
           to
           them
           ,
           to
           demand
           whether
           they
           would
           have
           him
           pass
           as
           a
           Friend
           or
           as
           an
           Enemy
           .
           All
           the
           rest
           received
           him
           as
           a
           Friend
           ,
           and
           used
           him
           with
           all
           Civility
           :
           but
           
           the
           Trallians
           (
           of
           whom
           Xerxes
           is
           said
           to
           have
           bought
           his
           Passage
           )
           demanded
           a
           Price
           of
           him
           ,
           viz.
           A
           hundred
           Talents
           of
           Silver
           ,
           and
           a
           hundred
           Women
           .
           Agesilaus
           in
           scorn
           asked
           ,
           
             Why
             they
             were
             not
             ready
             to
             receive
             them
             ?
          
           
           He
           marched
           on
           ,
           and
           meeting
           with
           Opposition
           from
           the
           Trallians
           ,
           fought
           them
           ,
           and
           slew
           great
           numbers
           of
           them
           .
           He
           sent
           the
           
           like
           Embassy
           to
           the
           King
           of
           Macedonia
           ,
           who
           took
           time
           to
           deliberate
           :
           
             Why
             then
             let
             him
             deliberate
          
           ,
           said
           
             Agesilaus
             ,
             we
             will
             go
             forward
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             .
          
           The
           Macedonian
           being
           surprized
           and
           daunted
           at
           the
           Resolution
           of
           the
           Spartan
           King
           ,
           fairly
           sent
           him
           a
           Complement
           ,
           and
           let
           him
           pass
           .
           When
           he
           came
           into
           Thessaly
           ,
           he
           wasted
           the
           Country
           ,
           because
           they
           
           were
           in
           League
           with
           the
           Enemy
           .
           To
           Larissa
           ,
           the
           chief
           City
           of
           Thessaly
           ,
           he
           sent
           Xenocles
           and
           Scythes
           to
           Treat
           of
           a
           Peace
           ,
           whom
           when
           the
           Larissaeans
           had
           laid
           hold
           of
           ,
           and
           put
           into
           Custody
           ,
           the
           Army
           was
           enraged
           ,
           and
           advised
           the
           Siege
           of
           the
           Town
           ;
           but
           the
           King
           answered
           ,
           
             That
             he
             valued
             either
             of
             those
             Men
             at
             more
             than
             the
             whole
             Country
             of
          
           Thessaly
           .
           He
           therefore
           made
           Terms
           with
           them
           ,
           and
           received
           his
           Men
           again
           upon
           Composition
           .
           Nor
           need
           we
           wonder
           at
           that
           Saying
           of
           Agesilaus
           ,
           at
           a
           time
           when
           he
           had
           News
           brought
           him
           from
           Sparta
           ,
           of
           several
           great
           Captains
           slain
           in
           a
           Battel
           near
           Corinth
           ,
           in
           which
           though
           the
           Slaughter
           fell
           upon
           other
           Grecians
           ,
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           obtaining
           a
           great
           Victory
           with
           small
           loss
           ,
           yet
           Agesilaus
           did
           not
           appear
           at
           all
           satisfi'd
           in
           it
           ;
           
           contrarily
           with
           a
           great
           Sigh
           he
           cried
           out
           ,
           O
           ▪
           Greece
           ,
           
             how
             many
             gallant
             Men
             hast
             thou
             destroyed
             ,
          
           
           
             which
             if
             they
             had
             been
             preserved
             to
             so
             good
             an
             use
             ,
             might
             have
             conquered
             all
          
           Persia
           !
           Yet
           when
           the
           Pharsalians
           grew
           troublesom
           
           to
           him
           ,
           by
           pressing
           upon
           his
           Army
           ,
           and
           incommoding
           his
           Passage
           ,
           he
           drew
           out
           five
           hundred
           Horse
           ,
           and
           in
           Person
           fought
           and
           routed
           them
           ,
           setting
           up
           a
           Trophy
           at
           Narthacium
           :
           he
           valued
           himself
           much
           upon
           that
           Victory
           ,
           that
           with
           so
           small
           a
           Number
           of
           his
           own
           choosing
           ,
           he
           had
           vanquished
           an
           Army
           of
           Men
           ,
           that
           thought
           themselves
           the
           best
           Horse-men
           of
           Greece
           .
        
         
           Here
           Diphridas
           ,
           the
           Ephore
           ,
           met
           him
           ,
           and
           delivered
           his
           Message
           from
           Sparta
           ,
           which
           order'd
           him
           immediately
           to
           make
           an
           Inroad
           into
           Baeotia
           ;
           which
           though
           he
           thought
           
           fitter
           to
           have
           been
           done
           at
           another
           time
           ,
           and
           with
           greater
           Force
           ,
           yet
           he
           obeyed
           the
           Magistrates
           .
           He
           thereupon
           told
           his
           Soldiers
           ,
           that
           the
           day
           was
           come
           ,
           in
           which
           they
           were
           to
           enter
           upon
           that
           Employment
           ,
           for
           the
           performance
           of
           which
           they
           were
           brought
           out
           of
           Asia
           .
           He
           sent
           for
           two
           Cohorts
           of
           the
           Army
           near
           Corinth
           to
           his
           Assistance
           .
           The
           Lacedaemonians
           at
           home
           ,
           in
           Honour
           to
           him
           ,
           made
           Proclamation
           for
           Voluntiers
           that
           would
           serve
           under
           the
           King
           ,
           to
           come
           in
           and
           be
           listed
           .
           Finding
           all
           the
           young
           Men
           in
           the
           City
           ready
           to
           ofter
           themselves
           ,
           they
           chose
           fifty
           of
           the
           ablest
           ,
           and
           sent
           them
           .
        
         
         
           Agesilaus
           having
           gain'd
           the
           Thermopylae
           ,
           and
           passed
           quietly
           through
           Phocis
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           had
           entred
           Baeotia
           ,
           and
           pitched
           his
           Tents
           near
           Chaeronea
           ,
           at
           once
           met
           with
           an
           Eclipse
           of
           the
           Sun
           ,
           and
           with
           ill
           News
           from
           the
           Navy
           ,
           Pisander
           ,
           the
           Spartan
           Admiral
           ,
           being
           beaten
           at
           Guidos
           ,
           by
           Pharnabazus
           and
           Conon
           .
           He
           was
           much
           moved
           at
           it
           ,
           both
           upon
           his
           own
           and
           the
           Publick
           account
           :
           Yet
           lest
           his
           Army
           ,
           being
           now
           near
           engaging
           ,
           should
           meet
           with
           any
           Discouragement
           ,
           he
           ordered
           the
           Messengers
           to
           give
           out
           ,
           that
           the
           Spartans
           were
           the
           Conquerors
           ,
           and
           he
           himself
           putting
           on
           his
           Crown
           ,
           did
           solemnly
           sacrifice
           ,
           out
           of
           a
           pretended
           Joy
           for
           the
           News
           ,
           and
           sent
           Portions
           of
           the
           Sacrifices
           to
           his
           Friends
           .
        
         
           When
           he
           came
           near
           to
           Coronea
           ,
           and
           was
           
           within
           view
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           he
           drew
           up
           his
           Army
           ,
           and
           giving
           the
           left
           Wing
           to
           the
           Orchomenians
           ,
           he
           himself
           led
           the
           right
           .
           The
           Thebans
           did
           make
           the
           right
           Wing
           of
           their
           Army
           ,
           leaving
           the
           left
           to
           the
           
             Argives
             .
             Xenophon
          
           ,
           who
           was
           present
           ,
           and
           fought
           on
           
           Agesilaus's
           side
           ,
           reports
           it
           to
           be
           the
           hardest
           fought
           Battel
           that
           he
           had
           seen
           .
           The
           beginning
           of
           it
           was
           not
           so
           ,
           for
           the
           Thebans
           soon
           put
           the
           Orchomenians
           to
           rout
           ,
           as
           also
           did
           Agesilaus
           the
           Argives
           .
           But
           both
           Parties
           having
           News
           of
           the
           Misfortune
           of
           their
           left
           Wings
           ,
           they
           betook
           themselves
           to
           their
           Relief
           .
           
           Here
           Agesilaus
           might
           have
           been
           sure
           of
           his
           Victory
           ,
           had
           he
           contented
           himself
           not
           to
           charge
           them
           in
           the
           Front
           ,
           but
           in
           the
           Flank
           or
           Rear
           ;
           but
           being
           too
           high
           in
           Mettle
           ,
           and
           heated
           in
           the
           Fight
           ,
           he
           would
           not
           stay
           the
           Opportunity
           ,
           but
           fell
           on
           downright
           ,
           thinking
           to
           bear
           them
           down
           before
           him
           .
           The
           Thebans
           were
           not
           behind
           him
           in
           Courage
           ,
           so
           that
           the
           Battel
           was
           fiercely
           carry'd
           on
           on
           both
           sides
           ,
           especially
           near
           
           Agesilaus's
           Person
           ,
           whose
           new
           Guard
           of
           fifty
           Voluntiers
           stood
           him
           in
           great
           stead
           that
           day
           ,
           and
           saved
           his
           Life
           :
           They
           fought
           with
           great
           Valour
           ,
           and
           interposed
           their
           Bodies
           frequently
           between
           him
           and
           Danger
           ,
           yet
           could
           they
           not
           so
           preserve
           him
           ,
           but
           that
           he
           received
           many
           Wounds
           through
           his
           Armour
           with
           Lances
           and
           Swords
           ,
           and
           was
           with
           much
           ado
           gotten
           off
           .
           They
           making
           a
           Ring
           about
           him
           ,
           did
           guard
           him
           from
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           with
           the
           Slaughter
           of
           many
           ,
           and
           lost
           many
           of
           their
           own
           number
           .
           At
           length
           finding
           it
           too
           hard
           a
           Task
           to
           break
           the
           Front
           of
           the
           Theban
           Army
           ,
           they
           opened
           their
           own
           Files
           ,
           and
           let
           the
           Enemy
           march
           through
           them
           ,
           (
           an
           Artifice
           which
           in
           the
           beginning
           they
           scorned
           )
           observing
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           the
           Posture
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           who
           having
           passed
           through
           ,
           grew
           careless
           ,
           as
           esteeming
           themselves
           past
           Danger
           :
           whereupon
           they
           were
           immediately
           set
           upon
           by
           the
           Spartans
           ,
           yet
           
           were
           they
           not
           then
           put
           to
           Rout
           ,
           but
           marched
           on
           to
           Helicon
           ,
           vapouring
           ,
           That
           they
           themselves
           ,
           as
           to
           their
           part
           of
           the
           Army
           ,
           were
           not
           worsted
           .
           Agesilaus
           ,
           sore
           wounded
           as
           he
           was
           ,
           would
           not
           be
           born
           to
           his
           Tent
           ,
           till
           he
           had
           been
           first
           carried
           about
           the
           Field
           ,
           and
           had
           seen
           the
           dead
           Men
           of
           his
           Party
           carried
           off
           in
           their
           Armour
           .
           As
           many
           of
           his
           Enemies
           as
           had
           taken
           Sanctuary
           in
           the
           Temple
           ,
           he
           dismissed
           :
           for
           there
           stood
           hard
           by
           the
           Temple
           of
           Minerva
           the
           Itonian
           ,
           and
           before
           it
           a
           Trophy
           erected
           by
           the
           Baeotians
           ,
           for
           a
           Victory
           ,
           which
           under
           the
           Conduct
           of
           one
           Sparton
           their
           General
           ,
           they
           obtained
           over
           the
           Athenians
           ,
           who
           were
           led
           that
           day
           by
           Tolmides
           ,
           and
           Tolmides
           himself
           slain
           .
        
         
           Next
           morning
           early
           Agesilaus
           ,
           to
           make
           trial
           of
           the
           Theban
           Courage
           ,
           whether
           they
           had
           any
           mind
           to
           a
           second
           Encounter
           ,
           did
           command
           his
           Soldiers
           to
           put
           on
           Garlands
           on
           their
           Heads
           ,
           and
           play
           with
           their
           Flutes
           ,
           and
           raise
           a
           Trophy
           before
           their
           Faces
           ;
           but
           when
           they
           instead
           of
           Fighting
           ,
           sent
           for
           leave
           to
           bury
           their
           Dead
           ,
           he
           gave
           it
           them
           ,
           and
           so
           confirmed
           to
           himself
           the
           Victory
           .
           After
           this
           he
           went
           to
           Delphos
           ,
           to
           the
           Pythian
           
           Games
           which
           were
           then
           celebrating
           ,
           at
           which
           Feast
           he
           assisted
           ,
           and
           there
           solemnly
           offered
           the
           tenth
           part
           of
           the
           Spoils
           he
           had
           brought
           from
           Asia
           ,
           which
           amounted
           to
           an
           hundred
           Talents
           .
        
         
         
           Being
           now
           returned
           to
           his
           own
           Country
           ,
           the
           Eyes
           of
           the
           Spartans
           were
           upon
           him
           ,
           to
           observe
           his
           Diet
           ,
           and
           manner
           of
           Living
           :
           But
           he
           (
           not
           according
           to
           the
           Custom
           of
           other
           
           Generals
           )
           came
           home
           the
           same
           Man
           that
           he
           went
           out
           ,
           having
           not
           so
           learned
           the
           Fashions
           of
           other
           Countries
           ,
           as
           to
           forget
           his
           own
           ,
           much
           less
           to
           nauseate
           or
           despise
           them
           ,
           but
           he
           follow'd
           all
           the
           Spartan
           Customs
           ,
           without
           changing
           either
           the
           manner
           of
           his
           Supping
           ,
           or
           Bathing
           ,
           or
           his
           Wifes
           Apparel
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           had
           never
           travelled
           over
           the
           River
           Eurotas
           .
           The
           like
           he
           did
           by
           his
           Houshold-stuff
           ,
           his
           Armour
           ,
           nay
           ,
           the
           very
           Gates
           of
           his
           House
           were
           so
           old
           ,
           that
           they
           might
           well
           be
           thought
           of
           
           Aristodemus's
           setting
           up
           .
           His
           Daughters
           Chariot
           (
           called
           the
           Canathrum
           )
           was
           no
           richer
           than
           that
           of
           other
           People
           .
           Now
           this
           Canathrum
           ,
           whether
           Chariot
           or
           Chair
           ,
           was
           made
           of
           Wood
           ,
           in
           the
           shape
           of
           a
           Griffon
           ,
           or
           of
           the
           *
           Tragelaphus
           ,
           some
           antick
           shape
           or
           other
           ,
           on
           which
           the
           Children
           and
           young
           Virgins
           were
           carried
           in
           Processions
           .
           Xenophon
           hath
           not
           left
           us
           the
           Name
           of
           this
           Daughter
           of
           Agesilaus
           ;
           at
           which
           Dicaearchus
           is
           angry
           ,
           viz.
           that
           he
           can
           know
           the
           Names
           neither
           of
           
           Agesilaus's
           Daughter
           ,
           nor
           
           Epaminondas's
           Mother
           .
           But
           in
           the
           Records
           of
           Laconia
           we
           find
           his
           Wifes
           Name
           to
           be
           Cl●ora
           ,
           and
           his
           two
           Daughers
           to
           have
           been
           Apolia
           and
           
           Prolyta
           ;
           and
           you
           may
           even
           to
           this
           day
           see
           
           Agesilaus's
           Spear
           kept
           in
           Sparta
           ,
           nothing
           differing
           from
           that
           of
           other
           Men.
           
        
         
           There
           was
           a
           Vanity
           he
           observed
           among
           the
           Spartans
           ,
           about
           keeping
           running
           Horses
           for
           the
           Olympick
           Games
           ,
           upon
           which
           he
           
           found
           they
           much
           valued
           themselves
           .
           Agesilaus
           much
           despised
           it
           ,
           as
           an
           Ostentation
           more
           of
           Wealth
           than
           Vertue
           ,
           deeming
           the
           Victory
           to
           be
           the
           Horse's
           ,
           not
           the
           Man's
           :
           He
           therefore
           to
           convince
           the
           Grecians
           of
           it
           ,
           did
           put
           his
           Sister
           Cynisca
           upon
           keeping
           a
           running
           Horse
           for
           that
           Publick
           Solemnity
           .
        
         
           To
           the
           wise
           Xenophon
           ,
           his
           Friend
           ,
           whom
           he
           much
           valued
           ,
           he
           did
           propose
           the
           bringing
           of
           his
           Children
           to
           Sparta
           ,
           to
           be
           there
           bred
           up
           in
           the
           strictest
           way
           of
           Discipline
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           noble
           Art
           of
           Obeying
           and
           Governing
           .
        
         
           Lysander
           being
           dead
           ,
           and
           his
           Faction
           yet
           great
           and
           prevalent
           ,
           which
           he
           upon
           his
           coming
           out
           of
           Asia
           had
           raised
           against
           Agesilaus
           ,
           the
           King
           thought
           it
           advisable
           to
           expose
           
           both
           him
           and
           it
           ,
           by
           shewing
           what
           manner
           of
           a
           Citizen
           he
           had
           been
           whilst
           he
           lived
           .
           To
           that
           end
           ,
           finding
           an
           Oration
           among
           his
           Writings
           ,
           that
           was
           (
           composed
           by
           Cleon
           the
           Halicarnassean
           ,
           but
           )
           intended
           to
           be
           spoken
           by
           Lysander
           in
           a
           Publick
           Assembly
           ,
           to
           excite
           the
           People
           to
           Innovations
           and
           
           Changes
           in
           the
           Government
           ,
           he
           resolved
           to
           publish
           it
           ,
           as
           an
           Evidence
           of
           
           Lysander's
           ill
           Practices
           .
           But
           one
           of
           the
           Senators
           ,
           having
           the
           perusal
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           finding
           it
           strongly
           written
           ,
           advised
           him
           to
           have
           a
           care
           of
           digging
           
           up
           Lysander
           again
           ,
           and
           rather
           bury
           that
           Oration
           in
           the
           Grave
           with
           him
           .
           This
           Advise
           he
           wisely
           hearkened
           to
           ,
           and
           ever
           after
           forbore
           publickly
           to
           affront
           any
           of
           his
           Adversaries
           ,
           but
           took
           occasions
           of
           picking
           out
           the
           Ring-leaders
           ,
           and
           sending
           them
           away
           upon
           Foreign
           Services
           .
           He
           also
           found
           out
           ways
           of
           discovering
           the
           Avarice
           and
           the
           Injustice
           of
           many
           of
           them
           in
           their
           Employments
           ;
           yet
           ,
           when
           they
           were
           by
           others
           brought
           into
           Question
           ,
           he
           made
           it
           his
           business
           to
           bring
           them
           off
           ,
           obliging
           them
           by
           that
           means
           ,
           of
           Enemies
           to
           become
           his
           Friends
           ,
           and
           so
           by
           degrees
           wore
           out
           the
           Faction
           .
        
         
           Agesipolis
           ,
           his
           Fellow-King
           ,
           was
           under
           
           the
           Disadvantage
           of
           being
           Born
           of
           an
           Exil'd
           Father
           ,
           and
           himself
           Young
           ,
           Modest
           ,
           and
           Unactive
           ,
           and
           meddled
           not
           much
           in
           Affairs
           .
           Agesilaus
           took
           a
           course
           of
           growing
           upon
           him
           ,
           and
           making
           him
           yet
           more
           tractable
           .
           According
           to
           the
           Custom
           of
           Sparta
           ,
           the
           Kings
           ,
           if
           they
           were
           in
           Town
           ,
           alway
           Dined
           together
           .
           This
           was
           
           Agesilaus's
           opportunity
           of
           dealing
           with
           Agesipolis
           ,
           whom
           he
           found
           apt
           to
           Amorous
           Intrigues
           as
           
           well
           as
           himself
           .
           He
           therefore
           alway
           discoursed
           him
           about
           handsome
           Boys
           ,
           egging
           him
           forward
           that
           way
           ,
           and
           himself
           assisting
           in
           it
           ,
           so
           far
           as
           to
           become
           the
           Confident
           of
           the
           Amour
           .
           Yet
           were
           these
           Amours
           innocent
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Custom
           of
           the
           Spartan
           Loves
           ,
           which
           were
           alway
           accompani'd
           with
           Vertue
           and
           Honour
           ,
           and
           a
           noble
           Emulation
           ;
           of
           which
           you
           may
           see
           more
           in
           
           Lycurgus's
           Life
           .
        
         
           Having
           thus
           established
           his
           Power
           in
           the
           City
           ,
           he
           easily
           obtained
           that
           his
           half
           Brother
           Teleutias
           might
           be
           chosen
           Admiral
           ;
           
           and
           thereupon
           making
           an
           Expedition
           against
           the
           Corinthians
           ,
           he
           made
           himself
           Master
           of
           the
           long
           Walls
           by
           Land
           ,
           through
           the
           Assistance
           of
           his
           Brother
           at
           Sea.
           Coming
           thus
           upon
           the
           Argives
           (
           who
           then
           held
           Corinth
           )
           in
           the
           midst
           of
           their
           Isthmian
           Games
           ,
           he
           made
           them
           out-run
           their
           Sacrifices
           ,
           and
           leave
           all
           their
           Festival
           Provisions
           behind
           them
           .
           The
           exil'd
           Corinthians
           that
           were
           in
           the
           Spartan
           Army
           ,
           desired
           him
           to
           keep
           up
           the
           Feast
           ,
           and
           to
           appear
           Chief
           in
           the
           Celebration
           of
           it
           .
           This
           he
           refused
           ,
           but
           gave
           them
           leave
           to
           carry
           on
           the
           Solemnity
           ,
           if
           they
           pleased
           ,
           and
           he
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           staid
           and
           guarded
           them
           .
           When
           Agesilaus
           marched
           off
           ,
           the
           Argives
           returned
           to
           their
           Sports
           again
           ,
           with
           this
           variety
           of
           Fortune
           ,
           that
           some
           who
           were
           Victors
           
           before
           ,
           became
           Victors
           a
           second
           time
           ,
           others
           lost
           the
           Prizes
           which
           before
           they
           had
           gained
           .
           But
           Agesilaus
           reproached
           them
           severely
           of
           Cowardise
           ,
           who
           having
           so
           great
           an
           Esteem
           of
           the
           Isthmian
           Games
           ,
           and
           so
           much
           valuing
           themselves
           upon
           the
           Victories
           there
           gotten
           ,
           yet
           durst
           not
           adventure
           to
           Fight
           in
           defence
           of
           them
           .
           He
           himself
           
           was
           of
           Opinion
           ,
           that
           to
           keep
           a
           Mean
           in
           such
           things
           was
           best
           ;
           he
           allowed
           of
           the
           Sports
           usually
           permitted
           in
           his
           Country
           ,
           and
           would
           not
           refuse
           to
           be
           present
           at
           the
           Exercises
           either
           of
           the
           young
           Men
           ,
           or
           of
           the
           Girls
           ,
           being
           alway
           ready
           to
           take
           his
           share
           in
           them
           ;
           but
           what
           many
           Men
           seemed
           ▪
           to
           be
           highly
           taken
           with
           in
           these
           Games
           ,
           he
           seemed
           not
           at
           all
           concerned
           in
           .
           Callipides
           the
           Stage-player
           ,
           being
           eminent
           in
           that
           Faculty
           through
           all
           Greece
           ,
           meeting
           this
           King
           ,
           did
           make
           his
           Obeisance
           ;
           of
           which
           ,
           when
           he
           found
           no
           notice
           taken
           ,
           he
           confidently
           thrust
           himself
           into
           his
           Train
           ,
           expecting
           that
           Agesilaus
           would
           take
           some
           notice
           ,
           and
           at
           least
           pass
           a
           Jest
           upon
           him
           .
           When
           all
           that
           failed
           ,
           he
           boldly
           accosted
           him
           ,
           and
           asked
           him
           ,
           
             Whether
             he
             knew
             him
             not
             ?
             What
          
           (
           said
           the
           King
           )
           
             art
             thou
          
           Callipides
           
             the
             Scaramonchio
          
           ?
           and
           so
           turn'd
           from
           him
           .
           Being
           invited
           once
           to
           hear
           a
           Man
           sing
           ,
           who
           did
           admirably
           imitate
           the
           Nightingale
           ,
           he
           refused
           ,
           and
           answered
           ,
           
             That
             he
          
           
           
             had
             heard
             the
          
           Nightingale
           her self
           .
           There
           was
           one
           Menecrates
           ,
           a
           Physician
           in
           Laconia
           ,
           who
           ,
           having
           been
           famed
           for
           great
           Success
           in
           great
           and
           deplored
           Diseases
           ,
           was
           ,
           by
           way
           of
           Flattery
           ,
           called
           Jupiter
           :
           He
           was
           so
           vain
           as
           to
           take
           it
           ,
           and
           having
           occasion
           to
           write
           a
           Letter
           to
           Agesilaus
           ,
           thus
           endorsed
           it
           :
           
             Menecrates
             Jupiter
          
           ,
           to
           King
           Agesilaus
           ,
           Greeting
           .
           The
           King
           returned
           Answer
           ,
           Agesilaus
           to
           Menecrates
           ,
           Health●
           and
           a
           sound
           Mind
           .
        
         
           Whilst
           Agesilaus
           was
           in
           the
           Corinthian
           Territories
           ,
           beholding
           his
           Soldiers
           Pillaging
           the
           Temple
           of
           Juno
           ,
           the
           Theban
           Ambassadors
           came
           to
           him
           to
           treat
           of
           Peace
           .
           He
           having
           a
           great
           Aversion
           for
           that
           City
           ,
           
           and
           thinking
           it
           then
           advantageous
           to
           his
           Affairs
           publickly
           to
           slight
           them
           ,
           did
           it
           sufficiently
           ,
           for
           he
           would
           not
           seem
           either
           to
           see
           them
           ,
           or
           hear
           them
           speak
           .
           But
           as
           if
           the
           express
           Vengeance
           of
           God
           had
           appeared
           against
           this
           Insolence
           ,
           before
           they
           parted
           from
           him
           ,
           he
           received
           News
           of
           the
           Overthrow
           of
           one
           of
           his
           Cohorts
           ,
           by
           Iphicrates
           ,
           with
           a
           greater
           Slaughter
           than
           he
           had
           received
           a
           long
           time
           ;
           and
           that
           the
           more
           grievous
           ,
           because
           it
           was
           a
           choice
           Regiment
           of
           Lacedaemonians
           well
           Armed
           ,
           but
           overthrown
           by
           a
           parcel
           of
           light-armed
           Mercenaries
           .
           Agesilaus
           made
           all
           the
           haste
           he
           could
           to
           their
           Rescue
           ,
           but
           found
           it
           too
           
           late
           ,
           the
           Business
           being
           over
           .
           He
           therefore
           retired
           to
           
           Juno's
           Temple
           ,
           and
           sent
           for
           the
           Theban
           Ambassadors
           to
           give
           them
           Audience
           .
           They
           now
           resolved
           to
           be
           even
           with
           him
           for
           the
           Affront
           he
           gave
           them
           ,
           and
           ,
           without
           speaking
           one
           word
           of
           the
           Peace
           ,
           only
           desired
           leave
           to
           go
           into
           
             Corinth
             .
             Agesilaus
          
           ,
           being
           nettled
           with
           this
           Overture
           ,
           told
           them
           in
           scorn
           ,
           
             That
             if
             they
             were
             minded
             to
             go
             and
             see
             how
             proud
             their
             Friends
             were
             of
             their
             Success
             ,
             they
             should
             do
             it
             to
             Morrow
             with
             safety
             .
          
           Next
           Morning
           ,
           taking
           the
           Ambassadors
           with
           him
           ,
           he
           spoiled
           the
           Corinthian
           Territories
           ,
           up
           to
           the
           very
           Gates
           of
           the
           City
           ;
           where
           having
           made
           a
           Stand
           ,
           and
           let
           the
           Ambassadors
           see
           ,
           that
           the
           Corinthians
           durst
           not
           come
           out
           to
           defend
           themselves
           ,
           he
           dismissed
           them
           ;
           then
           gathering
           up
           the
           small
           remainders
           of
           the
           shattered
           Cohort
           ,
           he
           marched
           homewards
           ,
           alway
           removing
           his
           Camp
           before
           day
           ,
           and
           alway
           pitching
           his
           Tents
           after
           Night
           ,
           that
           he
           might
           prevent
           the
           Acardians
           from
           taking
           any
           opportunity
           of
           insulting
           over
           their
           loss
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           ,
           at
           the
           Request
           of
           the
           Achaians
           ,
           he
           marched
           with
           them
           into
           Acarnania
           ,
           from
           whence
           he
           brought
           great
           Spoils
           ,
           and
           overcame
           
           the
           Acarnanians
           in
           Battel
           .
           The
           Achaians
           would
           have
           persuaded
           him
           to
           keep
           his
           Winter-Quarters
           there
           ,
           to
           hinder
           the
           Acarnanians
           
           from
           sowing
           their
           Corn
           ;
           but
           he
           was
           of
           the
           contrary
           Opinion
           ,
           alledging
           ,
           that
           they
           would
           be
           more
           afraid
           of
           a
           War
           next
           Summer
           ,
           when
           their
           Fields
           were
           Sown
           ,
           than
           they
           would
           be
           if
           they
           lay
           Fallow
           .
           The
           Event
           did
           justifie
           his
           Opinion
           ;
           for
           next
           Summer
           ,
           when
           the
           Achaians
           began
           their
           Expedition
           again
           ,
           the
           Acarnanians
           immediately
           made
           Peace
           with
           them
           .
        
         
           When
           Conon
           and
           Pharnabazus
           were
           grown
           Masters
           of
           the
           Sea
           ,
           and
           had
           not
           only
           infested
           the
           Coast
           of
           Laconia
           ,
           but
           also
           rebuilt
           the
           Walls
           of
           Athens
           ,
           at
           the
           Cost
           of
           Pharnabazus
           ,
           
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           thought
           fit
           to
           Treat
           of
           Peace
           with
           the
           King
           of
           Persia
           .
           To
           that
           end
           ,
           they
           sent
           Antalcidas
           to
           Teribazus
           about
           it
           ,
           basely
           betraying
           the
           poor
           
             Asiatick
             Greeks
          
           ,
           on
           whose
           behalf
           Agesilaus
           had
           made
           the
           War.
           But
           no
           part
           of
           this
           Dishonour
           fell
           upon
           Agesilaus
           ,
           the
           whole
           being
           transacted
           by
           Antalcidas
           ,
           who
           was
           a
           bitter
           Enemy
           of
           Agesilaus
           ,
           and
           did
           therefore
           urge
           on
           the
           Peace
           ,
           because
           Agesilaus
           was
           so
           earnest
           for
           continuing
           the
           War
           ,
           it
           being
           his
           Talent
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           alway
           gain'd
           Reputation
           and
           Authority
           .
           Yet
           as
           ill
           as
           he
           liked
           the
           Peace
           ,
           when
           once
           it
           was
           on
           foot
           ,
           he
           promoted
           it
           ,
           and
           being
           told
           ,
           by
           way
           of
           Reproach
           ,
           that
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           did
           now
           apply
           themselves
           to
           the
           Median
           Interest
           ,
           he
           replied
           ,
           No
           ,
           but
           the
           Medes
           applied
           
           themselves
           to
           the
           Interest
           of
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           .
           And
           when
           the
           Grecians
           were
           backward
           to
           the
           Agreement
           ,
           he
           threatned
           them
           with
           War
           ,
           unless
           they
           came
           up
           to
           the
           King
           of
           
           Persia's
           Terms
           .
           Agesilaus
           had
           a
           particular
           End
           in
           this
           ,
           viz.
           to
           weaken
           the
           Thebans
           ;
           for
           it
           was
           made
           one
           of
           the
           Articles
           of
           Peace
           ,
           that
           the
           Country
           of
           Baeotia
           should
           be
           set
           at
           liberty
           ,
           which
           was
           then
           under
           the
           Dominion
           of
           Thebes
           .
        
         
           This
           Pique
           of
           his
           to
           Thebes
           appeared
           further
           afterwards
           ,
           when
           Phaebidas
           in
           full
           Peace
           
           did
           very
           dishonourably
           seize
           upon
           Cadmea
           ,
           a
           Castle
           belonging
           to
           Thebes
           .
           The
           thing
           was
           much
           stomached
           by
           all
           Greece
           ,
           and
           not
           well
           liked
           of
           by
           the
           Laconians
           themselves
           ;
           those
           especially
           who
           were
           Enemies
           to
           Agesilaus
           ,
           did
           require
           an
           account
           of
           the
           Action
           ,
           and
           by
           whose
           Authority
           it
           was
           done
           ,
           laying
           the
           Suspicion
           of
           it
           at
           his
           door
           .
           Agesilaus
           doubted
           not
           to
           answer
           on
           the
           behalf
           of
           Phaebidas
           ,
           that
           the
           profitableness
           of
           an
           Action
           was
           chiefly
           to
           be
           considered
           ;
           if
           it
           were
           for
           the
           Advantage
           of
           the
           Commonwealth
           ,
           it
           was
           no
           matter
           by
           whose
           Authority
           it
           was
           done
           .
           This
           was
           the
           more
           remarkable
           in
           him
           ,
           because
           he
           was
           alway
           observed
           to
           be
           a
           great
           Lover
           of
           Justice
           ,
           and
           would
           ,
           in
           his
           private
           Discourses
           ,
           commend
           it
           as
           the
           chief
           of
           Vertues
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             That
             Valour
             without
             Justice
             was
             useless
             ,
          
           
           
             and
             if
             all
             the
             World
             were
             Just
             ,
             there
             would
             be
             no
             need
             of
             Valour
             .
          
           When
           any
           would
           say
           to
           him
           ,
           
             The
             Great
             King
          
           (
           meaning
           the
           
             Persian
             )
             will
             have
             it
             so
          
           ;
           he
           would
           smartly
           reply
           ,
           
             How
             is
             he
             greater
             than
             I
             ,
             unless
             he
             be
             Juster
             ?
          
           He
           took
           the
           truly
           Royal
           Measure
           of
           Greatness
           ,
           which
           is
           to
           be
           computed
           by
           Justice
           ,
           not
           by
           Force
           .
        
         
           The
           Peace
           being
           concluded
           ,
           the
           King
           of
           Persia
           wrote
           to
           Agesilaus
           ,
           desiring
           a
           private
           
           Friendship
           and
           Correspondence
           ;
           but
           he
           refused
           it
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             That
             the
             publick
             Friendship
             was
             enough
             ;
             whilst
             that
             lasted
             ,
             there
             was
             no
             need
             of
             private
             .
          
           Yet
           was
           he
           not
           alway
           of
           that
           mind
           ,
           it
           plainly
           appearing
           ,
           That
           sometimes
           out
           of
           Ambition
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           out
           of
           private
           Pique
           ,
           he
           brake
           that
           Rule
           .
           Particularly
           in
           this
           case
           of
           the
           Thebans
           ,
           he
           not
           only
           saved
           Phaebidas
           ,
           but
           perswaded
           
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           to
           take
           the
           Fault
           upon
           themselves
           ,
           and
           to
           retain
           Cadmea
           ,
           putting
           a
           Garison
           into
           it
           ,
           and
           to
           make
           Archias
           and
           Leontidas
           chief
           Governors
           of
           Thebes
           ,
           who
           had
           been
           Betrayers
           of
           the
           main
           Castle
           to
           them
           .
           This
           gave
           strong
           Suspicion
           ,
           that
           what
           Phaebidas
           did
           ,
           was
           by
           
           Agesilaus's
           Order
           ,
           which
           was
           afterward
           made
           evident
           by
           the
           Consequences
           :
           For
           when
           the
           Thebans
           
           had
           slain
           the
           Garison
           ,
           and
           asserted
           their
           Liberty
           ,
           he
           accusing
           them
           of
           the
           Murther
           of
           Archias
           and
           Leontidas
           ,
           (
           who
           
           indeed
           were
           Tyrants
           ,
           though
           in
           Title
           Polemarchi
           ,
           or
           Generals
           )
           made
           War
           upon
           them
           .
           He
           sent
           Cleombrotus
           on
           that
           Errand
           ,
           
           who
           was
           now
           the
           other
           King
           ,
           in
           room
           of
           Agesipolis
           that
           was
           dead
           ,
           excusing
           himself
           by
           reason
           of
           his
           Age
           :
           For
           it
           was
           40
           years
           since
           he
           had
           first
           born
           Arms
           ,
           and
           was
           consequently
           excused
           by
           the
           Law.
           Mean
           while
           the
           true
           Reason
           why
           he
           withdrew
           himself
           from
           the
           War
           ,
           was
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           ashamed
           ,
           having
           so
           lately
           fought
           against
           the
           Tyranny
           of
           the
           Phliasians
           ,
           to
           fight
           now
           in
           defence
           of
           a
           Tyranny
           against
           the
           Thebans
           .
        
         
           One
           Sphodrias
           of
           Lacedaemon
           ,
           being
           of
           
           a
           contrary
           Faction
           to
           Agesilaus
           ,
           was
           Governor
           of
           Thespiae
           ,
           a
           brisk
           daring
           Man
           ,
           one
           that
           had
           more
           of
           Courage
           than
           Wisdom
           .
           This
           Action
           of
           Phaebidas
           fired
           him
           ,
           and
           incited
           his
           Ambition
           to
           attempt
           some
           great
           Enterprize
           ,
           which
           might
           render
           him
           as
           Famous
           ,
           as
           he
           perceived
           the
           taking
           of
           Cadmea
           had
           made
           Phaebidas
           .
           He
           thought
           the
           taking
           of
           the
           Piraeum
           ,
           and
           the
           cutting
           off
           thereby
           the
           Athenians
           from
           the
           Sea
           ,
           a
           Matter
           of
           far
           more
           Glory
           :
           'T
           is
           said
           ,
           That
           Pelopidas
           and
           Gelon
           ,
           the
           Governors
           of
           Baeotia
           ,
           put
           him
           upon
           it
           ;
           they
           privily
           sent
           Men
           to
           him
           ,
           that
           pretended
           to
           be
           of
           the
           Spartan
           Faction
           ,
           who
           highly
           commending
           Sphodrias
           ,
           blew
           him
           up
           into
           a
           great
           Opinion
           
           of
           himself
           ,
           protesting
           him
           to
           be
           the
           only
           Man
           in
           the
           World
           that
           was
           fit
           for
           so
           great
           an
           Enterprize
           .
           Being
           thus
           pricked
           forward
           ,
           he
           could
           hold
           no
           longer
           ,
           but
           soon
           engaged
           himself
           in
           a
           Business
           ,
           every
           whit
           as
           dishonourable
           and
           treacherous
           as
           that
           of
           Ca●mea
           ,
           but
           attempted
           with
           less
           Valour
           and
           less
           Success
           ;
           for
           the
           day
           broke
           whilst
           he
           was
           yet
           in
           the
           Plains
           of
           Thriasium
           ,
           whereas
           he
           designed
           the
           whole
           Exploit
           to
           have
           been
           done
           in
           the
           Night
           .
           As
           soon
           as
           the
           Soldiers
           perceived
           the
           Rays
           of
           Light
           reflecting
           from
           the
           Temples
           of
           Eleusine
           ,
           upon
           the
           first
           rising
           of
           the
           Sun
           ,
           it
           is
           said
           ,
           that
           their
           Hearts
           failed
           them
           ;
           nay
           ,
           he
           himself
           ,
           when
           he
           saw
           that
           he
           could
           not
           have
           the
           benefit
           of
           the
           Night
           ,
           had
           not
           Courage
           enough
           to
           go
           on
           with
           his
           Enterprize
           ,
           but
           ,
           having
           pillaged
           the
           Country
           ,
           he
           returned
           with
           Shame
           to
           Thespiae
           .
           An
           Embassy
           was
           upon
           this
           sent
           from
           Athens
           to
           Sparta
           ,
           to
           complain
           of
           the
           breach
           of
           Peace
           ;
           but
           the
           Ambassadors
           found
           their
           Journey
           needless
           ,
           Sphodrias
           being
           then
           under
           Process
           by
           the
           Magistrates
           of
           
             Sparta
             .
             Sphodrias
          
           durst
           not
           stay
           to
           expect
           Judgment
           ,
           which
           he
           found
           would
           be
           Capital
           ,
           the
           City
           being
           highly
           incensed
           against
           him
           ,
           out
           of
           the
           Shame
           they
           had
           of
           the
           Business
           ,
           and
           the
           Resolution
           they
           had
           to
           give
           the
           Athenians
           no
           cause
           of
           suspecting
           them
           ,
           to
           be
           any
           way
           consenting
           to
           so
           base
           an
           Action
           .
        
         
         
           This
           Sphodrias
           had
           a
           handsome
           Youth
           to
           his
           Son
           named
           Cleonymus
           ,
           with
           whom
           Archidamus
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           Agesilaus
           ,
           was
           deeply
           in
           Love.
           With
           him
           did
           Cleonymus
           labour
           much
           for
           the
           preservation
           of
           his
           Father
           ;
           but
           Archidamus
           durst
           not
           appear
           publickly
           in
           his
           Assistance
           ,
           he
           being
           one
           of
           the
           professed
           Enemies
           of
           Agesilaus
           .
           But
           Cleonymus
           having
           solicited
           him
           with
           Tears
           about
           it
           ,
           (
           as
           knowing
           Agesilaus
           to
           be
           of
           all
           his
           Father's
           Enemies
           the
           most
           formidable
           )
           the
           young
           Man
           did
           for
           two
           or
           three
           days
           ,
           follow
           his
           Father
           with
           such
           Shame
           and
           Confusion
           within
           himself
           ,
           that
           he
           durst
           not
           speak
           to
           him
           .
           At
           last
           ,
           the
           day
           of
           Sentence
           being
           at
           hand
           ,
           he
           adventur'd
           to
           tell
           him
           ,
           that
           Cleonymus
           had
           entreated
           him
           to
           intercede
           for
           his
           Father
           .
           Agesilaus
           ,
           though
           well
           aware
           of
           the
           Love
           between
           the
           Two
           young
           Men
           ,
           yet
           did
           not
           prohibit
           it
           ,
           because
           he
           looked
           upon
           Cleonymus
           as
           an
           extraordinary
           Youth
           ,
           and
           of
           great
           Hopes
           :
           Yet
           he
           gave
           not
           his
           Son
           any
           kind
           Answer
           in
           the
           Case
           ,
           but
           coldly
           told
           him
           ,
           
             That
             he
             would
             consider
             what
             he
             could
             honestly
             and
             honourably
             do
             in
             it
             ,
          
           and
           so
           dismissed
           him
           .
           Archidamus
           being
           ashamed
           of
           his
           want
           of
           Success
           ,
           did
           forbear
           the
           Company
           of
           Cleonymus
           for
           some
           days
           ,
           a
           thing
           not
           usual
           with
           him
           .
           This
           made
           the
           Friends
           of
           Sphodrias
           to
           think
           his
           Case
           desperate
           ,
           till
           Etymocles
           ,
           
           one
           of
           
           Agesilaus's
           Friends
           ,
           did
           discover
           to
           them
           the
           King's
           Mind
           ,
           
             viz.
             That
             he
             abhorred
             the
             Fact
             ,
             but
             yet
             he
             thought
          
           Sphodrias
           
             a
             gallant
             Man
             ,
             such
             as
             the
             Commonwealth
             much
             wanted
             at
             that
             time
             .
          
           These
           were
           the
           frequent
           Sayings
           of
           Agesilaus
           ,
           which
           gave
           Cleonymus
           sufficiently
           to
           understand
           ,
           that
           Archidamus
           had
           been
           just
           to
           him
           ,
           in
           using
           all
           his
           Interest
           with
           his
           Father
           ;
           and
           Sphodrias
           his
           Friends
           grew
           brisk
           in
           his
           Defence
           .
           The
           truth
           is
           ,
           that
           Agesilaus
           was
           a
           very
           ●o●d
           Man
           of
           his
           Children
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           it
           is
           reported
           ,
           That
           when
           they
           were
           little
           ones
           ,
           he
           would
           make
           a
           Hobby-Horse
           of
           a
           Reed
           ,
           and
           ride
           with
           them
           .
           Being
           catched
           at
           this
           Sport
           by
           a
           Friend
           ,
           he
           desired
           him
           to
           say
           nothing
           of
           it
           ,
           till
           he
           himself
           were
           the
           Father
           of
           Children
           .
        
         
           Mean
           while
           Sphodrias
           being
           absolved
           of
           his
           Crime
           ,
           the
           Athenians
           betook
           themselves
           
           to
           Arms
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           Agesilaus
           fell
           into
           great
           Disgrace
           with
           the
           People
           ;
           that
           to
           gratifie
           the
           Amours
           of
           a
           Boy
           ,
           would
           pervert
           Justice
           ,
           and
           make
           the
           City
           accessory
           to
           the
           Crimes
           of
           Two
           private
           Men
           ,
           who
           ,
           by
           dishonourable
           Actions
           had
           broke
           the
           Peace
           of
           Greece
           .
           He
           also
           found
           his
           Collegue
           Cleombrotus
           little
           inclined
           to
           the
           Theban
           War
           ;
           so
           that
           it
           became
           necessary
           for
           him
           to
           quit
           the
           Privilege
           of
           his
           Age
           ,
           which
           he
           before
           had
           claimed
           ,
           and
           to
           lead
           
           the
           Army
           himself
           ;
           which
           he
           did
           with
           variety
           of
           Success
           ,
           sometimes
           Conquering
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           Conquered
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           receiving
           a
           Wound
           in
           a
           Battel
           ,
           he
           was
           reproached
           by
           Antalcidas
           ,
           That
           the
           Thebans
           had
           made
           him
           a
           good
           Requital
           ,
           for
           teaching
           them
           to
           Fight
           .
           And
           indeed
           ,
           they
           were
           now
           grown
           far
           better
           Soldiers
           than
           ever
           they
           had
           been
           ,
           being
           so
           much
           harassed
           ,
           and
           so
           much
           beaten
           into
           War
           ,
           by
           the
           frequency
           of
           the
           L●ced●monian
           Expeditions
           against
           them
           .
           Out
           of
           the
           foresight
           of
           which
           it
           was
           ,
           that
           anciently
           Lycurgus
           in
           three
           several
           Laws
           ,
           forbid
           them
           to
           make
           Wars
           often
           in
           one
           Place
           ,
           which
           would
           be
           to
           instruct
           their
           Enemies
           in
           the
           Art
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           Mean
           while
           the
           Allies
           of
           Sparta
           were
           not
           
           a
           little
           discontented
           at
           Agesilaus
           ,
           that
           this
           War
           was
           commenced
           not
           from
           any
           just
           Offence
           taken
           ,
           but
           merely
           out
           of
           his
           Hatred
           to
           the
           Thebans
           ,
           and
           with
           Indignation
           grumbled
           ,
           that
           they
           being
           the
           Majority
           of
           the
           Army
           ,
           should
           from
           Year
           to
           Year
           be
           thus
           exposed
           to
           Danger
           and
           Hardship
           here
           and
           there
           ,
           at
           the
           Will
           of
           a
           few
           Persons
           .
        
         
           Agesilaus
           being
           put
           to
           his
           Shifts
           ,
           to
           obviate
           the
           Objection
           ,
           devised
           this
           Expedient
           ,
           to
           try
           the
           numbers
           of
           both
           the
           Spartans
           and
           the
           Allies
           .
           He
           gave
           Orders
           that
           all
           the
           Allies
           ,
           of
           what-ever
           Country
           ,
           should
           sit
           down
           promiscuously
           on
           one
           side
           ,
           and
           
           all
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           on
           the
           other
           ;
           which
           being
           done
           ,
           he
           Commanded
           an
           Herald
           to
           proclaim
           ,
           that
           all
           the
           Potters
           of
           both
           Squadrons
           should
           stand
           out
           ;
           then
           all
           the
           Blacksmiths
           ;
           then
           all
           the
           Masons
           ;
           next
           the
           Carpenters
           ;
           and
           so
           he
           went
           through
           all
           the
           Handicrafts
           .
           By
           this
           time
           almost
           all
           the
           Allies
           were
           risen
           ,
           but
           of
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           very
           few
           ,
           they
           being
           by
           Law
           forbidden
           to
           learn
           any
           Handicraft-Trade
           :
           whereupon
           Agesilaus
           fell
           on
           Laughing
           ,
           and
           told
           them
           ,
           
             ●e
             see
             ,
             Gentlemen
             ,
             how
             that
             our
             number
             of
             Soldiers
             is
             greater
             than
             yours
             .
          
        
         
           When
           he
           brought
           back
           his
           Army
           from
           Baeotia
           through
           Megara
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           going
           up
           to
           the
           Town-Hall
           ,
           in
           the
           Castle
           of
           that
           Town
           ,
           he
           was
           suddenly
           taken
           with
           Pain
           ,
           
           and
           convulsive
           Motions
           on
           his
           better
           Leg
           ,
           upon
           which
           a
           great
           Tumour
           and
           Inflammation
           soon
           arose
           .
           He
           was
           treated
           by
           a
           Syracusian
           Physician
           ,
           who
           let
           him
           Blood
           below
           the
           Ancle
           :
           this
           soon
           eased
           his
           Pain
           ;
           but
           then
           the
           Blood
           could
           not
           be
           stopped
           ,
           till
           it
           brought
           him
           to
           Fainting
           and
           Swooning
           ;
           at
           length
           ,
           with
           much
           ado
           ,
           he
           stopped
           it
           .
           Agesilaus
           was
           carri'd
           home
           to
           Sparta
           in
           a
           very
           weak
           condition
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           he
           recover'd
           not
           Strength
           enough
           to
           appear
           in
           the
           Field
           a
           long
           time
           after
           .
        
         
           Mean
           while
           the
           Spartan
           Fortune
           was
           but
           ill
           ,
           they
           having
           received
           many
           Losses
           both
           
           by
           Sea
           and
           Land
           ;
           but
           the
           greatest
           was
           that
           at
           Leuctra
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           first
           time
           that
           they
           were
           overthrown
           by
           the
           Thebans
           in
           a
           set
           Battel
           .
           The
           occasion
           was
           this
           :
        
         
           The
           Grecians
           were
           all
           disposed
           to
           a
           general
           Peace
           ,
           and
           to
           that
           end
           sent
           Ambassadors
           to
           Sparta
           .
           Among
           these
           was
           Epaminondas
           ,
           
           the
           Theban
           ,
           famous
           at
           that
           time
           for
           his
           Wisdom
           and
           Learning
           ,
           but
           he
           had
           not
           yet
           given
           proof
           of
           his
           Martial
           Vertues
           .
           He
           ,
           seeing
           all
           the
           others
           crouch
           to
           Agesilaus
           ,
           and
           curry
           Favour
           with
           him
           ,
           did
           himself
           ,
           notwithstanding
           ,
           keep
           up
           the
           Port
           of
           an
           Ambassador
           ,
           and
           with
           that
           Freedom
           that
           became
           his
           Character
           ,
           make
           a
           Speech
           in
           behalf
           ,
           not
           of
           Thebes
           only
           ,
           from
           whence
           he
           came
           ,
           but
           of
           all
           Greece
           ,
           remonstrating
           that
           
           Sparta
           had
           grown
           great
           by
           War
           ,
           to
           the
           great
           Grievance
           of
           all
           her
           Neighbours
           .
           He
           urged
           ,
           that
           Peace
           might
           be
           made
           upon
           equal
           terms
           ,
           such
           a
           one
           as
           might
           be
           a
           lasting
           one
           ,
           which
           could
           not
           otherwise
           be
           done
           ,
           than
           by
           reducing
           all
           to
           a
           Parity
           .
           Agesilaus
           perceiving
           all
           the
           other
           Greeks
           to
           hearken
           much
           to
           this
           Discourse
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           pleased
           with
           it
           ,
           presently
           asked
           him
           ,
           
             Whether
             he
             thought
             it
             fit
             that
          
           Baeotia
           
             should
             be
             set
             free
             ,
             and
             be
             permitted
             to
             live
             by
             her
             own
             Laws
             ?
             Epaminondas
          
           briskly
           returned
           the
           Question
           ,
           
             Whether
             it
             were
             sit
             that
          
           Sparta
           
             should
             live
             by
             hers
             ?
             Agesilaus
          
           being
           moved
           at
           this
           Reply
           ,
           Bid
           
           
             him
             set
             forth
             what
             ground
             he
             had
             for
             pleading
             such
             Immunity
             for
          
           Baeotia
           .
           Epaminondas
           again
           asked
           him
           ,
           
             What
             grounds
             he
             had
             for
             demanding
             liberty
             for
          
           Sparta
           ?
           Agesilaus
           was
           so
           enraged
           at
           this
           ,
           that
           he
           immediately
           struck
           the
           Thebans
           out
           of
           the
           League
           ,
           and
           declared
           War
           against
           them
           .
           With
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Greeks
           he
           made
           a
           Peace
           ,
           and
           dismissed
           them
           with
           this
           Saying
           ,
           
             That
             what
             could
             be
             peaceably
             adjusted
             ,
             should
             ;
             what
             was
             otherwise
             incurable
             ,
             must
             be
             committed
             to
             the
             Success
             of
             War
             ,
             it
             being
             a
             thing
             of
             too
             great
             difficulty
             to
             provide
             for
             all
             things
             by
             Treaty
             .
          
        
         
           The
           Ephori
           did
           hereupon
           dispatch
           their
           Orders
           to
           Cleombrotus
           ,
           who
           was
           at
           that
           time
           in
           Phocis
           ,
           to
           march
           directly
           into
           Baeotia
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           same
           time
           sent
           to
           their
           Allies
           for
           Help
           .
           The
           Confederates
           were
           
           very
           resty
           in
           the
           Business
           ,
           and
           unwilling
           to
           Engage
           ,
           but
           as
           yet
           they
           feared
           the
           Spartans
           ,
           and
           durst
           not
           refuse
           .
           And
           although
           many
           Portents
           and
           Prodigies
           of
           ill
           Presage
           ,
           had
           appeared
           ;
           and
           though
           Prothous
           the
           Laconian
           had
           laboured
           all
           he
           could
           to
           hinder
           it
           ,
           yet
           Agesilaus
           would
           needs
           go
           forward
           ,
           and
           prevailed
           so
           ,
           that
           the
           War
           was
           decreed
           .
           He
           thought
           the
           present
           Juncture
           of
           Affairs
           very
           advantageous
           to
           it
           ,
           the
           rest
           of
           Greece
           being
           wholly
           free
           ,
           and
           in
           League
           with
           them
           ,
           the
           Thebans
           only
           exempted
           .
           But
           that
           this
           War
           was
           undertaken
           more
           
           upon
           Passion
           than
           Judgment
           ,
           the
           Event
           did
           prove
           :
           for
           the
           Treaty
           was
           finished
           but
           the
           14th
           of
           May
           ,
           and
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           receiv'd
           their
           great
           Overthrow
           at
           Leuctrae
           
           the
           5th
           of
           June
           within
           20
           days
           .
           There
           fell
           at
           that
           time
           1000
           Spartans
           ,
           and
           Cleombrotus
           their
           King
           ,
           in
           the
           Company
           of
           many
           others
           of
           the
           most
           gallant
           Men
           of
           that
           Nation
           ;
           particularly
           Cleonymus
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           Sphodrias
           ,
           that
           beautiful
           Youth
           ,
           was
           thrice
           knock'd
           down
           at
           the
           Feet
           of
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           as
           often
           recover'd
           it
           ,
           but
           was
           slain
           at
           the
           last
           .
        
         
           This
           unexpected
           Blow
           ,
           which
           fell
           so
           heavy
           upon
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           ,
           brought
           greater
           Glory
           to
           Thebes
           ,
           than
           ever
           was
           acquired
           by
           any
           other
           of
           the
           
           Grecian-Republicks
           ,
           in
           their
           Civil
           Wars
           against
           each
           other
           .
           The
           Behaviour
           notwithstanding
           of
           the
           Spartans
           ,
           though
           beaten
           ,
           was
           much
           greater
           ,
           and
           more
           to
           be
           admired
           ,
           than
           
           that
           of
           the
           Thebans
           .
           And
           indeed
           ,
           if
           as
           Xenophon
           saith
           ▪
           In
           Conversation
           good
           Men
           ,
           even
           among
           their
           Sports
           ,
           and
           in
           their
           Wine
           ,
           do
           let
           fall
           many
           remarkable
           Sayings
           and
           Jests
           ,
           that
           are
           worth
           the
           preserving
           ;
           how
           much
           more
           worthy
           to
           be
           recorded
           ,
           is
           an
           exemplary
           constancy
           of
           Mind
           ,
           appearing
           both
           in
           the
           Countenances
           and
           Behaviours
           of
           brave
           Men
           ,
           when
           they
           are
           pressed
           by
           adverse
           Fortune
           .
           It
           happen'd
           that
           the
           
           Spartans
           were
           Celebrating
           a
           solemn
           Feast
           ,
           at
           which
           many
           Strangers
           were
           ▪
           present
           from
           other
           Countries
           ,
           and
           the
           Town
           full
           of
           them
           ,
           when
           this
           News
           of
           the
           Overthrow
           came
           .
           The
           Ephori
           ,
           though
           they
           were
           sufficiently
           aware
           ,
           that
           this
           Blow
           had
           quite
           ruined
           the
           Spartan
           Grandeur
           ,
           and
           its
           Primacy
           over
           the
           rest
           of
           Greece
           ,
           yet
           gave
           Orders
           that
           the
           Dancing
           should
           not
           break
           off
           ,
           nor
           any
           of
           the
           Ceremonies
           of
           the
           Festival
           abate
           .
           The
           next
           Morning
           ,
           when
           they
           had
           full
           Intelligence
           concerning
           it
           ,
           and
           every
           body
           knew
           who
           were
           slain
           ,
           and
           who
           survived
           ,
           the
           Fathers
           of
           the
           slain
           came
           out
           rejoycing
           in
           the
           Market-place
           ,
           saluting
           each
           other
           with
           a
           kind
           of
           Exultation
           ;
           on
           the
           contrary
           ,
           the
           Fathers
           of
           the
           Survivors
           hid
           themselves
           at
           home
           among
           the
           Women
           ,
           as
           wholly
           ashamed
           of
           their
           Children
           .
           If
           Necessity
           drove
           any
           of
           them
           abroad
           ,
           they
           went
           very
           dejectedly
           ,
           with
           down
           ▪
           Looks
           ,
           and
           sorrowful
           Countenances
           .
           The
           Women
           out-did
           the
           Men
           in
           it
           :
           Such
           whose
           Sons
           were
           Slain
           ,
           openly
           rejoycing
           ,
           and
           meeting
           triumphantly
           in
           the
           Temples
           ;
           they
           who
           expected
           their
           Children
           home
           ,
           being
           very
           silent
           ,
           and
           much
           troubled
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           common
           People
           being
           awaken'd
           by
           this
           Calamity
           ,
           and
           withal
           terrified
           with
           the
           News
           of
           Epaminondas
           his
           Design
           of
           Invading
           Peloponnesus
           ,
           began
           to
           think
           of
           the
           
           Oracle
           ,
           which
           had
           predicted
           Woes
           to
           them
           ,
           when
           they
           had
           a
           Lame
           Man
           to
           their
           King
           ,
           and
           grew
           mightily
           afflicted
           for
           the
           Rejection
           of
           Leotychidas
           ,
           who
           was
           both
           the
           right
           Heir
           ,
           and
           strait
           in
           all
           his
           Limbs
           .
           Yet
           the
           regard
           they
           had
           to
           the
           Wealth
           and
           Reputation
           of
           Agesilaus
           ,
           so
           far
           stifled
           this
           Murmuring
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           that
           notwithstanding
           it
           ,
           they
           threw
           themselves
           upon
           him
           in
           
           this
           Distress
           ,
           as
           the
           only
           Man
           that
           was
           fit
           to
           heal
           the
           publick
           Malady
           ,
           by
           being
           made
           sole
           Arbiter
           of
           all
           their
           Difficulties
           ,
           whether
           relating
           to
           the
           Affairs
           of
           War
           or
           Peace
           .
           One
           great
           one
           was
           then
           before
           them
           ,
           concerning
           the
           Runaways
           that
           had
           fled
           out
           of
           the
           Battel
           ,
           who
           being
           many
           and
           powerful
           ,
           it
           was
           feared
           that
           they
           might
           make
           some
           Commotion
           in
           the
           Republick
           ,
           to
           prevent
           the
           execution
           of
           the
           Law
           upon
           them
           for
           their
           Cowardice
           .
           The
           Law
           in
           
           that
           Case
           was
           very
           severe
           ;
           for
           they
           were
           not
           only
           to
           be
           degraded
           from
           all
           Honors
           ,
           but
           also
           it
           was
           a
           Disgrace
           to
           inter-marry
           with
           them
           :
           Who-ever
           met
           any
           of
           them
           in
           the
           Streets
           ,
           might
           beat
           him
           if
           he
           listed
           ,
           nor
           was
           it
           lawful
           for
           him
           to
           resist
           :
           They
           in
           the
           mean
           while
           were
           obliged
           to
           go
           abroad
           in
           a
           nasty
           Habit
           ,
           with
           their
           Gowns
           patched
           of
           divers
           Colours
           ,
           and
           to
           wear
           their
           Beards
           half
           shaved
           ,
           half
           unshaven
           .
           To
           execute
           so
           rigid
           a
           Law
           as
           this
           ,
           in
           a
           Case
           
           where
           the
           Offenders
           were
           so
           many
           ,
           and
           of
           those
           many
           Men
           of
           great
           Families
           and
           Interest
           ,
           and
           that
           in
           a
           time
           when
           the
           Common-wealth
           wanted
           Soldiers
           so
           much
           as
           then
           it
           did
           ,
           was
           of
           dangerous
           Consequence
           .
           Therefore
           they
           chose
           Agesilaus
           a
           Dictator
           ,
           or
           new
           Law-giver
           ,
           with
           full
           power
           of
           abrogating
           old
           Laws
           ,
           or
           making
           new
           ones
           ,
           as
           he
           pleased
           .
           But
           he
           ,
           without
           adding
           to
           ,
           or
           diminishing
           from
           ,
           or
           any
           way
           changing
           the
           Law
           ,
           came
           out
           into
           the
           publick
           Assembly
           ,
           and
           said
           ,
           
             That
             the
             Law
             should
             lye
             dormant
             at
             present
             ,
             but
             be
             vigorously
             executed
             for
             the
             future
             .
          
           By
           this
           means
           he
           at
           once
           preserved
           the
           Law
           from
           Abrogation
           ,
           and
           the
           Citizens
           from
           Infamy
           :
           And
           that
           he
           might
           take
           off
           the
           Consternation
           that
           was
           upon
           the
           young
           Men
           ,
           he
           made
           an
           Inroad
           
           into
           Arcadia
           ,
           where
           avoiding
           Fight
           as
           much
           as
           he
           could
           ,
           he
           contented
           himself
           to
           spoil
           the
           Territory
           ,
           and
           to
           take
           a
           small
           Town
           belonging
           to
           the
           Mantineans
           ,
           thereby
           reviving
           the
           Hearts
           of
           Populace
           ,
           letting
           them
           see
           that
           they
           were
           not
           every
           where
           unsuccessful
           .
        
         
           Upon
           this
           Epaminondas
           made
           an
           Inroad
           
           into
           Laconia
           ,
           with
           an
           Army
           of
           40000.
           besides
           light-armed
           Men
           ,
           and
           others
           that
           follow'd
           the
           Camp
           only
           for
           Plunder
           ,
           so
           that
           
           in
           all
           they
           were
           at
           least
           70000.
           
           It
           was
           now
           600
           Years
           since
           the
           Dorians
           had
           possessed
           
           Laconia
           ,
           and
           in
           all
           that
           time
           the
           Face
           of
           an
           Enemy
           had
           not
           been
           seen
           within
           their
           Territories
           ,
           no
           Man
           daring
           to
           Invade
           them
           :
           But
           now
           they
           made
           their
           Incursions
           without
           Resistance
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           Eurotas
           ,
           and
           the
           very
           Suburbs
           of
           Sparta
           ;
           for
           Agesilaus
           would
           not
           permit
           them
           to
           engage
           against
           so
           impetuous
           a
           Torrent
           ,
           as
           Theopompus
           called
           it
           .
           He
           contented
           himself
           to
           fortifie
           the
           chief
           Parts
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           to
           place
           Guards
           conveniently
           ,
           enduring
           mean
           while
           the
           Taunts
           of
           the
           Thebans
           ,
           who
           reproached
           him
           as
           the
           Firebrand
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           and
           the
           Author
           of
           all
           that
           Mischief
           to
           his
           Country
           ,
           and
           bidding
           him
           defend
           himself
           if
           he
           could
           .
           But
           this
           was
           not
           all
           :
           He
           was
           greatly
           disturbed
           at
           home
           with
           the
           Tumults
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           the
           Outcries
           and
           running
           about
           of
           the
           Old
           Men
           ,
           who
           were
           highly
           enraged
           at
           their
           present
           condition
           ,
           and
           the
           Women
           much
           worse
           ,
           being
           terrifi'd
           by
           the
           Clamours
           ,
           and
           the
           Fires
           of
           the
           Enemy
           in
           the
           Field
           .
           But
           that
           which
           cut
           him
           to
           the
           Heart
           ,
           was
           the
           sense
           of
           his
           lost
           Glory
           ;
           who
           having
           come
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           Sparta
           ,
           when
           it
           was
           in
           its
           most
           flourishing
           Condition
           ,
           and
           highest
           Grandeur
           ,
           now
           lived
           to
           see
           it
           laid
           low
           in
           Esteem
           ,
           and
           all
           its
           great
           Vaunts
           derided
           ,
           even
           those
           which
           he
           himself
           had
           been
           accustom'd
           to
           use
           ,
           
             viz.
             That
             the
             Women
             of
          
           Sparta
           
             had
             never
             seen
             the
          
           
           
             Smoak
             of
             the
             Enemies
             Fire
          
           .
           It
           is
           said
           ,
           that
           Antalcidas
           being
           in
           Dispute
           with
           an
           Athenian
           ,
           about
           the
           Valour
           of
           the
           Two
           Nations
           ,
           the
           Athenian
           bragged
           ,
           That
           they
           had
           o●ten
           driven
           the
           Spartans
           from
           the
           River
           
             C●phisus
             :
             Yes
          
           ,
           said
           
             Antalcidas
             ,
             but
             we
             never
             had
             occasion
             to
             drive
             you
             from
          
           Eurotas
           .
           A
           common
           Spartan
           of
           less
           Quality
           ,
           being
           in
           Company
           with
           an
           Argive
           ,
           who
           was
           vapouring
           how
           many
           Spartans
           lay
           buried
           in
           the
           Fields
           of
           Argus
           ,
           reply'd
           ,
           
             But
             you
             have
             ●●●e
             buried
             in
             the
             Country
             of
          
           Laconia
           .
           Yet
           now
           the
           Case
           was
           so
           altered
           ,
           that
           Antalcidas
           being
           one
           of
           the
           Ephori
           ,
           out
           of
           Fear
           ,
           sent
           away
           his
           Children
           privately
           to
           the
           Island
           of
           Cythera
           .
        
         
           When
           the
           Enemy
           essay'd
           to
           get
           over
           the
           River
           ,
           and
           thence
           to
           Attack
           the
           Town
           ,
           Agesilaus
           betook
           himself
           to
           the
           high
           Places
           
           and
           strong
           Holds
           of
           it
           .
           But
           it
           happen'd
           ,
           that
           Eurotas
           at
           that
           time
           swelled
           to
           a
           great
           height
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           Snow
           that
           had
           fallen
           ,
           and
           made
           the
           Passage
           very
           difficult
           to
           the
           Thebans
           ,
           not
           only
           by
           its
           depth
           ,
           but
           much
           more
           by
           the
           Ice
           that
           was
           upon
           it
           .
           Whilst
           this
           was
           doing
           ,
           Epaminondas
           every
           where
           appeared
           the
           foremost
           Man
           in
           the
           Army
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           Agesilaus
           viewing
           the
           whole
           Action
           ,
           fell
           into
           admiration
           of
           his
           Gallantry
           .
           But
           when
           he
           came
           to
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           would
           fain
           have
           attempted
           something
           
           either
           upon
           it
           ,
           or
           within
           the
           Limits
           of
           it
           ,
           that
           might
           raise
           him
           a
           Trophy
           there
           ,
           he
           could
           not
           tempt
           Agesilaus
           out
           of
           his
           Hold
           ,
           but
           was
           fain
           to
           march
           off
           again
           ,
           wasting
           the
           Country
           as
           he
           went.
           
        
         
           Mean
           while
           there
           did
           a
           dangerous
           Conspiracy
           
           happen
           in
           Sparta
           ,
           where
           200
           Men
           having
           gotten
           into
           a
           strong
           part
           of
           the
           Town
           called
           Issorion
           ,
           did
           seize
           upon
           the
           Temple
           of
           Diana
           and
           Garison
           it
           .
           The
           Spartans
           were
           enraged
           at
           it
           ,
           and
           would
           have
           fallen
           upon
           them
           presently
           ;
           but
           Agesilaus
           not
           knowing
           how
           far
           the
           Sedition
           might
           reach
           ,
           did
           command
           them
           to
           forbear
           ,
           and
           going
           himself
           in
           his
           Cloak
           ,
           with
           but
           one
           Servant
           ,
           when
           he
           came
           near
           the
           Rebels
           ,
           called
           out
           ,
           and
           told
           them
           ,
           
             That
             they
             mistook
             their
             Orders
             ;
             that
             by
             his
             Order
             they
             were
             to
             go
             ,
             one
             part
             of
             them
             thither
             ,
             shewing
             them
             another
             Place
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             and
             part
             to
             another
             ,
             which
             he
             also
             shewed
             .
          
           The
           Conspirators
           gladly
           heard
           this
           Discourse
           ,
           thinking
           themselves
           no
           way
           suspected
           of
           Treason
           ,
           and
           readily
           went
           off
           to
           the
           Places
           which
           he
           shewed
           them
           .
           Whereupon
           Agesilaus
           placed
           in
           their
           room
           a
           Garison
           of
           his
           own
           :
           Of
           the
           Conspirators
           he
           apprehended
           15.
           and
           put
           them
           to
           death
           in
           the
           night
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           ,
           a
           much
           more
           dangerous
           Conspiracy
           
           was
           discovered
           of
           Spartan
           Citizens
           ,
           who
           had
           privately
           met
           in
           each
           others
           
           Houses
           ,
           to
           cause
           a
           Disturbance
           .
           It
           was
           equally
           dangerous
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           Greatness
           of
           the
           Party
           to
           prosecute
           them
           publickly
           according
           to
           Law
           ,
           and
           to
           connive
           at
           them
           .
           Agesilaus
           took
           another
           course
           ,
           and
           by
           consent
           of
           the
           Ephori
           ,
           put
           them
           to
           death
           privately
           without
           Process
           ;
           a
           thing
           never
           before
           known
           in
           Sparta
           .
        
         
           At
           this
           time
           also
           ▪
           many
           of
           the
           Helots
           ,
           and
           
           other
           Hirelings
           ,
           that
           were
           listed
           in
           the
           Army
           ,
           ran
           away
           to
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           which
           was
           matter
           of
           great
           Consternation
           to
           the
           City
           .
           He
           therefore
           ,
           caused
           some
           Officers
           of
           his
           ,
           every
           Morning
           before
           day
           ,
           to
           search
           the
           Quarters
           of
           the
           Soldiers
           ,
           and
           ,
           where
           any
           Man
           was
           gone
           ,
           to
           hide
           his
           Arms
           ,
           that
           so
           the
           greatness
           of
           the
           number
           might
           not
           appear
           .
        
         
           Historians
           differ
           about
           the
           time
           of
           the
           
           Thebans
           Departure
           from
           Sparta
           .
           Some
           say
           ,
           the
           Winter
           forced
           them
           ;
           as
           also
           that
           the
           Arcadian
           Soldiers
           Disbanding
           ,
           made
           it
           necessary
           for
           the
           rest
           to
           retire
           .
           Others
           say
           ,
           that
           they
           stay'd
           there
           Three
           Months
           ,
           till
           they
           had
           laid
           the
           whole
           Country
           waste
           .
           Theopompus
           is
           the
           only
           Author
           who
           gives
           out
           ,
           That
           when
           the
           Baeotarchae
           ,
           or
           Council
           of
           War
           of
           the
           Theban
           Army
           ,
           had
           resolved
           upon
           the
           Retreat
           ,
           Phrixus
           the
           Spartan
           came
           to
           them
           ,
           and
           offer'd
           them
           ,
           from
           Agesilaus
           ,
           Ten
           Talents
           to
           be
           gone
           ;
           so
           hiring
           them
           
           to
           do
           ,
           what
           they
           were
           already
           doing
           of
           their
           own
           accord
           .
           How
           he
           alone
           should
           come
           to
           be
           aware
           of
           this
           ,
           I
           know
           not
           ;
           only
           in
           this
           all
           Authors
           agree
           ,
           That
           the
           
           saving
           of
           Sparta
           from
           Ruine
           ,
           was
           wholly
           due
           to
           the
           Wisdom
           of
           Agesilaus
           ,
           who
           in
           this
           Extremity
           of
           Affairs
           quitted
           all
           his
           Ambition
           and
           his
           Haughtiness
           ,
           and
           resolved
           to
           play
           a
           saving
           Game
           .
           But
           all
           his
           Wisdom
           and
           Prowess
           was
           not
           sufficient
           to
           recover
           the
           Glory
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           to
           raise
           it
           to
           its
           ancient
           Greatness
           .
           For
           as
           we
           see
           in
           Bodies
           ,
           long
           used
           to
           strict
           ,
           and
           too
           exquisitely
           regular
           Diet
           ,
           if
           they
           commit
           any
           great
           Disorder
           ,
           it
           is
           usually
           fatal
           ;
           so
           in
           this
           City
           ,
           which
           by
           the
           strictness
           of
           her
           Laws
           ,
           and
           the
           severe
           Virtue
           ,
           and
           great
           Conduct
           of
           her
           Leaders
           ,
           had
           flourished
           so
           long
           ,
           one
           great
           mistake
           in
           Policy
           undid
           all
           .
           Nor
           was
           this
           Fall
           wholly
           undeserved
           ,
           since
           they
           so
           much
           swerved
           from
           the
           Institutions
           of
           Lycurgus
           ,
           to
           which
           their
           Ancestors
           were
           sworn
           ,
           who
           had
           formed
           a
           Republick
           ,
           wholly
           fitted
           to
           the
           Ease
           ,
           and
           Peace
           ,
           and
           vertuous
           Life
           of
           the
           Inhabitants
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           might
           have
           lived
           happily
           within
           themselves
           ,
           without
           molesting
           their
           Neighbours
           ,
           or
           seeking
           Dominion
           over
           them
           .
        
         
           Agesilaus
           being
           now
           very
           Aged
           ,
           gave
           over
           all
           Military
           Employments
           ;
           but
           his
           Son
           Archidamus
           ,
           having
           received
           help
           from
           
           Dionysius
           of
           Sicily
           ,
           did
           give
           a
           great
           Overthrow
           
           to
           the
           Arcadians
           ,
           in
           a
           Fight
           remarkably
           known
           by
           the
           Name
           of
           
             The
             tearless
             Battel
          
           ,
           wherein
           there
           was
           a
           great
           Slaughter
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           without
           the
           loss
           of
           one
           Spartan
           .
           This
           Victory
           did
           but
           too
           much
           discover
           the
           present
           Weakness
           of
           Sparta
           ;
           for
           heretofore
           Victory
           was
           esteemed
           so
           usual
           a
           thing
           with
           them
           ,
           that
           for
           their
           greatest
           Successes
           they
           seldom
           sacrificed
           any
           more
           than
           a
           Cock
           to
           the
           Gods.
           Neither
           were
           the
           Soldiers
           much
           elated
           at
           the
           News
           when
           it
           came
           :
           yea
           ,
           when
           the
           great
           Victory
           was
           obtained
           at
           Mantinea
           ,
           which
           is
           at
           large
           described
           by
           Thucidides
           ,
           the
           Messenger
           that
           brought
           the
           News
           ,
           had
           no
           other
           Reward
           ,
           than
           a
           good
           piece
           of
           Powdered
           Beef
           sent
           him
           to
           his
           Lodgings
           ▪
           But
           at
           the
           News
           of
           this
           Arcadian
           Victory
           ,
           they
           were
           not
           able
           to
           contain
           themselves
           ;
           but
           the
           old
           King
           went
           out
           in
           Procession
           with
           Tears
           of
           Joy
           in
           his
           Eyes
           ,
           to
           meet
           and
           embrace
           his
           Son
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           Council
           attended
           him
           .
           The
           Old
           Men
           and
           Women
           all
           marched
           out
           as
           far
           as
           the
           River
           Eurota
           ,
           lifting
           up
           their
           Hands
           ,
           and
           thanking
           the
           Gods
           ,
           that
           they
           had
           washed
           off
           the
           Stain
           that
           had
           lately
           stuck
           upon
           Sparta
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             That
             now
             they
             could
             boldly
             appear
             in
             the
             Face
             of
             the
             Sun
             ,
             who
             before
             ,
             out
             of
             Shame
             and
             Confusion
             ,
             could
             not
             appear
             even
             to
             their
             own
             Wives
             .
          
        
         
         
           When
           Epaminondas
           rebuilt
           Messene
           ,
           and
           
           recalled
           the
           ancient
           Citizens
           to
           it
           ,
           they
           were
           not
           able
           to
           obstruct
           the
           Design
           ,
           being
           not
           in
           condition
           of
           appearing
           in
           the
           Field
           against
           them
           .
           But
           the
           Spartans
           were
           very
           much
           offended
           with
           Agesilaus
           ,
           when
           they
           found
           so
           large
           a
           Territory
           ,
           equal
           to
           their
           own
           in
           Compass
           ,
           and
           for
           Fertility
           the
           richest
           of
           all
           Greece
           ,
           taken
           from
           them
           in
           his
           Reign
           .
           Therefore
           it
           was
           that
           the
           King
           broke
           off
           Treaty
           with
           the
           Thebans
           ,
           when
           they
           offered
           him
           Peace
           ,
           rather
           than
           set
           his
           Hand
           to
           the
           passing
           away
           of
           that
           Country
           ,
           though
           it
           was
           already
           taken
           from
           him
           .
           Which
           Punctilio
           of
           Honour
           had
           like
           to
           have
           cost
           him
           dear
           ;
           for
           in
           the
           progress
           of
           
           the
           War
           he
           was
           over-reached
           by
           a
           Stratagem
           ,
           which
           had
           almost
           amounted
           to
           the
           loss
           of
           Sparta
           .
           For
           when
           the
           Mantineans
           again
           revolted
           from
           Thebes
           to
           Sparta
           ,
           and
           Epaminondas
           understood
           that
           Agesilaus
           was
           come
           to
           their
           Assistance
           with
           a
           powerful
           Army
           ,
           he
           privately
           ,
           in
           the
           night
           ,
           quit
           his
           Quarters
           at
           Tegea
           ,
           and
           unknown
           to
           the
           Mantineans
           ,
           marched
           towards
           Sparta
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           he
           failed
           very
           little
           of
           taking
           it
           empty
           and
           unarmed
           .
           Of
           this
           Agesilaus
           having
           Intelligence
           ,
           sent
           him
           by
           Euthymus
           the
           Thespian
           ,
           saith
           Callisthenes
           ,
           but
           by
           some
           Cretan
           ,
           saith
           Xenophon
           ,
           immediately
           dispatched
           a
           Post
           to
           Lacedaemon
           ,
           to
           advertise
           
           them
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           withal
           to
           let
           them
           know
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           hastening
           to
           them
           .
           He
           did
           it
           with
           that
           Expedition
           ,
           that
           he
           prevented
           the
           Thebans
           ,
           who
           came
           over
           Eurotas
           after
           he
           was
           in
           the
           Town
           .
           They
           notwithstanding
           
           made
           an
           Assault
           upon
           the
           Town
           ,
           and
           were
           received
           by
           Agesilaus
           with
           great
           Courage
           ,
           he
           bestirring
           himself
           much
           beyond
           what
           was
           to
           be
           expected
           in
           his
           years
           .
           For
           he
           did
           not
           now
           Fight
           with
           that
           Caution
           and
           Cunning
           which
           he
           formerly
           made
           use
           of
           ,
           but
           put
           all
           upon
           a
           desperate
           push
           ;
           which
           (
           though
           not
           his
           usual
           method
           )
           succeeded
           so
           well
           ,
           that
           he
           rescued
           the
           City
           out
           of
           the
           Jaws
           of
           Epaminondas
           ,
           and
           forced
           him
           to
           retire
           .
           This
           Action
           deserved
           a
           Trophy
           ,
           and
           had
           one
           ;
           at
           the
           erection
           of
           which
           ,
           Agesilaus
           encouraged
           the
           Citizens
           ,
           by
           shewing
           them
           how
           well
           they
           had
           paid
           their
           Debt
           to
           their
           Country
           in
           this
           Action
           ,
           and
           particularly
           took
           notice
           of
           the
           great
           
           Performances
           of
           his
           Son
           Archidamus
           ,
           who
           had
           that
           day
           made
           himself
           Illustrious
           ,
           both
           by
           his
           Courage
           and
           Agility
           of
           Body
           ,
           speedily
           shifting
           Places
           to
           all
           the
           dangerous
           Passes
           ,
           where
           the
           Enemy
           pressed
           hardest
           into
           the
           Town
           ,
           every
           where
           charging
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           though
           with
           but
           few
           in
           his
           Company
           .
           But
           the
           grand
           Example
           of
           an
           Heroick
           Valour
           was
           given
           by
           Isadas
           ,
           the
           Son
           
           of
           Phaebidas
           ,
           to
           the
           Admiration
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           
           as
           well
           as
           of
           his
           Friends
           .
           He
           was
           a
           very
           comely
           ,
           handsom
           ,
           well-grown
           ,
           proper
           Youth
           ,
           just
           beginning
           to
           write
           Man.
           He
           had
           no
           Arms
           upon
           him
           ,
           scarce
           Cloaths
           ;
           he
           had
           just
           anointed
           himself
           at
           home
           ,
           when
           upon
           the
           Alarm
           ,
           without
           further
           Ceremony
           ,
           in
           that
           Undress
           ,
           he
           snatched
           a
           Spear
           in
           one
           hand
           ,
           and
           a
           Sword
           in
           the
           other
           ,
           and
           brake
           into
           the
           thickest
           of
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           bearing
           down
           all
           before
           him
           .
           He
           received
           no
           Wound
           ,
           whether
           that
           he
           were
           the
           particular
           Care
           of
           GOD
           ,
           who
           rewarded
           his
           Valour
           with
           an
           extraordinary
           Protection
           ,
           or
           whether
           his
           Shape
           being
           so
           large
           and
           beautiful
           ,
           and
           his
           Dress
           so
           unusual
           ,
           they
           thought
           him
           more
           than
           a
           Man.
           The
           gallantry
           of
           the
           Action
           was
           so
           esteemed
           among
           the
           Spartans
           ,
           that
           the
           Ephori
           gave
           him
           a
           
           Garland
           ;
           but
           as
           soon
           as
           they
           had
           done
           ,
           they
           fined
           him
           1000
           Drachms
           ,
           for
           going
           out
           to
           Battel
           unarmed
           .
        
         
           A
           few
           days
           after
           this
           ,
           there
           was
           another
           Battel
           fought
           near
           Mantinea
           ,
           wherein
           Epaminondas
           having
           routed
           the
           Van
           of
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           ,
           was
           eager
           in
           the
           pursuit
           of
           them
           ,
           when
           Anticrates
           ,
           the
           Laconian
           ,
           wounded
           
           him
           with
           a
           Spear
           ,
           saith
           Dioscorides
           ;
           but
           the
           Spartans
           to
           this
           day
           call
           the
           Posterity
           of
           this
           Anticrates
           ,
           *
           Sword-men
           ,
           because
           that
           he
           wounded
           Epaminondas
           with
           a
           Sword.
           They
           so
           dreaded
           Epaminondas
           ,
           when
           living
           ,
           
           that
           the
           Slayer
           of
           him
           was
           embraced
           and
           admired
           by
           all
           ;
           nay
           ,
           they
           decreed
           Honors
           to
           him
           and
           his
           Posterity
           ,
           to
           which
           latter
           they
           gave
           Immunity
           from
           all
           manner
           of
           Taxes
           :
           This
           Priviledge
           ,
           Callicrates
           ,
           one
           of
           his
           Descendants
           ,
           now
           enjoyeth
           .
        
         
           Epaminondas
           being
           Slain
           ,
           there
           was
           a
           general
           Peace
           again
           concluded
           ,
           from
           which
           
           Agesilaus's
           Party
           excluded
           the
           Messenians
           ,
           as
           Men
           that
           had
           no
           City
           ,
           and
           therefore
           would
           not
           let
           them
           Swear
           to
           the
           League
           ;
           to
           which
           ,
           when
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Greeks
           admitted
           them
           ,
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           went
           off
           ,
           and
           continued
           the
           War
           alone
           ,
           in
           hopes
           of
           subduing
           the
           Messenians
           .
           For
           this
           Reason
           
           was
           Agesilaus
           esteemed
           a
           stubborn
           ,
           refractory
           Man
           ,
           and
           insatiable
           of
           War
           ,
           who
           took
           such
           pains
           to
           hinder
           the
           League
           ,
           and
           to
           protract
           the
           War
           ,
           at
           a
           time
           when
           he
           had
           not
           Money
           wherewith
           to
           carry
           it
           on
           ,
           but
           was
           forced
           to
           borrow
           of
           the
           Citizens
           ,
           and
           to
           oppress
           them
           with
           heavy
           Taxes
           ,
           and
           all
           this
           to
           retrieve
           the
           poor
           City
           of
           Messenia
           ,
           after
           he
           had
           lost
           so
           great
           an
           Empire
           both
           by
           Sea
           and
           Land
           ,
           as
           the
           Spartans
           were
           possessed
           of
           ,
           when
           he
           came
           to
           the
           Crown
           .
        
         
           But
           it
           did
           more
           move
           the
           Indignation
           of
           all
           Men
           ,
           when
           he
           put
           himself
           into
           the
           Service
           
           of
           Tachos
           the
           Aegyptian
           .
           They
           thought
           it
           too
           too
           much
           unworthy
           of
           a
           Man
           of
           his
           Quality
           ,
           who
           was
           then
           looked
           upon
           as
           
           the
           prime
           Commander
           in
           all
           Greece
           ,
           who
           had
           filled
           all
           Countries
           with
           his
           Renown
           ,
           to
           let
           himself
           out
           to
           Hire
           to
           a
           Barbarian
           ,
           an
           Aegyptian
           Rebel
           ,
           (
           for
           Tachos
           was
           no
           better
           )
           and
           to
           fight
           for
           Pay
           ,
           as
           Captain
           only
           of
           a
           Band
           of
           Mercenaries
           .
           If
           at
           those
           Years
           of
           Eighty
           and
           odd
           ,
           after
           his
           Body
           had
           been
           worn
           out
           with
           Age
           ,
           and
           enfeebled
           with
           Wounds
           ,
           he
           had
           engaged
           in
           some
           very
           Honourable
           Cause
           ,
           as
           the
           Liberty
           of
           Greece
           ,
           or
           the
           like
           ,
           it
           had
           been
           however
           worthy
           of
           some
           Reproof
           .
           To
           make
           an
           Action
           honourable
           ,
           it
           ought
           to
           be
           agreeable
           to
           the
           Age
           ,
           and
           other
           Circumstances
           of
           the
           Person
           ;
           for
           it
           is
           Circumstance
           that
           doth
           difference
           the
           Action
           ,
           and
           make
           it
           either
           good
           or
           bad
           .
           But
           Agesilaus
           valued
           not
           other
           Mens
           Discourses
           ;
           he
           thought
           no
           publick
           Employment
           dishonourable
           ;
           the
           ignoblest
           thing
           in
           his
           esteem
           was
           for
           a
           Man
           to
           sit
           idle
           and
           resty
           at
           home
           ,
           till
           Death
           should
           come
           and
           take
           him
           napping
           .
           The
           Money
           therefore
           that
           he
           received
           from
           Tachos
           ,
           he
           laid
           out
           in
           raising
           of
           Men
           ,
           wherewith
           having
           filled
           his
           Ships
           ,
           he
           took
           also
           30
           Spartan
           Captains
           with
           him
           ,
           as
           formerly
           he
           had
           done
           in
           his
           Asiatick
           Expedition
           ,
           and
           set
           Sail
           for
           Aegypt
           .
        
         
           As
           soon
           as
           he
           arrived
           at
           Aegypt
           ,
           all
           the
           great
           Officers
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           came
           to
           pay
           their
           Compliments
           to
           him
           at
           his
           Landing
           .
           
           His
           Reputation
           being
           so
           great
           ,
           had
           rais'd
           the
           Expectation
           of
           the
           whole
           Country
           ,
           which
           did
           flock
           in
           to
           see
           him
           ;
           but
           when
           they
           found
           ,
           instead
           of
           the
           great
           Prince
           
           whom
           they
           looked
           for
           ,
           a
           little
           Old
           Man
           ,
           of
           contemptible
           presence
           ,
           without
           all
           Ceremony
           lying
           down
           upon
           the
           Grass
           ,
           his
           Hair
           uncombed
           ,
           his
           Cloaths
           thread-bare
           ,
           they
           fell
           into
           Laughter
           and
           Scorn
           of
           him
           ,
           crying
           out
           ,
           that
           the
           old
           Proverb
           was
           now
           made
           good
           ,
           
             The
             Mountain
             had
             brought
             forth
             a
             Mouse
             .
          
           They
           were
           much
           more
           scandalized
           at
           his
           Stupidity
           ,
           (
           as
           they
           thought
           it
           )
           who
           ,
           when
           Presents
           were
           made
           of
           all
           manner
           of
           Provisions
           ,
           took
           only
           the
           Meal
           ,
           the
           Calves
           ,
           and
           the
           Geese
           ,
           but
           rejected
           the
           Sweet-Meats
           ,
           the
           Confections
           and
           Perfumes
           :
           When
           they
           did
           urge
           him
           to
           the
           acceptance
           of
           them
           ,
           he
           took
           them
           and
           gave
           them
           to
           the
           Helots
           that
           were
           in
           his
           Army
           ;
           yet
           he
           was
           taken
           with
           the
           Garlands
           they
           made
           of
           the
           *
           Papyrus
           ,
           because
           of
           their
           native
           Simplicity
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           returned
           homewards
           ,
           he
           demanded
           one
           of
           the
           King
           ,
           which
           he
           carried
           with
           him
           .
        
         
           When
           he
           joyned
           with
           Tachos
           ,
           he
           found
           his
           Expectation
           of
           being
           Generalissimo
           frustrated
           :
           Tachos
           reserved
           that
           place
           for
           himself
           ,
           making
           Agesilaus
           only
           Captain
           of
           the
           Band
           of
           Mercenaries
           ,
           and
           Chabrias
           the
           Athenian
           Admiral
           .
           This
           was
           the
           first
           occasion
           
           of
           his
           Discontent
           ;
           but
           there
           followed
           others
           :
           
           he
           (
           being
           daily
           tired
           with
           the
           Insolency
           and
           Vanity
           of
           this
           Aegyptian
           )
           was
           at
           length
           forced
           to
           attend
           on
           him
           into
           Phaenicia
           ,
           in
           a
           condition
           much
           below
           his
           Spirit
           and
           Dignity
           ,
           which
           ,
           notwithstanding
           ,
           he
           was
           forced
           to
           digest
           for
           a
           while
           ,
           till
           he
           had
           opportunity
           of
           shewing
           his
           Resentment
           .
           It
           was
           soon
           afforded
           him
           by
           Nectanabis
           ,
           the
           Uncle
           of
           Tachos
           ,
           and
           a
           great
           
           Captain
           under
           him
           ,
           who
           took
           an
           occasion
           to
           fall
           off
           from
           his
           Nephew
           ,
           and
           was
           soon
           Proclaimed
           King
           by
           the
           Aegyptians
           .
           This
           Man
           invited
           Agesilaus
           to
           his
           Party
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           he
           did
           to
           Chabrias
           offering
           great
           Rewards
           to
           both
           .
           Tachos
           having
           smelt
           it
           ,
           did
           immediately
           apply
           himself
           both
           to
           Agesilaus
           and
           Chabrias
           ,
           with
           great
           Humility
           to
           them
           both
           ,
           beseeching
           their
           continuance
           in
           his
           Friendship
           .
           Chabrias
           consented
           to
           it
           ,
           and
           did
           what
           he
           could
           to
           sweeten
           Agesilaus
           in
           the
           matter
           :
           but
           he
           gave
           this
           short
           Reply
           ,
           
             You
             ,
             O
          
           Chabrias
           ,
           
             came
             hither
             a
             Voluntier
             ,
             and
             may
             go
             and
             stay
             as
             you
             see
             cause
             ;
             but
             I
             am
             the
             Servant
             of
          
           Sparta
           ,
           
             sent
             hither
             on
             their
             Errand
             ,
             and
             must
             take
             my
             Measures
             from
             them
             .
          
           This
           being
           said
           ,
           he
           soon
           dispatched
           Messengers
           to
           Sparta
           ,
           who
           were
           sufficiently
           instructed
           both
           in
           the
           Accusations
           of
           Tachos
           ,
           and
           the
           Commendations
           of
           Nectanabis
           .
           The
           Two
           Aegyptians
           did
           also
           send
           their
           Ambassadors
           
           to
           Lacedaemon
           ,
           the
           one
           to
           claim
           Continuance
           of
           the
           old
           League
           already
           made
           ;
           the
           other
           to
           make
           great
           Offers
           for
           the
           breaking
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           making
           a
           new
           One.
           The
           Spartans
           having
           heard
           both
           sides
           ,
           gave
           in
           their
           publick
           Answer
           ,
           
             That
             they
             referred
             the
             whole
             Matter
             to
          
           Agesilaus
           ;
           but
           priyately
           wrote
           to
           him
           ,
           to
           act
           as
           he
           should
           find
           it
           best
           for
           the
           Profit
           of
           the
           Commonwealth
           .
           Upon
           receipt
           of
           his
           Orders
           ,
           he
           soon
           changed
           sides
           ,
           carrying
           all
           the
           Mercenaries
           with
           him
           to
           Nectanabis
           ,
           prefacing
           so
           foul
           an
           Action
           ,
           with
           the
           plausible
           pretence
           of
           acting
           for
           the
           Benefit
           of
           his
           Country
           ,
           whereas
           the
           fine
           Veil
           being
           taken
           off
           ,
           the
           Fact
           was
           no
           better
           than
           downright
           Treachery
           .
           But
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           ,
           who
           make
           it
           the
           first
           Principle
           of
           their
           Actions
           to
           serve
           their
           Country
           ,
           know
           not
           any
           thing
           to
           be
           just
           or
           unjust
           by
           any
           Measures
           but
           that
           .
        
         
           Tachos
           being
           thus
           deserted
           by
           the
           Mercenaries
           ,
           fled
           for
           it
           .
           Upon
           which
           ,
           one
           Mendesius
           
           being
           designed
           his
           Successor
           ,
           arose
           and
           came
           against
           Nectanabis
           ,
           with
           an
           Army
           
           of
           an
           100000
           Men.
           Nectanabis
           in
           his
           Discourse
           with
           Agesilaus
           ,
           despised
           them
           as
           new
           raised
           Men
           ,
           who
           ,
           though
           many
           in
           number
           ,
           were
           of
           no
           Skill
           in
           War
           ,
           being
           most
           of
           them
           Handicrafts-men
           and
           Trades-men
           ,
           never
           bred
           to
           War.
           To
           whom
           Agesilaus
           answered
           ,
           
             That
             he
             despised
             their
             numbers
             ,
             but
             was
          
           
           
             afraid
             of
             their
             Ignorance
             ,
             which
             gave
             no
             room
             for
             treating
             them
             by
             Finen●ss
             and
             Stratagem
             ;
             for
             those
             are
             to
             be
             used
             only
             with
             cunning
             and
             crafly
             Men
             ,
             who
             ,
             being
             themselves
             full
             of
             Design
             ,
             and
             suspicious
             alway
             of
             yours
             ,
             do
             give
             opportunity
             of
             putting
             Tricks
             upon
             them
             ;
             but
             a
             Fool-hardy
             Man
             ,
             that
             neither
             s●eth
             nor
             feareth
             any
             thing
             ,
             giveth
             no
             more
             opportunity
             to
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             than
             he
             that
             stands
             stock-still
             without
             putting
             out
             his
             Leg
             ,
             giveth
             to
             a
             Wrestler
             .
          
           This
           Mendesius
           was
           not
           wanting
           in
           the
           Solicitations
           of
           Agesilaus
           ,
           
           insomuch
           that
           Nectanabis
           grew
           jealous
           .
           But
           when
           Agesilaus
           advised
           to
           Fight
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           presently
           before
           either
           their
           Skill
           or
           their
           Numbers
           increased
           ;
           it
           being
           imprudent
           to
           protract
           a
           War
           with
           such
           Men
           ,
           who
           (
           rude
           and
           inexpert
           as
           they
           were
           )
           would
           so
           increase
           in
           numbers
           ,
           as
           wholly
           to
           incompass
           them
           ,
           and
           prevent
           their
           Designs
           .
           This
           confirmed
           him
           in
           his
           Jealousie
           ,
           and
           made
           him
           take
           the
           quite
           contrary
           course
           ,
           retreating
           into
           a
           strong
           Garison
           ,
           well
           Fortifi'd
           with
           Walls
           and
           Bulwarks
           .
           Agesilaus
           finding
           himself
           mistrusted
           ,
           took
           it
           very
           ill
           ,
           and
           was
           full
           of
           Indignation
           ,
           yet
           was
           ashamed
           to
           change
           Sides
           again
           ,
           the
           other
           having
           been
           so
           lately
           done
           ;
           so
           that
           he
           was
           forced
           to
           follow
           Nectanabis
           into
           the
           Town
           .
        
         
           When
           Mendesius
           came
           up
           ,
           and
           began
           to
           draw
           a
           Line
           about
           the
           Town
           ,
           and
           to
           intrench
           ,
           
           the
           Aegyptian
           was
           resolving
           upon
           a
           
           Battel
           ,
           thinking
           it
           much
           safer
           ,
           than
           to
           be
           begirt
           round
           with
           a
           Ditch
           ,
           and
           so
           starved
           out
           in
           a
           long
           Siege
           .
           The
           Greeks
           were
           also
           of
           that
           mind
           ,
           the
           Provisions
           growing
           already
           scarce
           in
           the
           Town
           .
           When
           Agesilaus
           opposed
           it
           ,
           the
           Aegyptians
           then
           suspected
           him
           much
           more
           ,
           publickly
           calling
           him
           ,
           
             The
             Betrayer
             of
             the
             King.
          
           But
           Agesilaus
           (
           being
           now
           satisfi'd
           within
           himself
           )
           did
           bear
           all
           these
           Reproaches
           patiently
           ,
           and
           follow'd
           the
           Design
           close
           which
           he
           had
           laid
           ,
           of
           over-reaching
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           which
           was
           this
           :
        
         
           The
           Enemy
           had
           intrenched
           with
           a
           deep
           Ditch
           and
           high
           Wall
           ,
           resolving
           to
           shut
           up
           the
           King
           and
           starve
           him
           .
           When
           the
           Ditch
           was
           brought
           almost
           quite
           round
           ,
           he
           took
           the
           Advantage
           of
           the
           Night
           ,
           and
           Armed
           all
           his
           Greeks
           .
           Then
           ,
           going
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           This
           ,
           
           
             Young-Man
             ,
             is
             your
             opportunity
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             of
             saving
             your self
             ,
             which
             I
             durst
             not
             all
             this
             while
             discover
             ,
             lest
             the
             discovery
             should
             prevent
             it
             ;
             but
             now
             the
             Enemy
             hath
             ,
             at
             his
             own
             Cost
             ,
             and
             the
             pains
             and
             labour
             of
             his
             own
             Men
             ,
             provided
             for
             our
             Security
             .
             As
             much
             of
             this
             Wall
             as
             is
             built
             ,
             will
             prevent
             them
             from
             surrounding
             us
             with
             their
             Multitude
             ,
             the
             Gap
             yet
             left
             will
             be
             sufficient
             for
             us
             to
             Sally
             out
             by
             :
             Now
             play
             the
             Man
             ,
             and
             follow
             the
             Example
             the
          
           Greeks
           
             will
             give
             you
             ,
             and
             by
             Fighting
             valiantly
             ,
             save
             your self
             and
             your
             Army
             ;
             their
             Front
             will
             not
             be
             able
             to
             stand
             against
          
           
           
             us
             ,
             and
             their
             Rear
             we
             are
             sufficiently
             secured
             from
             ,
             by
             a
             Wall
             of
             their
             own
             making
             .
             Nectanabis
          
           admiring
           the
           Wisdom
           of
           Agesilaus
           ,
           immediately
           placed
           himself
           in
           the
           Grecian
           Army
           ,
           and
           Fought
           with
           them
           ;
           which
           ,
           upon
           the
           first
           Charge
           soon
           routed
           the
           Enemy
           .
           Agesilaus
           having
           now
           gotten
           Credit
           with
           the
           King
           ,
           began
           to
           use
           what
           Stratagems
           he
           thought
           good
           ,
           without
           being
           interrupted
           by
           him
           :
           He
           sometimes
           pretended
           a
           Retreat
           ,
           otherwhile
           charged
           furiously
           ;
           by
           this
           means
           disordering
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           and
           at
           last
           trolling
           him
           into
           a
           Place
           enclosed
           between
           Two
           Ditches
           ,
           that
           were
           
           very
           deep
           ,
           and
           full
           of
           Water
           .
           When
           he
           had
           them
           at
           this
           Advantage
           ,
           he
           soon
           charged
           them
           ,
           drawing
           up
           the
           Front
           of
           his
           Battel
           equal
           to
           the
           space
           between
           the
           Two
           Ditches
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           had
           no
           way
           of
           surrounding
           him
           ,
           being
           enclosed
           themselves
           on
           both
           sides
           .
           They
           made
           but
           little
           Resistance
           ;
           many
           fell
           ,
           others
           fled
           and
           were
           dispersed
           .
        
         
           Nectanabis
           being
           thus
           settled
           and
           fixed
           in
           his
           Kingdom
           ,
           did
           with
           much
           Kindness
           and
           Earnestness
           invite
           Agesilaus
           to
           spend
           his
           Winter
           in
           Aegypt
           :
           But
           he
           made
           haste
           home
           
           to
           assist
           in
           the
           Wars
           of
           his
           own
           Country
           ,
           whose
           Treasury
           he
           knew
           to
           be
           empty
           ,
           yet
           were
           they
           forced
           to
           hire
           Mercenaries
           ,
           whilst
           their
           own
           Men
           were
           fighting
           abroad
           .
           The
           King
           dismissed
           him
           very
           honourably
           ,
           and
           
           among
           other
           Presents
           ,
           he
           presented
           the
           State
           of
           Sparta
           ,
           with
           230
           Talents
           of
           Silver
           ,
           towards
           the
           Charge
           of
           their
           Wars
           :
           but
           the
           Winter-season
           being
           tempestuous
           ,
           he
           was
           driven
           upon
           a
           desart
           Shore
           of
           Africa
           ,
           called
           
             The
             Haven
             of
          
           Menelaus
           ,
           where
           ,
           when
           his
           Ships
           were
           just
           upon
           Landing
           ,
           he
           expired
           ,
           
           being
           then
           Eighty
           Eight
           Years
           Old
           ,
           and
           having
           Reigned
           in
           Lacedaemon
           Forty
           One
           ,
           Thirty
           of
           which
           Years
           he
           passed
           in
           great
           Splendor
           ,
           being
           esteemed
           the
           greatest
           and
           most
           powerful
           Prince
           of
           all
           Greece
           ,
           and
           being
           looked
           on
           as
           in
           a
           manner
           General
           and
           King
           of
           it
           ,
           till
           the
           Battel
           of
           Leuctra
           .
           It
           was
           the
           Custom
           of
           the
           Spartans
           ,
           to
           Bury
           their
           common
           Dead
           in
           the
           Place
           where
           they
           died
           ,
           whatsoever
           Country
           it
           was
           ,
           but
           their
           Kings
           they
           Embalmed
           and
           carried
           home
           .
           Now
           the
           Followers
           of
           Agesilaus
           ,
           having
           not
           
           wherewith
           to
           Embalm
           him
           ,
           did
           ,
           for
           want
           of
           Honey
           ,
           which
           they
           used
           in
           their
           Embalming
           ,
           wrap
           his
           Body
           in
           Wax
           ,
           and
           so
           conveyed
           him
           to
           Lacedaemon
           .
        
         
           His
           Son
           Archidamus
           succeeded
           him
           in
           his
           Throne
           ,
           so
           did
           his
           Posterity
           successively
           to
           Agis
           ,
           who
           was
           the
           5th
           from
           Agesilaus
           .
           He
           was
           murthered
           by
           Leonidas
           ,
           for
           seeking
           to
           restore
           the
           ancient
           Discipline
           of
           Sparta
           .
        
         
      
       
         
         
           
             
               CN
               .
               POMPEIVS
               MAGNVS
            
             depiction of Pompey
             
               MBurg
               .
               sculp
               .
            
          
        
         
         
           THE
           LIFE
           OF
           POMPEY
           .
        
         
           Translated
           out
           of
           the
           Greek
           ,
           By
           
             W.
             Oldys
          
           ,
           LL.
           D.
           
        
         
           THE
           People
           of
           Rome
           seem
           to
           have
           embraced
           Pompey
           from
           his
           Childhood
           ,
           
           with
           the
           same
           Affection
           that
           Prometheus
           in
           the
           Tragedy
           of
           Eschylus
           ,
           expressed
           for
           Hercules
           ,
           speaking
           of
           him
           ,
           as
           the
           Author
           of
           his
           Deliverance
           ,
           in
           these
           words
           ,
        
         
           
             Ah
             cruel
             Sire
             !
             how
             dear's
             thy
             Son
             to
             me
             !
          
           
             The
             generous
             Off-spring
             of
             my
             Enemy
             !
          
        
         
           For
           on
           one
           hand
           ,
           never
           did
           the
           Romans
           
           give
           such
           a
           demonstration
           of
           their
           Hatred
           (
           a
           Hatred
           so
           implacable
           and
           savage
           )
           against
           any
           of
           their
           Generals
           ,
           as
           they
           did
           against
           
           Strabo
           ,
           the
           Father
           of
           Pompey
           .
           All
           his
           Life-time
           ,
           't
           is
           true
           ,
           they
           stood
           in
           awe
           of
           his
           Martial
           Prowess
           and
           Power
           ,
           (
           for
           indeed
           he
           was
           a
           mighty
           Warriour
           )
           but
           immediately
           upon
           his
           Death
           ,
           (
           which
           happened
           by
           a
           Stroke
           of
           Thunder
           )
           they
           Treated
           him
           Barbarously
           ,
           dragging
           his
           very
           Corps
           from
           the
           Hearse
           ,
           as
           it
           was
           carried
           in
           Pomp
           at
           his
           Funeral
           ,
           with
           Villany
           and
           Disgrace
           .
           On
           
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           in
           Favour
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           never
           had
           any
           Roman
           the
           Peoples
           Good-will
           and
           Devotion
           more
           zealous
           throughout
           all
           the
           Changes
           of
           Fortune
           ,
           either
           springing
           up
           earlier
           ,
           and
           aspiring
           together
           with
           him
           in
           Prosperity
           ,
           or
           so
           constantly
           Loyal
           in
           Adversity
           ,
           as
           Pompey
           had
           .
           In
           Strabo
           ,
           there
           was
           one
           great
           cause
           of
           Hatred
           ,
           his
           unsatiable
           .
           Covetousness
           ;
           but
           in
           Pompey
           there
           were
           many
           ,
           whereby
           he
           became
           the
           Object
           of
           their
           Love
           ;
           his
           Temperance
           of
           Life
           ,
           
           Skill
           ,
           and
           Exercise
           in
           Martial
           Discipline
           ,
           Eloquence
           of
           Speech
           ,
           Integrity
           of
           Mind
           ,
           and
           Affability
           in
           Conversation
           and
           Address
           ;
           insomuch
           as
           no
           Man
           ever
           made
           his
           Addresses
           with
           lesser
           Trouble
           ,
           or
           gratifi'd
           an
           Addressor
           with
           more
           Delight
           :
           For
           in
           Presents
           ,
           when
           he
           gave
           ,
           't
           was
           without
           Disdain
           ;
           when
           he
           receiv'd
           ,
           't
           was
           with
           Reverence
           and
           Honour
           .
        
         
           In
           his
           Youth
           ,
           he
           had
           a
           Grace
           in
           his
           
           Countenance
           extremely
           taking
           ,
           seeming
           
           to
           anticipate
           his
           Eloquence
           ,
           and
           win
           upon
           the
           Affections
           of
           the
           People
           before
           he
           spoke
           ;
           for
           in
           his
           Air
           there
           was
           a
           Majestick
           Gravity
           ,
           temper'd
           with
           no
           less
           Candor
           and
           Humanity
           :
           And
           when
           as
           yet
           he
           was
           but
           in
           the
           Flower
           and
           Dawn
           of
           his
           Manhood
           ,
           there
           appear'd
           in
           his
           Deportment
           a
           sage
           and
           princely
           Genius
           ,
           even
           in
           its
           Meridian
           .
           His
           Hair
           sate
           somewhat
           hollow
           or
           rising
           a
           little
           :
           and
           the
           languishing
           motion
           of
           his
           Eyes
           ,
           seem'd
           to
           form
           a
           resemblance
           in
           his
           Face
           ,
           (
           though
           perhaps
           more
           through
           the
           speech
           of
           People
           ,
           than
           real
           likeness
           )
           to
           the
           Statues
           of
           King
           Alexander
           :
           Now
           because
           many
           call'd
           him
           by
           that
           Name
           in
           his
           Youth
           ,
           Pompey
           himself
           did
           not
           decline
           it
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           some
           in
           derision
           call'd
           him
           so
           ;
           yet
           even
           
             Lucius
             Philippus
          
           ,
           a
           Man
           of
           Consular
           Dignity
           ,
           when
           he
           was
           pleading
           in
           favour
           of
           him
           ,
           thought
           it
           not
           unfit
           to
           say
           ,
           
             That
             there
             was
             nothing
             absurd
             or
             unexpected
             in
             this
             ,
             that
             he
             himself
             being
          
           Philip
           ,
           
             should
             be
             a
             Lover
             of
          
           Alexander
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           reported
           of
           Flora
           the
           Curtezan
           ,
           That
           
           in
           her
           latter
           time
           she
           took
           great
           delight
           in
           relating
           her
           Amours
           and
           Familiarity
           with
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           was
           wont
           to
           say
           ,
           That
           she
           could
           never
           part
           upon
           an
           Enjoyment
           ,
           without
           a
           Bite
           or
           Satyrical
           Reflection
           .
           And
           
           withal
           she
           would
           farther
           tell
           you
           ,
           That
           one
           Geminius
           ,
           a
           great
           Companion
           of
           
           Pompey's
           ,
           
           fell
           in
           Love
           with
           her
           ,
           and
           made
           his
           Court
           with
           all
           the
           Arts
           imaginable
           ;
           but
           she
           refusing
           ,
           and
           telling
           him
           ,
           Howe're
           her
           Inclinations
           were
           ,
           yet
           she
           could
           not
           gratifie
           his
           Desires
           for
           
           Pompey's
           sake
           :
           He
           therefore
           mov'd
           Pompey
           in
           it
           ,
           and
           Pompey
           frankly
           gave
           his
           Consent
           ,
           but
           never
           afterwards
           would
           touch
           her
           ,
           or
           have
           any
           Converse
           with
           her
           ,
           notwithstanding
           he
           seem'd
           to
           have
           a
           great
           Passion
           for
           her
           ;
           which
           Flora
           resented
           ,
           not
           with
           the
           Levity
           of
           a
           Strumpet
           ,
           for
           that
           she
           languish'd
           afterwards
           under
           a
           tedious
           Sickness
           ,
           through
           Grief
           and
           Desire
           .
           Now
           ,
           't
           was
           said
           ,
           That
           this
           Flora
           became
           such
           a
           celebrated
           Beauty
           ,
           that
           
             Cecilius
             Metellus
          
           ,
           when
           he
           adorn'd
           the
           Temples
           of
           Castor
           and
           Pollux
           with
           divers
           rare
           Pictures
           and
           Images
           ;
           among
           the
           rest
           ,
           he
           dedicated
           hers
           for
           her
           singular
           Beauty
           .
           But
           Pompey
           was
           quite
           besides
           his
           natural
           Temper
           ,
           in
           his
           Deportment
           towards
           the
           Wife
           of
           Demetrius
           ,
           his
           Franchis'd
           Servant
           (
           who
           had
           a
           great
           Influence
           upon
           him
           in
           his
           Life-time
           ,
           and
           left
           an
           Estate
           of
           4000
           Talents
           )
           where
           he
           demean'd
           himself
           neither
           gentilely
           nor
           ingeniously
           ,
           fearing
           lest
           he
           should
           fall
           under
           the
           common
           Censure
           of
           being
           enamour'd
           and
           charm'd
           with
           her
           Beauty
           ,
           which
           was
           incomparable
           ,
           and
           became
           famous
           every
           where
           .
           Thus
           though
           herein
           he
           seem'd
           to
           be
           providently
           circumspect
           and
           
           Cautious
           ,
           yet
           even
           in
           Scandals
           of
           this
           Nature
           ,
           he
           could
           not
           avoid
           the
           Calumnies
           of
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           but
           that
           upon
           the
           score
           of
           Women
           ,
           his
           Wives
           at
           least
           ,
           they
           play'd
           the
           Sycophants
           with
           him
           ,
           and
           accus'd
           him
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           had
           Conniv'd
           at
           many
           Things
           ,
           and
           Imbezil'd
           the
           publick
           Revenue
           to
           gratifie
           their
           Luxury
           .
        
         
           Then
           for
           his
           Sobriety
           ,
           and
           Temperance
           
           in
           Diet
           ,
           there
           was
           one
           remarkable
           passage
           in
           his
           Sickness
           ;
           when
           his
           Stomach
           nauseated
           common
           Meats
           ,
           his
           Physician
           prescrib'd
           him
           a
           Thrush
           to
           Eat
           ;
           but
           upon
           search
           there
           was
           none
           to
           be
           bought
           ,
           (
           for
           they
           were
           not
           then
           in
           Season
           )
           and
           one
           telling
           him
           ,
           They
           were
           to
           be
           had
           at
           
           Lucullus's
           ,
           who
           kept
           them
           all
           the
           year
           round
           ,
           
             Why
             then
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             if
             it
             were
             not
             for
          
           Lucullus's
           
             Luxury
             ,
             should
             not
          
           Pompey
           live
           ?
           Thereupon
           wishing
           Health
           to
           his
           Physician
           ,
           he
           discharg'd
           him
           ,
           and
           accepted
           of
           what
           was
           in
           Season
           .
           But
           of
           that
           hereafter
           .
        
         
           Now
           Pompey
           being
           as
           yet
           a
           very
           young
           Man
           ,
           and
           upon
           an
           Expedition
           ,
           (
           in
           which
           his
           Father
           was
           appointed
           General
           against
           Cinna
           )
           had
           in
           his
           Tent
           with
           him
           one
           
             Lucius
             Terentius
          
           ,
           his
           Companion
           and
           Comrade
           ,
           who
           ,
           being
           corrupted
           by
           Cinna
           ,
           enter'd
           into
           an
           Engagement
           to
           kill
           Pompey
           ,
           as
           others
           had
           done
           to
           set
           the
           Generals
           Tent
           on
           Fire
           .
           This
           Conspiracy
           being
           discovered
           to
           Pompey
           
           at
           Supper
           ,
           he
           seem'd
           no
           ways
           discompos'd
           at
           it
           ,
           but
           drank
           more
           liberally
           than
           usual
           ,
           and
           express'd
           an
           extraordinary
           Kindness
           to
           Terentius
           ;
           then
           about
           Bed-Time
           (
           pretending
           to
           go
           to
           his
           Repose
           )
           he
           stole
           away
           secretly
           out
           of
           his
           own
           Tent
           ,
           and
           setting
           a
           Guard
           about
           his
           Father
           ,
           went
           to
           his
           Rest
           :
           Terentius
           now
           thinking
           his
           Enterprize
           ripe
           for
           Execution
           ,
           rose
           with
           his
           naked
           Sword
           ,
           and
           coming
           to
           
           Pompey's
           Bed-side
           ,
           stabb'd
           several
           Strokes
           through
           the
           Bed-Cloaths
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           were
           lying
           there
           .
           Immediately
           upon
           this
           there
           was
           a
           great
           Uproar
           throughout
           all
           the
           Camp
           ,
           arising
           from
           the
           Hatred
           they
           bore
           to
           the
           General
           ,
           and
           an
           Universal
           Inclination
           of
           the
           Soldiers
           to
           Mutiny
           ,
           all
           tearing
           down
           their
           Tents
           ,
           and
           betaking
           themselves
           to
           their
           Arms
           ;
           the
           General
           himself
           all
           this
           while
           durst
           not
           venture
           out
           because
           of
           the
           Tumult
           ,
           but
           Pompey
           running
           into
           the
           midst
           of
           them
           ,
           beseech'd
           them
           with
           Tears
           ,
           and
           at
           last
           threw
           himself
           prostrate
           upon
           his
           Face
           before
           the
           door
           of
           the
           Trench
           ,
           and
           lay
           there
           in
           the
           passage
           ,
           as
           a
           Bar
           at
           their
           Feet
           ,
           bewailing
           his
           Fate
           ,
           and
           bidding
           those
           that
           were
           marching
           off
           ,
           if
           they
           would
           go
           ,
           to
           trample
           upon
           him
           ;
           whereupon
           every
           Man
           began
           to
           retreat
           ,
           and
           all
           ,
           except
           800
           ,
           either
           through
           Shame
           or
           Compassion
           ,
           repented
           of
           their
           Folly
           ,
           and
           were
           Reconcil'd
           to
           the
           General
           .
        
         
         
           Immediately
           upon
           the
           Death
           of
           Strabo
           ,
           
           there
           was
           an
           Action
           commenc'd
           against
           Pompey
           as
           his
           Heir
           ,
           for
           that
           his
           Father
           had
           imbezil'd
           the
           publick
           Treasure
           ;
           But
           Pompey
           having
           well
           trac'd
           the
           Thief
           ,
           charg'd
           it
           upon
           one
           Alexander
           ,
           a
           franchis'd
           BondSlave
           of
           his
           Fathers
           ,
           and
           made
           an
           undoubted
           Evidence
           before
           the
           Judges
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           purloin'd
           and
           converted
           it
           to
           his
           own
           Use
           .
           Afterwards
           he
           himself
           was
           Arraign'd
           ,
           for
           that
           he
           had
           seiz'd
           upon
           the
           Toils
           ,
           or
           Hunting
           Tackle
           ,
           and
           Books
           ,
           that
           were
           taken
           at
           Asculum
           .
           To
           this
           he
           Confess'd
           thus
           far
           ,
           That
           he
           receiv'd
           them
           from
           his
           Father
           ,
           when
           he
           took
           Asculum
           ,
           but
           Pleaded
           farther
           ,
           That
           he
           had
           lost
           them
           since
           ,
           which
           happen'd
           upon
           
           Cinna's
           Return
           to
           Rome
           ,
           when
           his
           House
           was
           broke
           open
           and
           plunder'd
           by
           those
           of
           his
           Guards
           .
           This
           Cause
           was
           notably
           managed
           with
           his
           Adversary
           in
           the
           Preparatories
           of
           Judgment
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           appearing
           strangely
           subtile
           and
           industrious
           beyond
           his
           years
           ,
           gain'd
           great
           Reputation
           and
           Favour
           ;
           insomuch
           ,
           that
           Antistius
           the
           Praetor
           ,
           and
           Judge
           of
           that
           Cause
           ,
           took
           a
           great
           Liking
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           offer'd
           him
           his
           Daughter
           in
           Marriage
           ,
           having
           had
           some
           Treaties
           and
           Communications
           with
           his
           Friends
           about
           it
           .
           Pompey
           accepted
           of
           the
           Conditions
           ,
           and
           they
           were
           privately
           
           Contracted
           together
           in
           Marriage
           :
           However
           
           this
           Matter
           was
           not
           so
           closely
           convey'd
           ,
           as
           to
           escape
           the
           Multitude
           ,
           but
           it
           was
           discernible
           enough
           ,
           from
           the
           Favours
           that
           were
           shewn
           to
           him
           by
           Antistius
           in
           his
           Cause
           .
           Whereupon
           at
           last
           ,
           when
           Antistius
           pronounc'd
           the
           absolutory
           Sentence
           of
           the
           Judges
           ,
           the
           People
           (
           as
           if
           it
           had
           been
           upon
           a
           Signal
           given
           )
           made
           the
           same
           Acclamation
           as
           was
           anciently
           us'd
           at
           Marriages
           ,
           Talassio
           ;
           the
           Original
           of
           which
           Custom
           is
           Reported
           to
           be
           this
           :
           Upon
           a
           time
           ,
           when
           the
           Daughters
           of
           the
           Sabines
           came
           to
           Rome
           ,
           to
           see
           the
           Shews
           and
           Sports
           there
           ,
           and
           were
           violently
           seiz'd
           upon
           by
           the
           Nobles
           for
           Wives
           ,
           it
           happen'd
           that
           some
           Goatswains
           and
           Herdsmen
           of
           the
           meaner
           Rank
           ,
           were
           carrying
           off
           a
           beautiful
           and
           proper
           Damosel
           ,
           and
           lest
           any
           of
           the
           Nobles
           should
           meet
           them
           ,
           and
           take
           her
           away
           ,
           therefore
           as
           they
           ran
           ,
           they
           cry'd
           out
           with
           one
           Voice
           ,
           Talassio
           :
           Now
           Talassius
           was
           an
           eminent
           and
           acceptable
           Person
           among
           them
           ,
           insomuch
           ,
           as
           all
           that
           heard
           the
           Name
           ,
           clapp'd
           their
           Hands
           for
           Joy
           ,
           and
           joyn'd
           with
           them
           in
           the
           Shout
           ,
           as
           applauding
           and
           congratulating
           the
           Choice
           ;
           Now
           ,
           say
           they
           ,
           (
           because
           that
           prov'd
           a
           fortunate
           Match
           to
           Talassius
           )
           hence
           't
           is
           that
           this
           Acclamation
           is
           jocularly
           us'd
           as
           a
           Nuptial
           Song
           at
           all
           Weddings
           .
           And
           this
           is
           the
           most
           credible
           Story
           that
           I
           can
           meet
           with
           touching
           what
           is
           related
           of
           Talassio
           .
        
         
         
           Some
           few
           days
           after
           this
           Judgment
           ,
           Pompey
           Married
           Antistia
           ,
           and
           after
           that
           went
           to
           
           Cinna's
           Camp
           ,
           where
           finding
           some
           false
           Suggestions
           and
           Calumnies
           forg'd
           against
           him
           ,
           he
           began
           to
           be
           afraid
           ,
           and
           presently
           withdrew
           himself
           in
           disguise
           from
           the
           Camp
           ;
           this
           sudden
           disappearance
           occasion'd
           great
           Jealousies
           ,
           and
           there
           went
           a
           Rumour
           and
           Speech
           throughout
           all
           the
           Camp
           ▪
           as
           if
           Cinna
           had
           Murder'd
           the
           young
           Man
           ;
           whereupon
           all
           that
           had
           been
           any
           ways
           disoblig'd
           ,
           and
           bore
           any
           Malice
           to
           him
           ,
           resolv'd
           to
           make
           an
           Assault
           upon
           him
           :
           But
           he
           endeavouring
           to
           make
           his
           Escape
           ,
           was
           apprehended
           by
           a
           Centurian
           ,
           that
           pursu'd
           him
           with
           his
           naked
           
           Sword
           ;
           wherefore
           Cinna
           in
           this
           Distress
           fell
           upon
           his
           Knees
           ,
           and
           offer'd
           him
           a
           Seal
           of
           great
           value
           for
           his
           Ransom
           ;
           but
           the
           Centurian
           checked
           him
           very
           insolently
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             I
             come
             not
             here
             to
             Seal
             a
             Covenant
             ,
             but
             to
             Chastise
             and
             be
             Reveng'd
             upon
             the
             Iniquity
             of
             a
             Lawless
             and
             Ungodly
             Tyrant
          
           ;
           and
           so
           dispatch'd
           him
           immediately
           .
        
         
           Thus
           Cinna
           being
           slain
           ,
           Carbo
           ,
           a
           Tyrant
           
           more
           sensless
           than
           he
           ,
           took
           the
           Administration
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           and
           all
           Things
           upon
           him
           .
           But
           shortly
           after
           came
           Sylla
           ,
           a
           Man
           by
           Reason
           of
           these
           imminent
           Evils
           desir'd
           of
           most
           ,
           but
           especially
           of
           those
           who
           plac'd
           no
           small
           Ease
           and
           Satisfaction
           in
           the
           exchange
           of
           a
           Master
           :
           For
           the
           City
           was
           
           brought
           to
           that
           pass
           by
           those
           grievous
           Oppressions
           and
           Calamities
           ,
           that
           every
           Man
           now
           being
           utterly
           in
           despair
           of
           Liberty
           ,
           was
           compounding
           for
           himself
           ,
           and
           laying
           out
           for
           the
           mildest
           and
           most
           tolerable
           Bondage
           .
           About
           that
           time
           Pompey
           was
           at
           *
           Picenum
           in
           Italy
           ,
           where
           he
           had
           spent
           some
           time
           in
           his
           Diversion
           ,
           for
           that
           he
           had
           a
           Country
           Inheritance
           there
           ,
           though
           the
           chiefest
           Motive
           of
           his
           Abode
           in
           that
           Country
           ,
           was
           the
           Delight
           he
           took
           in
           the
           Cities
           thereabouts
           ,
           where
           his
           whole
           Family
           was
           nobly
           received
           ,
           and
           treated
           with
           all
           the
           Offices
           of
           Humanity
           for
           his
           Fathers
           sake
           .
        
         
           Now
           when
           Pompey
           perceived
           ,
           that
           the
           
           noblest
           and
           best
           of
           the
           City
           began
           to
           forsake
           their
           Fortunes
           ,
           and
           fly
           from
           all
           Quarters
           to
           
           Sylla's
           Camp
           ,
           as
           to
           their
           Haven
           ,
           he
           design'd
           likewise
           thither
           among
           the
           rest
           ,
           yet
           he
           disdain'd
           to
           go
           as
           a
           Fugitive
           without
           a
           Passport
           ,
           or
           for
           Protection
           as
           one
           destitute
           of
           Aid
           ,
           but
           like
           one
           rather
           that
           could
           make
           his
           own
           Welcom
           ,
           and
           merit
           Favour
           gloriously
           and
           with
           force
           .
           And
           to
           that
           end
           ,
           he
           mov'd
           and
           sollicited
           the
           Peicentines
           for
           their
           Assistance
           ,
           who
           as
           cordially
           embrac'd
           his
           Motion
           ,
           and
           rejected
           those
           that
           were
           sent
           from
           Carbo
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           one
           Vindius
           ,
           a
           malepert
           Fellow
           of
           that
           Faction
           ,
           taking
           upon
           him
           to
           say
           ,
           That
           Pompey
           
             was
             come
             with
             a
             Speech
             out
             of
             School
             ,
             to
             make
             himself
             a
          
           
           
             Captain
             of
             the
             People
          
           :
           They
           were
           so
           incens'd
           against
           him
           ,
           that
           immediately
           they
           fell
           upon
           this
           Vindius
           ,
           and
           slew
           him
           .
           From
           henceforward
           Pompey
           finding
           a
           Spirit
           of
           Government
           upon
           him
           ,
           though
           as
           yet
           not
           above
           Twenty
           three
           years
           of
           Age
           ,
           nor
           yet
           deriving
           an
           Authority
           by
           Commission
           from
           any
           Superiour
           Magistrate
           ,
           took
           the
           priviledge
           to
           grant
           himself
           a
           full
           Power
           and
           Jurisdiction
           ;
           and
           in
           order
           to
           that
           ,
           he
           caus'd
           a
           Tribunal
           or
           Court
           of
           Judicature
           to
           be
           erected
           in
           the
           Market-place
           of
           Auximum
           ,
           a
           populous
           City
           ;
           Now
           it
           hapned
           that
           two
           of
           the
           chiefest
           among
           them
           ,
           (
           the
           Ventidians
           Brethren
           )
           of
           
           Carbo's
           Faction
           ,
           were
           grand
           Opposers
           of
           his
           Designs
           ,
           those
           he
           banish'd
           instantly
           commanding
           them
           by
           a
           publick
           Edict
           to
           depart
           the
           City
           .
           Then
           he
           fell
           to
           levying
           an
           Army
           ,
           issuing
           out
           Commissions
           to
           Serjeants
           of
           Bands
           ,
           Centurions
           ,
           and
           other
           Officers
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Form
           of
           Military
           Discipline
           :
           And
           in
           this
           manner
           he
           went
           round
           ,
           and
           modell'd
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Cities
           in
           the
           same
           Circuit
           ;
           so
           that
           of
           all
           those
           that
           were
           Favourers
           of
           
           Carbo's
           Faction
           ,
           some
           vanishing
           away
           ,
           and
           others
           chearfully
           surrendring
           themselves
           ,
           in
           a
           little
           time
           he
           muster'd
           up
           three
           entire
           Legions
           ,
           having
           supply'd
           himself
           beside
           with
           all
           manner
           of
           Provisions
           ,
           Ammunition
           ,
           Beasts
           ,
           Carriages
           ,
           and
           all
           other
           Implements
           of
           War.
           
           in
           this
           Equipage
           he
           set
           forwards
           on
           his
           March
           towards
           Sylla
           ,
           not
           with
           Whip
           and
           Spur
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           were
           in
           haste
           ,
           nor
           yet
           in
           a
           Cloud
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           coveted
           to
           be
           conceal'd
           ,
           but
           by
           small
           Journeys
           ,
           making
           several
           Halts
           upon
           the
           Road
           ,
           to
           distress
           and
           annoy
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           designing
           to
           insinuate
           himself
           in
           every
           part
           of
           Italy
           where
           e're
           he
           came
           ,
           and
           to
           work
           them
           into
           a
           Revolt
           and
           Defection
           from
           Carbo
           .
        
         
           Now
           there
           arose
           together
           against
           him
           
           Three
           great
           Commanders
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           
             Carinna
             ,
             Caelius
          
           ,
           and
           Brutus
           ,
           and
           drew
           up
           their
           Forces
           ,
           not
           all
           in
           the
           Front
           ,
           nor
           yet
           together
           on
           any
           one
           part
           ,
           but
           encamping
           three
           several
           Armies
           in
           a
           Circle
           about
           him
           ,
           they
           resolv'd
           to
           encompass
           and
           devour
           him
           at
           once
           ;
           Pompey
           was
           no
           ways
           amaz'd
           at
           this
           ,
           but
           drawing
           up
           all
           his
           Forces
           into
           one
           Body
           ,
           and
           placing
           his
           Horse
           in
           the
           Front
           of
           the
           Battel
           ,
           where
           he
           himself
           was
           in
           Person
           ,
           he
           singl'd
           out
           and
           bent
           all
           his
           Forces
           against
           Brutus
           ;
           now
           the
           Enemies
           Horse
           ,
           consisting
           chiefly
           of
           Gauls
           ,
           made
           the
           first
           Charge
           ,
           which
           Pompey
           receiv'd
           ,
           and
           as
           readily
           return'd
           it
           ;
           for
           he
           himself
           encountring
           Hand
           to
           Hand
           with
           one
           of
           the
           foremost
           and
           stoutest
           among
           them
           ,
           made
           a
           home
           Pass
           at
           him
           with
           his
           Launce
           ,
           and
           slew
           him
           :
           The
           rest
           seeing
           this
           ,
           turn'd
           their
           Backs
           ,
           and
           fled
           in
           great
           Disorder
           ,
           falling
           foul
           upon
           themselves
           ,
           and
           
           breaking
           the
           Ranks
           of
           their
           own
           Foot
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           it
           presently
           caus'd
           a
           total
           Rout
           ;
           whereupon
           the
           Commanders
           fell
           out
           among
           themselves
           ,
           and
           every
           one
           march'd
           off
           ,
           steering
           their
           course
           some
           one
           way
           ,
           some
           another
           ,
           as
           their
           Fortunes
           led
           them
           :
           The
           Towns
           likewise
           round
           about
           came
           in
           ,
           and
           surrendred
           themselves
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           concluding
           that
           the
           Enemy
           was
           dispers'd
           for
           fear
           .
           Next
           after
           these
           came
           Scipio
           the
           Consul
           to
           attack
           him
           ,
           and
           with
           as
           little
           Success
           ;
           for
           before
           the
           Armies
           could
           joyn
           ,
           or
           be
           within
           the
           Throw
           of
           their
           Darts
           ,
           
           Scipio's
           Soldiers
           saluted
           
           Pompey's
           ,
           and
           came
           over
           to
           them
           ,
           but
           Scipio
           made
           his
           Escape
           by
           Flight
           .
           Last
           of
           all
           ,
           Carbo
           himself
           sent
           down
           divers
           Regiments
           of
           Horse
           by
           the
           River
           Arsis
           ,
           which
           Pompey
           assail'd
           with
           the
           same
           Courage
           and
           Success
           as
           those
           before
           ;
           for
           having
           routed
           and
           put
           them
           to
           Flight
           ,
           he
           forc'd
           them
           in
           the
           pursuit
           upon
           moorish
           and
           boggy
           Places
           ,
           altogether
           unpassable
           for
           Horse
           ,
           where
           seeing
           no
           hopes
           of
           Escape
           ,
           they
           cry'd
           out
           Quarter
           ,
           yielding
           themselves
           ,
           Horse
           and
           Armour
           ,
           all
           to
           his
           Mercy
           .
        
         
           Sylla
           was
           hitherto
           unacquainted
           with
           all
           this
           Action
           ;
           but
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           had
           Intelligence
           of
           his
           Engagements
           ,
           he
           seem'd
           extremely
           concern'd
           ,
           fearing
           lest
           Pompey
           should
           be
           circumvented
           and
           oppress'd
           by
           so
           many
           and
           such
           experienc'd
           Commanders
           of
           the
           
           Enemy
           ,
           whereupon
           he
           march'd
           with
           all
           speed
           to
           his
           Aid
           .
           Now
           Pompey
           having
           advice
           of
           his
           Approach
           ,
           sent
           out
           Orders
           to
           his
           Officers
           for
           a
           Campagne
           ,
           commanding
           them
           to
           marshal
           and
           draw
           up
           all
           his
           Forces
           in
           Battel
           array
           ,
           that
           they
           might
           appear
           in
           the
           greatest
           Order
           and
           Bravery
           before
           their
           Emperor
           ,
           for
           that
           he
           expected
           indeed
           great
           Honours
           from
           him
           ,
           but
           he
           met
           with
           greater
           ;
           for
           as
           soon
           as
           Sylla
           saw
           him
           thus
           advancing
           ,
           his
           Army
           so
           well
           appointed
           ,
           and
           such
           goodly
           Men
           ,
           adorn'd
           and
           elevated
           with
           all
           the
           Glories
           of
           Youth
           and
           Victory
           ,
           he
           alighted
           from
           his
           Horse
           ,
           and
           being
           first
           (
           as
           became
           him
           )
           saluted
           by
           the
           Title
           of
           Emperor
           ,
           he
           return'd
           the
           Salutation
           upon
           
           Pompey
           ,
           in
           the
           same
           term
           and
           style
           of
           Emperor
           ,
           contrary
           to
           the
           Expectations
           of
           all
           that
           were
           present
           ,
           who
           little
           dream'd
           that
           he
           would
           have
           imparted
           such
           an
           Honourable
           Title
           to
           one
           of
           no
           greater
           Age
           ,
           nor
           yet
           a
           Senator
           ,
           especially
           considering
           how
           desperately
           he
           himself
           had
           contended
           for
           that
           very
           Title
           and
           Dignity
           ,
           against
           the
           Factions
           of
           Scipio
           and
           Marius
           .
           And
           indeed
           ,
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Deportment
           was
           agreeable
           to
           his
           first
           Compliments
           ;
           for
           when
           ●●re
           Pompey
           came
           into
           his
           presence
           ,
           he
           did
           some
           sort
           of
           Obeisance
           to
           him
           ,
           either
           in
           ●●ing
           and
           being
           uncover'd
           ,
           or
           the
           like
           ,
           which
           he
           was
           rarely
           seen
           to
           have
           done
           to
           
           any
           of
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Nobles
           ,
           notwithstanding
           there
           were
           divers
           others
           about
           him
           of
           great
           Quality
           and
           Honour
           .
           Yet
           was
           not
           Pompey
           puff'd
           up
           at
           all
           ,
           or
           exalted
           with
           these
           Favours
           :
           and
           therefore
           when
           
           Sylla
           would
           have
           sent
           him
           with
           all
           expedition
           into
           
             Gallia
             Celtica
          
           ,
           a
           Province
           under
           the
           Government
           of
           Metellus
           ,
           for
           that
           't
           was
           thought
           Metellus
           had
           done
           nothing
           memorable
           ,
           at
           leastwise
           worthy
           of
           that
           great
           Army
           he
           commanded
           there
           .
           Pompey
           reply'd
           as
           modestly
           ,
           
             That
             it
             could
             never
             be
             thought
             fair
             or
             honourable
             for
             him
             ,
             to
             extort
             a
             Province
             out
             of
             the
             hands
             of
             an
             ancient
             Captain
             ,
             and
             one
             of
             far
             greater
             Fame
             and
             Experience
             than
             himself
             ;
             however
             ,
             if
          
           Metellus
           
             were
             willing
             ,
             and
             would
             command
             his
             Service
             ,
             he
             should
             be
             very
             ready
             to
             accompany
             and
             assist
             him
             in
             the
             War.
          
           Which
           ,
           when
           Metellus
           came
           to
           understand
           ,
           he
           approv'd
           of
           the
           Motion
           ,
           and
           accordingly
           invited
           him
           over
           by
           Letter
           .
           Whereupon
           Pompey
           fell
           immediately
           like
           Lightning
           into
           Gaul
           ,
           where
           he
           did
           not
           only
           do
           wonderful
           Exploits
           of
           himself
           ,
           but
           also
           blew
           up
           and
           kindled
           anew
           that
           bold
           and
           warlike
           Spirit
           which
           old
           Age
           had
           in
           a
           manner
           extinguish'd
           in
           Metellus
           ,
           having
           the
           same
           operation
           with
           molten
           o●
           boyling
           Copper
           ,
           which
           being
           pour'd
           upon
           that
           that
           is
           cold
           and
           solid
           ,
           seems
           to
           dissolve
           and
           melt
           it
           faster
           than
           Fire
           it self
           .
           But
           I
           must
           
           observe
           the
           same
           course
           here
           as
           is
           done
           with
           a
           famous
           Wrestler
           ,
           who
           ,
           though
           he
           has
           excelled
           all
           Men
           in
           those
           Games
           even
           from
           his
           Youth
           ,
           and
           always
           born
           away
           the
           Prize
           with
           Glory
           ,
           yet
           't
           is
           not
           usual
           to
           account
           of
           his
           childish
           Victories
           ,
           or
           enter
           them
           upon
           record
           among
           the
           rest
           :
           So
           ,
           for
           the
           Exploits
           of
           Pompey
           in
           his
           Minority
           ,
           though
           they
           were
           brave
           in
           themselves
           ,
           yet
           because
           they
           were
           obscur'd
           and
           buri'd
           in
           the
           multitude
           and
           greatness
           of
           his
           latter
           Wars
           and
           Conquests
           ,
           I
           dare
           not
           be
           particular
           in
           them
           ,
           lest
           by
           trifling
           away
           time
           in
           the
           lesser
           moments
           of
           his
           Youth
           ,
           I
           should
           casually
           omit
           those
           grander
           Actions
           and
           Enterprises
           ,
           which
           best
           discover
           the
           natural
           Disposition
           and
           singular
           Genius
           of
           the
           Man.
           
        
         
           Now
           when
           Sylla
           had
           brought
           all
           Italy
           under
           his
           Dominion
           ,
           and
           was
           proclaim'd
           Dictator
           ,
           he
           began
           to
           reward
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Followers
           ,
           (
           enriching
           all
           his
           Captains
           and
           other
           Officers
           ▪
           )
           whereof
           some
           he
           advanc'd
           to
           Honour
           ,
           others
           to
           Places
           of
           Dignity
           and
           Profit
           in
           the
           Common-wealth
           ,
           largely
           and
           liberally
           gratifying
           every
           Man
           according
           to
           his
           Talent
           and
           Desire
           .
           But
           for
           Pompey
           ,
           he
           was
           a
           great
           Admirer
           of
           his
           Valour
           and
           Conduct
           ,
           and
           thinking
           that
           he
           might
           prove
           a
           great
           Stay
           and
           Support
           to
           him
           hereafter
           in
           all
           his
           Affairs
           ,
           sought
           by
           all
           means
           to
           espouse
           and
           joyn
           him
           in
           
           Alliance
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           having
           likewise
           the
           
           Approbation
           of
           his
           Wife
           Metella
           ,
           they
           perswaded
           him
           to
           put
           away
           Antistia
           ,
           and
           Marry
           
           Aemylia
           ,
           (
           the
           Daughter-in-law
           of
           Sylla
           ,
           by
           Metella
           and
           Scaurus
           her
           former
           Husband
           )
           she
           being
           at
           that
           very
           time
           the
           Wife
           of
           another
           Man
           ,
           cohabiting
           with
           him
           ,
           and
           with
           Child
           by
           him
           .
           These
           were
           the
           very
           Tyrannies
           of
           Marriage
           ,
           and
           much
           more
           agreeable
           to
           the
           Times
           under
           Sylla
           ,
           than
           to
           the
           Nature
           and
           Genius
           of
           Pompey
           .
           That
           Aemylia
           great
           with
           Child
           should
           be
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           ,
           ravish'd
           from
           the
           Embraces
           of
           another
           for
           him
           ,
           and
           that
           Antistia
           should
           be
           divorc'd
           with
           dishonour
           and
           misery
           by
           him
           ,
           for
           whose
           sake
           she
           had
           but
           just
           before
           been
           bereft
           of
           her
           Father
           ;
           to
           be
           at
           once
           both
           a
           Widow
           and
           Fatherless
           by
           his
           means
           ;
           for
           her
           Father
           Antistius
           was
           Murder'd
           in
           the
           Senate
           ,
           because
           he
           was
           suspected
           to
           be
           a
           Favourer
           of
           Sylla
           for
           Pompey's
           sake
           ;
           and
           her
           Mother
           likewise
           ,
           after
           she
           had
           seen
           all
           these
           Indignities
           ,
           made
           away
           with
           her self
           .
           These
           were
           the
           Tragedies
           that
           attended
           that
           unhappy
           Marriage
           ,
           and
           that
           there
           might
           be
           nothing
           wanting
           to
           compleat
           the
           last
           Act
           ,
           by
           Heavens
           !
           even
           Aemylia
           her self
           not
           long
           after
           dy'd
           at
           
           Pompey's
           in
           Child-bed
           .
        
         
           About
           this
           time
           an
           Express
           came
           to
           Sylla
           ,
           
           That
           Perpenna
           had
           possessed
           himself
           of
           Sicily
           ,
           whereby
           that
           Isle
           was
           now
           become
           a
           Refuge
           
           and
           Receptacle
           for
           the
           Reliques
           of
           the
           adverse
           Party
           :
           That
           Carbo
           was
           hovering
           about
           those
           Seas
           with
           a
           Navy
           ;
           That
           Domitius
           was
           fallen
           in
           upon
           Africa
           ;
           and
           that
           many
           other
           likewise
           of
           the
           Nobles
           and
           great
           Men
           in
           Exile
           ,
           thinking
           to
           avoid
           his
           Proscriptions
           or
           Outlawries
           by
           Flight
           ,
           were
           daily
           flocking
           into
           those
           Parts
           .
           Against
           these
           therefore
           was
           Pompey
           sent
           with
           a
           great
           Army
           ;
           and
           no
           sooner
           was
           he
           arrived
           in
           Sicily
           ,
           but
           Perpenna
           departed
           thence
           ,
           leaving
           the
           whole
           Island
           to
           him
           .
           Wherefore
           Pompey
           received
           the
           distressed
           Cities
           into
           Favour
           ,
           and
           treated
           all
           with
           great
           Humanity
           ,
           except
           that
           of
           the
           Mamertines
           in
           Messene
           ;
           for
           when
           they
           protested
           against
           his
           Court
           and
           Jurisdiction
           ,
           alledging
           their
           Privilege
           and
           Exemption
           founded
           upon
           an
           ancient
           Charter
           or
           Grant
           of
           the
           Romans
           ,
           he
           replied
           as
           sharply
           ,
           
             What!
             will
             you
             ne'r
             leave
             prating
             of
             Laws
             to
             us
             that
             have
             Swords
             by
             our
             sides
             ?
          
           'T
           is
           thought
           likewise
           ,
           That
           he
           shewed
           but
           little
           Humanity
           to
           Carbo
           ,
           seeming
           rather
           to
           insult
           over
           his
           Misfortunes
           ,
           than
           to
           chastize
           his
           Crime
           ;
           for
           if
           there
           had
           been
           a
           necessity
           ,
           (
           as
           perhaps
           there
           was
           )
           that
           he
           should
           be
           taken
           off
           ,
           that
           might
           have
           been
           done
           at
           first
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           was
           taken
           Prisoner
           ,
           for
           then
           it
           would
           have
           been
           the
           Act
           of
           him
           that
           commanded
           it
           ,
           and
           imputed
           to
           his
           Malice
           ;
           but
           here
           Pompey
           commands
           a
           Man
           
           (
           that
           had
           been
           thrice
           Consul
           of
           Rome
           )
           to
           be
           be
           brought
           in
           Fetters
           to
           the
           Bar
           ,
           he
           himself
           sitting
           upon
           the
           Bench
           in
           Judgment
           ,
           examining
           the
           Cause
           throughout
           all
           the
           Formalities
           of
           Law
           ,
           and
           pronouncing
           Sentence
           of
           Death
           ,
           as
           upon
           a
           common
           Malefactor
           ,
           to
           the
           Grief
           and
           Indignation
           of
           all
           that
           were
           present
           ;
           and
           afterwards
           he
           ordered
           him
           to
           be
           taken
           away
           and
           put
           to
           Death
           .
           Now
           ,
           't
           is
           reported
           of
           Carbo
           ,
           That
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           was
           brought
           to
           the
           Scaffold
           ,
           and
           saw
           the
           Sword
           drawn
           for
           Execution
           ,
           it
           wrought
           so
           with
           him
           ,
           that
           immediately
           he
           had
           a
           looseness
           or
           pain
           in
           his
           Belly
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           he
           desired
           a
           little
           respite
           of
           the
           Executioner
           ,
           and
           a
           convenient
           place
           to
           ease
           himself
           .
           But
           yet
           farther
           ,
           
             C.
             Oppius
          
           ,
           a
           great
           Friend
           of
           
           Caesar's
           ,
           tells
           us
           ,
           That
           Pompey
           dealt
           as
           barbarously
           with
           
             Q.
             Valerius
          
           ,
           a
           Man
           of
           singular
           Learning
           ,
           especially
           in
           Philology
           and
           Mathematicks
           few
           like
           him
           ;
           for
           when
           he
           was
           brought
           to
           him
           ,
           he
           walk'd
           aside
           and
           discours'd
           with
           him
           ,
           and
           after
           a
           long
           Conference
           and
           full
           Resolution
           of
           all
           his
           Questions
           ,
           having
           learned
           what
           he
           could
           ,
           he
           ordered
           his
           Officers
           to
           take
           him
           away
           ,
           and
           put
           him
           to
           Death
           .
           But
           we
           must
           not
           be
           too
           credulous
           in
           all
           the
           Narratives
           of
           Oppius
           ,
           especially
           when
           he
           undertakes
           to
           relate
           any
           thing
           touching
           the
           Friends
           or
           Foes
           of
           Caesar
           :
           This
           is
           certain
           ,
           
           That
           there
           lay
           a
           necessity
           upon
           Pompey
           to
           be
           severe
           upon
           many
           of
           
           Sylla's
           Enemies
           ,
           those
           at
           leastwise
           that
           were
           eminent
           Persons
           in
           themselves
           ,
           and
           notoriously
           known
           to
           be
           taken
           ;
           but
           for
           the
           rest
           ,
           he
           dealt
           with
           them
           after
           his
           own
           natural
           Temper
           ,
           conniving
           at
           the
           Concealment
           of
           some
           ,
           and
           himself
           being
           the
           Instrument
           in
           the
           Escape
           of
           others
           .
           And
           the
           like
           Argument
           of
           his
           Clemency
           was
           shewn
           in
           the
           Himeraeans
           ;
           for
           when
           Pompey
           had
           determined
           a
           sharp
           Revenge
           upon
           their
           City
           ,
           for
           that
           they
           had
           been
           stubborn
           Abettors
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           there
           stept
           out
           one
           Sthenes
           ,
           a
           great
           Leader
           of
           the
           People
           there
           ,
           and
           craving
           audience
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           told
           him
           ,
           
             That
             what
             he
             was
             about
             to
             do
             ,
             was
             not
             at
             all
             consistent
             with
             Justice
             ;
             for
             that
             he
             would
             pass
             by
             the
             Guilty
             ,
             and
             destroy
             the
             Innocent
             :
             Pompey
          
           demanding
           ,
           
             Who
             that
             guilty
             Person
             was
             that
             would
             father
             the
             Offences
             of
             them
             all
             ?
             Sthenes
          
           replied
           ,
           
             'T
             was
             himself
             who
             had
             wrought
             upon
             and
             engaged
             his
             Friends
             by
             Perswasions
             ,
             and
             his
             Enemies
             by
             Force
             :
          
           whereupon
           Pompey
           being
           much
           taken
           with
           the
           frank
           Speech
           and
           Boldness
           of
           the
           Man
           ,
           first
           forgave
           him
           his
           Crime
           ,
           and
           then
           pardoned
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           
             Himeraeans
             .
             Pompey
          
           likewise
           hearing
           ,
           That
           his
           Soldiers
           were
           very
           disorderly
           in
           their
           March
           ,
           doing
           Violence
           upon
           the
           Roads
           ,
           he
           ordered
           their
           Swords
           to
           be
           sealed
           up
           in
           their
           Scabbards
           ,
           
           and
           whosoever
           kept
           them
           not
           so
           ,
           were
           severely
           punished
           .
        
         
           Whilst
           Pompey
           was
           thus
           busie
           in
           the
           Affairs
           
           and
           Government
           of
           Sicilly
           ,
           he
           received
           a
           Decree
           of
           the
           Senate
           ,
           and
           a
           Commission
           from
           Sylla
           ,
           commanding
           him
           forthwith
           to
           sail
           into
           Africa
           ,
           and
           make
           War
           upon
           Domitius
           with
           all
           his
           Forces
           :
           For
           Domitius
           had
           rallied
           up
           a
           far
           greater
           Army
           than
           Marius
           had
           not
           long
           since
           ,
           when
           he
           sailed
           out
           of
           Africa
           into
           Sicily
           ,
           and
           extremely
           distressed
           the
           Affairs
           of
           the
           Romans
           ,
           being
           himself
           ,
           of
           a
           fugitive
           Outlaw
           ,
           become
           a
           Tyrant
           .
           Pompey
           therefore
           having
           prepared
           all
           things
           of
           a
           sudden
           ,
           and
           left
           Memmius
           ,
           his
           Sisters
           Husband
           ,
           Governor
           of
           Sicily
           ,
           imbarked
           and
           set
           Sail
           with
           120
           Galleys
           ,
           and
           800
           other
           Vessels
           ,
           laden
           with
           Provisions
           ,
           Money
           ,
           Ammunition
           ,
           Engines
           of
           Battery
           ,
           and
           all
           other
           Necessaries
           .
           In
           this
           Equipage
           he
           arrived
           with
           his
           Fleet
           ,
           part
           at
           the
           Port
           of
           Utica
           ,
           part
           at
           Carthage
           ;
           and
           no
           sooner
           was
           he
           landed
           there
           ,
           but
           that
           7000
           of
           the
           Enemy
           revolted
           and
           came
           over
           to
           him
           ,
           which
           besides
           his
           own
           Forces
           that
           he
           brought
           with
           him
           (
           consisting
           of
           6
           entire
           Legions
           )
           made
           up
           an
           Army
           of
           43000
           Fighting-men
           .
           Here
           they
           tell
           us
           of
           a
           pleasant
           Passage
           that
           happened
           to
           him
           at
           his
           first
           Arrival
           ;
           for
           that
           some
           of
           his
           Soldiers
           having
           by
           accident
           stumbled
           upon
           a
           Treasure
           ,
           whereby
           they
           
           got
           a
           good
           Mass
           of
           Money
           :
           The
           rest
           of
           the
           Army
           hearing
           this
           ,
           began
           to
           fancy
           that
           the
           Field
           was
           full
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           which
           had
           been
           hid
           there
           of
           old
           by
           the
           Carthaginians
           in
           the
           time
           of
           their
           Calamities
           ,
           and
           thereupon
           fell
           to
           work
           ;
           so
           that
           the
           Army
           was
           useless
           to
           Pompey
           for
           many
           days
           ,
           being
           totally
           engaged
           in
           the
           Silver-Mines
           ,
           he
           himself
           all
           the
           while
           walking
           up
           and
           down
           only
           ,
           and
           laughing
           to
           see
           so
           many
           Thousands
           together
           ,
           digging
           and
           turning
           up
           the
           Earth
           in
           a
           fruitless
           Harvest
           :
           But
           at
           last
           growing
           weary
           and
           hopeless
           ,
           they
           came
           to
           themselves
           ,
           and
           returned
           to
           their
           General
           ,
           begging
           him
           to
           lead
           them
           where
           he
           pleased
           ,
           for
           that
           they
           had
           already
           reaped
           the
           just
           Reward
           of
           their
           Folly.
           By
           this
           time
           Domitius
           had
           prepared
           himself
           ,
           and
           drawn
           out
           his
           Army
           in
           Battel-array
           against
           Pompey
           ;
           but
           there
           happened
           to
           be
           a
           rapid
           Torrent
           in
           the
           Valley
           betwixt
           them
           ,
           craggy
           and
           difficult
           to
           pass
           over
           ,
           which
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           great
           Storm
           of
           Wind
           and
           Rain
           pouring
           down
           even
           from
           break
           of
           Day
           ,
           seemed
           to
           shew
           but
           little
           possibility
           of
           their
           coming
           together
           :
           Insomuch
           that
           Domitius
           not
           expecting
           any
           Engagement
           that
           day
           ,
           commanded
           his
           Forces
           to
           draw
           off
           and
           retire
           to
           the
           Camp.
           Now
           Pompey
           ,
           who
           was
           watchful
           upon
           every
           Occasion
           ,
           taking
           this
           time
           to
           be
           appointed
           by
           Fortune
           as
           his
           own
           ,
           
           ordered
           a
           March
           forthwith
           ,
           and
           having
           passed
           over
           the
           Torrent
           ,
           they
           fell
           in
           immediately
           upon
           their
           Quarters
           .
           The
           Enemy
           was
           in
           a
           great
           Disorder
           and
           Tumult
           ,
           and
           in
           that
           Confusion
           attempted
           a
           Resistance
           ;
           but
           they
           neither
           were
           all
           there
           ,
           nor
           yet
           together
           ;
           besides
           ,
           the
           Wind
           having
           veered
           about
           ,
           lay
           beating
           the
           Rain
           full
           in
           their
           Faces
           .
           Neither
           indeed
           was
           the
           Storm
           less
           troublesom
           to
           the
           Romans
           ,
           for
           that
           they
           could
           not
           clearly
           discern
           one
           another
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           even
           Pompey
           himself
           being
           unknown
           ,
           escaped
           but
           narrowly
           ;
           for
           when
           one
           of
           his
           Soldiers
           demanded
           of
           him
           the
           Word
           of
           Battel
           ,
           it
           happened
           that
           he
           was
           somewhat
           slow
           in
           his
           Answer
           ,
           which
           might
           have
           cost
           him
           his
           Life
           .
        
         
           The
           Enemy
           being
           thus
           routed
           with
           a
           
           great
           Slaughter
           ,
           (
           for
           't
           is
           said
           ,
           that
           of
           20000
           there
           escaped
           but
           3000
           )
           the
           Army
           saluted
           Pompey
           by
           the
           Name
           of
           Emperor
           ;
           but
           he
           declined
           it
           ,
           telling
           them
           ,
           
             That
             he
             could
             not
             by
             any
             means
             accept
             of
             that
             Title
             ,
             as
             long
             as
             he
             saw
             any
             of
             the
             Forts
             or
             Garisons
             of
             the
             Enemy
             standing
             ,
             but
             if
             they
             designed
             to
             make
             him
             worthy
             of
             the
             Honour
             ,
             they
             must
             first
             demolish
             the
             Camp
             wherein
             they
             lay
             intrenched
             .
          
           The
           Soldiers
           hearing
           this
           ,
           went
           presently
           and
           made
           an
           Assault
           upon
           the
           Works
           and
           Trenches
           ,
           and
           there
           Pompey
           Fought
           without
           his
           Helmet
           ,
           in
           memory
           of
           his
           former
           
           Danger
           ,
           and
           to
           avoid
           it
           ;
           the
           Camp
           being
           thus
           taken
           by
           Storm
           they
           were
           put
           to
           the
           Sword
           ,
           and
           ,
           among
           the
           rest
           ,
           Domitius
           was
           slain
           upon
           the
           Place
           ;
           After
           that
           Overthrow
           ,
           the
           Cities
           of
           the
           Country
           thereabout
           were
           all
           taken
           in
           ,
           some
           by
           Surrender
           ,
           and
           others
           by
           Storm
           ;
           King
           Jarbas
           likewise
           ,
           a
           Confederate
           and
           Auxiliary
           of
           Domitius
           ,
           was
           taken
           Prisoner
           ,
           and
           his
           Kingdom
           was
           given
           to
           
             Hiempsal
             ▪
          
        
         
           Pompey
           could
           not
           rest
           here
           ,
           but
           being
           
           ambitious
           to
           follow
           the
           good
           Fortune
           and
           Valour
           of
           his
           Army
           ,
           he
           fell
           into
           Numidia
           ,
           and
           marching
           forward
           many
           days
           Journies
           up
           into
           the
           Country
           ,
           he
           Conquered
           all
           where
           e'er
           he
           came
           ,
           resolving
           ,
           That
           by
           his
           Hand
           the
           Name
           and
           Power
           of
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           (
           which
           was
           now
           almost
           obliterated
           among
           the
           barbarous
           Nations
           )
           should
           be
           revived
           again
           ,
           and
           appear
           as
           formidable
           as
           ever
           ;
           he
           said
           likewise
           ,
           
             That
             the
             wild
             Beasts
             of
          
           Africa
           
             ought
             not
             to
             be
             left
             without
             some
             experience
             of
             the
             Courage
             and
             Success
             of
             the
          
           Romans
           ,
           and
           therefore
           he
           bestowed
           some
           few
           days
           in
           hunting
           of
           Lyons
           and
           Elephants
           :
           Now
           't
           is
           said
           ,
           That
           't
           was
           not
           above
           the
           space
           of
           40
           days
           at
           the
           utmost
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           gave
           a
           total
           Overthrow
           to
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           reduced
           Africa
           ,
           and
           established
           the
           Affairs
           of
           the
           Kings
           and
           Kingdoms
           of
           all
           that
           Country
           ,
           being
           then
           but
           24
           years
           of
           Age.
           
           When
           Pompey
           returned
           back
           to
           the
           City
           
           of
           Utica
           ,
           there
           were
           presented
           to
           him
           Letters
           and
           Orders
           from
           Sylla
           ,
           commanding
           him
           to
           disband
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Army
           ,
           and
           himself
           with
           one
           Legion
           only
           to
           wait
           there
           the
           coming
           of
           another
           General
           ,
           that
           should
           succeed
           him
           in
           the
           Government
           of
           that
           Province
           ;
           this
           grated
           inwardly
           ,
           and
           was
           extremely
           grievous
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           though
           he
           made
           no
           shew
           of
           it
           ;
           but
           the
           Army
           resented
           it
           openly
           ,
           and
           therefore
           when
           Pompey
           besought
           them
           to
           depart
           home
           before
           him
           ,
           they
           began
           to
           revile
           Sylla
           ,
           and
           gave
           out
           broad
           Speeches
           ,
           
             That
             they
             were
             resolved
             not
             to
             forsake
             him
             ,
             neither
             did
             they
             think
             it
             safe
             for
             him
             to
             trust
             the
             Tyrant
             :
          
           Notwithstanding
           this
           ,
           Pompey
           endeavoured
           to
           appease
           and
           pacifie
           them
           by
           fair
           Speeches
           ;
           but
           when
           he
           saw
           that
           all
           his
           Perswasions
           were
           vain
           ,
           he
           left
           the
           Bench
           ,
           and
           retired
           to
           his
           Tent
           with
           Tears
           in
           his
           Eyes
           ;
           but
           the
           Soldiers
           followed
           him
           ,
           and
           seizing
           upon
           him
           by
           force
           brought
           him
           again
           ,
           and
           placed
           him
           in
           his
           Chair
           of
           State
           ;
           where
           great
           part
           of
           that
           day
           was
           spent
           in
           Dispute
           ,
           they
           ,
           on
           their
           part
           ,
           perswading
           him
           to
           stay
           and
           Command
           them
           ;
           he
           ,
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           pressing
           upon
           them
           Obedience
           ,
           and
           the
           danger
           of
           Mutinies
           ;
           but
           at
           last
           ,
           when
           they
           grew
           more
           importunate
           and
           clamorous
           ,
           
             He
             swore
             that
             he
             would
             kill
             himself
             ,
             if
             they
             attempted
             to
          
           
           
             force
             him
          
           ;
           and
           yet
           even
           this
           would
           scarce
           appease
           them
           .
           However
           ,
           this
           gave
           occasion
           and
           rise
           to
           some
           malicious
           Reports
           ,
           whereby
           't
           was
           suggested
           to
           Sylla
           ,
           That
           Pompey
           was
           up
           in
           Rebellion
           ,
           whereupon
           Sylla
           said
           to
           some
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           
             Well
             ,
             then
             I
             see
             't
             is
             my
             destiny
             to
             contend
             with
             Children
             in
             my
             old
             Age
             :
          
           reflecting
           likewise
           upon
           Marius
           ,
           for
           that
           he
           being
           but
           a
           meer
           Youth
           had
           found
           him
           Work
           enough
           ,
           and
           brought
           his
           Affairs
           into
           extreme
           Danger
           .
           But
           Sylla
           being
           undeceived
           afterwards
           by
           a
           better
           Intelligence
           ,
           and
           hearing
           that
           the
           whole
           City
           ,
           in
           a
           manner
           ,
           had
           designed
           to
           meet
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           receive
           him
           with
           all
           Kindness
           and
           Honour
           ,
           he
           himself
           endeavoured
           to
           exceed
           them
           all
           in
           Civility
           ;
           and
           therefore
           going
           out
           foremost
           to
           meet
           him
           ,
           and
           embracing
           him
           with
           great
           joy
           ,
           he
           gave
           him
           his
           welcome
           aloud
           in
           the
           Title
           of
           Pompey
           
           
             the
             Great
          
           ,
           and
           commanded
           all
           those
           that
           were
           present
           to
           call
           him
           by
           that
           Name
           :
           Others
           say
           ,
           That
           he
           had
           this
           Title
           first
           given
           him
           by
           a
           general
           Acclamation
           of
           all
           the
           Army
           in
           Africa
           ,
           but
           that
           it
           took
           its
           force
           and
           power
           from
           the
           ratification
           of
           Sylla
           ;
           but
           this
           is
           true
           ,
           That
           he
           himself
           was
           the
           last
           that
           owned
           the
           Title
           ,
           for
           't
           was
           a
           long
           time
           after
           ,
           when
           he
           was
           sent
           Proconsul
           into
           Spain
           against
           Sertorius
           ,
           that
           he
           began
           to
           subscribe
           himself
           in
           his
           Letters
           
           and
           Commissions
           by
           the
           Name
           of
           
             Pompey
             the
             Great
          
           ,
           even
           then
           when
           the
           envy
           of
           the
           Title
           was
           worn
           off
           by
           being
           common
           and
           familiar
           .
           Hence
           may
           the
           Wisdom
           of
           the
           ancient
           Romans
           be
           justly
           reverenced
           and
           had
           in
           Admiration
           ,
           That
           did
           not
           only
           reward
           the
           Successes
           of
           Action
           and
           Conduct
           in
           War
           with
           such
           honourable
           Titles
           ,
           but
           adorned
           likewise
           the
           Vertues
           and
           Services
           of
           eminent
           Men
           in
           the
           Civil
           Government
           ,
           with
           the
           same
           Distinctions
           and
           Characters
           of
           Honour
           ;
           and
           therefore
           the
           People
           stiled
           two
           by
           the
           Names
           of
           
             Maximi
             ,
             i.
             e.
          
           the
           Greatest
           ,
           Valerius
           ,
           for
           that
           he
           reconciled
           the
           Senate
           to
           the
           People
           when
           they
           were
           at
           Variance
           ;
           and
           
             Fabius
             Rullus
          
           ,
           for
           that
           he
           put
           out
           of
           the
           Senate
           certain
           Libertines
           that
           had
           been
           elected
           thither
           for
           their
           Riches
           .
        
         
           Upon
           this
           Pompey
           desired
           the
           Honour
           of
           
           Triumph
           ,
           which
           Sylla
           opposed
           stifly
           ,
           alledging
           ,
           
             That
             the
             Law
             allowed
             that
             Honour
             to
             none
             but
             Consuls
             and
             Praetors
             ,
             and
             therefore
          
           Scipio
           
             the
             Elder
             ,
             who
             subdued
             the
          
           Carthaginians
           in
           Spain
           
             in
             far
             greater
             and
             nobler
             Conflicts
             ,
             never
             so
             much
             as
             Petitioned
             for
             Triumph
             ,
             because
             he
             had
             never
             attained
             to
             the
             Office
             of
             Consul
             or
             Praetor
             :
             And
             if
          
           Pompey
           ,
           (
           
             who
             had
             scarce
             a
             Hair
             in
             his
             Face
             ,
             nor
             yet
             of
             Age
             to
             be
             a
             Senator
             should
             enter
             the
             City
             in
             Triumph
             ,
             what
             a
             load
             of
             Envy
             would
             it
             cast
             at
          
           
           
             once
             upon
          
           Sylla's
           
             Government
             and
          
           Pompey's
           Honour
           ?
           These
           were
           the
           Arguments
           Sylla
           us'd
           against
           Pompey
           ,
           shewing
           that
           he
           should
           not
           by
           any
           means
           yield
           to
           his
           Request
           ;
           but
           if
           he
           would
           persist
           in
           his
           Ambition
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           resolved
           to
           interpose
           his
           Power
           ,
           and
           lay
           a
           Prohibition
           upon
           him
           ,
           as
           a
           Lover
           of
           Contention
           and
           Disobedience
           ;
           Pompey
           was
           no
           ways
           daunted
           at
           this
           ,
           but
           wished
           Sylla
           to
           recollect
           with
           himself
           ,
           
             That
             more
             worshipped
             the
             Rising
             ,
             than
             the
             Setting
             Sun
             :
          
           intimating
           thereby
           ,
           That
           his
           Power
           was
           increasing
           ,
           and
           
           Sylla's
           in
           the
           wain
           ;
           Sylla
           did
           not
           perfectly
           hear
           the
           words
           ,
           but
           observing
           a
           sort
           of
           Amazement
           and
           Wonder
           in
           the
           Looks
           and
           Gestures
           of
           those
           that
           did
           hear
           them
           ,
           he
           asked
           ,
           What
           it
           was
           that
           he
           said
           ?
           When
           it
           was
           told
           him
           ,
           he
           seemed
           to
           be
           very
           much
           surprized
           with
           the
           Boldness
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           cried
           out
           twice
           together
           ,
           
             E'ne
             let
             him
             Triumph
          
           .
           But
           when
           others
           began
           to
           shew
           their
           Stomach
           and
           Disdain
           ,
           Pompey
           ,
           as
           ▪
           t
           is
           said
           ,
           to
           gall
           and
           vex
           them
           the
           more
           ,
           designed
           to
           have
           his
           triumphant
           Chariot
           drawn
           with
           four
           Elephants
           ,
           (
           having
           brought
           over
           several
           from
           the
           Spoils
           of
           those
           African
           Kings
           )
           but
           the
           Gates
           of
           the
           City
           being
           too
           narrow
           ,
           he
           was
           forced
           to
           desist
           from
           that
           Project
           ,
           and
           make
           use
           of
           Horses
           ;
           in
           the
           next
           place
           ,
           some
           of
           his
           Soldiers
           (
           who
           failed
           of
           some
           
           Rewards
           ,
           or
           been
           some
           way
           or
           other
           disappointed
           )
           began
           to
           clamour
           and
           interrupt
           the
           Triumph
           ,
           but
           Pompey
           regarded
           these
           as
           little
           as
           the
           rest
           ,
           and
           plainly
           told
           them
           ,
           
             That
             he
             had
             rather
             lose
             the
             Honour
             of
             his
             Triumph
             ,
             than
             flatter
             them
             .
          
           Whereupon
           Servilius
           (
           a
           Person
           of
           great
           Quality
           ,
           and
           at
           first
           one
           of
           the
           chiefest
           Opposers
           of
           
           Pompey's
           Triumph
           )
           said
           openly
           ,
           
             Now
             I
             perceive
             that
          
           Pompey
           
             is
             truly
             Great
             ,
             and
             worthy
             of
             Triumph
             ;
             't
             is
             clearly
             manifest
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             easily
             have
             been
             a
             Senator
             if
             he
             would
             ,
             yet
             he
             did
             not
             sue
             for
             that
             ,
             esteeming
             Honour
             as
             a
             Paradox
             ,
             and
             hunting
             after
             it
             ,
             (
             as
             't
             is
             said
             )
             not
             in
             the
             common
             Road
             ,
             but
             even
             there
             where
             no
             Man
             else
             ever
             did
             :
             For
             what
             wonder
             had
             it
             been
             for
          
           Pompey
           
             in
             his
             nonage
             ,
             to
             sit
             in
             the
             Senate
             before
             his
             time
             ?
             but
             to
             triumph
             before
             he
             was
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             that
             was
             the
             excess
             of
             Glory
             to
             a
             Miracle
             .
          
        
         
           This
           Contest
           of
           his
           with
           Sylla
           for
           Triumph
           did
           not
           a
           little
           ingratiate
           him
           in
           the
           good
           Will
           of
           the
           People
           ;
           for
           it
           could
           not
           but
           be
           extremely
           grateful
           for
           them
           to
           see
           one
           of
           their
           own
           Order
           in
           Triumph
           and
           then
           to
           return
           to
           them
           again
           and
           take
           his
           Place
           among
           the
           Roman
           Knights
           ;
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           't
           was
           no
           less
           ungrateful
           to
           Sylla
           to
           see
           how
           fast
           he
           came
           on
           ,
           and
           to
           what
           a
           height
           of
           Glory
           and
           Power
           he
           was
           advanced
           ,
           yet
           being
           ashamed
           to
           hinder
           him
           ,
           he
           
           smothered
           his
           Grief
           and
           lay
           quiet
           ;
           but
           when
           by
           plain
           force
           ,
           and
           in
           spite
           of
           him
           ,
           Pompey
           procured
           the
           Consulship
           for
           Lepidus
           ,
           having
           by
           his
           own
           Interest
           reconciled
           him
           to
           the
           Favour
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           Sylla
           could
           not
           contain
           himself
           any
           longer
           ,
           but
           spying
           him
           after
           the
           Election
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           crossing
           the
           Market-place
           with
           a
           great
           Train
           after
           him
           ,
           cried
           out
           to
           him
           ,
           
             Well
             ,
             Young-Man
             !
             I
             see
             thou
             rejoycest
             in
             thy
             Conquest
             ,
             and
             for
             what
             cause
             I
             pritthee
             ?
             Is
             it
             not
             a
             generous
             and
             worthy
             Act
             think
             you
             ,
             that
             the
             priority
             of
             Consulship
             should
             be
             given
             to
          
           Lepidus
           
             the
             vilest
             of
             Men
             ,
             against
          
           Catulus
           ,
           
             the
             best
             and
             most
             deserving
             Man
             in
             all
             the
             City
             ?
             and
             all
             this
             ,
             forsooth
             ,
             by
             your
             Influence
             upon
             the
             People
             :
             Well
             ,
             this
             I
             'll
             advise
             thee
             ,
             and
             look
             to
             't
             ,
             that
             thou
             dost
             not
             sleep
             ,
             but
             keep
             a
             vigilant
             Eye
             upon
             thy
             Affairs
             ,
             for
             thou
             hast
             raised
             up
             a
             dangerous
             Enemy
             to
             greater
             Power
             than
             thy self
             .
          
           But
           that
           which
           gave
           the
           clearer
           demonstration
           of
           
           Sylla's
           Ill-will
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           (
           and
           whereby
           his
           former
           Kindness
           appeared
           to
           have
           been
           specious
           only
           )
           was
           his
           last
           Will
           and
           Testament
           ;
           for
           whereas
           he
           had
           bequeathed
           several
           Lega●ies
           to
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           and
           appointed
           some
           of
           them
           Guardians
           to
           his
           Son
           ,
           he
           passed
           by
           Pompey
           ,
           without
           the
           least
           remembrance
           ;
           however
           Pompey
           bore
           this
           with
           great
           Moderation
           and
           Civility
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           when
           Lepidus
           
           and
           others
           obstructed
           his
           Interment
           in
           the
           
             Campus
             Martius
          
           ,
           denying
           indeed
           any
           publick
           Solemnity
           of
           a
           Funeral
           ,
           he
           himself
           attended
           the
           Herse
           ;
           thereby
           giving
           both
           Honour
           and
           Security
           to
           it
           ,
           and
           having
           his
           Obsequies
           performed
           with
           all
           the
           Pomp
           and
           Solemnity
           of
           a
           
           Roman-General
           .
        
         
           Shortly
           after
           the
           Death
           of
           Sylla
           ,
           that
           
           prophetick
           Speech
           of
           his
           to
           Pompey
           touching
           Lepidus
           came
           to
           pass
           ;
           for
           Lepidus
           usurping
           the
           Government
           and
           Authority
           that
           Sylla
           had
           ,
           did
           not
           go
           about
           by
           Fetches
           ,
           nor
           yet
           colourably
           in
           specious
           Pretences
           ,
           but
           immediately
           took
           up
           Arms
           ,
           having
           stirred
           up
           again
           ,
           and
           guarded
           himself
           with
           the
           corrupted
           Remains
           of
           that
           Faction
           that
           had
           escaped
           the
           Vengeance
           of
           Sylla
           :
           Now
           Catulus
           his
           Colleague
           ,
           who
           was
           followed
           by
           the
           sounder
           part
           of
           the
           Senate
           and
           People
           ,
           was
           a
           Man
           of
           the
           greatest
           Esteem
           among
           the
           Romans
           ,
           for
           his
           singular
           Wisdom
           and
           Justice
           ,
           but
           his
           Talent
           lay
           in
           the
           Government
           of
           the
           City
           rather
           than
           the
           Camp
           ,
           being
           no
           great
           Man
           of
           War
           ,
           whereas
           the
           exigency
           ▪
           of
           Affairs
           in
           this
           Juncture
           ,
           required
           rather
           the
           Skill
           and
           Experience
           of
           
             Pompey
             :
             Pompey
          
           therefore
           was
           not
           long
           ,
           in
           suspence
           which
           way
           to
           dispose
           of
           himself
           ,
           but
           joyning
           with
           the
           Nobility
           ,
           was
           presently
           appointed
           General
           of
           the
           Army
           
           against
           Lepidus
           :
           who
           had
           already
           over-run
           
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           Italy
           ,
           and
           likewise
           brought
           
             Gallia
             Cisalpina
          
           in
           Subjection
           with
           an
           Army
           under
           the
           Conduct
           of
           Brutus
           .
           As
           for
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Garisons
           ,
           Pompey
           subdued
           them
           with
           ease
           ,
           in
           his
           March
           ,
           but
           *
           Mutina
           in
           Gaul
           engaged
           him
           in
           a
           formal
           Siege
           ,
           where
           he
           lay
           a
           long
           time
           encamped
           against
           Brutus
           :
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           Lepidus
           marched
           in
           all
           haste
           against
           Rome
           ,
           and
           sitting
           down
           before
           it
           with
           a
           mighty
           Rabble
           of
           People
           ,
           demanded
           a
           second
           Consulship
           ,
           whereby
           he
           struck
           no
           small
           Terrour
           into
           the
           Besieged
           ;
           but
           that
           Fear
           quickly
           vanished
           upon
           some
           Letters
           sent
           from
           Pompey
           ,
           advertising
           ,
           That
           he
           had
           ended
           the
           War
           without
           a
           Battel
           ;
           for
           Brutus
           ,
           either
           betraying
           his
           Army
           ,
           or
           being
           betrayed
           by
           them
           upon
           the
           Revolt
           ,
           rendred
           himself
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           taking
           a
           Guard
           of
           Horse
           was
           conducted
           to
           a
           little
           Village
           in
           that
           part
           of
           Gaul
           that
           lies
           upon
           the
           River
           Padu
           or
           Po
           ;
           where
           he
           was
           slain
           the
           next
           day
           by
           Geminius
           ,
           in
           execution
           of
           
           Pompey's
           Commands
           :
           Upon
           this
           ,
           Pompey
           was
           grosly
           censured
           ,
           for
           ,
           having
           at
           the
           very
           beginning
           of
           the
           Revolt
           written
           to
           the
           Senate
           how
           that
           Brutus
           had
           voluntarily
           surrendred
           himself
           ;
           yet
           ,
           immediately
           afterwards
           ,
           he
           sent
           other
           Letters
           ,
           containing
           matter
           of
           Charge
           or
           Accusation
           against
           the
           Man
           ,
           after
           he
           was
           taken
           off
           ,
           which
           was
           somewhat
           unaccountable
           :
           
           Now
           you
           must
           note
           ,
           that
           that
           Brutus
           ,
           who
           ,
           together
           with
           Cassius
           ,
           slew
           Caesar
           ,
           was
           Son
           to
           this
           Brutus
           ,
           a
           Man
           neither
           in
           War
           ,
           nor
           in
           his
           Death
           like
           his
           Father
           ,
           as
           we
           have
           describ'd
           at
           large
           in
           his
           Life
           .
           Lepidus
           upon
           this
           being
           driven
           out
           of
           Italy
           ,
           fled
           to
           Sardinia
           ,
           where
           he
           fell
           sick
           and
           died
           ,
           having
           his
           Heart
           broken
           with
           Sorrow
           ,
           not
           for
           his
           Losses
           or
           Misfortunes
           ,
           as
           they
           say
           ,
           but
           upon
           the
           receipt
           of
           a
           Letter
           ,
           wherein
           he
           was
           assured
           that
           his
           Wife
           had
           played
           the
           Harlot
           .
        
         
           There
           was
           yet
           remaining
           Sertorius
           in
           
           Spain
           ,
           a
           Man
           of
           War
           far
           different
           from
           Lepidus
           ,
           and
           much
           more
           formidable
           to
           the
           Romans
           ,
           to
           whom
           there
           resorted
           all
           the
           Fugitives
           and
           Male-contents
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           flowing
           thither
           as
           Humors
           to
           the
           last
           diseased
           part
           of
           a
           Civil-War
           :
           This
           Man
           had
           already
           cut
           off
           divers
           inferior
           Commanders
           ,
           and
           was
           now
           buckling
           with
           
             Metellus
             Pius
          
           ,
           a
           Man
           of
           Honour
           and
           a
           Soldier
           ,
           though
           perhaps
           he
           might
           now
           seem
           too
           slow
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           his
           Age
           ,
           to
           second
           and
           improve
           the
           happier
           moments
           of
           War
           ,
           and
           might
           be
           sometimes
           wanting
           to
           those
           Advantages
           ,
           which
           Sertorius
           ,
           by
           his
           Sharpness
           and
           Dexterity
           would
           wrest
           out
           of
           his
           hands
           :
           For
           he
           was
           always
           hovering
           about
           ,
           and
           coming
           upon
           him
           unawares
           ,
           like
           a
           Captain
           of
           Thieves
           ,
           rather
           than
           Soldiers
           ,
           pestring
           him
           
           perpetually
           with
           Ambuscadoes
           and
           light
           Skirmishes
           ,
           wherereas
           Metellus
           like
           a
           good
           old
           Wrestler
           was
           accustomed
           to
           nothing
           but
           regular
           Conduct
           ,
           and
           fighting
           in
           Battel-array
           with
           his
           Legionary
           Soldiers
           ▪
           well
           arm'd
           .
           Pompey
           therefore
           having
           his
           Army
           in
           readiness
           ,
           made
           it
           his
           whole
           Court
           and
           Practice
           to
           be
           sent
           in
           Aid
           to
           Metellus
           ;
           neither
           would
           he
           be
           brought
           to
           Disband
           his
           Forces
           ,
           notwithstanding
           that
           Catulus
           had
           commanded
           it
           ,
           but
           by
           some
           colourable
           Device
           or
           other
           he
           still
           kept
           them
           in
           Arms
           about
           the
           City
           ,
           until
           the
           Senate
           at
           last
           thought
           fit
           ,
           upon
           the
           Report
           of
           
             L.
             Philippus
          
           ,
           to
           decree
           him
           that
           Government
           :
           At
           that
           time
           ,
           they
           say
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           Senators
           there
           wondring
           at
           this
           Report
           ,
           demanded
           of
           Philip
           whether
           his
           meaning
           was
           ,
           That
           Pompey
           
           
             should
             be
             sent
             into
          
           Spain
           Proconsul
           ,
           i.
           e.
           
             instead
             of
             a
             Consul
             :
             No
             ,
          
           replied
           
             Philip
             ,
             but
             Pro-consulibus
          
           ,
           i.
           e.
           
             instead
             of
             both
             Consuls
          
           ;
           meaning
           that
           neither
           of
           the
           Consuls
           for
           that
           Year
           was
           of
           any
           Value
           .
           Now
           when
           Pompey
           was
           arrived
           in
           Spain
           ,
           (
           as
           't
           is
           usual
           upon
           the
           Fame
           of
           a
           new
           Governor
           )
           Men
           began
           to
           be
           raised
           with
           new
           Hopes
           ,
           and
           those
           Nations
           that
           had
           not
           entred
           into
           a
           very
           strict
           League
           and
           Alliance
           with
           Sertorius
           began
           to
           waver
           and
           revolt
           ;
           whereupon
           Sertorius
           gave
           out
           very
           arrogant
           and
           scornful
           Speeches
           against
           Pompey
           ,
           saying
           in
           Derision
           ,
           
             That
             he
          
           
           
             should
             want
             no
             other
             Weapon
             but
             a
             Ferula
             and
             Rod
             to
             Chastise
             this
             Boy
             with
             ,
             if
             he
             were
             not
             afraid
             of
             that
             old
             Woman
             ,
          
           meaning
           Metellus
           .
           Yet
           for
           all
           his
           proud
           Words
           ,
           in
           deed
           and
           reality
           he
           stood
           in
           Awe
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           as
           appeared
           by
           all
           his
           Actions
           and
           Conduct
           throughout
           the
           whole
           Management
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           wherein
           he
           was
           observed
           ever
           after
           to
           stand
           better
           upon
           his
           Guard
           ,
           and
           engage
           more
           warily
           than
           before
           :
           for
           Metellus
           (
           which
           one
           would
           not
           have
           imagined
           )
           was
           grown
           very
           debauched
           in
           his
           Life
           ,
           having
           given
           himself
           over
           excessively
           to
           Riot
           and
           Pleasure
           ;
           and
           yet
           of
           a
           sudden
           there
           was
           wrought
           in
           him
           a
           mighty
           Change
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           respect
           of
           his
           Pride
           as
           his
           Luxury
           :
           so
           that
           this
           very
           thing
           gained
           a
           wonderful
           Reputation
           and
           Honour
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           as
           an
           Example
           of
           Frugality
           ,
           although
           that
           Virtue
           was
           habitual
           in
           him
           ,
           and
           required
           no
           great
           Industry
           to
           exercise
           it
           ,
           for
           that
           he
           was
           naturally
           inclined
           to
           Temperance
           ,
           and
           no
           ways
           inordinate
           in
           his
           Affections
           .
           Here
           Fortune
           ,
           as
           't
           is
           common
           in
           War
           ,
           shewed
           variety
           of
           Changes
           ,
           but
           nothing
           came
           so
           near
           to
           Pompey
           as
           the
           taking
           of
           the
           City
           Lauron
           by
           Sertorius
           :
           for
           when
           Pompey
           thought
           he
           had
           him
           safe
           inclosed
           ,
           and
           had
           boasted
           largely
           of
           raising
           the
           Siege
           ,
           he
           himself
           appeared
           of
           a
           sudden
           to
           be
           incompassed
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           he
           durst
           not
           move
           out
           
           of
           his
           Camp
           ,
           but
           was
           forced
           with
           sorrow
           to
           sit
           still
           whilst
           the
           City
           was
           taken
           ,
           and
           in
           Flames
           before
           his
           Face
           .
           However
           ,
           afterwards
           in
           a
           Battel
           about
           Valentia
           he
           gave
           
           a
           great
           Defeat
           to
           Herennius
           and
           Perpenna
           ,
           (
           two
           Commanders
           of
           those
           Fugitives
           who
           came
           to
           Sertorius
           ,
           and
           were
           now
           Lieutenants
           to
           him
           )
           wherein
           he
           slew
           above
           10000
           Men.
           Pompey
           being
           exalted
           and
           puffed
           up
           with
           this
           Victory
           ,
           made
           all
           the
           haste
           imaginable
           to
           engage
           Sertorius
           himself
           ,
           and
           the
           rather
           lest
           Metellus
           should
           come
           in
           for
           a
           share
           in
           the
           Honour
           of
           the
           Victory
           ;
           so
           that
           in
           the
           Evening
           towards
           Sun-set
           ,
           they
           joyned
           Battel
           near
           the
           River
           Sucron
           ,
           both
           being
           in
           great
           fear
           lest
           Metellus
           should
           come
           ,
           Pompey
           ,
           that
           he
           might
           engage
           in
           the
           Combat
           alone
           ,
           Sertorius
           ,
           that
           he
           might
           engage
           but
           with
           one
           alone
           .
           The
           Issue
           of
           the
           Battel
           proved
           doubtful
           ,
           for
           that
           a
           Wing
           of
           each
           side
           had
           the
           better
           ;
           but
           of
           the
           Generals
           ,
           Sertorius
           had
           the
           greater
           Honour
           ,
           for
           that
           he
           maintained
           his
           Post
           ,
           having
           slain
           and
           put
           to
           flight
           all
           that
           Battalion
           that
           was
           appointed
           against
           him
           :
           whereas
           Pompey
           was
           worsted
           in
           his
           part
           of
           the
           Battel
           ,
           and
           himself
           almost
           a
           Prisoner
           ,
           for
           being
           set
           upon
           by
           a
           mighty
           Man
           of
           Arms
           that
           fought
           on
           foot
           ,
           as
           they
           were
           closely
           engaged
           hand
           to
           hand
           ,
           the
           strokes
           of
           their
           Swords
           chanced
           to
           light
           upon
           each
           others
           Hand
           ▪
           but
           with
           a
           different
           
           Success
           ,
           for
           
           Pompey's
           was
           a
           slight
           Wound
           only
           ,
           whereas
           he
           lopt
           off
           the
           others
           Hand
           :
           however
           it
           hapned
           so
           that
           many
           falling
           upon
           Pompey
           together
           ,
           and
           his
           own
           Forces
           there
           being
           put
           to
           the
           Rout
           ,
           he
           made
           his
           Escape
           beyond
           expectation
           ,
           by
           quitting
           his
           Horse
           and
           turning
           him
           up
           among
           the
           Enemy
           ;
           for
           the
           Horse
           being
           richly
           adorned
           with
           golden
           Trappings
           ,
           and
           having
           a
           Caparison
           of
           great
           value
           ,
           the
           Soldiers
           quarrelled
           among
           themselves
           for
           the
           Booty
           ,
           so
           that
           while
           they
           were
           fighting
           with
           one
           another
           ,
           and
           dividing
           the
           Spoyl
           ,
           Pompey
           made
           his
           Escape
           .
           By
           break
           of
           Day
           next
           morning
           ,
           each
           drew
           out
           his
           Forces
           into
           the
           Field
           to
           confirm
           the
           Victory
           ;
           but
           Metellus
           coming
           up
           to
           them
           ,
           Sertorius
           vanished
           away
           ,
           having
           broken
           up
           and
           dispersed
           his
           Army
           ;
           for
           in
           such
           a
           manner
           did
           he
           use
           to
           raise
           and
           disband
           his
           Armies
           ,
           so
           that
           sometimes
           he
           would
           be
           wandring
           up
           and
           down
           all
           alone
           ,
           and
           at
           other
           times
           again
           he
           would
           come
           powring
           into
           the
           Field
           at
           the
           head
           of
           a
           puissant
           Army
           ,
           no
           less
           than
           150000
           fighting
           Men
           ,
           swelling
           of
           a
           sudden
           like
           a
           mighty
           Torrent
           or
           Winterflood
           .
        
         
           Now
           when
           Pompey
           was
           going
           after
           the
           Battel
           to
           meet
           and
           welcome
           Metellus
           ,
           and
           when
           they
           were
           near
           one
           another
           ,
           he
           commanded
           his
           Serjeants
           to
           bow
           down
           their
           
           Rods
           in
           honour
           of
           Metellus
           as
           his
           Ancient
           and
           Superiour
           ;
           but
           Metellus
           on
           the
           other
           side
           forbid
           it
           ,
           and
           behaved
           himself
           very
           obliging
           to
           him
           in
           all
           things
           else
           ,
           not
           claiming
           any
           Prerogative
           either
           in
           respect
           of
           his
           Consulship
           or
           Seniority
           ;
           excepting
           only
           ,
           that
           when
           they
           incamped
           together
           ,
           the
           Watch-word
           was
           given
           to
           the
           whole
           Camp
           ,
           by
           Metellus
           .
           But
           generally
           they
           had
           their
           Camps
           asunder
           ,
           for
           that
           they
           were
           divided
           and
           distracted
           by
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           that
           was
           in
           all
           shapes
           ,
           and
           being
           always
           in
           motion
           ,
           would
           by
           a
           wonderful
           Artifice
           appear
           in
           divers
           Places
           almost
           in
           the
           same
           instant
           ,
           drawing
           them
           from
           one
           sort
           of
           Fight
           to
           another
           in
           perpetual
           Skirmishes
           :
           But
           at
           last
           Pompey
           intercepting
           all
           Forrage
           ,
           plundring
           and
           spoyling
           the
           Country
           ,
           and
           keeping
           the
           Dominion
           of
           the
           Sea
           ,
           rooted
           them
           out
           of
           that
           part
           of
           Spain
           that
           was
           under
           his
           Government
           ,
           forcing
           them
           ,
           out
           of
           meer
           Want
           ,
           to
           retreat
           into
           other
           Provinces
           .
        
         
           Pompey
           having
           made
           use
           of
           and
           expended
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           his
           own
           Revenue
           upon
           the
           War
           ,
           sent
           and
           demanded
           Monies
           of
           the
           Senate
           ,
           adding
           ,
           That
           in
           case
           they
           did
           not
           furnish
           him
           speedily
           ,
           he
           should
           be
           forced
           to
           return
           into
           Italy
           with
           his
           Army
           .
           Lucullus
           being
           Consul
           at
           that
           time
           ,
           (
           though
           indeed
           he
           was
           an
           Enemy
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           yet
           )
           in
           contemplation
           that
           he
           himself
           was
           a
           Candidate
           
           for
           the
           War
           against
           Mithridates
           ,
           he
           procured
           and
           hastned
           the
           Supplies
           ,
           fearing
           lest
           there
           should
           be
           any
           Pretence
           or
           Occasion
           given
           to
           Pompey
           of
           returning
           Home
           ,
           who
           of
           himself
           was
           no
           less
           desirous
           of
           leaving
           Sertorius
           ,
           than
           ambitious
           of
           undertaking
           the
           War
           against
           Mithridates
           ,
           as
           an
           Enemy
           where
           the
           Enterprize
           in
           all
           appearance
           would
           prove
           much
           more
           Honourable
           and
           less
           Dangerous
           .
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           Sertorius
           died
           ,
           being
           treacherously
           
           murdered
           by
           some
           of
           his
           own
           Party
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           Perpenna
           was
           now
           become
           the
           Chief
           Commander
           among
           them
           ,
           and
           he
           that
           would
           undertake
           to
           Personate
           the
           Actions
           of
           Sertorius
           ,
           having
           indeed
           the
           same
           Forces
           ,
           the
           same
           Ammunition
           ,
           and
           Means
           ,
           yet
           there
           was
           still
           wanting
           the
           same
           Wit
           ,
           Skill
           ,
           and
           Conduct
           ,
           in
           the
           use
           and
           managery
           of
           them
           .
           Pompey
           therefore
           marched
           directly
           against
           Perpenna
           ,
           and
           finding
           him
           ignorant
           and
           perplext
           in
           his
           Affairs
           ,
           had
           a
           Decoy
           ready
           for
           him
           ,
           and
           so
           sent
           out
           a
           Detachment
           of
           ten
           Companies
           with
           Orders
           to
           range
           up
           and
           down
           the
           Fields
           ,
           and
           disperse
           themselves
           abroad
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           were
           Foraging
           or
           in
           quest
           of
           some
           Booty
           ;
           this
           Bait
           took
           accordingly
           ,
           for
           no
           sooner
           had
           Perpenna
           quarried
           upon
           the
           Prey
           ,
           and
           had
           them
           in
           Chase
           ,
           but
           that
           Pompey
           appeared
           suddenly
           with
           all
           his
           Army
           ,
           and
           joyning
           
           Battel
           ,
           gave
           him
           a
           total
           Overthrow
           ;
           so
           
           that
           most
           of
           his
           Commanders
           were
           slain
           in
           the
           Field
           ,
           and
           he
           himself
           being
           brought
           Prisoner
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           was
           by
           his
           Order
           put
           to
           Death
           :
           Neither
           ought
           Pompey
           to
           be
           arraigned
           of
           Ungratefulness
           or
           Oblivion
           ,
           in
           that
           he
           had
           been
           unmindful
           of
           his
           Transactions
           with
           Perpenna
           in
           Sicily
           ,
           (
           as
           some
           would
           charge
           him
           )
           since
           't
           is
           clear
           that
           what
           he
           did
           in
           this
           Case
           ,
           was
           prudently
           determined
           upon
           solid
           Reason
           and
           deliberate
           Councel
           for
           the
           Security
           of
           his
           Country
           :
           for
           Perpenna
           having
           in
           his
           custody
           all
           Sertorius
           his
           Papers
           ,
           shewed
           several
           Letters
           from
           the
           greatest
           Men
           in
           Rome
           ,
           who
           (
           affecting
           a
           Change
           and
           Subversion
           of
           the
           Government
           )
           had
           invited
           Sertorius
           into
           Italy
           ;
           wherefore
           Pompey
           ,
           fearing
           lest
           by
           these
           he
           should
           stir
           and
           blow
           up
           greater
           Flames
           of
           War
           than
           those
           that
           had
           been
           already
           extinguished
           ,
           thought
           it
           expedient
           ,
           both
           to
           take
           off
           Perpenna
           ,
           and
           likewise
           to
           burn
           the
           Letters
           without
           reading
           of
           them
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           Pompey
           tarried
           and
           spent
           so
           
           much
           time
           in
           Spain
           ,
           as
           was
           necessary
           for
           the
           suppression
           of
           those
           greater
           Tumults
           in
           that
           Province
           ;
           and
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           had
           qualified
           and
           allayed
           the
           violent
           Heats
           of
           Affairs
           there
           ,
           he
           returned
           with
           his
           Army
           
           into
           Italy
           ,
           where
           he
           arrived
           very
           luckily
           in
           the
           height
           of
           the
           Servile
           War
           ;
           wherefore
           upon
           his
           Arrival
           ,
           Crassus
           the
           General
           in
           that
           
           War
           ,
           made
           all
           the
           expedition
           imaginable
           to
           give
           them
           Battel
           ,
           which
           he
           did
           with
           great
           Success
           ,
           having
           slain
           upon
           the
           place
           12300
           of
           those
           Fugitive
           Slaves
           :
           Nor
           yet
           was
           he
           so
           quick
           ,
           but
           that
           Fortune
           had
           reserved
           to
           Pompey
           some
           share
           of
           Honour
           in
           the
           Success
           of
           this
           War
           ,
           for
           that
           5000
           of
           them
           ,
           that
           had
           escaped
           out
           of
           the
           Battel
           ,
           fell
           into
           his
           hands
           ;
           wherefore
           when
           he
           had
           totally
           cut
           them
           off
           ,
           he
           wrote
           to
           the
           Senate
           ,
           That
           Crassus
           
             had
             overthrown
             the
             Fencers
             in
             Battel
             ,
             but
             that
             he
             had
             plucked
             up
             the
             War
             itself
             by
             the
             Roots
             .
          
           And
           thus
           it
           was
           commonly
           reported
           in
           Rome
           among
           all
           those
           that
           had
           the
           least
           Kindness
           for
           Pompey
           ;
           but
           for
           those
           Actions
           in
           Spain
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Sertorius
           ,
           no
           Man
           ever
           ,
           so
           much
           as
           in
           jest
           ,
           ascribed
           that
           Honour
           to
           any
           other
           than
           Pompey
           ;
           and
           yet
           this
           great
           Honour
           and
           Veneration
           of
           the
           Man
           was
           always
           accompanied
           with
           Fears
           and
           Jealousies
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           not
           Disband
           his
           Army
           ,
           but
           affecting
           Monarchy
           ,
           designed
           clearly
           to
           follow
           the
           Policies
           of
           Sylla
           and
           govern
           by
           a
           standing
           Army
           ;
           wherefore
           in
           the
           Number
           of
           all
           those
           that
           ran
           out
           to
           meet
           him
           ,
           and
           Congratulate
           his
           Return
           ,
           as
           many
           went
           out
           of
           Fear
           as
           Affection
           ;
           but
           after
           that
           Pompey
           had
           removed
           this
           Suggestion
           ,
           by
           declaring
           before-hand
           ,
           That
           he
           would
           discharge
           the
           Army
           after
           his
           Triumph
           ,
           there
           was
           yet
           remaining
           one
           great
           Cause
           of
           Complaint
           
           more
           from
           the
           Envy
           and
           Malice
           of
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           That
           he
           affected
           Popularity
           ,
           courting
           the
           common
           People
           more
           than
           the
           Nobility
           ;
           and
           whereas
           Sylla
           had
           taken
           away
           
           the
           Tribuneship
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           he
           designed
           to
           gratifie
           the
           People
           in
           restoring
           that
           Office
           ;
           which
           was
           very
           true
           ,
           for
           there
           was
           not
           any
           one
           thing
           that
           the
           People
           of
           Rome
           did
           so
           wildly
           doat
           on
           ,
           or
           more
           passionately
           desire
           than
           the
           Restauration
           of
           that
           Government
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           Pompey
           thought
           himself
           extreamly
           fortunate
           in
           this
           opportunity
           ,
           despairing
           ever
           (
           if
           he
           were
           prevented
           in
           this
           )
           of
           meeting
           with
           any
           other
           ,
           wherein
           he
           might
           express
           his
           Gratitude
           in
           Compensation
           of
           all
           those
           Favours
           which
           he
           had
           received
           from
           the
           People
           .
           The
           Decree
           
           therefore
           passed
           for
           a
           second
           Triumph
           ,
           and
           the
           Consulship
           :
           and
           yet
           for
           all
           this
           Power
           and
           Honour
           he
           did
           not
           seem
           to
           be
           admired
           or
           magnified
           for
           those
           things
           ;
           but
           this
           was
           the
           Signal
           and
           Test
           of
           his
           Grandeur
           ,
           that
           even
           Crassus
           himself
           ,
           (
           the
           Wealthiest
           among
           all
           the
           Statesmen
           of
           his
           time
           ,
           the
           most
           Eloquent
           and
           Greatest
           too
           ,
           a
           Man
           of
           that
           Pride
           that
           he
           despised
           even
           Pompey
           himself
           ,
           and
           all
           others
           as
           beneath
           him
           )
           durst
           not
           appear
           a
           Candidate
           for
           the
           Consulship
           before
           he
           had
           made
           his
           Address
           to
           Pompey
           ;
           which
           was
           done
           accordingly
           ,
           and
           as
           readily
           embraced
           by
           Pompey
           ,
           who
           
           had
           often
           sought
           an
           occasion
           to
           oblige
           him
           in
           some
           friendly
           Office
           ;
           so
           that
           he
           solicited
           for
           Crassus
           ,
           and
           entreated
           the
           People
           heartily
           ,
           declaring
           ,
           
             That
             their
             Favour
             would
             be
             no
             less
             to
             him
             in
             his
             Colleague
             ,
             than
             in
             his
             Consulship
          
           ;
           yet
           for
           all
           this
           when
           they
           were
           created
           Consuls
           ,
           they
           were
           always
           at
           variance
           and
           opposing
           one
           another
           ;
           now
           Crassus
           prevailed
           most
           in
           the
           Senate
           ,
           and
           
           Pompey's
           Power
           was
           no
           less
           with
           the
           People
           ,
           for
           that
           he
           restored
           to
           them
           the
           Office
           of
           Tribune
           ,
           
           and
           had
           suffered
           the
           Judicature
           again
           to
           be
           transferred
           upon
           the
           Knights
           by
           a
           Law.
           But
           he
           himself
           afforded
           them
           the
           most
           grateful
           Spectacle
           ,
           when
           he
           appeared
           and
           craved
           his
           Discharge
           from
           the
           Wars
           :
           for
           it
           was
           an
           ancient
           Custom
           among
           the
           Romans
           ,
           that
           the
           Knights
           ,
           when
           they
           had
           served
           out
           their
           legal
           time
           in
           the
           Wars
           ,
           should
           lead
           their
           Horse
           into
           the
           Market-place
           before
           two
           Censors
           ,
           and
           having
           given
           an
           account
           of
           the
           Commanders
           and
           Generals
           under
           whom
           they
           served
           ,
           as
           also
           of
           the
           Places
           and
           Actions
           in
           their
           Service
           ,
           they
           were
           discharged
           ,
           every
           Man
           with
           Honour
           or
           Disgrace
           according
           to
           his
           Deserts
           :
           there
           were
           then
           sitting
           upon
           the
           Bench
           two
           reverend
           Censors
           ,
           Gellius
           and
           Catulus
           ,
           with
           great
           Gravity
           taking
           a
           View
           of
           the
           Roman
           Knights
           who
           were
           then
           in
           Muster
           ,
           and
           under
           Examination
           before
           them
           ;
           when
           Pompey
           
           was
           seen
           afar
           off
           to
           come
           into
           the
           Market-place
           ,
           adorned
           in
           all
           things
           else
           with
           all
           the
           Marks
           and
           Ensigns
           of
           a
           Consul
           ,
           but
           himself
           leading
           his
           Horse
           in
           his
           hand
           :
           as
           he
           drew
           near
           ,
           he
           commanded
           the
           Vergers
           to
           make
           way
           ,
           and
           so
           he
           led
           his
           Horse
           to
           the
           Bench
           ;
           the
           People
           were
           all
           this
           while
           in
           a
           sort
           of
           Amaze
           ,
           and
           all
           in
           Silence
           ,
           and
           the
           Censors
           themselves
           shewed
           him
           great
           Reverence
           ,
           expressing
           a
           Modesty
           together
           with
           Joy
           in
           their
           Countenance
           :
           Then
           the
           Senior
           Censor
           examined
           him
           ,
           Pompey
           
             the
             Great
             ,
             I
             demand
             of
             thee
             ,
             whether
             thou
             hast
             served
             out
             all
             that
             time
             in
             the
             Wars
             that
             is
             prescribed
             by
             the
             Law
             of
             Arms
             ?
             Yes
             ,
          
           replied
           Pompey
           with
           a
           loud
           Voice
           )
           
             I
             have
             served
             all
             ,
             and
             all
             under
             myself
             as
             General
             .
          
           The
           People
           hearing
           this
           ,
           gave
           a
           great
           Shout
           ,
           and
           made
           such
           an
           Out-cry
           for
           Joy
           that
           there
           was
           no
           appeasing
           it
           ;
           but
           the
           Censors
           rising
           from
           their
           Judgment-seat
           ,
           accompanied
           him
           home
           to
           gratifie
           the
           Multitude
           ,
           who
           followed
           after
           clapping
           their
           Hands
           ,
           and
           shouting
           with
           great
           signs
           of
           Joy.
           
        
         
           
           Pompey's
           Consulship
           was
           now
           expiring
           ,
           and
           yet
           the
           Difference
           with
           Crassus
           increasing
           ,
           whereupon
           on
           
             Gaius
             Aurelius
          
           a
           Knight
           ,
           (
           but
           one
           that
           declined
           Business
           all
           his
           Life-time
           )
           stood
           up
           and
           addressed
           himself
           in
           an
           Oration
           to
           the
           Assembly
           ,
           declaring
           ,
           That
           Jupiter
           had
           appeared
           to
           him
           in
           a
           Dream
           ,
           
           commanding
           him
           to
           tell
           the
           Consuls
           ,
           
             That
             they
             should
             not
             leave
             their
             Charge
             of
             that
             Government
             until
             they
             were
             Friends
             .
          
           After
           this
           was
           said
           ,
           Pompey
           stood
           silent
           ,
           but
           Crassus
           took
           him
           by
           the
           hand
           ,
           and
           spoke
           in
           this
           manner
           ,
           
             I
             do
             not
             think
             ,
             oh
             ye
          
           Romans
           ,
           
             that
             I
             shall
             do
             any
             thing
             mean
             or
             dishonourable
             ,
             in
             yielding
             first
             to
          
           Pompey
           ;
           
             even
             that
          
           Pompey
           
             whom
             you
             were
             pleased
             to
             Ennoble
             with
             the
             Title
             of
             Great
             ,
             when
             as
             yet
             he
             scarce
             had
             a
             Hair
             in
             his
             Face
             ;
             and
             granted
             the
             Honour
             of
             two
             Triumphs
             ,
             when
             as
             yet
             he
             had
             no
             Place
             in
             the
             Senate
             .
          
           Hereupon
           they
           were
           Reconciled
           ,
           and
           laid
           down
           their
           Government
           .
           Now
           Crassus
           kept
           on
           in
           his
           former
           manner
           of
           Life
           as
           he
           began
           ,
           pleading
           Causes
           ;
           but
           Pompey
           declined
           his
           Practice
           in
           a
           great
           measure
           ,
           taking
           the
           Patronage
           of
           some
           few
           Causes
           ,
           only
           so
           that
           by
           degrees
           he
           withdrew
           himself
           totally
           from
           the
           Courts
           ,
           and
           all
           Matters
           of
           Judgment
           ,
           coming
           but
           seldom
           in
           publick
           ;
           and
           whenever
           he
           did
           ,
           't
           was
           with
           a
           great
           Train
           after
           him
           ;
           neither
           was
           it
           easie
           to
           meet
           or
           visit
           him
           without
           great
           Attendance
           ;
           but
           his
           delight
           was
           to
           appear
           guarded
           with
           such
           a
           Retinue
           ,
           designing
           thereby
           to
           advance
           the
           Reverence
           and
           Majesty
           of
           his
           Presence
           ,
           and
           preserve
           his
           Dignity
           (
           as
           he
           ought
           to
           do
           )
           entire
           from
           the
           Approaches
           and
           Conversation
           of
           the
           Multitude
           :
           For
           Men
           that
           have
           risen
           and
           grown
           great
           by
           Arms
           ,
           are
           easily
           
           trayed
           into
           Contempt
           by
           a
           change
           of
           Life
           ,
           when
           they
           shall
           betake
           themselves
           to
           the
           Long-Robe
           ,
           and
           plead
           Causes
           ,
           in
           that
           they
           cannot
           fashion
           themselves
           to
           that
           popular
           Equality
           or
           Familiarity
           that
           's
           common
           among
           Citizens
           ,
           expecting
           to
           be
           esteemed
           their
           Betters
           in
           the
           City
           ,
           as
           they
           were
           in
           Field
           ;
           whereas
           on
           the
           contrary
           ,
           the
           Pride
           and
           Folly
           of
           these
           Citizens
           is
           such
           ,
           That
           though
           they
           were
           Inferiours
           in
           the
           Camp
           ,
           yet
           they
           'll
           contend
           for
           Precedence
           in
           the
           City
           ,
           which
           is
           intolerable
           ;
           and
           therefore
           't
           is
           that
           when
           a
           noble
           Warrier
           (
           crowned
           with
           Victories
           and
           Triumphs
           )
           shall
           turn
           Advocate
           and
           ply
           the
           Courts
           among
           them
           ,
           they
           endeavour
           presently
           by
           a
           malicious
           Pedantry
           to
           obscure
           his
           Glory
           ,
           and
           depress
           him
           ;
           whereas
           if
           he
           quits
           a
           publick
           Patronage
           and
           retires
           ,
           they
           shall
           preserve
           his
           Honour
           and
           Authority
           beyond
           the
           reach
           of
           Envy
           ;
           as
           appeared
           not
           long
           after
           by
           the
           things
           themselves
           .
        
         
           The
           Power
           of
           the
           Pirats
           first
           broke
           out
           of
           
           Cilicia
           ,
           having
           in
           truth
           but
           a
           rash
           and
           blind
           beginning
           ,
           but
           was
           animated
           and
           encouraged
           afterwards
           in
           the
           Wars
           of
           Mithridates
           ,
           where
           they
           hired
           themselves
           out
           ,
           and
           became
           Stipendiaires
           in
           the
           King's
           Service
           .
           Afterwards
           whilst
           the
           Romans
           were
           embroiled
           in
           their
           Civil
           Wars
           ,
           being
           engaged
           against
           one
           another
           ,
           even
           before
           the
           very
           
           Gates
           of
           Rome
           ;
           the
           Seas
           lay
           waste
           and
           unguarded
           ,
           which
           by
           degrees
           ,
           enticed
           ,
           and
           drew
           them
           on
           ,
           not
           only
           to
           seize
           upon
           and
           spoil
           the
           Merchants
           and
           Ships
           upon
           the
           Seas
           ,
           but
           also
           to
           lay
           waste
           the
           Islands
           ,
           and
           Sea-Port
           Towns
           :
           So
           that
           now
           there
           embarked
           with
           these
           Pirats
           ,
           Men
           of
           great
           Wealth
           ,
           and
           Nobility
           ,
           and
           of
           great
           Wisdom
           too
           ,
           being
           incorporated
           into
           their
           Society
           or
           Fellowship
           as
           into
           a
           commendable
           Faculty
           :
           They
           had
           divers
           Arsenals
           ,
           or
           Piratick
           Harbours
           ,
           as
           likewise
           Watch-Towers
           ,
           and
           Beacons
           all
           along
           the
           Sea-Coast
           ;
           They
           had
           a
           mighty
           Fleet
           ,
           well
           Rigged
           and
           Furnished
           with
           Galliots
           of
           Oars
           ,
           and
           as
           well
           Mann'd
           too
           ,
           with
           all
           the
           Flower
           of
           Youth
           ,
           with
           expert
           Pilots
           and
           Mariners
           ;
           there
           were
           their
           Ships
           of
           swift
           Sail
           also
           ,
           and
           Pinnaces
           for
           Cruising
           and
           Discovery
           ;
           neither
           was
           it
           thus
           dreadful
           only
           ,
           but
           as
           gloriously
           set
           out
           too
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           were
           more
           to
           be
           envyed
           in
           their
           Pride
           ,
           than
           feared
           in
           their
           Force
           ;
           having
           the
           Poops
           and
           Decks
           of
           their
           Galliots
           all
           guilded
           ,
           and
           the
           Oars
           plated
           with
           Silver
           ,
           together
           with
           their
           Purple
           Sails
           ,
           as
           if
           their
           delight
           were
           to
           glory
           in
           their
           Iniquity
           :
           There
           was
           nothing
           but
           Musick
           and
           Dancing
           ,
           Banquetting
           and
           Revels
           all
           along
           the
           Shore
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           Prizes
           of
           Kings
           in
           Captivity
           ,
           and
           Ransoms
           of
           sackt
           Cities
           ,
           to
           the
           Reproach
           and
           Dishonour
           of
           
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           .
           There
           were
           of
           these
           Corsairs
           above
           1000
           Sail
           ,
           and
           they
           had
           taken
           no
           less
           than
           400
           Cities
           ;
           committing
           Sacriledge
           upon
           the
           Temples
           of
           the
           Gods
           ,
           and
           enriching
           themselves
           with
           the
           Spoils
           of
           divers
           ,
           undefiled
           before
           ,
           such
           as
           were
           those
           of
           
             Claros
             ,
             Didyme
          
           ,
           and
           Samothrace
           ;
           and
           the
           Temple
           of
           Tellus
           ,
           or
           the
           Earth
           in
           Hermione
           ,
           and
           that
           of
           Aeseulapius
           in
           Epidaurium
           ;
           Those
           of
           Neptune
           ,
           in
           
             Isthmus
             ,
             Taenarus
          
           ,
           and
           Calauria
           ;
           Those
           of
           Apollo
           ,
           in
           Actium
           ,
           and
           the
           Isle
           of
           Leucades
           ;
           and
           those
           of
           Juno
           ,
           in
           
             Samos
             ,
             Argos
          
           ,
           and
           Leucania
           .
           They
           offered
           likewise
           strange
           Sacrifices
           upon
           Mount
           Olympus
           ,
           and
           performed
           certain
           secret
           Rites
           or
           Religious
           Mysteries
           ,
           whereof
           that
           to
           the
           Sun
           (
           which
           they
           called
           by
           the
           Name
           of
           Mithres
           )
           was
           preserved
           down
           to
           our
           Age
           ,
           having
           its
           Original
           and
           first
           Institution
           from
           them
           .
           But
           besides
           these
           Piracies
           and
           Insolencies
           by
           Sea
           ,
           they
           were
           yet
           more
           injurious
           to
           the
           Romans
           by
           Land
           ;
           for
           they
           would
           often
           go
           ashore
           and
           Rob
           upon
           the
           High-ways
           ;
           plundring
           and
           destroying
           their
           Villages
           and
           Country-Houses
           near
           the
           Sea
           :
           And
           once
           they
           seized
           upon
           two
           Roman
           Praetors
           ,
           Sextilius
           and
           Bellinus
           ,
           in
           their
           Purple
           Robes
           ,
           and
           carried
           them
           off
           ,
           together
           with
           their
           Serjeants
           and
           Vergers
           :
           The
           Daughter
           also
           of
           Antonius
           ,
           (
           a
           Man
           that
           had
           the
           Honour
           of
           Triumph
           )
           taking
           a
           Journey
           into
           the
           Country
           ,
           was
           seized
           
           upon
           ,
           and
           Redeemed
           afterwards
           with
           an
           excessive
           Ransom
           .
           But
           this
           was
           the
           most
           spiteful
           and
           abusive
           of
           all
           ,
           That
           when
           any
           of
           the
           Captives
           declared
           himself
           to
           be
           a
           Roman
           ,
           and
           told
           his
           Name
           ,
           they
           seemed
           to
           be
           surprized
           ,
           and
           straightway
           feigning
           a
           Fear
           ,
           smote
           their
           Thighs
           ,
           and
           fell
           down
           at
           his
           Feet
           ,
           humbly
           beseeching
           him
           to
           be
           gracious
           and
           forgive
           them
           :
           The
           credulous
           Captive
           ,
           seeing
           them
           so
           humble
           and
           supplicant
           ,
           believed
           them
           to
           be
           in
           earnest
           ;
           for
           some
           were
           so
           officious
           as
           to
           put
           on
           his
           Shooes
           ,
           others
           helpt
           him
           on
           with
           his
           Gown
           ,
           lest
           his
           Quality
           should
           be
           mistaken
           again
           :
           After
           all
           this
           Pageantry
           ,
           when
           they
           had
           thus
           deluded
           and
           mockt
           him
           long
           enough
           ,
           at
           last
           casting
           out
           a
           Ships
           Ladder
           ,
           when
           they
           were
           even
           in
           the
           midst
           of
           the
           Sea
           ,
           they
           bid
           him
           march
           off
           and
           farewel
           ;
           if
           he
           refused
           ,
           they
           threw
           him
           over-board
           and
           drowned
           him
           .
           This
           Piratick
           Power
           having
           got
           the
           Dominion
           and
           Soveraignty
           of
           all
           the
           M●diterranean
           ,
           and
           perpetually
           roving
           up
           and
           down
           ,
           there
           was
           left
           no
           place
           for
           Navigation
           or
           Commerce
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           no
           Merchant
           durst
           venture
           out
           to
           Traffick
           .
           The
           Romans
           therefore
           ,
           finding
           themselves
           to
           be
           extreamly
           straitned
           in
           their
           Markets
           ,
           and
           considering
           that
           if
           this
           scarcity
           of
           Corn
           should
           continue
           ▪
           there
           would
           be
           a
           Dearth
           and
           Famine
           in
           the
           Land
           ,
           determined
           to
           send
           out
           Pompey
           to
           recover
           their
           Seigniory
           of
           the
           Seas
           from
           
           the
           Pirates
           :
           Wherefore
           Gabinius
           (
           a
           great
           Creature
           of
           
           Pompey's
           )
           preferred
           a
           Law
           ,
           whereby
           there
           was
           granted
           to
           him
           ,
           not
           only
           the
           Government
           of
           the
           Seas
           as
           Admiral
           ,
           but
           even
           the
           Monarchy
           of
           Rome
           as
           Soveraign
           ,
           having
           an
           Arbitrary
           and
           Unlimited
           Power
           over
           all
           Men
           ;
           The
           sum
           of
           that
           Decree
           gave
           him
           the
           absolute
           Power
           and
           Authority
           of
           all
           the
           Seas
           ,
           even
           from
           the
           Streights-Mouth
           or
           Hercules-Pillars
           ;
           together
           with
           the
           Continent
           or
           Mainland
           ,
           all
           along
           for
           the
           space
           of
           400
           Furlongs
           ,
           or
           50
           Miles
           from
           the
           Sea
           :
           Now
           there
           were
           but
           few
           Regions
           in
           the
           World
           under
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           of
           a
           larger
           Extent
           ,
           and
           in
           that
           compass
           too
           there
           were
           comprehended
           great
           Nations
           and
           mighty
           Kings
           .
           Moreover
           by
           this
           Decree
           he
           had
           a
           Power
           of
           electing
           fifteen
           Lieutenants
           out
           of
           the
           Senate
           ,
           and
           of
           assigning
           to
           each
           his
           Province
           in
           Charge
           ;
           Then
           he
           might
           take
           likewise
           out
           of
           the
           Treasury
           ,
           and
           of
           the
           Publicans
           ,
           what
           Monies
           he
           pleas'd
           ,
           as
           also
           200
           Sail
           of
           Ships
           ,
           with
           a
           Power
           to
           Press
           and
           Levy
           what
           Soldiers
           and
           Seamen
           he
           thought
           fit
           ,
           together
           with
           Galliots
           of
           Oars
           and
           Mariners
           :
           When
           this
           Law
           was
           Read
           ,
           the
           common
           People
           approved
           of
           it
           exceedingly
           ,
           but
           the
           chiefest
           and
           most
           powerful
           of
           the
           Senate
           looked
           upon
           it
           as
           an
           exorbitant
           Power
           ,
           even
           beyond
           the
           reach
           of
           Envy
           ,
           and
           was
           now
           become
           worthy
           of
           their
           
           Fears
           ;
           therefore
           concluding
           with
           themselves
           that
           such
           an
           infinite
           and
           boundless
           Authority
           was
           dangerous
           ,
           they
           agreed
           unanimously
           to
           oppose
           the
           Bill
           ,
           and
           all
           were
           against
           it
           ,
           except
           Caesar
           ,
           who
           gave
           his
           Vote
           for
           the
           Law
           ,
           not
           so
           much
           to
           gratifie
           Pompey
           ,
           as
           the
           People
           ,
           whose
           Favour
           he
           had
           courted
           under-hand
           from
           the
           beginning
           ,
           and
           hoped
           thereby
           to
           compass
           such
           a
           Power
           for
           himself
           :
           The
           rest
           inveighed
           bitterly
           against
           Pompey
           ,
           insomuch
           as
           one
           of
           the
           Consuls
           ,
           told
           him
           sharply
           ,
           
             That
             if
             he
             followed
             the
             Footsteps
             of
          
           Romulus
           ,
           
             he
             would
             scarce
             avoid
             his
             End
             ,
          
           but
           he
           was
           in
           danger
           of
           being
           torn
           in
           pieces
           by
           the
           Multitude
           for
           his
           Speech
           :
           Yet
           when
           Catulus
           stood
           up
           to
           speak
           against
           the
           Law
           ,
           the
           People
           in
           Reverence
           to
           him
           were
           very
           silent
           and
           attentive
           ;
           He
           therefore
           ,
           after
           he
           had
           ,
           without
           the
           least
           shew
           of
           Envy
           ,
           made
           large
           Harangues
           in
           Honour
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           began
           to
           advise
           the
           People
           in
           kindness
           to
           spare
           him
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           expose
           a
           Man
           of
           his
           Value
           to
           such
           a
           Chain
           of
           Dangers
           and
           Wars
           ;
           For
           said
           he
           ,
           
             Where
             could
             you
             find
             out
             another
          
           Pompey
           ,
           
             or
             whom
             would
             you
             have
             in
             case
             you
             should
             chance
             to
             lose
             him
             ?
          
           They
           all
           cry'd
           out
           with
           one
           Voice
           ,
           Your self
           ;
           wherefore
           Catulus
           ,
           finding
           all
           his
           Rhetorick
           ineffectual
           ,
           desisted
           :
           Then
           Roscius
           attempted
           to
           speak
           ,
           but
           could
           have
           no
           Audience
           ,
           wherefore
           he
           made
           Signs
           with
           his
           Fingers
           ,
           intimating
           ,
           
           
           
           
           
           
             Not
             him
             alone
          
           ,
           but
           
             that
             there
             might
             be
             a
             second
          
           Pompey
           
             or
             Colleague
             in
             Authority
             with
             him
             :
          
           Upon
           this
           ,
           't
           is
           said
           ,
           the
           Multitude
           being
           extreamly
           incens'd
           ,
           made
           such
           an
           horrid
           Exclamation
           ,
           that
           a
           Crow
           flying
           over
           the
           Market-Place
           at
           that
           instant
           was
           struck
           blind
           ,
           and
           dropt
           down
           among
           the
           Rabble
           ;
           whereby
           it
           appears
           ,
           That
           the
           Cause
           of
           Birds
           falling
           down
           to
           the
           Ground
           ,
           is
           not
           by
           any
           rupture
           or
           division
           of
           the
           Air
           when
           it
           has
           received
           any
           such
           Impression
           or
           Force
           ;
           but
           purely
           by
           the
           very
           stroak
           of
           the
           Voice
           ,
           which
           ,
           being
           shot
           up
           by
           a
           Multitude
           with
           great
           Violence
           ,
           raises
           a
           sort
           of
           Tempest
           and
           Billows
           in
           the
           Air.
           The
           Assembly
           therefore
           broke
           up
           for
           that
           day
           :
           And
           when
           the
           day
           was
           come
           ,
           wherein
           the
           Bill
           was
           to
           pass
           by
           Suffrage
           into
           a
           Decree
           ,
           Pompey
           went
           privately
           into
           the
           Country
           ;
           but
           hearing
           that
           it
           was
           passed
           and
           confirmed
           ,
           he
           returned
           again
           into
           the
           City
           by
           Night
           ,
           to
           avoid
           the
           Envy
           that
           might
           arise
           from
           that
           Concourse
           of
           People
           that
           would
           meet
           and
           congratulate
           him
           :
           The
           next
           Morning
           he
           came
           abroad
           ,
           and
           sacrificed
           to
           the
           Gods
           ,
           and
           having
           Audience
           at
           an
           open
           Assembly
           ,
           he
           handled
           the
           Matter
           so
           ,
           as
           that
           they
           enlarged
           his
           Power
           ,
           giving
           him
           many
           Things
           besides
           what
           was
           already
           granted
           ,
           and
           almost
           doubling
           the
           Preparation
           appointed
           in
           the
           former
           Decree
           :
           For
           there
           were
           compleately
           500
           Sail
           of
           
           Ships
           fitted
           out
           ,
           and
           he
           had
           an
           Army
           of
           120000
           Foot
           ,
           and
           5000
           Horse
           ,
           assigned
           for
           his
           Muster
           :
           There
           were
           chosen
           likewise
           for
           his
           Lieutenants
           ,
           or
           Vice-Admirals
           ,
           24
           Senators
           that
           had
           been
           Consuls
           ,
           Praetors
           ,
           or
           Generals
           of
           Armies
           ,
           and
           to
           these
           were
           added
           two
           of
           the
           general
           Treasurers
           .
           Now
           it
           happened
           within
           this
           time
           ,
           that
           the
           Prizes
           of
           Provisions
           were
           much
           abated
           ,
           which
           gave
           an
           occasion
           to
           the
           joyful
           People
           of
           saying
           ,
           
             That
             the
             very
             Name
             of
          
           Pompey
           
             had
             e'en
             ended
             the
             War.
          
           However
           Pompey
           in
           pursuance
           of
           his
           Charge
           divided
           all
           the
           Sea
           ,
           with
           each
           distance
           between
           the
           Lands
           ,
           into
           thirteen
           Parts
           ,
           allotting
           a
           Squadron
           to
           each
           ,
           under
           the
           Command
           of
           his
           Vice-Admirals
           ;
           And
           having
           thus
           dispers'd
           his
           Power
           into
           all
           Quarters
           ,
           and
           encompassed
           the
           Pirats
           every
           where
           ,
           they
           began
           to
           fall
           into
           his
           Draggs
           by
           whole
           Shoals
           ,
           which
           he
           seiz'd
           and
           brought
           into
           his
           Harbours
           ;
           As
           for
           those
           that
           withdrew
           themselves
           betimes
           ,
           or
           otherwise
           escap'd
           his
           general
           Chace
           ,
           they
           all
           made
           to
           Cilicia
           ,
           where
           they
           hid
           themselves
           as
           in
           their
           Hives
           ;
           against
           whom
           Pompey
           design'd
           to
           go
           in
           Person
           with
           Sixty
           of
           his
           best
           Frigats
           :
           But
           first
           he
           resolv'd
           to
           scour
           and
           clear
           all
           the
           Seas
           thereabout
           ,
           as
           that
           of
           Tuscany
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           Coasts
           of
           
             Africa
             ,
             Sardinia
             ,
             Corsica
          
           ,
           and
           Sicily
           ;
           All
           which
           he
           perform'd
           in
           the
           space
           of
           Forty
           days
           by
           his
           
           own
           indefatigable
           Industry
           ,
           and
           the
           Diligence
           of
           his
           Vice-Admirals
           .
           Now
           Pompey
           met
           with
           some
           Diversion
           in
           Rome
           ,
           through
           the
           Malice
           and
           Envy
           of
           Piso
           the
           Consul
           ,
           who
           had
           put
           some
           stop
           to
           his
           Affairs
           ,
           by
           wasting
           his
           Stores
           ,
           and
           discharging
           his
           Seamen
           ;
           whereupon
           he
           sent
           his
           Fleet
           round
           to
           Brundusium
           ,
           himself
           going
           the
           next
           way
           by
           Land
           through
           Tuscany
           to
           Rome
           ;
           which
           as
           soon
           as
           it
           came
           to
           be
           known
           by
           the
           People
           ,
           they
           all
           flock'd
           out
           to
           meet
           him
           upon
           the
           way
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           had
           not
           sent
           him
           out
           but
           a
           little
           before
           ;
           But
           that
           which
           chiefly
           rais'd
           their
           Joy
           ,
           was
           the
           sudden
           and
           unexpected
           change
           in
           the
           Markets
           ,
           abounding
           now
           with
           exceeding
           Plenty
           ;
           So
           that
           Piso
           was
           in
           great
           danger
           to
           have
           been
           depriv'd
           of
           his
           Consulship
           ,
           Gabinius
           having
           a
           Law
           ready
           Penn'd
           for
           that
           purpose
           ;
           but
           Pompey
           forbid
           it
           ,
           behaving
           himself
           as
           in
           that
           ,
           so
           in
           all
           Things
           else
           ,
           with
           great
           Moderation
           ,
           whereby
           having
           brought
           to
           pass
           and
           obtain'd
           all
           that
           he
           wanted
           or
           desir'd
           ,
           he
           departed
           for
           Brundusium
           ,
           whence
           he
           set
           Sail
           in
           pursuit
           of
           the
           Pirats
           :
           Now
           though
           he
           was
           straitned
           in
           time
           ,
           and
           his
           hasty
           Voyage
           forc'd
           him
           to
           Sail
           by
           several
           famous
           Cities
           without
           touching
           ,
           yet
           he
           would
           not
           pass
           by
           the
           City
           of
           Athens
           unsaluted
           ,
           but
           landing
           there
           ,
           after
           he
           had
           sacrificed
           to
           the
           Gods
           ,
           and
           made
           an
           Oration
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           
           as
           he
           was
           returning
           out
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           he
           Read
           at
           the
           Gates
           two
           Monosticks
           or
           single
           Epigrams
           writ
           in
           his
           own
           Praise
           .
        
         
           
             One
             within
             the
             Gate
             ,
          
           
             
               Thy
               humbler
               Thoughts
               make
               thee
               a
               God
               the
               more
               .
            
          
           
             The
             other
             without
             .
          
           
             
               We
               wish'd
               and
               saw
               ,
               we
               Honour
               and
               Adore
               .
            
          
        
         
           Now
           because
           that
           Pompey
           had
           shew'd
           himself
           merciful
           to
           some
           of
           that
           Swarm
           of
           Thieves
           ,
           that
           were
           yet
           roving
           in
           Bodies
           about
           the
           Seas
           ,
           (
           having
           upon
           their
           Supplication
           ordered
           a
           Seizure
           of
           their
           Ships
           and
           Persons
           only
           ,
           without
           any
           farther
           Process
           or
           Severity
           ;
           )
           therefore
           the
           rest
           of
           their
           Camrades
           in
           Hopes
           of
           Mercy
           too
           ,
           made
           their
           Escape
           from
           his
           other
           Commanders
           ,
           and
           surrender'd
           themselves
           with
           their
           Wives
           and
           Children
           into
           his
           Protection
           ;
           So
           tha●
           Pompey
           pardon'd
           all
           that
           came
           in
           ,
           and
           the
           rather
           because
           by
           them
           he
           might
           make
           a
           discovery
           of
           those
           who
           fled
           from
           his
           Justice
           ,
           as
           conscious
           that
           their
           Crimes
           were
           beyond
           an
           Act
           of
           Indemnity
           :
           Whereof
           the
           greatest
           and
           chiefest
           part
           conveyed
           their
           Families
           and
           Treasures
           (
           with
           all
           besides
           that
           were
           unfit
           for
           War
           )
           into
           Castles
           and
           strong
           Forts
           
           about
           Mount
           Taurus
           ;
           but
           they
           themselves
           having
           well
           Mann'd
           their
           Gallies
           ,
           imbark'd
           for
           Coracesium
           in
           Cilicia
           ,
           where
           they
           receiv'd
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           gave
           him
           Battel
           ;
           Here
           they
           had
           a
           fatal
           Overthrow
           ,
           and
           thereupon
           they
           retir'd
           to
           their
           Cities
           ,
           where
           they
           were
           Besieg'd
           ;
           At
           last
           ,
           having
           dispatch'd
           their
           Heralds
           to
           him
           with
           a
           Submission
           ,
           they
           deliver'd
           up
           to
           his
           mercy
           themselves
           ,
           their
           Towns
           ,
           Islands
           ,
           and
           strong
           Holds
           ,
           all
           which
           they
           had
           fortified
           with
           Bulwarks
           and
           Rampiers
           ,
           whereby
           they
           became
           impregnable
           ,
           and
           almost
           inaccessible
           .
        
         
           Thus
           was
           this
           War
           ended
           ,
           and
           the
           whole
           Power
           of
           the
           Pirats
           at
           Sea
           dissolved
           every
           where
           in
           the
           space
           of
           three
           Months
           :
           Wherein
           besides
           a
           great
           number
           of
           other
           Vessels
           ,
           he
           took
           Ninety
           Men
           of
           War
           with
           brazen
           Beaks
           ;
           and
           likewise
           Prisoners
           of
           War
           to
           the
           number
           of
           no
           less
           than
           20000
           Souls
           .
        
         
           Touching
           the
           disposal
           of
           these
           Prisoners
           ,
           he
           consider'd
           on
           one
           Hand
           ,
           that
           it
           would
           be
           barbarous
           to
           destroy
           them
           all
           ;
           and
           yet
           it
           might
           be
           no
           less
           dangerous
           on
           the
           other
           to
           disperse
           them
           ,
           for
           that
           they
           might
           reunite
           and
           make
           Head
           again
           .
           being
           numerous
           ,
           poor
           ,
           and
           warlike
           :
           Therefore
           well
           and
           wisely
           weighing
           with
           himself
           ,
           That
           Man
           by
           Nature
           is
           not
           a
           wild
           or
           savage
           Creature
           ,
           neither
           was
           he
           Born
           so
           ,
           but
           becomes
           
           a
           bruit
           Beast
           by
           Practice
           ,
           having
           chang'd
           his
           Nature
           by
           a
           rude
           and
           vicious
           Habit
           :
           And
           again
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           That
           he
           is
           civiliz'd
           and
           grows
           gentle
           by
           a
           change
           of
           Place
           ,
           Converse
           ,
           and
           manner
           of
           Life
           ,
           as
           Beasts
           themselves
           that
           are
           wild
           by
           Nature
           ,
           become
           tame
           and
           tractable
           to
           their
           Feeders
           by
           Housing
           and
           a
           gentler
           Usage
           ;
           Upon
           this
           Consideration
           he
           determin'd
           to
           translate
           these
           Pirates
           from
           Sea
           to
           Land
           ,
           and
           give
           them
           a
           taste
           of
           the
           true
           and
           innocent
           course
           of
           Life
           by
           living
           in
           Cities
           ,
           and
           manuring
           the
           Ground
           :
           Some
           therefore
           were
           entertain'd
           in
           the
           small
           and
           unpeopl'd
           Towns
           of
           the
           Cilicians
           ,
           mixing
           and
           incorporating
           with
           those
           few
           Inhabitants
           there
           ,
           whereby
           they
           obtained
           an
           Enlargement
           of
           their
           Territories
           .
           Others
           he
           planted
           in
           the
           City
           of
           the
           Solians
           ,
           that
           had
           been
           lately
           laid
           waste
           and
           drained
           by
           Tigranes
           King
           of
           Armenia
           :
           he
           seated
           likewise
           divers
           in
           Dyme
           ,
           a
           City
           of
           Achaia
           ,
           a
           Place
           extreamly
           depopulated
           ,
           but
           of
           a
           large
           compass
           of
           Ground
           ,
           and
           as
           rich
           a
           Soyl.
           However
           these
           Proceedings
           could
           not
           escape
           the
           Envy
           and
           Censure
           of
           his
           Enemies
           ;
           but
           for
           his
           Practices
           against
           Metellus
           in
           Crete
           ,
           those
           were
           disapprov'd
           of
           even
           by
           the
           chiefest
           of
           his
           Friends
           :
           For
           Metellus
           ,
           (
           a
           Relation
           to
           him
           that
           was
           Colleague
           with
           Pompey
           in
           Spain
           )
           was
           
           sent
           Praetor
           into
           Crete
           ,
           before
           this
           Province
           of
           the
           Seas
           was
           design'd
           for
           Pompey
           ,
           Now
           Crete
           was
           the
           second
           Den
           and
           Receptacle
           of
           Pirats
           next
           to
           Cilicia
           the
           Fountain
           ,
           there
           Metellus
           apprehended
           divers
           and
           put
           them
           to
           Death
           ;
           Wherefore
           those
           that
           were
           yet
           remaining
           ,
           and
           Besieg'd
           ,
           sent
           their
           Supplications
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           invited
           him
           into
           the
           Island
           as
           a
           part
           of
           his
           Province
           ,
           alledging
           it
           to
           fall
           within
           that
           distance
           of
           the
           Sea
           limited
           in
           his
           Commission
           ,
           and
           so
           within
           the
           Precincts
           of
           his
           Charge
           ;
           Pompey
           receiving
           the
           Submission
           ,
           dispatch'd
           an
           Express
           to
           Metellus
           ,
           commanding
           him
           to
           leave
           off
           the
           War
           ;
           and
           another
           likewise
           to
           the
           Cities
           ,
           wherein
           he
           charged
           them
           not
           to
           yield
           any
           Obedience
           to
           the
           Commands
           of
           Metellus
           ;
           And
           after
           these
           he
           sent
           
             Lucius
             Octavius
          
           one
           of
           his
           Lieutenants
           ,
           who
           entring
           the
           Town
           together
           with
           the
           Besieged
           ,
           and
           joyning
           in
           their
           Defence
           ,
           render'd
           Pompey
           not
           only
           ▪
           grievous
           and
           hateful
           ,
           but
           even
           ridiculous
           too
           ,
           That
           he
           should
           lend
           his
           Name
           as
           a
           Guard
           to
           a
           Nest
           of
           Thieves
           ,
           that
           knew
           neither
           God
           nor
           Law
           ,
           and
           make
           his
           Authority
           serve
           as
           a
           Sanctuary
           to
           them
           ,
           only
           out
           of
           pure
           Envy
           and
           Emulation
           to
           Metellus
           :
           For
           neither
           was
           Achilles
           thought
           to
           act
           the
           Part
           of
           a
           wise
           Man
           ,
           but
           rather
           of
           a
           young
           giddy
           Fool
           ,
           mad
           after
           Glory
           ,
           when
           by
           
           Signs
           he
           forbid
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Graecians
           to
           strike
           at
           Hector
           :
        
         
           
             Lest
             he
             too
             late
             should
             to
             the
             Battel
             run
             ,
             
          
           
             When
             others
             had
             the
             Honour
             of
             it
             won
             .
          
        
         
           But
           Pompey
           contended
           beyond
           himself
           to
           save
           the
           common
           Enemies
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           only
           that
           he
           might
           deprive
           a
           Roman
           Praetor
           ,
           after
           all
           his
           Labours
           ,
           of
           the
           Honour
           of
           Triumph
           .
           Yet
           for
           all
           this
           Metellus
           was
           no
           ways
           daunted
           ,
           neither
           would
           he
           give
           over
           the
           War
           against
           the
           Pirates
           ,
           but
           storm'd
           them
           in
           their
           strong
           Holds
           ,
           and
           having
           totally
           subdu'd
           them
           ,
           he
           took
           a
           just
           Revenge
           of
           their
           Impieties
           :
           And
           for
           Octavius
           ,
           he
           was
           publickly
           disgrac'd
           ,
           and
           sent
           away
           ,
           loaden
           with
           the
           Scoffs
           and
           Reproaches
           of
           all
           the
           Camp.
           
        
         
           Now
           ,
           when
           't
           was
           Reported
           in
           Rome
           ,
           
           That
           the
           War
           with
           the
           Pirates
           was
           at
           an
           end
           ,
           and
           that
           Pompey
           was
           in
           a
           dead
           Vacation
           ,
           diverting
           himself
           in
           Visits
           only
           to
           the
           Cities
           for
           want
           of
           Employment
           ;
           one
           Manilius
           ,
           a
           Tribune
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           preferred
           a
           Law
           ,
           whereby
           't
           was
           Enacted
           ,
           That
           Pompey
           should
           have
           all
           the
           Forces
           of
           Lucullus
           ,
           and
           the
           Provinces
           under
           his
           Government
           ,
           together
           with
           Bithynia
           ,
           that
           was
           under
           the
           Command
           of
           Glabrio
           ;
           And
           that
           he
           should
           forthwith
           make
           War
           
           upon
           those
           two
           Kings
           Mithridates
           and
           Tigranes
           ,
           retaining
           still
           the
           same
           Naval
           Forces
           and
           the
           Soveraignty
           of
           the
           Seas
           as
           before
           :
           But
           this
           was
           nothing
           less
           than
           to
           constitute
           one
           absolute
           Monarch
           of
           all
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           ;
           For
           the
           Provinces
           which
           seem'd
           to
           be
           exempt
           from
           his
           Commission
           by
           the
           former
           Decree
           ,
           such
           as
           were
           
             Phrygia
             ,
             Lycaonia
             ,
             Galatia
             ,
             Cappadocia
             ,
             Cilicia
             ,
          
           the
           
             Over
             Colchis
          
           ,
           and
           Armenia
           ,
           these
           were
           all
           grafted
           in
           by
           this
           latter
           Law
           ,
           together
           with
           all
           the
           Army
           and
           Forces
           wherewith
           Lucullus
           made
           War
           upon
           Mithridates
           and
           Tigranes
           .
           Now
           though
           this
           were
           a
           notorious
           Injury
           to
           Lucullus
           ,
           whereby
           he
           was
           robb'd
           of
           the
           Glory
           of
           his
           Atchievements
           ,
           (
           by
           having
           a
           Successor
           assigned
           him
           rather
           in
           the
           Honour
           of
           his
           Triumph
           ,
           than
           the
           Danger
           of
           the
           War
           ;
           )
           Yet
           this
           was
           of
           no
           great
           moment
           in
           the
           Eye
           of
           the
           Senate
           ,
           because
           it
           was
           Personal
           only
           (
           though
           they
           could
           not
           but
           Censure
           the
           People
           of
           Injustice
           and
           Ingratitude
           to
           Lucullus
           )
           ;
           But
           the
           source
           of
           all
           their
           Grievance
           flow'd
           from
           hence
           ,
           That
           the
           Power
           of
           Pompey
           should
           by
           Law
           be
           Establish'd
           in
           a
           manifest
           Tyranny
           ;
           And
           therefore
           they
           exhorted
           and
           encourag'd
           one
           another
           privately
           to
           bend
           all
           their
           Forces
           in
           opposition
           to
           this
           Law
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           cast
           away
           their
           Liberties
           and
           Properties
           at
           so
           tame
           a
           rate
           ;
           Yet
           for
           all
           
           their
           Resolutions
           ,
           when
           the
           day
           came
           wherein
           it
           was
           to
           pass
           into
           a
           Decree
           ,
           their
           Hearts
           fail'd
           them
           ,
           for
           fear
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           rest
           were
           silent
           except
           Catulus
           ,
           who
           boldly
           inveigh'd
           against
           the
           Law
           ,
           and
           charg'd
           the
           People
           home
           ,
           but
           all
           in
           vain
           ;
           for
           when
           he
           found
           that
           he
           had
           not
           brought
           over
           one
           Man
           among
           the
           People
           ,
           he
           turn'd
           and
           directed
           his
           Speech
           to
           the
           Senate
           in
           great
           Passion
           ,
           often
           crying
           out
           ,
           and
           bidding
           them
           to
           
             seek
             out
             some
             Mountain
             as
             their
             Forefathers
             had
             done
             ,
             and
             fly
             to
             the
             Rocks
             where
             they
             might
             preserve
             their
             Liberty
             .
          
           But
           all
           his
           Rhetorick
           was
           ineffectual
           ,
           for
           the
           Law
           pass'd
           into
           a
           Decree
           ,
           as
           't
           is
           said
           ,
           by
           the
           Suffrages
           of
           all
           the
           Tribes
           ;
           And
           now
           was
           Pompey
           even
           in
           his
           absence
           made
           Lord
           of
           almost
           all
           that
           Power
           ,
           that
           Sylla
           made
           himself
           Master
           of
           by
           Conquest
           ,
           when
           by
           force
           of
           Arms
           and
           War
           he
           had
           brought
           even
           Rome
           it self
           under
           his
           Dominion
           :
           Now
           when
           Pompey
           had
           Advice
           by
           Letters
           of
           the
           Decree
           ,
           't
           is
           said
           ,
           That
           ,
           in
           the
           presence
           of
           his
           Friends
           who
           came
           to
           rejoyce
           and
           give
           him
           Joy
           of
           his
           Honour
           ,
           he
           seem'd
           extremely
           displeas'd
           ,
           frowning
           and
           smiting
           his
           Thigh
           ,
           and
           at
           last
           ,
           as
           one
           overladen
           already
           ,
           and
           weary
           of
           Government
           ,
           he
           broke
           out
           in
           great
           passion
           ,
           
             Good
             Gods
             !
             What
             an
             endless
             Train
             of
             War
             is
             here
             ?
             How
             much
             better
             might
             my
             Lot
             have
             fall'n
             among
          
           
           
             the
             inglorious
             Crowd
             ,
             unknown
             or
             unregarded
             ?
             If
             there
             shall
             be
             no
             end
             of
             this
             Warfare
             but
             with
             that
             of
             my
             Life
             ?
             If
             my
             Fate
             be
             such
             that
             I
             must
             always
             despair
             of
             those
             happier
             moments
             ,
             wherein
             I
             might
             stem
             this
             Tide
             of
             Envy
             ,
             and
             live
             at
             peace
             in
             a
             Country
             Retirement
             ,
             and
             the
             Enjoyments
             of
             a
             dearer
             Wife
             !
          
           But
           all
           this
           was
           look'd
           upon
           as
           Ironical
           ,
           neither
           indeed
           could
           the
           best
           of
           his
           Friends
           endure
           such
           gross
           Hypocrisie
           ,
           well
           knowing
           ,
           that
           he
           ,
           whose
           Ambition
           was
           set
           on
           Fire
           by
           his
           Malice
           ,
           (
           having
           his
           Enmity
           with
           Lucullus
           ,
           as
           a
           Firebrand
           to
           kindle
           that
           covetous
           Desire
           of
           Glory
           and
           Empire
           that
           was
           implanted
           in
           his
           Nature
           )
           could
           not
           but
           embrace
           the
           Province
           with
           Joy
           and
           Triumph
           ;
           as
           appear'd
           not
           long
           afterwards
           by
           his
           Actions
           ,
           which
           did
           clearly
           unmask
           him
           :
           For
           in
           the
           first
           place
           he
           sent
           out
           his
           Edicts
           or
           Proclamations
           into
           all
           Quarters
           ,
           commanding
           all
           Soldiers
           to
           resort
           to
           his
           Colours
           ;
           then
           he
           summon'd
           in
           all
           the
           tributary
           Kings
           and
           Princes
           that
           were
           Subjects
           within
           the
           Precincts
           of
           his
           Charge
           ;
           and
           ,
           in
           short
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           had
           enter'd
           upon
           his
           Province
           ,
           he
           left
           nothing
           unalter'd
           that
           had
           been
           done
           and
           establish'd
           by
           Lucullus
           ;
           to
           some
           he
           remitted
           their
           Amercements
           and
           Penalties
           ,
           and
           depriv'd
           others
           of
           their
           Rewards
           ;
           And
           after
           this
           manner
           did
           he
           act
           in
           all
           things
           ,
           with
           this
           Design
           chiefly
           ,
           That
           the
           Admirers
           
           of
           Lucullus
           might
           know
           how
           that
           all
           his
           Power
           and
           Authority
           was
           now
           at
           an
           end
           ,
           and
           he
           no
           longer
           Lord
           of
           this
           Province
           .
           But
           Lucullus
           began
           to
           arraign
           these
           Proceedings
           ,
           and
           expostulate
           the
           Case
           by
           Friends
           ,
           whereupon
           't
           was
           thought
           fitting
           and
           agreed
           ,
           that
           there
           would
           be
           a
           Meeting
           betwixt
           them
           ,
           and
           accordingly
           they
           met
           in
           the
           Country
           of
           Galatia
           :
           Now
           in
           that
           they
           were
           great
           and
           prosperous
           Generals
           ,
           both
           in
           Conduct
           and
           Action
           ,
           they
           came
           in
           State
           attended
           with
           their
           Vergers
           and
           Officers
           ,
           bearing
           their
           Rods
           before
           them
           all
           wreath'd
           about
           with
           Branches
           of
           Laurel
           :
           Lucullus
           came
           through
           a
           Country
           full
           of
           green
           and
           shady
           Groves
           ,
           but
           
           Pompey's
           March
           was
           through
           large
           barren
           Plains
           both
           chill
           and
           naked
           ;
           Therefore
           the
           Vergers
           of
           Lucullus
           ,
           perceiving
           that
           
           Pompey's
           Laurels
           were
           withered
           and
           dry
           ,
           helped
           him
           to
           some
           of
           their
           own
           ,
           whereby
           they
           adorn'd
           and
           crown'd
           his
           Rods
           with
           fresh
           Laurels
           :
           This
           was
           thought
           somewhat
           ominous
           ,
           and
           look'd
           as
           if
           Pompey
           came
           to
           take
           away
           the
           Reward
           and
           Honour
           of
           
           Lucullus's
           Victories
           :
           Lucullus
           indeed
           had
           the
           priority
           in
           the
           course
           of
           his
           Consulship
           ,
           and
           of
           his
           Age
           too
           ;
           but
           the
           Dignity
           of
           Pompey
           was
           the
           greater
           ,
           in
           that
           he
           had
           the
           Honour
           of
           two
           Triumphs
           .
           Their
           first
           Addresses
           
           in
           this
           Interview
           were
           made
           with
           
           great
           Ceremony
           and
           Complaisance
           ,
           magnifying
           each
           others
           Actions
           ,
           and
           congratulating
           their
           Success
           :
           but
           when
           they
           came
           to
           the
           Matter
           of
           their
           Conference
           or
           Treaty
           ,
           there
           they
           observ'd
           neither
           Decency
           nor
           Moderation
           ,
           but
           fell
           down-right
           a
           railing
           at
           each
           other
           ;
           Pompey
           upbraiding
           Lucullus
           of
           Avarice
           ,
           and
           Lucullus
           again
           retorting
           Ambition
           upon
           Pompey
           ,
           so
           that
           their
           Friends
           could
           hardly
           part
           them
           .
           Now
           Lucullus
           had
           made
           a
           Distribution
           of
           all
           the
           Lands
           in
           Galatia
           within
           his
           Conquest
           ,
           and
           gave
           other
           Largesses
           to
           whom
           he
           pleas'd
           ;
           But
           Pompey
           encamping
           not
           far
           distant
           from
           him
           ,
           sent
           out
           his
           Prohibitions
           ,
           whereby
           he
           forbid
           that
           any
           Man
           should
           yield
           Obedience
           to
           Lucullus
           ;
           He
           likewise
           commanded
           away
           all
           his
           Soldiers
           ,
           except
           only
           1600
           ,
           which
           he
           found
           were
           likely
           to
           be
           as
           unserviceable
           to
           him
           ,
           as
           they
           were
           ill-affected
           to
           Lucullus
           ,
           being
           Proud
           and
           Mutinous
           .
           And
           to
           these
           Acts
           Pompey
           added
           some
           Satyrical
           Speeches
           and
           Invectives
           against
           him
           ,
           detracting
           openly
           from
           the
           Glory
           of
           his
           Actions
           ,
           and
           giving
           out
           ,
           That
           the
           Battels
           of
           Lucullus
           were
           but
           imaginary
           ,
           such
           as
           are
           represented
           in
           Landskips
           ,
           or
           at
           best
           upon
           the
           Stage
           ,
           with
           Kings
           personated
           in
           Tragedies
           and
           Farces
           ,
           where
           there
           was
           no
           more
           danger
           than
           in
           painted
           Fire
           ,
           whereas
           the
           real
           part
           or
           brunt
           of
           the
           War
           against
           a
           
           true
           and
           well-instructed
           Army
           was
           reserv'd
           to
           him
           ,
           for
           that
           Mithridates
           began
           now
           to
           be
           in
           earnest
           ,
           and
           had
           betaken
           himself
           to
           his
           Shields
           ,
           Swords
           ,
           and
           Horses
           :
           Lucullus
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           to
           be
           even
           with
           him
           in
           spite
           ,
           replied
           ,
           That
           Pompey
           came
           to
           fight
           with
           the
           Image
           and
           Shadow
           of
           War
           ,
           it
           being
           his
           usual
           practice
           ,
           like
           a
           lazy
           Bird
           of
           Prey
           ,
           to
           quarry
           upon
           Carcasses
           already
           slain
           ,
           and
           tear
           in
           pieces
           the
           reliques
           of
           a
           War
           ;
           For
           thus
           did
           he
           entitle
           and
           attribute
           to
           himself
           the
           Conquest
           of
           
             Sertorius
             ,
             Lepidus
          
           ,
           and
           the
           Accomplices
           of
           Spartacus
           ;
           whereas
           this
           was
           the
           Glory
           of
           Crassus
           ,
           that
           of
           Catulus
           ,
           and
           the
           first
           was
           to
           be
           ascrib'd
           to
           the
           Prowess
           of
           Metellus
           :
           And
           therefore
           't
           is
           no
           great
           wonder
           ,
           if
           the
           Glory
           of
           the
           Pontick
           and
           Armenian
           War
           ,
           prove
           supposititious
           too
           ,
           and
           be
           usurp'd
           by
           a
           Man
           ,
           who
           ,
           by
           such
           subtil
           Artifices
           could
           insinuate
           and
           work
           himself
           into
           the
           Honour
           of
           Triumph
           for
           a
           few
           runagate
           Slaves
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           Lucullus
           went
           away
           ;
           and
           Pompey
           
           having
           plac'd
           his
           whole
           Navy
           as
           a
           Guard
           upon
           all
           those
           Seas
           betwixt
           the
           Province
           of
           Phaenicia
           and
           the
           Bosphorus
           ,
           himself
           march'd
           against
           Mithridates
           ,
           who
           had
           a
           Batalion
           of
           30000
           Foot
           ,
           and
           2000
           Horse
           ,
           yet
           he
           durst
           not
           bid
           him
           Battel
           ;
           but
           lay
           securely
           encamped
           upon
           a
           strong
           Mountain
           ,
           fortifi'd
           with
           Trenches
           and
           Rampiers
           
           almost
           impregnable
           ,
           which
           he
           forsook
           not
           long
           after
           as
           a
           Place
           destitute
           of
           Water
           ;
           Now
           ,
           no
           sooner
           was
           he
           decamp'd
           ,
           but
           that
           Pompey
           in
           the
           first
           place
           made
           himself
           Master
           of
           that
           Mountain
           ,
           and
           observing
           well
           the
           nature
           and
           thriving
           of
           the
           Plants
           there
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           hollow
           Beds
           which
           he
           found
           in
           several
           places
           ,
           conjectur'd
           that
           such
           a
           Plot
           could
           not
           be
           without
           Springs
           ,
           and
           therefore
           he
           order'd
           them
           to
           sink
           Wells
           in
           every
           Corner
           ;
           whereby
           there
           was
           great
           plenty
           of
           Water
           throughout
           all
           the
           Camp
           in
           a
           little
           time
           ;
           Insomuch
           that
           he
           admir'd
           how
           it
           was
           possible
           for
           Mithridates
           to
           be
           ignorant
           of
           this
           ,
           during
           all
           that
           time
           of
           his
           Encampment
           there
           .
           After
           this
           ,
           Pompey
           pursued
           him
           to
           his
           next
           Camp
           ,
           and
           there
           drawing
           a
           Line
           round
           about
           him
           ,
           encamp'd
           himself
           ,
           and
           work'd
           up
           his
           Trenches
           with
           Bastions
           and
           Rampiers
           ,
           whereby
           he
           wall'd
           up
           Mithridates
           within
           his
           own
           Camp.
           But
           he
           having
           endur'd
           a
           Siege
           of
           45
           days
           ,
           made
           his
           Escape
           privily
           ,
           and
           fled
           away
           with
           all
           the
           Choice
           of
           his
           Army
           ,
           having
           first
           dispatch'd
           all
           the
           sick
           and
           unserviceable
           Persons
           in
           his
           Camp.
           Not
           long
           after
           Pompey
           overtook
           him
           again
           near
           the
           Banks
           of
           the
           River
           Euphrates
           ,
           where
           he
           sate
           down
           and
           Encamped
           close
           by
           him
           ;
           but
           fearing
           lest
           he
           should
           pass
           over
           the
           River
           and
           give
           him
           the
           Slip
           there
           
           too
           ,
           he
           drew
           up
           his
           Army
           in
           Battalia
           against
           him
           at
           Midnight
           :
           Now
           ,
           't
           is
           said
           ,
           that
           at
           that
           very
           time
           Mithridates
           saw
           a
           Vision
           in
           his
           Dream
           ,
           that
           did
           prognosticate
           and
           foreshew
           what
           should
           come
           to
           pass
           ;
           for
           he
           seem'd
           to
           be
           under
           Sail
           in
           the
           Pontick
           Sea
           with
           a
           prosperous
           Gale
           ,
           and
           just
           in
           view
           of
           the
           Bosphorus
           ,
           discoursing
           pleasantly
           with
           the
           Ships
           Company
           ,
           as
           one
           overjoy'd
           for
           his
           past
           Danger
           and
           present
           Security
           ;
           when
           lo
           !
           of
           a
           sudden
           he
           found
           himself
           deserted
           of
           all
           ,
           and
           floating
           upon
           a
           little
           broken
           Plank
           of
           the
           Ship
           in
           the
           mercy
           of
           Sea
           and
           Wind.
           Whilst
           he
           was
           thus
           labouring
           under
           these
           Passions
           and
           Phantasms
           ,
           some
           of
           his
           Friends
           came
           into
           his
           Tent
           ,
           and
           awak'd
           him
           with
           the
           dreadful
           News
           of
           
           Pompey's
           approach
           ,
           telling
           him
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           so
           near
           at
           hand
           ,
           that
           now
           the
           Fight
           must
           be
           for
           the
           Camp
           it self
           :
           Whereupon
           the
           Commanders
           drew
           up
           all
           his
           Forces
           in
           Battel-array
           ;
           Pompey
           perceiving
           how
           ready
           they
           were
           ,
           and
           prepar'd
           for
           Defence
           ,
           began
           to
           doubt
           with
           himself
           ,
           whether
           he
           should
           put
           it
           to
           the
           hazard
           of
           a
           Fight
           in
           the
           dark
           ,
           judging
           it
           more
           consistent
           with
           Policy
           to
           encompass
           them
           only
           at
           present
           ,
           (
           lest
           they
           should
           fly
           )
           and
           give
           them
           Battel
           the
           next
           day
           ,
           because
           his
           Men
           were
           far
           the
           better
           Soldiers
           ;
           But
           his
           ancient
           Commanders
           were
           of
           another
           opinion
           ,
           and
           by
           great
           
           Entreaties
           and
           Encouragements
           wrought
           upon
           him
           ,
           and
           obtain'd
           that
           they
           might
           charge
           them
           immediately
           .
           Neither
           was
           the
           Night
           so
           very
           dark
           ,
           but
           that
           (
           though
           the
           Moon
           was
           declining
           ,
           yet
           )
           it
           gave
           light
           enough
           to
           discern
           a
           Body
           :
           But
           this
           rather
           deluded
           and
           put
           a
           Blind
           upon
           the
           Eye-sight
           of
           the
           King's
           Army
           ,
           for
           the
           Romans
           coming
           upon
           them
           with
           the
           Moon
           on
           their
           Backs
           ,
           the
           Moon
           (
           being
           very
           low
           and
           just
           upon
           setting
           )
           cast
           the
           Shadows
           a
           long
           way
           before
           the
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           reach'd
           e'ne
           almost
           to
           the
           Enemy
           :
           This
           dazl'd
           their
           Eyes
           so
           ,
           that
           they
           (
           not
           exactly
           discerning
           the
           Distance
           ,
           but
           imagining
           them
           to
           be
           near
           at
           hand
           )
           threw
           their
           Darts
           at
           the
           Shadows
           ,
           without
           the
           least
           Execution
           upon
           any
           one
           body
           :
           The
           Romans
           therefore
           perceiving
           this
           ,
           ran
           in
           upon
           them
           with
           a
           great
           Shout
           ;
           but
           the
           barbarous
           People
           ,
           all
           in
           Amaze
           ,
           being
           unable
           to
           endure
           the
           Charge
           ,
           were
           fearfully
           routed
           ,
           and
           put
           to
           Flight
           with
           a
           great
           Slaughter
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           above
           10000
           were
           slain
           there
           ,
           and
           the
           Camp
           taken
           ,
           As
           for
           Mithridates
           himself
           ,
           he
           ,
           at
           the
           beginning
           
           of
           the
           Onset
           ,
           with
           a
           Body
           of
           800
           Horse
           Charg'd
           through
           all
           the
           Roman
           Army
           ,
           and
           made
           his
           Escape
           ;
           but
           immediately
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           that
           Regiment
           were
           dispers'd
           and
           gone
           ,
           some
           one
           way
           ,
           some
           another
           ,
           and
           he
           left
           only
           with
           three
           Persons
           in
           his
           Retinue
           ;
           
           Among
           whom
           was
           his
           Concubine
           or
           Mistress
           ,
           Hypsicratia
           ,
           a
           Girl
           always
           of
           Manly
           
           and
           daring
           Spirit
           ,
           (
           and
           therefore
           the
           King
           call'd
           her
           Hypsicrates
           :
           )
           She
           being
           attired
           and
           mounted
           like
           a
           Persian
           Chevalier
           ,
           accompani'd
           the
           King
           in
           all
           his
           Flight
           ,
           never
           weary
           even
           in
           the
           longest
           Journey
           ,
           nor
           ever
           fail'd
           to
           attend
           the
           King
           in
           Person
           ,
           and
           look
           after
           his
           Horse
           too
           ;
           until
           they
           came
           to
           Inora
           ,
           a
           Palace
           or
           Castle
           of
           the
           King
           's
           ,
           well
           stor'd
           with
           Gold
           and
           Jewels
           ,
           and
           the
           King
           's
           chiefest
           Treasure
           .
           From
           thence
           Mithridates
           took
           off
           his
           richest
           Apparel
           ,
           and
           gave
           it
           among
           those
           that
           resorted
           to
           him
           in
           their
           Flight
           ;
           and
           to
           every
           one
           of
           his
           chiefest
           Friends
           he
           gave
           a
           deadly
           Poyson
           ,
           that
           they
           might
           not
           fall
           into
           the
           Hands
           of
           the
           Enemy
           against
           their
           Wills
           :
           From
           thence
           he
           design'd
           to
           have
           went
           to
           Tigranes
           in
           Armenia
           ,
           but
           being
           prohibited
           there
           by
           Tigranes
           ,
           (
           who
           had
           put
           out
           a
           Proclamation
           with
           a
           Reward
           of
           100
           Talents
           to
           any
           one
           that
           should
           apprehend
           him
           )
           he
           passed
           by
           the
           Head
           of
           the
           River
           Euphrates
           ,
           and
           fled
           through
           the
           Country
           of
           Colchis
           .
        
         
           Now
           had
           Pompey
           made
           an
           Invasion
           into
           
           the
           Country
           of
           Armenia
           ,
           upon
           the
           Invitation
           of
           young
           Tigranes
           ,
           for
           that
           he
           was
           now
           in
           Rebellion
           against
           his
           Father
           ,
           and
           had
           given
           Pompey
           a
           Metting
           about
           the
           River
           Araxes
           :
           (
           which
           River
           rises
           near
           the
           Head
           of
           
           
           Euphrates
           ,
           but
           turning
           its
           course
           and
           bending
           towards
           the
           East
           ,
           falls
           into
           the
           Caspian
           Sea.
           )
           They
           two
           therefore
           march'd
           together
           through
           the
           Country
           ,
           taking
           in
           all
           the
           Cities
           by
           the
           way
           ,
           and
           obliging
           them
           to
           Homage
           and
           Fealty
           :
           But
           King
           Tigranes
           (
           having
           been
           harassed
           lately
           in
           a
           tedious
           War
           by
           Lucullus
           ,
           and
           withal
           understanding
           that
           Pompey
           was
           generous
           in
           his
           Nature
           ,
           and
           of
           a
           gentle
           Disposition
           )
           put
           Guards
           into
           his
           Royal
           Palaces
           ,
           and
           taking
           along
           with
           him
           divers
           of
           his
           Friends
           and
           Relations
           ,
           went
           in
           Person
           to
           surrender
           himself
           into
           the
           Hands
           of
           Pompey
           ;
           He
           came
           as
           far
           as
           the
           Trenches
           on
           Horseback
           ,
           but
           there
           he
           was
           met
           by
           two
           of
           
           Pompey's
           Vergers
           ,
           who
           commanded
           him
           to
           alight
           and
           walk
           on
           Foot
           ,
           for
           that
           no
           Man
           was
           ever
           seen
           on
           Horseback
           within
           a
           Roman
           Camp
           :
           Tigranes
           submitted
           to
           this
           immediately
           ,
           and
           not
           only
           so
           ,
           but
           plucking
           off
           his
           Sword
           ,
           deliver'd
           up
           that
           too
           ;
           And
           last
           of
           all
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           appear'd
           before
           Pompey
           ,
           he
           pull'd
           off
           his
           Turbant
           or
           Royal
           Diadem
           ,
           and
           attempted
           to
           have
           laid
           it
           at
           his
           Feet
           ;
           Nay
           ,
           what
           's
           worst
           of
           all
           ,
           even
           he
           himself
           had
           fallen
           prostrate
           as
           an
           humble
           Supplicant
           at
           his
           Knees
           ,
           to
           the
           Reproach
           of
           Majesty
           ,
           had
           not
           Pompey
           himself
           prevented
           it
           ,
           by
           taking
           and
           placing
           him
           next
           upon
           his
           right
           hand
           ,
           and
           the
           Son
           upon
           his
           left
           ;
           There
           Pompey
           
           took
           occasion
           to
           tell
           him
           ,
           That
           as
           to
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Losses
           ,
           they
           were
           chargeable
           upon
           Lucullus
           ,
           for
           that
           by
           Lucullus
           he
           had
           been
           dispossess'd
           of
           
             Syria
             ,
             Phaenicia
             ,
             Cilicia
             ,
             Galatia
             ,
          
           and
           Sophene
           ,
           but
           all
           that
           he
           had
           preserv'd
           to
           himself
           entire
           till
           that
           time
           ,
           he
           should
           peaceably
           enjoy
           ,
           paying
           the
           Sum
           of
           6000
           Talents
           as
           a
           Fine
           or
           Penalty
           for
           Injuries
           done
           to
           the
           Romans
           ,
           and
           that
           his
           Son
           should
           have
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           
             Sophene
             .
             Tigranes
          
           himself
           was
           well
           pleas'd
           with
           these
           Conditions
           of
           Peace
           ,
           and
           therefore
           when
           the
           Romans
           ,
           in
           a
           general
           Shout
           saluted
           him
           King
           ,
           he
           seem'd
           to
           be
           overjoy'd
           ,
           and
           promis'd
           to
           every
           common
           Soldier
           half
           a
           Mina
           of
           Silver
           ,
           every
           Centurion
           or
           Captain
           ten
           Mina's
           ,
           and
           to
           every
           Collonel
           or
           Commander
           of
           a
           thousand
           a
           Talent
           ;
           But
           the
           Son
           was
           highly
           displeas'd
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           when
           he
           was
           invited
           to
           Supper
           ,
           he
           reply'd
           ,
           
             That
             he
             did
             not
             stand
             in
             need
             of
          
           Pompey
           
             for
             that
             sort
             of
             Honour
             ,
             for
             he
             would
             find
             out
             some
             other
          
           Roman
           
             to
             Sup
             with
          
           :
           Whereupon
           he
           was
           clapp'd
           up
           close
           Prisoner
           and
           reserv'd
           for
           the
           Triumph
           .
        
         
           Not
           long
           after
           this
           ,
           Phraates
           King
           of
           Parthia
           
           sent
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           demanded
           by
           his
           Ambassadors
           ,
           That
           he
           should
           deliver
           up
           young
           Tigranes
           ,
           as
           his
           Son-in-Law
           ;
           and
           that
           the
           River
           Euphrates
           should
           be
           the
           Term
           and
           Bound
           of
           their
           Empires
           :
           To
           these
           Pompey
           
           reply'd
           ,
           That
           for
           Tigranes
           ,
           he
           belong'd
           more
           to
           his
           own
           natural
           Father
           ,
           than
           his
           Father-in-Law
           ;
           And
           for
           the
           Bounds
           ,
           he
           would
           take
           care
           that
           they
           should
           be
           set
           out
           according
           to
           the
           Rules
           of
           Right
           and
           Justice
           .
        
         
           So
           Pompey
           leaving
           Armenia
           in
           the
           Custody
           
           of
           Afranius
           ,
           went
           himself
           in
           Chace
           of
           Mithridates
           ;
           whereby
           he
           was
           forc'd
           of
           necessity
           to
           march
           through
           several
           Nations
           inhabiting
           about
           Mount
           Caucasus
           ;
           Of
           these
           Nations
           ,
           the
           Albanians
           and
           Iberians
           were
           two
           of
           the
           chiefest
           :
           The
           Iberians
           stretch
           out
           as
           far
           as
           the
           Moschian
           Mountains
           ,
           and
           to
           the
           Realm
           of
           Pontus
           ;
           The
           Albanians
           lye
           more
           Eastwardly
           ,
           and
           towards
           the
           
           CaspianSea
           ;
           These
           barbarous
           People
           ,
           the
           Albanians
           ,
           at
           first
           permitted
           Pompey
           upon
           his
           Entreaty
           to
           pass
           through
           their
           Country
           ,
           but
           when
           they
           found
           that
           the
           Winter
           had
           stoll'n
           upon
           the
           Roman
           Army
           whilst
           they
           were
           quarter'd
           in
           their
           Country
           ,
           and
           withal
           that
           they
           were
           busily
           exercis'd
           in
           celebrating
           the
           Festivals
           of
           Saturn
           ,
           they
           muster'd
           up
           an
           Army
           of
           no
           less
           than
           40000
           Fighting-men
           ,
           and
           set
           upon
           them
           ,
           having
           passed
           over
           the
           River
           Cyrnus
           ;
           (
           which
           River
           rising
           from
           the
           
           Mountains
           of
           Iberia
           ,
           and
           receiving
           the
           River
           Araxes
           in
           its
           course
           from
           Armenia
           ,
           dischargeth
           its
           self
           by
           12
           distinct
           Mouths
           or
           Channels
           into
           the
           Caspian
           Sea
           ;
           although
           
           some
           others
           are
           of
           opinion
           ,
           that
           Araxes
           does
           not
           fall
           into
           it
           ,
           but
           that
           they
           flow
           very
           near
           one
           another
           ,
           and
           so
           discharge
           themselves
           as
           Neighbours
           into
           the
           same
           Sea.
           )
           'T
           is
           true
           ,
           't
           was
           in
           the
           power
           of
           Pompey
           to
           have
           obstructed
           the
           Enemies
           Passage
           over
           the
           River
           ,
           but
           he
           suffer'd
           them
           to
           pass
           over
           quietly
           ;
           and
           then
           drawing
           up
           his
           Forces
           and
           giving
           Battel
           ,
           he
           routed
           them
           and
           slew
           a
           great
           number
           of
           them
           in
           the
           Field
           :
           But
           the
           King
           sent
           Ambassadors
           with
           his
           Submission
           ,
           wherefore
           Pompey
           ,
           upon
           his
           Supplication
           ,
           pardon'd
           the
           Offence
           ,
           and
           having
           enter'd
           into
           a
           League
           with
           him
           ,
           he
           marched
           directly
           against
           the
           Iberians
           ,
           an
           Army
           no
           less
           in
           number
           than
           the
           other
           ,
           but
           much
           more
           Warlike
           ,
           and
           withal
           under
           a
           solemn
           Resolution
           both
           of
           gratifying
           Mithridates
           ,
           and
           driving
           out
           Pompey
           :
           These
           Iberians
           were
           in
           no
           wise
           subject
           to
           the
           Medes
           or
           Persians
           ,
           and
           they
           hapned
           likewise
           to
           escape
           the
           Dominion
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           in
           that
           Alexander
           was
           so
           quick
           in
           his
           March
           through
           Hyrcanid
           ;
           but
           these
           also
           Pompey
           subdued
           in
           a
           great
           and
           bloody
           Battel
           ,
           wherein
           there
           were
           slain
           9000
           upon
           the
           Spot
           ,
           and
           more
           than
           10000
           taken
           Prisoners
           .
           From
           thence
           he
           went
           into
           the
           Country
           of
           Colchis
           ,
           where
           Servilius
           met
           him
           by
           the
           River
           Phasis
           ,
           having
           his
           Fleet
           (
           with
           which
           he
           guarded
           the
           Pontick
           Sea
           )
           riding
           at
           Anchor
           there
           ;
           
           Now
           this
           pursuit
           of
           Mithridates
           seem'd
           to
           carry
           great
           Difficulties
           in
           it
           ,
           for
           that
           he
           had
           conceal'd
           himself
           among
           the
           Nations
           that
           inhabit
           about
           the
           Bosphorus
           and
           the
           Lake
           of
           Maeotis
           ;
           and
           besides
           ,
           News
           was
           brought
           to
           Pompey
           that
           the
           Albanians
           had
           revolted
           again
           :
           This
           made
           him
           divert
           his
           Course
           ,
           and
           bend
           his
           Forces
           against
           them
           with
           Resolutions
           full
           of
           Wrath
           and
           Revenge
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           he
           passed
           back
           again
           over
           the
           Cyrnus
           with
           great
           Difficulty
           and
           Danger
           ,
           for
           that
           the
           barbarous
           People
           had
           fortifi'd
           it
           a
           great
           way
           down
           the
           Banks
           with
           Rampiers
           and
           Palisado's
           ;
           After
           this
           having
           a
           tedious
           long
           March
           to
           make
           through
           a
           thirsty
           and
           rough
           Country
           ,
           he
           order'd
           10000
           Bottles
           to
           be
           fill'd
           with
           Water
           ,
           and
           so
           advanced
           towards
           the
           Enemy
           ;
           whom
           he
           found
           drawn
           up
           in
           order
           of
           Battel
           near
           the
           River
           Abas
           ,
           to
           the
           number
           of
           60000
           Horse
           and
           12000
           Foot
           ,
           ill
           arm'd
           generally
           ,
           and
           many
           of
           them
           cover'd
           only
           with
           the
           Skins
           of
           wild
           Beasts
           :
           Their
           General
           was
           Cosis
           the
           King's
           Brother
           ,
           who
           as
           soon
           as
           the
           Battel
           was
           begun
           ,
           singled
           out
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           rushing
           in
           upon
           him
           ,
           darted
           his
           Javelin
           into
           the
           Joynts
           of
           his
           Breast-plate
           ;
           which
           Pompey
           receiv'd
           ,
           and
           in
           return
           ,
           struck
           him
           thro'
           the
           Body
           with
           his
           Launce
           ,
           and
           slew
           him
           .
           'T
           is
           reported
           ,
           That
           in
           this
           Fight
           there
           were
           several
           Amazons
           that
           came
           as
           Auxiliaries
           
           
           to
           these
           Barbarians
           ,
           and
           that
           they
           came
           down
           from
           those
           Mountains
           that
           run
           along
           by
           the
           River
           Thermodon
           ;
           for
           that
           after
           the
           Battel
           when
           the
           Romans
           were
           taking
           the
           Spoil
           and
           Plunder
           of
           the
           Field
           ,
           they
           met
           with
           several
           Targets
           and
           Buskins
           of
           the
           Amazons
           ,
           but
           there
           was
           not
           the
           Body
           of
           a
           Woman
           to
           be
           seen
           among
           all
           the
           dead
           ;
           They
           inhabit
           those
           Parts
           of
           Mount
           Caucasus
           that
           look
           towards
           the
           Hyrcanian
           Sea
           ,
           (
           not
           bordering
           upon
           the
           Albanians
           ,
           for
           that
           the
           Territories
           of
           the
           Gelae
           and
           the
           Leges
           lye
           betwixt
           :
           )
           And
           with
           these
           People
           do
           they
           yearly
           ,
           two
           Months
           only
           ,
           accompany
           themselves
           ,
           and
           cohabit
           Bed
           and
           Board
           near
           the
           River
           Thermodon
           ;
           after
           that
           they
           retire
           to
           their
           own
           Habitations
           ,
           and
           live
           alone
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Year
           .
           After
           this
           Engagement
           Pompey
           was
           resolutely
           bent
           with
           his
           Forces
           upon
           the
           Country
           of
           Hyrcania
           and
           the
           Caspian
           Sea
           ,
           but
           was
           forc'd
           to
           retreat
           after
           three
           days
           March
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           Venemous
           Serpents
           that
           were
           infinitely
           numerous
           in
           those
           Countries
           :
           And
           so
           he
           fell
           into
           
             Armenia
             the
             Less
          
           ;
           Whilst
           he
           was
           there
           ,
           the
           Kings
           of
           the
           Elymaeans
           and
           Medes
           dispatch'd
           Ambassadors
           to
           him
           ,
           which
           he
           accepted
           of
           ,
           and
           made
           his
           Returns
           as
           amicacably
           
           by
           Letter
           ;
           But
           for
           the
           King
           of
           Parthia
           who
           had
           made
           Incursions
           upon
           Gordyne
           ,
           and
           despoil'd
           the
           Subjects
           of
           Tygranes
           ,
           he
           
           an
           Army
           against
           him
           under
           the
           Command
           of
           Afranius
           ,
           who
           put
           him
           to
           the
           Rout
           ,
           and
           follow'd
           him
           in
           Chace
           as
           far
           as
           Arbelitis
           .
        
         
           Among
           all
           the
           Concubines
           of
           King
           Mithridates
           that
           were
           brought
           before
           Pompey
           ,
           he
           had
           not
           the
           Carnal
           knowledge
           of
           any
           one
           ,
           but
           sent
           them
           all
           away
           to
           their
           Parents
           and
           Relations
           ,
           for
           that
           most
           of
           them
           were
           either
           the
           Daughters
           or
           Wives
           of
           Princes
           and
           great
           Commanders
           ;
           excepting
           only
           Stratonice
           ,
           (
           who
           ,
           of
           all
           the
           rest
           ,
           had
           
           the
           greatest
           Power
           and
           Influence
           upon
           him
           ,
           and
           to
           whom
           he
           had
           committed
           the
           Custody
           of
           his
           best
           and
           richest
           Fortress
           :
           )
           She
           (
           it
           seems
           )
           was
           the
           Daughter
           of
           a
           certain
           Musician
           ,
           an
           ancient
           Man
           ,
           and
           of
           no
           great
           Fortune
           ;
           but
           she
           happening
           to
           sing
           one
           night
           before
           Mithridates
           at
           a
           Banquet
           ,
           struck
           his
           Fancy
           so
           ,
           that
           immediately
           he
           took
           her
           to
           Bed
           with
           him
           ,
           whereby
           he
           sent
           away
           the
           old
           Man
           much
           dissatisfy'd
           ,
           in
           that
           he
           had
           taken
           his
           Daughter
           ,
           without
           one
           kind
           word
           to
           himself
           :
           But
           when
           he
           arose
           in
           the
           Morning
           ,
           and
           saw
           the
           Tables
           within
           richly
           cover'd
           with
           Plate
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           a
           great
           Retinue
           of
           Servants
           ,
           Eunuchs
           and
           Pages
           attending
           him
           with
           rich
           Garments
           ,
           and
           withal
           a
           Horse
           standing
           before
           the
           door
           richly
           caparison'd
           ,
           in
           all
           things
           as
           't
           was
           usual
           with
           the
           King's
           Favourites
           ,
           he
           look'd
           
           upon
           it
           all
           as
           a
           piece
           of
           Pageantry
           ,
           and
           thinking
           himself
           mock'd
           and
           abus'd
           in
           it
           ,
           attempted
           to
           have
           slip'd
           out
           of
           doors
           and
           run
           away
           ;
           but
           the
           Servants
           laying
           hold
           upon
           him
           ,
           and
           informing
           him
           really
           ,
           that
           the
           King
           had
           bestow'd
           on
           him
           the
           House
           and
           Furniture
           of
           a
           rich
           Nobleman
           lately
           Deceased
           ,
           and
           that
           these
           were
           but
           the
           first
           Fruits
           or
           small
           Earnests
           of
           greater
           Riches
           and
           Possessions
           that
           were
           to
           come
           ,
           he
           was
           perswaded
           at
           last
           with
           much
           difficulty
           to
           believe
           them
           ;
           Thereupon
           putting
           on
           his
           Purple
           Robes
           ,
           and
           mounting
           his
           Horse
           ,
           he
           rode
           through
           the
           City
           ,
           crying
           out
           ,
           
             All
             this
             is
             mine
          
           ;
           And
           to
           those
           that
           laugh'd
           at
           him
           ,
           he
           said
           ,
           
             There
             was
             no
             such
             wonder
             in
             this
             ,
             but
             rather
             that
             he
             did
             not
             throw
             Stones
             at
             all
             he
             met
             ,
             he
             was
             so
             transported
             with
             Joy
             :
          
           Such
           was
           the
           Parentage
           and
           Blood
           of
           Stratonice
           .
           Now
           she
           deliver'd
           up
           this
           Castle
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           offer'd
           him
           many
           Presents
           of
           great
           Value
           ,
           whereof
           he
           receiv'd
           only
           such
           as
           he
           thought
           might
           serve
           to
           adorn
           the
           Temples
           of
           the
           Gods
           ,
           and
           add
           to
           the
           Splendor
           of
           his
           Triumph
           ;
           the
           rest
           he
           left
           to
           
           Stratonice's
           Disposal
           ,
           bidding
           her
           to
           please
           her self
           in
           the
           enjoyment
           of
           them
           .
           And
           in
           this
           manner
           did
           he
           deal
           with
           the
           Presents
           sent
           from
           the
           King
           of
           Iberia
           ,
           who
           presented
           him
           with
           a
           Bedstead
           ,
           Table
           ,
           and
           a
           Chair
           of
           State
           all
           beaten
           Gold
           ,
           desiring
           him
           
           to
           accept
           of
           them
           ,
           but
           he
           deliver'd
           them
           all
           into
           the
           Custody
           of
           the
           publick
           Treasurers
           for
           the
           use
           of
           the
           Common-wealth
           .
        
         
           In
           another
           Castle
           call'd
           Caenon
           ,
           or
           
             New-Fort
             ,
             Pompey
          
           seiz'd
           upon
           several
           secret
           Writing
           of
           Mithridates
           ,
           which
           he
           perus'd
           with
           no
           small
           delight
           ,
           in
           that
           they
           discover'd
           in
           a
           great
           measure
           the
           King's
           Nature
           and
           Inclination
           ;
           For
           there
           were
           Memoirs
           whereby
           it
           appear'd
           ,
           That
           besides
           divers
           others
           ,
           he
           had
           made
           away
           his
           Son
           Ariarathes
           by
           Poyson
           ,
           as
           also
           Alcaeus
           the
           Sardian
           ,
           for
           that
           he
           had
           gotten
           the
           better
           of
           him
           in
           a
           Horse-Race
           :
           There
           were
           likewise
           several
           Judgments
           upon
           the
           Interpretations
           of
           Dreams
           ,
           some
           of
           his
           own
           Visions
           ,
           and
           some
           of
           his
           Mistresses
           ;
           and
           besides
           these
           ,
           there
           was
           a
           pleasant
           Intercourse
           of
           wanton
           Love-Letters
           with
           his
           Concubine
           Monime
           :
           Now
           Theophanes
           tells
           us
           ,
           That
           there
           was
           found
           likewise
           a
           sharp
           Oration
           of
           Rutilius
           ,
           wherein
           he
           attempted
           to
           exasperate
           him
           even
           to
           the
           slaughter
           of
           all
           the
           Romans
           in
           Asia
           ;
           Though
           most
           Men
           justly
           conjecture
           this
           to
           be
           a
           malicious
           Device
           of
           Theophanes
           ,
           who
           hated
           Rutilius
           ,
           for
           that
           he
           himself
           in
           comparison
           was
           but
           a
           Counterfeit
           to
           him
           ;
           or
           perhaps
           it
           might
           be
           to
           gratifie
           Pompey
           ,
           whose
           Father
           is
           describ'd
           by
           Rutilius
           in
           his
           History
           to
           be
           the
           vilest
           Man
           alive
           .
        
         
         
           From
           thence
           Pompey
           came
           to
           the
           City
           of
           Amisus
           ,
           where
           his
           Ambition
           led
           him
           to
           such
           odious
           Acts
           ,
           as
           he
           himself
           had
           condemn'd
           in
           others
           before
           ;
           For
           whereas
           he
           had
           often
           and
           sharply
           reproach'd
           Lucullus
           ,
           in
           that
           ,
           while
           the
           Enemy
           was
           yet
           in
           being
           ,
           he
           had
           taken
           upon
           him
           to
           establish
           Laws
           ,
           and
           distribute
           Rewards
           and
           Honours
           ,
           as
           Conquerors
           use
           to
           do
           only
           when
           the
           War
           was
           brought
           to
           an
           end
           ,
           yet
           now
           was
           he
           himself
           (
           while
           Mithridates
           was
           Paramount
           in
           the
           Realm
           of
           Bosphorus
           at
           the
           Head
           of
           a
           puissant
           Army
           )
           as
           if
           all
           were
           ended
           ,
           just
           doing
           the
           same
           thing
           ,
           regulating
           the
           Provinces
           ,
           and
           distributing
           Rewards
           ;
           Many
           great
           Commanders
           and
           Princes
           having
           flock'd
           to
           him
           ,
           together
           with
           no
           less
           than
           12
           barbarous
           Kings
           ;
           Insomuch
           as
           to
           gratifie
           these
           other
           Kings
           ,
           when
           he
           wrote
           to
           the
           King
           of
           Parthia
           ,
           he
           would
           not
           condescend
           (
           as
           others
           us'd
           to
           do
           )
           in
           the
           Superscription
           of
           his
           Letter
           ,
           to
           give
           him
           his
           Title
           of
           King
           of
           Kings
           .
        
         
           Moreover
           he
           had
           a
           great
           Desire
           and
           
           Emulation
           to
           take
           in
           Syria
           ,
           and
           to
           march
           through
           Arabia
           to
           the
           Red-Sea
           ,
           that
           he
           might
           extend
           his
           Conquest
           every
           way
           to
           the
           great
           Ocean
           ,
           that
           does
           encompass
           the
           whole
           Earth
           ;
           For
           in
           Africa
           he
           was
           the
           first
           Roman
           that
           advanced
           his
           Victories
           to
           the
           Ocean
           ;
           and
           again
           in
           Spain
           ,
           he
           enlarg'd
           the
           
           Roman
           Empire
           ,
           extending
           its
           bounds
           to
           the
           Atlantick
           Sea
           ;
           Then
           thirdly
           ,
           in
           his
           late
           pursuit
           of
           the
           Albanians
           ,
           he
           wanted
           but
           little
           of
           reaching
           the
           Hyrcanian
           Sea
           :
           Wherefore
           he
           rais'd
           his
           Camp
           ,
           designing
           to
           bring
           the
           Red-Sea
           within
           the
           Circuit
           of
           his
           Expedition
           ,
           especially
           for
           that
           he
           saw
           how
           difficult
           it
           was
           to
           hunt
           after
           Mithridates
           with
           an
           Army
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           would
           prove
           a
           worse
           Enemy
           flying
           than
           fighting
           ;
           But
           yet
           he
           declar'd
           ,
           
             That
             he
             would
             leave
             a
             sharper
             Enemy
             behind
             him
             than
             himself
             ,
          
           to
           wit
           ,
           Famine
           ,
           and
           therefore
           he
           appointed
           a
           Guard
           of
           Ships
           to
           lye
           in
           wait
           for
           the
           Merchants
           that
           sail'd
           to
           the
           Bosphorus
           ,
           having
           prohibited
           all
           upon
           pain
           of
           Death
           that
           should
           attempt
           to
           carry
           Provisions
           or
           Merchandizes
           thither
           .
        
         
           Then
           he
           set
           forward
           with
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           his
           Army
           ,
           and
           in
           his
           March
           he
           casually
           happen'd
           upon
           several
           dead
           Bodies
           of
           the
           Romans
           uninterr'd
           ,
           which
           were
           of
           those
           Soldiers
           that
           were
           unfortunately
           slain
           with
           Triarius
           in
           the
           Wars
           against
           Mithridates
           ,
           these
           he
           buried
           all
           splendidly
           and
           honourably
           ;
           The
           neglect
           whereof
           ,
           't
           is
           thought
           ,
           caus'd
           the
           first
           Hatred
           against
           Lucullus
           ,
           and
           alienated
           the
           Affections
           of
           the
           Soldiers
           from
           him
           .
           Pompey
           having
           now
           by
           his
           Forces
           
           under
           the
           Command
           of
           Afranius
           ,
           subdued
           the
           Arabians
           that
           inhabit
           about
           the
           Mountain
           Amanus
           ,
           fell
           himself
           into
           Syria
           ,
           and
           
           finding
           it
           destitute
           of
           any
           natural
           and
           lawful
           Prince
           ,
           reduced
           it
           into
           the
           form
           of
           a
           Province
           ,
           as
           an
           Inheritance
           of
           the
           People
           of
           Rome
           .
           He
           conquer'd
           Judaea
           ,
           and
           alter'd
           the
           form
           of
           Government
           there
           ,
           having
           taken
           King
           Aristobulus
           Captive
           ;
           Some
           Cities
           he
           built
           anew
           ,
           and
           others
           he
           set
           at
           liberty
           ,
           chastizing
           those
           Tyrants
           that
           brought
           them
           into
           Bondage
           .
           The
           greatest
           time
           that
           he
           spent
           there
           was
           in
           the
           Administration
           of
           Justice
           ,
           deciding
           the
           Controversies
           of
           Kings
           and
           States
           ,
           and
           where
           he
           himself
           could
           not
           be
           present
           in
           Person
           ,
           he
           gave
           Commission
           to
           his
           Friends
           and
           sent
           them
           :
           Thus
           when
           there
           arose
           a
           Difference
           betwixt
           the
           Armenians
           and
           Parthians
           ,
           touching
           the
           Title
           of
           a
           Country
           ,
           and
           the
           Judgment
           was
           referr'd
           to
           him
           ,
           he
           gave
           a
           Power
           by
           Commission
           to
           three
           Judges
           and
           Arbiters
           to
           hear
           and
           determine
           the
           Question
           :
           For
           the
           Name
           of
           his
           Power
           indeed
           was
           great
           ;
           Neither
           were
           
           the
           Vertues
           of
           his
           Justice
           and
           Clemency
           inferiour
           to
           that
           of
           his
           Power
           ,
           whereby
           he
           cover'd
           a
           multitude
           of
           Crimes
           committed
           by
           his
           Friends
           and
           Familiars
           about
           him
           ;
           for
           although
           it
           was
           not
           in
           his
           Nature
           to
           check
           or
           chastise
           an
           Offender
           ,
           yet
           he
           would
           demean
           himself
           so
           to
           those
           that
           addressed
           with
           Complaints
           against
           them
           ,
           that
           the
           Party
           griev'd
           went
           always
           away
           contented
           ,
           forgetting
           the
           Injuries
           ,
           and
           patiently
           bearing
           
           even
           with
           their
           Covetousness
           and
           Oppression
           .
           Among
           these
           Friends
           of
           his
           ,
           there
           
           was
           one
           Demetrius
           ,
           that
           had
           the
           greatest
           Power
           and
           Influence
           upon
           him
           of
           any
           ;
           he
           was
           a
           Bond-man
           infranchiz'd
           ,
           one
           of
           a
           very
           good
           Understanding
           ,
           however
           otherwise
           but
           a
           Youth
           ,
           and
           somewhat
           too
           insolent
           in
           his
           good
           Fortune
           ,
           of
           whom
           there
           goes
           this
           Story
           :
           Cato
           the
           Philosopher
           (
           being
           as
           yet
           a
           very
           young
           Man
           ,
           but
           of
           great
           Judgment
           and
           a
           noble
           Mind
           )
           took
           a
           Journey
           of
           Pleasure
           to
           Antioch
           ,
           having
           a
           great
           desire
           in
           
           Pompey's
           absence
           ,
           to
           see
           the
           City
           :
           He
           therefore
           ,
           as
           his
           Custom
           was
           ,
           walked
           on
           Foot
           ,
           and
           his
           Friends
           accompani'd
           him
           on
           Horseback
           ;
           But
           seeing
           before
           the
           Gates
           of
           the
           City
           a
           Multitude
           all
           in
           white
           Garments
           ,
           (
           the
           young
           Men
           on
           one
           side
           of
           the
           Road
           ,
           and
           the
           Boys
           on
           the
           other
           )
           he
           was
           somewhat
           offended
           at
           it
           ,
           imagining
           that
           it
           was
           officiously
           done
           in
           Honour
           of
           him
           ,
           which
           was
           more
           than
           he
           requir'd
           ;
           However
           he
           desired
           his
           Companions
           to
           alight
           and
           walk
           with
           him
           :
           But
           when
           they
           drew
           near
           ,
           the
           Master
           of
           the
           Ceremonies
           in
           this
           Procession
           came
           out
           with
           a
           Garland
           and
           a
           Rod
           in
           his
           Hand
           ,
           and
           met
           them
           ,
           enquiring
           ,
           
             Where
             they
             had
             left
          
           Demetrius
           ?
           
             and
             when
             he
             would
             come
          
           ?
           Whereupon
           
           Cato's
           Companions
           burst
           out
           into
           a
           Laughter
           ,
           but
           Cato
           said
           only
           ,
           
             Alas
             poor
             City
          
           !
           and
           passed
           by
           without
           
           any
           other
           Answer
           :
           Now
           ,
           't
           is
           clear
           ,
           that
           Pompey
           himself
           render'd
           Demetrius
           less
           odious
           to
           others
           ,
           by
           enduring
           his
           Sawciness
           and
           Insolence
           against
           himself
           :
           For
           ,
           't
           is
           reported
           how
           that
           Pompey
           ,
           when
           he
           had
           invited
           his
           Friends
           to
           an
           Entertainment
           ,
           would
           be
           very
           Ceremonious
           in
           attending
           till
           they
           came
           and
           were
           all
           plac'd
           ,
           whereas
           Demetrius
           would
           rudely
           seat
           himself
           at
           the
           Table
           with
           his
           Head
           cover'd
           even
           to
           his
           Ears
           ,
           before
           any
           one
           else
           could
           sit
           down
           :
           Moreover
           before
           his
           return
           into
           Italy
           ,
           he
           had
           purchased
           the
           pleasantest
           Villa
           or
           Country-Seat
           about
           Rome
           ,
           with
           the
           fairest
           Walks
           and
           Places
           for
           Exercise
           ,
           and
           the
           most
           compleat
           Gardens
           ,
           call'd
           by
           the
           Name
           of
           Demetrius
           ,
           notwithstanding
           that
           Pompey
           his
           Master
           was
           contented
           with
           a
           mean
           and
           thrifty
           Habitation
           till
           his
           third
           Consulship
           .
           Afterwards
           ,
           't
           is
           true
           ,
           when
           he
           had
           erected
           that
           famous
           and
           stately
           Theater
           for
           the
           People
           of
           Rome
           he
           built
           (
           as
           an
           Appendix
           to
           it
           )
           an
           House
           for
           himself
           much
           more
           splendid
           than
           his
           former
           ,
           and
           yet
           as
           much
           beneath
           the
           stroke
           of
           Envy
           ;
           Insomuch
           as
           he
           that
           came
           to
           be
           Master
           of
           that
           House
           after
           Pompey
           ,
           could
           not
           but
           admire
           at
           it
           ,
           and
           seem
           very
           Inquisitive
           ,
           Where
           Pompey
           
             the
             Great
             us'd
             to
             Sup
          
           ?
           Thus
           are
           these
           things
           reported
           .
        
         
         
           The
           King
           of
           
             Arabia
             Petraea
          
           ,
           who
           had
           hitherto
           despis'd
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           Romans
           ,
           now
           began
           to
           think
           it
           dreadful
           ;
           and
           therefore
           dispatch'd
           Letters
           to
           him
           ,
           wherein
           he
           promis'd
           to
           be
           at
           his
           Devotion
           ,
           and
           do
           what
           he
           would
           Command
           ;
           However
           Pompey
           having
           a
           desire
           to
           confirm
           and
           keep
           him
           
           in
           the
           same
           Mind
           ,
           marched
           forwards
           for
           Petra
           ,
           an
           Expedition
           not
           altogether
           irreprehensible
           ,
           in
           the
           opinion
           of
           many
           ;
           for
           by
           this
           't
           was
           generally
           thought
           he
           did
           clearly
           decline
           the
           Chace
           of
           Mithridates
           ,
           whereas
           they
           thought
           themselves
           bound
           to
           turn
           their
           Arms
           against
           him
           as
           their
           inveterate
           Enemy
           ,
           who
           now
           had
           blown
           up
           the
           Coal
           again
           ,
           and
           reinforced
           his
           shattered
           Troops
           with
           fresh
           Preparations
           (
           as
           't
           was
           reported
           )
           to
           lead
           his
           Army
           through
           Scythia
           and
           Pannonia
           into
           
             Italy
             :
             Pompey
          
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           judging
           it
           easier
           to
           break
           his
           Forces
           in
           Battel
           ,
           than
           seize
           his
           Person
           in
           Flight
           ,
           resolv'd
           not
           to
           tire
           himself
           out
           in
           a
           vain
           Pursuit
           ,
           but
           rather
           to
           spend
           his
           time
           in
           diverting
           the
           War
           upon
           another
           Enemy
           ,
           as
           a
           proper
           Digression
           in
           the
           mean
           while
           .
           But
           Fortune
           resolv'd
           the
           Doubt
           ;
           for
           whilst
           he
           was
           yet
           not
           far
           from
           Petra
           ,
           and
           had
           pitch'd
           his
           Tents
           and
           encamped
           for
           that
           day
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           riding
           and
           managing
           his
           Horse
           without
           the
           Camp
           ,
           there
           came
           an
           Express
           by
           
           the
           flying
           Post
           out
           of
           Pontus
           with
           good
           
           News
           ,
           as
           was
           easily
           discernible
           a
           far
           off
           by
           the
           Heads
           of
           their
           Javelins
           that
           were
           crown'd
           with
           Branches
           of
           Laurel
           ;
           The
           Soldiers
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           they
           saw
           them
           ,
           flocked
           immediately
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           who
           notwithstanding
           was
           minded
           to
           make
           an
           end
           of
           his
           Exercise
           ;
           but
           when
           they
           began
           to
           be
           clamorous
           and
           importunate
           ,
           he
           alighted
           from
           his
           Horse
           ,
           and
           taking
           the
           Letters
           ,
           went
           before
           them
           into
           the
           Camp
           ;
           Now
           there
           being
           no
           Tribunal
           erected
           there
           ,
           nor
           yet
           any
           military
           Hillock
           ,
           (
           such
           as
           they
           use
           to
           make
           by
           cutting
           up
           thick
           Turfes
           of
           Earth
           and
           piling
           them
           one
           upon
           another
           )
           they
           through
           eagerness
           and
           impatience
           heap'd
           up
           a
           pile
           of
           Pack-saddles
           ,
           and
           Pompey
           standing
           upon
           that
           ,
           told
           them
           the
           News
           of
           Mithridates
           his
           Death
           ,
           how
           that
           he
           had
           laid
           violent
           hands
           upon
           himself
           ,
           upon
           the
           Revolt
           of
           his
           Son
           Pharnaces
           ,
           and
           that
           Pharnaces
           had
           taken
           all
           things
           there
           into
           his
           hands
           and
           possession
           ,
           which
           he
           did
           (
           as
           his
           Letters
           speak
           )
           in
           right
           of
           himself
           and
           the
           Romans
           :
           Upon
           this
           News
           the
           whole
           Army
           expressing
           their
           Joy
           (
           as
           was
           fit
           )
           fell
           to
           their
           Devotion
           in
           sacrificing
           to
           the
           Gods
           and
           Feasting
           ,
           as
           if
           in
           the
           Person
           of
           Mithridates
           alone
           there
           had
           died
           many
           thousands
           of
           their
           Enemies
           .
        
         
           Pompey
           by
           this
           occasion
           having
           brought
           this
           War
           to
           an
           end
           ,
           with
           much
           more
           ease
           than
           was
           expected
           ,
           departed
           forthwith
           out
           
           of
           Arabia
           ,
           and
           passing
           cursorily
           through
           the
           intermediate
           Provinces
           ,
           he
           came
           at
           length
           to
           the
           City
           Amisus
           ;
           There
           he
           receiv'd
           many
           Presents
           brought
           from
           Pharnaces
           ,
           and
           several
           Bodies
           of
           the
           Royal
           Blood
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           Corps
           of
           Mithridates
           himself
           ,
           which
           was
           not
           easie
           to
           be
           known
           by
           the
           Face
           ,
           (
           for
           the
           Chyrurgion
           that
           embalm'd
           him
           had
           not
           dry'd
           up
           his
           Brain
           )
           but
           those
           who
           were
           very
           curious
           to
           see
           him
           ,
           knew
           him
           by
           the
           Scars
           there
           ;
           Pompey
           himself
           would
           not
           endure
           to
           see
           him
           ,
           but
           to
           expiate
           the
           Wrath
           of
           the
           Gods
           ,
           he
           sent
           it
           away
           to
           the
           City
           of
           Sinope
           ;
           He
           admir'd
           the
           Riches
           of
           his
           Robes
           ,
           no
           less
           than
           the
           greatness
           and
           splendor
           of
           his
           Armour
           ;
           The
           Scabbard
           of
           his
           Sword
           (
           that
           cost
           400
           Talents
           )
           was
           stolen
           by
           Publius
           ,
           and
           sold
           to
           Ariarathes
           ;
           His
           Cidaris
           also
           or
           Crown
           ,
           a
           piece
           of
           admirable
           Workmanship
           ,
           being
           begg'd
           of
           Caius
           the
           Foster
           Brother
           of
           Mithridates
           ,
           was
           given
           secretly
           to
           Faustus
           the
           Son
           of
           Sylla
           ;
           All
           which
           Pompey
           was
           ignorant
           of
           ,
           but
           afterwards
           when
           Pharnaces
           came
           to
           understand
           it
           ,
           he
           severely
           punish'd
           those
           that
           imbezell'd
           them
           .
        
         
           Pompey
           now
           having
           order'd
           all
           things
           ,
           
           and
           established
           that
           Province
           ,
           he
           took
           his
           Journey
           homewards
           in
           greater
           Pomp
           and
           State
           than
           ever
           ;
           for
           when
           he
           came
           to
           Mitylene
           ,
           he
           gave
           the
           City
           their
           freedom
           upon
           
           the
           Intercession
           of
           Theophanes
           ,
           and
           was
           present
           
           at
           certain
           Anniversary
           Games
           or
           Exercises
           ,
           where
           the
           Poets
           in
           a
           vertuous
           Contention
           rehearse
           their
           Works
           ,
           having
           at
           that
           time
           no
           other
           Theam
           or
           Subject
           than
           the
           Actions
           of
           Pompey
           ;
           but
           he
           was
           exceedingly
           pleas'd
           with
           the
           Theater
           it self
           ,
           and
           drew
           a
           Model
           or
           Platform
           of
           it
           ,
           intending
           to
           erect
           one
           in
           Rome
           after
           the
           same
           form
           ,
           but
           larger
           and
           with
           more
           Magnificence
           ;
           When
           he
           came
           to
           Rhodes
           ,
           he
           heard
           the
           Disputes
           of
           the
           Sophisters
           or
           Logicians
           there
           ,
           and
           gave
           to
           every
           one
           of
           them
           a
           Talent
           ;
           And
           Posidonius
           has
           written
           the
           Disputation
           which
           he
           held
           before
           him
           against
           Hermagoras
           the
           Rhetorician
           ,
           wherein
           he
           was
           Opponent
           upon
           the
           Question
           touching
           Universale
           .
           At
           
           Athens
           also
           he
           did
           the
           like
           ,
           and
           shew'd
           his
           Munificence
           among
           the
           Philosophers
           there
           ,
           as
           he
           did
           likewise
           in
           bestowing
           50
           Talents
           towards
           the
           repairing
           and
           beautifying
           the
           City
           :
           So
           that
           now
           by
           all
           these
           Acts
           he
           well
           hoped
           to
           return
           into
           Italy
           in
           the
           greatest
           Splendor
           and
           Glory
           of
           any
           Mortal
           Man
           ,
           having
           likewise
           a
           passionate
           desire
           to
           be
           seen
           of
           his
           Family
           ,
           where
           he
           thought
           he
           was
           equally
           desired
           :
           But
           that
           God
           whose
           Province
           and
           Charge
           it
           is
           always
           to
           mix
           some
           Ingredient
           of
           Evil
           even
           with
           the
           greatest
           and
           most
           glorious
           Goods
           of
           Fortune
           ,
           had
           privily
           provided
           a
           bitter
           Potion
           at
           home
           
           for
           him
           ,
           whereby
           to
           make
           his
           Return
           more
           sorrowful
           ;
           for
           Mutia
           ,
           during
           his
           absence
           ,
           had
           dishonour'd
           his
           Bed
           ;
           Whilst
           he
           was
           abroad
           
           at
           a
           distance
           ,
           he
           gave
           little
           heed
           to
           the
           Report
           ,
           but
           when
           he
           drew
           nearer
           to
           Italy
           ,
           where
           the
           Report
           grew
           warmer
           ,
           and
           that
           his
           Thoughts
           were
           at
           leisure
           to
           muse
           upon
           the
           Crime
           and
           Reproach
           ,
           then
           he
           sent
           he
           a
           Bill
           of
           Divorce
           ;
           but
           neither
           then
           in
           Writing
           ,
           nor
           afterwards
           in
           Discourse
           ,
           did
           her
           ever
           give
           a
           Reason
           why
           he
           discharged
           her
           ,
           but
           the
           Cause
           is
           mention'd
           in
           
           Cicero's
           Epistles
           .
        
         
           Now
           there
           were
           various
           Rumours
           scattered
           
           abroad
           touching
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           were
           carried
           to
           Rome
           before
           him
           ;
           so
           that
           there
           was
           a
           great
           Tumult
           and
           Stir
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           design'd
           forthwith
           to
           march
           with
           his
           Army
           directly
           into
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           establish
           himself
           in
           a
           Monarchy
           ;
           Thereupon
           Crassus
           withdrew
           himself
           ,
           together
           with
           his
           Children
           and
           Fortunes
           ,
           out
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           either
           that
           he
           was
           really
           afraid
           ,
           or
           that
           he
           counterfeited
           rather
           (
           as
           was
           most
           probable
           )
           to
           give
           credit
           to
           the
           Calumny
           ,
           and
           exasperate
           the
           malice
           of
           the
           People
           .
           Pompey
           therefore
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           enter'd
           into
           Italy
           ,
           called
           a
           general
           Muster
           of
           the
           Army
           ,
           and
           having
           made
           an
           Oration
           suitable
           to
           the
           Genius
           of
           the
           Time
           and
           his
           Soldiers
           ,
           and
           rewarded
           them
           liberally
           ,
           he
           commanded
           them
           to
           depart
           ,
           
           every
           Man
           to
           his
           Country
           ,
           and
           place
           of
           Habitation
           ,
           only
           with
           this
           Memento
           ,
           that
           they
           would
           not
           fail
           to
           meet
           again
           at
           his
           Triumph
           .
           Thus
           the
           Army
           being
           disbanded
           ,
           and
           the
           News
           of
           it
           commonly
           reported
           ,
           there
           happened
           out
           an
           admirable
           Passage
           ;
           For
           when
           the
           Cities
           saw
           Pompey
           the
           Great
           unarm'd
           ,
           and
           with
           a
           small
           Train
           of
           Familiar
           Friends
           only
           ,
           (
           as
           if
           he
           was
           returning
           from
           a
           Journey
           of
           Pleasure
           ,
           not
           from
           his
           Conquests
           )
           they
           came
           pouring
           in
           upon
           him
           out
           of
           pure
           Affection
           and
           Reverence
           ,
           attending
           and
           conducting
           him
           to
           Rome
           ,
           with
           far
           greater
           Forces
           than
           he
           disbanded
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           if
           he
           had
           design'd
           any
           Stirs
           or
           Innovation
           in
           the
           State
           ,
           he
           might
           have
           done
           it
           without
           the
           Assistance
           of
           his
           Army
           .
           Now
           ,
           because
           the
           Law
           permitted
           no
           Man
           to
           enter
           into
           the
           City
           before
           the
           Triumph
           ,
           therefore
           he
           sent
           to
           the
           Senate
           ,
           entreating
           them
           to
           prorogue
           the
           Election
           of
           Consuls
           ,
           and
           grant
           him
           the
           favour
           ,
           that
           with
           his
           presence
           he
           might
           countenance
           Piso
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           Candidates
           at
           that
           time
           ;
           but
           this
           was
           sharply
           oppos'd
           by
           Cato
           ,
           whereby
           he
           fail'd
           of
           his
           Design
           ;
           However
           ,
           Pompey
           could
           not
           but
           admire
           that
           liberty
           and
           boldness
           of
           Speech
           in
           Cato
           ,
           wherewith
           he
           alone
           above
           all
           others
           ,
           durst
           openly
           engage
           in
           the
           maintenance
           of
           Law
           and
           Justice
           ;
           he
           therefore
           had
           a
           great
           desire
           to
           win
           
           him
           over
           ,
           and
           purchase
           his
           Friendship
           at
           any
           rate
           ;
           and
           to
           that
           end
           ,
           Cato
           having
           two
           Neeces
           (
           Daughters
           of
           his
           Sister
           )
           Pompey
           propos'd
           one
           in
           Marriage
           for
           himself
           ,
           the
           other
           for
           his
           Son
           ;
           But
           Cato
           suspected
           the
           Motion
           as
           a
           colourable
           design
           of
           corrupting
           and
           bribing
           his
           Justice
           by
           Alliance
           ,
           and
           therefore
           would
           not
           hearken
           to
           it
           ;
           which
           was
           hainously
           resented
           by
           his
           Wife
           and
           Sister
           ,
           that
           he
           should
           reject
           an
           Affinity
           with
           Pompey
           the
           Great
           ;
           About
           that
           time
           Pompey
           having
           a
           design
           of
           setting
           up
           Afranius
           for
           the
           Consulship
           ,
           gave
           a
           Sum
           of
           Money
           among
           the
           Tribes
           for
           their
           Voices
           ,
           some
           whereof
           was
           receiv'd
           even
           in
           his
           own
           Gardens
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           when
           this
           Practice
           came
           to
           be
           bruited
           abroad
           ,
           Pompey
           was
           very
           ill
           spoken
           of
           ,
           for
           that
           he
           who
           had
           had
           the
           Honour
           of
           that
           Government
           as
           a
           just
           Reward
           of
           his
           greater
           Merits
           ,
           should
           now
           make
           Merchandize
           of
           that
           very
           Honour
           ,
           for
           one
           that
           had
           neither
           Vertue
           or
           Courage
           to
           deserve
           it
           ;
           Whereupon
           Cato
           took
           occasion
           to
           tell
           the
           Ladies
           ,
           Now
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             had
             we
             contracted
             an
             Alliance
             with
          
           Pompey
           ,
           
             we
             had
             been
             allied
             to
             this
             Dishonour
             too
          
           ;
           which
           when
           they
           heard
           ,
           they
           could
           not
           but
           acknowledge
           and
           subscribe
           to
           him
           ,
           as
           one
           of
           a
           more
           piercing
           Judgment
           in
           Matters
           of
           Prudence
           and
           Morality
           than
           themselves
           .
        
         
         
           The
           Splendor
           and
           Magnificence
           of
           
           Pompey's
           
           Triumph
           was
           such
           ,
           That
           (
           though
           it
           held
           the
           space
           of
           two
           days
           ,
           yet
           )
           they
           were
           extremely
           straitned
           in
           Time
           ;
           so
           that
           of
           what
           was
           prepared
           for
           that
           Pageantry
           ,
           there
           was
           as
           much
           subducted
           ,
           as
           would
           have
           set
           out
           and
           adorn'd
           another
           Triumph
           .
           But
           in
           the
           first
           place
           ,
           there
           were
           Tables
           carried
           ,
           wherein
           were
           written
           the
           Names
           and
           Titles
           of
           all
           those
           Nations
           over
           whom
           he
           triumph'd
           ,
           such
           as
           were
           ,
           The
           Kingdoms
           of
           
             Pontus
             ,
             Armenia
             ,
             Cappadocia
             ,
             Paphlagonia
             ,
             Media
             ,
             Colchis
             ,
             Iberia
             ,
             Albania
             ,
             Syria
             ,
             Cilicia
             ,
          
           and
           Mesopotamia
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           Countries
           about
           Phaenicia
           and
           
             Palaestine
             ,
             Judaea
             ,
             Arabia
          
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           Pirates
           subdued
           by
           Sea
           and
           Land
           :
           And
           in
           these
           Countries
           there
           appeared
           the
           taking
           of
           no
           less
           than
           1000
           Castles
           ,
           nor
           much
           less
           than
           900
           Cities
           ,
           together
           with
           800
           Ships
           of
           the
           Pirates
           ,
           and
           the
           Peopling
           of
           39
           Towns
           that
           lay
           desolate
           and
           depopulated
           :
           Besides
           ,
           there
           was
           set
           forth
           in
           these
           Tables
           ,
           an
           account
           of
           all
           the
           Tributes
           throughout
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           ,
           and
           how
           that
           before
           these
           Conquests
           ,
           the
           Revenue
           amounted
           but
           to
           5000
           Myriads
           ,
           whereas
           by
           his
           Acquisitions
           ,
           't
           was
           advanced
           to
           8500
           ,
           and
           withal
           that
           for
           Advance
           at
           present
           he
           brought
           into
           the
           common
           Treasury
           of
           ready
           Money
           ,
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           Plate
           and
           Jewels
           ,
           
           to
           the
           value
           of
           20000
           Talents
           ,
           over
           and
           above
           that
           which
           had
           been
           distributed
           among
           the
           Soldiers
           ,
           whereof
           he
           that
           had
           least
           ▪
           had
           1500
           Drachma's
           for
           his
           share
           ,
           The
           Prisoners
           of
           War
           that
           were
           led
           in
           Triumph
           ,
           besides
           the
           Arch-Pirates
           ,
           were
           the
           Son
           of
           Tigranes
           ,
           King
           of
           Armenia
           ,
           with
           his
           Wife
           and
           Daughter
           ;
           as
           also
           Zosime
           ,
           the
           Wife
           of
           King
           Tigranes
           himself
           ,
           and
           Aristobulus
           ,
           King
           of
           Judaea
           .
           The
           Sister
           of
           King
           Mithridates
           ,
           and
           her
           five
           Sons
           ;
           and
           some
           Ladies
           of
           Scythia
           .
           There
           were
           likewise
           the
           Hostages
           of
           the
           Albanians
           and
           Iberians
           ;
           and
           the
           King
           of
           Comagena
           ;
           besides
           a
           vast
           number
           of
           Trophies
           ,
           answering
           directly
           and
           deciphering
           out
           each
           particular
           Battel
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           was
           Conqueror
           either
           himself
           in
           Person
           ,
           or
           by
           his
           Lieutenants
           .
           But
           that
           that
           seem'd
           to
           be
           his
           greatest
           Glory
           ,
           and
           that
           no
           other
           Roman
           ever
           attain'd
           to
           ,
           was
           this
           ,
           That
           he
           made
           his
           third
           Triumph
           over
           the
           third
           part
           of
           the
           World
           ;
           For
           many
           among
           the
           Romans
           had
           the
           Honour
           of
           Triumphing
           thrice
           ;
           but
           his
           first
           Triumph
           ,
           was
           over
           Africa
           ,
           his
           second
           ,
           over
           Europe
           ,
           and
           this
           last
           ,
           over
           Asia
           ;
           so
           that
           he
           seem'd
           in
           these
           three
           Triumphs
           ,
           to
           have
           led
           the
           whole
           World
           in
           Chains
           .
        
         
           As
           for
           
           Pompey's
           Age
           ,
           those
           who
           affect
           to
           
           make
           the
           Paralel
           exact
           in
           all
           things
           betwixt
           Him
           and
           Alexander
           the
           Great
           ,
           would
           
           not
           allow
           him
           to
           be
           quite
           34
           ,
           whereas
           in
           truth
           ,
           at
           that
           time
           he
           was
           near
           40
           :
           Oh
           that
           he
           had
           crowned
           his
           days
           ,
           and
           breath'd
           out
           his
           last
           ,
           even
           then
           when
           with
           
           Alexander's
           Age
           he
           had
           his
           Fortune
           too
           !
           But
           all
           the
           remainder
           of
           his
           Life-time
           was
           extremely
           unfortunate
           ,
           wherein
           his
           Prosperity
           became
           odious
           ,
           and
           his
           Adversity
           incurable
           ;
           
           For
           that
           great
           Power
           and
           Authority
           which
           he
           had
           gain'd
           in
           the
           City
           by
           his
           greater
           Merits
           ,
           even
           that
           was
           made
           use
           of
           only
           in
           Patronizing
           the
           Iniquities
           of
           others
           ,
           so
           that
           by
           advancing
           their
           Fortunes
           ,
           he
           detracted
           from
           his
           own
           Glory
           ,
           till
           at
           last
           he
           was
           dashed
           in
           pieces
           by
           the
           force
           and
           greatness
           of
           his
           own
           Power
           :
           And
           as
           the
           strongest
           Citadel
           or
           Fort
           in
           a
           Town
           ,
           when
           it
           is
           attack'd
           and
           taken
           by
           an
           Enemy
           ,
           does
           then
           afford
           the
           same
           Strength
           to
           the
           Foe
           ,
           as
           it
           had
           done
           to
           Friends
           before
           ;
           so
           Caesar
           being
           exalted
           in
           the
           State
           by
           the
           Power
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           overthrew
           and
           ruin'd
           him
           by
           the
           same
           Force
           and
           Arts
           by
           which
           he
           had
           trampled
           down
           others
           :
           And
           thus
           it
           came
           to
           pass
           .
        
         
           Lucullus
           ,
           when
           he
           return'd
           out
           of
           Asia
           ,
           
           where
           he
           had
           been
           despitefully
           treated
           by
           Pompey
           ,
           met
           with
           an
           honourable
           Reception
           from
           the
           Senate
           ,
           and
           much
           more
           when
           Pompey
           was
           present
           ;
           for
           then
           they
           encourag'd
           him
           to
           reassume
           his
           Authority
           in
           the
           administration
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           whereas
           
           he
           was
           now
           grown
           old
           and
           unactive
           in
           Business
           ,
           having
           given
           himself
           over
           to
           his
           softer
           Pleasures
           ,
           and
           then
           enjoyment
           of
           a
           splendid
           Fortune
           :
           Hereupon
           he
           began
           presently
           to
           bear
           up
           against
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           took
           him
           up
           sharply
           ,
           whereby
           he
           obtain'd
           those
           Acts
           and
           Decrees
           of
           his
           ,
           which
           were
           repealed
           by
           Pompey
           ,
           to
           be
           re-established
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           by
           the
           Assistance
           of
           Cato
           he
           had
           a
           greater
           Interest
           in
           the
           Senate
           than
           Pompey
           :
           Now
           Pompey
           having
           fallen
           from
           his
           
           Hopes
           in
           such
           an
           unworthy
           Repulse
           ,
           was
           forced
           to
           fly
           to
           the
           Tribunes
           of
           the
           People
           for
           Refuge
           ,
           and
           make
           his
           Interest
           with
           the
           light
           young
           Men
           of
           the
           Town
           ;
           Among
           whom
           there
           was
           one
           Clodius
           (
           the
           vilest
           and
           most
           impudent
           Wretch
           alive
           )
           undertook
           him
           ,
           and
           expos'd
           him
           as
           a
           Tool
           to
           the
           Rabble
           ;
           for
           he
           had
           him
           always
           at
           his
           Elbow
           ,
           even
           beneath
           his
           Dignity
           ,
           carrying
           him
           up
           and
           down
           among
           the
           Throngs
           in
           the
           Market-place
           ,
           to
           countenance
           those
           Laws
           and
           Speeches
           which
           he
           made
           to
           cajole
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           ingratiate
           himself
           ;
           And
           at
           last
           for
           his
           Reward
           ,
           he
           demanded
           of
           Pompey
           (
           as
           a
           thing
           no
           way
           dishonourable
           but
           beneficial
           )
           That
           he
           should
           forsake
           Cicero
           his
           great
           
           Friend
           ,
           and
           one
           that
           had
           highly
           deserv'd
           of
           him
           as
           an
           Advocate
           in
           defending
           his
           Causes
           and
           Affairs
           in
           the
           Common-wealth
           ;
           Which
           he
           obtain'd
           afterwards
           ,
           for
           when
           Cicero
           
           happen'd
           to
           be
           in
           some
           Danger
           ,
           and
           implored
           his
           Aid
           ,
           he
           would
           not
           so
           much
           as
           admit
           him
           into
           his
           presence
           ,
           but
           shutting
           up
           his
           Gates
           against
           those
           that
           came
           to
           mediate
           for
           him
           ,
           slipt
           himself
           out
           at
           a
           Back-door
           ;
           whereupon
           Cicero
           fearing
           the
           extremity
           of
           Judgment
           ,
           departed
           privately
           from
           Rome
           .
        
         
           About
           that
           time
           Caesar
           returning
           from
           his
           
           Province
           ,
           hapned
           upon
           a
           politick
           Device
           that
           brought
           him
           into
           great
           Favour
           at
           present
           ,
           and
           much
           increased
           his
           Power
           for
           the
           future
           ,
           but
           in
           the
           event
           prov'd
           extremely
           destructive
           both
           to
           Pompey
           and
           the
           Common-wealth
           ;
           For
           now
           he
           stood
           Candidate
           for
           his
           first
           Consulship
           ;
           and
           therefore
           well
           observing
           the
           Enmity
           betwixt
           Pompey
           and
           Crassus
           ,
           and
           finding
           how
           that
           in
           applying
           himself
           and
           joyning
           with
           one
           ,
           he
           should
           make
           the
           other
           his
           Enemy
           ,
           he
           endeavour'd
           by
           all
           means
           to
           reconcile
           them
           ,
           a
           Design
           in
           appearance
           very
           specious
           ,
           savouring
           of
           great
           Honesty
           and
           Civility
           ,
           but
           in
           truth
           a
           very
           subtil
           and
           treacherous
           Practice
           in
           him
           ;
           for
           he
           well
           knew
           that
           opposite
           Parties
           or
           Factions
           in
           a
           Common-wealth
           ,
           like
           Passengers
           in
           a
           Boat
           ,
           serve
           to
           trim
           and
           ballance
           the
           unsteady
           motions
           of
           Power
           there
           ,
           whereas
           if
           they
           combine
           and
           run
           all
           over
           to
           one
           side
           ,
           they
           make
           a
           dead
           unweildy
           Weight
           ,
           whereby
           it
           oversets
           and
           all
           falls
           to
           wreck
           ;
           
           and
           therefore
           Cato
           wisely
           told
           them
           ,
           who
           charg'd
           all
           the
           Calamities
           of
           Rome
           upon
           the
           Civil
           Wars
           betwixt
           Pompey
           and
           Caesar
           ,
           That
           they
           were
           in
           a
           great
           Error
           ,
           in
           charging
           all
           the
           Crime
           upon
           the
           last
           Cause
           ;
           For
           't
           was
           not
           their
           Discord
           and
           Enmity
           ,
           but
           their
           Unanimity
           and
           Friendship
           that
           gave
           the
           first
           and
           greatest
           Wound
           to
           the
           Commonwealth
           .
        
         
           Caesar
           being
           thus
           elected
           Consul
           ,
           began
           
           straightways
           to
           grow
           popular
           ,
           and
           make
           an
           Interest
           with
           the
           poor
           and
           meaner
           sort
           ,
           by
           preferring
           and
           establishing
           Laws
           for
           the
           
           planting
           of
           Colonies
           ,
           and
           for
           dividing
           of
           Lands
           ;
           whereby
           he
           debased
           the
           Grandeur
           of
           his
           Magistracy
           ,
           and
           turn'd
           his
           Consulship
           in
           a
           manner
           to
           a
           meer
           Democracy
           ,
           himself
           appearing
           rather
           a
           Tribune
           of
           the
           People
           than
           Consul
           :
           Now
           when
           Bibulus
           his
           Colleague
           oppos'd
           him
           ,
           and
           that
           Cato
           was
           prepared
           to
           second
           Bibulus
           ,
           and
           assist
           him
           vigorously
           ;
           Caesar
           ,
           to
           be
           even
           with
           
           them
           ,
           brought
           Pompey
           into
           the
           open
           Court
           ,
           and
           there
           directing
           his
           Speech
           to
           him
           befor
           the
           Tribunal
           ,
           demanded
           his
           Opinion
           touching
           those
           Laws
           ,
           who
           gave
           his
           Approbation
           ;
           
             Why
             then
          
           ,
           (
           said
           
             Caesar
             )
             in
             case
             any
             Man
             should
             offer
             violence
             to
             these
             Laws
             ,
             wilt
             not
             thou
             be
             ready
             in
             assistance
             to
             the
             People
             ?
             Yes
             ,
          
           (
           reply'd
           
             Pompey
             )
             I
             shall
             always
             be
             ready
             ,
             and
             against
             those
             that
             threaten
             the
             Sword
             ,
             I
             'll
             appear
          
           
           
             with
             Sword
             and
             Buckler
          
           :
           But
           nothing
           ever
           was
           either
           said
           or
           done
           by
           Pompey
           to
           that
           very
           day
           ,
           that
           seem'd
           more
           insolent
           or
           odious
           to
           all
           Men
           than
           that
           one
           Saying
           ;
           Insomuch
           that
           his
           Friends
           endeavour'd
           to
           palliate
           the
           Offence
           ,
           and
           make
           an
           Apology
           for
           it
           ,
           as
           a
           word
           slipt
           out
           of
           joynt
           through
           Inadvertency
           ;
           but
           by
           his
           Actions
           and
           Practices
           afterwards
           ,
           it
           appear'd
           plainly
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           totally
           devoted
           to
           
           Caesar's
           Service
           ;
           For
           ,
           of
           a
           sudden
           ,
           Pompey
           ,
           beyond
           all
           Men's
           expectation
           ,
           Married
           with
           Julia
           ,
           the
           Daughter
           
           of
           Caesar
           ,
           who
           had
           been
           affianced
           before
           ,
           and
           was
           to
           be
           Married
           within
           a
           few
           days
           to
           Caepio
           :
           And
           to
           appease
           
           Caepio's
           Wrath
           ,
           he
           gave
           him
           his
           own
           Daughter
           in
           Marriage
           ,
           who
           had
           been
           espous'd
           before
           to
           Faustus
           the
           Son
           of
           Sylla
           :
           But
           Caesar
           himself
           Married
           Calpurnia
           ,
           the
           Daughter
           of
           Piso
           .
        
         
           Upon
           this
           Pompey
           made
           a
           Garison
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           filling
           it
           with
           Soldiers
           ,
           carried
           all
           things
           by
           Force
           as
           he
           pleas'd
           ;
           for
           as
           Bibulus
           the
           Consul
           was
           going
           to
           Court
           ,
           accompanied
           with
           Lucullus
           and
           Cato
           ,
           they
           fell
           upon
           him
           of
           a
           sudden
           ,
           and
           brake
           his
           Rods
           ,
           the
           Ensigns
           of
           Government
           ;
           and
           some
           body
           threw
           a
           Close-stool
           of
           Ordure
           upon
           the
           Head
           of
           Bibulus
           himself
           ;
           but
           the
           two
           Tribunes
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           that
           went
           among
           his
           Guards
           before
           him
           ,
           were
           desperately
           wounded
           
           in
           the
           Fray
           :
           And
           thus
           by
           these
           means
           having
           clear'd
           the
           Court
           of
           all
           their
           Adversaries
           ,
           the
           
             Lex
             Agraria
          
           ,
           or
           Bill
           for
           the
           Division
           of
           Lands
           ,
           was
           established
           and
           passed
           into
           an
           Act
           :
           And
           not
           only
           so
           ,
           but
           even
           the
           whole
           Populacy
           being
           thus
           decoyed
           and
           taken
           with
           this
           Bait
           ,
           became
           totally
           at
           their
           Devotion
           ,
           never
           regarding
           the
           Canvasses
           of
           the
           adverse
           Faction
           ,
           but
           passing
           quietly
           by
           Suffrage
           whatever
           they
           propounded
           :
           Thus
           they
           confirmed
           all
           those
           Acts
           and
           Decrees
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           which
           were
           questioned
           and
           contested
           by
           Lucullus
           ;
           and
           to
           Caesar
           they
           granted
           the
           Provinces
           of
           
             Gallia
             Cisalpina
          
           and
           Transalpina
           ,
           together
           with
           Illyricum
           for
           five
           years
           ,
           and
           likewise
           a
           Battalion
           of
           four
           entire
           Legions
           ;
           Then
           they
           Elected
           Consuls
           for
           the
           year
           ensuing
           ,
           Piso
           
           the
           Father-in-Law
           of
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           Gabinius
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           chiefest
           Parasites
           about
           Pompey
           .
        
         
           During
           all
           these
           Transactions
           ,
           Catulus
           kept
           close
           within
           Doors
           ,
           nor
           did
           he
           appear
           publickly
           in
           Person
           for
           the
           space
           of
           eight
           Months
           together
           ,
           notwithstanding
           he
           were
           Consul
           ,
           but
           sent
           out
           Proclamations
           full
           of
           bitter
           Invectives
           and
           Accusations
           against
           them
           both
           ;
           Cato
           turn'd
           Enthusiast
           ,
           and
           as
           if
           he
           had
           been
           possessed
           with
           a
           Spirit
           of
           Divination
           ,
           did
           nothing
           else
           in
           the
           Senate
           but
           foretel
           what
           Judgements
           should
           befal
           the
           Commonwealth
           and
           Pompey
           .
           But
           Lucullus
           
           pleaded
           Dotage
           ,
           and
           retir'd
           upon
           a
           Writ
           of
           Ease
           ,
           as
           one
           already
           grown
           Feeble
           and
           Superannuate
           in
           the
           Affairs
           of
           State
           ,
           which
           gave
           occasion
           to
           that
           Satyrical
           Saying
           of
           
             Pompey
             ,
             That
             the
             Fatigues
             of
             Luxury
             were
             much
             more
             unseasonable
             for
             an
             old
             Man
             than
             those
             of
             Government
             :
          
           Which
           in
           truth
           prov'd
           to
           be
           a
           Reflection
           upon
           himself
           ,
           for
           not
           long
           after
           he
           himself
           grew
           Effeminate
           in
           the
           Embraces
           of
           a
           young
           Wife
           ,
           Courting
           and
           Caressing
           her
           daily
           up
           and
           down
           through
           all
           the
           Gardens
           and
           Places
           of
           Pleasure
           in
           the
           Country
           ,
           whereby
           he
           neglected
           all
           the
           weighty
           Affairs
           of
           Courts
           and
           Councils
           :
           Insomuch
           that
           Clodius
           ,
           who
           was
           
           then
           Tribune
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           began
           to
           dispise
           him
           ,
           and
           engage
           in
           many
           bold
           Attempts
           against
           him
           ;
           For
           when
           he
           had
           banished
           Cicero
           ,
           and
           sent
           away
           Cato
           into
           Cyprus
           ,
           under
           a
           colourable
           pretence
           of
           War
           ;
           when
           Caesar
           was
           gone
           upon
           his
           Expedition
           to
           Gaul
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           found
           how
           the
           Populacy
           was
           Devoted
           to
           him
           ,
           as
           a
           Man
           forming
           all
           Things
           ,
           and
           Governing
           according
           to
           their
           Pleasure
           ,
           he
           attempted
           forthwith
           to
           unravel
           and
           repeal
           divers
           of
           
           Pompey's
           Decrees
           ;
           thereupon
           he
           drew
           Tigranes
           the
           Captive
           out
           of
           Prison
           ,
           and
           had
           him
           about
           with
           him
           as
           his
           Companion
           ;
           he
           Commenced
           likewise
           Actions
           and
           Accusations
           against
           several
           of
           
           Pompey's
           Friends
           ,
           designing
           by
           these
           Measures
           
           to
           take
           the
           extent
           of
           his
           Power
           :
           At
           last
           upon
           a
           time
           ,
           when
           Pompey
           came
           to
           Court
           in
           a
           certain
           Cause
           ,
           this
           same
           Clodius
           ,
           accompanied
           with
           a
           crowd
           of
           dissolute
           and
           desperate
           Ruffians
           ,
           and
           standing
           up
           in
           an
           eminent
           Place
           above
           the
           rest
           ,
           uttered
           himself
           in
           these
           or
           the
           like
           Questions
           ,
           
             Who
             's
             the
             Licentious
             General
             ?
             What
             Man
             is
             that
             ,
             that
             is
             to
             seek
             for
             a
             Man
             ?
             And
             who
             is
             it
             that
             scratcheth
             his
             Head
             so
             nicely
             with
             one
             Finger
             ?
          
           The
           Rabble
           ,
           upon
           the
           Signal
           of
           shaking
           his
           Gown
           ,
           with
           a
           great
           Shout
           to
           every
           Question
           ,
           as
           't
           is
           usual
           among
           Songsters
           in
           the
           Chorus
           or
           Burden
           of
           a
           Song
           ,
           Answer'd
           ,
           Pompey
           :
           This
           indeed
           was
           no
           small
           Affliction
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           a
           Man
           unaccustom'd
           to
           hear
           any
           thing
           ill
           of
           himself
           ,
           and
           unexperienced
           altogether
           in
           such
           kind
           of
           Rencounters
           ;
           but
           he
           was
           most
           extreamly
           grieved
           ,
           when
           he
           came
           to
           understand
           that
           the
           Senate
           rejoyced
           at
           this
           dirty
           Usage
           ,
           and
           imputed
           it
           as
           a
           just
           Revenge
           or
           Punishment
           upon
           him
           for
           his
           Treachery
           to
           Cicero
           :
           But
           when
           it
           hapned
           through
           this
           Tumult
           in
           the
           Market-Place
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           come
           even
           to
           Blows
           and
           Wounds
           ,
           and
           that
           one
           of
           Clodius
           his
           Bondslaves
           was
           apprehended
           ,
           creeping
           through
           the
           Crowd
           towards
           Pompey
           ,
           with
           a
           Sword
           in
           his
           Hand
           ,
           Pompey
           laying
           hold
           of
           this
           Pretence
           ,
           (
           though
           perhaps
           otherwise
           apprehensive
           of
           Clodius
           his
           Insolence
           and
           Reproaches
           )
           
           never
           would
           go
           to
           any
           publick
           Assemblies
           ,
           during
           all
           the
           time
           he
           was
           Tribune
           ,
           but
           kept
           close
           at
           home
           ,
           and
           passed
           away
           his
           time
           in
           Consult
           with
           his
           Friends
           ,
           by
           what
           means
           he
           might
           best
           allay
           the
           Displeasure
           of
           the
           Senate
           and
           Nobles
           against
           him
           ;
           Among
           other
           Expedients
           ,
           Culleo
           advised
           the
           Divorce
           of
           Julia
           ,
           whereby
           he
           should
           meet
           with
           an
           easie
           passage
           from
           
           Caesar's
           Friendship
           to
           that
           of
           the
           Senate
           ;
           this
           he
           would
           not
           hearken
           to
           by
           any
           means
           :
           Others
           again
           advised
           him
           to
           call
           home
           
           Cicero
           from
           Banishment
           ,
           a
           Man
           that
           was
           always
           the
           great
           Adversary
           of
           Clodius
           ,
           and
           as
           great
           a
           Favourite
           of
           the
           Senate
           ;
           to
           this
           he
           was
           easily
           persuaded
           ,
           and
           therefore
           he
           brought
           
           Cicero's
           Brother
           into
           the
           Market-Place
           ,
           attendèd
           with
           a
           strong
           Party
           ,
           to
           Petition
           for
           his
           Return
           ;
           where
           ,
           after
           a
           warm
           Dispute
           ,
           wherein
           several
           were
           wounded
           and
           some
           slain
           ,
           he
           got
           the
           Victory
           of
           Clodius
           :
           No
           sooner
           was
           Cicero
           return'd
           home
           upon
           this
           Decree
           ,
           but
           that
           immediately
           he
           reconciled
           the
           Senate
           to
           Pompey
           ;
           and
           withal
           ,
           by
           his
           Rhetorick
           in
           defence
           of
           the
           Law
           for
           Importation
           of
           Corn
           ,
           did
           again
           ,
           in
           effect
           ,
           make
           Pompey
           Soveraign
           Lord
           of
           
           all
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           by
           Sea
           and
           Land
           ;
           For
           by
           that
           Law
           he
           had
           got
           within
           the
           verge
           of
           his
           Jurisdiction
           ,
           all
           Ports
           ,
           Staples
           ,
           and
           Store-Houses
           ;
           and
           in
           short
           ,
           all
           the
           
           Mysteries
           and
           Concerns
           both
           of
           the
           Merchant
           and
           Husbandman
           :
           Which
           gave
           occasion
           to
           that
           malicious
           Charge
           of
           
             Clodius
             ,
             That
             the
             Law
             was
             not
             made
             because
             of
             the
             Dearth
             or
             scarcity
             of
             Corn
             ,
             but
             the
             Dearth
             or
             scarcity
             of
             Corn
             was
             made
             ,
             that
             they
             might
             make
             a
             Law
             ,
             whereby
             that
             Power
             of
             his
             ,
             which
             was
             now
             grown
             Feeble
             and
             Consumptive
             ,
             might
             be
             reviv'd
             again
             ,
             and
          
           Pompey
           
             reinstated
             in
             a
             new
             Empire
          
           :
           Others
           look'd
           upon
           it
           as
           a
           Politick
           Device
           of
           Spinther
           the
           Cousul
           ,
           whose
           Design
           it
           was
           to
           oblige
           Pompey
           with
           a
           greater
           Authority
           ,
           that
           he
           himself
           might
           be
           sent
           in
           Assistance
           to
           King
           Ptolomy
           :
           However
           this
           is
           undoubtedly
           true
           ,
           That
           Canidius
           the
           Tribune
           preferr'd
           a
           Law
           to
           dispatch
           Pompey
           in
           the
           Nature
           of
           an
           Ambassador
           ,
           without
           an
           Army
           ,
           attended
           only
           with
           two
           Lictors
           or
           Vergers
           ,
           as
           a
           Mediator
           betwixt
           the
           King
           and
           his
           Subjects
           of
           Alexandria
           .
           Neither
           did
           this
           Law
           seem
           ungrateful
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           though
           indeed
           the
           Senate
           cast
           it
           out
           upon
           a
           specious
           Pretence
           ,
           That
           they
           were
           unwilling
           to
           hazard
           the
           Person
           of
           so
           brave
           a
           Man
           :
           However
           ,
           there
           were
           found
           several
           Pamphlets
           scattered
           about
           the
           Market
           Place
           and
           Senate-House
           ,
           intimating
           how
           grateful
           it
           would
           be
           to
           Ptolemy
           to
           have
           Pompey
           appointed
           for
           his
           General
           instead
           of
           Spinther
           :
           But
           Timagenes
           relates
           it
           otherwise
           ,
           as
           if
           Ptolomy
           went
           away
           and
           left
           Egypt
           not
           
           out
           of
           necessity
           ,
           but
           purely
           upon
           the
           perswasion
           of
           Theophanes
           ,
           who
           designed
           an
           Advantage
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           laying
           a
           Foundation
           for
           him
           of
           Wealth
           ,
           and
           a
           new
           Command
           :
           Yet
           for
           all
           this
           ,
           the
           crafty
           Practices
           of
           Theophanes
           could
           not
           make
           this
           Report
           so
           credible
           ,
           but
           that
           it
           was
           render'd
           much
           more
           incredible
           by
           that
           nobler
           Genius
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           which
           would
           never
           allow
           of
           such
           base
           and
           disingenious
           Arts
           even
           in
           favour
           of
           his
           Ambition
           .
        
         
           Thus
           Pompey
           being
           appointed
           chief
           Provedore
           ,
           and
           having
           within
           his
           Administration
           and
           Management
           all
           the
           Corn
           Trade
           ,
           sent
           abroad
           his
           Factors
           and
           Agents
           into
           all
           Quarters
           ,
           and
           he
           himself
           sailing
           into
           
             Sicily
             ,
             Sardinia
          
           ,
           and
           Africa
           ,
           made
           up
           vast
           Stores
           of
           Corn.
           And
           now
           being
           just
           ready
           to
           set
           Sail
           upon
           his
           Voyage
           homeward
           bound
           ,
           there
           arose
           a
           mighty
           Storm
           of
           Wind
           upon
           the
           Sea
           ,
           which
           raised
           a
           Doubt
           even
           among
           the
           Commanders
           themselves
           ,
           whether
           it
           were
           safe
           to
           break
           Ground
           or
           no
           ;
           wherefore
           Pompey
           himself
           went
           first
           aboard
           ,
           and
           commanded
           the
           Mariners
           to
           weigh
           Anchor
           ,
           declaring
           with
           a
           loud
           Voice
           ,
           
             That
             there
             was
             a
             necessity
             for
             them
             to
             Sail
             ,
             but
             no
             necessity
             to
             Live
             :
          
           So
           that
           he
           by
           his
           Spirit
           and
           Courage
           (
           having
           met
           with
           that
           Fortune
           which
           favours
           the
           Bold
           )
           made
           a
           prosperous
           Return
           ,
           whereby
           his
           Granaries
           were
           stor'd
           ,
           the
           
           Markets
           all
           filled
           with
           Corn
           ,
           and
           the
           Sea
           with
           Ships
           ;
           Insomuch
           that
           this
           great
           plenty
           and
           abundance
           of
           Provisions
           yielded
           a
           sufficient
           Supply
           ,
           not
           only
           to
           the
           City
           of
           Rome
           ,
           but
           even
           Foreigners
           too
           ,
           dispersing
           it self
           ,
           like
           a
           lively
           Fountain
           ,
           through
           many
           Rivulets
           ,
           into
           all
           Quarters
           of
           Italy
           .
        
         
           All
           this
           time
           Caesar
           grew
           great
           ,
           and
           was
           
           highly
           extoll'd
           for
           his
           Wars
           and
           Conquests
           in
           Gaul
           ,
           and
           when
           in
           appearance
           he
           seem'd
           farthest
           distant
           from
           Rome
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           had
           been
           intangled
           in
           the
           Affairs
           of
           
             Belgia
             ,
             Suevia
          
           ,
           and
           Britany
           ,
           than
           in
           truth
           was
           he
           working
           craftily
           by
           secret
           Practices
           in
           the
           midst
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           countermining
           Pompey
           in
           his
           chiefest
           Designs
           :
           For
           having
           his
           Army
           always
           about
           him
           as
           his
           Body
           ,
           't
           was
           not
           his
           Design
           to
           weaken
           or
           impair
           it
           in
           a
           formal
           War
           against
           the
           barbarous
           Enemy
           ,
           but
           by
           light
           Skirmishes
           only
           ,
           no
           otherwise
           than
           in
           Sports
           of
           Hunting
           or
           Hawking
           ,
           to
           exercise
           and
           harden
           it
           ,
           whereby
           he
           made
           it
           invincible
           and
           dreadful
           to
           the
           World
           :
           Then
           for
           his
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           (
           which
           was
           infinite
           )
           together
           with
           those
           incredible
           Spoils
           ,
           and
           other
           Treasures
           which
           he
           had
           taken
           from
           the
           Enemy
           in
           his
           Conquests
           ,
           all
           those
           he
           sent
           to
           Rome
           in
           Presents
           ,
           and
           Bribes
           ,
           tempting
           and
           corrupting
           the
           Aediles
           ,
           Praetors
           ,
           and
           Consuls
           ,
           together
           with
           their
           Wives
           ,
           whereby
           he
           purchased
           to
           himself
           
           a
           multitude
           of
           Friends
           ;
           Insomuch
           that
           when
           he
           passed
           back
           again
           over
           the
           Alpes
           ,
           and
           took
           up
           his
           Winter-Quarters
           in
           the
           City
           of
           Luca
           ,
           there
           flocked
           to
           him
           an
           infinite
           number
           of
           the
           common
           People
           Men
           and
           Women
           even
           in
           Strife
           ,
           and
           likewise
           200
           Senators
           at
           least
           ,
           among
           whom
           were
           Pompey
           and
           Crassus
           ;
           so
           that
           there
           were
           to
           be
           seen
           at
           once
           before
           
           Caesar's
           Gates
           no
           less
           than
           sixscore
           Rods
           or
           Maces
           of
           Proconsuls
           and
           Praetors
           .
           As
           for
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Addressors
           ,
           he
           sent
           them
           all
           away
           full
           fraught
           with
           Hopes
           and
           Money
           ;
           but
           for
           Crassus
           and
           Pompey
           ,
           he
           enter'd
           into
           private
           Covenants
           and
           Articles
           of
           Agreement
           with
           them
           ,
           That
           they
           should
           stand
           Candidates
           for
           the
           Consulship
           next
           Year
           :
           That
           Caesar
           on
           his
           part
           should
           send
           a
           good
           Company
           of
           Soldiers
           to
           give
           their
           Votes
           at
           the
           Election
           :
           That
           as
           soon
           as
           they
           were
           Elected
           ,
           they
           should
           use
           their
           Interest
           to
           have
           the
           Government
           of
           some
           Provinces
           and
           Legions
           assigned
           to
           themselves
           ,
           and
           that
           Caesar
           should
           have
           his
           Charge
           now
           in
           being
           confirmed
           to
           him
           for
           five
           Years
           more
           :
           But
           afterwards
           when
           these
           Designs
           came
           to
           be
           discovered
           and
           noised
           abroad
           ,
           the
           Matter
           was
           hainously
           resented
           by
           many
           Persons
           of
           the
           greatest
           Quality
           in
           Rome
           ;
           and
           therefore
           Marcellinus
           once
           in
           an
           open
           Assembly
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           demanded
           of
           them
           both
           ,
           Whether
           
           
             they
             designed
             to
             Sue
             for
             the
             Consulship
             or
             no
             ?
          
           And
           being
           urged
           by
           the
           People
           for
           their
           Answer
           ,
           Pompey
           spake
           first
           and
           told
           them
           ,
           
             Perhaps
             he
             would
             Sue
             for
             it
             ,
             perhaps
             he
             would
             not
          
           ;
           But
           Crassus
           was
           somewhat
           more
           politick
           ,
           and
           said
           ,
           
             That
             for
             his
             part
             he
             would
             be
             ready
             to
             do
             what
             should
             be
             judg'd
             most
             agreeable
             with
             the
             Interest
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             :
          
           However
           Marcellinus
           still
           inveighing
           against
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           seeming
           to
           reflect
           upon
           him
           more
           bitterly
           ,
           Pompey
           replied
           as
           sharply
           ,
           
             That
             this
          
           Marcellinus
           
             was
             a
             most
             ungodly
             Wretch
             ,
             without
             either
             Gratitude
             or
             Honour
             ,
             for
             that
             by
             him
             he
             was
             made
             an
             Orator
             of
             a
             Mute
             ,
             and
             of
             a
             poor
             Starvling
             ,
             one
             glutted
             even
             to
             a
             Vomit
             .
          
        
         
           Now
           notwithstanding
           divers
           fell
           off
           from
           their
           Pretences
           ,
           and
           forsook
           their
           Canvas
           for
           the
           Consulship
           ,
           yet
           Cato
           perswaded
           and
           encouraged
           
             Lucius
             Domitius
          
           not
           to
           desist
           ,
           
             For
             that
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             the
             Contest
             now
             is
             not
             for
             Government
             ,
             but
             for
             liberty
             against
             Tyrants
             and
             Usurpers
             .
          
           Wherefore
           those
           of
           
           Pompey's
           Party
           ,
           fearing
           that
           inflexible
           Constancy
           in
           Cato
           ,
           (
           whereby
           he
           ruled
           and
           governed
           the
           whole
           Senate
           )
           lest
           by
           that
           likewise
           he
           should
           pervert
           and
           draw
           after
           him
           all
           the
           well-affected
           part
           of
           the
           Commonalty
           ,
           resolved
           to
           withstand
           Domitius
           at
           first
           ,
           and
           prevent
           his
           entrance
           into
           the
           Market-place
           ;
           To
           this
           end
           therefore
           they
           sent
           in
           a
           Band
           of
           
           armed
           Men
           ,
           who
           ,
           at
           the
           first
           Onset
           ,
           slew
           the
           Torch-bearer
           of
           Domitius
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           leading
           the
           way
           before
           him
           ,
           and
           immediately
           put
           all
           the
           rest
           to
           Flight
           ;
           last
           of
           all
           Cato
           himself
           retired
           ,
           having
           received
           a
           Wound
           upon
           his
           right
           Arm
           in
           defence
           of
           Domitius
           .
           Thus
           ,
           by
           these
           means
           and
           practices
           they
           obtained
           the
           Government
           ,
           neither
           indeed
           did
           they
           behave
           themselves
           with
           more
           decency
           throughout
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           their
           Actions
           ;
           But
           in
           the
           first
           place
           ,
           when
           the
           People
           were
           choosing
           Cato
           Praetor
           ,
           and
           just
           ready
           with
           their
           Votes
           for
           the
           Poll
           ,
           Pompey
           broke
           up
           the
           Assembly
           ,
           charging
           his
           Reasons
           upon
           the
           Augury
           ,
           as
           if
           there
           had
           appeared
           something
           inauspicious
           in
           the
           Heavens
           ;
           and
           thereupon
           having
           corrupted
           the
           Tribes
           ,
           they
           publickly
           proclaimed
           Antias
           and
           Vatinius
           ,
           Praetors
           :
           Then
           in
           pursuance
           of
           their
           Covenants
           with
           Caesar
           ,
           they
           published
           several
           Edicts
           by
           Trebonian
           the
           Tribune
           ,
           whereby
           they
           made
           an
           Enlargement
           of
           
           Caesar's
           Commission
           according
           to
           Agreement
           ,
           measuring
           out
           another
           five
           years
           Charge
           to
           his
           former
           Province
           ;
           To
           Crassus
           there
           was
           appointed
           Syria
           ,
           and
           the
           Parthian
           War
           ;
           And
           to
           Pompey
           himself
           all
           Africa
           ,
           together
           with
           both
           Spains
           ,
           and
           four
           Legions
           of
           Soldiers
           ,
           whereof
           two
           he
           lent
           to
           Caesar
           ,
           upon
           his
           request
           for
           the
           Wars
           in
           Gaul
           .
        
         
         
           Crassus
           upon
           the
           expiration
           of
           his
           Consulship
           ,
           departed
           forthwith
           into
           his
           Province
           ;
           But
           Pompey
           spent
           some
           time
           in
           Rome
           ,
           upon
           the
           opening
           or
           dedication
           of
           his
           Theater
           ,
           
           where
           he
           treated
           the
           People
           with
           all
           manner
           of
           Games
           ,
           Shews
           ,
           and
           Exercises
           ,
           as
           well
           Warlike
           as
           those
           of
           the
           Muses
           ;
           there
           was
           likewise
           the
           Hunting
           or
           Baiting
           of
           wild
           Beasts
           ,
           and
           Combats
           with
           them
           ,
           wherein
           500
           Lyons
           were
           slain
           ;
           But
           above
           all
           ,
           the
           Battel
           of
           Elephants
           was
           a
           Spectacle
           full
           of
           Horrour
           and
           Amazement
           .
        
         
           These
           noble
           Entertainments
           brought
           him
           in
           great
           Esteem
           with
           the
           People
           ,
           whereby
           he
           was
           highly
           admired
           and
           beloved
           ;
           but
           on
           the
           other
           side
           he
           created
           no
           less
           Envy
           to
           himself
           ,
           in
           that
           he
           committed
           the
           Government
           of
           his
           Provinces
           and
           Legions
           into
           the
           Hands
           of
           Friends
           ,
           as
           his
           Lieutenants
           ,
           whilst
           he
           himself
           was
           wantonly
           rambling
           up
           and
           down
           ,
           and
           caressing
           his
           Wife
           throughout
           all
           the
           Delicacies
           of
           Italy
           ;
           whether
           he
           doated
           upon
           her
           as
           a
           real
           Lover
           ,
           or
           whether
           he
           could
           not
           find
           in
           his
           Heart
           to
           leave
           her
           ,
           who
           was
           such
           a
           Lover
           of
           him
           ?
           is
           somewhat
           
           doubtful
           ;
           But
           this
           is
           certain
           ,
           that
           there
           was
           nothing
           more
           famous
           and
           common
           in
           Discourse
           ,
           than
           the
           passion
           of
           this
           young
           Lady
           for
           her
           Husband
           ;
           not
           that
           she
           was
           in
           Love
           with
           Pompey
           for
           the
           flower
           of
           his
           Age
           ,
           but
           because
           of
           his
           assured
           Chastity
           ,
           
           as
           knowing
           no
           other
           Woman
           ,
           but
           that
           one
           he
           had
           Wedded
           ;
           Besides
           ,
           though
           in
           his
           Carriage
           he
           had
           a
           majestick
           Gravity
           ,
           yet
           his
           Conversation
           was
           not
           Morose
           ,
           but
           extremely
           agreeable
           ,
           and
           taking
           among
           the
           Women
           ,
           unless
           we
           will
           arraign
           the
           evidence
           of
           Flora
           the
           Curtezan
           .
           Now
           it
           hapned
           in
           a
           publick
           Assembly
           ,
           as
           they
           were
           at
           an
           Election
           of
           the
           Aediles
           ,
           that
           the
           People
           came
           to
           Blows
           ,
           and
           divers
           about
           Pompey
           were
           slain
           ,
           so
           that
           he
           ,
           finding
           himself
           all
           bloody
           ,
           ordered
           a
           change
           of
           Apparel
           ;
           but
           the
           Servants
           who
           brought
           home
           his
           Cloaths
           ,
           making
           a
           great
           Bu●tle
           and
           Hurry
           about
           the
           House
           ,
           it
           chanced
           that
           the
           young
           Lady
           (
           who
           was
           then
           with
           Child
           )
           saw
           his
           Gown
           all
           stained
           with
           Blood
           ,
           whereupon
           she
           dropt
           immediately
           into
           a
           Swoon
           ,
           and
           was
           hardly
           brought
           to
           Life
           again
           ;
           however
           ,
           what
           with
           her
           Fright
           and
           Passion
           together
           ,
           she
           fell
           in
           Labour
           and
           Miscarried
           :
           Wherefore
           even
           those
           who
           chiefly
           censured
           Pompey
           for
           his
           Friendship
           to
           Caesar
           ,
           could
           not
           reprove
           him
           for
           his
           Affection
           to
           his
           Lady
           ,
           who
           had
           such
           a
           Passion
           for
           him
           .
           Afterwards
           she
           was
           great
           again
           ,
           and
           brought
           to
           Bed
           of
           a
           Daughter
           ,
           but
           died
           in
           Child-bed
           ,
           neither
           
           did
           the
           Infant
           out-live
           her
           Mother
           many
           days
           :
           Pompey
           had
           prepared
           all
           things
           for
           the
           Interment
           of
           her
           Corps
           at
           Alba
           ,
           but
           the
           People
           seized
           upon
           it
           by
           force
           ,
           and
           performed
           
           the
           Solemnities
           of
           her
           Funeral
           in
           the
           Field
           of
           Mars
           ,
           rather
           in
           Compassion
           to
           the
           young
           Lady
           ,
           than
           in
           Favour
           either
           of
           Pompey
           or
           Caesar
           ;
           and
           yet
           of
           these
           two
           ,
           the
           People
           seemed
           at
           that
           time
           to
           pay
           Caesar
           a
           greater
           share
           of
           Honour
           in
           his
           absence
           ,
           than
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           though
           he
           was
           present
           .
        
         
           From
           hence
           ,
           the
           City
           began
           to
           waver
           ,
           
           and
           feel
           new
           Commotions
           ;
           for
           all
           things
           grew
           Tumultuous
           ,
           and
           every
           Body's
           Discourse
           tended
           to
           Sedition
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           Death
           had
           put
           an
           end
           to
           that
           Relation
           ,
           which
           hitherto
           had
           been
           a
           Disguise
           rather
           than
           Restraint
           to
           the
           Ambition
           of
           these
           Men
           :
           Besides
           ,
           not
           long
           after
           came
           an
           Express
           from
           Parthia
           with
           Intelligence
           of
           the
           Death
           of
           Crassus
           there
           ,
           whereby
           another
           manifest
           Obstacle
           of
           a
           Civil
           War
           was
           taken
           away
           ;
           for
           they
           had
           both
           an
           Eye
           thither
           ,
           and
           that
           awe
           of
           him
           kept
           them
           together
           in
           a
           fair
           Correspondence
           all
           his
           Life-time
           ;
           but
           when
           Fortune
           had
           taken
           away
           this
           Second
           ,
           whose
           Province
           it
           was
           to
           revenge
           the
           Quarrel
           of
           the
           Conquered
           ,
           you
           might
           then
           say
           with
           the
           Comedian
           ,
        
         
           
             See
             ,
             how
             the
             Combatants
             begin
             !
          
           
             How
             they
             anoint
             each
             others
             Skin
             ,
          
           
             And
             chafe
             their
             hands
             in
             dust
             agen
             .
          
        
         
         
           So
           inconsiderable
           a
           thing
           is
           Fortune
           ,
           in
           respect
           of
           humane
           Nature
           !
           and
           so
           little
           Content
           can
           it
           give
           to
           a
           Covetous
           Mind
           ,
           That
           an
           Empire
           of
           that
           mighty
           Extent
           and
           Sway
           could
           not
           satisfie
           the
           Ambition
           of
           two
           Men
           ,
           and
           though
           they
           knew
           and
           had
           read
           ,
        
         
           
             The
             Gods
             ,
             when
             they
             divided
             out
             'twixt
             Three
             ,
          
           
             This
             massie
             Universe
             ,
             Heav'n
             ,
             Hell
             ,
             and
             Sea
             ,
          
           
             Each
             God
             sate
             down
             contented
             on
             his
             Throne
             ,
          
           
             And
             undisturb'd
             each
             God
             enjoys
             his
             own
             .
          
        
         
           Yet
           they
           thought
           the
           whole
           Roman
           Empire
           not
           sufficient
           to
           contain
           them
           ,
           though
           they
           were
           but
           Two.
           
        
         
           But
           Pompey
           ,
           in
           an
           Oration
           to
           the
           People
           told
           them
           plainly
           ,
           that
           he
           ever
           came
           into
           Office
           before
           he
           expected
           he
           should
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           always
           left
           it
           sooner
           than
           they
           expected
           he
           would
           ;
           and
           indeed
           the
           disbanding
           of
           all
           his
           Armies
           always
           witnessed
           as
           much
           :
           Yet
           when
           he
           perceived
           that
           Caesar
           would
           not
           so
           willingly
           discharge
           his
           Forces
           ,
           he
           then
           endeavour'd
           to
           strengthen
           himself
           against
           him
           by
           Offices
           and
           Commands
           in
           the
           City
           ;
           neither
           indeed
           did
           he
           attempt
           any
           other
           Innovation
           ;
           and
           yet
           all
           this
           while
           he
           would
           not
           seem
           to
           distrust
           ,
           but
           rather
           to
           despise
           and
           contemn
           him
           ;
           But
           when
           he
           saw
           how
           they
           bestowed
           the
           Places
           of
           Government
           quite
           contrary
           to
           his
           opinion
           ,
           
           because
           the
           Citizens
           were
           brib'd
           in
           their
           Elections
           ,
           he
           left
           the
           City
           without
           any
           Government
           at
           all
           .
           Hereupon
           there
           was
           mention
           straightway
           made
           ,
           and
           the
           News
           ran
           current
           of
           a
           Dictator
           ;
           Now
           Lucilius
           ,
           a
           Tribune
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           was
           the
           bold
           Man
           that
           first
           adventur'd
           ●o
           propose
           it
           ,
           encouraging
           the
           People
           to
           make
           choice
           of
           Pompey
           for
           their
           Dictator
           ;
           but
           the
           Tribune
           was
           in
           danger
           of
           being
           turn'd
           out
           of
           his
           Office
           ,
           by
           the
           opposition
           that
           Cato
           made
           against
           it
           :
           And
           for
           Pompey
           ,
           many
           of
           his
           Friends
           appear'd
           and
           pleaded
           his
           excuse
           ,
           alledging
           ,
           That
           he
           never
           was
           desirous
           of
           that
           Government
           ,
           neither
           would
           he
           accept
           of
           it
           .
           Cato
           therefore
           making
           a
           large
           Harangue
           in
           commendation
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           exhorting
           him
           to
           be
           careful
           of
           good
           Order
           in
           the
           Common-wealth
           ,
           he
           could
           not
           for
           shame
           but
           yield
           to
           it
           ,
           and
           so
           Domitius
           and
           Messala
           were
           elected
           Consuls
           .
        
         
           Afterwards
           when
           there
           was
           another
           Anarchy
           or
           Vacancy
           in
           the
           Government
           ,
           and
           the
           Discourses
           of
           a
           Dictator
           were
           much
           hotter
           than
           before
           ,
           those
           of
           
           Cato's
           Party
           fearing
           lest
           they
           should
           make
           Pompey
           ,
           thought
           it
           Policy
           to
           keep
           him
           from
           that
           Arbitrary
           and
           Tyrannical
           Power
           ,
           by
           giving
           him
           an
           Office
           of
           more
           legal
           Authority
           ;
           Nay
           ,
           even
           Bibulus
           himself
           ,
           who
           was
           
           Pompey's
           Enemy
           ,
           first
           gave
           his
           Vote
           that
           Pompey
           should
           be
           
           created
           Consul
           alone
           ;
           alledging
           ,
           
             That
             by
             these
             means
             ,
             either
             the
             Commonwealth
             would
             be
             freed
             from
             its
             present
             Confusion
             ,
             or
             that
             its
             Bondage
             should
             be
             lessened
             by
             serving
             the
             worthiest
             :
          
           This
           was
           looked
           upon
           as
           a
           very
           strange
           Opinion
           ,
           considering
           the
           Man
           that
           spoke
           it
           ;
           and
           therefore
           Cato
           standing
           up
           ,
           every
           body
           expected
           that
           he
           would
           have
           opposed
           it
           ,
           but
           after
           Silence
           made
           ,
           he
           told
           them
           plainly
           ,
           
             That
             for
             his
             own
             part
             he
             would
             never
             have
             been
             the
             Author
             of
             that
             Advice
             himself
             ,
             but
             since
             it
             was
             propounded
             by
             another
             ,
             his
             Advice
             was
             to
             follow
             it
             ,
          
           adding
           ,
           
             That
             any
             form
             of
             Government
             was
             better
             than
             none
             at
             all
          
           ;
           
           
             and
             that
             in
             a
             time
             so
             full
             of
             Distraction
             ,
             he
             thought
             no
             Man
             fitter
             to
             Govern
             than
          
           Pompey
           .
           This
           Counsel
           was
           unanimously
           approved
           of
           ,
           and
           an
           Act
           passed
           ,
           That
           Pompey
           should
           be
           made
           sole
           Consul
           ,
           with
           this
           Clause
           ,
           
           That
           if
           he
           thought
           it
           necessary
           to
           have
           a
           Colleague
           ,
           he
           might
           choose
           whom
           he
           pleased
           ,
           provided
           it
           were
           not
           till
           after
           Two
           Months
           expired
           .
        
         
           Thus
           was
           Pompey
           created
           and
           declared
           
           sole
           Consul
           by
           Sulpitius
           ,
           Regent
           in
           this
           Vacancy
           ;
           Upon
           which
           he
           made
           a
           very
           civil
           Complement
           to
           
             Cato
             ,
             with
             many
             thanks
             for
             the
             Honour
             he
             had
             done
             him
             ,
             and
             desiring
             his
             Assistance
             in
             the
             Privy
             Counsel
             of
             his
             Government
          
           ;
           To
           this
           Cato
           replied
           ,
           That
           Pompey
           
             had
             no
             reason
             to
             thank
             him
             ,
             for
             all
             that
             he
             had
          
           
           
             said
             ,
             was
             in
             favour
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             not
             of
          
           Pompey
           ;
           
             but
             that
             he
             would
             be
             always
             ready
             to
             serve
             him
             in
             the
             quality
             of
             a
             privy
             Counsellor
             ,
             if
             he
             please
             to
             require
             it
             ,
             if
             not
             ,
             yet
             he
             would
             be
             sure
             to
             speak
             in
             publick
             what
             he
             thought
             was
             for
             the
             Interest
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
          
           ;
           So
           just
           was
           Cato
           in
           all
           his
           Actions
           .
        
         
           No
           sooner
           did
           Pompey
           return
           into
           the
           City
           ,
           
           but
           he
           Married
           Cornelia
           ,
           the
           Daughter
           of
           
             Metellus
             Scipio
          
           ,
           not
           a
           Virgin
           but
           Widow
           ,
           the
           late
           Relict
           of
           Publius
           ,
           (
           the
           Son
           of
           Crassus
           )
           who
           died
           in
           Parthia
           ,
           and
           with
           whom
           she
           cohabited
           from
           her
           Virginity
           :
           This
           Lady
           ,
           besides
           the
           Charms
           of
           her
           Beauty
           ,
           had
           many
           attractive
           Qualities
           from
           her
           Education
           ,
           for
           she
           was
           learned
           enough
           in
           most
           Sciences
           ,
           played
           well
           upon
           the
           Lute
           ,
           was
           skilled
           in
           Geometry
           ,
           and
           took
           great
           pleasure
           in
           hearing
           Discourses
           of
           Philosophy
           ;
           To
           these
           may
           be
           added
           her
           Graces
           in
           Morality
           ,
           and
           in
           this
           she
           was
           extremely
           commendable
           ,
           that
           her
           Humour
           was
           free
           from
           Peevishness
           and
           Curiosity
           ,
           Vices
           very
           common
           to
           Ladies
           of
           such
           liberal
           Endowments
           .
           Her
           Father
           also
           was
           very
           considerable
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           the
           Honour
           of
           his
           Family
           ,
           as
           that
           of
           his
           own
           Vertues
           ;
           however
           ,
           these
           unequal
           Marriages
           were
           not
           very
           pleasing
           to
           some
           sort
           of
           People
           ;
           for
           
           Cornelia's
           Age
           was
           more
           agreeable
           with
           that
           of
           
           Pompey's
           Son
           than
           his
           own
           :
           But
           the
           wiser
           sort
           thought
           the
           Concerns
           
           of
           the
           City
           quite
           neglected
           ,
           when
           he
           (
           to
           whom
           alone
           they
           had
           committed
           their
           broken
           Fortunes
           ,
           and
           from
           whom
           alone
           ,
           as
           from
           their
           Physician
           ,
           they
           expected
           a
           cure
           to
           these
           Distractions
           )
           went
           crown'd
           with
           Garlands
           ,
           and
           was
           revelling
           in
           his
           Nuptial
           Feasts
           :
           never
           considering
           ,
           that
           this
           Consulship
           was
           a
           publick
           Calamity
           ,
           which
           would
           never
           have
           been
           given
           him
           ,
           contrary
           to
           the
           Rules
           of
           Law
           ,
           had
           his
           Country
           been
           in
           a
           flourishing
           State.
           Yet
           afterwards
           he
           took
           cognizance
           of
           those
           that
           got
           into
           Offices
           by
           Gifts
           and
           Bribery
           ,
           and
           enacted
           Laws
           and
           Ordinances
           ,
           setting
           forth
           the
           Rules
           and
           Judgment
           by
           which
           they
           should
           be
           arraign'd
           and
           impleaded
           ;
           thus
           he
           regulating
           all
           things
           with
           Gravity
           and
           Justice
           ,
           gave
           Security
           ,
           Order
           ,
           and
           Silence
           to
           their
           Courts
           of
           Judicature
           ,
           himself
           giving
           his
           presence
           there
           with
           a
           Band
           of
           Soldiers
           .
           But
           the
           Case
           was
           alter'd
           when
           his
           Father-in-law
           Scipio
           was
           accused
           ,
           there
           he
           sent
           for
           the
           360
           Judges
           to
           his
           House
           ,
           and
           entreated
           them
           to
           be
           favourable
           to
           him
           ,
           whereupon
           his
           Accuser
           seeing
           Scipio
           come
           into
           the
           Court
           accompanied
           by
           the
           Judges
           themselves
           ,
           let
           fall
           his
           Suit
           :
           Upon
           this
           Pompey
           was
           very
           ill
           spoken
           of
           ,
           and
           much
           worse
           in
           the
           Case
           of
           Plancus
           ;
           for
           whereas
           he
           himself
           had
           made
           a
           Law
           ,
           wherein
           't
           was
           enacted
           ,
           That
           no
           Man
           should
           speak
           in
           praise
           of
           an
           Offender
           ,
           
           yet
           ,
           notwithstanding
           this
           Prohibition
           ,
           he
           came
           into
           Court
           ,
           and
           spoke
           openly
           in
           commendation
           of
           Plancus
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           Cato
           (
           who
           hapned
           to
           be
           one
           of
           the
           Judges
           at
           that
           time
           )
           stopping
           his
           Ears
           with
           his
           Hands
           ,
           told
           him
           ,
           
             He
             could
             not
             in
             Honour
             hear
             an
             Offender
             commended
             contrary
             to
             Law
          
           ;
           thereupon
           Cato
           was
           refused
           and
           set
           aside
           from
           being
           a
           Judge
           before
           Sentence
           was
           given
           ,
           but
           Plancus
           was
           condemned
           by
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Judges
           to
           
           Pompey's
           Dishonour
           :
           Shortly
           after
           Hypseus
           ,
           a
           Man
           of
           Consular
           Dignity
           ,
           endeavouring
           to
           avoid
           an
           Impeachment
           ,
           waited
           for
           
           Pompey's
           Return
           from
           Bath
           to
           Supper
           ,
           and
           falling
           down
           at
           his
           Feet
           ,
           implor'd
           his
           Favour
           ,
           but
           he
           disdainfully
           passed
           him
           by
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             That
             he
             did
             nothing
             else
             but
             Spoil
             his
             Supper
             :
          
           This
           Partiality
           was
           look'd
           upon
           as
           a
           great
           Fault
           in
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           highly
           condemned
           ;
           however
           ,
           he
           managed
           all
           things
           else
           discreetly
           ,
           and
           having
           put
           the
           Government
           in
           very
           good
           Order
           ,
           he
           chose
           his
           Father-in-law
           to
           be
           his
           Colleague
           in
           the
           Consulship
           for
           the
           last
           five
           Months
           :
           His
           Provinces
           also
           were
           continu'd
           to
           him
           for
           the
           term
           of
           Four
           Years
           longer
           ,
           with
           a
           Commission
           to
           take
           1000
           Talents
           yearly
           out
           of
           the
           Treasury
           for
           the
           payment
           of
           his
           Army
           .
        
         
           This
           gave
           occasion
           to
           some
           of
           
           Caesar's
           Friends
           to
           think
           it
           reasonable
           ,
           That
           some
           Consideration
           should
           be
           had
           of
           him
           too
           ,
           
           who
           had
           done
           such
           signal
           Services
           in
           War
           ,
           and
           fought
           so
           many
           bloody
           Battels
           for
           the
           Honour
           and
           Interest
           of
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           ,
           alledging
           ,
           
             That
             he
             deserv'd
             at
             least
             a
             second
             Consulship
             ,
             or
             to
             have
             the
             Government
             of
             his
             Province
             continu'd
             ,
          
           whereby
           he
           might
           command
           and
           enjoy
           in
           Peace
           what
           he
           had
           obtain'd
           in
           War
           ,
           and
           that
           no
           Successor
           might
           reap
           the
           fruits
           of
           his
           Labour
           ,
           and
           raise
           a
           fame
           upon
           the
           glory
           of
           his
           Actions
           .
           There
           arising
           some
           Debate
           about
           this
           Matter
           Pompey
           took
           upon
           him
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           out
           of
           kindness
           to
           Caesar
           ,
           to
           plead
           his
           Cause
           ,
           and
           allay
           that
           Hatred
           of
           the
           People
           that
           was
           conceived
           against
           him
           ,
           telling
           them
           ,
           That
           he
           had
           then
           receiv'd
           a
           Letter
           from
           Caesar
           ,
           wherein
           he
           desired
           a
           Successor
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           discharged
           from
           the
           War
           ,
           but
           hop'd
           withal
           ,
           that
           they
           would
           give
           him
           leave
           to
           stand
           for
           the
           Consulship
           though
           in
           his
           absence
           ;
           But
           those
           of
           
           Cato's
           Party
           stoutly
           withstood
           it
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             That
             if
             he
             expected
             any
             Favour
             from
             the
             Citizens
             ,
             he
             ought
             to
             leave
             his
             Army
             ,
             and
             come
             in
             a
             private
             Capacity
             to
             canvas
             for
             it
             :
          
           Wherefore
           Pompey
           seeming
           so
           easily
           satisfied
           ,
           in
           that
           he
           made
           no
           Reply
           ,
           gave
           a
           greater
           suspicion
           of
           his
           specious
           Inclinations
           towards
           Caesar
           ,
           especially
           when
           under
           pretence
           of
           his
           War
           with
           Parthia
           ,
           he
           sent
           for
           his
           two
           Legions
           which
           he
           had
           lent
           him
           ;
           however
           Caesar
           ,
           though
           he
           well
           knew
           for
           what
           Design
           
           sign
           he
           wanted
           them
           ,
           sent
           them
           home
           very
           liberally
           rewarded
           .
        
         
           About
           that
           time
           Pompey
           recover'd
           of
           a
           dangerous
           Fit
           of
           Sickness
           that
           seiz'd
           him
           at
           Naples
           ,
           and
           there
           the
           whole
           City
           ,
           upon
           the
           
           Perswasion
           of
           Praxagoras
           ,
           made
           Sacrifices
           to
           the
           Gods
           for
           his
           Recovery
           ;
           Those
           of
           the
           neighbouring
           Towns
           likewise
           happening
           to
           follow
           their
           Example
           ,
           the
           Humour
           was
           carried
           on
           throughout
           all
           Italy
           ;
           so
           that
           there
           was
           not
           a
           City
           either
           great
           or
           small
           ,
           that
           did
           not
           feast
           and
           rejoyce
           for
           many
           days
           together
           :
           And
           the
           Company
           of
           those
           that
           came
           from
           all
           Parts
           to
           meet
           him
           was
           so
           numerous
           ,
           that
           no
           place
           was
           able
           to
           contain
           them
           ,
           but
           the
           Villages
           ,
           Sea-Port
           Towns
           ,
           and
           the
           very
           High-ways
           ,
           were
           all
           full
           of
           People
           ,
           feasting
           and
           sacrificing
           to
           the
           Gods
           :
           Nay
           ,
           many
           went
           to
           meet
           him
           with
           Garlands
           on
           their
           Heads
           ,
           and
           Flambeaux
           in
           their
           Hands
           ,
           casting
           Flowers
           and
           Nosegays
           upon
           him
           as
           he
           went
           along
           ;
           so
           that
           this
           Progress
           of
           his
           and
           Reception
           was
           one
           of
           the
           noblest
           and
           most
           glorious
           Sights
           imaginable
           :
           And
           yet
           't
           is
           thought
           that
           this
           very
           thing
           was
           not
           one
           of
           the
           least
           Causes
           
           and
           Occasions
           of
           the
           Civil
           War
           ;
           for
           Pompey
           judging
           of
           the
           Peoples
           Affections
           by
           their
           Actions
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           greatness
           of
           their
           Joy
           ,
           was
           grown
           to
           that
           height
           of
           Pride
           and
           Conceit
           ,
           that
           (
           having
           laid
           aside
           
           that
           prudent
           Conduct
           and
           Caution
           which
           had
           hitherto
           secured
           and
           crowned
           all
           his
           Actions
           with
           good
           Success
           )
           he
           entertained
           a
           most
           extravagant
           Confidence
           of
           his
           own
           ,
           and
           Contempt
           of
           
           Caesar's
           Power
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           he
           thought
           neither
           Force
           nor
           Care
           necessary
           against
           him
           ,
           but
           that
           he
           could
           pull
           him
           down
           much
           easier
           than
           he
           had
           set
           him
           up
           :
           Besides
           this
           ,
           there
           was
           Appius
           (
           under
           whose
           Command
           ,
           those
           Legions
           which
           Pompey
           lent
           to
           Caesar
           ,
           were
           returned
           )
           coming
           lately
           out
           of
           Gaul
           ,
           very
           much
           vilified
           
           Caesar's
           Actions
           there
           ,
           and
           gave
           out
           scandalous
           Reports
           in
           derogation
           of
           his
           Honour
           ,
           telling
           
             Pompey
             ,
             That
             he
             was
             unacquainted
             with
             his
             own
             Strength
             and
             Reputation
             ,
             if
             he
             made
             use
             of
             any
             other
             Forces
             against
          
           Caesar
           
             than
             his
             own
             ,
             for
             such
             was
             the
             Soldiers
             Hatred
             to
          
           Caesar
           ,
           
             and
             their
             Love
             to
          
           Pompey
           
             so
             great
             ,
             that
             they
             would
             all
             come
             over
             to
             him
             upon
             his
             first
             ▪
             Appearance
             .
          
           By
           these
           Flatteries
           was
           Pompey
           strangely
           pufft
           up
           ,
           and
           his
           Confidence
           had
           wrought
           him
           into
           such
           a
           careless
           Security
           ,
           that
           he
           could
           not
           choose
           but
           laugh
           at
           those
           who
           seem'd
           to
           fear
           a
           War
           :
           And
           when
           some
           were
           saying
           ,
           That
           if
           Caesar
           should
           bend
           his
           Forces
           against
           the
           City
           ,
           they
           could
           not
           see
           what
           Power
           was
           able
           to
           resist
           him
           ,
           he
           reply'd
           with
           a
           scornful
           Smile
           ,
           bidding
           them
           take
           no
           care
           of
           that
           ,
           for
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             Whene'er
             I
             stamp
             with
             my
             Foot
             in
             any
             part
             of
          
           Italy
           ,
           
             there
             will
          
           
           
             rise
             up
             Forces
             enough
             in
             an
             instant
             both
             Horse
             and
             Foot.
             
          
        
         
           Now
           Caesar
           on
           the
           other
           side
           was
           more
           
           vigorous
           in
           his
           Proceedings
           ,
           himself
           always
           at
           hand
           hovering
           about
           the
           Frontiers
           of
           Italy
           ,
           and
           sending
           some
           of
           his
           Soldiers
           continually
           into
           the
           City
           to
           attend
           all
           Elections
           with
           their
           Votes
           ;
           Besides
           this
           ,
           he
           corrupted
           divers
           of
           the
           Magistrates
           ,
           and
           brought
           them
           over
           to
           his
           Party
           by
           Pensions
           ;
           whereof
           Paulus
           the
           Consul
           was
           one
           ,
           who
           was
           wrought
           over
           by
           a
           Bribe
           of
           1500
           Talents
           :
           And
           Curio
           ,
           a
           Tribune
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           by
           a
           discharge
           of
           all
           his
           Debts
           which
           he
           had
           contracted
           without
           number
           ;
           together
           with
           
             Mark
             Anthony
          
           ,
           who
           out
           of
           Friendship
           to
           Curio
           ,
           became
           bound
           with
           him
           in
           the
           same
           Obligations
           for
           them
           all
           .
           And
           't
           is
           undoubtedly
           true
           ,
           That
           a
           Centurion
           of
           
           Caesar's
           waiting
           at
           the
           Senate-House
           ,
           and
           hearing
           that
           the
           Senate
           refused
           to
           give
           him
           a
           larger
           term
           in
           the
           continuance
           of
           his
           Government
           ,
           clapt
           his
           Hand
           upon
           his
           Sword
           ,
           and
           said
           ,
           
             But
             this
             shall
             give
             it
             ▪
          
           and
           indeed
           all
           his
           Practices
           and
           Preparations
           were
           in
           order
           to
           this
           end
           .
           Now
           
           Curio's
           Demands
           and
           Request
           in
           favour
           of
           Caesar
           were
           much
           more
           popular
           in
           appearance
           ,
           for
           he
           desir'd
           one
           of
           these
           two
           things
           ,
           either
           That
           Pompey
           should
           put
           away
           his
           Army
           ,
           or
           that
           
           Caesar's
           should
           not
           be
           taken
           away
           from
           him
           ;
           For
           
           if
           both
           of
           them
           were
           private
           Persons
           common
           Humanity
           would
           keep
           them
           within
           the
           bounds
           of
           their
           Duty
           ;
           or
           if
           they
           were
           of
           equal
           Authority
           ,
           they
           would
           be
           a
           ballance
           to
           each
           other
           ,
           and
           sit
           down
           contented
           with
           their
           Lot
           :
           but
           he
           that
           weakens
           one
           ,
           does
           at
           the
           same
           time
           strengthen
           the
           other
           ,
           and
           so
           doubles
           that
           very
           Strength
           and
           Power
           ▪
           which
           he
           stood
           in
           fear
           of
           before
           .
           Marcellus
           the
           Consul
           reply'd
           nothing
           to
           all
           this
           ,
           but
           that
           
             Caesar
             was
             a
             Thief
             ,
             and
             should
             be
             proclaimed
             an
             Enemy
             to
             the
             State
             ,
             if
             he
             did
             not
             disband
             his
             Army
             .
          
           However
           Curio
           with
           the
           Assistance
           of
           Anthony
           and
           Piso
           prevail'd
           ,
           that
           the
           Matter
           in
           Debate
           should
           be
           put
           to
           the
           Question
           ,
           and
           decided
           by
           Vote
           in
           the
           Senate
           :
           So
           that
           it
           being
           order'd
           upon
           the
           Question
           for
           those
           to
           withdraw
           ,
           who
           were
           of
           opinion
           ,
           That
           Caesar
           
             only
             should
             lay
             down
             his
             Army
             ,
             and
          
           Pompey
           command
           ,
           the
           Majority
           withdrew
           .
           But
           when
           't
           was
           order'd
           again
           for
           those
           to
           withdraw
           whose
           Vote
           was
           ▪
           
             That
             both
             should
             lay
             down
             their
             Arms
             ,
             and
             neither
             command
             ,
          
           there
           were
           but
           22
           for
           Pompey
           ,
           all
           the
           rest
           remained
           of
           
           Curio's
           side
           :
           Whereupon
           he
           ,
           as
           one
           proud
           of
           his
           Conquest
           ,
           leapt
           out
           for
           Joy
           among
           the
           People
           ,
           who
           received
           him
           with
           as
           great
           tokens
           of
           Joy
           ,
           clapping
           their
           Hands
           ,
           and
           crowning
           him
           with
           Garlands
           and
           Flowers
           :
           Pompey
           was
           not
           then
           present
           in
           the
           Senate
           ▪
           because
           it
           
           is
           not
           lawful
           for
           the
           General
           of
           an
           Army
           to
           come
           into
           the
           City
           .
           But
           Marcellus
           rising
           up
           ,
           said
           ,
           
             That
             he
             would
             not
             sit
             there
             hearing
             Speeches
             ,
             when
             he
             saw
             that
             ten
             Legions
             had
             already
             pass'd
             the
          
           Alpes
           
             in
             their
             March
             toward
             the
             City
             ,
             but
             that
             he
             would
             send
             a
             Man
             of
             equal
             Authority
             against
             them
             in
             defence
             of
             their
             Country
             :
          
           Upon
           this
           the
           City
           went
           into
           Mourning
           ,
           as
           in
           a
           publick
           Calamity
           ,
           and
           Marcellus
           (
           accompanied
           by
           the
           Senate
           )
           went
           solemnly
           through
           the
           City
           towards
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           spoke
           thus
           to
           him
           ,
           
             Pompey
             ,
             I
             command
             thee
             to
             appear
             in
             defence
             of
             thy
             Country
             ,
             with
             those
             Forces
             thou
             hast
             at
             present
             in
             readiness
             ,
             and
             to
             raise
             more
             with
             all
             speed
             :
             Lentulus
          
           the
           Consul
           elect
           for
           the
           Year
           following
           ,
           spoke
           much
           to
           the
           same
           purpose
           ;
           But
           
             Anthony
             ▪
          
           contrary
           to
           an
           Order
           of
           Senate
           ,
           in
           a
           publick
           Assembly
           ,
           read
           a
           Letter
           of
           
           Caesar's
           ,
           containing
           many
           fair
           Overtures
           ,
           at
           leastwise
           very
           obliging
           to
           the
           common
           People
           ,
           wherein
           he
           desir'd
           ▪
           That
           both
           Pompey
           and
           he
           quitting
           their
           Governments
           ,
           and
           dismissing
           their
           Armies
           should
           submit
           to
           the
           Judgment
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           give
           an
           account
           of
           their
           Actions
           before
           them
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           when
           Pompey
           began
           to
           make
           his
           Levies
           ,
           and
           muster
           up
           his
           new-rais'd
           Soldiers
           ,
           he
           found
           himself
           disappointed
           in
           his
           Expectations
           :
           Some
           few
           indeed
           came
           in
           ,
           but
           those
           very
           unwillingly
           ;
           others
           would
           not
           answer
           to
           
           their
           Names
           ,
           and
           the
           generality
           cry'd
           out
           for
           Peace
           .
           Lentulus
           ,
           notwithstanding
           he
           was
           now
           enter'd
           upon
           his
           Consulship
           ,
           would
           not
           assemble
           the
           Senate
           ;
           but
           Cicero
           ,
           who
           was
           lately
           return'd
           from
           Cilicia
           ,
           labour'd
           for
           a
           Reconciliation
           ,
           proposing
           ,
           That
           Caesar
           should
           leave
           his
           Province
           of
           Gaul
           and
           Army
           ,
           reserving
           two
           Legions
           only
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           Government
           of
           Illyricum
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           had
           in
           nomination
           for
           a
           second
           Consulship
           :
           Pompey
           disliking
           this
           motion
           ,
           
           Caesar's
           Friends
           were
           contented
           that
           he
           should
           quit
           one
           of
           his
           Legions
           too
           ;
           but
           Lentulus
           still
           opposing
           ,
           and
           Cato
           crying
           out
           ,
           That
           Pompey
           
             did
             ill
             to
             be
             deceived
             again
             ,
          
           the
           Reconciliation
           did
           not
           take
           effect
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           News
           was
           brought
           ,
           
           That
           Caesar
           had
           taken
           Ariminum
           ,
           a
           great
           City
           in
           Italy
           ,
           and
           was
           marching
           directly
           towards
           Rome
           ,
           with
           all
           his
           Forces
           ;
           but
           this
           latter
           was
           altogether
           false
           ,
           for
           he
           had
           no
           more
           with
           him
           at
           that
           time
           than
           300
           Horse
           and
           5000
           ▪
           Foot
           ,
           and
           would
           not
           tarry
           for
           the
           Body
           of
           his
           Army
           ,
           which
           lay
           beyond
           the
           Alpes
           ,
           choosing
           rather
           by
           surprize
           to
           fall
           in
           of
           a
           sudden
           upon
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           (
           while
           they
           were
           in
           Confusion
           ,
           and
           did
           not
           expect
           him
           )
           than
           to
           give
           them
           time
           to
           make
           Preparations
           for
           War.
           For
           when
           he
           came
           to
           the
           Bank
           of
           Rubicon
           ,
           (
           a
           River
           that
           made
           the
           bounds
           of
           his
           own
           Province
           
           towards
           Italy
           )
           there
           he
           made
           a
           Halt
           ,
           pausing
           a
           little
           ,
           and
           considering
           with
           himself
           the
           greatness
           of
           that
           Enterprize
           which
           he
           had
           undertaken
           ;
           then
           at
           last
           ,
           (
           like
           Men
           that
           are
           throwing
           themselves
           headlong
           from
           some
           Precipice
           into
           a
           vast
           Abyss
           )
           having
           blinded
           and
           withdrawn
           his
           mind
           from
           the
           thoughts
           of
           Danger
           ,
           he
           transported
           his
           Army
           ,
           saying
           this
           only
           to
           those
           that
           were
           present
           with
           a
           loud
           voice
           in
           the
           Greek
           Language
           ,
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           ;
           that
           is
           ,
           
             Let
             the
             Die
             be
             Cast
          
           .
           No
           sooner
           was
           the
           News
           arriv'd
           ,
           but
           there
           was
           an
           Uproar
           throughout
           all
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           a
           Consternation
           in
           the
           People
           even
           to
           astonishment
           ,
           such
           as
           never
           was
           known
           in
           
             Rome
             ▪
          
           before
           ;
           all
           the
           Senate
           ran
           immediately
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           the
           Magistrates
           follow'd
           :
           Now
           when
           Tullus
           made
           enquiry
           touching
           his
           Legions
           and
           Forces
           ,
           Pompey
           seem'd
           to
           pause
           a
           little
           ,
           and
           answer'd
           with
           some
           hesitation
           ,
           
             That
             he
             had
             those
             two
             Legions
             ready
             that
          
           Caesar
           
             sent
             back
             ,
             and
             for
             his
             new
             rais'd
             Forces
             ,
             he
             believ'd
             they
             would
             shortly
             make
             up
             a
             Battalion
             of
             30000
             Men
          
           ;
           but
           Tullus
           reply'd
           with
           a
           loud
           voice
           ,
           O
           Pompey
           ▪
           
             thou
             hast
             deceiv'd
             us
          
           !
           and
           presently
           gave
           his
           Advice
           to
           dispatch
           Ambassadors
           to
           
             Caesar
             .
             Favonius
          
           (
           who
           was
           no
           ill
           Man
           ,
           otherwise
           than
           in
           his
           petulant
           and
           abusive
           way
           of
           Talking
           ,
           which
           he
           seem'd
           to
           affect
           ,
           in
           imitation
           of
           
           Cato's
           freedom
           of
           Speech
           )
           
           he
           bid
           
             Pompey
             stamp
             upon
             the
             ground
             ,
             and
             call
             forth
             the
             Forces
             he
             had
             promis'd
             .
          
           But
           Pompey
           very
           patiently
           bore
           with
           all
           this
           unseasonable
           Railery
           ;
           so
           that
           Cato
           putting
           him
           in
           mind
           of
           what
           he
           had
           foretold
           from
           the
           very
           beginning
           touching
           Caesar
           ,
           he
           made
           this
           Answer
           only
           ,
           That
           Cato
           
             indeed
             had
             spoke
             more
             like
             a
             Prophet
             ,
             but
             he
             had
             acted
             more
             like
             a
             Friend
             .
             Cato
          
           then
           advised
           them
           to
           choose
           Pompey
           General
           ,
           with
           absolute
           Power
           and
           Authority
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             That
             the
             same
             Men
             who
             do
             great
             Evils
             ,
             know
             best
             how
             to
             Cure
             them
             .
          
           He
           therefore
           went
           his
           way
           forthwith
           into
           Sicily
           ,
           the
           Province
           that
           was
           allotted
           him
           ;
           and
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Senators
           likewise
           departed
           ,
           every
           one
           to
           his
           respective
           Government
           .
        
         
           Thus
           all
           Italy
           ,
           in
           a
           manner
           ,
           being
           up
           in
           
           Arms
           ,
           it
           seem'd
           very
           doubtful
           what
           was
           best
           to
           be
           done
           :
           For
           they
           that
           were
           without
           ,
           came
           from
           all
           Parts
           flocking
           into
           the
           City
           ;
           and
           they
           that
           were
           within
           ,
           seeing
           the
           Confusion
           and
           Disorder
           so
           great
           there
           ,
           went
           out
           and
           forsook
           it
           as
           fast
           ;
           They
           that
           were
           willing
           to
           obey
           were
           found
           too
           weak
           for
           Service
           ,
           and
           the
           Disobedient
           were
           found
           too
           strong
           to
           be
           govern'd
           by
           the
           Magistrates
           :
           Nay
           ,
           it
           was
           so
           far
           from
           being
           possible
           to
           allay
           their
           Fears
           ,
           that
           they
           would
           not
           suffer
           Pompey
           to
           follow
           his
           own
           Judgment
           ,
           but
           every
           Man
           would
           have
           him
           
           act
           according
           to
           his
           particular
           Fancy
           ,
           whether
           it
           proceeded
           from
           Doubt
           ,
           Fear
           ,
           Grief
           ,
           or
           any
           meaner
           Passion
           ;
           whereby
           they
           became
           so
           disordered
           in
           their
           apprehension
           of
           things
           ,
           that
           even
           in
           the
           same
           day
           they
           were
           often
           forced
           to
           make
           use
           of
           quite
           contrary
           Counsels
           :
           Then
           again
           ,
           't
           was
           altogether
           as
           impossible
           to
           have
           any
           good
           intelligence
           of
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           for
           what
           each
           Man
           heard
           by
           chance
           upon
           a
           flying
           Rumour
           ,
           he
           would
           report
           for
           truth
           ,
           and
           take
           it
           hainously
           of
           Pompey
           if
           he
           did
           not
           believe
           it
           ,
        
         
           Pompey
           at
           length
           seeing
           such
           a
           Confusion
           
           in
           Rome
           ,
           determin'd
           with
           himself
           to
           put
           an
           end
           to
           their
           Clamours
           by
           his
           Departure
           ;
           and
           therefore
           commanding
           all
           the
           Senate
           to
           follow
           him
           ,
           and
           declaring
           ,
           
             That
             whosoever
             tarried
             behind
             ,
             should
             be
             judg'd
             a
             Confederate
             of
          
           Caesar's
           ;
           about
           the
           dusk
           of
           the
           Evening
           ,
           he
           went
           out
           and
           left
           the
           City
           ;
           the
           Consuls
           also
           follow'd
           after
           in
           a
           Hurry
           ,
           without
           offering
           any
           Sacrifice
           to
           the
           Gods
           ,
           as
           is
           usual
           before
           a
           War.
           But
           above
           all
           ,
           Pompey
           himself
           was
           extremely
           fortunate
           ,
           that
           even
           in
           the
           midst
           of
           all
           these
           Calamities
           ,
           he
           had
           the
           Love
           and
           Good-will
           of
           the
           People
           ;
           for
           though
           many
           condemned
           the
           War
           ,
           and
           Office
           of
           a
           General
           ,
           yet
           no
           Man
           hated
           the
           General
           himself
           ;
           insomuch
           as
           there
           were
           more
           to
           be
           found
           of
           those
           that
           went
           out
           of
           Rome
           ,
           for
           that
           they
           would
           not
           forsake
           
           Pompey
           ,
           than
           of
           those
           that
           fled
           for
           love
           of
           their
           Liberty
           .
        
         
           Some
           few
           days
           after
           ,
           Pompey
           was
           gone
           
           out
           ,
           Caesar
           came
           into
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           made
           himself
           Master
           of
           it
           ,
           treating
           all
           the
           rest
           with
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           Courtesie
           ,
           and
           appeasing
           their
           Fears
           ,
           all
           except
           Metellus
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           Tribunes
           ;
           but
           when
           he
           refused
           to
           let
           him
           take
           any
           Money
           out
           of
           the
           common
           Treasury
           ,
           Caesar
           threatned
           him
           with
           death
           ,
           adding
           a
           sharper
           Sentence
           to
           his
           Threats
           ▪
           
             That
             it
             was
             far
             easier
             for
             him
             to
             do
             it
             than
             say
             it
             :
          
           Thereupon
           ,
           after
           he
           had
           turned
           Metellus
           out
           of
           his
           Office
           ,
           and
           taken
           what
           Monies
           were
           of
           use
           for
           his
           occasions
           ,
           he
           set
           forwards
           in
           pursuit
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           endeavouring
           with
           all
           speed
           to
           drive
           him
           out
           of
           Italy
           ,
           before
           his
           Army
           ,
           that
           was
           in
           Spain
           ,
           could
           joyn
           with
           him
           .
        
         
           But
           Pompey
           arriving
           at
           Brundusium
           ,
           and
           
           having
           provided
           a
           Fleet
           of
           Ships
           there
           ,
           the
           two
           Consuls
           imbarked
           immediately
           ,
           and
           with
           them
           there
           were
           shipt
           off
           30
           Cohorts
           or
           Regiments
           of
           Foot
           bound
           before
           him
           for
           Dyrrachium
           :
           He
           sent
           likewise
           his
           Father-in-law
           Scipio
           ,
           and
           C●eus
           his
           Son
           ,
           into
           Syria
           ,
           to
           provide
           and
           fit
           out
           a
           Fleet
           there
           ;
           himself
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           having
           barred
           up
           the
           Gates
           ,
           and
           fortified
           the
           Works
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           placed
           his
           lightest
           Soldiers
           as
           Guards
           upon
           the
           Walls
           ;
           and
           giving
           express
           Orders
           that
           
           the
           Citizens
           should
           keep
           within
           door
           ,
           he
           cast
           up
           divers
           Trenches
           and
           Rampiers
           (
           which
           he
           fortify'd
           with
           Palisadoes
           or
           sharp-pointed
           Piles
           )
           throughout
           all
           the
           Streets
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           except
           only
           those
           two
           that
           lead
           down
           to
           the
           Sea-side
           or
           Haven
           .
        
         
           Thus
           in
           three
           days
           space
           having
           with
           ease
           put
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Army
           on
           Ship-board
           ,
           he
           suddenly
           gave
           the
           Signal
           to
           those
           that
           guarded
           the
           Walls
           ,
           who
           as
           nimbly
           repairing
           to
           the
           Ships
           ,
           were
           receiv'd
           and
           transported
           :
           Caesar
           ,
           when
           he
           perceived
           the
           Walls
           unguarded
           ,
           imagining
           with
           himself
           that
           they
           were
           fled
           ,
           made
           haste
           after
           ,
           but
           in
           the
           heat
           of
           the
           pursuit
           was
           very
           nigh
           falling
           upon
           the
           Stakes
           and
           Trenches
           ,
           had
           not
           the
           Brundusians
           prevented
           him
           ;
           wherefore
           he
           wheeled
           about
           ,
           and
           fetching
           a
           compass
           round
           the
           City
           ,
           made
           towards
           the
           Haven
           ,
           where
           he
           found
           all
           the
           Fleet
           under
           Sail
           ,
           excepting
           only
           two
           Vessels
           that
           had
           but
           a
           few
           Soldiers
           aboard
           .
        
         
           Some
           are
           of
           opinion
           ,
           That
           this
           Departure
           
           of
           
           Pompey's
           is
           to
           be
           ranged
           among
           the
           best
           of
           his
           Stratagems
           ▪
           but
           Caesar
           himself
           could
           not
           but
           admire
           that
           he
           (
           who
           was
           ingarrison'd
           in
           a
           City
           well
           Fortify'd
           ,
           who
           was
           in
           expectation
           of
           his
           Forces
           from
           Spain
           ,
           and
           was
           Master
           of
           the
           Sea
           besides
           )
           should
           ever
           leave
           and
           depart
           out
           of
           
             Italy
             :
             Cicero
          
           likewise
           blam'd
           him
           ,
           in
           that
           he
           follow'd
           the
           
           Counsels
           of
           Themistocles
           ,
           rather
           than
           of
           Pericles
           ,
           whereas
           the
           state
           of
           his
           Affairs
           was
           more
           agreeable
           to
           the
           Circumstances
           of
           the
           latter
           ,
           than
           those
           of
           the
           former
           :
           However
           ,
           it
           appear'd
           plainly
           ,
           and
           Caesar
           shew'd
           it
           by
           his
           Actions
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           in
           great
           fear
           of
           the
           Times
           ;
           for
           when
           he
           had
           taken
           Numerius
           ,
           a
           Friend
           of
           
           Pompey's
           Prisoner
           ,
           he
           sent
           him
           as
           an
           Ambassador
           to
           Brundusium
           ,
           with
           offers
           of
           Peace
           and
           Reconciliation
           upon
           equal
           terms
           ;
           but
           Numerius
           sail'd
           away
           with
           Pompey
           :
           And
           now
           Caesar
           being
           Master
           of
           all
           Italy
           ,
           in
           60
           days
           ,
           without
           a
           drop
           of
           Bloodshed
           ,
           had
           a
           great
           desire
           forthwith
           to
           follow
           Pompey
           ;
           but
           being
           destitute
           of
           Shipping
           ,
           
           he
           was
           forc'd
           to
           divert
           his
           course
           ,
           and
           march
           into
           Spain
           ,
           designing
           to
           joyn
           those
           Forces
           of
           Pompey
           there
           to
           his
           own
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           Pompey
           had
           rais'd
           a
           
           mighty
           Army
           both
           by
           Sea
           and
           Land
           ;
           As
           for
           his
           Navy
           ,
           't
           was
           altogether
           invincible
           ,
           for
           there
           were
           500
           Men
           of
           War
           ,
           besides
           an
           infinite
           company
           of
           Galliots
           ,
           Foists
           ,
           and
           Pinaces
           :
           Then
           for
           his
           Land-Forces
           ,
           the
           Cavalry
           made
           up
           a
           Body
           of
           7000
           Horse
           ,
           the
           very
           flower
           of
           Rome
           and
           Italy
           ,
           Men
           of
           Honour
           ,
           Wealth
           ,
           and
           Courage
           ;
           but
           the
           Infantry
           was
           a
           mixture
           of
           raw
           and
           unexperienc'd
           Soldiers
           ,
           and
           therefore
           he
           exercised
           and
           train'd
           them
           up
           daily
           near
           the
           City
           Beraea
           ,
           (
           where
           he
           had
           quarter'd
           and
           
           lodg'd
           his
           Army
           )
           himself
           no
           ways
           slothful
           ,
           but
           performing
           all
           his
           Exercises
           as
           if
           he
           had
           been
           in
           the
           flower
           of
           his
           Youth
           :
           This
           exemplary
           Conduct
           raised
           the
           Spirits
           of
           his
           Soldiers
           extremely
           ,
           for
           it
           was
           no
           small
           Encouragement
           for
           them
           to
           see
           Pompey
           the
           Great
           ,
           60
           Years
           of
           Age
           wanting
           two
           ,
           one
           while
           trailing
           a
           Pike
           ,
           and
           handling
           his
           Arms
           among
           the
           Foot
           in
           all
           his
           Postures
           ;
           then
           again
           mounted
           among
           the
           Horse
           ,
           drawing
           out
           his
           Sword
           with
           ease
           in
           full
           career
           ,
           and
           sheathing
           it
           up
           as
           easily
           ;
           And
           in
           darting
           the
           Javelin
           ,
           there
           he
           shew'd
           not
           only
           his
           skill
           and
           dexterity
           in
           hitting
           the
           Mark
           ,
           but
           his
           strength
           and
           activity
           in
           throwing
           it
           so
           far
           ,
           that
           few
           of
           the
           youngest
           went
           beyond
           him
           .
        
         
           Several
           Kings
           and
           Princes
           of
           other
           Nations
           
           came
           thither
           to
           him
           ,
           but
           there
           was
           a
           glorious
           appearance
           of
           Roman
           Magistrates
           ,
           and
           so
           numerous
           ,
           that
           they
           made
           up
           a
           compleat
           Senate
           ;
           Labienus
           forsook
           his
           old
           Friend
           Caesar
           ,
           (
           whom
           he
           had
           serv'd
           throughout
           all
           his
           Wars
           in
           Gaul
           )
           and
           came
           over
           to
           Pompey
           ;
           And
           Brutus
           ,
           Son
           to
           that
           Brutus
           that
           was
           put
           to
           Death
           in
           Gaul
           ,
           a
           Man
           of
           great
           Spirit
           ,
           and
           one
           that
           to
           that
           day
           had
           never
           so
           much
           as
           saluted
           or
           spoke
           to
           Pompey
           (
           looking
           upon
           him
           as
           the
           Murderer
           of
           his
           Father
           )
           came
           then
           and
           submitted
           himself
           to
           him
           ,
           as
           the
           defender
           of
           their
           Liberty
           :
           
           Cicero
           likewise
           ,
           (
           though
           he
           wrote
           and
           advis'd
           otherwise
           ,
           yet
           )
           was
           asham'd
           not
           to
           be
           accounted
           in
           the
           number
           of
           those
           that
           would
           hazard
           their
           Lives
           and
           Fortunes
           for
           the
           safeguard
           of
           their
           Country
           :
           And
           last
           of
           all
           there
           came
           to
           him
           even
           into
           
             Macedonia
             ,
             Tidius
             Sextus
          
           ,
           a
           Man
           extremely
           Old
           ,
           and
           Lame
           of
           one
           Leg
           ;
           others
           indeed
           mock'd
           and
           laugh'd
           at
           the
           Spectacle
           ,
           but
           Pompey
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           saw
           him
           ,
           rose
           and
           ran
           to
           meet
           him
           ,
           esteeming
           it
           no
           small
           assurance
           of
           their
           Good-will
           ,
           when
           Men
           of
           such
           Age
           and
           Infirmities
           should
           rather
           choose
           to
           be
           with
           him
           in
           danger
           ,
           than
           in
           safety
           at
           home
           .
           Afterwards
           in
           a
           Council
           of
           War
           there
           passed
           a
           Decree
           ,
           which
           was
           pronounced
           by
           Cato
           as
           President
           ,
           
             That
             no
          
           Roman
           
             Citizen
             should
             be
             put
             to
             Death
             but
             in
             Battel
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             should
             not
             Sack
             or
             Plunder
             any
             City
             that
             was
             subject
             to
             the
          
           Roman
           Empire
           :
           By
           these
           means
           
           Pompey's
           Party
           grew
           into
           greater
           Reputation
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           they
           ,
           who
           were
           no
           ways
           at
           all
           concern'd
           in
           the
           War
           ,
           (
           either
           because
           they
           dwelt
           afar
           off
           ,
           or
           were
           thought
           incapable
           by
           reason
           of
           their
           Infirmities
           )
           were
           yet
           in
           their
           opinions
           of
           his
           side
           ,
           and
           did
           in
           all
           their
           Discourses
           even
           fight
           for
           his
           Cause
           ,
           calling
           it
           the
           good
           or
           just
           Cause
           ,
           esteeming
           those
           as
           Enemies
           to
           the
           Gods
           and
           Men
           ,
           that
           wished
           not
           Victory
           to
           Pompey
           .
        
         
         
           Neither
           was
           
           Pompey's
           Clemency
           such
           ,
           
           but
           that
           Caesar
           likewise
           shew'd
           himself
           as
           merciful
           a
           Conqueror
           ;
           for
           when
           he
           had
           taken
           and
           overthrown
           all
           
           Pompey's
           Forces
           in
           Spain
           ,
           he
           gave
           them
           Quarter
           ,
           leaving
           the
           Commanders
           at
           their
           Liberty
           ,
           and
           taking
           the
           common
           Soldiers
           into
           his
           own
           Pay
           :
           Then
           repassing
           the
           Alpes
           ,
           and
           making
           a
           running
           March
           through
           Italy
           ,
           he
           came
           to
           Brundusium
           about
           the
           Winter
           Solstice
           ,
           and
           crossing
           the
           Sea
           there
           ,
           landed
           at
           the
           Port
           of
           Oricum
           :
           Now
           Caesar
           having
           Jubius
           (
           an
           intimate
           Friend
           of
           
           Pompey's
           )
           with
           him
           as
           his
           Prisoner
           ,
           dispatch'd
           him
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           in
           an
           Embassage
           ,
           entreating
           ,
           
             That
             they
             meeting
             together
             in
             a
             Conference
             ,
             as
             one
             should
             disband
             both
             their
             Armies
             within
             three
             days
             ,
             and
             renewing
             their
             former
             Friendship
             with
             solemn
             Oaths
             ,
             should
             return
             together
             into
          
           Italy
           .
           Pompey
           look'd
           upon
           this
           again
           as
           some
           new
           Stratagem
           or
           Device
           ;
           and
           therefore
           marching
           down
           in
           all
           haste
           towards
           the
           Sea-Coast
           ,
           possessed
           himself
           of
           all
           Forts
           and
           Places
           of
           Strength
           ,
           (
           fit
           to
           encamp
           in
           ,
           and
           secure
           his
           Land-Forces
           )
           as
           likewise
           of
           all
           Ports
           and
           Harbours
           commodious
           to
           receive
           any
           that
           came
           by
           Sea
           ;
           so
           that
           what
           Wind
           soever
           blew
           ,
           it
           must
           needs
           in
           some
           way
           or
           other
           be
           favourable
           to
           him
           ,
           bringing
           in
           either
           Provision
           ,
           Men
           ,
           or
           Money
           :
           But
           Caesar
           ,
           on
           the
           contrary
           ,
           was
           so
           distressed
           both
           by
           
           Sea
           and
           Land
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           forc'd
           to
           desire
           Battel
           ,
           daily
           provoking
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           and
           assailing
           them
           in
           their
           very
           Forts
           ;
           and
           in
           these
           light
           Skirmishes
           for
           the
           most
           part
           had
           the
           better
           ,
           only
           once
           he
           was
           dangerously
           overthrown
           ,
           and
           likely
           to
           have
           lost
           his
           whole
           Army
           :
           For
           Pompey
           having
           valiantly
           re-inforced
           the
           Battel
           ,
           made
           a
           desperate
           Charge
           upon
           him
           ,
           even
           to
           a
           total
           Rout
           of
           all
           his
           Army
           ,
           and
           the
           Slaughter
           of
           2000
           upon
           the
           Place
           ;
           but
           either
           he
           was
           not
           able
           to
           force
           their
           Camp
           ,
           or
           he
           was
           afraid
           to
           fall
           in
           pell-mell
           together
           with
           them
           :
           Insomuch
           as
           Caesar
           told
           some
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           
             How
             that
             day
             had
             given
             an
             absolute
             Conquest
             to
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             if
             they
             had
             had
             but
             a
             Man
             that
             knew
             how
             to
             Conquer
             .
          
           Pompey's
           Soldiers
           were
           so
           mightily
           encourag'd
           by
           this
           Victory
           that
           they
           would
           needs
           have
           it
           put
           to
           the
           decision
           of
           a
           Battel
           ;
           but
           Pompey
           himself
           (
           though
           he
           wrote
           to
           Foreign
           Kings
           ,
           Princes
           ,
           and
           States
           in
           Confederacy
           with
           him
           ,
           as
           a
           Conqueror
           ,
           yet
           )
           was
           afraid
           to
           hazard
           the
           Success
           of
           a
           Battel
           ,
           choosing
           rather
           by
           delays
           ,
           and
           distress
           of
           Provisions
           ,
           to
           tire
           out
           those
           who
           had
           never
           yet
           been
           Conquer'd
           by
           force
           of
           Arms
           ,
           but
           had
           always
           ,
           when
           they
           fought
           in
           a
           body
           ,
           been
           accustom'd
           to
           Victory
           :
           Besides
           the
           Infirmities
           of
           their
           Age
           ,
           which
           now
           made
           them
           quickly
           weary
           of
           those
           
           other
           Hardships
           of
           War
           ,
           (
           such
           as
           were
           long
           Marches
           ,
           and
           frequent
           Decampings
           ,
           making
           of
           Trenches
           ,
           and
           building
           of
           Fortifications
           )
           made
           them
           willing
           to
           fight
           and
           venture
           the
           Battel
           with
           all
           speed
           .
        
         
           Pompey
           had
           all
           along
           hitherto
           by
           his
           Perswasions
           ,
           pretty
           well
           quieted
           his
           Soldiers
           ;
           but
           after
           this
           last
           Engagement
           ,
           when
           Caesar
           for
           want
           of
           Provisions
           was
           forc'd
           to
           raise
           his
           Camp
           ,
           and
           had
           passed
           through
           Athamania
           into
           Thessaly
           ,
           it
           was
           impossible
           to
           curb
           or
           allay
           the
           heat
           of
           their
           Spirits
           any
           longer
           ;
           For
           all
           crying
           out
           with
           a
           general
           Voice
           ,
           That
           Caesar
           
             is
             fled
          
           ,
           some
           were
           for
           pursuing
           and
           pressing
           upon
           him
           ;
           others
           for
           returning
           into
           Italy
           ;
           some
           there
           were
           that
           sent
           their
           Friends
           and
           Servants
           before
           hand
           to
           Rome
           ,
           to
           hire
           Houses
           near
           the
           Forum
           or
           Market-place
           ,
           whereby
           they
           might
           be
           in
           a
           readiness
           to
           sue
           for
           Offices
           and
           Places
           in
           the
           Government
           :
           But
           several
           were
           so
           vain
           as
           to
           sail
           for
           Lesbos
           ,
           in
           a
           Compliment
           to
           Cornelia
           ,
           with
           this
           joyful
           News
           ,
           
             That
             the
             War
             was
             brought
             to
             an
             end
          
           ;
           (
           for
           Pompey
           had
           privately
           convey'd
           her
           thither
           from
           the
           Tumults
           in
           Rome
           .
           )
           Hereupon
           a
           Council
           of
           War
           was
           call'd
           ,
           and
           the
           Matter
           being
           under
           debate
           ,
           Afranius
           was
           of
           Opinion
           ,
           That
           Italy
           
             should
             first
             be
             regain'd
             ,
             for
             that
             it
             was
             the
             grand
             Prize
             and
             Crown
             of
             all
             the
             War
          
           ;
           and
           withal
           they
           who
           were
           Masters
           of
           that
           ,
           
           would
           quickly
           have
           at
           their
           Devotion
           all
           the
           Provinces
           of
           
             Sicilia
             ,
             Sardinia
             ,
             Corsica
             ,
             Spain
             ,
          
           and
           Gaul
           ;
           but
           what
           was
           of
           greatest
           weight
           and
           moment
           ,
           't
           was
           his
           own
           native
           Country
           that
           lay
           near
           ,
           reaching
           out
           her
           Hand
           for
           his
           Help
           ;
           and
           certainly
           it
           could
           not
           be
           consistent
           with
           
           Pompey's
           Honour
           to
           leave
           her
           thus
           expos'd
           to
           all
           Indignities
           ,
           and
           in
           Bondage
           under
           Slaves
           ,
           and
           the
           Flatterers
           of
           a
           Tyrant
           .
           But
           Pompey
           himself
           on
           the
           contrary
           ,
           thought
           it
           neither
           honourable
           to
           fly
           a
           second
           time
           before
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           be
           pursued
           ,
           when
           Fortune
           had
           given
           him
           the
           Advantage
           of
           a
           Pursuit
           ;
           nor
           indeed
           lawful
           before
           the
           Gods
           ,
           to
           forsake
           Scipio
           ,
           and
           divers
           other
           Men
           of
           consular
           Dignity
           dispers'd
           throughout
           Greece
           and
           Thessaly
           ,
           who
           must
           necessarily
           fall
           into
           
           Caesar's
           Hands
           ,
           together
           with
           all
           their
           Wealth
           and
           greater
           Forces
           :
           Then
           as
           to
           his
           Care
           for
           the
           City
           of
           Rome
           ,
           that
           would
           most
           eminently
           appear
           ,
           by
           removing
           the
           Scene
           of
           War
           to
           a
           greater
           distance
           ,
           whereby
           she
           ,
           being
           every
           way
           insensible
           of
           those
           Calamities
           that
           attend
           a
           War
           ,
           might
           in
           Peace
           expect
           the
           Return
           of
           her
           Conqueror
           .
        
         
           With
           this
           determination
           Pompey
           march'd
           
           forwards
           in
           pursuit
           of
           Caesar
           ,
           firmly
           resolv'd
           with
           himself
           not
           to
           give
           him
           Battel
           ,
           but
           rather
           to
           Besiege
           and
           distress
           him
           ,
           by
           keeping
           close
           at
           his
           heels
           ,
           straitning
           his
           Quarters
           ,
           
           and
           cutting
           off
           all
           necessary
           Reliefs
           :
           Now
           there
           were
           other
           Reasons
           that
           made
           him
           continue
           this
           Resolution
           ,
           but
           especially
           a
           Combination
           among
           the
           Roman
           Knights
           that
           came
           to
           his
           Ear
           ,
           wherein
           they
           design'd
           as
           soon
           as
           
             Caesar
             ▪
          
           was
           overthrown
           ,
           to
           humble
           him
           too
           ;
           and
           therefore
           ,
           some
           report
           ,
           it
           was
           for
           this
           Reason
           that
           Pompey
           never
           employ'd
           Cato
           in
           any
           Matter
           of
           consequence
           during
           the
           whole
           War
           ;
           yet
           now
           ,
           when
           he
           pursued
           Caesar
           ,
           he
           left
           him
           to
           guard
           his
           Baggage
           by
           Sea
           ,
           fearing
           ,
           if
           Caesar
           should
           be
           taken
           off
           ,
           lest
           ,
           by
           
           Cato's
           means
           ,
           he
           likewise
           not
           long
           after
           should
           be
           forc'd
           to
           lay
           down
           his
           Commission
           .
        
         
           Whilst
           he
           was
           thus
           slowly
           attending
           the
           Motions
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           his
           Friends
           began
           to
           charge
           upon
           him
           many
           Reproaches
           and
           Imputations
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           did
           not
           use
           this
           Stratagem
           to
           deceive
           Caesar
           ,
           but
           his
           Country
           and
           the
           Senate
           ,
           that
           he
           might
           always
           continue
           in
           Authority
           ,
           and
           never
           cease
           to
           keep
           those
           for
           his
           Guards
           and
           Servants
           who
           themselves
           were
           worthy
           to
           govern
           the
           World
           ;
           besides
           that
           scoffing
           way
           of
           
             Domitius
             Aenobarbus
          
           ,
           continually
           calling
           him
           Agamemnon
           ,
           and
           
             King
             of
             Kings
          
           ,
           render'd
           him
           very
           odious
           :
           And
           Favonius
           his
           unseasonable
           Raillery
           ,
           did
           him
           no
           less
           injury
           ,
           than
           those
           that
           took
           upon
           them
           a
           greater
           liberty
           of
           Speech
           ,
           when
           in
           Drollery
           he
           cry'd
           out
           ▪
           
           
             My
             Masters
             !
             you
             must
             not
             expect
             to
             gather
             any
             Figs
             in
          
           Tusculan
           
             this
             year
          
           .
           But
           
             Lucius
             Afranius
          
           (
           who
           had
           lain
           under
           an
           imputation
           of
           Treachery
           in
           Betraying
           the
           Army
           in
           Spain
           )
           when
           he
           perceiv'd
           that
           Pompey
           did
           industriously
           decline
           an
           Engagement
           ,
           declar'd
           openly
           ,
           
             That
             he
             could
             not
             but
             admire
             ,
             why
             those
             who
             were
             so
             ready
             to
             accuse
             him
             ,
             did
             not
             go
             themselves
             and
             fight
             that
             Merchant
             of
             their
             Provinces
             .
          
        
         
           With
           these
           and
           many
           such
           like
           Speeches
           they
           wrought
           upon
           Pompey
           ,
           (
           a
           Man
           of
           that
           Honour
           and
           Modesty
           ,
           that
           he
           could
           not
           bear
           a
           Reproach
           ,
           neither
           would
           he
           disoblige
           his
           Friends
           )
           and
           forc'd
           him
           to
           break
           his
           Measures
           ,
           so
           that
           he
           forsook
           his
           own
           prudent
           Resolution
           ,
           only
           to
           follow
           their
           vain
           Hopes
           and
           Desires
           :
           Now
           if
           such
           an
           unsteady
           Conduct
           is
           blameable
           in
           the
           Pilot
           of
           a
           Ship
           ,
           how
           much
           more
           in
           an
           Emperor
           ,
           or
           the
           Soveraign
           Commander
           of
           such
           an
           Army
           ,
           and
           so
           many
           Nations
           ;
           but
           he
           (
           though
           he
           has
           often
           commended
           those
           Physicians
           who
           did
           not
           comply
           with
           the
           humorous
           Appetites
           of
           their
           Patients
           ,
           yet
           )
           himself
           could
           not
           but
           yield
           to
           the
           Diseased
           part
           of
           his
           Army
           ,
           rather
           than
           he
           would
           use
           any
           severity
           in
           the
           Cure
           ;
           and
           indeed
           ,
           who
           would
           not
           judge
           it
           Insanity
           ,
           and
           want
           of
           a
           Cure
           in
           those
           Men
           ,
           who
           went
           up
           and
           down
           the
           Camp
           ,
           suing
           already
           for
           the
           
           Consulship
           and
           Office
           of
           a
           Praetor
           ?
           Nay
           ,
           
             Spinther
             ,
             Domitius
          
           ,
           and
           Scipio
           ,
           made
           Friends
           ,
           rais'd
           Factions
           ,
           and
           even
           quarrell'd
           among
           themselves
           ,
           who
           should
           succeed
           Caesar
           in
           the
           Dignity
           of
           his
           High-Priesthood
           ,
           esteeming
           all
           as
           lightly
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           were
           to
           engage
           only
           with
           Tigranes
           ,
           King
           of
           Armenia
           ,
           or
           some
           petty
           Na●athaean
           King
           ,
           not
           with
           that
           Caesar
           and
           his
           Army
           ,
           that
           had
           Storm'd
           a
           1000
           Towns
           ,
           and
           subdued
           more
           than
           300
           several
           Nations
           ;
           that
           had
           fought
           innumerable
           Battels
           with
           the
           Germans
           and
           Gauls
           ,
           and
           always
           carried
           the
           Victory
           ;
           that
           had
           taken
           a
           Million
           of
           Men
           Prisoners
           ,
           and
           Slain
           as
           many
           upon
           the
           Spot
           in
           pitcht
           Battels
           .
        
         
           But
           as
           soon
           as
           they
           came
           to
           the
           Fields
           
           of
           Pharsalia
           ,
           they
           grew
           very
           tumultuous
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           forced
           him
           by
           their
           Pressures
           and
           Importunities
           to
           call
           a
           Counsel
           of
           War
           ,
           where
           Labienus
           ,
           General
           of
           the
           Horse
           ,
           stood
           up
           ,
           and
           first
           took
           the
           Sacrament
           ,
           swearing
           ,
           
             That
             he
             would
             not
             return
             out
             of
             the
             Battel
             ,
             until
             he
             had
             seen
             the
             Backs
             if
             his
             Enemies
          
           ;
           and
           all
           the
           rest
           took
           the
           same
           Oath
           .
           That
           Night
           Pompey
           Dream'd
           ,
           That
           as
           he
           went
           into
           the
           Theater
           ,
           the
           People
           receiv'd
           him
           with
           great
           Applause
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           himself
           adorn'd
           the
           Temple
           of
           Venus
           ,
           the
           Conqueress
           ,
           with
           many
           Spoils
           :
           This
           Vision
           partly
           encourag'd
           ,
           and
           partly
           disheartned
           him
           ,
           ●●●●ing
           lest
           that
           Splendor
           and
           Ornament
           
           to
           Venus
           should
           be
           made
           with
           Spoils
           taken
           from
           himself
           by
           Caesar
           ,
           who
           deriv'd
           his
           Family
           from
           that
           Goddess
           ;
           besides
           ,
           there
           was
           a
           certain
           Panick
           Fear
           run
           through
           the
           Camp
           ,
           with
           such
           a
           Noise
           that
           it
           awak'd
           him
           out
           of
           his
           Sleep
           :
           And
           about
           the
           time
           of
           renewing
           the
           Watch
           towards
           Morning
           ,
           there
           appear'd
           a
           great
           Light
           over
           
           Caesar's
           Camp
           ,
           whilst
           they
           were
           all
           at
           rest
           ,
           and
           from
           thence
           a
           Ball
           of
           flaming
           Fire
           was
           carried
           into
           
           Pompey's
           Camp
           ,
           which
           Caesar
           himself
           said
           ,
           he
           saw
           as
           he
           was
           walking
           his
           Rounds
           .
        
         
           Now
           Caesar
           having
           designed
           to
           raise
           his
           Camp
           before
           break
           of
           day
           ,
           whilst
           the
           Soldiers
           were
           busie
           in
           pulling
           down
           their
           Tents
           ,
           and
           sending
           away
           their
           Cattle
           and
           Servants
           before
           them
           ,
           with
           all
           their
           Bag
           and
           Baggage
           ,
           there
           came
           in
           Scouts
           who
           brought
           word
           ,
           that
           they
           saw
           several
           Arms
           carried
           to
           and
           fro
           in
           the
           Enemies
           Camp
           ,
           and
           heard
           a
           noise
           and
           running
           up
           and
           down
           ,
           as
           of
           Men
           preparing
           for
           Battel
           :
           Not
           long
           after
           there
           came
           in
           other
           Scouts
           with
           farther
           Intelligence
           ,
           That
           the
           first
           Ranks
           were
           already
           set
           in
           Battel
           Array
           .
           Thereupon
           Caesar
           ,
           when
           he
           had
           told
           them
           ,
           
             That
             the
             wish'd
             for
             day
             was
             come
             at
             last
             ,
             wherein
             they
             should
             Fight
             with
             Men
             ,
             not
             with
             Hunger
             and
             Famine
             ,
          
           he
           presently
           gave
           Orders
           for
           the
           Red
           Colours
           to
           be
           set
           up
           before
           his
           Tent
           ,
           
           for
           that
           was
           usually
           the
           Signal
           of
           Battel
           among
           the
           Romans
           :
           As
           soon
           as
           the
           Soldiers
           saw
           that
           ,
           they
           left
           their
           Tents
           ,
           and
           with
           great
           Shouts
           of
           Joy
           ran
           to
           their
           Arms
           ;
           The
           Officers
           likewise
           on
           their
           parts
           drawing
           up
           their
           Squadrons
           in
           order
           of
           Battel
           ,
           every
           Man
           fell
           in●o
           his
           proper
           Rank
           without
           any
           trouble
           or
           noise
           ,
           as
           quietly
           and
           orderly
           as
           if
           they
           had
           been
           in
           a
           Dance
           :
           Pompey
           himself
           led
           up
           the
           right
           Wing
           of
           his
           Army
           against
           Anthony
           ,
           and
           appointed
           his
           Father-in-Law
           Scipio
           in
           the
           middle
           against
           
             Lucius
             Albinus
          
           .
           The
           Left
           Wing
           was
           Commanded
           by
           
             Lucius
             Domitius
          
           ,
           and
           re-enforced
           with
           several
           Regiments
           of
           Horse
           ;
           for
           the
           whole
           Cavalry
           almost
           was
           plac'd
           there
           to
           distress
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           cut
           off
           the
           Tenth
           Legion
           ,
           which
           was
           accounted
           the
           stoutest
           in
           all
           the
           Army
           ,
           and
           in
           which
           Caesar
           himself
           always
           fought
           in
           Person
           .
           Caesar
           observing
           the
           Left
           Wing
           of
           the
           Enemy
           to
           be
           lin'd
           and
           guarded
           with
           such
           a
           mighty
           guard
           of
           Horse
           ,
           and
           fearing
           the
           Gallantry
           of
           that
           Battalion
           ,
           he
           sent
           a
           Detachment
           of
           six
           Regiments
           out
           of
           the
           Forlorn
           ,
           and
           plac'd
           them
           in
           the
           Rear
           of
           the
           Tenth
           Legion
           ,
           commanding
           them
           not
           to
           stir
           ,
           lest
           they
           should
           be
           discovered
           by
           the
           Enemy
           ;
           but
           withal
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           the
           Enemies
           Horse
           had
           made
           a
           Charge
           ,
           and
           began
           to
           press
           upon
           them
           ,
           that
           they
           should
           make
           up
           with
           all
           speed
           to
           the
           Front
           through
           the
           
           foremost
           Ranks
           ,
           and
           not
           throw
           their
           Javelins
           at
           a
           distance
           ,
           (
           as
           't
           is
           usual
           among
           your
           valiant
           Warriers
           ,
           that
           they
           may
           come
           to
           a
           close
           Fight
           with
           their
           Swords
           the
           sooner
           )
           but
           that
           they
           should
           dart
           them
           upwards
           into
           the
           Eyes
           and
           Face
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ;
           telling
           them
           ,
           
             That
             those
             fine
             young
             Dancers
             would
             never
             endure
             the
             Steel
             shining
             in
             their
             Eyes
             ,
             but
             would
             fly
             to
             save
             their
             handsome
             Faces
             .
          
           This
           was
           
           Caesar's
           Device
           at
           that
           time
           :
           But
           while
           he
           was
           thus
           instructing
           his
           Soldiers
           ,
           Pompey
           on
           Horseback
           was
           viewing
           the
           Order
           of
           both
           Battalia's
           ;
           and
           when
           he
           saw
           how
           well
           the
           Enemy
           kept
           their
           Ranks
           ,
           expecting
           quietly
           the
           Signal
           of
           Battel
           ;
           and
           on
           the
           contrary
           ,
           how
           impatient
           and
           unsteady
           his
           own
           Men
           were
           ,
           waving
           up
           and
           down
           in
           great
           Disorder
           for
           want
           of
           Experience
           ,
           was
           very
           much
           afraid
           that
           their
           Ranks
           would
           be
           broken
           upon
           the
           first
           Onset
           ;
           and
           therefore
           he
           gave
           out
           strict
           Orders
           ,
           that
           the
           Vanguard
           should
           make
           a
           Stand
           ,
           and
           keeping
           close
           in
           their
           Ranks
           should
           receive
           the
           Enemies
           Charge
           .
           But
           Caesar
           did
           very
           much
           condemn
           his
           Judgement
           in
           this
           Stratagem
           ,
           for
           that
           by
           taking
           away
           the
           power
           of
           an
           Assault
           ,
           it
           does
           not
           only
           take
           off
           from
           the
           strength
           and
           force
           of
           a
           Blow
           ,
           which
           is
           otherwise
           made
           with
           a
           spring
           upon
           an
           Incursion
           ,
           but
           it
           does
           likewise
           abate
           and
           blunt
           the
           edge
           of
           that
           Spirit
           and
           Fury
           which
           the
           Assailants
           carry
           
           with
           them
           ,
           (
           and
           which
           is
           improv'd
           by
           Shouts
           and
           Running
           on
           )
           so
           that
           at
           last
           they
           become
           cold
           ,
           unactive
           ,
           and
           disheartned
           .
        
         
           
           Caesar's
           Army
           consisted
           of
           22000
           ,
           and
           
           Po●●●●'s
           of
           somewhat
           above
           twice
           as
           many
           :
           Now
           when
           the
           Signal
           of
           Battel
           was
           given
           on
           both
           sides
           ,
           and
           the
           Trumpets
           began
           to
           ●ound
           an
           Alarm
           ,
           the
           generality
           of
           those
           present
           minded
           their
           own
           Charge
           ,
           and
           the
           Matters
           that
           belong'd
           to
           themselves
           ;
           only
           some
           few
           of
           the
           Roman
           Nobility
           ,
           together
           with
           certain
           Grecians
           there
           present
           ,
           (
           as
           Spectators
           ,
           without
           the
           Battel
           ,
           seeing
           the
           Armies
           ready
           to
           join
           )
           could
           not
           but
           consider
           in
           themselves
           to
           what
           a
           pass
           the
           Ambition
           and
           Emulation
           of
           these
           two
           had
           brought
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           ;
           For
           the
           Weapons
           being
           of
           Kin
           ,
           and
           the
           Bands
           Brethren
           ,
           under
           the
           same
           common
           Banners
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           flower
           and
           strength
           of
           the
           same
           City
           ,
           clashing
           and
           falling
           foul
           upon
           one
           another
           even
           to
           the
           Destruction
           of
           both
           ,
           gave
           a
           clear
           Demonstration
           of
           human
           Nature
           ,
           how
           sensless
           and
           void
           of
           Reason
           it
           is
           when
           't
           is
           blinded
           with
           Passion
           :
           For
           if
           they
           had
           been
           desirous
           only
           to
           Rule
           ,
           and
           enjoy
           in
           Peace
           what
           they
           had
           Conquer'd
           in
           War
           ,
           the
           greatest
           and
           best
           part
           of
           the
           World
           was
           subject
           to
           them
           both
           by
           Sea
           and
           Land
           ;
           but
           if
           there
           was
           yet
           a
           thirst
           in
           their
           Ambition
           ,
           that
           must
           still
           be
           fed
           with
           new
           Trophies
           
           and
           Triumphs
           ;
           the
           Parthian
           and
           German
           Wars
           would
           yield
           Matter
           enough
           to
           satisfie
           the
           most
           Covetous
           of
           Honour
           :
           Nay
           ,
           Scythia
           was
           yet
           Unconquer'd
           ,
           and
           the
           Indians
           too
           ,
           where
           their
           Ambition
           might
           be
           colour'd
           over
           with
           the
           specious
           pretence
           of
           Civilizing
           those
           Barbarous
           Nations
           ;
           And
           what
           Scythian
           Horse
           ,
           Parthian
           Arrows
           ,
           and
           Indian
           Riches
           ,
           could
           be
           able
           to
           resist
           70000
           Roman
           Soldiers
           ,
           well
           appointed
           in
           Arms
           ,
           under
           the
           Command
           of
           two
           such
           Generals
           as
           Pompey
           and
           Caesar
           ?
           whose
           Names
           they
           had
           heard
           of
           before
           that
           of
           the
           Romans
           ;
           and
           whose
           Prowess
           ,
           by
           their
           Conquests
           of
           wild
           ,
           savage
           ,
           and
           bruitish
           Nations
           ,
           was
           spread
           farther
           than
           the
           Fame
           of
           the
           Romans
           themselves
           :
           But
           now
           they
           having
           laid
           aside
           the
           sence
           of
           their
           Honour
           ,
           and
           with
           that
           their
           Piety
           too
           ,
           not
           sparing
           their
           own
           Country
           ,
           were
           engag'd
           in
           a
           Civil
           War
           ,
           and
           dashing
           one
           another
           in
           pieces
           ,
           who
           had
           both
           been
           accounted
           invincible
           till
           that
           day
           ;
           And
           for
           the
           Alliance
           contracted
           betwixt
           them
           ,
           the
           Charms
           of
           Julia
           ,
           and
           that
           Marriage
           ,
           those
           were
           look'd
           upon
           as
           Tricks
           of
           State
           ,
           (
           only
           to
           palliate
           some
           sinister
           Design
           or
           Confederacy
           betwixt
           them
           )
           rather
           than
           Pledges
           of
           any
           real
           Friendship
           .
        
         
           Now
           therefore
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           the
           Plains
           of
           
           Pharsalia
           were
           covered
           with
           Men
           ,
           Horse
           ,
           and
           Armour
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           Signal
           of
           Battel
           
           was
           given
           on
           either
           side
           ,
           
             Caius
             Crastinus
          
           ,
           a
           Centurion
           ,
           (
           who
           Commanded
           a
           Troop
           consisting
           of
           120
           Men
           )
           was
           the
           first
           that
           advanc'd
           out
           of
           
           Caesar's
           Army
           ,
           to
           give
           the
           Charge
           ,
           and
           acquit
           himself
           of
           a
           solemn
           Engagement
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           made
           to
           Caesar
           :
           For
           Caesar
           as
           he
           was
           going
           out
           of
           his
           Tent
           in
           the
           Morning
           ,
           saw
           Crastinus
           ;
           where
           after
           some
           Discourse
           ,
           he
           ask'd
           ,
           
             What
             his
             Opinion
             was
             touching
             the
             event
             of
             that
             Battel
             ?
          
           To
           which
           he
           stretching
           out
           his
           Right
           Hand
           ,
           reply'd
           aloud
           ,
           
             Thine
             is
             the
             Victory
             ,
             oh
          
           Caesar
           ,
           
             Thou
             shalt
             Conquer
             gloriously
             ,
             and
             I
             my self
             this
             day
             will
             be
             the
             Subject
             of
             thy
             Praise
             ,
             either
             alive
             or
             dead
             :
          
           In
           pursuance
           of
           this
           Promise
           he
           broke
           out
           of
           his
           Rank
           ,
           and
           being
           follow'd
           by
           many
           more
           ,
           charg'd
           into
           the
           midst
           of
           his
           Enemies
           ;
           there
           they
           came
           presently
           to
           a
           close
           Fight
           with
           their
           Swords
           ,
           and
           made
           a
           great
           Slaughter
           :
           But
           as
           Crastinus
           was
           still
           pressing
           forward
           ,
           and
           breaking
           the
           Ranks
           of
           the
           Vanguard
           ,
           a
           certain
           Soldier
           ran
           him
           in
           at
           the
           Mouth
           ,
           so
           that
           the
           point
           of
           the
           Sword
           came
           out
           behind
           at
           his
           Neck
           ;
           wherefore
           Crastinus
           being
           thus
           slain
           ,
           the
           Fight
           became
           doubtfull
           ,
           and
           continued
           equal
           on
           that
           part
           of
           the
           Battel
           .
        
         
           Pompey
           had
           no●
           yet
           brought
           on
           the
           right
           Wing
           ,
           but
           staid
           and
           view'd
           about
           ,
           expecting
           what
           Execution
           his
           Cavalry
           would
           do
           in
           the
           Left
           ;
           now
           they
           had
           already
           drawn
           
           out
           their
           Squadrons
           in
           form
           ,
           designing
           to
           encompass
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           force
           those
           few
           Horse
           which
           he
           had
           plac'd
           in
           the
           Front
           ,
           to
           give
           back
           upon
           the
           Battalion
           of
           Foot
           :
           But
           Caesar
           ,
           on
           the
           other
           side
           having
           given
           the
           Signal
           ,
           his
           Horse
           retreated
           back
           a
           little
           ,
           and
           gave
           way
           to
           those
           Six
           Auxiliary
           Regiments
           ,
           (
           being
           3000
           in
           number
           )
           which
           had
           been
           posted
           in
           the
           Rear
           ,
           as
           an
           Ambush
           or
           Reserve
           ,
           to
           prevent
           encompassing
           ;
           these
           ran
           out
           ,
           and
           fiercely
           charg'd
           the
           Enemy
           upon
           the
           Flank
           ;
           but
           when
           they
           came
           up
           to
           the
           Horse
           ,
           there
           they
           darted
           their
           Javelins
           upwards
           ,
           according
           to
           their
           Instructions
           ,
           and
           hit
           the
           young
           Gentlemen
           in
           their
           Faces
           :
           Now
           these
           Gallants
           (
           as
           they
           were
           altogether
           unskilful
           in
           any
           manner
           of
           Fight
           ,
           so
           least
           of
           all
           expecting
           or
           understanding
           such
           a
           kind
           as
           this
           )
           had
           not
           Courage
           enough
           to
           endure
           the
           Blows
           upon
           their
           Faces
           ,
           but
           turning
           their
           Backs
           ,
           and
           covering
           their
           Eyes
           with
           their
           Hands
           ,
           were
           shamefully
           put
           to
           Flight
           ,
           
           Caesar's
           Men
           did
           not
           follow
           the
           Chace
           ,
           but
           turn'd
           their
           Forces
           back
           upon
           the
           Foot
           ,
           and
           attack'd
           them
           on
           all
           parts
           of
           that
           Wing
           which
           lay
           naked
           and
           unguarded
           by
           the
           Horse
           ,
           whereby
           they
           were
           presently
           surrounded
           and
           environ'd
           on
           every
           side
           ;
           so
           that
           now
           being
           attack'd
           in
           the
           Flank
           by
           these
           ,
           and
           charg'd
           in
           the
           Front
           by
           the
           10th
           Legion
           ,
           they
           were
           not
           able
           to
           abide
           the
           
           Charge
           ,
           or
           make
           any
           longer
           Resistance
           ,
           especially
           when
           they
           saw
           themselves
           out-witted
           in
           their
           own
           Stratagem
           ,
           and
           circumvented
           in
           that
           Ambush
           ,
           by
           which
           they
           design'd
           to
           have
           invested
           the
           Enemy
           :
           Thus
           these
           being
           likewise
           routed
           and
           put
           to
           flight
           ,
           when
           Pompey
           saw
           it
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           Dust
           flying
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           conjectur'd
           the
           same
           Fate
           of
           his
           Horse
           too
           ,
           it
           were
           very
           hard
           to
           express
           his
           thoughts
           at
           that
           time
           ,
           but
           he
           look'd
           more
           like
           one
           distracted
           and
           besides
           himself
           ,
           than
           one
           that
           should
           have
           call'd
           to
           mind
           that
           he
           was
           
             Pompey
             the
             Great
          
           ;
           and
           therefore
           he
           retired
           slowly
           towards
           his
           Camp
           ,
           without
           speaking
           a
           word
           to
           any
           Man
           ,
           behaving
           himself
           exactly
           according
           to
           the
           description
           in
           these
           Verses
           ,
        
         
           
             When
             Jove
             from
             Heav'n
             strook
             Ajax
             with
             a
             fear
             ,
          
           
             Ajax
             the
             bold
             ,
             he
             stood
             astonish'd
             there
             ,
          
           
             And
             trembling
             gaz'd
             about
             without
             a
             Shield
             or
             Spear
             .
          
        
         
           In
           this
           state
           and
           condition
           he
           went
           into
           his
           own
           Tent
           ,
           and
           sate
           him
           down
           speechless
           still
           ,
           until
           some
           of
           the
           Enemies
           fell
           in
           together
           with
           his
           Men
           that
           were
           flying
           into
           the
           Camp
           ,
           and
           then
           he
           let
           fall
           only
           this
           one
           word
           ,
           
             What
             ?
             into
             the
             very
             Camp
             ?
          
           and
           said
           no
           more
           ,
           but
           rose
           up
           ,
           and
           putting
           on
           a
           Garment
           suitable
           to
           his
           present
           Fortune
           ,
           departed
           secretly
           .
        
         
         
           By
           this
           time
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Army
           was
           put
           to
           flight
           ,
           and
           there
           was
           a
           great
           Slaughter
           in
           the
           Camp
           among
           the
           Servants
           ,
           and
           those
           that
           guarded
           the
           Tents
           ;
           but
           of
           the
           Soldiers
           themselves
           ,
           there
           were
           not
           above
           6000
           slain
           ,
           as
           't
           is
           reported
           by
           
             Asinius
             Pollio
          
           ,
           who
           was
           himself
           a
           Voluntier
           in
           this
           Fight
           of
           
           Caesar's
           Party
           .
           When
           
           Caesar's
           Soldiers
           had
           taken
           the
           Camp
           ,
           they
           saw
           clearly
           the
           Folly
           and
           Vanity
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ;
           for
           all
           their
           Tents
           and
           Pavilions
           were
           richly
           adorn'd
           with
           Garlands
           of
           Myrtle
           ,
           painted
           Carpets
           and
           Hangings
           ,
           their
           Couches
           strow'd
           with
           Flowers
           ,
           and
           their
           Tables
           set
           full
           of
           Bowls
           and
           Glasses
           ,
           and
           those
           even
           crown'd
           with
           Wine
           ;
           nay
           ,
           their
           foolish
           hopes
           had
           puff'd
           them
           up
           with
           such
           vain
           Confidence
           ,
           that
           their
           whole
           Preparation
           and
           Furniture
           was
           of
           People
           going
           to
           Feast
           and
           Sacrifice
           ,
           rather
           than
           of
           Men
           well-arm'd
           and
           appointed
           for
           the
           Battel
           .
        
         
           When
           Pompey
           had
           got
           a
           little
           way
           from
           the
           Camp
           ,
           he
           dismounted
           and
           forsook
           his
           Horse
           ,
           having
           but
           a
           small
           Retinue
           with
           him
           ,
           and
           finding
           that
           no
           Man
           pursu'd
           him
           ,
           walk'd
           on
           softly
           a
           foot
           ,
           taken
           up
           altogether
           with
           thoughts
           ,
           such
           as
           probably
           might
           possess
           any
           Man
           of
           his
           Quality
           and
           Circumstances
           ,
           a
           Man
           that
           for
           the
           space
           of
           34
           Years
           together
           ,
           had
           been
           accustomed
           to
           Conquest
           and
           Victory
           ,
           and
           was
           then
           at
           
           last
           in
           his
           old
           Age
           beginning
           to
           know
           the
           Calamities
           of
           War
           in
           Slaughter
           and
           Flight
           :
           And
           it
           was
           no
           small
           Affliction
           to
           consider
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           lost
           in
           one
           hour
           all
           that
           Glory
           and
           Power
           which
           he
           had
           been
           getting
           in
           so
           many
           Wars
           and
           bloody
           Battels
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           ,
           who
           but
           a
           little
           before
           was
           guarded
           with
           such
           an
           Army
           of
           Foot
           ,
           so
           many
           Regiments
           of
           Horse
           ,
           and
           such
           a
           mighty
           Fleet
           ,
           was
           now
           flying
           in
           so
           mean
           a
           condition
           ,
           and
           with
           such
           a
           slender
           Retinue
           ,
           that
           his
           very
           Enemies
           who
           sought
           him
           could
           not
           know
           him
           .
           Thus
           when
           he
           had
           passed
           by
           the
           City
           of
           Larissa
           ,
           and
           came
           into
           the
           Fields
           of
           Tempe
           ,
           he
           being
           very
           thirsty
           ,
           kneel'd
           down
           and
           drank
           out
           of
           the
           River
           ;
           then
           rising
           up
           again
           ,
           he
           passed
           through
           those
           Valleys
           ,
           until
           he
           came
           to
           the
           Sea-side
           ,
           and
           there
           he
           betook
           himself
           to
           a
           poor
           Fisherman's
           Cottage
           ,
           where
           he
           lodg'd
           all
           the
           remainder
           of
           the
           Night
           :
           The
           next
           Morning
           about
           break
           of
           day
           he
           went
           into
           a
           little
           Boat
           upon
           the
           River
           ,
           and
           taking
           his
           Freemen
           along
           with
           him
           ,
           dismissed
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Servants
           ,
           advising
           them
           to
           go
           boldly
           to
           Caesar
           and
           not
           be
           afraid
           :
           As
           he
           was
           rowing
           up
           and
           down
           near
           the
           Shore
           ,
           he
           chanc'd
           to
           spy
           a
           great
           Ship
           of
           Burthen
           riding
           at
           Anchor
           ,
           and
           just
           ready
           to
           set
           Sail
           ;
           the
           Master
           whereof
           was
           call'd
           by
           the
           Name
           of
           Petitius
           ,
           a
           Roman
           Citizen
           ,
           who
           ,
           though
           he
           was
           not
           
           familiary
           acquainted
           with
           Pompey
           ,
           yet
           he
           knew
           him
           very
           well
           by
           sight
           :
           Now
           it
           happened
           that
           this
           Petitius
           dream'd
           the
           Night
           before
           that
           he
           saw
           Pompey
           ,
           not
           like
           the
           Man
           he
           had
           often
           seen
           him
           ,
           but
           in
           a
           despicable
           condition
           ,
           and
           disconsolate
           ,
           and
           in
           that
           posture
           was
           discoursing
           with
           him
           :
           He
           was
           then
           telling
           his
           Dream
           to
           the
           Passengers
           ,
           (
           as
           Men
           commonly
           do
           that
           are
           at
           leisure
           ,
           and
           especially
           Dreams
           of
           that
           consequence
           )
           when
           of
           a
           sudden
           one
           of
           the
           Mariners
           told
           him
           ,
           he
           saw
           a
           little
           Boat
           with
           Oars
           putting
           off
           from
           Shore
           ,
           and
           that
           some
           of
           the
           Men
           there
           shook
           their
           Garments
           ,
           and
           held
           out
           their
           Hands
           ,
           with
           Signs
           to
           take
           them
           in
           :
           Thereupon
           Petitius
           standing
           up
           ,
           knew
           him
           immediately
           ,
           seeing
           him
           in
           the
           same
           disguise
           as
           he
           appear'd
           in
           his
           Dream
           ,
           and
           smiting
           his
           Hand
           on
           his
           Head
           ,
           order'd
           the
           Mariners
           to
           let
           down
           the
           Ships
           Boat
           ,
           he
           himself
           lending
           his
           Hand
           ,
           and
           calling
           him
           by
           the
           Name
           of
           Pompey
           ;
           in
           that
           he
           was
           already
           assur'd
           of
           his
           Change
           ,
           and
           the
           change
           of
           his
           Fortune
           ,
           by
           that
           of
           his
           Garb
           :
           So
           that
           without
           any
           farther
           Entreaty
           or
           Discourse
           ,
           he
           took
           him
           into
           his
           Ship
           ,
           together
           with
           such
           of
           his
           Company
           as
           he
           thought
           fit
           ,
           and
           hois'd
           Sail
           :
           There
           were
           with
           him
           ,
           the
           two
           Len●uli
           and
           Favonius
           ;
           and
           a
           little
           after
           they
           spy'd
           King
           Deiotarus
           making
           up
           towards
           them
           from
           a-shore
           ,
           so
           they
           stayed
           
           and
           took
           him
           in
           along
           with
           them
           :
           At
           Supper
           time
           ,
           the
           Master
           of
           the
           Ship
           having
           made
           ready
           ▪
           such
           Provisions
           as
           he
           had
           aboard
           ,
           Pompey
           ,
           for
           want
           of
           his
           Servants
           ▪
           began
           to
           wash
           himself
           ,
           which
           when
           Favonius
           perceiv'd
           ,
           he
           ran
           to
           him
           ,
           wash'd
           and
           anointed
           him
           ;
           and
           always
           after
           continu'd
           to
           wait
           upon
           ,
           and
           attend
           him
           in
           all
           things
           ,
           as
           Servants
           do
           their
           Masters
           ,
           even
           to
           the
           washing
           of
           his
           Feet
           ,
           and
           providing
           of
           his
           Supper
           .
           Insomuch
           that
           one
           there
           present
           ,
           observing
           that
           free
           and
           unaffected
           Courtesie
           in
           his
           Services
           ,
           broke
           out
           into
           these
           words
           ,
        
         
           
             Lord
             !
             in
             the
             noble
             and
             the
             fair
             ,
          
           
             How
             graceful
             all
             things
             do
             appear
             !
          
        
         
           Pompey
           sailing
           by
           the
           City
           of
           Amphipolis
           ,
           coasted
           over
           from
           thence
           to
           Mitylene
           ,
           with
           a
           design
           to
           take
           in
           Cornelia
           and
           his
           Son
           ;
           as
           
           soon
           as
           he
           arriv'd
           at
           the
           Port
           in
           that
           Island
           ,
           he
           dispatch'd
           a
           Messenger
           into
           the
           City
           ,
           with
           News
           very
           different
           from
           
           Cornelia's
           Expectation
           ;
           for
           she
           ,
           by
           all
           the
           former
           Messengers
           and
           Letters
           sent
           to
           please
           her
           ,
           had
           been
           put
           in
           hopes
           that
           the
           War
           was
           ended
           at
           Dyrrachium
           ,
           and
           that
           there
           was
           nothing
           more
           remaining
           for
           Pompey
           ,
           but
           the
           Chace
           of
           Caesar
           :
           The
           Messenger
           finding
           her
           in
           the
           same
           Hopes
           still
           ,
           was
           not
           
           able
           to
           salute
           or
           speak
           to
           her
           ,
           but
           declaring
           the
           greatness
           of
           her
           Misfortune
           by
           his
           Tears
           rather
           than
           by
           his
           words
           ,
           desir'd
           her
           to
           make
           haste
           if
           she
           would
           see
           Pompey
           ,
           with
           one
           Ship
           only
           ,
           and
           that
           none
           of
           his
           own
           :
           The
           young
           Lady
           hearing
           this
           ,
           fell
           down
           all
           along
           in
           a
           Swoon
           ,
           and
           continu'd
           so
           a
           long
           time
           sensless
           and
           speechless
           ;
           she
           was
           scarce
           well
           recover'd
           of
           her
           Senses
           again
           ,
           but
           being
           conscious
           to
           her self
           that
           this
           was
           no
           time
           for
           Lamentation
           and
           Tears
           she
           started
           up
           and
           ran
           through
           the
           City
           towards
           the
           Sea-side
           ,
           where
           Pompey
           meeting
           and
           embracing
           her
           in
           his
           Arms
           ,
           (
           as
           she
           was
           just
           fainting
           away
           and
           falling
           into
           a
           Swoon
           )
           she
           vented
           her
           passion
           in
           this
           manner
           :
           
             This
             is
             the
             effect
             of
             my
             Fortune
             ,
             dear
             Sir
             ,
             not
             of
             yours
             ,
             that
             I
             see
             you
             thus
             dejected
             and
             reduced
             to
             one
             poor
             Vessel
             ,
             who
             ,
             before
             your
             Marriage
             with
             the
             unfortunate
          
           Cornelia
           ,
           
             was
             wont
             to
             ride
             Admiral
             of
             these
             Seas
             ,
             with
             a
             Fleet
             of
             500
             Sail
             ;
             why
             therefore
             should
             you
             come
             to
             see
             me
             ,
             or
             why
             not
             rather
             have
             left
             her
             to
             a
             severer
             Fate
             ,
             who
             has
             been
             the
             Cause
             and
             Author
             of
             all
             your
             Misfortunes
             ?
             How
             happy
             a
             Woman
             had
             I
             been
             ,
             if
             I
             had
             breath'd
             out
             my
             last
             before
             that
             fatal
             News
             from
          
           Parthia
           ,
           
             of
             the
             Death
             of
          
           Publius
           ,
           
             to
             whom
             I
             was
             wedded
             in
             my
             Virginity
             ?
             and
             how
             prudent
             ,
             if
             I
             had
             follow'd
             his
             Destiny
             ,
             as
             I
             design'd
             ?
             But
             I
             was
             reserv'd
             for
             a
             greater
             Mischief
             ,
             even
             the
             ruine
             of
          
           Pompey
           the
           Great
           .
           
           Thus
           ,
           they
           say
           ,
           Cornelia
           spoke
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           this
           was
           
           Pompey's
           Reply
           :
           Dear
           Cornelia
           ,
           
             Thou
             hast
             hitherto
             known
             only
             one
             kind
             Fortune
             ,
             which
             perhaps
             has
             deceiv'd
             thee
             in
             this
             ,
             that
             she
             has
             been
             constant
             to
             me
             beyond
             her
             usual
             Custom
             ;
             but
             it
             behoves
             us
             ▪
             who
             are
             Mortals
             born
             ,
             to
             bear
             with
             these
             Afflictions
             ,
             and
             try
             our
             Fortune
             once
             again
             ;
             neither
             ought
             we
             to
             despond
             ,
             and
             rest
             hopeless
             ,
             for
             that
             't
             is
             as
             possible
             to
             retrieve
             our
             former
             Happiness
             from
             this
             unlucky
             state
             ,
             as
             it
             was
             to
             fall
             from
             that
             ,
             into
             this
             present
             Calamity
             .
          
           Thereupon
           she
           sent
           for
           her
           Goods
           and
           Servants
           out
           of
           the
           City
           ;
           the
           Citizens
           also
           of
           Mitylene
           came
           out
           to
           salute
           and
           invite
           Pompey
           into
           the
           City
           ;
           but
           he
           refused
           ,
           advising
           them
           to
           be
           obedient
           to
           the
           Conqueror
           ,
           and
           fear
           not
           ,
           for
           that
           Caesar
           was
           a
           Man
           of
           great
           Goodness
           and
           Clemency
           :
           Then
           turning
           to
           Cratippus
           the
           Philosopher
           ,
           (
           who
           came
           among
           the
           rest
           out
           of
           the
           City
           to
           visit
           him
           )
           he
           began
           to
           repine
           ,
           and
           argue
           somewhat
           with
           him
           touching
           the
           Dispensations
           of
           Providence
           ;
           but
           Cratippus
           very
           modestly
           declin'd
           the
           Dispute
           ,
           putting
           him
           in
           better
           Hopes
           only
           ,
           lest
           by
           opposing
           ,
           he
           might
           seem
           too
           sharp
           or
           unseasonable
           :
           For
           when
           Pompey
           had
           put
           him
           a
           certain
           Question
           touching
           Providence
           ,
           and
           demonstrated
           how
           necessary
           it
           was
           ,
           that
           the
           Commonwealth
           should
           be
           turn'd
           into
           a
           Monarchy
           ,
           because
           of
           their
           ill
           Government
           
           in
           the
           State
           ;
           he
           return'd
           the
           Question
           ,
           
             But
             how
             ,
             oh
          
           Pompey
           !
           
             and
             by
             what
             token
             or
             assurance
             may
             we
             be
             induc'd
             to
             believe
             ,
             that
             if
             the
             Victory
             had
             been
             thine
             ,
             thou
             wouldst
             have
             us'd
             thy
             Fortune
             better
             than
          
           Caesar
           ?
           But
           Providence
           is
           a
           point
           of
           Divinity
           belonging
           to
           the
           Gods
           ,
           and
           ought
           to
           be
           let
           alone
           to
           act
           after
           its
           own
           method
           .
        
         
           Thus
           Pompey
           having
           taken
           his
           Wife
           and
           
           Friends
           aboard
           ,
           set
           Sail
           ,
           making
           no
           Port
           ,
           nor
           touching
           any
           where
           ,
           but
           when
           he
           was
           necessitated
           to
           take
           in
           Provisions
           ,
           or
           fresh
           Water
           :
           The
           first
           Place
           he
           arriv'd
           at
           was
           Attalia
           ,
           a
           City
           in
           Pamphylia
           ,
           and
           whilst
           he
           was
           there
           ,
           there
           came
           some
           Gallies
           thither
           to
           him
           out
           of
           Cilicia
           ,
           together
           with
           a
           few
           Bands
           of
           Soldiers
           ,
           and
           there
           he
           had
           almost
           60
           Senators
           with
           him
           again
           :
           Then
           hearing
           that
           his
           Navy
           was
           safe
           too
           ,
           and
           that
           Cato
           had
           rallied
           a
           considerable
           Body
           of
           Soldiers
           after
           their
           Overthrow
           ,
           and
           pass'd
           with
           them
           over
           into
           Africa
           ,
           he
           began
           to
           complain
           and
           blame
           himself
           and
           his
           Friends
           too
           ,
           in
           that
           they
           had
           forc'd
           him
           to
           engage
           by
           Land
           ,
           without
           making
           use
           of
           his
           other
           Forces
           ,
           (
           in
           which
           he
           was
           undoubtedly
           the
           stronger
           )
           and
           had
           not
           kept
           near
           enough
           to
           his
           Fleet
           ,
           that
           failing
           by
           Land
           ,
           he
           might
           have
           reinforced
           his
           Troops
           from
           the
           Sea
           ,
           and
           presently
           drawn
           out
           a
           Power
           equal
           and
           able
           enough
           to
           encounter
           the
           Enemy
           ;
           so
           that
           
           in
           truth
           ,
           neither
           did
           Pompey
           during
           all
           the
           War
           commit
           a
           greater
           Oversight
           ,
           nor
           Caesar
           use
           a
           more
           subtil
           Stratagem
           ,
           than
           by
           drawing
           the
           Fight
           so
           far
           off
           from
           their
           Naval
           Forces
           .
        
         
           Now
           Pompey
           being
           at
           present
           constrain'd
           to
           attempt
           and
           act
           somewhat
           according
           to
           his
           small
           Ability
           ,
           he
           dispatch'd
           his
           Agents
           as
           Ambassadors
           to
           some
           of
           the
           neighbouring
           Cities
           ,
           and
           himself
           sail'd
           about
           in
           Person
           to
           others
           ,
           requiring
           their
           Aid
           in
           Money
           and
           Soldiers
           to
           Victual
           and
           Man
           out
           his
           Ships
           ;
           however
           ,
           fearing
           lest
           the
           sudden
           Approach
           of
           the
           Enemy
           might
           prevent
           his
           Preparations
           ,
           he
           began
           to
           consider
           what
           Place
           would
           yield
           him
           the
           safest
           Refuge
           and
           Retreat
           at
           present
           :
           Thereupon
           a
           Consult
           being
           held
           ,
           it
           was
           generally
           agreed
           upon
           ,
           That
           no
           Province
           of
           the
           Romans
           was
           secure
           enough
           ;
           and
           touching
           Foreign
           Kingdoms
           ,
           he
           himself
           was
           of
           opinion
           ,
           That
           Parthia
           must
           needs
           be
           the
           fittest
           both
           to
           receive
           and
           defend
           them
           in
           their
           present
           Distress
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           to
           aid
           and
           furnish
           them
           with
           the
           greatest
           Forces
           :
           Others
           of
           the
           Council
           were
           for
           going
           into
           Africa
           ,
           and
           to
           King
           Juba
           ;
           but
           Theophanes
           ,
           the
           Lesbian
           ,
           thought
           it
           madness
           to
           leave
           Aegypt
           (
           that
           was
           but
           a
           Voyage
           of
           three
           days
           Sailing
           )
           and
           forsake
           Ptolomy
           (
           who
           was
           just
           come
           of
           Age
           ,
           and
           highly
           oblig'd
           to
           him
           for
           that
           
           Friendship
           and
           Favour
           which
           he
           had
           lately
           shewn
           to
           his
           Father
           )
           only
           to
           put
           himself
           under
           the
           Parthian
           ,
           and
           trust
           the
           most
           Treacherous
           Nation
           in
           the
           World
           :
           Or
           what
           is
           worse
           ,
           to
           subject
           himself
           to
           the
           Tyranny
           of
           Arsaces
           the
           King
           of
           Parthia
           ,
           and
           make
           him
           his
           Lord
           (
           a
           Power
           which
           he
           was
           not
           able
           to
           compass
           in
           the
           Life-time
           of
           Crassus
           )
           rather
           than
           try
           the
           Clemency
           of
           a
           Generous
           Roman
           ,
           and
           one
           that
           had
           been
           his
           Father-in-Law
           ,
           to
           whom
           ,
           if
           he
           would
           but
           yield
           to
           be
           Second
           ,
           he
           might
           assure
           himself
           to
           be
           the
           first
           and
           chief
           over
           all
           the
           rest
           :
           Besides
           ,
           he
           thought
           it
           would
           be
           great
           Cruelty
           to
           expose
           a
           young
           Lady
           ,
           descended
           from
           the
           Noble
           Family
           of
           the
           
           Scipio's
           ,
           among
           such
           a
           barbarous
           People
           ,
           who
           govern
           by
           their
           Lusts
           ,
           and
           measure
           their
           Greatness
           by
           their
           Power
           ,
           to
           commit
           Affronts
           and
           Insolencies
           ;
           from
           whom
           ,
           though
           she
           suffer
           no
           Dishonour
           ,
           yet
           it
           would
           be
           thought
           she
           did
           ,
           being
           in
           the
           Hands
           of
           those
           who
           had
           the
           power
           to
           do
           it
           :
           This
           Argument
           alone
           ,
           they
           say
           ,
           was
           so
           perswasive
           ,
           as
           to
           divert
           his
           Course
           ,
           that
           was
           design'd
           towards
           Euphrates
           ,
           if
           it
           were
           so
           indeed
           that
           any
           Counsel
           of
           
           Pompey's
           ,
           and
           not
           his
           own
           Fate
           ,
           made
           him
           take
           this
           other
           way
           .
           As
           soon
           therefore
           as
           't
           was
           resolv'd
           upon
           ,
           that
           he
           should
           fly
           into
           Aegypt
           ,
           he
           setting
           Sail
           from
           Cyprus
           ,
           in
           a
           Galley
           of
           Seleucia
           ,
           together
           with
           Cornelia
           ,
           
           (
           and
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Company
           ,
           some
           in
           Long-Boats
           ,
           and
           others
           in
           Ships
           of
           Burthen
           sailing
           by
           )
           pass'd
           over
           the
           Sea
           without
           danger
           .
           But
           when
           he
           understood
           that
           King
           Ptolomy
           was
           sate
           down
           with
           his
           Army
           in
           the
           City
           of
           Pelusium
           ,
           making
           War
           against
           his
           Sister
           ,
           he
           steer'd
           his
           Course
           that
           way
           ,
           and
           sent
           a
           Messenger
           before
           to
           acquaint
           the
           King
           with
           his
           Arrival
           ,
           and
           humbly
           crave
           his
           Protection
           :
           Ptolomy
           himself
           was
           a
           very
           young
           Man
           ;
           and
           therefore
           Pothinus
           ,
           the
           principal
           Minister
           of
           State
           ,
           (
           having
           the
           sole
           Administration
           of
           all
           Affairs
           in
           the
           Government
           ▪
           )
           call'd
           a
           Council
           of
           the
           chiefest
           Men
           at
           Court
           (
           those
           being
           the
           greatest
           whom
           he
           pleas'd
           to
           make
           so
           )
           and
           commanded
           them
           every
           Man
           to
           deliver
           his
           Opinion
           touching
           the
           Reception
           of
           Pompey
           :
           Now
           ,
           't
           was
           a
           horrid
           thing
           to
           consider
           ,
           That
           the
           Fate
           of
           Pompey
           the
           Great
           should
           be
           determin'd
           by
           such
           a
           Crew
           ,
           as
           Pothinus
           an
           Eunuch
           ,
           Theodotus
           of
           Chios
           ,
           a
           mercenary
           Rhetorician
           ,
           that
           taught
           Oratory
           ,
           as
           a
           Schoolmaster
           ,
           for
           Reward
           ,
           and
           Achillas
           an
           Aegyptian
           ;
           for
           these
           ,
           with
           others
           of
           his
           Bed-Chamber
           ,
           and
           some
           of
           those
           who
           had
           a
           share
           in
           his
           Education
           ,
           were
           the
           chief
           and
           leading
           Men
           in
           the
           Council
           ;
           Pompey
           (
           who
           thought
           it
           dishonourable
           to
           owe
           his
           Safety
           to
           
             Caesar
             ▪
          
           )
           riding
           at
           Anchor
           a
           great
           way
           distant
           from
           Shore
           ,
           was
           forc'd
           to
           wait
           
           the
           Result
           of
           this
           honourable
           Council
           :
           It
           seems
           they
           were
           different
           in
           their
           Opinions
           ▪
           Some
           were
           for
           sending
           the
           Man
           away
           ,
           and
           others
           again
           for
           calling
           and
           receiving
           him
           ;
           but
           Theodotus
           ,
           to
           shew
           the
           power
           of
           his
           Eloquence
           and
           Rhetorick
           ,
           undertook
           to
           demonstrate
           ,
           That
           neither
           the
           one
           nor
           the
           other
           was
           safe
           in
           that
           Juncture
           of
           Affairs
           ;
           for
           if
           they
           entertain'd
           him
           ,
           they
           would
           be
           sure
           to
           make
           Caesar
           their
           Enemy
           ,
           and
           Pompey
           their
           Master
           ;
           Or
           if
           they
           dismiss'd
           him
           ,
           they
           might
           render
           themselves
           hereafter
           obnoxious
           to
           Pompey
           for
           that
           inhospitable
           Expulsion
           ,
           and
           to
           Caesar
           ,
           for
           the
           Escape
           ;
           so
           that
           the
           most
           expedient
           Advice
           would
           be
           to
           send
           and
           take
           away
           his
           Life
           ,
           for
           by
           that
           means
           they
           would
           ingratiate
           themselves
           with
           the
           one
           ,
           and
           have
           no
           reason
           to
           fear
           the
           other
           ;
           adding
           ,
           as
           't
           is
           reported
           ,
           with
           a
           Smile
           ,
           
             That
             a
             dead
             Man
             cannot
             bite
             .
          
           This
           Advice
           being
           approv'd
           of
           ,
           they
           committed
           the
           execution
           of
           it
           to
           Achillas
           :
           He
           therefore
           taking
           with
           him
           as
           his
           Accomplices
           ,
           one
           Septimius
           ,
           a
           Man
           that
           had
           formerly
           commanded
           a
           Brigade
           under
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           Salvius
           ,
           another
           Centurion
           ,
           with
           three
           or
           four
           Officers
           more
           ,
           made
           up
           towards
           
           Pompey's
           Galley
           ;
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           ,
           all
           the
           chiefest
           of
           those
           who
           accompanied
           Pompey
           in
           this
           Voyage
           ,
           were
           come
           into
           his
           Ship
           to
           see
           the
           event
           of
           their
           Embassie
           :
           But
           when
           
           they
           saw
           the
           manner
           of
           their
           Reception
           ,
           that
           in
           appearance
           it
           was
           neither
           Princely
           ,
           nor
           Honourable
           ,
           nor
           indeed
           any
           ways
           answerable
           to
           the
           Hopes
           of
           Theophanes
           ,
           or
           their
           Expectation
           (
           for
           there
           came
           but
           a
           few
           Men
           in
           a
           Fisherman's
           Boat
           to
           meet
           them
           )
           they
           began
           to
           suspect
           the
           meaness
           of
           their
           Entertainment
           ,
           and
           gave
           warning
           to
           Pompey
           that
           he
           should
           turn
           back
           ,
           whilst
           he
           was
           out
           of
           their
           reach
           ,
           and
           launch
           out
           into
           the
           main
           Sea
           :
           By
           this
           time
           the
           Aegyptian
           Boat
           drew
           near
           ,
           and
           Septimius
           standing
           up
           first
           ,
           saluted
           Pompey
           in
           the
           Latin
           Tongue
           ,
           by
           the
           Title
           of
           Imperator
           ,
           or
           General
           :
           Then
           Achillas
           saluting
           him
           in
           the
           Greek
           Language
           ,
           desir'd
           him
           to
           come
           aboard
           his
           Vessel
           ,
           telling
           him
           ,
           That
           the
           Sea
           was
           very
           shallow
           towards
           the
           Shore
           ,
           and
           that
           a
           Galley
           of
           that
           Burthen
           could
           not
           avoid
           striking
           upon
           some
           Shelve
           or
           Quick-sand
           :
           At
           the
           same
           time
           they
           saw
           several
           of
           the
           King's
           Galleys
           well
           mann'd
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           Shore
           cover'd
           with
           Soldiers
           ;
           so
           that
           if
           they
           had
           chang'd
           their
           Minds
           ,
           it
           seem'd
           impossible
           for
           them
           to
           escape
           ;
           and
           besides
           ,
           their
           Distrust
           would
           have
           giv'n
           the
           Assassinates
           a
           colourable
           pretence
           for
           their
           Cruelty
           .
           Pompey
           therefore
           taking
           his
           leave
           of
           Cornelia
           ,
           who
           lamented
           his
           Death
           before-hand
           ,
           bid
           two
           Centurions
           ,
           (
           Philip
           ,
           one
           of
           his
           Free-men
           ,
           and
           a
           Slave
           call'd
           S●yn●s
           )
           go
           aboard
           of
           the
           
           Aegyptian's
           
           Boat
           before
           him
           ;
           and
           as
           some
           of
           the
           Ships
           Crew
           belonging
           to
           Achillas
           ,
           were
           reaching
           out
           their
           Hands
           to
           help
           him
           ,
           he
           turn'd
           about
           towards
           his
           Wife
           and
           Son
           ,
           and
           repeated
           those
           Iambicks
           of
           Sophocles
           .
        
         
           
             He
             that
             once
             falls
             into
             a
             Tyrants
             Power
             ,
          
           
             Becomes
             a
             Slave
             ,
             though
             he
             were
             Free
             before
             .
          
        
         
           These
           were
           the
           last
           words
           he
           spoke
           to
           his
           Friends
           ,
           and
           so
           he
           went
           aboard
           .
           When
           Pompey
           perceiv'd
           that
           ,
           (
           notwithstanding
           there
           was
           a
           considerable
           distance
           betwixt
           his
           Galley
           and
           the
           Shore
           ,
           and
           yet
           none
           of
           the
           Ships
           Company
           had
           spoke
           a
           kind
           word
           to
           him
           all
           the
           way
           ,
           he
           look'd
           earnestly
           upon
           Septimius
           ,
           and
           spoke
           to
           him
           ,
           
             Methinks
             I
             should
             know
             thee
             ,
             Friend
             ,
             have
             not
             we
             been
             formerly
             Fellow-Soldiers
             ,
             and
             serv'd
             together
             in
             the
             Wars
             ?
          
           But
           he
           only
           nodded
           with
           his
           Head
           ,
           making
           no
           Reply
           at
           all
           ,
           nor
           shewing
           any
           other
           manner
           of
           Civility
           :
           Since
           therefore
           they
           continu'd
           silent
           ,
           Pompey
           took
           a
           little
           Book
           in
           his
           Hand
           (
           wherein
           was
           written
           a
           Greek
           Oration
           ,
           which
           he
           intended
           for
           King
           Ptolomy
           )
           and
           began
           to
           read
           it
           ;
           Afterwards
           ,
           when
           they
           drew
           near
           to
           the
           Shore
           ,
           Cornelia
           ,
           (
           together
           with
           the
           rest
           of
           her
           Friends
           in
           the
           Galley
           ,
           was
           very
           impatient
           to
           see
           the
           Event
           ,
           and
           began
           to
           take
           Courage
           at
           last
           ,
           when
           she
           saw
           several
           of
           
           the
           Court
           coming
           to
           meet
           him
           ,
           imagining
           that
           it
           might
           be
           for
           a
           more
           honourable
           Reception
           ;
           but
           ,
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           ,
           as
           Pompey
           took
           Philip
           by
           the
           hand
           ,
           to
           rise
           up
           more
           easily
           ,
           Septimius
           came
           first
           of
           all
           behind
           
           with
           his
           Sword
           ,
           and
           run
           him
           thorow
           ;
           next
           after
           him
           likewise
           Salvius
           and
           Achillas
           drew
           out
           their
           Swords
           .
           Wherefore
           Pompey
           taking
           up
           his
           Gown
           with
           both
           Hands
           ,
           hid
           his
           Face
           ,
           and
           neither
           saying
           nor
           doing
           any
           thing
           unworthy
           of
           himself
           (
           only
           groaning
           a
           little
           )
           manfully
           endur'd
           the
           Wounds
           they
           gave
           him
           ;
           and
           so
           ended
           his
           Life
           in
           the
           59th
           Year
           of
           his
           Age
           ,
           the
           very
           next
           day
           after
           the
           day
           of
           his
           Birth
           .
           Cornelia
           ,
           with
           her
           Company
           from
           the
           Gallies
           ,
           seeing
           him
           Murder'd
           ,
           gave
           such
           a
           Shriek
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           heard
           to
           the
           Shore
           ,
           and
           weighing
           Anchor
           with
           all
           speed
           ,
           they
           hoisted
           Sail
           ,
           and
           fled
           :
           The
           Wind
           serv'd
           them
           favourably
           from
           ashore
           ,
           and
           assisted
           their
           Flight
           with
           a
           brisk
           Gale
           ,
           whereby
           they
           presently
           got
           the
           main
           Sea
           ,
           so
           that
           the
           Aegyptians
           failing
           of
           their
           aim
           ,
           desisted
           from
           pursuing
           them
           .
           But
           they
           cut
           off
           
           Pompey's
           Head
           ,
           and
           threw
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Body
           over-board
           ,
           leaving
           it
           naked
           upon
           the
           Shore
           ,
           to
           be
           view'd
           by
           any
           that
           had
           the
           curiosity
           to
           see
           such
           a
           miserable
           Spectacle
           :
           Philip
           stay'd
           by
           and
           watch'd
           his
           Corps
           ,
           till
           they
           had
           glutted
           their
           Eyes
           in
           viewing
           it
           ,
           and
           then
           washing
           it
           with
           Sea-water
           ,
           
           and
           having
           nothing
           else
           ,
           he
           wrapt
           it
           up
           in
           one
           of
           his
           own
           Shirts
           for
           a
           Winding-sheet
           ;
           then
           seeking
           up
           and
           down
           about
           the
           Sands
           ,
           at
           last
           he
           found
           some
           rotten
           Planks
           of
           a
           little
           Fisher-Boat
           ,
           not
           much
           ,
           but
           yet
           enough
           to
           make
           up
           a
           Funeral
           Pile
           for
           a
           naked
           Body
           ,
           and
           that
           not
           quite
           entire
           :
           As
           Philip
           was
           busie
           in
           gathering
           and
           putting
           these
           old
           Planks
           together
           ,
           an
           old
           Roman
           Citizen
           ,
           who
           from
           his
           Youth
           had
           serv'd
           in
           the
           Wars
           under
           Pompey
           ,
           came
           to
           him
           and
           demanded
           ,
           
             Who
             he
             was
             that
             was
             preparing
             the
             Funerals
             of
          
           Pompey
           the
           Great
           ?
           And
           Philip
           making
           Answer
           ,
           
             That
             he
             was
             his
             Free-man
             ;
             Nay
             ,
          
           said
           he
           ,
           
             but
             thou
             shalt
             not
             have
             this
             Honour
             alone
             ,
             let
             even
             me
             too
             ,
             I
             prithee
             ,
             have
             my
             share
             in
             such
             a
             pious
             Office
             ,
             that
             I
             may
             not
             altogether
             repent
             me
             of
             this
             Pilgrimage
             in
             a
             strange
             Land
             ,
             but
             that
             in
             compensation
             of
             all
             my
             Misfortunes
             ,
             I
             may
             obtain
             this
             Happiness
             at
             last
             ,
             even
             with
             my
             own
             Hands
             to
             touch
             the
             Body
             of
          
           Pompey
           ,
           
             and
             pay
             my
             Devotion
             at
             the
             Obsequies
             of
             the
             greatest
             General
             among
             the
          
           Romans
           :
           And
           in
           this
           manner
           were
           the
           Funerals
           of
           Pompey
           perform'd
           .
           The
           next
           day
           
             Lucius
             Lentulus
          
           not
           knowing
           what
           had
           pass'd
           ,
           came
           sailing
           from
           Cyprus
           along
           the
           Shore
           of
           that
           Coast
           ,
           and
           seeing
           a
           Funeral
           Pile
           ,
           and
           Philip
           (
           whom
           he
           did
           not
           know
           at
           first
           )
           standing
           by
           ,
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           
             Who
             it
             was
             that
             was
             dead
             and
             buried
             there
             ?
          
           But
           pausing
           a
           little
           with
           himself
           ,
           and
           fetching
           
           a
           deep
           Sigh
           ,
           Perhaps
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             even
             thou
             O
          
           Pompey
           
             the
             Great
             ,
          
           !
           and
           so
           going
           ashore
           ,
           he
           was
           presently
           apprehended
           and
           Slain
           ;
           This
           was
           the
           unfortunate
           End
           of
           
             Pompey
             the
             Great
          
           .
        
         
           Not
           long
           after
           ,
           Caesar
           coming
           into
           Aegypt
           ,
           (
           that
           was
           then
           in
           very
           great
           Troubles
           )
           shew'd
           a
           great
           abhorrence
           of
           the
           Person
           that
           presented
           him
           with
           
           Pompey's
           Head
           ,
           turning
           away
           from
           him
           as
           a
           most
           detestable
           Assassinate
           ;
           but
           when
           he
           receiv'd
           his
           Seal
           ,
           (
           whereon
           was
           Engraven
           a
           Lyon
           holding
           a
           Sword
           in
           his
           Paw
           )
           he
           burst
           out
           into
           Tears
           .
           Achillas
           and
           Pothinus
           he
           put
           to
           Death
           ;
           and
           King
           Ptolomy
           himself
           being
           overthrown
           in
           Battel
           upon
           the
           Banks
           of
           Nilus
           ,
           fled
           away
           in
           disguise
           ,
           and
           was
           never
           heard
           of
           afterwards
           .
           Theodotus
           ,
           the
           Rhetorician
           ,
           flying
           out
           of
           Aegypt
           ,
           escap'd
           the
           hands
           of
           
           Caesar's
           Justice
           ,
           but
           liv'd
           a
           Vagabond
           in
           Banishment
           ,
           wandring
           up
           and
           down
           ,
           despis'd
           and
           hated
           of
           all
           Men
           ,
           till
           at
           last
           
             Marcus
             Brutus
          
           (
           after
           he
           had
           kill'd
           Caesar
           )
           finding
           him
           in
           his
           Province
           of
           Asia
           ,
           put
           him
           to
           Death
           ,
           having
           first
           made
           him
           suffer
           the
           most
           exquisite
           ▪
           Torments
           he
           could
           invent
           .
           The
           Ashes
           of
           Pompey
           were
           carried
           to
           his
           Wife
           Cornelia
           ,
           who
           buried
           them
           in
           a
           Vault
           at
           his
           Country-House
           ,
           near
           the
           City
           of
           Alba.
           
        
         
           
           
             THE
             PARALLEL
             OF
             POMPEY
             WITH
             AGESILAUS
             ,
          
           
             THus
             having
             drawn
             out
             the
             History
             or
             Lives
             of
             Agesilaus
             and
             Pompey
             ,
             the
             next
             thing
             is
             to
             compare
             them
             ,
             and
             in
             order
             to
             the
             Parallel
             wherein
             they
             agree
             ,
             we
             'll
             take
             a
             cursory
             View
             ,
             and
             touch
             upon
             some
             few
             Passages
             that
             make
             the
             difference
             ,
             shewing
             wherein
             they
             chiefly
             disagree
             ;
             which
             are
             these
             :
             In
             the
             first
             place
             ,
             Pompey
             attain'd
             to
             all
             his
             Greatness
             and
             Glory
             by
             the
             just
             measures
             of
             his
             own
             Integrity
             ,
             and
             so
             was
             advanc'd
             by
             himself
             ;
             having
             often
             and
             desperately
             engag'd
             together
             with
             Sylla
             ,
             in
             delivering
             Italy
             ,
             from
             the
             Usurpation
             of
             Tyrants
             :
             
             But
             Agesilaus
             appears
             to
             have
             usurp'd
             a
             Kingdom
             ,
             not
             without
             offence
             to
             the
             Laws
             ,
             both
             of
             Gods
             and
             Men
             ;
             Of
             these
             ,
             by
             giving
             Judgment
             of
             Bastardy
             against
             Leotychides
             ,
             the
             natural
             and
             lawful
             Son
             of
             his
             Brother
             ,
             as
             appear'd
             by
             undoubted
             Evidence
             ;
             Of
             those
             ,
             by
             putting
             a
             false
             Gloss
             upon
             the
             Oracle
             of
             the
             Gods
             ,
             and
             eluding
             the
             Prophesie
             in
             the
             point
             of
             Lameness
             .
             Secondly
             ,
             Pompey
             had
             a
             perpetual
             Veneration
             for
             Sylla
             all
             his
             Life-time
             ,
             and
             express'd
             as
             much
             after
             his
             Death
             ,
             by
             making
             an
             honourable
             Inrerment
             of
             his
             Corps
             in
             despight
             of
             Lepidus
             ,
             and
             giving
             his
             Daughter
             in
             Marriage
             to
             his
             Son
             Faustus
             :
             But
             Agesilaus
             upon
             a
             slight
             pretence
             cast
             off
             Lysander
             with
             Reproach
             and
             Dishonour
             .
             So
             that
             in
             point
             of
             gratitude
             ,
             Sylla
             receiv'd
             in
             return
             from
             Pompey
             no
             less
             than
             he
             gave
             him
             ,
             whereas
             Lysander
             made
             Agesilaus
             King
             of
             Sparta
             ,
             and
             General
             of
             all
             Greece
             :
             Thirdly
             ,
             Those
             Transgressions
             of
             Pompey
             against
             the
             State
             and
             Laws
             ,
             were
             occasion'd
             chiefly
             by
             his
             Relations
             (
             for
             that
             most
             of
             his
             Errors
             had
             some
             Affinity
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             himself
             ,
             to
             Caesar
             and
             Scipio
             ,
             they
             being
             both
             his
             Fathers-in-law
             :
             )
             But
             Agesilaus
             ,
             to
             gratifie
             the
             Amours
             or
             Lust
             of
             his
             Son
             ,
             sav'd
             the
             Life
             of
             Sphodria
             by
             Violence
             ,
             when
             he
             deserv'd
             Death
             for
             those
             injuries
             he
             had
             done
             to
             the
             Athenians
             ;
             and
             't
             is
             manifest
             that
             he
             was
             openly
             
             and
             cordially
             an
             Abettor
             to
             Phaebida
             ,
             (
             in
             the
             breach
             of
             the
             League
             with
             the
             Thebans
             )
             barely
             for
             the
             Iniquity
             of
             the
             Act
             it self
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             what
             Mischief
             soever
             might
             be
             charg'd
             upon
             Pompey
             ,
             as
             done
             through
             Modesty
             or
             Inadvertency
             against
             the
             Roman
             Government
             ,
             the
             very
             same
             were
             committed
             by
             Agesilaus
             against
             the
             Lacedaemonians
             ,
             out
             of
             Obstinacy
             and
             Malice
             ,
             he
             himself
             being
             the
             Incendiary
             of
             the
             Baeotian
             War
             :
             And
             if
             by
             chance
             there
             was
             any
             thing
             common
             in
             the
             Offences
             of
             these
             two
             ,
             that
             of
             Pompey
             was
             unexpected
             to
             the
             Romans
             ;
             whereas
             Agesilaus
             would
             not
             suffer
             the
             Lacedaemonians
             to
             avoid
             what
             they
             foresaw
             and
             heard
             must
             attend
             a
             lame
             or
             decrepit
             Kingdom
             ;
             For
             had
             Leotychides
             been
             chargeable
             ten
             thousand
             times
             as
             foreign
             and
             spurious
             ,
             yet
             the
             Race
             of
             the
             Eurityontidae
             was
             still
             in
             being
             ,
             and
             there
             never
             could
             have
             been
             wanting
             one
             descended
             from
             that
             Line
             ,
             to
             furnish
             Sparta
             with
             a
             natural
             and
             lawful
             King
             ,
             and
             one
             that
             was
             entire
             in
             his
             Limbs
             too
             ,
             had
             not
             Lysander
             darkned
             and
             disguis'd
             the
             true
             sence
             of
             ●he
             Oracle
             in
             favour
             of
             Agesilaus
             .
          
           
             But
             as
             for
             State-Affairs
             ,
             never
             was
             there
             such
             a
             politick
             piece
             of
             Sophistry
             ,
             as
             was
             devised
             by
             Agesilaus
             ,
             in
             that
             great
             perplexity
             of
             the
             People
             touching
             the
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             ,
             (
             or
             those
             who
             had
             cowardly
             deserted
             their
             Colours
             
             at
             the
             Battel
             of
             Leuctra
             ,
             whereby
             they
             became
             obnoxious
             to
             the
             Law
             )
             when
             after
             that
             unhappy
             Defeat
             ,
             he
             decreed
             ▪
             
               That
               the
               Laws
               should
               sleep
               for
               that
               day
               :
            
             Neither
             indeed
             have
             we
             the
             fellow
             of
             it
             in
             all
             
             Pompey's
             Story
             ;
             but
             on
             the
             contrary
             ,
             Pompey
             for
             a
             Friend
             thought
             it
             no
             Sin
             to
             break
             those
             very
             Laws
             which
             he
             himself
             had
             made
             ▪
             shewing
             at
             once
             both
             the
             force
             of
             Friendship
             ,
             and
             the
             greatness
             of
             his
             Power
             :
             Whereas
             Agesilaus
             ,
             finding
             that
             he
             must
             of
             necessity
             have
             dissolv'd
             the
             Laws
             ,
             to
             preserve
             the
             Lives
             of
             his
             Citizens
             ,
             devis'd
             this
             Expedient
             ,
             whereby
             the
             Laws
             might
             not
             hurt
             them
             ,
             though
             they
             were
             not
             dissolv'd
             .
             Then
             I
             must
             needs
             commend
             this
             as
             an
             incomparable
             Act
             of
             civil
             Vertue
             and
             Obedience
             in
             Agesilaus
             ,
             That
             immediately
             upon
             the
             receipt
             of
             the
             Scytala
             (
             or
             scrowl
             of
             Parchment
             ,
             with
             a
             Countermand
             from
             the
             Ephori
             )
             he
             left
             the
             Wars
             in
             Asia
             ,
             and
             return'd
             into
             his
             Country
             ;
             for
             that
             he
             did
             not
             act
             generally
             ,
             as
             Pompey
             did
             ,
             (
             in
             those
             things
             by
             which
             he
             made
             himself
             Great
             )
             for
             the
             interest
             and
             benefit
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ;
             who
             ,
             for
             his
             Countries
             sake
             ,
             laid
             aside
             as
             great
             Authority
             and
             Honour
             ,
             as
             ever
             any
             Man
             had
             before
             or
             since
             ,
             except
             
               Alexander
               the
               Great
            
             :
             But
             now
             for
             some
             other
             Head.
             
          
           
             And
             if
             well
             take
             a
             view
             of
             Pompey
             in
             his
             Military
             Expeditions
             and
             Exploits
             of
             War
             ,
             
             in
             the
             number
             of
             Trophies
             ,
             and
             the
             greatness
             of
             the
             Armies
             which
             he
             Commanded
             ,
             together
             with
             the
             multitude
             of
             Battels
             in
             which
             he
             triumph'd
             as
             a
             Conqueror
             ,
             I
             am
             perswaded
             even
             Xenophon
             himself
             would
             not
             put
             the
             Victories
             of
             Agesilaus
             in
             Ballance
             with
             his
             ,
             though
             he
             has
             this
             Priviledge
             allow'd
             him
             ,
             (
             as
             a
             singular
             Reward
             for
             all
             his
             other
             Vertues
             )
             that
             he
             may
             write
             and
             speak
             in
             favour
             of
             his
             Hero
             what-e're
             he
             pleases
             .
             Methinks
             too
             there
             is
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             difference
             betwixt
             these
             Men
             in
             their
             Clemency
             and
             Moderation
             towards
             their
             Enemies
             ;
             For
             whilst
             Agesilaus
             was
             attempting
             the
             Conquest
             of
             Thebes
             ,
             and
             Destruction
             of
             Messene
             ,
             (
             this
             being
             the
             entire
             Lot
             of
             his
             own
             *
             Country
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             Metropolis
             of
             Baeotia
             )
             he
             had
             almost
             lost
             Sparta
             it self
             ,
             but
             did
             really
             lose
             the
             Government
             of
             Greece
             ;
             whereas
             Pompey
             gave
             Cities
             to
             those
             of
             the
             Pirates
             who
             were
             willing
             to
             change
             their
             manner
             of
             Life
             ;
             And
             when
             't
             was
             in
             his
             power
             to
             have
             led
             Tigranes
             ,
             King
             of
             Armenia
             ,
             in
             Triumph
             ,
             he
             chose
             rather
             to
             make
             him
             a
             Confederate
             of
             the
             Romans
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               he
               preferr'd
               an
               eternal
               Honour
               before
               the
               Glories
               of
               one
               day
               .
            
             But
             if
             the
             Preheminence
             ,
             in
             that
             which
             chiefly
             relates
             to
             the
             Office
             of
             a
             General
             ,
             (
             consisting
             of
             a
             steady
             resolution
             upon
             the
             wisest
             Acts
             and
             Counsels
             of
             War
             )
             might
             be
             given
             to
             a
             Commander
             
             of
             the
             best
             Conduct
             ,
             the
             Lacedaemonian
             would
             not
             a
             little
             exceed
             the
             Roman
             in
             that
             ;
             for
             Agesilaus
             never
             deserted
             his
             City
             ,
             though
             it
             was
             Besieg'd
             by
             an
             Army
             of
             70000
             Men
             ,
             when
             there
             were
             very
             few
             Soldiers
             within
             to
             defend
             it
             ,
             and
             those
             had
             been
             baffled
             too
             but
             a
             little
             before
             at
             the
             Battel
             of
             Leuctra
             :
             But
             Pompey
             (
             when
             Caesar
             with
             a
             Body
             only
             of
             5300
             Men
             ,
             had
             taken
             but
             one
             Town
             in
             Italy
             )
             departed
             timorously
             out
             of
             Rome
             ,
             either
             through
             Cowardice
             ,
             when
             they
             were
             so
             few
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             through
             a
             vain
             imagination
             ,
             that
             there
             were
             more
             ;
             and
             having
             convey'd
             away
             his
             Wife
             and
             Children
             ,
             he
             left
             all
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Citizens
             defenceless
             ,
             and
             fled
             ;
             whereas
             he
             ought
             either
             to
             have
             conquer'd
             in
             Fight
             for
             the
             defence
             of
             his
             Country
             ,
             or
             yielded
             upon
             terms
             to
             the
             Conqueror
             ,
             for
             he
             was
             his
             Fellow-Citizen
             ,
             and
             Ally'd
             to
             him
             :
             But
             now
             to
             that
             same
             Man
             ,
             (
             to
             whom
             he
             deny'd
             an
             Enlargement
             in
             the
             term
             of
             his
             Government
             ,
             and
             thought
             it
             intolerable
             to
             grant
             another
             Cousulship
             )
             even
             to
             him
             he
             gave
             a
             Power
             ,
             (
             by
             letting
             him
             take
             the
             City
             )
             to
             tell
             Metellus
             the
             Tribune
             ,
             together
             with
             all
             the
             rest
             ,
             
               That
               they
               were
               his
               Prisoners
            
             .
             That
             therefore
             ,
             which
             is
             chiefly
             the
             Office
             of
             a
             General
             ,
             to
             put
             the
             Enemy
             upon
             a
             necessity
             of
             Fight
             ,
             when
             he
             finds
             himself
             the
             the
             stronger
             ,
             and
             to
             avoid
             it
             when
             he
             is
             the
             
             weaker
             ;
             that
             Property
             being
             singular
             in
             Agesilaus
             ,
             he
             always
             kept
             himself
             Invincible
             :
             And
             this
             was
             
             Caesar's
             Talent
             too
             ,
             that
             when
             he
             was
             the
             weaker
             ,
             he
             could
             at
             any
             time
             by
             fencing
             with
             Pompey
             ,
             decline
             the
             Danger
             ;
             and
             when
             he
             was
             the
             stronger
             ,
             he
             forc'd
             him
             to
             Battel
             by
             Land
             ,
             even
             to
             the
             hazard
             of
             all
             ,
             whereby
             he
             became
             the
             Master
             of
             the
             Treasury
             ,
             Stores
             ,
             and
             the
             Sea
             too
             ,
             which
             were
             all
             in
             his
             Enemies
             hands
             ,
             and
             by
             which
             he
             had
             his
             constant
             Supplies
             without
             Fighting
             .
             Now
             ,
             that
             which
             is
             alledg'd
             as
             an
             Apology
             ,
             in
             vindication
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             is
             the
             greatest
             Crime
             in
             so
             great
             a
             General
             ;
             for
             't
             is
             a
             true
             ,
             for
             a
             young
             Commander
             by
             Tumults
             and
             Noise
             to
             be
             wrought
             into
             a
             Fear
             and
             Easiness
             ,
             whereby
             he
             may
             forsake
             the
             safest
             Counsels
             ,
             is
             neither
             strange
             ,
             nor
             altogether
             unpardonable
             ;
             But
             for
             
               Pompey
               the
               Great
            
             ,
             whose
             Camp
             the
             Romans
             call'd
             their
             Country
             ,
             and
             his
             Tent
             the
             Senate
             ,
             styling
             the
             Consuls
             ,
             Praetors
             ,
             and
             all
             other
             Magistrates
             ,
             (
             that
             had
             taken
             upon
             them
             the
             Administration
             of
             the
             Government
             at
             Rome
             )
             by
             no
             better
             Title
             than
             that
             of
             Rebels
             and
             Traytors
             ;
             for
             him
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             whom
             they
             well
             knew
             ,
             never
             to
             have
             been
             under
             the
             Command
             of
             any
             but
             himself
             ,
             (
             having
             nobly
             finish'd
             his
             course
             of
             Warfare
             under
             himself
             ,
             as
             sole
             General
             in
             all
             the
             Wars
             he
             made
             )
             who
             could
             excuse
             him
             ,
             that
             upon
             so
             small
             
             a
             Provocation
             (
             as
             the
             Scoffs
             of
             Favonius
             and
             Domitius
             ,
             and
             lest
             he
             should
             bare
             the
             Nickname
             of
             Agamemnon
             )
             should
             be
             wrought
             upon
             ,
             and
             even
             forc'd
             to
             hazard
             the
             whole
             Empire
             and
             Liberty
             of
             Rome
             upon
             the
             cast
             of
             a
             Dye
             ?
             In
             him
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             't
             was
             intolerable
             ,
             who
             ,
             if
             he
             had
             so
             much
             regarded
             a
             present
             Infamy
             ,
             should
             have
             guarded
             the
             City
             at
             first
             with
             his
             Arms
             ,
             and
             fought
             valiantly
             in
             defence
             of
             Rome
             ,
             not
             have
             left
             it
             as
             he
             did
             ,
             colouring
             his
             Flight
             over
             with
             the
             Stratagem
             of
             Themistocles
             ;
             and
             yet
             after
             all
             this
             ,
             to
             imagine
             that
             there
             could
             be
             any
             Reproach
             in
             a
             wary
             Delay
             before
             the
             Battel
             in
             Thessaly
             ,
             was
             as
             inexcusable
             :
             For
             neither
             did
             God
             appoint
             the
             Pharsalian
             Fields
             ,
             to
             be
             the
             Stage
             and
             Theater
             upon
             which
             they
             should
             contend
             for
             the
             Empire
             of
             Rome
             ,
             neither
             was
             he
             summon'd
             thither
             by
             any
             Herald
             upon
             Challenge
             ,
             with
             intimation
             ,
             that
             he
             must
             either
             undergo
             the
             Combat
             ,
             or
             surrender
             the
             Crown
             to
             another
             ;
             But
             there
             were
             many
             other
             Fields
             ,
             thousands
             of
             Cities
             ,
             and
             even
             the
             whole
             Earth
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             have
             had
             by
             the
             Advantage
             of
             his
             Fleet
             ,
             and
             Forces
             at
             Sea
             ,
             if
             he
             would
             but
             have
             follow'd
             the
             Examples
             of
             
               Maximus
               ,
               Marius
               ,
               Lucullus
            
             ,
             and
             even
             Agesilaus
             himself
             ;
             who
             endur'd
             no
             less
             Tumults
             within
             the
             City
             of
             Sparta
             ,
             when
             the
             Thebans
             provok'd
             him
             to
             Battel
             for
             the
             residue
             of
             his
             Country
             ;
             
             He
             endur'd
             likewise
             many
             Calumnies
             and
             Accusations
             in
             Aegypt
             ,
             through
             the
             Imprudence
             of
             the
             King
             there
             ,
             entreating
             his
             patience
             constantly
             ;
             but
             following
             always
             what
             he
             had
             determined
             in
             his
             own
             Judgment
             upon
             mature
             Advice
             ,
             he
             did
             by
             that
             means
             ,
             not
             only
             preserve
             the
             Aegyptians
             against
             their
             wills
             ,
             not
             only
             keep
             Sparta
             constantly
             upon
             its
             Legs
             ,
             even
             in
             those
             desperate
             Convulsions
             ,
             but
             set
             up
             Trophies
             likewise
             in
             the
             City
             against
             the
             Thebans
             ,
             giving
             them
             afterwards
             an
             occasion
             of
             Victory
             ,
             in
             that
             he
             did
             not
             at
             that
             time
             lead
             them
             out
             ,
             as
             they
             would
             have
             forc'd
             him
             ,
             to
             their
             destruction
             ;
             insomuch
             ,
             that
             at
             last
             Agesilaus
             was
             highly
             commended
             ,
             even
             of
             those
             who
             provok'd
             their
             own
             Ruine
             ,
             after
             they
             found
             he
             had
             sav'd
             their
             Lives
             against
             their
             wills
             :
             Whereas
             Pompey
             (
             whose
             Errors
             had
             always
             some
             other
             Authors
             )
             found
             those
             to
             be
             his
             Accusers
             ,
             upon
             whom
             he
             had
             plac'd
             his
             chiefest
             confidence
             ;
             and
             some
             say
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             deceiv'd
             by
             his
             Father-in-law
             Scipio
             ,
             for
             that
             he
             ,
             (
             designing
             to
             conceal
             and
             keep
             to
             himself
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             that
             Treasure
             ,
             which
             he
             had
             brought
             out
             of
             Asia
             )
             did
             press
             Pompey
             to
             Battel
             ,
             upon
             this
             pretence
             ,
             that
             there
             would
             be
             a
             want
             of
             Money
             ;
             however
             ,
             admitting
             this
             to
             be
             true
             ,
             yet
             such
             a
             General
             ought
             not
             to
             have
             been
             so
             easily
             deluded
             ,
             and
             led
             into
             an
             Error
             ,
             
             even
             to
             the
             hazard
             of
             all
             the
             greatest
             Concerns
             in
             the
             Common-wealth
             :
             And
             thus
             we
             have
             taken
             a
             view
             of
             each
             ,
             by
             comparing
             them
             together
             in
             their
             Conduct
             and
             Actions
             in
             War.
             As
             to
             their
             Voyages
             into
             Aegypt
             :
             One
             steer'd
             his
             Course
             thither
             out
             of
             necessity
             in
             Flight
             ;
             the
             other
             neither
             honourably
             ,
             nor
             of
             necessity
             ,
             but
             as
             a
             Mercenary
             Soldier
             ,
             having
             listed
             himself
             into
             the
             Service
             of
             a
             barbarous
             Nation
             for
             Pay
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             be
             able
             to
             wage
             War
             upon
             the
             Graecians
             :
             Lastly
             ,
             That
             which
             we
             charge
             upon
             the
             Aegyptians
             in
             the
             Name
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             the
             Aegyptians
             return
             again
             in
             an
             Accusation
             against
             Agesilaus
             ;
             For
             one
             was
             barbarously
             betray'd
             and
             murder'd
             by
             those
             whom
             he
             trusted
             :
             The
             other
             betray'd
             his
             Trust
             ,
             and
             deserted
             them
             ,
             having
             upon
             his
             Revolt
             gone
             over
             to
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             (
             that
             was
             now
             making
             War
             upon
             Aegypt
             )
             notwithstanding
             he
             came
             at
             first
             ,
             as
             an
             Auxiliary
             to
             the
             Aegyptians
             .
          
        
         
      
       
         
         
           
             
               ALEXANDER
               .
            
             depiction of Alexander
             
               :
               MBurgher
               :
               sculp
               .
            
          
        
         
         
           THE
           LIFE
           OF
           Alexander
           the
           Great
           .
        
         
           English'd
           from
           the
           Greek
           ,
           By
           
             John
             Evelyn
          
           
             Esq
          
        
         
           IT
           being
           my
           purpose
           to
           write
           the
           Lives
           
           of
           Alexander
           and
           Caesar
           ,
           by
           whom
           Pompey
           was
           destroyed
           ,
           the
           multitude
           of
           their
           great
           Actions
           affords
           me
           so
           large
           a
           Field
           ,
           that
           I
           were
           to
           blame
           if
           I
           should
           not
           by
           way
           of
           Apology
           acquaint
           my
           Reader
           ,
           that
           I
           have
           chosen
           rather
           to
           epitomize
           the
           most
           celebrated
           parts
           of
           their
           Story
           ,
           than
           to
           insist
           at
           large
           on
           every
           particular
           Circumstance
           of
           it
           ;
           especially
           when
           I
           consider
           my
           Design
           is
           not
           to
           write
           an
           History
           ,
           but
           Lives
           .
           Neither
           do
           the
           most
           glorious
           Exploits
           always
           furnish
           us
           with
           the
           clearest
           discoveries
           of
           Virtue
           ,
           or
           Vice
           in
           Men
           ;
           sometimes
           a
           
           Matter
           of
           less
           moment
           ,
           an
           Expression
           ,
           or
           a
           Jest
           ,
           informs
           us
           better
           of
           their
           Manners
           ,
           and
           Inclinations
           ,
           than
           the
           most
           famous
           Sieges
           ,
           the
           greatest
           Armies
           ,
           or
           the
           bloudiest
           Battels
           whatsoever
           .
           Therefore
           as
           those
           who
           draw
           by
           the
           Life
           ,
           are
           more
           exact
           in
           the
           first
           Lines
           and
           Features
           of
           the
           Face
           ,
           from
           which
           we
           may
           often
           collect
           the
           Disposition
           of
           the
           Person
           ,
           than
           in
           the
           other
           Parts
           of
           the
           Body
           :
           So
           I
           shall
           endeavour
           by
           penetrating
           into
           ,
           
           and
           describing
           the
           secret
           Recesses
           ,
           and
           Images
           of
           the
           Soul
           ,
           to
           express
           the
           Lives
           of
           Men
           ,
           and
           leave
           their
           more
           shining
           Actions
           and
           Atchievments
           to
           be
           treated
           of
           by
           others
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           agreed
           on
           by
           all
           Hands
           ,
           that
           on
           
           rhe
           Father's
           side
           Alexander
           descended
           from
           Hercules
           by
           Caranus
           ,
           and
           from
           Aeacus
           by
           Neoptolemus
           on
           the
           Mother's
           side
           .
           His
           Father
           Philip
           being
           in
           Samothrace
           when
           he
           was
           young
           ,
           fell
           in
           Love
           there
           with
           Olympias
           ,
           with
           whom
           he
           was
           initiated
           in
           the
           religious
           Ceremonies
           of
           the
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           her
           Father
           and
           Mother
           being
           both
           dead
           ,
           soon
           after
           with
           the
           consent
           of
           her
           Brother
           Arimbas
           married
           her
           .
           The
           night
           before
           the
           consummation
           of
           the
           Marriage
           ,
           she
           dream'd
           that
           her
           Belly
           was
           struck
           with
           Lightning
           ,
           which
           kindled
           a
           great
           Fire
           ,
           whose
           divided
           Flames
           dispers'd
           themselves
           all
           about
           ,
           and
           then
           were
           extinguish'd
           .
           And
           Philip
           some
           time
           
           after
           he
           was
           married
           ,
           dream'd
           that
           he
           Seal'd
           
           up
           his
           Wife's
           Belly
           with
           a
           Seal
           ,
           whose
           impression
           ,
           as
           he
           fancied
           ,
           was
           the
           Figure
           of
           a
           Lion.
           Some
           interpreted
           this
           as
           a
           warning
           to
           Philip
           to
           look
           narrowly
           to
           his
           Wife
           ;
           but
           Aristander
           of
           Telmessus
           considering
           how
           unusual
           it
           was
           to
           seal
           up
           any
           thing
           that
           was
           empty
           ,
           assured
           him
           the
           meaning
           of
           his
           Dream
           was
           ,
           that
           the
           Queen
           was
           with
           Child
           of
           a
           Boy
           ,
           who
           would
           one
           day
           prove
           as
           stout
           and
           couragious
           as
           a
           Lion.
           Not
           long
           after
           a
           Dragon
           was
           observ'd
           to
           lye
           close
           by
           Olympias
           while
           she
           slept
           ;
           upon
           which
           
           Philip's
           Affection
           to
           her
           sensibly
           abated
           :
           For
           whether
           he
           fear'd
           her
           as
           an
           Inchantress
           ,
           or
           thought
           she
           had
           commerce
           with
           some
           God
           ,
           and
           so
           look'd
           on
           himself
           as
           unequal
           to
           such
           a
           Rival
           ,
           he
           was
           ever
           after
           less
           fond
           of
           her
           Conversation
           .
           Others
           say
           ,
           that
           the
           Women
           of
           this
           Country
           having
           always
           been
           extreamly
           addicted
           to
           perform
           the
           Enthusiastick
           Ceremonies
           of
           Orpheus
           and
           Bacchus
           (
           upon
           which
           account
           they
           were
           called
           *
           Clodones
           ,
           and
           Mimallones
           )
           did
           in
           many
           things
           imitate
           the
           Edonian
           and
           Thracian
           Women
           about
           Mount
           Haemus
           ,
           from
           whom
           the
           word
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           seems
           to
           be
           derived
           ,
           signifying
           superfluous
           and
           over-curious
           Sacrifices
           :
           That
           Olympias
           zealously
           affecting
           these
           Fanatical
           and
           Enthusiastick
           Inspirations
           ,
           to
           perform
           them
           with
           more
           barbarick
           Dread
           ,
           was
           wont
           in
           the
           Dances
           proper
           to
           these
           Ceremonies
           ,
           
           to
           have
           great
           tame
           Serpents
           about
           her
           ,
           which
           sometimes
           creeping
           out
           of
           the
           Joy
           ,
           and
           the
           Mystick
           Fans
           ,
           sometimes
           winding
           themselves
           about
           the
           sacred
           Sphears
           ,
           and
           the
           Womens
           Chaplets
           ,
           made
           it
           a
           dreadful
           Spectacle
           to
           those
           who
           beheld
           them
           .
        
         
           Philip
           ,
           after
           this
           Vision
           ,
           sent
           Chaeron
           of
           
           Megalopolis
           to
           consult
           the
           Oracle
           of
           Apollo
           at
           Delphos
           ,
           by
           which
           he
           was
           commanded
           to
           sacrifice
           to
           ,
           and
           most
           respectively
           adore
           
             Jupiter
             Hammon
          
           above
           all
           other
           Gods
           ;
           and
           was
           told
           he
           would
           one
           day
           lose
           that
           Eye
           with
           which
           he
           presum'd
           to
           peep
           through
           the
           Chink
           of
           the
           Door
           ,
           when
           he
           saw
           the
           God
           in
           form
           of
           a
           Serpent
           so
           familiar
           with
           his
           Wife
           .
           Eratosthenes
           says
           ,
           that
           Olympias
           ,
           when
           she
           brought
           Alexander
           on
           his
           way
           to
           the
           Army
           ,
           in
           his
           first
           Expedition
           ,
           told
           him
           the
           Secret
           of
           his
           Birth
           ,
           and
           exhorted
           him
           to
           behave
           himself
           with
           Courage
           suitable
           to
           his
           divine
           Extraction
           .
           Others
           again
           affirm
           ,
           that
           she
           wholly
           declin'd
           this
           Vanity
           ,
           and
           was
           wont
           to
           say
           ,
           
             Will
             Alexander
             never
             leave
             making
          
           Juno
           
             jealous
             of
             me
          
           ?
        
         
           Alexander
           was
           born
           the
           6th
           of
           June
           ,
           
           (
           which
           month
           the
           Macedonians
           call
           Lous
           )
           the
           same
           day
           that
           the
           Temple
           of
           Diana
           at
           Ephesus
           was
           burn'd
           ;
           upon
           which
           occasion
           Hegesias
           of
           Magnesia
           has
           an
           expression
           so
           mean
           and
           cold
           ,
           as
           might
           have
           serv'd
           to
           have
           extinguish'd
           the
           Flames
           :
           Diana
           says
           
           he
           deserv'd
           to
           have
           her
           Temple
           burnt
           ,
           for
           leaving
           the
           care
           of
           it
           to
           play
           the
           Midwife
           at
           the
           Birth
           of
           Alexander
           .
           All
           the
           Priests
           and
           Soothsayers
           who
           happened
           to
           be
           then
           at
           Ephesus
           ,
           looking
           upon
           the
           Ruine
           of
           this
           Temple
           to
           be
           the
           forerunner
           of
           some
           other
           Calamity
           ,
           ran
           about
           the
           Town
           ,
           beating
           their
           Faces
           ,
           and
           crying
           ,
           that
           day
           had
           brought
           forth
           something
           that
           would
           prove
           fatal
           and
           destructive
           to
           all
           Asia
           .
        
         
           Presently
           after
           Philip
           had
           taken
           Posidea
           ,
           he
           receiv'd
           these
           three
           Messages
           on
           the
           same
           day
           :
           That
           Parmenio
           had
           overthrown
           the
           Illyrians
           in
           a
           great
           Battel
           ;
           that
           his
           Race
           horse
           had
           won
           the
           Course
           at
           the
           Olynpick
           Games
           ;
           and
           that
           his
           Wife
           was
           brought
           to
           bed
           of
           Alexander
           ;
           with
           which
           being
           extreamly
           pleased
           ,
           as
           an
           Addition
           to
           his
           Satisfaction
           the
           Diviners
           assured
           him
           ,
           that
           a
           Son
           whose
           Birth
           was
           accompanied
           with
           three
           such
           Successes
           ,
           could
           not
           fail
           of
           being
           invincible
           .
        
         
           The
           Statues
           that
           most
           resembled
           Alexander
           ,
           
           were
           those
           of
           Lysippus
           ,
           by
           whom
           alone
           this
           Prince
           would
           suffer
           his
           Image
           to
           be
           carv'd
           ;
           and
           these
           chiefly
           did
           most
           of
           his
           Successors
           and
           Friends
           afterwards
           imitate
           ;
           the
           Artist
           having
           expressed
           the
           inclination
           of
           his
           Head
           a
           little
           on
           one
           side
           towards
           his
           left
           Shoulder
           ,
           and
           his
           *
           melting
           Eye
           with
           incomparable
           exactness
           .
           But
           Apelles
           ,
           who
           
           drew
           him
           with
           Thunderbolts
           in
           his
           Hand
           ,
           made
           his
           Complexion
           browner
           and
           darker
           than
           it
           was
           naturally
           ,
           for
           he
           was
           fair
           ,
           having
           a
           mixture
           of
           ruddiness
           ,
           chiefly
           in
           his
           Face
           ,
           and
           upon
           his
           Breast
           .
           Aristoxenus
           in
           his
           Memoirs
           tells
           us
           ,
           that
           an
           admirable
           Scent
           proceeded
           from
           his
           Skin
           ,
           and
           that
           his
           Breath
           and
           Body
           all
           over
           was
           so
           fragrant
           ,
           as
           to
           perfume
           the
           Cloaths
           which
           he
           wore
           next
           him
           ;
           the
           cause
           of
           which
           might
           probably
           be
           the
           hot
           and
           adust
           Temperament
           of
           his
           Body
           :
           For
           sweet
           Smells
           ,
           as
           Theophrastus
           conjectures
           ,
           are
           produced
           by
           the
           concoction
           of
           moist
           Humors
           by
           Heat
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           reason
           that
           those
           parts
           of
           the
           World
           which
           are
           driest
           ,
           and
           most
           burnt
           up
           ,
           afford
           Spices
           of
           the
           best
           kind
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           greatest
           quantity
           ;
           for
           the
           heat
           of
           the
           Sun
           exhausts
           the
           superfluous
           moisture
           ,
           which
           generates
           Putrefaction
           in
           Bodies
           .
           And
           this
           hot
           Constitution
           it
           may
           be
           ,
           rendred
           Alexander
           so
           addicted
           to
           drinking
           ,
           and
           so
           cholerick
           .
        
         
           His
           Temperance
           as
           to
           the
           pleasures
           of
           
           the
           Body
           ,
           was
           apparent
           in
           him
           in
           his
           very
           Childhood
           ,
           being
           with
           much
           difficulty
           incited
           to
           them
           ,
           and
           always
           using
           them
           with
           great
           moderation
           :
           Though
           in
           other
           things
           he
           was
           extreamly
           eager
           and
           vehement
           .
           In
           his
           love
           of
           Glory
           ,
           and
           the
           pursuit
           of
           it
           ,
           he
           shew'd
           a
           solidity
           of
           Judgment
           and
           Magnanimity
           far
           above
           his
           Age
           ;
           For
           he
           neither
           
           fought
           ,
           nor
           valued
           it
           upon
           every
           slight
           occasion
           ,
           as
           his
           Father
           Philip
           did
           ,
           (
           who
           affected
           to
           shew
           his
           Eloquence
           almost
           to
           a
           degree
           of
           Pedantry
           ,
           and
           took
           care
           to
           have
           the
           Victories
           of
           his
           Racing
           Chariots
           at
           the
           Olympick
           Games
           engraven
           on
           his
           Coin
           :
           )
           But
           when
           he
           was
           asked
           by
           some
           about
           him
           ,
           Whether
           he
           would
           run
           a
           Race
           ?
           for
           he
           was
           very
           swift-footed
           ;
           he
           answer'd
           ,
           He
           would
           ,
           if
           he
           might
           have
           Kings
           to
           run
           with
           him
           .
           He
           often
           appointed
           Prizes
           ,
           in
           which
           not
           only
           Tragedians
           and
           Musicians
           ,
           Pipers
           and
           Harpers
           ,
           but
           Rapsodists
           also
           strove
           to
           outvye
           one
           another
           :
           And
           delighted
           in
           all
           manner
           of
           Hunting
           ,
           and
           Cudgel-playing
           ,
           
           but
           never
           gave
           any
           encouragement
           either
           to
           playing
           at
           Fisty-cuffs
           ,
           or
           that
           *
           Sport
           in
           which
           all
           Weapons
           were
           to
           be
           made
           use
           of
           .
           While
           he
           was
           yet
           very
           young
           ,
           he
           entertain'd
           the
           Ambassadors
           from
           the
           King
           of
           Persia
           ,
           in
           the
           absence
           of
           his
           Father
           ,
           and
           falling
           into
           Conversation
           with
           them
           ,
           gain'd
           so
           much
           upon
           them
           by
           his
           Affability
           ,
           and
           the
           Questions
           he
           asked
           them
           ,
           which
           were
           far
           from
           being
           childish
           ,
           or
           trifling
           :
           (
           For
           he
           enquired
           of
           them
           the
           length
           of
           the
           Ways
           ,
           the
           Passages
           into
           the
           upper
           parts
           of
           Asia
           ,
           the
           Character
           of
           their
           King
           ,
           how
           he
           carried
           himself
           to
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           and
           what
           Forces
           he
           was
           able
           to
           bring
           into
           the
           Field
           :
           That
           they
           were
           struck
           with
           
           admiration
           of
           him
           ,
           and
           look'd
           uppon
           the
           Diligence
           and
           so
           much
           fam'd
           Conduct
           of
           Philip
           ,
           to
           be
           nothing
           in
           comparison
           of
           the
           forwardness
           ,
           and
           great
           Spirit
           ,
           that
           appeard
           so
           early
           in
           his
           Son.
           Whensoever
           he
           heard
           
           Philip
           had
           taken
           any
           Town
           of
           importance
           ,
           or
           won
           any
           signal
           Victory
           ,
           instead
           of
           rejoycing
           at
           it
           ,
           he
           would
           in
           a
           deploring
           manner
           tell
           his
           Companions
           ,
           that
           he
           fear'd
           his
           Father
           would
           anticipate
           every
           thing
           ,
           and
           leave
           him
           and
           them
           no
           opportuntties
           of
           performing
           great
           and
           illustrious
           Actions
           .
           For
           being
           more
           addicted
           to
           Virtue
           and
           Glory
           ,
           than
           either
           to
           Pleasure
           or
           Riches
           ,
           he
           esteemed
           all
           that
           he
           shouid
           receive
           from
           his
           Father
           ,
           as
           a
           diminution
           and
           prevention
           of
           his
           own
           future
           Atchievments
           ;
           and
           would
           have
           chosen
           rather
           to
           succeed
           to
           a
           Kingdom
           involv'd
           in
           Troubles
           and
           Wars
           ,
           which
           would
           have
           afforded
           him
           frequent
           exercise
           of
           his
           Valour
           ,
           and
           a
           larger
           Field
           of
           Honor
           ,
           than
           to
           one
           already
           flourishing
           and
           settled
           ,
           where
           he
           must
           lead
           an
           unactive
           Life
           ,
           and
           be
           as
           it
           were
           buried
           in
           the
           sordid
           enjoyments
           of
           Wealth
           and
           Luxury
           .
        
         
           The
           care
           of
           his
           Education
           (
           as
           it
           much
           
           imported
           )
           was
           committed
           to
           a
           great
           many
           Praeceptors
           and
           Tutors
           ,
           over
           whom
           Leonidas
           ,
           a
           near
           Kinsman
           of
           Olympias
           ,
           a
           Man
           of
           an
           austere
           temper
           ,
           presided
           :
           He
           declining
           the
           title
           of
           Praeceptor
           ,
           though
           a
           Charge
           of
           
           sufficient
           Honour
           and
           Reputation
           ,
           because
           of
           his
           Dignity
           and
           Relation
           ,
           was
           called
           
           Alexander's
           Foster-Father
           and
           Governour
           .
           But
           he
           who
           took
           upon
           him
           the
           Place
           and
           Name
           of
           his
           pedagogue
           ,
           was
           Lysimachus
           the
           Acarnanian
           ,
           who
           though
           he
           had
           nothing
           of
           worth
           to
           recommend
           him
           ,
           but
           his
           luck
           to
           call
           himself
           
             Phoenix
             ,
             Alexander
             Achilles
          
           ,
           and
           
             Philip
             Peleus
          
           ,
           was
           therefore
           well
           enough
           esteem'd
           and
           rank'd
           in
           the
           next
           degree
           after
           Leonidas
           .
        
         
           Philonicus
           the
           Thessalian
           brought
           the
           Horse
           
           Bucephalus
           to
           Philip
           ,
           offering
           to
           sell
           him
           for
           13
           Talents
           ;
           but
           when
           they
           went
           into
           the
           Field
           to
           try
           him
           ,
           they
           found
           him
           so
           very
           vicious
           and
           unmanageable
           ,
           that
           he
           stood
           up
           an
           end
           when
           they
           endeavoured
           to
           back
           him
           ,
           and
           would
           not
           so
           much
           as
           endure
           the
           voice
           of
           any
           of
           
           Philip's
           Attendants
           :
           Upon
           whose
           dislike
           ,
           as
           they
           were
           leading
           him
           away
           as
           wholly
           useless
           and
           untractable
           ,
           Alexander
           who
           stood
           by
           ,
           would
           not
           let
           them
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             What
             an
             excellent
             Horse
             do
             they
             lose
             ,
             for
             want
             of
             address
             and
             boldness
             to
             manage
             him
             ?
             Philip
          
           at
           first
           took
           no
           notice
           what
           he
           said
           ;
           but
           when
           he
           heard
           him
           repeat
           the
           same
           thing
           ,
           and
           saw
           he
           was
           troubled
           to
           have
           the
           Horse
           sent
           away
           ;
           
             Do
             you
             reproach
          
           ,
           said
           he
           to
           him
           ,
           
             those
             who
             are
             elder
             than
             your self
             ,
             as
             if
             you
             knew
             more
             ,
             and
             were
             better
             able
             to
             manage
             him
             than
             they
             ?
             Yes
             .
          
           replied
           he
           ,
           
           
             with
             this
             Horse
             I
             could
             deal
             better
             than
             any
             body
             else
             .
             And
             if
             you
             do
             not
             ,
          
           said
           
             Philip
             ,
             what
             will
             you
             forfeit
             for
             your
             Rashness
             ?
             By
             Jove
             ,
          
           answer'd
           
             Alexander
             ,
             the
             whole
             price
             of
             the
             Horse
             .
          
           At
           this
           the
           whole
           Company
           fell
           a
           laughing
           ;
           but
           as
           soon
           as
           the
           Agreement
           was
           made
           between
           them
           about
           the
           Money
           ,
           he
           presently
           ran
           to
           the
           Horse
           ,
           and
           taking
           hold
           of
           the
           Bridle
           ,
           turn'd
           him
           directly
           towards
           the
           Sun
           ,
           having
           it
           seems
           observ'd
           he
           was
           disturb'd
           at
           ,
           and
           afraid
           of
           ,
           the
           motion
           of
           his
           own
           Shadow
           :
           Then
           letting
           him
           go
           forward
           a
           little
           ,
           still
           keeping
           the
           Reins
           in
           his
           Hand
           ,
           and
           stroking
           him
           gently
           ,
           when
           he
           found
           him
           to
           be
           very
           brisk
           and
           fiery
           ,
           he
           let
           fall
           his
           upper
           Garment
           softly
           ,
           and
           with
           one
           nimble
           Leap
           securely
           mounted
           him
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           
           was
           seated
           ,
           by
           little
           and
           little
           straitned
           the
           Bridle
           ,
           and
           curb'd
           him
           without
           either
           striking
           or
           spurring
           .
           Afterwards
           when
           he
           perceiv'd
           his
           dangerous
           fury
           and
           heat
           was
           abated
           ,
           but
           yet
           not
           without
           great
           impatience
           to
           run
           ,
           he
           let
           him
           go
           at
           full
           speed
           ,
           not
           only
           encouraging
           him
           with
           a
           commanding
           Voice
           ,
           but
           pressing
           him
           forward
           also
           with
           his
           Heel
           .
           All
           who
           were
           present
           beheld
           this
           Action
           at
           first
           with
           silent
           astonishment
           ,
           and
           inward
           concern
           :
           Till
           seeing
           him
           turn
           at
           the
           end
           of
           his
           Career
           ,
           and
           come
           back
           rejoycing
           and
           triumphing
           for
           what
           he
           had
           perform'd
           ,
           they
           all
           burst
           out
           into
           Acclamations
           
           of
           Applause
           ;
           and
           his
           Father
           weeping
           for
           joy
           ,
           kiss'd
           him
           as
           he
           came
           down
           from
           his
           Horse
           ,
           and
           in
           his
           Transport
           said
           ,
           
             O
             my
             Son
             ,
             look
             the
             out
             a
             Kingdom
             equal
             to
             ,
             and
             worthy
             of
             ,
             thy
             great
             Soul
             ,
             for
          
           Macedonia
           
             is
             too
             little
             for
             thee
          
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           ,
           considering
           him
           to
           be
           of
           a
           Temper
           easie
           to
           be
           led
           to
           his
           Duty
           by
           Reason
           ,
           but
           by
           no
           means
           to
           be
           compell'd
           ,
           he
           always
           endeavour'd
           to
           perswade
           ,
           rather
           than
           to
           command
           or
           force
           him
           to
           any
           thing
           ;
           and
           now
           looking
           upon
           the
           institution
           and
           accomplishment
           of
           his
           Youth
           ,
           to
           be
           of
           greater
           difficulty
           and
           importance
           ,
           than
           to
           be
           wholly
           trusted
           to
           those
           Masters
           who
           only
           taught
           him
           Musick
           ,
           and
           other
           superficial
           and
           vulgar
           Sciences
           ,
           and
           to
           require
           ,
           as
           Sophocles
           says
           ,
        
         
           The
           Bridle
           ,
           and
           the
           Rudder
           too
           :
        
         
           He
           sent
           for
           Aristotle
           ,
           the
           most
           knowing
           and
           
           celebrated
           Philosopher
           of
           his
           time
           ,
           and
           rewarded
           him
           with
           a
           Munificence
           proportionable
           to
           ,
           and
           becoming
           the
           care
           he
           took
           to
           instruct
           his
           Son.
           For
           he
           repeopled
           his
           native
           City
           Stagira
           ,
           which
           he
           had
           caused
           to
           be
           deserted
           a
           little
           before
           ,
           restor'd
           all
           the
           Citizens
           who
           were
           in
           Exile
           or
           Slavery
           ,
           to
           their
           Habitations
           ,
           and
           assign'd
           them
           *
           Nympheum
           for
           their
           Studies
           and
           Exercises
           ,
           near
           the
           Town
           of
           Mieza
           ,
           where
           to
           this
           very
           day
           
           they
           shew
           you
           
           Aristotle's
           stone
           Seats
           ,
           and
           the
           shady
           walks
           which
           he
           was
           wont
           to
           frequent
           .
           It
           appears
           that
           Alexander
           receiv'd
           not
           only
           the
           Rules
           of
           Morality
           and
           Policy
           from
           him
           ,
           but
           that
           more
           abstruse
           and
           solid
           part
           of
           Learning
           which
           is
           seldom
           communicated
           to
           the
           Vulgar
           .
           For
           when
           he
           was
           in
           Asia
           ,
           and
           heard
           Aristotle
           had
           publish'd
           some
           Treatifes
           of
           that
           kind
           ,
           he
           wrote
           to
           him
           with
           great
           freedom
           in
           the
           behalf
           of
           Philosophy
           in
           this
           manner
           :
           Alexander
           to
           Aristotle
           ,
           
             greeting
             .
             You
             have
          
           
           
             not
             done
             well
             to
             set
             forth
             your
             Books
             of
             select
             Knowledge
             ,
             for
             what
             is
             there
             now
             that
             I
             can
             surmount
             others
             in
             ,
             if
             those
             things
             which
             I
             have
             been
             particularly
             instructed
             in
             ,
             be
             laid
             open
             to
             all
             :
             For
             my
             part
             I
             assure
             you
             ,
             I
             had
             rather
             excel
             others
             in
             the
             knowledge
             of
             what
             is
             excellent
             in
             its
             kind
             ,
             than
             in
             the
             extent
             of
             my
             Power
             and
             Dominion
             .
             Farewel
             .
             Aristotle
             ,
          
           to
           appease
           and
           comply
           with
           this
           noble
           Ambition
           of
           Alexander
           ,
           answer'd
           him
           ,
           That
           those
           Treatises
           ,
           which
           were
           his
           Metaphysicks
           ,
           were
           indeed
           publish'd
           ,
           but
           not
           plainly
           expos'd
           to
           every
           bodies
           Capacity
           .
           For
           to
           say
           truth
           ,
           they
           are
           written
           in
           such
           a
           style
           ,
           that
           they
           are
           only
           an
           useful
           and
           instructive
           System
           to
           those
           ,
           who
           have
           been
           already
           long
           conversant
           in
           that
           sort
           of
           Learing
           .
           Doubtless
           it
           was
           to
           
           Aristole's
           Precepts
           that
           he
           owed
           the
           inclination
           he
           had
           not
           barely
           to
           the
           Theory
           ,
           but
           likewise
           to
           the
           Practice
           of
           Physick
           :
           For
           when
           any
           of
           his
           
           Friends
           were
           sick
           ,
           he
           would
           often
           prescribe
           them
           their
           course
           of
           Diet
           ,
           and
           Medicines
           proper
           to
           their
           Disease
           ,
           as
           we
           may
           find
           in
           his
           Epistles
           .
           He
           was
           naturally
           a
           great
           lover
           
           of
           all
           kind
           of
           Learning
           ,
           and
           mightily
           addicted
           to
           Reading
           ;
           and
           Onesicritus
           informs
           us
           ,
           That
           he
           constantly
           laid
           
           Homer's
           Illiads
           ,
           Corrected
           by
           Aristotle
           ,
           with
           his
           Dagger
           ,
           under
           his
           Pillow
           ,
           declaring
           that
           he
           esteemed
           them
           an
           exact
           Institution
           and
           perfect
           Store-house
           of
           all
           Military
           Vertue
           and
           Knowledge
           .
           When
           he
           was
           in
           the
           higher
           Provinces
           of
           Asia
           ,
           being
           destitute
           of
           other
           Books
           ,
           he
           order'd
           Harpalus
           to
           send
           him
           some
           ,
           who
           furnish'd
           him
           with
           Philestus
           his
           History
           ,
           a
           great
           many
           of
           
             Euripides
             ,
             Sophocles
          
           ,
           and
           Aeschylus
           his
           Tragedies
           ,
           and
           some
           Dithyrambick
           Hymns
           composed
           by
           Telestes
           and
           Philaxenus
           .
           For
           a
           while
           he
           lov'd
           and
           cherished
           Aristotle
           no
           less
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           wont
           to
           say
           himself
           ,
           than
           if
           he
           had
           been
           his
           Father
           ,
           giving
           this
           Reason
           for
           it
           ,
           that
           as
           he
           receiv'd
           his
           Being
           from
           the
           one
           ,
           so
           the
           other
           had
           taught
           him
           to
           live
           well
           .
           But
           afterwards
           having
           some
           mistrust
           of
           him
           ,
           yet
           not
           so
           far
           as
           to
           do
           him
           any
           Prejudice
           ,
           his
           Familiarity
           and
           friendly
           Kindness
           to
           him
           abated
           so
           much
           ,
           as
           to
           make
           it
           evident
           he
           was
           very
           indifferent
           to
           him
           .
           However
           his
           violent
           Thirst
           after
           ,
           and
           Respect
           for
           Learning
           ,
           which
           were
           born
           ,
           and
           still
           grew
           up
           with
           
           him
           ,
           never
           decay'd
           ,
           as
           appears
           by
           his
           veneration
           of
           Anaxarchus
           ,
           by
           the
           Present
           of
           50
           Talents
           which
           he
           sent
           to
           Xenocrates
           ,
           and
           his
           particular
           Care
           and
           Esteem
           of
           Dandamis
           and
           Calanus
           .
        
         
           While
           Philip
           made
           War
           against
           the
           Byvantines
           ,
           
           he
           left
           Alexander
           ,
           then
           16
           years
           old
           ,
           his
           Lieutenant
           in
           Macedonia
           ,
           committing
           the
           charge
           of
           his
           Great
           Seal
           to
           him
           ,
           who
           not
           to
           sit
           idle
           ,
           reduc'd
           the
           rebellious
           Medan
           ,
           and
           having
           taken
           their
           chief
           Town
           by
           Storm
           ,
           drave
           out
           the
           barbarous
           Inhabitants
           ,
           and
           planting
           a
           Colony
           of
           several
           Nations
           in
           their
           room
           ,
           call'd
           the
           Place
           after
           his
           own
           Name
           Alexandropolis
           .
           At
           the
           Battel
           of
           Chaeronaea
           ,
           which
           his
           Father
           fought
           against
           the
           Grecians
           ,
           he
           is
           said
           to
           have
           been
           the
           first
           Man
           that
           charg'd
           the
           Thebans
           sacred
           Band.
           And
           even
           in
           my
           remembrance
           there
           stood
           an
           old
           Oak
           near
           the
           River
           Cephisus
           ,
           which
           the
           Country
           People
           call'd
           
             Alexander's
             Oak
          
           ,
           because
           his
           Tent
           was
           pitch'd
           under
           it
           .
           And
           not
           far
           off
           are
           to
           be
           seen
           the
           Graves
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           who
           fell
           in
           that
           Battel
           .
           This
           early
           Bravery
           made
           Philip
           so
           fond
           of
           him
           ,
           that
           nothing
           pleas'd
           him
           more
           ,
           than
           to
           hear
           his
           Subjects
           call
           Alexander
           their
           King
           ,
           while
           they
           allow'd
           himself
           no
           other
           Title
           than
           that
           of
           their
           General
           .
        
         
         
           But
           the
           Disorders
           of
           his
           Family
           ,
           chiefly
           
           caused
           by
           his
           new
           Marriages
           ,
           and
           extravavagant
           Loves
           ,
           (
           the
           whole
           Kingdom
           being
           soon
           ,
           in
           a
           manner
           ,
           imbroil'd
           by
           the
           Women
           )
           rais'd
           many
           Quarrels
           and
           great
           Breaches
           between
           them
           ,
           which
           the
           ill
           Nature
           of
           Olympias
           ,
           a
           Woman
           of
           a
           jealous
           and
           implacable
           Temper
           ,
           still
           made
           wider
           ,
           by
           exasperating
           Alexander
           against
           his
           Father
           .
           Among
           the
           rest
           ,
           this
           Accident
           contributed
           most
           to
           their
           falling
           out
           .
           At
           the
           Wedding
           of
           Cleopatra
           ,
           whom
           Philip
           ,
           in
           his
           Dotage
           had
           Married
           ,
           she
           being
           much
           too
           young
           for
           him
           ,
           her
           Uncle
           Attalus
           ,
           in
           his
           Drink
           ,
           desir'd
           the
           Macedonians
           would
           implore
           the
           Gods
           to
           give
           them
           a
           lawful
           Successor
           to
           the
           Kingdom
           by
           his
           Neece
           .
           This
           nettled
           Alexander
           so
           ,
           that
           throwing
           one
           of
           the
           Cups
           at
           his
           Head
           ,
           
             You
             Villain
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             what
             am
             I
             then
             ,
             a
             Bastard
             ?
          
           Then
           Philip
           taking
           Attalus
           his
           part
           ,
           rose
           up
           ,
           and
           would
           have
           ran
           his
           Son
           through
           ;
           but
           by
           good
           Fortune
           for
           them
           both
           ,
           either
           his
           over-hasty
           Rage
           ,
           or
           the
           Wine
           he
           had
           drank
           ,
           made
           his
           Foot
           slip
           ,
           so
           that
           he
           fell
           down
           on
           the
           Floor
           .
           At
           which
           Alexander
           most
           reproachfully
           insulted
           over
           him
           :
           
             See
             there
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             how
             low
             he
             lyes
             ,
             not
             able
             to
             remove
             from
             one
             Seat
             to
             another
             ,
             who
             was
             making
             such
             Preparations
             to
             pass
             out
             of
          
           Europe
           into
           Asia
           .
           After
           this
           insolent
           Debauch
           ,
           he
           and
           his
           Mother
           Olympias
           went
           from
           
           Court
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           had
           plac'd
           her
           in
           Epirus
           ,
           he
           himself
           retir'd
           into
           Illyria
           .
        
         
           About
           this
           time
           Demaratus
           the
           Corinthian
           ,
           
           an
           old
           Friend
           of
           the
           Family
           ,
           who
           had
           the
           freedom
           to
           say
           any
           thing
           among
           them
           without
           offence
           ,
           coming
           to
           visit
           Philip
           ,
           after
           the
           first
           Compliments
           and
           Embraces
           were
           over
           ,
           Philip
           asked
           him
           ,
           
             Whether
             the
          
           Grecians
           
             liv'd
             in
             Amity
             with
             one
             another
             ?
             It
             ill
             becomes
             you
             ,
          
           replied
           
             Demaratus
             ,
             to
             enquire
             after
             the
             State
             of
          
           Greece
           ,
           
             who
             have
             involv'd
             your
             own
             House
             in
             so
             many
             Dissentions
             and
             Calamities
             .
          
           He
           was
           so
           convinc'd
           by
           this
           seasonable
           Reproach
           ,
           that
           he
           immediately
           sent
           for
           his
           Son
           home
           ,
           and
           at
           last
           ,
           by
           Demaratus
           his
           Mediation
           ,
           prevail'd
           with
           him
           to
           return
           .
           But
           this
           Reconciliation
           lasted
           not
           long
           ;
           for
           when
           Pexodorus
           ,
           Viceroy
           of
           Caria
           ,
           sent
           Aristocritus
           to
           treat
           a
           Match
           between
           
           his
           eldest
           Daughter
           ,
           and
           
           Philip's
           Son
           Aridaeus
           ,
           seeking
           thereby
           to
           enter
           into
           a
           League
           offensive
           and
           defensive
           with
           him
           :
           
           Alexander's
           Mother
           ,
           and
           some
           who
           pretended
           to
           be
           his
           Friends
           ,
           fill'd
           his
           Head
           with
           Tales
           and
           Calumnies
           ,
           as
           if
           Philip
           ,
           by
           this
           splendid
           Alliance
           ,
           and
           considerable
           Negotiation
           ,
           intended
           to
           settle
           the
           Kingdom
           upon
           Aridaeus
           .
           To
           prevent
           this
           ,
           he
           dispatches
           one
           Thessalus
           ,
           a
           Player
           ,
           into
           Caria
           ,
           to
           dispose
           Pexodorus
           to
           slight
           Aridaeus
           ,
           both
           as
           illegitimate
           ,
           and
           a
           Fool
           ,
           and
           rather
           to
           accept
           of
           
           himself
           for
           his
           Son-in-law
           .
           This
           Proposition
           was
           much
           more
           agreeable
           to
           Pexodorus
           then
           the
           former
           .
           But
           Philip
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           ever
           he
           was
           made
           acquainted
           with
           this
           Transaction
           ,
           went
           directly
           to
           his
           Son's
           Apartment
           ,
           accompanied
           only
           by
           Philotas
           ,
           one
           of
           his
           most
           intimate
           Friends
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           Parmenio
           ,
           and
           there
           reprov'd
           him
           severely
           ,
           and
           reproach'd
           him
           bitterly
           ,
           that
           he
           should
           be
           so
           degenerate
           ,
           and
           unworthy
           of
           the
           Crown
           he
           was
           to
           leave
           him
           ,
           as
           to
           desire
           the
           Alliance
           of
           a
           mean
           Carian
           ,
           who
           was
           at
           best
           ,
           but
           the
           Vassal
           of
           a
           barbarous
           Prince
           .
           Nor
           did
           this
           satisfie
           his
           Resentment
           ,
           for
           he
           wrote
           to
           the
           Corinthians
           to
           send
           Thessalus
           to
           him
           in
           Chains
           ,
           and
           banish'd
           
             Harpalus
             ,
             Nearchus
             ,
             Phrygius
          
           ,
           and
           Ptolomy
           ,
           his
           Sons
           Confidents
           and
           Favorites
           ,
           whom
           Alexander
           afterwards
           recall'd
           ,
           and
           rais'd
           to
           great
           Honour
           and
           Preferment
           .
        
         
           Not
           long
           after
           this
           ,
           a
           Youth
           nam'd
           Pausanias
           ,
           
           being
           forcibly
           abused
           ,
           not
           without
           the
           knowledge
           and
           consent
           of
           Attalus
           and
           Cleopatra
           :
           When
           he
           found
           he
           could
           get
           no
           Reparation
           for
           his
           Disgrace
           at
           
           Philip's
           hands
           ,
           watch'd
           his
           opportunity
           ,
           and
           Murther'd
           him
           .
           The
           guilt
           of
           which
           Fact
           fell
           partly
           upon
           Olympias
           ,
           who
           is
           said
           to
           have
           encourag'd
           and
           exasperated
           the
           enrag'd
           Youth
           to
           Revenge
           ;
           and
           partly
           upon
           Alexander
           himself
           ,
           w●●
           when
           Pausanias
           came
           ,
           and
           complain'd
           
           to
           him
           of
           the
           Injury
           he
           had
           receiv'd
           ,
           repeated
           these
           Verses
           to
           him
           out
           of
           Euripides
           his
           Medea
           ,
           where
           in
           her
           Fury
           she
           says
           —
        
         
           
             She
             'll
             see
             that
             her
             Revenge
             be
             satisfied
          
           
             On
             Husband
             ,
             Wife
             ,
             and
             him
             who
             gave
             the
             Bride
             .
          
        
         
           However
           ,
           he
           took
           care
           to
           find
           out
           and
           punish
           the
           Accomplices
           of
           the
           Conspiracy
           severely
           ,
           and
           was
           very
           angry
           with
           Olympias
           ,
           for
           treating
           Cleopatra
           too
           inhumanely
           in
           his
           absence
           .
        
         
           Alexander
           was
           but
           20
           years
           old
           when
           his
           
           Father
           was
           murther'd
           ,
           and
           not
           without
           great
           Envy
           succeeded
           to
           a
           Crown
           beset
           on
           all
           sides
           with
           many
           dangers
           ,
           and
           powerful
           Enemies
           .
           For
           not
           only
           the
           barbarous
           Nations
           that
           border'd
           on
           Macedonia
           ,
           were
           impatient
           of
           being
           govern'd
           by
           any
           but
           their
           own
           native
           Princes
           ;
           but
           Philip
           likewise
           ,
           though
           he
           had
           been
           victorious
           over
           the
           Grecians
           ,
           yet
           ,
           for
           want
           of
           time
           to
           finish
           his
           Conquests
           ,
           and
           settle
           his
           Affairs
           ,
           had
           left
           all
           things
           in
           great
           Hurry
           and
           Confusion
           .
           Wherefore
           some
           would
           have
           perswaded
           Alexander
           to
           have
           given
           over
           all
           thoughts
           of
           containing
           the
           Grecians
           in
           their
           Duty
           by
           force
           of
           Arms
           ,
           and
           rather
           to
           apply
           himself
           to
           reduce
           the
           neighbouring
           Nations
           by
           gentle
           means
           ,
           and
           prevent
           Innovations
           in
           their
           
           very
           beginning
           .
           But
           he
           rejected
           this
           Counsel
           as
           weak
           and
           timorous
           ,
           and
           look'd
           upon
           it
           to
           be
           more
           Prudence
           to
           secure
           himself
           by
           Resolution
           and
           Magnanimity
           ,
           than
           by
           seeming
           to
           truckle
           to
           any
           ,
           hazard
           the
           bringing
           all
           his
           Enemies
           upon
           him
           at
           once
           .
           In
           pursuit
           of
           this
           opinion
           ,
           he
           kept
           the
           Barbarians
           quiet
           ,
           by
           making
           a
           sudden
           Incursion
           into
           their
           Country
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           the
           River
           
           Ister
           ,
           where
           he
           gave
           Syrmus
           ,
           King
           of
           the
           Triballians
           ,
           a
           considerable
           Overthrow
           .
           And
           hearing
           the
           Thebans
           were
           ready
           to
           Revolt
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           Athenians
           held
           Correspondence
           with
           them
           ,
           because
           Demosthenes
           ,
           in
           disparagement
           of
           him
           ,
           had
           call'd
           him
           a
           Child
           while
           he
           was
           in
           Illyria
           ,
           and
           the
           Country
           of
           the
           Triballians
           ,
           allowing
           him
           to
           be
           no
           more
           than
           a
           Youth
           ,
           while
           he
           was
           in
           Thessaly
           :
           To
           shew
           how
           much
           he
           was
           improv'd
           ,
           he
           immediately
           led
           his
           Army
           through
           the
           Straits
           of
           Thermopylae
           ,
           and
           said
           ,
           they
           should
           find
           him
           a
           Man
           to
           some
           purpose
           before
           the
           Walls
           of
           Athens
           .
        
         
           When
           he
           came
           to
           Thebes
           ,
           to
           shew
           how
           willing
           he
           was
           to
           accept
           of
           their
           Repentance
           for
           what
           was
           past
           ,
           he
           only
           demanded
           of
           them
           Phoenix
           and
           Prothytes
           ,
           the
           Authors
           of
           the
           Rebellion
           ,
           and
           proclaim'd
           a
           general
           Pardon
           of
           those
           who
           would
           come
           over
           to
           him
           .
           But
           when
           the
           Thebans
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           not
           only
           requir'd
           Philotas
           and
           
           Antipater
           to
           be
           deliver'd
           into
           their
           hands
           ,
           but
           also
           publickly
           invited
           all
           who
           would
           assert
           the
           Liberty
           of
           Greece
           ,
           into
           an
           Association
           with
           them
           ,
           he
           presently
           applied
           himself
           to
           make
           them
           feel
           the
           last
           Extremities
           of
           War.
           The
           Thebans
           indeed
           defended
           themselves
           with
           Alacrity
           and
           Courage
           ,
           far
           beyond
           their
           Strength
           ,
           being
           much
           out-numbred
           by
           their
           Enemies
           .
           But
           when
           the
           Macedonian
           Garrison
           sallied
           out
           upon
           them
           from
           the
           Cittadel
           ,
           they
           were
           so
           hem'd
           in
           on
           all
           sides
           ,
           that
           many
           of
           them
           fell
           in
           the
           Battel
           .
           The
           City
           it self
           being
           taken
           by
           Storm
           ,
           was
           sack'd
           and
           ras'd
           ,
           on
           purpose
           
           that
           so
           severe
           an
           Example
           might
           terrifie
           the
           rest
           of
           Greece
           into
           obedience
           .
           However
           ,
           to
           colour
           this
           Vengeance
           ,
           he
           gave
           out
           ,
           he
           was
           forc'd
           to
           be
           so
           extremely
           rigorous
           ,
           by
           the
           pressing
           Complaints
           and
           Accusations
           of
           his
           Confederates
           the
           Phocians
           and
           Plataeans
           .
           So
           that
           except
           the
           Priests
           ,
           and
           some
           few
           who
           had
           heretofore
           entertain'd
           the
           Macedonians
           kindly
           at
           their
           Houses
           ,
           the
           Family
           of
           the
           Poet
           Pindar
           ,
           and
           those
           who
           were
           known
           
           to
           have
           oppos'd
           the
           Rebellion
           ,
           all
           the
           rest
           ,
           to
           the
           number
           of
           30000
           ,
           were
           publickly
           sold
           for
           Slaves
           ;
           and
           it
           is
           computed
           ,
           that
           upwards
           of
           6000
           were
           put
           to
           the
           Sword.
           Among
           the
           other
           Calamities
           that
           befel
           this
           miserable
           City
           ,
           it
           happen'd
           that
           some
           Thracian
           Soldiers
           having
           plundred
           and
           demolished
           
           the
           House
           of
           an
           Illustrious
           Matron
           named
           
           Timoclea
           ,
           their
           Captain
           ,
           after
           he
           had
           lain
           with
           her
           by
           force
           ,
           to
           satisfie
           his
           Avarice
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Lust
           ,
           ask'd
           her
           ,
           If
           she
           knew
           of
           any
           Money
           conceal'd
           ;
           to
           which
           she
           readily
           answer'd
           ,
           she
           did
           ,
           and
           bid
           him
           follow
           her
           into
           a
           Garden
           ,
           where
           she
           shew'd
           him
           a
           Well
           ,
           into
           which
           ,
           she
           told
           him
           ,
           upon
           the
           the
           taking
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           she
           had
           thrown
           what
           she
           had
           of
           most
           value
           .
           The
           greedy
           Thracian
           presently
           stooping
           down
           to
           view
           the
           place
           where
           he
           thought
           the
           Treasure
           lay
           ,
           she
           came
           behind
           him
           ,
           and
           push'd
           him
           into
           the
           Well
           ,
           and
           then
           flung
           great
           Stones
           in
           upon
           him
           ,
           till
           she
           had
           kill'd
           him
           .
           After
           which
           ,
           when
           the
           Soldiers
           led
           her
           away
           bound
           to
           Alexander
           ,
           her
           very
           Meen
           and
           Gate
           shew'd
           her
           to
           be
           a
           Woman
           of
           Quality
           ,
           and
           of
           a
           Mind
           no
           less
           elevated
           ,
           not
           betraying
           the
           least
           sign
           of
           Fear
           or
           Astonishment
           .
           And
           when
           the
           King
           ask'd
           her
           ,
           Who
           she
           was
           ?
           
             I
             am
          
           ,
           said
           she
           ,
           
             the
             Sister
             of
          
           Theagenes
           ,
           
             who
             fought
             the
             Battel
             of
          
           Chaeronea
           
             with
             your
             Father
          
           Philip
           ,
           
             and
             fell
             there
             for
             the
             liberty
             of
          
           Greece
           .
           Alexander
           was
           so
           surpriz'd
           ,
           both
           at
           what
           she
           had
           done
           ,
           and
           what
           she
           said
           ,
           that
           he
           could
           not
           chuse
           but
           give
           her
           and
           her
           Children
           their
           Freedom
           to
           go
           whither
           they
           pleased
           .
        
         
         
           After
           this
           he
           receiv'd
           the
           Athenians
           into
           
           Favour
           ,
           although
           they
           had
           shew'd
           themselves
           so
           much
           concern'd
           at
           the
           Calamity
           of
           Thebes
           ,
           that
           they
           omitted
           the
           Celebration
           of
           their
           Festivals
           ,
           and
           entertain'd
           those
           who
           escap'd
           ,
           with
           all
           possible
           Humanity
           .
           Whether
           in
           this
           he
           follow'd
           the
           Nature
           of
           Lions
           ,
           his
           Rage
           being
           already
           satisfied
           ,
           or
           that
           after
           an
           Example
           of
           horrid
           Cruelty
           ,
           he
           had
           a
           mind
           to
           appear
           Merciful
           ,
           it
           happen'd
           well
           for
           the
           Athenians
           ;
           for
           he
           not
           only
           forgave
           them
           all
           past
           Offences
           ,
           but
           commanded
           them
           to
           look
           to
           their
           Affairs
           with
           Caution
           and
           Vigilance
           ,
           upon
           this
           Consideration
           ,
           that
           if
           he
           should
           miscarry
           in
           his
           Expedition
           ,
           they
           were
           like
           to
           be
           the
           Arbiters
           of
           Greece
           .
           Certain
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           he
           often
           repented
           of
           his
           Severity
           to
           the
           Thebans
           ,
           and
           his
           Remorse
           had
           such
           influence
           on
           his
           Temper
           ,
           as
           to
           make
           him
           ever
           after
           less
           rigorous
           to
           all
           others
           .
           He
           imputed
           also
           the
           Murther
           of
           Clitus
           ,
           which
           he
           committed
           in
           his
           Wine
           ,
           and
           the
           base
           unwillingness
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           to
           follow
           him
           against
           the
           Indians
           ,
           (
           by
           which
           his
           Enterprize
           and
           Glory
           was
           left
           imperfect
           )
           to
           the
           Wrath
           and
           Vengeance
           of
           Bacchus
           ,
           the
           Protector
           of
           Thebes
           .
           And
           it
           was
           observ'd
           ,
           that
           whatsoever
           any
           Theban
           ,
           who
           had
           the
           good
           fortune
           to
           survive
           this
           Victory
           ,
           ask'd
           of
           him
           ,
           he
           was
           sure
           to
           grant
           ,
           without
           the
           least
           difficulty
           .
        
         
         
           Soon
           after
           the
           Graecians
           being
           assembled
           
           in
           the
           Strait
           of
           Peloponesus
           ,
           declar'd
           their
           Resolution
           of
           joyning
           with
           Alexander
           in
           the
           War
           against
           the
           Persians
           ,
           and
           made
           choice
           of
           him
           for
           their
           General
           .
           While
           he
           staid
           here
           ,
           many
           publick
           Ministers
           and
           Philosophers
           came
           from
           all
           Parts
           to
           visit
           him
           ,
           and
           congratulate
           his
           Election
           :
           But
           contrary
           to
           his
           Expectation
           ,
           Diogenes
           of
           Synope
           ,
           who
           then
           dwelt
           at
           Corinth
           ,
           thought
           so
           little
           of
           him
           ,
           that
           instead
           of
           coming
           to
           complement
           him
           ,
           he
           never
           so
           much
           as
           stirr'd
           out
           of
           the
           Cranium
           or
           Suburbs
           ,
           where
           Alexander
           found
           him
           lying
           along
           in
           the
           Sun.
           When
           he
           saw
           so
           much
           Company
           near
           him
           ,
           he
           rais'd
           himself
           a
           little
           ,
           and
           vouchsaf'd
           to
           look
           upon
           
           Alexander
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           kindly
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           Whether
           he
           wanted
           any
           thing
           ?
           Yes
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             I
             would
             have
             you
             stand
             from
             between
             me
             and
             the
             Sun.
             Alexander
          
           was
           so
           affected
           at
           this
           Answer
           ,
           and
           surpriz'd
           at
           the
           Greatness
           of
           the
           Man's
           Soul
           ,
           who
           had
           taken
           so
           little
           notice
           of
           him
           ,
           that
           as
           he
           went
           away
           ,
           he
           told
           his
           Followers
           ,
           who
           were
           Laughing
           at
           the
           Moroseness
           of
           the
           Philosopher
           ,
           That
           if
           he
           were
           not
           Alexander
           ,
           he
           would
           rather
           chuse
           to
           be
           Diogenes
           than
           any
           other
           Man.
           
        
         
           Then
           he
           went
           to
           Delphos
           ,
           to
           consult
           Apollo
           
           concerning
           the
           Success
           of
           the
           War
           he
           had
           undertaken
           ;
           and
           happening
           to
           come
           at
           a
           time
           that
           was
           esteeem'd
           unlucky
           ,
           and
           improper
           
           to
           give
           any
           Answers
           from
           the
           Oracle
           ,
           he
           sent
           Messengers
           to
           desire
           the
           Priestess
           to
           do
           her
           Office
           ;
           but
           she
           refusing
           ,
           under
           pretence
           of
           a
           Law
           to
           the
           contrary
           ,
           he
           went
           up
           himself
           ,
           and
           drew
           her
           by
           force
           into
           the
           Temple
           ,
           where
           tir'd
           and
           overcome
           with
           Struggling
           ,
           
             My
             Son
          
           ,
           said
           she
           ,
           
             thou
             art
             Invincible
             .
             Alexander
          
           taking
           hold
           of
           what
           she
           spoke
           ,
           declar'd
           he
           had
           receiv'd
           such
           an
           Answer
           as
           he
           wish'd
           for
           ,
           and
           that
           it
           was
           needless
           to
           consult
           the
           God
           any
           further
           .
           Among
           other
           Prodigies
           that
           preceded
           the
           March
           of
           his
           Army
           ,
           the
           Image
           of
           Orpheus
           at
           Libethra
           ,
           made
           of
           Cypress-Wood
           ,
           was
           seen
           to
           Sweat
           in
           great
           abundance
           ,
           to
           the
           discouragement
           of
           many
           .
           But
           Aristander
           told
           him
           ,
           That
           far
           from
           presaging
           any
           Ill
           to
           him
           ,
           it
           signifi'd
           ,
           he
           should
           perform
           things
           so
           important
           and
           glorious
           ,
           as
           would
           make
           the
           Poets
           and
           Musicians
           of
           future
           Ages
           labour
           and
           sweat
           to
           describe
           and
           celebrate
           them
           .
        
         
           His
           Army
           ,
           by
           their
           Computation
           who
           
           reckon
           moderately
           ,
           consisted
           of
           30000
           Foot
           ,
           and
           5000
           Horse
           ;
           and
           those
           who
           make
           the
           most
           of
           it
           ,
           speak
           but
           of
           34000
           Foot
           ,
           and
           4000
           Horse
           .
           Aristobulus
           says
           ,
           he
           had
           not
           a
           Fund
           of
           above
           70
           Talents
           for
           their
           Pay
           ,
           nor
           more
           than
           30
           days
           Provisions
           ,
           if
           we
           may
           believe
           Duris
           ;
           and
           Onesicritus
           tell
           us
           ,
           he
           was
           200
           Talents
           in
           Debt
           .
           However
           
           narrow
           and
           disproportionable
           the
           beginnings
           of
           so
           vast
           an
           Undertaking
           might
           seem
           to
           be
           ,
           yet
           he
           would
           not
           embark
           his
           Army
           ,
           till
           he
           had
           inform'd
           himself
           particularly
           ,
           
           what
           Estates
           his
           Friends
           had
           to
           enable
           them
           to
           follow
           him
           ,
           and
           supplied
           what
           they
           wanted
           ,
           by
           giving
           good
           Farms
           to
           some
           ,
           a
           Village
           to
           one
           ,
           and
           the
           Revenue
           of
           some
           Borough
           or
           Port-Town
           to
           another
           .
           So
           that
           at
           last
           he
           had
           wasted
           or
           engag'd
           almost
           all
           the
           Crown-Lands
           ,
           which
           giving
           Perdiccas
           an
           occasion
           to
           ask
           him
           ,
           
             What
             he
             would
             leave
             himself
          
           ?
           He
           replied
           ,
           
             Nothing
             but
             the
             Hopes
             of
             his
             future
             Conquests
             .
             You
             will
             not
             then
             ,
          
           said
           Perdiccas
           ,
           
             take
             it
             ill
             ,
             if
             we
             share
             with
             you
             in
             those
             Hopes
             only
             ,
             and
             refused
             to
             accept
             of
             the
             Estate
             he
             had
             assign'd
             him
             .
          
           Some
           others
           of
           his
           Friends
           did
           the
           like
           ,
           but
           to
           those
           who
           willingly
           receiv'd
           ,
           or
           desir'd
           assistance
           of
           him
           ,
           he
           liberally
           granted
           it
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           his
           Patrimony
           in
           Macedonia
           would
           reach
           ,
           which
           was
           all
           spent
           in
           these
           Donations
           .
        
         
           With
           such
           vigorous
           Resolutions
           ,
           and
           
           his
           Mind
           thus
           dispos'd
           ,
           he
           pass'd
           the
           Hellespont
           ,
           and
           at
           Troy
           Sacrific'd
           to
           Minerva
           ,
           and
           Honour'd
           the
           Memory
           of
           the
           Heroes
           who
           were
           Buried
           there
           ,
           with
           solemn
           Funeral
           Libations
           ;
           especially
           Achilles
           ,
           whose
           Grave-Stone
           he
           Anointed
           ,
           and
           with
           his
           Friends
           ,
           as
           antient
           Custom
           was
           ,
           ran
           naked
           about
           his
           Sepulchre
           ,
           and
           Crown'd
           it
           with
           Garlands
           ,
           
           withal
           declaring
           ,
           how
           happy
           he
           estee●'d
           him
           ▪
           in
           having
           while
           he
           liv'd
           ,
           so
           faithful
           a
           Friend
           as
           Patroclus
           ;
           and
           when
           he
           was
           dead
           ,
           so
           famous
           a
           Poet
           as
           Homer
           to
           immortalize
           his
           Actions
           .
           While
           he
           was
           viewing
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Antiquities
           and
           Curiosities
           of
           the
           Place
           ,
           being
           told
           ,
           he
           might
           see
           Paris
           his
           Harp
           if
           he
           pleas'd
           ,
           he
           said
           ,
           He
           thought
           it
           not
           worth
           looking
           on
           ,
           but
           he
           should
           be
           glad
           to
           fee
           that
           of
           Achilles
           ,
           with
           which
           he
           had
           celebrated
           the
           Glory
           and
           Renown'd
           Actions
           of
           so
           many
           brave
           Men.
           
        
         
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           Darius
           his
           Captains
           having
           Martial'd
           great
           Forces
           ,
           were
           incamp'd
           
           on
           the
           further
           Bank
           of
           the
           River
           Granicus
           ,
           which
           was
           look'd
           on
           as
           so
           considerable
           a
           Pass
           into
           Asia
           ,
           that
           there
           was
           an
           absolute
           necessity
           of
           Fighting
           to
           win
           it
           .
           The
           depth
           of
           the
           River
           ,
           with
           the
           unevenness
           and
           difficult
           ascent
           of
           the
           oppositite
           Shore
           ,
           which
           was
           to
           be
           gain'd
           by
           main
           force
           ,
           was
           apprehended
           by
           some
           ;
           and
           others
           were
           so
           Superstitious
           ,
           as
           to
           think
           it
           an
           improper
           time
           to
           engage
           ,
           because
           it
           was
           unusual
           for
           the
           Kings
           of
           Macedonia
           to
           march
           with
           their
           Forces
           in
           the
           Month
           of
           June
           .
           But
           Alexander
           broke
           through
           these
           Scruples
           ,
           telling
           them
           ,
           they
           should
           call
           it
           a
           second
           May.
           And
           when
           Parmenio
           advis'd
           him
           not
           to
           attempt
           any
           thing
           that
           day
           ,
           because
           it
           was
           late
           ,
           he
           told
           him
           ,
           The
           Hellespont
           which
           he
           had
           
           pass'd
           would
           blush
           for
           him
           ,
           if
           he
           should
           be
           baffled
           at
           the
           passage
           of
           an
           inconsiderable
           River
           .
           And
           so
           without
           more
           saying
           ,
           he
           immediately
           took
           the
           River
           with
           13
           Troops
           of
           Horse
           ,
           and
           advanc'd
           against
           whole
           showers
           of
           Darts
           thrown
           from
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           which
           was
           cover'd
           with
           multitudes
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           
           notwithstanding
           the
           disadvantage
           of
           the
           Ground
           ,
           and
           the
           rapidity
           of
           the
           Stream
           ;
           So
           that
           this
           Action
           seem'd
           to
           have
           more
           of
           Rage
           and
           Madness
           in
           it
           ,
           than
           of
           prudent
           Conduct
           .
           However
           he
           persisted
           obstinately
           to
           gain
           the
           Ford
           ,
           and
           at
           last
           with
           much
           ado
           climbing
           up
           the
           Banks
           ,
           which
           were
           very
           slippery
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           Mud
           ,
           he
           was
           fain
           to
           mingle
           among
           the
           thickest
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           and
           Fight
           hand
           to
           hand
           for
           a
           while
           ,
           before
           he
           could
           bring
           his
           Men
           ,
           who
           were
           endeavouring
           still
           to
           pass
           ,
           into
           any
           Order
           .
           They
           press'd
           upon
           him
           with
           loud
           and
           warlike
           Outcries
           ,
           and
           charging
           him
           closely
           with
           their
           Horse
           ,
           after
           they
           had
           broken
           and
           spent
           their
           Javelins
           ,
           they
           fell
           to
           it
           with
           their
           Swords
           .
           And
           Alexander
           being
           remarkable
           for
           his
           Buckler
           ,
           and
           a
           large
           Plume
           of
           excellent
           white
           Feathers
           on
           his
           Helmet
           ,
           was
           attack'd
           on
           all
           sides
           ,
           yet
           escap'd
           wounding
           ,
           though
           his
           Cuirass
           was
           pierc'd
           by
           a
           Javelin
           in
           a
           faulty
           place
           .
           And
           Rhesaces
           ,
           
           and
           Spithridrates
           ,
           two
           Persian
           Commanders
           ,
           falling
           upon
           him
           at
           once
           ,
           he
           avoided
           one
           of
           
           them
           ,
           and
           struck
           at
           Rhesaces
           ,
           who
           had
           a
           good
           Cuirass
           on
           ,
           with
           such
           force
           ,
           that
           his
           Javelin
           breaking
           in
           his
           Hand
           ,
           he
           was
           glad
           to
           betake
           himself
           to
           his
           Sword.
           While
           they
           were
           thus
           engag'd
           ,
           Spithridates
           came
           up
           on
           one
           side
           of
           him
           ,
           and
           raising
           himself
           upon
           his
           Horse
           ,
           gave
           him
           such
           a
           Blow
           with
           his
           Battel-Axe
           on
           the
           Helmet
           ,
           that
           he
           cut
           off
           the
           Crest
           of
           it
           ,
           with
           one
           side
           of
           his
           Plume
           ,
           and
           made
           such
           a
           Gash
           ,
           that
           the
           edge
           of
           his
           Weapon
           touch'd
           the
           very
           Hair
           of
           his
           Head.
           But
           as
           he
           was
           about
           to
           repeat
           his
           Stroke
           ,
           Great
           Clitus
           prevented
           him
           ,
           by
           
           running
           him
           through
           the
           Body
           with
           his
           Spear
           .
           At
           the
           same
           time
           Alexander
           dispatch'd
           Rhesaces
           with
           his
           Sword.
           While
           the
           Horse
           were
           thus
           dangerously
           engag'd
           ,
           the
           Macedonian
           Phalanx
           pass'd
           the
           River
           ,
           and
           the
           Foot
           on
           each
           side
           advanc'd
           to
           Fight
           .
           but
           the
           Enemy
           hardly
           sustaining
           the
           first
           onset
           ,
           soon
           gave
           ground
           and
           fled
           ,
           all
           but
           the
           mercenary
           Graecians
           ,
           who
           making
           a
           stand
           upon
           a
           rising
           Ground
           ,
           desired
           quarter
           ,
           which
           Alexander
           guided
           rather
           by
           Passion
           than
           Judgment
           ,
           refused
           to
           grant
           ,
           and
           charging
           them
           himself
           first
           ,
           had
           his
           Horse
           (
           not
           Bucephalus
           but
           another
           )
           kill'd
           under
           him
           .
           And
           this
           obstinacy
           of
           his
           to
           cut
           off
           these
           experienc'd
           desperate
           Men
           ,
           cost
           him
           the
           lives
           of
           more
           of
           his
           own
           Soldiers
           ,
           than
           all
           the
           Battel
           before
           ,
           besides
           those
           who
           were
           
           wounded
           .
           The
           Persians
           lost
           in
           this
           Battel
           20000
           Foot
           ,
           and
           2500
           Horse
           :
           On
           
           Alexander's
           side
           ,
           Aristobulus
           says
           there
           was
           not
           wanting
           above
           34
           ,
           of
           which
           9
           were
           Foot
           ,
           to
           whose
           Memory
           he
           caused
           so
           many
           Statues
           of
           Brass
           of
           Lysippus
           his
           Hand
           to
           be
           Erected
           :
           And
           that
           the
           Graecians
           might
           participate
           the
           Fruits
           of
           his
           Victory
           ,
           he
           shar'd
           the
           Booty
           among
           them
           .
           Particularly
           to
           the
           Athenians
           he
           sent
           300
           Bucklers
           ,
           and
           upon
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Spoils
           he
           ordered
           this
           glorious
           Inscription
           to
           be
           set
           :
           
             Alexander
             the
             Son
             of
          
           Philip
           ,
           
             and
             all
             the
          
           Grecians
           ,
           
             except
             the
          
           Lacedemonians
           ,
           
             won
             these
             from
             the
          
           Barbarians
           
             who
             inhabit
          
           Asia
           .
           All
           the
           Plate
           and
           Purple
           Garments
           ,
           and
           whatever
           else
           of
           any
           value
           he
           took
           from
           the
           Persians
           ,
           except
           a
           very
           small
           quantity
           reserv'd
           for
           himself
           ,
           he
           sent
           as
           a
           Present
           to
           his
           Mother
           .
        
         
           This
           Battel
           presently
           made
           a
           great
           change
           of
           Affairs
           to
           
           Alexander's
           advantage
           :
           For
           Sardis
           it self
           ,
           the
           chief
           Seat
           of
           the
           Barbarians
           
           Power
           in
           the
           Maritime
           Provinces
           ,
           and
           many
           other
           considerable
           Places
           were
           Surrendred
           to
           him
           ;
           only
           Halicarnassus
           and
           Miletus
           stood
           ,
           which
           he
           soon
           took
           in
           by
           force
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           Territory
           about
           them
           .
           After
           which
           he
           was
           a
           little
           unsettled
           in
           his
           Opinion
           how
           to
           proceed
           :
           Sometimes
           he
           thought
           it
           best
           to
           find
           out
           Darius
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           could
           ,
           and
           put
           all
           to
           the
           hazard
           of
           a
           
           Battel
           ;
           another
           while
           he
           looked
           upon
           it
           as
           a
           more
           prudent
           course
           ;
           to
           make
           an
           entire
           Conquest
           of
           the
           Sea-Coast
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           seek
           the
           Enemy
           till
           he
           was
           strengthned
           ,
           by
           the
           addition
           of
           the
           Wealth
           and
           Forces
           of
           those
           Provinces
           .
           While
           he
           was
           thus
           deliberating
           what
           to
           do
           ,
           it
           hapned
           that
           a
           Fountain
           near
           the
           City
           of
           Xanthus
           in
           Lycia
           ,
           of
           its
           own
           accord
           swell'd
           over
           its
           Banks
           ,
           and
           threw
           up
           a
           Copper
           Plate
           upon
           the
           Shore
           ,
           in
           which
           was
           Engraven
           in
           ancient
           Characters
           ,
           
           
             That
             the
             time
             would
             come
             ,
             when
             the
          
           Persian
           
             Empire
             should
             be
             destroyed
             by
             the
          
           Graecians
           .
           Incouraged
           by
           this
           Accident
           ,
           he
           proceeded
           to
           reduce
           the
           Maritime
           Parts
           of
           Cilicia
           ,
           and
           Phoenicea
           ,
           and
           passed
           his
           Army
           along
           the
           Sea-Coasts
           of
           Pamphilia
           with
           such
           Expedition
           ,
           that
           many
           Historians
           have
           describ'd
           ,
           and
           extoll'd
           it
           with
           that
           height
           of
           Admiration
           ,
           as
           if
           it
           were
           no
           less
           than
           a
           Miracle
           ,
           and
           an
           extraordinary
           effect
           of
           Divine
           Favour
           ,
           that
           the
           Waves
           which
           were
           wont
           to
           come
           rowling
           in
           from
           the
           Main
           ,
           and
           hardly
           ever
           leave
           so
           much
           as
           the
           Beach
           under
           the
           steep
           ,
           broken
           Cliffs
           at
           any
           time
           uncover'd
           ,
           should
           on
           a
           sudden
           retire
           to
           afford
           him
           passage
           .
           Menander
           ,
           in
           one
           of
           his
           Comedies
           ,
           alludes
           to
           this
           wonderful
           Event
           ,
           when
           he
           says
           ,
        
         
           
           
             How
             this
             Resembles
             
             Alexander's
             high
          
           
             Exploits
             ?
             This
             Fellow
             of
             his
             own
             accord
             is
             here
             .
          
           
             Ask
             him
             to
             wade
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             he
             'll
             reply
             ,
          
           
             Ev'n
             that
             to
             him
             does
             passable
             appear
             .
          
        
         
           Alexander
           himself
           in
           his
           Epistles
           ,
           mentions
           nothing
           unusual
           in
           this
           at
           all
           ,
           but
           says
           ,
           he
           went
           from
           Phaselis
           ,
           and
           marched
           through
           the
           Straits
           ,
           which
           they
           call
           the
           Ladders
           .
           At
           Phaselis
           he
           staid
           some
           time
           ,
           and
           finding
           the
           Statue
           of
           Theodectes
           ,
           who
           was
           then
           Dead
           ,
           erected
           in
           the
           Market
           Place
           ,
           after
           he
           had
           Supp'd
           ,
           having
           drank
           pretty
           plentifully
           ,
           he
           went
           and
           Danc'd
           about
           it
           ,
           and
           Crown'd
           it
           with
           Garlands
           as
           it
           were
           in
           sport
           ,
           Honouring
           the
           Memory
           of
           his
           Friend
           ,
           whose
           Conversation
           he
           had
           formerly
           enjoyed
           ,
           when
           he
           was
           
           Aristotle's
           Scholar
           .
        
         
           Then
           he
           subdued
           the
           Pisidians
           who
           made
           
           head
           against
           him
           ,
           and
           conquered
           the
           Phrygians
           ,
           at
           whose
           chief
           City
           Gordium
           ,
           (
           which
           is
           said
           to
           be
           Seat
           of
           Old
           King
           Midas
           )
           he
           saw
           the
           famous
           Chariot
           fastned
           with
           Cords
           made
           of
           the
           Rind
           of
           the
           
             Cornel
             Tree
          
           ,
           which
           
           whosoever
           should
           untie
           ,
           the
           Inhabitants
           had
           a
           constant
           Tradition
           ,
           that
           for
           him
           was
           reserv'd
           the
           Empire
           of
           the
           World.
           Most
           are
           of
           Opinion
           ,
           That
           Alexander
           finding
           himself
           unable
           to
           untie
           the
           Knot
           ,
           because
           the
           ends
           of
           it
           were
           secretly
           folded
           up
           within
           
           it
           ,
           cut
           it
           asunder
           ,
           with
           his
           Sword
           :
           But
           
           Aristobulus
           tells
           us
           ,
           it
           was
           easie
           for
           him
           to
           undo
           it
           ,
           by
           only
           pulling
           the
           Pin
           out
           of
           the
           Beam
           which
           fastned
           the
           yoak
           to
           it
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           drawing
           out
           the
           yoak
           it self
           .
           From
           hence
           he
           advanced
           into
           Paphlagonia
           and
           Cappadocia
           ,
           both
           which
           Countries
           he
           soon
           reduc'd
           to
           his
           obedience
           ,
           and
           then
           hearing
           of
           the
           Death
           of
           Memnon
           ,
           one
           of
           Darius
           his
           best
           Sea-Commanders
           ,
           who
           ,
           if
           he
           had
           lived
           ,
           might
           have
           put
           a
           great
           stop
           to
           the
           progress
           of
           his
           Arms
           ,
           he
           was
           the
           rather
           induc'd
           to
           carry
           the
           War
           into
           the
           upper
           Provinces
           of
           Asia
           .
        
         
           Darius
           was
           by
           this
           time
           upon
           his
           March
           
           from
           Susa
           ,
           very
           confident
           ,
           not
           only
           in
           the
           number
           of
           his
           Men
           ,
           which
           amounted
           to
           fix
           hundred
           thousand
           ,
           but
           likewise
           in
           a
           dream
           which
           the
           Magicians
           interpreted
           rather
           in
           flattery
           to
           him
           ,
           than
           with
           any
           probability
           of
           Truth
           .
           He
           dream'd
           that
           he
           saw
           the
           
             Macedonian
             Phalanx
          
           all
           on
           fire
           ,
           and
           Alexander
           waiting
           on
           him
           ,
           clad
           in
           the
           same
           Robe
           which
           he
           used
           to
           wear
           when
           he
           was
           Asgandes
           to
           the
           late
           King
           ;
           
           after
           which
           going
           into
           the
           Temple
           of
           Belus
           ,
           he
           vanish'd
           out
           of
           his
           sight
           .
           By
           this
           dream
           it
           was
           manifest
           in
           my
           opinion
           ,
           that
           the
           
           Gods
           design'd
           to
           shew
           him
           the
           illustrious
           Actions
           the
           Macedonians
           were
           to
           perform
           ,
           that
           as
           he
           from
           an
           Asgandes
           had
           arriv'd
           at
           
           the
           Crown
           ,
           so
           Alexander
           should
           come
           to
           be
           Master
           of
           Asia
           ,
           and
           not
           long
           surviving
           his
           Conquests
           ,
           conclude
           his
           Life
           with
           great
           Glory
           and
           Reputation
           .
           Darius
           his
           confidence
           increas'd
           the
           more
           ,
           because
           Alexander
           spent
           so
           much
           time
           in
           Cilicia
           ,
           which
           he
           imputed
           to
           his
           Cowardice
           :
           But
           it
           was
           sickness
           that
           detain'd
           him
           there
           ,
           which
           some
           say
           
           he
           contracted
           by
           taking
           too
           much
           pains
           ,
           others
           by
           Bathing
           in
           the
           River
           Cydnus
           ,
           whose
           Waters
           were
           exceeding
           cold
           .
           However
           it
           hapned
           ,
           none
           of
           his
           Physicians
           would
           venture
           to
           give
           him
           any
           Remedies
           ,
           they
           thought
           his
           case
           so
           desperate
           ,
           and
           were
           so
           afraid
           of
           the
           censure
           and
           ill
           will
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           if
           they
           should
           fail
           in
           the
           Cure
           ;
           till
           Philip
           the
           Acarnanian
           considering
           his
           extream
           danger
           ,
           and
           confiding
           in
           his
           Friendship
           ,
           resolved
           to
           try
           the
           utmost
           efforts
           of
           his
           Art
           ,
           and
           rather
           hazard
           his
           own
           Credit
           and
           Life
           ,
           than
           suffer
           him
           to
           perish
           for
           want
           of
           Physick
           ,
           which
           he
           confidently
           administred
           to
           him
           ,
           encouraging
           him
           to
           take
           it
           boldly
           ,
           if
           he
           desired
           a
           speedy
           Recovery
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           prosecute
           the
           War.
           At
           this
           very
           time
           Parmenio
           wrote
           to
           Alexander
           from
           the
           Camp
           ,
           bidding
           him
           have
           a
           care
           of
           Philip
           ,
           as
           one
           who
           was
           brib'd
           by
           Darius
           to
           kill
           him
           ,
           with
           great
           sums
           of
           Money
           ,
           and
           a
           promise
           of
           his
           Daughter
           in
           Marriage
           .
           When
           he
           had
           perus'd
           the
           Letter
           ,
           he
           put
           it
           under
           
           his
           Pillow
           ,
           without
           shewing
           it
           so
           much
           as
           to
           any
           of
           his
           most
           intimate
           Friends
           ,
           and
           when
           Philip
           came
           in
           with
           the
           Potion
           ,
           he
           took
           it
           with
           great
           chearfulness
           and
           assurance
           ,
           withal
           giving
           him
           the
           Letter
           to
           read
           .
           This
           was
           an
           encounter
           well
           worth
           being
           present
           at
           ,
           to
           see
           Alexander
           take
           the
           draught
           ,
           
           and
           Philip
           read
           the
           Letter
           at
           the
           same
           time
           ,
           looking
           earnestly
           upon
           one
           another
           ,
           but
           with
           different
           Sentiments
           ;
           for
           
           Alexander's
           looks
           were
           chearful
           and
           open
           ,
           a
           demonstration
           of
           his
           kindness
           to
           ,
           and
           confidence
           in
           his
           Physician
           ,
           while
           the
           others
           were
           full
           of
           surprise
           at
           the
           accusation
           ,
           appealing
           to
           the
           Gods
           to
           witness
           his
           Innocence
           ,
           sometimes
           lifting
           up
           his
           hands
           to
           Heaven
           ,
           and
           then
           throwing
           himself
           down
           by
           the
           Bed-side
           ,
           and
           beseeching
           Alexander
           to
           lay
           aside
           all
           fear
           ,
           and
           rely
           on
           his
           Fidelity
           .
           The
           Medicine
           at
           first
           wrought
           so
           strongly
           with
           him
           ,
           that
           it
           overcame
           his
           Spirits
           ,
           and
           brought
           him
           so
           low
           that
           he
           lost
           his
           speech
           ,
           and
           falling
           into
           a
           Swoon
           ,
           had
           scarce
           any
           sense
           or
           pulse
           left
           ;
           but
           soon
           after
           ,
           by
           
           Philip's
           
           means
           ,
           his
           Health
           and
           Strength
           returned
           ,
           and
           he
           shewed
           himself
           in
           publick
           to
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           who
           were
           in
           continual
           fear
           and
           dejection
           till
           they
           saw
           him
           abroad
           again
           .
        
         
           There
           was
           at
           this
           time
           in
           Darius
           his
           Army
           a
           Macedonian
           Fugitive
           ,
           named
           Amyntas
           ,
           
           one
           who
           was
           pretty
           well
           acquainted
           with
           
           Alexander's
           designs
           ,
           This
           Man
           ,
           when
           he
           
           saw
           Darius
           ,
           intended
           to
           fall
           upon
           the
           Enemy
           in
           the
           Straits
           of
           an
           inclosed
           Country
           ,
           advised
           him
           rather
           to
           keep
           where
           he
           was
           ,
           it
           being
           the
           advantage
           of
           a
           numerous
           Army
           to
           have
           Field
           room
           enough
           ,
           when
           it
           ingages
           with
           a
           lesser
           Force
           .
           Darius
           instead
           of
           taking
           his
           Counsel
           ,
           told
           him
           ,
           he
           was
           afraid
           the
           Enemy
           would
           endeavour
           to
           run
           away
           ,
           and
           so
           Alexander
           would
           escape
           out
           of
           his
           hands
           .
           
             That
             Fear
          
           ,
           replied
           
             Amyntas
             ,
             is
             needless
             ,
             for
             assure
             your self
             that
             far
             from
             avoiding
             you
             ,
             he
             will
             make
             all
             the
             speed
             he
             can
             to
             meet
             you
             ,
             and
             is
             now
             questionless
             on
             his
             March
             towards
             you
             .
          
           But
           Amyntas
           his
           Counsel
           was
           to
           no
           purpose
           ,
           for
           Darius
           immediately
           decamped
           ,
           marched
           into
           Cilicia
           ,
           at
           the
           same
           time
           that
           Alexander
           advanced
           into
           Syria
           to
           meet
           him
           ,
           but
           missing
           one
           another
           in
           the
           Night
           ,
           they
           both
           came
           back
           again
           .
           Alexander
           mightily
           pleased
           with
           the
           Accident
           ,
           made
           all
           the
           haste
           he
           could
           to
           fight
           in
           the
           Straits
           ,
           and
           Darius
           to
           recover
           his
           former
           ground
           ,
           and
           draw
           his
           Army
           out
           of
           so
           disadvantageous
           a
           place
           .
           For
           now
           he
           began
           to
           perceive
           his
           error
           in
           engaging
           too
           far
           into
           a
           Country
           ,
           which
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           Sea
           ,
           the
           Mountains
           ,
           and
           the
           River
           Pindarus
           running
           through
           the
           midst
           of
           it
           ,
           would
           necessitate
           him
           to
           divide
           his
           Forces
           ,
           render
           
           his
           Horse
           almost
           unserviceable
           ,
           and
           only
           cover
           and
           supply
           the
           weakness
           of
           the
           Enemy
           .
           Fortune
           was
           not
           kinder
           to
           Alexander
           in
           the
           situation
           of
           the
           place
           ,
           than
           he
           was
           carefull
           to
           improve
           it
           to
           his
           advantage
           :
           For
           being
           much
           inferiour
           in
           numbers
           ,
           to
           prevent
           being
           inclosed
           ,
           he
           stretched
           his
           Right
           
           Wing
           much
           further
           out
           than
           his
           Left
           ,
           and
           Fighting
           there
           himself
           in
           the
           very
           foremost
           Ranks
           ,
           put
           the
           Barbarians
           to
           flight
           .
           In
           this
           Battel
           he
           was
           wounded
           in
           the
           Thigh
           by
           Darius
           (
           as
           Chares
           says
           )
           with
           whom
           he
           fought
           hand
           to
           hand
           .
           But
           in
           the
           account
           which
           he
           gave
           Antipater
           of
           the
           Battel
           ,
           though
           indeed
           he
           owns
           he
           was
           run
           through
           the
           Thigh
           with
           a
           Sword
           ,
           though
           not
           dangerously
           ,
           yet
           he
           takes
           no
           notice
           who
           it
           was
           that
           wounded
           him
           .
        
         
           Nothing
           was
           wanting
           to
           complete
           this
           glorious
           Victory
           ,
           which
           he
           gain'd
           at
           the
           expence
           of
           above
           an
           Hundred
           and
           ten
           thousand
           of
           his
           Enemies
           lives
           ,
           but
           the
           taking
           the
           Person
           of
           Darius
           ,
           who
           escaped
           very
           narrowly
           
           by
           flight
           .
           However
           ,
           having
           taken
           his
           Chariot
           ,
           and
           his
           Bow
           ,
           he
           returned
           from
           pursuing
           him
           ,
           and
           found
           his
           own
           Men
           busie
           in
           pillaging
           the
           Barbarians
           Camp
           ,
           which
           ,
           though
           to
           disburden
           themselves
           ,
           they
           had
           left
           most
           of
           their
           Baggage
           at
           Damascus
           ,
           was
           exceeding
           rich
           .
           But
           Darius
           his
           Tent
           ,
           in
           which
           were
           abundance
           of
           Officers
           ,
           a
           
           great
           deal
           of
           noble
           Furniture
           ,
           and
           vast
           quantities
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           they
           reserved
           for
           Alexander
           himself
           ,
           who
           after
           he
           had
           put
           off
           his
           Arms
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           going
           to
           Bathe
           himself
           ,
           
             Let
             us
             now
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             cleanse
             and
             refresh
             our selves
             after
             the
             toils
             of
             war
             ,
             in
          
           Darius
           
             his
             own
             Bath
             .
             Not
             so
             ,
          
           replied
           one
           of
           his
           followers
           ,
           
             but
             in
          
           Alexander's
           
             rather
             ,
             for
             the
             Goods
             of
             the
             Vanquish'd
             are
             ,
             and
             always
             ought
             to
             be
             ,
             reputed
             the
             Conquerors
             .
          
           Here
           ,
           when
           he
           beheld
           the
           Bathing
           Vessels
           ,
           the
           Water
           Pots
           ,
           Vials
           ,
           and
           Oyntment
           Boxes
           all
           of
           Gold
           ,
           curiously
           wrought
           ,
           and
           smelt
           the
           fragrant
           odours
           with
           which
           the
           whole
           place
           was
           exquisitely
           perfumed
           ,
           and
           from
           thence
           passed
           into
           another
           Apartment
           ,
           large
           and
           well
           pitched
           ,
           where
           the
           Bed
           ,
           the
           Table
           ,
           and
           the
           
           Entertainment
           were
           perfectly
           magnificent
           ,
           he
           turned
           to
           those
           about
           him
           ,
           and
           in
           a
           kind
           of
           transport
           told
           them
           ,
           
             This
             is
             to
             be
             a
             King
             indeed
             .
          
           But
           as
           he
           was
           going
           to
           Supper
           ,
           word
           was
           brought
           him
           that
           Darius
           his
           Mother
           ,
           and
           Wife
           ,
           and
           two
           unmarried
           Daughters
           ,
           being
           taken
           among
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Prisoners
           ,
           upon
           the
           sight
           of
           his
           Chariot
           and
           Bow
           ,
           were
           all
           in
           tears
           and
           sorrow
           ,
           imagining
           him
           to
           be
           dead
           .
           After
           a
           little
           pause
           ,
           more
           touched
           with
           their
           affliction
           than
           with
           his
           own
           success
           ,
           he
           sent
           Leonatus
           to
           them
           ,
           to
           let
           them
           know
           Darius
           was
           not
           Dead
           ,
           and
           that
           they
           need
           not
           apprehend
           
           any
           ill
           usage
           from
           Alexander
           ,
           who
           made
           War
           upon
           him
           only
           for
           Dominion
           ;
           and
           that
           they
           should
           find
           themselves
           as
           well
           provided
           for
           ,
           as
           ever
           they
           were
           in
           Darius
           his
           most
           flourishing
           condition
           ,
           when
           his
           Empire
           was
           entire
           .
           This
           kind
           message
           could
           not
           but
           be
           very
           welcom
           to
           the
           Captive
           Ladies
           ,
           especially
           being
           made
           good
           by
           Actions
           no
           less
           humane
           and
           generous
           :
           For
           he
           gave
           them
           leave
           to
           bury
           whom
           they
           pleased
           of
           the
           Persians
           ,
           and
           to
           make
           use
           of
           what
           Garments
           and
           Furniture
           they
           thought
           
           fit
           out
           of
           the
           Booty
           .
           He
           diminished
           nothing
           of
           their
           Equipage
           ,
           or
           of
           the
           respect
           formerly
           paid
           them
           ,
           and
           allowed
           larger
           Pensions
           for
           their
           maintenance
           ,
           than
           ever
           they
           had
           before
           .
           But
           the
           bravest
           and
           most
           Royal
           Part
           of
           their
           usage
           ,
           was
           ,
           that
           he
           treated
           these
           Illustrious
           Prisoners
           according
           to
           their
           Vertue
           and
           their
           Quality
           ,
           not
           suffering
           them
           to
           hear
           ,
           or
           receive
           ,
           or
           so
           much
           as
           to
           apprehend
           any
           thing
           that
           was
           indecent
           ,
           or
           to
           the
           prejudice
           of
           their
           Honour
           .
           So
           that
           they
           seemed
           rather
           lodg'd
           in
           some
           Temple
           ,
           or
           holy
           Virgin
           Cloyster
           ,
           where
           they
           enjoyed
           their
           Privicy
           sacred
           and
           uninterrupted
           ;
           than
           in
           the
           Camp
           of
           an
           Enemy
           .
           Not
           that
           he
           wanted
           temptation
           ,
           for
           Darius
           his
           Wife
           was
           accounted
           the
           beautifullest
           Princess
           then
           living
           ,
           as
           her
           Husband
           the
           handsomest
           and
           properest
           man
           of
           his
           
           time
           ,
           and
           the
           Daughters
           were
           no
           less
           charming
           than
           their
           Parents
           :
           But
           Alexander
           
           esteeming
           it
           more
           glorious
           to
           govern
           himself
           than
           to
           conquer
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           touch'd
           none
           of
           them
           ,
           nor
           any
           other
           Woman
           before
           Marriage
           ,
           except
           Barsina
           ,
           Memnon's
           Widow
           ,
           who
           was
           taken
           Prisoner
           at
           Damascus
           .
           She
           was
           very
           knowing
           in
           the
           Grecian
           Learning
           ,
           of
           a
           sweet
           temper
           ,
           and
           by
           her
           Father
           Artabazus
           ,
           Royally
           descended
           .
           Which
           good
           qualities
           added
           to
           the
           sollicitations
           ,
           and
           incouragement
           of
           Parmenio
           (
           as
           Aristobulus
           tells
           us
           )
           made
           him
           the
           more
           willing
           to
           enjoy
           so
           agreable
           and
           illustrious
           a
           Woman
           .
           Of
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Persian
           Captives
           ,
           tho'
           handsom
           and
           well
           proportion'd
           enough
           ,
           he
           took
           no
           farther
           notice
           than
           to
           say
           merrily
           that
           they
           were
           great
           eye-sores
           .
           His
           Temperance
           and
           Chastity
           so
           much
           surmounted
           the
           effects
           of
           their
           Charms
           ,
           that
           they
           mov'd
           him
           no
           more
           than
           so
           many
           liveless
           Statues
           .
           And
           when
           Philoxenus
           ,
           his
           Lieutenant
           on
           the
           Sea
           coast
           ,
           wrote
           to
           him
           to
           know
           if
           he
           would
           buy
           two
           very
           fine
           Boys
           ,
           which
           one
           Theodorus
           a
           Tarentine
           had
           to
           sell
           :
           He
           was
           so
           offended
           ,
           that
           he
           often
           
           expostulated
           with
           his
           Friends
           ,
           what
           baseness
           Philoxenus
           had
           ever
           observ'd
           in
           him
           ,
           that
           he
           should
           presume
           to
           make
           him
           such
           a
           reproachful
           offer
           ?
           And
           immediately
           wrote
           him
           a
           very
           sharp
           Letter
           ,
           commanding
           him
           
           to
           dismiss
           Theodorus
           ,
           and
           his
           vile
           Merchandize
           with
           disgrace
           .
           Nor
           was
           he
           less
           severe
           to
           Agnon
           ,
           who
           sent
           him
           word
           ,
           he
           would
           buy
           a
           pretty
           Corinthian
           Youth
           nam'd
           Crobylus
           ,
           to
           present
           him
           with
           .
           And
           hearing
           that
           Damon
           and
           Timotheus
           ,
           two
           of
           
           Parmenio's
           Soldiers
           ,
           had
           abus'd
           the
           Wives
           of
           some
           Strangers
           who
           were
           in
           his
           Pay
           ,
           he
           wrote
           to
           Parmenio
           ,
           charging
           him
           strictly
           ,
           if
           he
           found
           them
           guilty
           ,
           to
           put
           them
           to
           Death
           ,
           as
           Beasts
           that
           were
           good
           for
           nothing
           but
           to
           corrupt
           and
           ruine
           Mankind
           .
           In
           the
           same
           Letter
           he
           added
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           not
           so
           much
           as
           seen
           ,
           or
           desir'd
           to
           see
           the
           Wife
           of
           Darius
           ,
           no
           ,
           nor
           suffer'd
           any
           body
           to
           speak
           of
           her
           Beauty
           before
           him
           .
           He
           was
           wont
           to
           say
           ,
           that
           Sleep
           ,
           and
           the
           Act
           of
           Generation
           chiefly
           made
           him
           sensible
           that
           he
           was
           Mortal
           ,
           withal
           affirming
           ,
           that
           Pain
           and
           Pleasure
           proceeded
           both
           from
           the
           same
           Frailty
           and
           Imbecillity
           of
           humane
           Nature
           .
        
         
           In
           his
           Diet
           he
           was
           most
           temperate
           ,
           as
           
           appears
           ,
           omitting
           many
           other
           Circumstances
           ,
           by
           what
           he
           said
           to
           Ada
           ,
           whom
           he
           adopted
           to
           be
           his
           Mother
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           created
           Queen
           of
           Caria
           .
           For
           when
           she
           out
           of
           Kindness
           sent
           him
           every
           day
           many
           curious
           Dishes
           and
           Sweet-meats
           ,
           and
           would
           have
           furnish'd
           him
           with
           such
           Cooks
           and
           Pastry-men
           as
           were
           excellent
           in
           their
           kind
           :
           he
           told
           her
           ,
           He
           wanted
           none
           of
           them
           ,
           his
           
           Praeceptor
           Leonidas
           having
           already
           given
           him
           the
           best
           ,
           which
           were
           Night-marches
           to
           prepare
           him
           for
           his
           Dinner
           ,
           and
           moderate
           Dinners
           to
           create
           an
           Appetite
           for
           Supper
           .
           And
           that
           he
           us'd
           to
           open
           and
           search
           the
           Furniture
           of
           his
           Chamber
           ,
           and
           his
           Wardrobe
           ,
           to
           see
           if
           his
           Mother
           had
           left
           him
           any
           thing
           that
           was
           nice
           or
           superfluous
           .
           He
           was
           much
           less
           addicted
           to
           Wine
           than
           was
           generally
           believ'd
           ;
           that
           which
           gave
           People
           occasion
           to
           think
           so
           of
           him
           ,
           was
           ,
           that
           when
           he
           had
           nothing
           else
           to
           do
           ,
           he
           lov'd
           to
           sit
           long
           and
           discourse
           ,
           rather
           than
           drink
           ,
           and
           tell
           long
           Stories
           between
           every
           Glass
           .
           For
           when
           his
           Affairs
           call'd
           upon
           him
           ,
           he
           would
           not
           be
           detain'd
           as
           other
           Generals
           often
           were
           ,
           either
           by
           Wine
           ,
           or
           Sleep
           ,
           Nuptial
           Solemnities
           ,
           Spectacles
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           Diversion
           whatsoever
           :
           A
           convincing
           Argument
           of
           which
           is
           ,
           that
           in
           the
           short
           time
           he
           liv'd
           ,
           he
           accomplish'd
           so
           many
           and
           so
           great
           Actions
           .
           When
           he
           was
           free
           from
           Employment
           ,
           after
           he
           was
           up
           ,
           and
           had
           Sacrifi'd
           to
           the
           Gods
           ,
           he
           us'd
           to
           sit
           down
           to
           Dinner
           ,
           and
           then
           spend
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           day
           either
           in
           Hunting
           ,
           
           or
           writing
           Memoirs
           ,
           or
           composing
           Differences
           among
           his
           Soldiers
           ,
           or
           Reading
           .
           In
           Marches
           that
           requir'd
           no
           great
           haste
           ,
           he
           would
           practise
           Shooting
           as
           he
           went
           along
           ,
           or
           to
           mount
           a
           Chariot
           ,
           and
           alight
           from
           it
           in
           full
           speed
           .
           Sometimes
           for
           Sports
           sake
           ,
           
           his
           Journals
           tell
           us
           ,
           he
           would
           go
           a
           Fox-Hunting
           ,
           and
           Fowling
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           came
           home
           ,
           after
           he
           had
           Bath'd
           ,
           and
           was
           anointed
           ,
           he
           would
           call
           for
           his
           Bakers
           ,
           and
           chief
           Cooks
           ,
           to
           know
           if
           they
           had
           got
           his
           Supper
           ready
           in
           good
           order
           .
           He
           never
           car'd
           to
           Sup
           till
           it
           was
           pretty
           late
           ,
           and
           was
           wonderful
           circumspect
           at
           Meals
           ,
           that
           every
           one
           who
           sate
           with
           him
           should
           be
           serv'd
           alike
           .
           His
           talkative
           Humour
           ,
           as
           I
           noted
           before
           ,
           made
           him
           delight
           to
           sit
           long
           at
           Table
           ,
           and
           then
           ,
           though
           otherwise
           no
           Princes
           Conversation
           was
           ever
           so
           agreeable
           ,
           he
           would
           fall
           into
           such
           a
           vein
           of
           Ostentation
           ,
           and
           Soldierly
           Bragging
           ,
           as
           
           gave
           his
           Flatterers
           a
           great
           advantage
           to
           ride
           him
           ,
           and
           made
           his
           best
           Friends
           and
           Servants
           very
           uneasie
           .
           For
           though
           they
           thought
           it
           too
           base
           to
           strive
           who
           should
           Flatter
           him
           most
           ,
           yet
           they
           found
           it
           hazardous
           not
           to
           
           do
           it
           ;
           so
           that
           between
           the
           Shame
           and
           the
           Danger
           ,
           they
           were
           in
           a
           great
           strait
           how
           to
           behave
           themselves
           .
           After
           such
           an
           Entertainment
           ,
           he
           was
           wont
           to
           Bath
           ,
           and
           then
           perhaps
           he
           would
           Sleep
           till
           Noon
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           all
           day
           long
           .
           He
           was
           so
           very
           Temperate
           in
           his
           Diet
           ,
           that
           when
           any
           excellent
           Fish
           or
           Fruits
           were
           sent
           him
           ,
           he
           would
           distribute
           them
           among
           his
           Friends
           ,
           and
           hardly
           reserve
           any
           for
           his
           own
           Eating
           .
           His
           Table
           however
           was
           always
           Magnificent
           ,
           the
           Expence
           of
           it
           still
           increasing
           with
           his
           
           good
           Fortune
           ,
           till
           it
           amounted
           to
           10000
           
           Drachmas
           a
           day
           ,
           to
           which
           Sum
           he
           limited
           it
           ;
           and
           beyond
           this
           ,
           he
           would
           suffer
           none
           to
           lay
           out
           in
           an
           Entertainment
           ,
           though
           he
           himself
           were
           the
           Guest
           .
        
         
           After
           the
           Battel
           of
           Issus
           ,
           he
           sent
           to
           Damascus
           to
           seize
           upon
           the
           Money
           and
           Baggage
           ,
           the
           Wives
           and
           Children
           of
           the
           Persians
           ,
           of
           which
           the
           Thessalian
           Horsemen
           had
           the
           greatest
           share
           ;
           for
           he
           had
           taken
           particular
           notice
           of
           their
           Gallantry
           in
           the
           Fight
           ,
           and
           sent
           them
           thither
           on
           purpose
           to
           make
           their
           Reward
           suitable
           to
           their
           Courage
           :
           Not
           but
           that
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Army
           had
           so
           considerable
           part
           of
           the
           Booty
           ,
           as
           was
           sufficient
           to
           make
           the
           Fortune
           of
           every
           private
           Soldier
           .
           This
           first
           gave
           the
           Macedonians
           such
           a
           taste
           of
           the
           Persian
           Wealth
           ,
           Women
           ,
           and
           manner
           of
           Living
           ,
           that
           they
           pursued
           and
           trac'd
           it
           with
           the
           same
           eagerness
           and
           ardour
           ,
           that
           Hounds
           do
           when
           they
           are
           upon
           a
           Scent
           .
           Alexander
           before
           he
           proceeded
           any
           farther
           ,
           thought
           
           it
           necessary
           to
           assure
           himself
           of
           the
           Sea-Coast
           .
           Those
           who
           Govern'd
           in
           Cyprus
           ,
           put
           that
           Island
           into
           his
           Possession
           ,
           and
           all
           Phoenicia
           except
           Tyre
           was
           Surrendred
           to
           him
           without
           a
           stroke
           .
           During
           the
           Siege
           of
           this
           City
           ,
           which
           with
           Mounts
           of
           Earth
           cast
           up
           ,
           and
           
           battering
           Engines
           ,
           and
           200
           Gallies
           by
           Sea
           ,
           was
           carried
           on
           with
           all
           imaginable
           vigour
           for
           seven
           Months
           together
           ,
           he
           chanc'd
           to
           
           Dream
           ,
           that
           he
           saw
           Hercules
           upon
           the
           Walls
           ,
           reaching
           out
           his
           Hand
           ,
           and
           calling
           to
           him
           .
           And
           many
           of
           the
           Tyrians
           in
           their
           Sleep
           ,
           fancied
           that
           Apollo
           told
           them
           ,
           he
           was
           displeas'd
           with
           their
           Actions
           ,
           and
           was
           about
           to
           leave
           them
           ,
           and
           go
           over
           to
           Alexander
           .
           Upon
           which
           ,
           as
           if
           the
           God
           were
           a
           Fugitive
           ,
           they
           took
           him
           in
           the
           Fact
           ,
           chaining
           his
           Statue
           ,
           and
           nailing
           it
           to
           the
           Pedestal
           ,
           withal
           reproaching
           him
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           an
           Alexandrist
           ,
           or
           a
           Favourer
           of
           
           Alexander's
           Party
           .
           Another
           time
           Alexander
           Dream'd
           ,
           He
           saw
           a
           Satyr
           mocking
           him
           at
           a
           distance
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           endeavour'd
           to
           catch
           him
           ,
           he
           still
           escap'd
           from
           him
           ,
           till
           at
           last
           ,
           with
           much
           perseverance
           ,
           and
           running
           about
           after
           him
           ,
           he
           got
           him
           into
           his
           Power
           .
           The
           Soothsayers
           making
           two
           words
           of
           Satyros
           ,
           assur'd
           him
           ,
           
           that
           in
           all
           probability
           Tyre
           was
           as
           good
           as
           his
           own
           .
           The
           Inhabitants
           at
           this
           time
           shew
           the
           Fountain
           near
           which
           Alexander
           slept
           ,
           when
           he
           fancied
           the
           Satyr
           appear'd
           to
           him
           .
        
         
           While
           the
           Body
           of
           the
           Army
           lay
           before
           Tyre
           ,
           he
           made
           a
           short
           Excursion
           against
           the
           Arabians
           ,
           who
           inhabit
           Mount
           Antilibanus
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           hazarded
           his
           Life
           extreamly
           ,
           to
           bring
           off
           his
           Master
           Lysimachus
           ,
           who
           would
           needs
           go
           along
           with
           him
           ,
           bragging
           he
           was
           neither
           older
           ,
           nor
           inferior
           in
           Courage
           to
           
             Phoenix
             Achilles
          
           ,
           his
           Tutor
           ,
           whose
           Name
           he
           affected
           to
           bear
           .
           For
           when
           quitting
           
           their
           Horses
           ,
           they
           march'd
           up
           the
           Hill
           on
           foot
           ,
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Soldiers
           out-went
           them
           a
           great
           deal
           ,
           so
           that
           Night
           drawing
           on
           ,
           and
           the
           Enemy
           near
           ,
           Alexander
           was
           
           fain
           to
           stay
           behind
           so
           long
           ,
           to
           encourage
           and
           help
           up
           the
           lagging
           ,
           tir'd
           old
           Man
           ,
           that
           before
           he
           was
           aware
           ,
           he
           was
           gotten
           a
           great
           way
           from
           his
           Army
           with
           a
           slender
           attendance
           ,
           and
           forc'd
           to
           pass
           an
           extream
           cold
           Night
           in
           the
           dark
           ,
           and
           in
           a
           very
           ill
           place
           .
           Till
           seeing
           a
           great
           many
           scattered
           Fires
           of
           the
           Enemy
           at
           some
           distance
           ,
           and
           trusting
           to
           his
           Agility
           of
           Body
           ,
           and
           constant
           Indefatigableness
           ,
           with
           which
           he
           was
           wont
           to
           relieve
           and
           support
           the
           Macedonians
           in
           their
           Distress
           ,
           he
           ran
           strait
           to
           one
           of
           the
           nearest
           
           Fires
           ,
           and
           with
           his
           Dagger
           dispatching
           two
           of
           the
           Barbarians
           that
           sate
           by
           it
           ,
           snatch'd
           up
           a
           lighted
           Brand
           ,
           and
           return'd
           with
           it
           to
           his
           own
           Men
           ,
           who
           immediately
           made
           a
           great
           Fire
           ,
           which
           so
           terrified
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           that
           most
           of
           them
           fled
           ,
           and
           those
           that
           assaulted
           them
           were
           soon
           routed
           ,
           by
           which
           means
           they
           lodg'd
           securely
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Night
           .
           Thus
           Chares
           gives
           an
           account
           of
           this
           Action
           .
        
         
           But
           to
           return
           to
           the
           Siege
           ,
           it
           had
           this
           Issue
           :
           Alexander
           that
           he
           might
           refresh
           his
           Army
           ,
           harass'd
           with
           many
           former
           Encounters
           ,
           drew
           out
           a
           small
           Party
           ,
           rather
           to
           keep
           the
           Enemy
           upon
           Duty
           ,
           than
           with
           any
           
           prospect
           of
           much
           Advantage
           .
           It
           happen'd
           at
           this
           time
           ,
           that
           Aristander
           ,
           after
           he
           had
           sacrific'd
           ,
           upon
           view
           of
           the
           Intrails
           ,
           affirm'd
           confidently
           to
           those
           who
           stood
           by
           ,
           that
           the
           City
           should
           be
           certainly
           taken
           that
           very
           Month
           ,
           which
           made
           them
           laugh
           at
           ,
           and
           mock
           him
           exceedingly
           ,
           because
           that
           was
           the
           last
           day
           of
           it
           .
           But
           the
           King
           taking
           notice
           of
           his
           Perplexity
           ,
           and
           emulous
           Zeal
           ,
           ever
           ambitious
           to
           have
           his
           Predictions
           take
           place
           ,
           commanded
           they
           should
           not
           account
           that
           the
           30th
           ,
           but
           the
           3d
           day
           of
           the
           expiring
           Month
           ,
           and
           ordering
           the
           Trumpets
           to
           sound
           ,
           attack'd
           the
           Walls
           with
           more
           Fury
           
           than
           he
           at
           first
           intended
           .
           The
           briskness
           of
           the
           Assault
           so
           inflam'd
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Forces
           who
           were
           left
           in
           the
           Camp
           ,
           that
           they
           could
           not
           hold
           from
           advancing
           to
           second
           it
           ,
           which
           they
           perform'd
           with
           so
           much
           Vigour
           ,
           that
           the
           Tyrians
           retir'd
           ,
           and
           the
           Town
           was
           carried
           that
           very
           day
           .
           The
           next
           Place
           he
           sate
           down
           before
           was
           Gaza
           ,
           the
           Metropolis
           of
           Syria
           ,
           where
           this
           Accident
           befel
           him
           ,
           A
           great
           Fowl
           flying
           over
           him
           ,
           let
           a
           Clod
           of
           Earth
           fall
           upon
           his
           Soulder
           ,
           and
           then
           settling
           upon
           one
           of
           the
           battering
           Engines
           ,
           was
           suddenly
           intangled
           and
           caught
           in
           the
           
           Nets
           composed
           of
           Sinews
           ,
           which
           protected
           the
           Ropes
           with
           which
           the
           Machine
           was
           manag'd
           .
           This
           fell
           out
           exactly
           according
           to
           
           Aristander's
           Prediction
           ,
           which
           was
           ,
           that
           
           Alexander
           should
           be
           wounded
           ,
           and
           the
           City
           reduc'd
           .
        
         
           From
           hence
           he
           sent
           great
           part
           of
           the
           Spoils
           to
           
             Olympias
             ,
             Cleopatra
          
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           not
           omitting
           his
           
             Praeceptor
             Leonidas
          
           ,
           on
           whom
           he
           bestowed
           five
           hundred
           Talents
           worth
           of
           Frankincense
           ,
           and
           an
           hundred
           of
           Myrrh
           ;
           prompted
           to
           it
           by
           the
           remembrance
           of
           his
           forward
           hopes
           of
           him
           ,
           when
           he
           was
           but
           a
           Child
           .
           For
           Leonidas
           ,
           it
           seems
           ,
           standing
           by
           him
           one
           day
           while
           he
           was
           sacrificing
           ,
           and
           seeing
           him
           take
           both
           his
           hands
           full
           of
           Gums
           to
           throw
           into
           the
           Fire
           ,
           told
           him
           ,
           it
           became
           him
           to
           be
           more
           sparing
           in
           his
           Offerings
           then
           ,
           and
           not
           be
           so
           profuse
           till
           he
           was
           Master
           of
           the
           Countries
           ,
           where
           those
           sweet
           Gums
           and
           Spices
           were
           produc'd
           .
           Upon
           this
           account
           ,
           Alexander
           wrote
           him
           word
           ,
           he
           had
           sent
           him
           a
           large
           quantity
           of
           Myrrh
           and
           Frankincense
           ,
           that
           for
           the
           future
           he
           might
           not
           be
           so
           niggardly
           to
           the
           Gods.
           Among
           the
           Treasures
           and
           other
           Booty
           that
           was
           taken
           from
           Darius
           ,
           there
           was
           a
           very
           curious
           little
           Box
           ,
           which
           being
           presented
           to
           Alexander
           for
           a
           great
           Rarity
           ,
           he
           ask'd
           those
           about
           him
           what
           they
           thought
           fittest
           to
           be
           laid
           up
           in
           it
           ;
           and
           when
           they
           had
           delivered
           their
           opinions
           ,
           he
           told
           them
           he
           esteem'd
           nothing
           so
           worthy
           to
           be
           preserv'd
           in
           it
           as
           
             Homer's
             Iliads
          
           .
           
           This
           passage
           is
           attested
           by
           many
           credible
           
           Authors
           ,
           and
           if
           what
           those
           of
           Alexandria
           ,
           relying
           upon
           the
           credit
           of
           Heraclides
           ,
           tell
           us
           be
           true
           ;
           Homer
           was
           neither
           an
           idle
           ,
           nor
           an
           unprofitable
           Companion
           to
           him
           in
           his
           expedition
           .
           For
           when
           he
           was
           Master
           of
           Aegypt
           ,
           designing
           to
           settle
           a
           Colony
           of
           Grecians
           there
           ,
           he
           resolv'd
           to
           build
           a
           large
           and
           populous
           City
           ,
           and
           give
           it
           his
           own
           Name
           .
           In
           order
           to
           which
           ,
           after
           he
           had
           measur'd
           and
           stak'd
           out
           the
           Ground
           ,
           with
           with
           the
           advice
           of
           the
           best
           Workmen
           ,
           he
           chanc'd
           one
           Night
           in
           his
           sleep
           to
           see
           a
           wonderful
           Vision
           :
           A
           gray-headed
           Old
           Man
           ,
           of
           a
           venerable
           Aspect
           ,
           appear'd
           to
           stand
           by
           him
           ,
           and
           pronounce
           these
           Verses
           ,
        
         
           
             Girt
             with
             the
             surging
             Main
             ,
             there
             lies
             an
             Isle
             ,
          
           
             Not
             far
             from
             Egypt
             ,
             which
             they
             Pharos
             stile
             .
          
        
         
           Alexander
           upon
           this
           immediately
           rose
           up
           and
           went
           to
           Pharos
           ,
           which
           at
           that
           time
           was
           an
           Island
           lying
           a
           little
           above
           the
           Canobique
           Mouth
           of
           the
           River
           Nilus
           ,
           tho'
           it
           be
           now
           joyn'd
           to
           the
           Continent
           by
           a
           straight
           Causey
           .
           As
           soon
           as
           he
           saw
           the
           commodious
           scituation
           of
           the
           place
           ,
           it
           being
           a
           long
           neck
           of
           Land
           ,
           of
           a
           proportionable
           breadth
           ,
           having
           a
           great
           Lake
           on
           one
           side
           ,
           and
           the
           Sea
           on
           the
           other
           ;
           at
           the
           end
           of
           it
           making
           a
           spacious
           Hrrbour
           ,
           he
           said
           ,
           Homer
           ,
           besides
           his
           other
           Excellencies
           ,
           was
           a
           very
           good
           
           Architect
           ,
           and
           ordered
           the
           Plot
           of
           a
           City
           
           to
           be
           drawn
           answerable
           to
           the
           place
           .
           To
           do
           which
           ,
           for
           want
           of
           Chalk
           ,
           the
           Soil
           being
           black
           ,
           they
           set
           out
           their
           Lines
           with
           Flower
           ,
           taking
           in
           a
           pretty
           large
           compass
           of
           ground
           in
           a
           circular
           Figure
           ;
           the
           inside
           of
           whose
           circumference
           was
           equally
           terminated
           by
           Right
           Lines
           like
           the
           edges
           of
           a
           Cloak
           .
           While
           he
           was
           pleasing
           himself
           with
           his
           design
           ,
           on
           a
           sudden
           an
           infinite
           number
           of
           great
           Birds
           ,
           of
           several
           kinds
           ,
           rising
           like
           a
           black
           Cloud
           out
           of
           the
           River
           ,
           and
           the
           Lake
           ,
           devoured
           all
           the
           Flower
           that
           was
           used
           in
           setting
           out
           the
           Lines
           ;
           at
           which
           ,
           
             Omen
             Alexander
          
           was
           much
           troubled
           ,
           till
           the
           
           Augur's
           incouraging
           him
           again
           ,
           by
           telling
           him
           ,
           It
           was
           a
           sign
           ,
           the
           City
           he
           was
           about
           to
           build
           ,
           would
           not
           only
           abound
           in
           all
           things
           within
           it self
           ,
           but
           also
           be
           the
           Nurse
           of
           many
           Nations
           ;
           he
           commanded
           the
           Workmen
           to
           proceed
           ,
           while
           he
           went
           to
           visit
           the
           Temple
           of
           
             Jupiter
             Hammon
          
           .
        
         
           This
           was
           a
           long
           ,
           painful
           ,
           and
           dangerous
           
           Journey
           in
           two
           respects
           :
           First
           ,
           if
           their
           Provision
           of
           Water
           should
           fail
           in
           so
           wide
           a
           Desart
           :
           And
           Secondly
           ,
           If
           a
           violent
           South-Wind
           should
           rise
           upon
           them
           ,
           while
           they
           were
           Travelling
           through
           the
           deep
           gaping
           Sands
           ,
           as
           it
           did
           heretofore
           upon
           Cambyses
           his
           Army
           ,
           blowing
           the
           Sands
           together
           in
           heaps
           ,
           and
           then
           rowling
           it
           in
           Waves
           upon
           
           his
           Men
           ,
           till
           50000
           were
           swallowed
           up
           and
           destroyed
           by
           it
           .
           All
           these
           difficulties
           were
           weighed
           and
           represented
           to
           him
           ;
           but
           Alexander
           was
           not
           easily
           to
           be
           diverted
           from
           any
           thing
           he
           was
           bent
           upon
           :
           For
           Fortune
           having
           hitherto
           seconded
           him
           in
           his
           designs
           ,
           made
           him
           resolute
           and
           firm
           in
           his
           Opinions
           ,
           and
           the
           greatness
           of
           his
           Mind
           raised
           a
           confidence
           in
           him
           of
           surmounting
           almost
           invincible
           difficulties
           ;
           as
           if
           it
           were
           not
           enough
           to
           be
           always
           victorious
           in
           the
           Field
           ,
           unless
           Places
           ,
           and
           Seasons
           ,
           and
           Nature
           her self
           submitted
           to
           him
           .
           In
           this
           Voyage
           ,
           the
           Relief
           and
           Assistance
           the
           Gods
           afforded
           him
           in
           his
           Distresses
           ,
           were
           more
           wonderful
           and
           worthy
           of
           belief
           ,
           than
           the
           Oracles
           he
           received
           afterwards
           ,
           which
           were
           valued
           and
           credited
           the
           more
           upon
           this
           occasion
           :
           For
           first
           ,
           the
           plentiful
           Rains
           that
           fell
           preserv'd
           them
           from
           perishing
           by
           drought
           ,
           and
           allaying
           the
           extreme
           driness
           of
           the
           Sand
           ,
           which
           now
           became
           moist
           and
           firm
           to
           Travel
           on
           ,
           clear'd
           and
           purified
           the
           Air.
           Besides
           this
           ,
           when
           they
           were
           out
           of
           their
           way
           ,
           and
           were
           
           wandring
           up
           and
           down
           ,
           by
           reason
           the
           marks
           which
           were
           wont
           to
           direct
           the
           Guides
           were
           disordered
           and
           lost
           ,
           they
           were
           set
           right
           again
           by
           some
           Ravens
           who
           flew
           before
           them
           in
           their
           March
           ,
           and
           would
           wait
           for
           those
           who
           lagg'd
           or
           were
           left
           behind
           .
           But
           the
           greatest
           Miracle
           ,
           as
           Calisthenes
           tells
           
           us
           ,
           was
           ,
           That
           if
           any
           of
           the
           Company
           went
           astray
           in
           the
           Night
           ,
           they
           never
           left
           croking
           and
           making
           a
           noise
           ,
           till
           by
           that
           means
           they
           had
           brought
           them
           into
           the
           right
           way
           again
           .
           Having
           passed
           through
           the
           Wilderness
           they
           came
           to
           the
           City
           ,
           where
           the
           High-Priest
           ,
           at
           the
           first
           salute
           bade
           Alexander
           welcom
           from
           his
           Father
           Ammon
           :
           And
           being
           ask'd
           by
           him
           whether
           any
           of
           his
           Father's
           Murderers
           had
           escaped
           punishment
           ,
           he
           charg'd
           him
           to
           speak
           with
           more
           respect
           ,
           for
           his
           Father
           was
           not
           Mortal
           .
           Then
           Alexander
           more
           plainly
           desired
           to
           know
           of
           him
           ,
           if
           any
           of
           those
           who
           murder'd
           Philip
           were
           yet
           unpunish'd
           ,
           and
           further
           concerning
           Dominion
           ,
           whether
           the
           Empire
           of
           the
           World
           was
           reserv'd
           for
           him
           ?
           This
           the
           God
           answered
           he
           should
           obtain
           ,
           and
           that
           
           Philip's
           Death
           was
           fully
           reveng'd
           ;
           which
           gave
           him
           so
           much
           satisfaction
           ,
           that
           he
           made
           splendid
           Offerings
           to
           Jupiter
           ,
           and
           gave
           the
           Priests
           very
           rich
           Presents
           .
           This
           is
           the
           substance
           of
           what
           Answers
           he
           receiv'd
           from
           the
           Oracle
           :
           Although
           Alexander
           in
           a
           Letter
           to
           his
           Mother
           tells
           her
           ,
           there
           were
           some
           secret
           Predictions
           ,
           which
           ,
           at
           his
           return
           ,
           he
           would
           communicate
           to
           her
           only
           .
           Others
           
           say
           ,
           That
           the
           Priest
           ,
           desirous
           to
           express
           himself
           more
           kindly
           ,
           and
           to
           call
           him
           in
           the
           Greek
           Tongue
           Paidion
           ,
           which
           signifies
           my
           Son
           ,
           to
           avoid
           the
           barbarism
           as
           he
           thought
           
           of
           the
           N
           ,
           used
           the
           S
           instead
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           said
           Paidios
           ,
           or
           Son
           of
           Jupiter
           ,
           which
           mistake
           of
           his
           Speech
           ,
           Alexander
           was
           well
           enough
           pleas'd
           with
           ,
           and
           it
           went
           for
           currant
           ,
           that
           the
           Oracle
           had
           call'd
           him
           so
           .
        
         
           Among
           the
           Sayings
           of
           one
           Psammon
           a
           Philosopher
           ,
           whom
           he
           heard
           in
           Aegypt
           ,
           he
           most
           approved
           of
           this
           ,
           
             That
             all
             Men
             are
             govern'd
          
           
           
             by
             God
             ,
             because
             in
             every
             thing
             that
             which
             is
             Chief
             and
             Commands
             is
             Divine
             .
          
           But
           what
           he
           pronounc'd
           himself
           upon
           this
           Subject
           ,
           was
           more
           like
           a
           Philosopher
           ;
           for
           he
           said
           ,
           
             God
             was
             the
             common
             Father
             of
             us
             all
             ,
             but
             more
             particularly
             of
             Good
             Men.
          
           To
           the
           Barbarians
           he
           carried
           himself
           very
           insolently
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           were
           fully
           perswaded
           of
           his
           Divine
           
           Original
           ;
           but
           to
           the
           Grecians
           more
           moderately
           ,
           and
           with
           less
           affectation
           of
           Divinity
           :
           Except
           it
           were
           writing
           to
           the
           Athenians
           concerning
           Samos
           ,
           where
           he
           tells
           them
           ,
           they
           held
           not
           that
           free
           and
           glorious
           City
           by
           vertue
           of
           his
           Gift
           ,
           but
           from
           the
           Bounty
           of
           him
           ,
           who
           ,
           at
           that
           time
           ,
           was
           call'd
           his
           Lord
           and
           Father
           ,
           meaning
           Philip.
           However
           ,
           afterwards
           being
           wounded
           with
           an
           Arrow
           ,
           and
           feeling
           much
           pain
           ,
           he
           turn'd
           to
           those
           about
           him
           ,
           and
           told
           them
           ,
           it
           was
           common
           Humane
           Blood
           that
           fell
           from
           him
           ,
           and
           not
           the
           Ichor
           ,
        
         
           
             Such
             as
             th'
             Immortal
             Gods
             were
             wont
             to
             shed
             .
          
           
           And
           another
           time
           when
           it
           Thundred
           so
           much
           that
           every
           body
           was
           afraid
           ,
           and
           Anaxarchus
           the
           Sophist
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           if
           he
           who
           
           was
           
           Jupiter's
           own
           Son
           were
           so
           too
           ?
           
             Yes
             ,
             that
             I
             am
          
           ,
           answer'd
           Alexander
           laughing
           ,
           
             for
             I
             would
             not
             be
             formidable
             to
             my
             Friends
             ,
             as
             you
             would
             have
             me
             be
             ,
             who
             despis'd
             my
             Table
             for
             being
             furnish'd
             with
             Fish
             ,
             and
             not
             with
             the
             Heads
             of
             Governors
             of
             Provinces
             .
          
           For
           it
           is
           certain
           ,
           That
           Anaxarchus
           seeing
           a
           Present
           of
           small
           Fishes
           which
           the
           King
           sent
           to
           Hephaestion
           ,
           did
           express
           himself
           to
           this
           purpose
           ,
           to
           shew
           his
           contempt
           and
           derision
           of
           those
           who
           take
           mighty
           pains
           and
           run
           desperate
           hazards
           in
           pursuit
           of
           great
           matters
           ,
           and
           yet
           after
           all
           ,
           if
           we
           examine
           things
           closely
           ,
           have
           little
           more
           of
           Pleasure
           or
           Enjoyment
           than
           other
           People
           .
           For
           what
           I
           have
           said
           upon
           this
           Subject
           ,
           it
           is
           apparent
           that
           Alexander
           in
           himself
           was
           not
           foolishly
           affected
           ,
           or
           had
           the
           Vanity
           to
           think
           himself
           really
           a
           God
           ,
           but
           his
           Followers
           were
           captivated
           with
           an
           overweaning
           opinion
           of
           his
           Divinity
           .
        
         
           At
           his
           return
           out
           of
           Aegypt
           into
           Phoenicia
           ,
           
           he
           Sacrific'd
           and
           made
           solemn
           Processions
           ,
           to
           which
           were
           added
           circular
           Dances
           and
           Acting
           of
           Tragedies
           ,
           whose
           splendor
           appear'd
           not
           only
           in
           the
           Furniture
           and
           Ornaments
           ,
           but
           in
           the
           noble
           Zeal
           and
           Contention
           of
           those
           who
           acted
           them
           .
           For
           no
           less
           
           Persons
           than
           two
           Kings
           of
           Cyprus
           were
           at
           the
           charge
           of
           them
           ,
           in
           the
           same
           manner
           as
           it
           is
           perform'd
           at
           Athens
           by
           those
           who
           are
           chosen
           by
           Lot
           out
           of
           the
           Tribes
           .
           And
           indeed
           they
           strove
           with
           wonderful
           emulation
           to
           out-vie
           each
           other
           :
           Chiefly
           Nicocreon
           King
           of
           Salamis
           ,
           and
           Pasicrates
           of
           Soli
           ,
           who
           were
           appointed
           to
           furnish
           and
           defray
           the
           expence
           of
           Athenodorus
           and
           Thessalus
           ,
           two
           of
           the
           most
           celebrated
           Actors
           of
           that
           Age.
           Thessalus
           was
           most
           favour'd
           by
           Alexander
           ,
           though
           it
           appear'd
           not
           till
           Athenodorus
           was
           declar'd
           Victor
           by
           the
           plurality
           of
           Suffrages
           .
           For
           then
           at
           his
           going
           away
           ,
           he
           said
           the
           Judges
           deserv'd
           to
           be
           commended
           for
           what
           they
           had
           done
           ,
           but
           that
           he
           would
           willingly
           have
           lost
           part
           of
           his
           Kingdom
           ,
           rather
           than
           to
           have
           seen
           Thessalus
           overcome
           .
           However
           ,
           when
           he
           understood
           Athenodorus
           was
           Fin'd
           by
           the
           Athenians
           ,
           for
           being
           absent
           at
           the
           Festivals
           celebrated
           in
           Honour
           of
           Bacchus
           ,
           tho'
           he
           refus'd
           his
           request
           of
           Writing
           in
           his
           behalf
           ;
           yet
           he
           was
           so
           generous
           as
           to
           give
           him
           wherewithal
           to
           satisfie
           the
           Penalty
           .
           Another
           time
           Lycon
           of
           Scarphia
           happened
           to
           Act
           with
           great
           Applause
           in
           the
           Theatre
           ,
           and
           in
           a
           Verse
           inserted
           in
           his
           part
           ,
           cunningly
           begg'd
           Ten
           Talents
           of
           Alexander
           ;
           who
           was
           so
           pleas'd
           with
           his
           Ingenuity
           ,
           that
           he
           freely
           gave
           him
           the
           Money
           .
        
         
         
           About
           this
           time
           Darius
           wrote
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           
           his
           Friends
           to
           intercede
           with
           him
           to
           accept
           10000
           Talents
           ,
           as
           a
           Ransom
           for
           what
           Prisoners
           he
           had
           in
           his
           hands
           :
           And
           to
           purchase
           his
           Amity
           and
           Alliance
           ,
           offer'd
           him
           all
           the
           Countries
           on
           this
           side
           the
           River
           Euphrates
           ,
           together
           with
           one
           of
           his
           Daughters
           in
           Marriage
           .
           These
           Propositions
           he
           communicated
           to
           his
           Friends
           ,
           and
           when
           Parmenio
           told
           him
           ,
           that
           for
           his
           part
           ,
           if
           he
           were
           Alexander
           ,
           he
           should
           readily
           embrace
           them
           ;
           
             So
             would
             I
             too
             you
             may
             be
             sure
             ,
          
           said
           the
           King
           ,
           
             if
             I
             were
          
           Parmenio
           .
           Accordingly
           his
           Answer
           to
           Darius
           was
           ,
           That
           if
           he
           would
           yield
           himself
           up
           into
           his
           Power
           ,
           he
           would
           treat
           him
           with
           all
           imaginable
           Kindness
           ,
           if
           not
           ,
           he
           was
           resolv'd
           immediately
           to
           advance
           towards
           him
           .
           But
           the
           Death
           of
           Darius
           his
           Wife
           in
           Child-birth
           ,
           made
           him
           soon
           after
           repent
           of
           this
           Resolution
           ,
           not
           without
           evident
           
           marks
           of
           Grief
           ,
           for
           being
           so
           depriv'd
           of
           a
           further
           opportunity
           of
           exercising
           his
           Clemency
           and
           good
           Nature
           ,
           which
           he
           shew'd
           to
           the
           last
           ,
           by
           the
           great
           Expence
           he
           was
           at
           in
           her
           Funeral
           .
        
         
           Among
           the
           Eunuchs
           who
           waited
           in
           the
           Queen's
           Chamber
           ,
           and
           were
           taken
           Prisoners
           with
           the
           Women
           ,
           there
           was
           one
           Tyreus
           ,
           who
           getting
           out
           of
           the
           Camp
           ,
           fled
           away
           on
           Horseback
           to
           Darius
           ,
           to
           inform
           him
           of
           his
           Wives
           Death
           ;
           which
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           heard
           ,
           
           he
           could
           not
           forbear
           beating
           his
           Head
           ,
           and
           bursting
           forth
           into
           Tears
           with
           lamentable
           Outcries
           ,
           said
           ,
           
             Alas
             !
             how
             great
             is
             the
             Calamity
             of
             the
          
           Persians
           ?
           
             Was
             it
             not
             enough
             that
             their
             Kings
             Consort
             and
             Sister
             was
             a
             Prisoner
             in
             her
             Life-time
             ,
             but
             she
             must
             ,
             now
             she
             is
             dead
             also
             ,
             be
             but
             meanly
             and
             obscurely
             Buried
             ?
             Oh
             Sir
             ,
          
           replied
           the
           Eunuch
           ,
           
             As
             to
             her
             Interment
             ,
             or
             any
             Respect
             or
             Decency
             ,
             that
             was
             omitted
             at
             it
             ,
             you
             have
             not
             the
             least
             reason
             to
             accuse
             the
             ill
             Fortune
             of
             your
             Country
             ;
             for
             to
             my
             knowledge
             ,
             neither
             your
             Queen
          
           Statira
           
             when
             alive
             ,
             or
             your
             Mother
             or
             Children
             ,
             wanted
             any
             thing
             of
             their
             former
             happy
             Condition
             ,
             unl●ss
             it
             were
             the
             light
             of
             your
             Countenance
             ,
             which
             I
             doubt
             not
             but
             the
             mighty
          
           Oromasdes
           
             will
             yet
             restore
             with
             greater
             Splendor
             and
             Glory
             than
             ever
             :
             and
             after
             her
             Decease
             ,
             I
             assure
             you
             ,
             she
             had
             not
             only
             all
             due
             Funeral
             Ornaments
             ,
             but
             was
             honour'd
             also
             with
             the
             Tears
             of
             your
             very
             Enemies
             ;
             for
          
           Alexander
           
             is
             as
             merciful
             and
             gentle
             after
             Victory
             ,
             as
             he
             is
             daring
             and
             terrible
             in
             the
             Field
             .
          
           At
           the
           hearing
           of
           these
           words
           ,
           such
           was
           the
           Grief
           and
           Emotion
           of
           Darius
           his
           Mind
           ,
           that
           although
           there
           was
           not
           the
           
           least
           ground
           for
           them
           ,
           he
           could
           not
           chuse
           but
           entertain
           some
           absurd
           Suspicions
           .
           For
           taking
           Tyreas
           aside
           into
           a
           more
           private
           Apartment
           in
           his
           Tent
           :
           
             Unless
             thou
             likewise
          
           ,
           said
           he
           to
           him
           ,
           
             hast
             deserted
             me
             ,
             together
             with
             the
             good
             Fortune
             of
          
           Persia
           ,
           
             and
             art
             become
             a
          
           
           Macedonian
           
             in
             thy
             Heart
             ;
             if
             thou
             bearest
             me
             yet
             any
             Respect
             ,
             and
             ownest
             me
             for
             thy
             Soveraign
          
           Darius
           ,
           
             Tell
             me
             ,
             I
             charge
             thee
             ,
             by
             the
             Veneration
             thou
             payest
             the
             Deity
             of
          
           *
           Mithras
           ,
           
             and
             this
             Right
             Hand
             of
             the
             King
             :
             Do
             I
             not
             lament
             the
             least
             of
          
           Statira's
           
             Misfortunes
             in
             her
             Captivity
             and
             Death
             ?
             Have
             I
             not
             suffer'd
             something
             more
             injurious
             and
             deplorable
             in
             her
             Life-time
             ?
             And
             had
             I
             not
             been
             miserable
             with
             less
             dishonour
             ,
             if
             I
             had
             met
             with
             a
             more
             severe
             and
             inhumane
             Enemy
             ?
             For
             how
             is
             it
             possible
             a
             young
             Man
             as
             he
             is
             ,
             should
             treat
             the
             Wife
             of
          
           Darius
           
             with
             so
             much
             Generosity
             ,
             without
             passing
             the
             Bounds
             of
             a
             virtuous
             Conversation
             ?
          
           Whilst
           he
           was
           yet
           speaking
           ,
           Tyreus
           threw
           himself
           at
           his
           Feet
           ,
           and
           
           besought
           him
           neither
           to
           wrong
           Alexander
           so
           much
           ,
           nor
           his
           Dead
           Wife
           and
           Sister
           ,
           as
           to
           harbour
           such
           unjust
           thoughts
           ,
           which
           depriv'd
           him
           of
           the
           only
           Consolation
           he
           was
           capable
           of
           in
           his
           Adversity
           ,
           in
           a
           firm
           belief
           that
           he
           was
           overcome
           by
           a
           Man
           ,
           whose
           Virtues
           rais'd
           him
           far
           above
           the
           pitch
           of
           human
           Nature
           .
           That
           he
           ought
           to
           look
           upon
           Alexander
           with
           Love
           and
           Admiration
           ,
           who
           had
           given
           no
           less
           Proofs
           of
           his
           Continence
           towards
           the
           Persian
           Women
           ,
           than
           of
           his
           Valour
           among
           the
           Men.
           The
           Eunuch
           confirm'd
           all
           he
           said
           with
           solemn
           ,
           horrid
           Oaths
           ,
           and
           was
           farther
           enlarging
           himself
           in
           the
           description
           of
           
           Alexander's
           Moderation
           and
           Magnanimity
           upon
           other
           occasions
           :
           
           When
           Darius
           ,
           not
           able
           to
           contain
           himself
           any
           longer
           ,
           broke
           from
           him
           into
           the
           next
           Room
           ,
           where
           before
           all
           his
           Courtiers
           he
           lifted
           up
           his
           Hands
           to
           Heaven
           ,
           and
           utter'd
           this
           Prayer
           .
           
             Ye
             Gods
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             who
             are
             the
          
           
           
             Authors
             of
             our
             Being
             ,
             and
             supreme
             Directors
             of
             Kingdoms
             ;
             above
             all
             things
             ,
             I
             beg
             of
             you
             to
             restore
             the
             declining
             Affairs
             of
          
           Persia
           ,
           
             that
             I
             may
             leave
             them
             at
             least
             in
             as
             flourishing
             a
             condition
             as
             I
             found
             them
             ,
             and
             have
             it
             in
             my
             Power
             to
             make
             some
             grateful
             Returns
             to
          
           Alexander
           ,
           
             for
             the
             Kindness
             which
             in
             my
             Adversity
             he
             has
             shew'd
             to
             those
             who
             are
             dearest
             to
             me
             .
             But
             if
             indeed
             the
             fatal
             Time
             be
             come
             ,
             which
             is
             to
             give
             a
             Period
             to
             the
          
           Persian
           
             Monarchy
             ;
             if
             our
             Ruine
             be
             a
             Debt
             that
             must
             be
             inevitably
             paid
             to
             the
             Divine
             Vengeance
             ,
             and
             the
             Vicissitude
             of
             Things
             :
             Then
             I
             beseech
             you
             grant
             ,
             that
             no
             other
             Man
             but
          
           Alexander
           
             may
             sit
             upon
             the
             Throne
             of
          
           Cyrus
           .
           The
           truth
           of
           these
           Passages
           is
           attested
           by
           most
           Writers
           .
        
         
           But
           to
           return
           to
           Alexander
           ,
           after
           he
           had
           
           reduc'd
           all
           Asia
           ,
           on
           this
           side
           the
           Euphrates
           ,
           he
           advanc'd
           towards
           Darius
           ,
           who
           was
           coming
           down
           against
           him
           with
           a
           Million
           of
           Men.
           In
           his
           March
           ,
           a
           very
           ridiculous
           Passage
           happened
           .
           The
           Servants
           who
           follow'd
           the
           Camp
           ,
           for
           Sports-sake
           divided
           themselves
           into
           two
           Parties
           ,
           and
           nam'd
           the
           Commander
           of
           one
           of
           them
           Alexander
           ,
           and
           of
           the
           other
           Darius
           .
           At
           first
           they
           only
           pelted
           
           one
           another
           with
           Clods
           of
           Earth
           ,
           and
           after
           fell
           to
           Fisty-cuffs
           ,
           till
           at
           last
           ,
           heated
           with
           the
           Skirmish
           ,
           they
           fought
           in
           good
           earnest
           with
           Stones
           and
           Clubs
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           had
           much
           ado
           to
           part
           them
           ,
           till
           Alexander
           order'd
           the
           two
           Captains
           to
           decide
           the
           Quarrel
           by
           single
           Combat
           ,
           and
           arm'd
           him
           who
           bore
           his
           Name
           himself
           ,
           while
           Philotas
           did
           the
           same
           to
           him
           who
           represented
           Darius
           .
           The
           whole
           Army
           were
           Spectators
           of
           this
           Encounter
           ,
           with
           Minds
           prepar'd
           from
           the
           Event
           of
           it
           ,
           to
           make
           a
           Judgment
           of
           their
           own
           future
           Success
           .
           After
           they
           had
           fought
           stoutly
           a
           pretty
           while
           ,
           at
           last
           he
           who
           was
           call'd
           Alexander
           had
           the
           better
           ,
           and
           for
           a
           Reward
           of
           his
           Prowess
           ,
           had
           12
           Villages
           given
           him
           ,
           with
           leave
           to
           vest
           himself
           after
           the
           Persian
           Mode
           .
           Thus
           we
           are
           inform'd
           by
           the
           Writings
           of
           Eratosthenes
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           great
           Battel
           of
           all
           that
           was
           fought
           
           with
           Darius
           ,
           was
           not
           as
           most
           Writers
           tell
           us
           ,
           at
           Arbela
           ,
           but
           at
           Gausamela
           ,
           which
           in
           their
           Language
           signifies
           the
           
             Camels
             House
          
           ,
           forasmuch
           as
           one
           of
           their
           ancient
           Kings
           ,
           having
           escap'd
           the
           pursuit
           of
           his
           Enemies
           on
           a
           swift
           Camel
           ,
           in
           gratitude
           to
           his
           Beast
           ,
           settled
           him
           at
           this
           place
           ,
           with
           an
           allowance
           of
           certain
           Villages
           and
           Rents
           for
           his
           maintenance
           .
           It
           came
           to
           pass
           ,
           that
           in
           the
           month
           *
           Boedromion
           ,
           about
           the
           beginning
           of
           the
           Feast
           of
           Mysteries
           at
           Athens
           ,
           there
           
           happen'd
           an
           Eclipse
           of
           the
           Moon
           ,
           the
           11th
           Night
           after
           which
           ,
           the
           two
           Armies
           being
           then
           in
           view
           of
           one
           another
           ,
           Darius
           kept
           his
           Men
           in
           Arms
           ,
           and
           by
           Torch-light
           took
           a
           general
           Review
           of
           them
           .
           But
           Alexander
           ,
           while
           his
           Soldiers
           slept
           ,
           spent
           the
           night
           before
           his
           Tent
           ,
           with
           his
           Diviner
           Aristander
           ,
           performing
           certain
           mysterious
           Ceremonies
           ,
           and
           sacrificing
           to
           Apollo
           .
           In
           the
           mean
           
           while
           the
           eldest
           of
           his
           Commanders
           ,
           and
           chiefly
           Parmenio
           ,
           when
           they
           beheld
           all
           the
           Plain
           between
           the
           River
           Niphates
           ,
           and
           the
           Gordyaean
           Mountains
           ,
           shining
           with
           the
           Lights
           and
           Fires
           which
           were
           made
           by
           the
           Barbarians
           ,
           and
           heard
           the
           rude
           and
           confus'd
           Voices
           out
           of
           their
           Camp
           ,
           the
           terror
           and
           noise
           of
           which
           resembled
           the
           roaring
           of
           a
           vast
           Ocean
           ,
           they
           were
           so
           amaz'd
           at
           the
           thoughts
           of
           such
           a
           multitude
           ,
           that
           after
           some
           Conference
           among
           themselves
           ,
           they
           concluded
           it
           an
           Enterprize
           too
           difficult
           and
           hazardous
           
           for
           them
           to
           engage
           so
           numerous
           an
           Enemy
           in
           the
           Day
           ,
           and
           therefore
           meeting
           the
           King
           as
           he
           came
           from
           Sacrificing
           ,
           besought
           him
           to
           attack
           Darius
           by
           Night
           ,
           that
           the
           Darkness
           might
           conceal
           the
           Horror
           and
           Danger
           of
           the
           ensuing
           Battel
           .
           To
           this
           he
           gave
           them
           the
           so
           celebrated
           Answer
           ,
           
             That
             he
             would
             not
             steal
             a
             Victory
             :
          
           Which
           though
           some
           may
           think
           childish
           and
           vain
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           play'd
           with
           Danger
           ,
           yet
           others
           look
           upon
           
           it
           as
           an
           evidence
           that
           he
           confided
           in
           his
           present
           Condition
           ,
           and
           made
           a
           true
           Judgment
           of
           the
           future
           ,
           in
           not
           leaving
           Darius
           ,
           in
           case
           he
           were
           worsted
           ,
           so
           much
           as
           a
           pretence
           of
           trying
           his
           Fortune
           any
           more
           ;
           which
           he
           would
           certainly
           do
           ,
           if
           he
           could
           impute
           his
           Overthrow
           to
           the
           disadvantage
           of
           the
           Night
           ,
           as
           he
           did
           before
           to
           the
           Mountains
           ,
           the
           narrow
           Passages
           ,
           and
           the
           Sea.
           For
           it
           was
           not
           to
           be
           imagin'd
           ,
           that
           he
           who
           had
           still
           such
           Forces
           and
           large
           Dominions
           left
           ,
           
           should
           give
           over
           the
           War
           for
           want
           of
           Men
           or
           Arms
           ,
           till
           he
           had
           first
           lost
           all
           Courage
           and
           Hope
           ,
           by
           the
           conviction
           of
           an
           undeniable
           and
           manifest
           Defeat
           .
           After
           they
           were
           gone
           from
           him
           with
           this
           Answer
           ,
           he
           laid
           himself
           down
           in
           his
           Tent
           ,
           and
           slept
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Night
           soundlier
           than
           he
           was
           wont
           to
           do
           ,
           to
           the
           astonishment
           of
           the
           Commanders
           ,
           who
           came
           to
           him
           early
           in
           the
           Morning
           ,
           and
           were
           fain
           themselves
           to
           give
           order
           that
           the
           Soldiers
           should
           Dine
           .
           But
           at
           last
           ,
           time
           not
           giving
           them
           leave
           to
           wait
           any
           longer
           ,
           Parmenio
           went
           to
           his
           Bed-side
           ,
           and
           call'd
           him
           twice
           or
           thrice
           by
           his
           Name
           ,
           till
           he
           wak'd
           him
           ,
           and
           then
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           
             How
             it
             was
             possible
             when
             he
             was
             to
             fight
             the
             most
             important
             Battel
             of
             all
             ,
             he
             could
             sleep
             so
             securely
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             were
             already
             Victorious
             .
             So
             I
             am
             ,
          
           said
           Alexander
           ,
           smiling
           ,
           
             since
             I
             am
             now
             no
             more
             put
             to
             the
             trouble
             of
             wandring
             after
             ,
          
           
           
             and
             pursuing
          
           Darius
           ,
           
             as
             long
             as
             he
             pleases
             to
             decline
             Fighting
             ,
             in
             a
             Country
             of
             so
             large
             extent
             ,
             and
             so
             wasted
             .
          
           And
           not
           only
           before
           the
           Engagement
           ,
           but
           likewise
           in
           the
           extreamest
           danger
           of
           it
           ,
           he
           shew'd
           the
           greatness
           of
           his
           Courage
           in
           Action
           ,
           and
           the
           solidity
           of
           his
           Judgment
           in
           Counsel
           .
           For
           the
           left
           Wing
           which
           Parmenio
           commanded
           ,
           
           was
           so
           violently
           charg'd
           by
           the
           Bactrian
           Horse
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           disorder'd
           ,
           and
           forc'd
           to
           give
           Ground
           ,
           at
           the
           same
           time
           that
           Mazeus
           had
           sent
           a
           Party
           round
           about
           to
           fall
           upon
           those
           who
           guarded
           the
           Baggage
           ,
           which
           so
           disturb'd
           Parmenio
           ,
           that
           he
           sent
           Messengers
           to
           acquaint
           Alexander
           ,
           that
           the
           Camp
           and
           Baggage
           would
           be
           all
           lost
           ,
           unless
           he
           immediately
           reliev'd
           the
           Rear
           ,
           by
           a
           considerable
           Reinforement
           drawn
           out
           of
           the
           Front.
           This
           Message
           being
           brought
           him
           Just
           as
           he
           was
           giving
           the
           Signal
           to
           those
           about
           him
           for
           the
           Onset
           ,
           he
           bade
           them
           tell
           
             Parmenio
             ,
             That
             sure
             he
             was
             mad
             ,
             and
             had
             lost
             the
             use
             of
             his
             Reason
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             Consternation
             he
             was
             in
             ,
             had
             made
             him
             forget
             ,
             that
             Conquerors
             always
             become
             Masters
             of
             their
             Enemies
             Baggage
             ;
             whereas
             those
             who
             were
             defeated
             ,
             instead
             of
             taking
             care
             of
             their
             Wealth
             or
             their
             Slaves
             ,
             had
             nothing
             more
             to
             do
             ,
             but
             to
             fight
             gallantly
             ,
             and
             die
             with
             Honour
             .
          
           When
           he
           had
           said
           this
           ,
           he
           put
           on
           his
           Helmet
           ,
           having
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Arms
           
           on
           before
           he
           came
           out
           of
           his
           Tent
           ,
           which
           
           were
           a
           short
           Coat
           of
           the
           Sicilian
           fashion
           ,
           girt
           close
           about
           him
           ,
           and
           over
           that
           a
           Breast-piece
           of
           Linnen
           often
           folded
           and
           plaited
           ,
           which
           was
           taken
           among
           other
           Booty
           at
           the
           Battel
           of
           Issus
           .
           The
           Helmet
           which
           was
           made
           by
           Theophilus
           ,
           though
           of
           Iron
           was
           so
           well
           wrought
           and
           polish'd
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           as
           bright
           as
           the
           most
           refin'd
           Silver
           .
           To
           this
           was
           fitted
           a
           Gorget
           of
           the
           same
           metal
           ,
           set
           with
           precious
           stones
           .
           His
           Sword
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           weapon
           he
           most
           us'd
           in
           Fight
           ,
           was
           given
           him
           by
           the
           King
           of
           the
           Citieans
           ,
           and
           was
           of
           an
           admirable
           temper
           and
           lightness
           .
           But
           the
           Belt
           which
           he
           wore
           also
           in
           all
           Engagements
           ,
           was
           of
           much
           richer
           Workmanship
           than
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Armour
           ;
           it
           was
           made
           by
           old
           Helicon
           ,
           and
           presented
           him
           by
           the
           Rhodians
           ,
           as
           a
           mark
           of
           their
           Respect
           to
           him
           .
           When-ever
           he
           drew
           up
           his
           Men
           ,
           or
           rode
           about
           to
           give
           Orders
           ,
           or
           instruct
           ,
           or
           view
           them
           ,
           he
           favour'd
           Bucephalus
           by
           reason
           of
           his
           Age
           ,
           and
           made
           use
           of
           another
           Horse
           ;
           but
           when
           he
           was
           to
           fight
           ,
           he
           sent
           for
           him
           again
           ,
           and
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           was
           mounted
           ,
           presently
           fell
           upon
           the
           Enemy
           .
           After
           he
           had
           made
           a
           long
           Oration
           to
           the
           Thessalians
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Graecians
           ,
           who
           encourag'd
           him
           with
           loud
           Outcries
           ,
           desiring
           to
           be
           led
           on
           to
           the
           Charge
           ,
           he
           shifted
           his
           Javeling
           into
           his
           left
           Hand
           ,
           and
           with
           his
           right
           lifted
           up
           towards
           Heaven
           ,
           besought
           the
           Gods
           ,
           
           that
           if
           he
           was
           of
           a
           truth
           the
           Son
           of
           Jupiter
           ,
           they
           would
           be
           pleas'd
           to
           assist
           and
           strengthen
           the
           Graecians
           .
           At
           the
           same
           time
           the
           Augur
           Aristander
           ,
           who
           had
           a
           white
           Mantle
           about
           him
           ,
           and
           a
           Crown
           of
           Gold
           
           on
           his
           Head
           ,
           rode
           by
           ,
           and
           shew'd
           them
           an
           Eagle
           that
           soar'd
           just
           over
           Alexander
           ,
           and
           directed
           his
           flight
           towards
           the
           Enemy
           ;
           which
           so
           animated
           the
           Beholders
           ,
           that
           after
           mutual
           Encouragements
           and
           Exhortations
           ,
           the
           Horse
           charg'd
           at
           full
           speed
           ,
           and
           were
           vigourously
           seconded
           by
           the
           Foot.
           But
           before
           they
           could
           well
           come
           to
           Blows
           with
           the
           first
           Ranks
           ,
           the
           Barbarians
           shrunk
           back
           ,
           and
           were
           hotly
           pursued
           by
           Alexander
           ,
           who
           drave
           those
           that
           fled
           before
           him
           into
           the
           middle
           of
           the
           Battel
           ,
           where
           Darius
           himself
           was
           in
           Person
           ,
           whom
           he
           saw
           over
           the
           foremost
           Ranks
           ,
           conspicuous
           in
           the
           midst
           of
           his
           Life-Guard
           ;
           for
           he
           was
           an
           handsom
           ,
           proper
           Man
           ,
           and
           drawn
           in
           a
           lofty
           Chariot
           ,
           defended
           by
           abundance
           of
           the
           best
           Horse
           ,
           who
           stood
           close
           in
           order
           about
           it
           ,
           ready
           to
           receive
           the
           Enemy
           .
           But
           
           Alexander's
           approach
           was
           so
           terrible
           ,
           forcing
           those
           who
           gave
           back
           ,
           upon
           those
           who
           yet
           maintain'd
           their
           Ground
           ,
           that
           he
           beat
           down
           and
           dispers'd
           them
           almost
           all
           ,
           but
           a
           few
           of
           the
           bravest
           and
           valiantest
           ,
           who
           were
           slain
           in
           their
           King's
           presence
           ,
           falling
           in
           heaps
           upon
           one
           another
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           very
           pangs
           of
           Death
           striving
           by
           
           catching
           hold
           of
           the
           Men
           and
           Horses
           ,
           to
           stop
           the
           Macedonians
           pursuit
           .
           Darius
           now
           seeing
           all
           was
           lost
           ,
           that
           those
           who
           were
           plac'd
           in
           Front
           to
           defend
           him
           were
           broken
           ,
           and
           beat
           back
           upon
           him
           ,
           that
           he
           could
           not
           turn
           or
           disengage
           his
           Chariot
           without
           great
           difficulty
           ,
           the
           Wheels
           were
           so
           clogg'd
           and
           intangled
           among
           the
           dead
           Bodies
           which
           lay
           in
           such
           heaps
           ,
           as
           not
           only
           stopt
           ,
           but
           almost
           cover'd
           the
           Horses
           ,
           and
           made
           them
           bound
           ,
           and
           grow
           so
           unruly
           ,
           that
           the
           frighted
           Charioter
           
           could
           govern
           them
           no
           longer
           :
           In
           this
           extremity
           he
           was
           glad
           to
           quit
           his
           Chariot
           and
           his
           Arms
           ,
           and
           mounting
           ,
           as
           they
           say
           ,
           upon
           a
           Mare
           that
           had
           newly
           foal'd
           ,
           betook
           himself
           to
           flight
           .
           But
           he
           had
           not
           escap'd
           so
           neither
           ,
           if
           Parmenio
           had
           not
           sent
           fresh
           Messengers
           to
           Alexander
           ,
           to
           desire
           him
           to
           return
           ,
           and
           assist
           him
           against
           a
           considerable
           Body
           of
           the
           Enemy
           which
           yet
           stood
           together
           ,
           and
           would
           not
           give
           ground
           ▪
           Upon
           this
           Parmenio
           was
           on
           all
           hands
           accus'd
           of
           Dulness
           and
           Sloth
           ,
           whether
           Age
           had
           impair'd
           his
           Courage
           ,
           or
           that
           ,
           as
           Callisthenes
           says
           ,
           he
           inwardly
           griev'd
           at
           and
           envied
           his
           Masters
           growing
           Greatness
           .
           Alexander
           though
           he
           was
           not
           a
           little
           vex'd
           to
           be
           so
           recall'd
           ,
           and
           hindred
           from
           pursuing
           his
           Victory
           ,
           yet
           conceal'd
           the
           true
           Reason
           from
           his
           Men
           ,
           and
           causiing
           a
           Retreat
           to
           be
           sounded
           ,
           as
           if
           it
           were
           too
           late
           to
           continue
           
           the
           Execution
           any
           longer
           ,
           march'd
           back
           
           towards
           the
           place
           of
           danger
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           way
           met
           with
           the
           News
           of
           the
           Enemies
           total
           overthrow
           and
           flight
           .
        
         
           This
           Battel
           being
           thus
           over
           ,
           seem'd
           to
           
           put
           a
           period
           to
           the
           Persian
           Empire
           ;
           and
           Alexander
           who
           was
           now
           proclaim'd
           King
           of
           Asia
           ,
           return'd
           thanks
           to
           the
           Gods
           in
           magnificent
           Sacrifices
           ,
           and
           rewarded
           his
           Friends
           and
           Followers
           with
           great
           sums
           of
           Mony
           ,
           and
           Palaces
           ,
           and
           Governments
           of
           Provinces
           .
           To
           ingratiate
           himself
           with
           the
           Grecians
           ,
           he
           wrote
           to
           them
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           have
           all
           Tyrannies
           abolish'd
           ,
           that
           they
           might
           live
           
           free
           according
           to
           their
           own
           Laws
           ,
           more
           particularly
           to
           the
           Plataeans
           ,
           that
           their
           City
           should
           be
           reedified
           ,
           because
           their
           Ancestors
           permitted
           their
           Countrymen
           to
           make
           their
           Territories
           the
           Seat
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           when
           they
           fought
           with
           the
           Babarians
           for
           their
           common
           Liberty
           .
           He
           sent
           also
           part
           of
           the
           Spoils
           into
           Italy
           ,
           to
           the
           Crotonians
           ,
           to
           honour
           the
           Zeal
           and
           Courage
           of
           their
           Citizen
           Phaylus
           the
           Wrestler
           ,
           who
           in
           the
           Median
           War
           ,
           when
           the
           other
           Grecian
           Colonies
           in
           Italy
           disown'd
           Greece
           ;
           that
           he
           might
           have
           a
           share
           in
           the
           danger
           ,
           joyn'd
           the
           Fleet
           at
           Salamis
           ,
           with
           a
           Vessel
           set
           forth
           at
           his
           own
           charge
           .
           So
           affectionate
           was
           Alexander
           to
           all
           kind
           of
           Virtue
           ,
           and
           so
           desirous
           to
           preserve
           the
           memory
           of
           laudable
           Actions
           .
        
         
         
           From
           hence
           he
           march'd
           through
           the
           Province
           
           of
           Babylon
           ,
           which
           immediately
           submitted
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           in
           that
           of
           Ecbatane
           was
           mightyly
           surpris'd
           to
           see
           Fire
           continually
           break
           like
           a
           spring
           out
           of
           a
           cleft
           of
           the
           Earth
           ;
           and
           not
           far
           from
           that
           a
           Foutain
           of
           Naptha
           ,
           which
           stagnated
           in
           great
           abundance
           .
           
           This
           Naptha
           ,
           in
           other
           respects
           resembling
           Bitumen
           ,
           is
           so
           subject
           to
           take
           fire
           ,
           that
           before
           it
           touches
           the
           flame
           ,
           it
           will
           kindle
           at
           the
           very
           light
           that
           surrounds
           it
           ,
           and
           often
           inflame
           the
           interjacent
           Air
           also
           .
           The
           Barbarians
           ,
           to
           shew
           the
           Power
           and
           Nature
           of
           it
           ,
           sprinkled
           the
           street
           that
           led
           to
           the
           Kings
           Lodgings
           with
           little
           drops
           of
           this
           Liquor
           ,
           and
           when
           it
           was
           almost
           night
           ,
           stood
           at
           the
           further
           end
           with
           Torches
           ,
           which
           being
           applied
           to
           the
           moistned
           Places
           ,
           the
           first
           presently
           taking
           fire
           ,
           in
           less
           than
           a
           minute
           it
           caught
           from
           one
           end
           to
           the
           other
           ,
           in
           that
           manner
           ,
           that
           the
           whole
           Sreet
           was
           but
           one
           continued
           flame
           .
           Among
           those
           who
           us'd
           to
           wait
           on
           the
           King
           when
           he
           anointed
           and
           wash'd
           himself
           ,
           and
           divert
           his
           Mind
           with
           pleasant
           discourses
           ,
           there
           was
           one
           Athenophanes
           ,
           an
           Athenian
           ,
           who
           desired
           him
           to
           make
           an
           Experiment
           of
           the
           Naptha
           upon
           Stephanus
           ,
           who
           stood
           by
           in
           the
           Bathing
           place
           ,
           a
           very
           ugly
           ridiculous
           Youth
           ,
           whose
           Talent
           was
           Singing
           well
           :
           For
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             if
             it
             take
             hold
             of
             him
             and
             cannot
             be
             quenched
             ,
             it
          
           
           
             must
             undeniably
             be
             allow'd
             to
             be
             of
             great
             and
             invincible
             strength
             .
          
           The
           Youth
           readily
           consented
           
           to
           undergo
           the
           Tryal
           ,
           and
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           was
           anointed
           and
           rubb'd
           with
           it
           ,
           his
           whole
           Body
           broke
           out
           into
           such
           a
           flame
           ,
           and
           was
           so
           seiz'd
           by
           the
           fire
           ,
           that
           Alexander
           was
           exceedingly
           perplex'd
           and
           concern'd
           for
           him
           ,
           and
           not
           without
           Reason
           ;
           for
           nothing
           could
           have
           prevented
           his
           being
           consum'd
           by
           it
           ,
           if
           by
           good
           chance
           there
           had
           not
           been
           People
           at
           hand
           with
           a
           great
           many
           Vessels
           of
           Water
           for
           the
           service
           of
           the
           Bath
           ,
           with
           all
           which
           ,
           they
           had
           much
           ado
           to
           extinguish
           the
           Fire
           ;
           and
           his
           Body
           was
           so
           burn'd
           all
           over
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           not
           our'd
           of
           it
           a
           good
           while
           after
           .
           Not
           absurdly
           therefore
           do
           they
           endeavour
           to
           reconcile
           the
           Fable
           to
           Truth
           ,
           who
           say
           ,
           this
           was
           the
           Drug
           mention'd
           by
           the
           Poets
           ,
           with
           which
           Medea
           anointed
           the
           Crown
           and
           Veil
           which
           she
           gave
           to
           
           Creon's
           Daughter
           .
           For
           neither
           the
           things
           themselves
           ,
           nor
           the
           
           fire
           could
           kindle
           of
           its
           own
           accord
           ,
           but
           being
           prepar'd
           for
           it
           by
           the
           Naptha
           ,
           they
           imperceptibly
           attracted
           and
           caught
           the
           flame
           :
           For
           the
           rays
           and
           emanations
           of
           Fire
           ,
           at
           a
           distance
           ,
           have
           no
           other
           effect
           upon
           some
           bodies
           ,
           than
           bare
           light
           and
           heat
           ;
           but
           in
           others
           ,
           where
           they
           meet
           with
           aiery
           dryness
           ,
           and
           also
           sufficient
           fat
           moisture
           ,
           
           they
           collect
           themselves
           and
           soon
           prey
           upon
           
           and
           alter
           the
           matter
           .
           However
           ,
           the
           production
           of
           Naptha
           admits
           of
           divers
           opinions
           :
           *
           Whether
           this
           liquid
           Substance
           that
           feeds
           the
           flame
           ,
           does
           not
           rather
           proceed
           from
           a
           Soil
           that
           is
           unctuous
           and
           productive
           of
           Fire
           ,
           as
           that
           of
           the
           Province
           of
           Babylon
           
           is
           ,
           where
           the
           Ground
           is
           so
           very
           hot
           ,
           that
           oftentimes
           the
           Grains
           of
           Barly
           leap
           up
           ,
           and
           are
           thrown
           out
           ,
           as
           if
           the
           violent
           Inflammation
           had
           given
           the
           Earth
           a
           pulse
           :
           And
           in
           extreme
           heats
           ,
           the
           Inhabitants
           are
           wont
           to
           sleep
           upon
           Skins
           fill'd
           with
           Water
           .
           Harpalus
           ,
           who
           was
           left
           Governor
           of
           this
           Country
           ,
           and
           was
           desirous
           to
           adorn
           the
           Palace
           ,
           Gardens
           ,
           and
           Walks
           with
           Grecian
           Plants
           ,
           succeeded
           in
           the
           raising
           of
           all
           but
           Ivy
           ,
           which
           the
           Earth
           would
           not
           bear
           ,
           but
           constantly
           kill'd
           :
           For
           being
           a
           Plant
           that
           loves
           a
           cold
           Soil
           ,
           the
           temper
           of
           that
           mold
           ,
           which
           was
           violently
           hot
           ,
           was
           improper
           for
           it
           .
           Such
           digressions
           as
           these
           ,
           the
           nicest
           Readers
           may
           endure
           ,
           provided
           they
           are
           not
           too
           tedious
           .
        
         
           At
           the
           taking
           of
           
             Susa
             ,
             Alexander
          
           found
           
           in
           the
           Palace
           40000
           Talents
           in
           Money
           ready
           coyn'd
           ,
           besides
           an
           unspeakable
           quantity
           of
           other
           Furniture
           and
           Treasure
           ;
           amongst
           which
           was
           5000
           Talents
           worth
           of
           Hermionique
           Purple
           ,
           that
           had
           been
           laid
           up
           there
           an
           hundred
           and
           ninety
           nine
           Years
           ,
           and
           yet
           kept
           its
           colour
           as
           fresh
           and
           lively
           as
           at
           
           first
           .
           The
           reason
           of
           which
           they
           say
           ,
           is
           that
           in
           Dying
           the
           Purple
           they
           made
           use
           of
           Honey
           ,
           and
           of
           white
           Oyl
           in
           the
           white
           Tincture
           ,
           both
           which
           being
           of
           equal
           Age
           ,
           still
           preserv'd
           their
           lustre
           clean
           and
           refulgent
           .
           Dimon
           also
           relates
           ,
           That
           the
           Kings
           of
           Persia
           had
           Water
           fetch'd
           them
           from
           the
           Nile
           and
           the
           Danubius
           ,
           which
           they
           laid
           up
           in
           their
           Treasuries
           ,
           using
           it
           as
           an
           Argument
           of
           the
           Greatness
           of
           their
           Power
           and
           Universal
           Empire
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           entrance
           into
           Persia
           being
           very
           
           difficult
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           enevenness
           of
           the
           Ways
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           Passes
           to
           secure
           Darius
           ,
           who
           was
           retired
           thither
           ,
           were
           guarded
           by
           the
           best
           of
           his
           Forces
           ,
           Alexander
           happened
           upon
           a
           Guide
           exactly
           correspondent
           to
           what
           the
           Pythia
           had
           foretold
           when
           he
           was
           a
           Child
           ;
           That
           a
           Lycian
           should
           conduct
           him
           in
           his
           Journey
           into
           Persia
           ;
           for
           by
           such
           an
           one
           ,
           whose
           Father
           was
           a
           Lycian
           ,
           and
           his
           Mother
           a
           Persian
           ,
           and
           who
           spoke
           both
           Languages
           ,
           he
           was
           led
           into
           the
           Country
           by
           a
           way
           something
           about
           ,
           yet
           without
           fetching
           any
           considerable
           compass
           .
           Here
           a
           great
           many
           of
           the
           Prisoners
           were
           put
           to
           the
           Sword
           ,
           of
           which
           himself
           gives
           this
           account
           ;
           That
           he
           commanded
           them
           to
           be
           kill'd
           ,
           out
           of
           an
           apprehension
           it
           would
           be
           advantageous
           to
           his
           Affairs
           :
           Nor
           was
           his
           Booty
           in
           Money
           less
           here
           than
           at
           Susa
           ,
           
           besides
           other
           Moveables
           and
           Treasure
           ,
           as
           much
           as
           10000
           pair
           of
           Mules
           and
           5000
           Camels
           could
           well
           carry
           away
           .
           When
           Alexander
           saw
           a
           vast
           Statue
           of
           Xerxes
           thrown
           down
           on
           a
           sudden
           ,
           by
           the
           multitudes
           of
           Solers
           that
           broke
           into
           the
           Palace
           ;
           he
           stood
           still
           ,
           and
           accosting
           it
           as
           if
           it
           had
           been
           alive
           ;
           
           
             Shall
             we
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             neglectfully
             pass
             thee
             by
             ,
             now
             thou
             art
             prostrate
             on
             the
             Ground
             ,
             because
             thou
             once
             invadest
          
           Greece
           ,
           
             or
             shall
             we
             erect
             thee
             again
             ,
             in
             consideration
             of
             the
             Greatness
             of
             thy
             Mind
             and
             thy
             other
             Vertues
             ?
          
           But
           at
           last
           ,
           after
           he
           had
           paus'd
           a
           pretty
           while
           ,
           he
           went
           on
           without
           taking
           any
           further
           notice
           of
           it
           .
           In
           this
           place
           he
           took
           up
           his
           Winter-Quarters
           ,
           and
           staid
           four
           Months
           to
           refresh
           his
           Soldiers
           .
           The
           first
           time
           he
           sate
           on
           the
           Royal
           Throne
           of
           Persia
           ,
           under
           a
           Canopy
           of
           Gold
           ,
           Demaratus
           the
           Corinthian
           ,
           a
           well-wisher
           to
           Alexander
           ,
           and
           one
           of
           his
           Father's
           Friends
           wept
           ,
           Good
           Old
           Man
           ,
           and
           deplor'd
           the
           misfortune
           of
           the
           Grecians
           ,
           that
           by
           Death
           were
           depriv'd
           of
           the
           satisfaction
           to
           see
           Alexander
           Seated
           on
           Darius
           his
           Throne
           .
        
         
           From
           hence
           designing
           to
           march
           against
           Darius
           ,
           before
           he
           set
           out
           ,
           he
           diverted
           himself
           with
           his
           Officers
           at
           an
           Entertainment
           of
           Drinking
           ,
           and
           other
           Pastimes
           ,
           and
           indulg'd
           so
           far
           as
           to
           have
           every
           one
           his
           Mistress
           sit
           by
           and
           drink
           with
           them
           .
           The
           
           most
           celebrated
           of
           them
           was
           Thais
           an
           Athenian
           ,
           
           
           Ptolomy's
           Mistriss
           ,
           who
           was
           afterwards
           King
           of
           Aegypt
           .
           She
           sometimes
           cunningly
           prais'd
           Alexander
           ,
           sometimes
           play'd
           upon
           him
           and
           rally'd
           him
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           while
           drank
           so
           freely
           that
           at
           last
           she
           fell
           to
           talk
           extravagantly
           ,
           as
           those
           of
           her
           Country
           us'd
           to
           do
           ,
           much
           above
           her
           Character
           or
           Condition
           .
           She
           said
           it
           was
           indeed
           some
           recompence
           for
           the
           pains
           she
           had
           taken
           in
           following
           the
           Camp
           all
           over
           Asia
           ,
           that
           she
           was
           that
           day
           Treated
           in
           ,
           and
           could
           insult
           over
           the
           stately
           Palace
           of
           the
           Persian
           Monarchs
           :
           But
           she
           added
           ,
           it
           would
           please
           her
           much
           better
           ,
           if
           while
           the
           King
           look'd
           on
           ,
           she
           might
           in
           sport
           ,
           with
           her
           own
           hands
           ,
           set
           fire
           to
           Xerxes
           his
           Court
           ,
           who
           reduc'd
           the
           City
           of
           Athens
           to
           Ashes
           ;
           that
           it
           might
           be
           recorded
           to
           Posterity
           ,
           that
           the
           Women
           who
           follow'd
           Alexander
           ,
           had
           taken
           a
           sharper
           Revenge
           on
           the
           Persians
           for
           the
           Sufferings
           and
           Affronts
           of
           Greece
           ,
           than
           all
           his
           Commanders
           could
           do
           by
           Sea
           or
           Land.
           What
           she
           said
           ,
           was
           receiv'd
           with
           such
           universal
           liking
           ,
           and
           murmurs
           of
           Applause
           ,
           and
           so
           seconded
           by
           the
           incouragement
           and
           eagerness
           of
           the
           Company
           ,
           that
           the
           King
           himself
           perswaded
           to
           be
           of
           the
           Party
           ,
           if
           arted
           from
           his
           Seat
           ,
           and
           with
           a
           Chaplet
           of
           Flowers
           on
           his
           Head
           ,
           and
           a
           lighted
           Torch
           in
           his
           Hand
           ,
           led
           them
           the
           way
           ,
           who
           went
           
           after
           him
           in
           a
           Riotous
           manner
           ,
           Dancing
           ,
           and
           making
           loud
           noises
           about
           the
           place
           :
           Which
           ,
           when
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           perceiv'd
           ,
           they
           also
           ,
           with
           all
           the
           Joy
           imaginable
           ran
           thither
           with
           Torches
           ;
           for
           they
           hop'd
           the
           burning
           and
           destruction
           of
           the
           Royal
           Palace
           ,
           was
           an
           Argument
           that
           he
           look'd
           homeward
           ,
           and
           had
           no
           design
           to
           reside
           among
           the
           Barbarians
           .
           Thus
           some
           Writers
           give
           an
           account
           of
           this
           Action
           ,
           and
           others
           say
           ,
           it
           was
           done
           deliberately
           ;
           however
           all
           agree
           that
           he
           soon
           repented
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           gave
           order
           to
           put
           out
           the
           fire
           .
        
         
           Alexander
           was
           naturally
           very
           munificent
           ,
           
           and
           grew
           more
           so
           as
           his
           Fortune
           increas'd
           ,
           accompanying
           what
           he
           gave
           with
           that
           courtesie
           and
           freedom
           ,
           which
           ,
           to
           speak
           truth
           ,
           is
           absolutely
           necessary
           to
           make
           a
           Benefit
           really
           obliging
           .
           I
           will
           give
           you
           a
           few
           Instances
           of
           this
           kind
           .
           Ariston
           ,
           the
           Captain
           
           of
           the
           Paeonians
           ,
           having
           kill'd
           an
           Enemy
           ,
           brought
           his
           Head
           to
           shew
           him
           ,
           and
           told
           him
           ,
           
             That
             among
             them
             such
             a
             Present
             was
             recompens'd
             with
             a
             Cup
             of
             Gold.
             With
             an
             empty
             one
             ,
          
           said
           Alexander
           ,
           smiling
           ,
           
             but
             I
             drink
             to
             you
             in
             this
             full
             of
             Wine
             ,
             which
             I
             give
             you
             .
          
           Another
           time
           ,
           as
           one
           of
           the
           common
           Soldiers
           was
           driving
           a
           Mule
           laden
           with
           some
           of
           the
           King's
           Treasure
           ,
           the
           Beast
           tir'd
           ,
           and
           the
           Soldier
           took
           it
           upon
           his
           own
           Back
           ,
           and
           began
           to
           March
           with
           it
           ,
           till
           Alexander
           seeing
           
           the
           Fellow
           so
           overcharg'd
           ,
           ask'd
           what
           was
           the
           matter
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           was
           inform'd
           ,
           just
           as
           he
           was
           ready
           to
           lay
           down
           his
           Burthen
           for
           weariness
           :
           
             Do
             not
             faint
             now
          
           ,
           said
           
           he
           to
           him
           ,
           
             but
             keep
             on
             the
             rest
             of
             your
             way
             ,
             and
             carry
             what
             you
             have
             there
             ,
             to
             your
             own
             Tent
             for
             your self
             .
          
           He
           was
           always
           more
           displeas'd
           with
           those
           who
           would
           not
           accept
           of
           what
           he
           gave
           ,
           than
           with
           those
           who
           continually
           begg'd
           of
           him
           .
           And
           therefore
           he
           wrote
           to
           
             Phocion
             ,
             That
             he
             should
             not
             take
             him
             for
             his
             Friend
             any
             longer
             ,
             if
             he
             refus'd
             his
             Presents
             .
          
           
           Nor
           would
           he
           ever
           give
           any
           thing
           to
           Serapion
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           Youths
           that
           play'd
           at
           Ball
           with
           him
           ,
           because
           he
           did
           not
           ask
           of
           him
           ,
           till
           one
           day
           it
           coming
           to
           
           Serapion's
           Turn
           to
           play
           ,
           he
           still
           threw
           the
           Ball
           to
           others
           ,
           and
           when
           the
           King
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           
             Why
             he
             did
             not
             direct
             it
             to
             him
             ?
             Because
             you
             did
             not
             desire
             it
             ,
          
           
           said
           he
           ;
           which
           Answer
           pleas'd
           him
           so
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           very
           liberal
           to
           him
           afterwards
           .
           One
           Proteas
           ,
           a
           pleasant
           ,
           drolling
           ,
           drinking
           Fellow
           ,
           having
           incurr'd
           his
           Displeasure
           ,
           got
           his
           Friends
           to
           intercede
           for
           him
           ,
           and
           begg'd
           his
           Pardon
           himself
           with
           Tears
           ,
           which
           at
           last
           prevail'd
           ,
           and
           Alexander
           declar'd
           he
           was
           Friends
           with
           him
           .
           
             I
             cannot
             believe
             it
             ,
             Sir
             ,
          
           said
           
             Proteas
             ,
             unless
             you
             give
             me
             some
             pledge
          
           
           
             of
             your
             Reconciliation
          
           .
           The
           King
           understood
           his
           meaning
           ,
           and
           presently
           order'd
           him
           to
           receive
           five
           Talents
           .
           How
           generous
           he
           was
           in
           enriching
           his
           Friends
           ,
           and
           those
           who
           
           attended
           on
           his
           Person
           ,
           appears
           by
           a
           Letter
           which
           Olympias
           wrote
           to
           him
           ,
           where
           she
           tells
           him
           ,
           
             He
             should
             reward
             and
             honour
             those
             about
             him
             in
             a
             more
             moderate
             way
             ;
             for
             now
             ,
          
           said
           she
           ,
           
             you
             make
             them
             all
             equal
             to
             Kings
             ,
             you
             give
             them
             power
             and
             opportunity
             to
             improve
             their
             own
             Interest
             ,
             by
             obliging
             of
             many
             to
             them
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             do
             not
             consider
             ,
             that
             you
             leave
             your self
             bare
             and
             destitute
             .
          
           She
           often
           wrote
           to
           him
           to
           this
           purpose
           ,
           and
           he
           never
           communicated
           her
           Letters
           to
           any
           body
           ,
           unless
           it
           were
           one
           which
           he
           open'd
           when
           Hephestion
           was
           by
           ,
           whom
           he
           permitted
           to
           read
           it
           along
           with
           him
           ;
           but
           then
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           had
           done
           ,
           he
           took
           off
           his
           Ring
           ,
           and
           clapp'd
           the
           Seal
           upon
           his
           Lips.
           Mazeus
           ,
           who
           was
           
           the
           most
           considerable
           Man
           in
           Darius
           his
           Court
           ,
           had
           a
           Son
           who
           was
           already
           Governour
           of
           a
           very
           good
           Province
           ;
           but
           Alexander
           would
           needs
           bestow
           another
           upon
           him
           that
           was
           better
           ,
           which
           he
           modestly
           refus'd
           ,
           and
           withal
           told
           him
           ,
           
             Instead
             of
             one
          
           Darius
           ,
           
             he
             went
             the
             way
             to
             make
             many
          
           Alexanders
           .
           To
           Parmenio
           he
           gave
           Bagoas
           his
           
           House
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           found
           a
           Wardrobe
           of
           Apparel
           worth
           more
           thau
           1000
           Susian
           Talents
           .
           He
           wrote
           to
           Antipater
           ,
           commanding
           him
           to
           keep
           a
           Life-guard
           about
           him
           ,
           for
           the
           security
           of
           his
           Person
           against
           Conspitacies
           .
           And
           to
           his
           Mother
           he
           was
           very
           grateful
           ,
           sending
           her
           many
           Presents
           ,
           but
           would
           never
           suffer
           her
           to
           meddle
           with
           matters
           of
           
           State
           or
           War
           ,
           not
           indulging
           her
           busie
           Temper
           ;
           and
           ▪
           when
           she
           fell
           out
           with
           him
           upon
           this
           account
           ,
           he
           bore
           her
           ill
           Humour
           very
           patiently
           .
           Nay
           more
           ,
           when
           he
           read
           a
           long
           Letter
           from
           Antipater
           ,
           full
           of
           Accusations
           against
           her
           :
           
             I
             wonder
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             Antipater
             s●ould
             not
             know
             ,
             that
             one
             Tear
             of
             a
             Mother
             effaces
             a
             thousand
             such
             Letters
             as
             these
             .
          
        
         
           But
           when
           he
           perceiv'd
           his
           Favorites
           
           grow
           so
           luxurious
           and
           extravagant
           in
           their
           way
           of
           Living
           and
           Expences
           ;
           that
           Agnon
           the
           T●ian
           ,
           wore
           silver
           Nails
           in
           his
           Shoes
           ;
           that
           Leonatus
           employ'd
           several
           Camels
           ,
           only
           to
           bring
           him
           Powder
           out
           of
           Aegypt
           ,
           to
           use
           when
           he
           Wrestl'd
           ;
           and
           that
           Philotas
           had
           Toyls
           to
           take
           wild
           Beasts
           ,
           that
           reach'd
           12500
           paces
           in
           length
           ;
           that
           more
           us'd
           precious
           Oyntments
           than
           plain
           Oyl
           when
           they
           went
           to
           bathe
           ,
           and
           that
           they
           had
           Servants
           every
           where
           with
           them
           ,
           to
           rub
           them
           and
           wait
           upon
           them
           in
           their
           Chambers
           :
           he
           reprov'd
           them
           with
           great
           mildness
           and
           discretion
           ,
           telling
           them
           ,
           he
           wondred
           that
           they
           who
           had
           been
           engaged
           in
           so
           many
           signal
           Battels
           ,
           should
           not
           know
           by
           experience
           ,
           that
           Labour
           and
           Industry
           made
           People
           sleep
           more
           sweetly
           and
           soundly
           than
           Laziness
           ;
           and
           that
           if
           they
           compar'd
           the
           Persians
           manner
           of
           Living
           with
           their
           own
           ,
           they
           would
           be
           convinc'd
           it
           was
           the
           most
           abject
           ,
           slavish
           condition
           in
           the
           World
           to
           be
           effeminate
           and
           voluptuous
           ,
           but
           the
           most
           generous
           
           and
           becoming
           a
           Great
           Man
           to
           take
           pains
           .
           Besides
           he
           reason'd
           with
           them
           ;
           how
           it
           was
           possible
           for
           any
           one
           who
           pretended
           to
           be
           a
           Soldier
           ,
           either
           to
           look
           well
           after
           his
           Horse
           ,
           or
           to
           keep
           his
           Armour
           bright
           and
           in
           good
           order
           ,
           who
           thought
           much
           to
           let
           his
           Hands
           be
           serviceable
           to
           what
           was
           nearest
           to
           him
           ,
           his
           own
           Body
           .
           
             Are
             ye
             still
             to
             learn
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             the
             End
             and
             Perfection
             of
             our
             Victories
             is
             to
             avoid
             the
             Vices
             and
             Infirmities
             of
             those
             whom
             we
             subdue
             ?
          
           And
           to
           strengthen
           his
           Precepts
           by
           Example
           ,
           he
           applied
           himself
           now
           more
           vigorously
           than
           ever
           to
           Hunting
           and
           Warlike
           Expeditions
           ,
           readily
           embracing
           all
           opportunities
           of
           Hardship
           and
           Danger
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           old
           Lacon
           ,
           who
           chanc'd
           to
           be
           by
           ,
           when
           he
           encounter'd
           with
           ,
           and
           master'd
           an
           huge
           Lyon
           ,
           told
           him
           ,
           
             He
             had
             put
             his
             Empire
             in
             Competition
             ,
             and
             had
             fought
             gallantly
             with
             the
             Beast
             ,
             which
             of
             the
             two
             should
             be
             King.
             Craterus
          
           caus'd
           a
           Representation
           
           of
           this
           Adventure
           ,
           consisting
           of
           the
           Lyon
           and
           the
           Dogs
           ,
           of
           the
           King
           engag'd
           with
           the
           Lyon
           ,
           and
           himself
           coming
           in
           to
           his
           assistance
           ,
           all
           express'd
           in
           Figures
           of
           Brass
           ,
           some
           of
           which
           were
           made
           by
           Lysippus
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           by
           Leochares
           ,
           to
           be
           dedicated
           to
           the
           Temple
           of
           Apollo
           at
           Delphos
           .
           In
           this
           manner
           did
           Alexander
           expose
           his
           Person
           to
           Danger
           ,
           whilst
           he
           both
           inur'd
           himself
           ,
           and
           incited
           others
           to
           the
           performance
           of
           brave
           and
           vertuous
           Actions
           .
        
         
         
           But
           his
           Followers
           who
           were
           grown
           rich
           ,
           
           and
           consequently
           proud
           ,
           long'd
           to
           indulge
           themselves
           in
           Pleasure
           and
           Idleness
           ,
           and
           were
           perfectly
           weary
           of
           the
           Toyls
           and
           Inconveniencies
           of
           War
           ,
           and
           by
           degrees
           came
           to
           be
           so
           impudently
           ungrateful
           ,
           as
           to
           censure
           and
           speak
           ill
           of
           him
           behind
           his
           back
           .
           All
           which
           at
           first
           he
           bore
           very
           patiently
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             It
             became
             a
             King
             well
             ,
             to
             do
             good
             to
             others
             ,
             and
             be
             evil
             spoken
             of
             .
          
           But
           to
           descend
           to
           some
           Instances
           of
           an
           inferiour
           nature
           ,
           it
           is
           certain
           ,
           that
           in
           the
           least
           demonstrations
           
           of
           Kindness
           to
           his
           Friends
           ,
           there
           was
           still
           a
           great
           mixture
           of
           Tenderness
           and
           Respect
           .
           Hearing
           Peucestes
           was
           bitten
           by
           a
           Bear
           ,
           he
           wrote
           to
           him
           ,
           
             That
             he
             took
             it
             unkindly
             ,
             he
             should
             send
             others
             notice
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             not
             make
             him
             acquainted
             with
             it
             ;
             but
             now
             ,
          
           said
           he
           ,
           
             since
             it
             is
             so
             ,
             let
             me
             know
             how
             you
             do
             ,
             and
             whether
             any
             of
             your
             Companions
             forsook
             you
             when
             you
             were
             in
             danger
             ,
             that
             I
             may
             punish
             them
             .
          
           He
           sent
           Hephestion
           ,
           who
           was
           absent
           about
           some
           business
           ,
           word
           ,
           
             How
             ,
             while
             they
             were
             fighting
             for
             their
             diversion
             with
             an
          
           Ichneumon
           ,
           Craterus
           
             was
             by
             chance
             run
             through
             both
             Thighs
             with
          
           Perdiccas
           
             his
             Javelin
          
           .
           And
           upon
           Peucestes
           his
           recovery
           from
           a
           fit
           of
           Sickness
           ,
           he
           sent
           a
           Letter
           of
           Thanks
           to
           his
           Physician
           Alexippus
           .
           When
           Craterus
           was
           ill
           ,
           he
           saw
           a
           Vision
           in
           his
           Sleep
           ,
           after
           which
           he
           offer'd
           Sacrifices
           for
           his
           Health
           ,
           and
           commanded
           him
           
           to
           do
           so
           likewise
           .
           He
           wrote
           also
           to
           Pausanias
           the
           Physician
           ,
           who
           was
           about
           to
           purge
           Craterus
           with
           Hellebore
           ,
           partly
           out
           of
           an
           anxious
           Concern
           for
           him
           ,
           and
           partly
           to
           give
           him
           a
           Caution
           how
           he
           us'd
           that
           Medicine
           .
           He
           was
           so
           tender
           of
           his
           Friends
           
           Reputation
           ,
           that
           he
           imprison'd
           Ephialtes
           and
           Cissus
           ,
           who
           brought
           him
           the
           first
           News
           of
           Harpalus
           his
           Flight
           ,
           and
           withdrawing
           from
           his
           Service
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           had
           falsly
           accus'd
           him
           .
           When
           he
           sent
           the
           old
           infirm
           Soldiers
           home
           ,
           Eurylochus
           the
           Aegean
           got
           his
           Name
           enroll'd
           among
           the
           Sick
           ,
           though
           he
           ail'd
           nothing
           ;
           which
           being
           discover'd
           ,
           he
           confess'd
           he
           was
           in
           Love
           with
           a
           young
           Woman
           named
           Telerippa
           ,
           and
           had
           a
           mind
           to
           go
           along
           with
           her
           to
           the
           Sea-side
           .
           Alexander
           enquired
           ,
           
             To
             whom
             the
             Woman
             belong'd
          
           ?
           and
           being
           told
           ,
           
             She
             was
             an
             Whore
             at
             her
             own
             disposal
             :
             I
             will
             assist
             you
             ,
          
           said
           he
           to
           Eurylochus
           ,
           
             all
             I
             can
             in
             your
             Amour
             ,
             if
             your
             Mistriss
          
           
           
             be
             to
             be
             gain'd
             by
             Presents
             or
             Perswasions
             ;
             but
             we
             must
             use
             no
             other
             means
             ,
             because
             she
             is
             free-bo●n
             .
          
           It
           is
           surprizing
           to
           consider
           ,
           upon
           what
           slight
           occasions
           he
           would
           write
           Letters
           to
           serve
           his
           Friends
           .
           As
           when
           he
           wrote
           one
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           gave
           Order
           to
           search
           for
           a
           Youth
           that
           belonged
           to
           Seleucus
           ,
           who
           was
           run
           away
           into
           Cilicia
           .
           In
           another
           he
           
           thanked
           and
           commended
           Peucestes
           for
           apprehending
           Nicon
           ,
           a
           Servant
           of
           Craterus
           .
           
           And
           to
           Megabysus
           ,
           concerning
           a
           Slave
           that
           had
           taken
           Sanctuary
           in
           a
           Temple
           ,
           he
           wrote
           ,
           that
           he
           should
           not
           meddle
           with
           him
           while
           he
           was
           there
           ,
           but
           if
           he
           could
           entice
           him
           out
           by
           fair
           means
           ,
           then
           he
           gave
           him
           leave
           to
           seize
           him
           .
           It
           is
           reported
           of
           him
           ,
           that
           when
           he
           first
           sate
           in
           Judgment
           upon
           Capi●al
           Causes
           ,
           he
           would
           lay
           his
           Hand
           upon
           one
           of
           his
           Ears
           ,
           while
           the
           Accuser
           spoke
           ,
           to
           keep
           it
           free
           and
           unprejudic'd
           in
           behalf
           of
           the
           Party
           accus'd
           .
           But
           afterwards
           ,
           such
           a
           multitude
           of
           Accusations
           were
           brought
           before
           him
           ,
           whereof
           many
           proving
           true
           ,
           exasperated
           him
           so
           ,
           that
           he
           gave
           credit
           to
           those
           also
           that
           were
           false
           ,
           and
           especially
           when
           any
           body
           spoke
           ill
           of
           him
           ,
           he
           would
           be
           so
           out
           of
           measure
           transported
           ,
           that
           he
           became
           cruel
           and
           inexorable
           ,
           valuing
           his
           Glory
           and
           Reputation
           far
           beyond
           either
           his
           Life
           or
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           His
           Affairs
           call'd
           upon
           him
           now
           to
           look
           
           after
           Darius
           ,
           expecting
           he
           should
           be
           put
           to
           the
           hazard
           of
           another
           Battel
           ;
           till
           he
           heard
           he
           was
           taken
           ,
           and
           secur'd
           by
           Bessus
           ,
           upon
           which
           news
           he
           sent
           home
           the
           Thessalians
           ,
           and
           gave
           them
           a
           largess
           of
           2000
           Talents
           ,
           over
           and
           above
           the
           Pay
           that
           was
           due
           to
           them
           .
           This
           long
           and
           painful
           pursuit
           of
           Darius
           ,
           (
           for
           in
           eleven
           days
           he
           march'd
           412
           Miles
           )
           harass'd
           his
           Soldiers
           so
           ,
           that
           most
           of
           ●●●●
           were
           ready
           to
           faint
           ,
           chiefly
           for
           
           want
           of
           Water
           .
           While
           they
           were
           in
           this
           distress
           ,
           it
           hapned
           that
           some
           Macedonians
           ,
           who
           had
           fetch'd
           Water
           in
           Skins
           upon
           their
           Mules
           from
           a
           River
           they
           had
           found
           out
           ,
           came
           about
           Noon
           to
           the
           place
           where
           Alexander
           was
           ,
           and
           seeing
           him
           almost
           choak'd
           with
           Thirst
           ,
           presently
           fill'd
           an
           Helmet
           ,
           and
           offered
           it
           him
           .
           He
           ask'd
           them
           to
           whom
           they
           were
           carrying
           the
           Water
           ?
           They
           told
           him
           to
           their
           Children
           ,
           adding
           withal
           ,
           that
           if
           his
           Life
           were
           but
           preserv'd
           ,
           it
           was
           no
           matter
           for
           them
           ,
           they
           should
           have
           opportunities
           enough
           to
           repair
           that
           loss
           ,
           tho'
           they
           all
           perished
           .
           Then
           he
           took
           the
           Helmet
           into
           his
           Hands
           ,
           and
           looking
           round
           about
           when
           he
           saw
           all
           those
           who
           were
           near
           him
           stretched
           their
           heads
           out
           ,
           and
           gaped
           earnestly
           after
           the
           Drink
           ;
           he
           returned
           it
           again
           with
           thanks
           ,
           without
           tasting
           a
           drop
           of
           it
           :
           For
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             if
             I
             only
             should
             drink
             ,
             the
          
           
           
             rest
             will
             be
             quite
             out
             of
             heart
             and
             faint
             .
          
           The
           Soldiers
           no
           sooner
           took
           notice
           of
           his
           Temperance
           ,
           and
           Magnanimity
           upon
           this
           occasion
           ,
           but
           they
           ,
           one
           and
           all
           ,
           cried
           out
           to
           him
           to
           lead
           them
           on
           boldly
           ,
           and
           fell
           a
           whipping
           their
           Horses
           to
           make
           them
           mend
           their
           pace
           ;
           for
           whilst
           they
           had
           such
           a
           King
           ,
           they
           said
           they
           defied
           either
           Weariness
           or
           Thirst
           ,
           and
           looked
           upon
           themselves
           to
           be
           little
           less
           than
           Immortal
           .
           But
           tho'
           they
           ●●Spsn●●
           all
           ●●●ally
           〈…〉
           
           
           
           
           
           not
           above
           threescore
           Horse
           were
           able
           to
           keep
           up
           ,
           and
           fall
           in
           with
           Alexander
           upon
           the
           Enemies
           Camp
           ,
           where
           they
           rode
           over
           abundance
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           that
           lay
           scattered
           about
           ,
           and
           passing
           by
           a
           great
           many
           Chariots
           full
           of
           Women
           ,
           that
           wandred
           here
           and
           there
           for
           want
           of
           Drivers
           ,
           they
           endeavour'd
           to
           overtake
           the
           first
           of
           those
           that
           fled
           ,
           in
           hopes
           to
           meet
           with
           Darius
           among
           them
           :
           And
           at
           last
           ,
           with
           much
           ado
           ▪
           they
           found
           him
           lying
           along
           in
           a
           Chariot
           ,
           all
           over
           wounded
           with
           Darts
           ,
           just
           at
           the
           point
           of
           Death
           .
           However
           ,
           he
           desired
           they
           would
           give
           him
           some
           drink
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           had
           drank
           a
           little
           cold
           Water
           ,
           he
           told
           Polystrates
           who
           gave
           it
           him
           ,
           
             That
             to
             receive
             such
             a
             Benefit
             ,
             and
             not
             have
             it
             in
             his
             Power
             to
             return
             it
             ,
             was
             the
             highest
             pitch
             of
             his
             misfortune
             .
             But
          
           Alexander
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             whose
             kindness
             to
             my
             Mother
             ,
             my
             Wife
             ,
             and
             my
             Children
             ,
             I
             hope
             the
             Gods
             will
             recompence
             ,
             will
             doubtless
             thank
             you
             for
             your
             Humanity
             to
             me
             .
             Tell
             him
             therefore
             in
             token
             of
             my
             Acknowledgment
             ,
             I
             gave
             him
             this
             Right
             Hand
             :
          
           At
           which
           words
           he
           took
           hold
           of
           Polystratus
           his
           Hand
           ,
           and
           Died.
           
           When
           Alexander
           came
           up
           to
           them
           ,
           he
           was
           sensibly
           touch'd
           at
           the
           unfortunate
           End
           of
           so
           Great
           a
           Man
           ,
           and
           pulling
           off
           his
           own
           Coat
           ,
           threw
           it
           upon
           the
           Body
           to
           cover
           it
           .
           And
           to
           shew
           how
           much
           he
           detested
           so
           horrid
           a
           a
           fact
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           Bessus
           was
           taken
           ,
           he
           order'd
           
           him
           to
           be
           torn
           in
           pieces
           in
           this
           manner
           .
           
           They
           fastned
           him
           to
           a
           couple
           of
           tall
           strait
           Trees
           ,
           which
           were
           bound
           down
           so
           as
           to
           meet
           ,
           and
           then
           being
           l●t
           loose
           ,
           with
           a
           great
           force
           return'd
           to
           their
           places
           ,
           each
           of
           them
           carrying
           that
           part
           of
           the
           Body
           along
           with
           it
           that
           was
           tyed
           to
           it
           .
           Darius
           his
           Body
           was
           laid
           in
           State
           ,
           and
           sent
           to
           his
           Mother
           with
           Pomp
           suitable
           to
           his
           quality
           ,
           His
           Brother
           
             Exathres
             ,
             Alexander
          
           receiv'd
           into
           the
           number
           of
           his
           most
           intimate
           Friends
           .
        
         
           And
           now
           with
           the
           Flower
           of
           his
           Army
           he
           march'd
           down
           into
           Hyrcania
           ,
           where
           he
           saw
           a
           Gulph
           of
           the
           Sea
           ,
           not
           much
           less
           than
           the
           
           Euxine
           ,
           and
           found
           its
           Water
           sweeter
           than
           that
           of
           other
           Seas
           ;
           but
           could
           learn
           nothing
           of
           certainty
           concerning
           it
           ,
           farther
           than
           that
           in
           all
           probability
           it
           seem'd
           to
           him
           to
           be
           an
           overflowing
           of
           the
           Lake
           of
           Maeotis
           or
           at
           least
           to
           have
           Communication
           with
           it
           .
           However
           the
           Naturalists
           better
           inform'd
           of
           the
           Truth
           ,
           give
           us
           this
           account
           of
           it
           many
           years
           before
           
           Alexander's
           Expedition
           ;
           that
           of
           four
           Gulphs
           which
           out
           of
           the
           main
           Sea
           enter
           into
           the
           Continent
           ,
           this
           is
           the
           most
           Northern
           ,
           and
           is
           known
           by
           the
           Name
           both
           of
           the
           Hyrcanian
           and
           Caspian
           Sea.
           Here
           the
           Barbarians
           unexpectedly
           meeting
           with
           those
           who
           led
           Bucephalus
           ,
           took
           them
           Prisoners
           ,
           and
           carried
           the
           Horse
           away
           with
           them
           ;
           which
           Alexander
           was
           so
           offended
           at
           ,
           that
           he
           sent
           an
           Herald
           
           to
           let
           them
           know
           ,
           he
           would
           put
           them
           all
           to
           the
           Sword
           ,
           Men
           ,
           Women
           ,
           and
           Children
           ,
           without
           mercy
           ,
           if
           they
           did
           not
           restore
           him
           :
           Which
           they
           immediatly
           did
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           same
           time
           surrendred
           their
           Cities
           into
           his
           hands
           ;
           upon
           which
           ,
           he
           not
           only
           treated
           them
           very
           kindly
           ,
           but
           also
           paid
           a
           good
           Ransom
           for
           his
           Horse
           to
           those
           who
           took
           him
           .
        
         
           From
           hence
           he
           march'd
           into
           Parthia
           ,
           
           where
           not
           having
           much
           to
           do
           ,
           he
           first
           put
           on
           the
           Barbarick
           Habit
           ,
           which
           Compliance
           perhaps
           he
           us'd
           in
           order
           to
           civilize
           them
           ;
           for
           nothing
           gains
           more
           upon
           men
           ,
           than
           a
           Conformity
           to
           their
           Fashions
           and
           Customs
           ;
           or
           it
           may
           be
           he
           did
           it
           as
           an
           Essay
           ,
           whether
           the
           Macedonians
           would
           be
           brought
           to
           adore
           him
           ,
           (
           as
           the
           Persians
           did
           their
           Kings
           )
           by
           accustoming
           them
           by
           little
           and
           little
           to
           bear
           with
           the
           alteration
           of
           his
           Dicipline
           ,
           and
           course
           of
           Life
           in
           other
           things
           .
           However
           he
           follow'd
           not
           the
           Median
           Fashion
           ,
           which
           was
           altogether
           barbarous
           and
           uncouth
           ;
           for
           he
           wore
           neither
           their
           Breeches
           ,
           nor
           their
           long
           Vest
           ,
           nor
           their
           Tiara
           for
           the
           Head
           ,
           but
           taking
           a
           middle
           way
           between
           the
           Persian
           Mode
           and
           the
           Macedonian
           ,
           he
           so
           contriv'd
           his
           Habit
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           not
           so
           flanting
           as
           the
           former
           ,
           and
           yet
           more
           pompous
           and
           magnificent
           than
           the
           latter
           .
           At
           first
           he
           wore
           this
           Habit
           only
           when
           he
           convers'd
           
           with
           Strangers
           ,
           or
           within
           doors
           ,
           among
           his
           intimate
           Friends
           and
           Companions
           ,
           but
           afterwards
           he
           appeared
           in
           it
           abroad
           ,
           and
           at
           publick
           Audiences
           .
           A
           Sight
           which
           the
           
           Macedonians
           beheld
           with
           exceeding
           Grief
           ;
           but
           they
           were
           so
           charm'd
           with
           his
           other
           Vertues
           and
           good
           Qualities
           ,
           that
           they
           could
           not
           but
           think
           it
           reasonable
           in
           some
           things
           to
           gratifie
           his
           Humor
           ,
           and
           his
           passionate
           desire
           of
           Glory
           :
           In
           pursuit
           of
           which
           he
           hazarded
           himself
           so
           far
           ,
           that
           besides
           his
           other
           Adventures
           ,
           he
           had
           but
           newly
           been
           wounded
           in
           the
           Leg
           by
           an
           Arrow
           ,
           which
           had
           so
           shatter'd
           the
           Shankbone
           ,
           that
           Splinters
           were
           taken
           out
           .
           And
           another
           time
           he
           receiv'd
           such
           a
           violent
           Blow
           with
           a
           Stone
           upon
           the
           Nape
           of
           the
           Neck
           ,
           as
           dimn'd
           his
           Sight
           a
           good
           while
           afterwards
           .
           But
           all
           this
           could
           not
           hinder
           him
           from
           exposing
           himself
           to
           the
           greatest
           Dangers
           ,
           without
           any
           regard
           to
           his
           Person
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           he
           pass'd
           the
           River
           Orexartes
           ,
           which
           he
           took
           to
           be
           the
           Tanais
           ,
           and
           putting
           the
           Scythians
           to
           flight
           ,
           follow'd
           them
           above
           12
           miles
           in
           their
           Rear
           ,
           though
           at
           the
           same
           time
           he
           had
           a
           violent
           Flux
           upon
           him
           .
           Here
           many
           affirm
           ,
           that
           the
           Amazonian
           Queen
           came
           to
           give
           him
           a
           Visit
           :
           so
           report
           
             Clitarchus
             ,
             Polycritus
          
           and
           
             Onesicritus
             ,
             Antigenes
          
           and
           
             Ister
             ,
             Aristobulus
          
           and
           Chares
           ,
           besides
           Ptolomy
           and
           
             Anticlides
             ,
             Philon
          
           the
           Theban
           ,
           and
           Philip
           the
           
           Master
           of
           Requests
           .
           But
           then
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           Hecataeus
           the
           
             Eretrian
             ,
             Philip
          
           the
           Chalcidian
           ,
           and
           Duris
           the
           Samian
           say
           ,
           it
           is
           wholly
           
           a
           Fiction
           .
           And
           truly
           Alexander
           himself
           seems
           to
           confirm
           the
           opinion
           of
           the
           latter
           ;
           for
           in
           a
           Letter
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           gives
           Antipater
           an
           account
           of
           all
           Passages
           ,
           he
           tells
           him
           ,
           that
           the
           King
           of
           Scythia
           offer'd
           him
           his
           Daughter
           in
           Marriage
           ,
           but
           makes
           no
           mention
           at
           all
           of
           the
           Amason
           .
           And
           many
           years
           after
           ,
           when
           Onesicritus
           read
           this
           Story
           in
           his
           4th
           ,
           Book
           to
           Lisimachus
           ,
           who
           then
           reign'd
           ,
           the
           King
           fell
           a
           laughing
           at
           it
           ,
           and
           ask'd
           ,
           
             How
             such
             a
             thing
             should
             happen
             ,
             and
             he
             know
             nothing
             of
             it
             ,
             though
             he
             was
             present
             ?
          
        
         
           But
           it
           signifies
           little
           to
           Alexander
           whether
           
           this
           be
           credited
           or
           no
           :
           Certain
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           apprehending
           the
           Macedonians
           would
           be
           weary
           of
           pursuing
           the
           War
           ,
           he
           left
           the
           gross
           of
           his
           Army
           in
           their
           Quarters
           ;
           and
           having
           with
           him
           in
           Hyrcania
           the
           choice
           of
           his
           men
           only
           ,
           which
           amounted
           to
           20000
           Foot
           ,
           and
           3000
           Horse
           ,
           he
           spoke
           to
           them
           to
           this
           effect
           ;
           
             That
             hitherto
             the
          
           Barbarians
           
             had
             seen
             them
             no
             otherwise
             than
             as
             it
             were
             in
             a
             dream
             ,
             and
             if
             they
             should
             think
             of
             returning
             when
             they
             had
             only
             alarm'd
          
           Asia
           ,
           
             and
             not
             conquer'd
             it
             ,
             their
             Enemies
             would
             set
             upon
             them
             ,
             and
             destroy
             them
             like
             so
             many
             Women
             :
             However
             he
             told
             them
             ,
             he
             would
             keep
             none
             of
             them
             with
             him
             against
             their
             will
             ,
             they
             might
             go
             if
             they
             pleas'd
             ,
             but
             withal
          
           
           
             protested
             against
             those
             who
             should
             be
             so
             mean-spirited
             as
             to
             desert
             him
             ,
             and
             his
             Friends
             ,
             and
             those
             who
             were
             willing
             to
             fight
             under
             him
             still
             ,
             in
             an
             enterprize
             so
             glorious
             as
             it
             would
             be
             ,
             to
             make
             the
          
           Macedonians
           
             Lords
             of
             the
             habitable
             World.
          
           This
           is
           almost
           word
           for
           word
           ,
           as
           he
           wrote
           it
           in
           a
           Letter
           to
           Antipater
           ,
           where
           he
           adds
           ,
           
             That
             when
             he
             had
             thus
             spoken
             to
             them
             ,
             they
             all
             cryed
             out
             ,
             they
             would
             go
             along
             with
             him
             ,
             whithersoever
             it
             was
             his
             pleasure
             to
             lead
             them
             .
          
           When
           he
           had
           in
           this
           manner
           gain'd
           the
           Principal
           ,
           it
           was
           no
           hard
           matter
           for
           him
           to
           bring
           over
           the
           multitude
           ▪
           which
           in
           such
           Cases
           easily
           follows
           the
           Example
           of
           their
           Betters
           .
           Now
           also
           he
           more
           and
           more
           accomodated
           himself
           in
           his
           way
           of
           Living
           to
           that
           of
           the
           Persians
           ,
           and
           brought
           them
           as
           near
           as
           he
           could
           to
           the
           Macedonian
           Customs
           ;
           wisely
           considering
           ,
           that
           since
           he
           design'd
           an
           Expedition
           ,
           which
           would
           carry
           him
           far
           from
           thence
           ,
           it
           was
           better
           to
           settle
           affairs
           in
           his
           
           absence
           ,
           by
           a
           mixture
           of
           their
           Constitutions
           ,
           and
           mutual
           Society
           with
           Good
           will
           ,
           than
           by
           Compulsion
           .
           In
           order
           to
           this
           he
           chose
           out
           30000
           Boys
           ,
           whom
           he
           allow'd
           Masters
           to
           teach
           them
           the
           Greek
           Tongue
           ,
           and
           to
           train
           them
           up
           to
           Arms
           in
           the
           Macedonian
           Discipline
           .
           As
           for
           his
           Marriage
           of
           Roxana
           ,
           whose
           good
           Mein
           and
           Beauty
           had
           charm'd
           him
           ,
           at
           a
           Drinking
           entertainment
           ,
           where
           he
           first
           happen'd
           to
           see
           her
           ,
           it
           was
           perfectly
           
           the
           effect
           of
           Love
           ,
           nor
           did
           it
           appear
           to
           be
           at
           all
           prejudicial
           to
           his
           Interest
           ,
           as
           things
           stood
           with
           him
           at
           that
           time
           :
           For
           it
           put
           the
           conquer'd
           People
           in
           heart
           ,
           and
           made
           them
           confide
           in
           him
           ,
           and
           love
           him
           more
           than
           ever
           ,
           when
           they
           saw
           how
           continent
           he
           was
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           forbore
           the
           only
           Woman
           he
           was
           ever
           in
           Love
           with
           ,
           till
           he
           could
           enjoy
           her
           in
           a
           lawful
           and
           honourable
           way
           .
        
         
           When
           he
           perceiv'd
           that
           among
           his
           chief
           
           Friends
           and
           Favourites
           ,
           Hephestion
           most
           approv'd
           all
           that
           he
           did
           ,
           and
           comply'd
           with
           ,
           and
           imitated
           him
           in
           his
           Habit
           ,
           while
           Craterus
           continued
           strict
           in
           the
           observation
           of
           the
           Customs
           and
           Fashions
           of
           his
           own
           Countrey
           :
           He
           made
           the
           best
           use
           of
           them
           both
           ,
           employing
           the
           first
           in
           all
           Transactions
           with
           the
           Persians
           ,
           and
           the
           latter
           when
           he
           had
           to
           do
           with
           the
           Greeks
           ,
           or
           Macedonians
           .
           It
           is
           true
           ,
           he
           lov'd
           Hephestion
           best
           as
           a
           Favorite
           ,
           because
           he
           lov'd
           Alexander
           ,
           but
           then
           he
           esteem'd
           and
           honour'd
           Craterus
           most
           as
           a
           Friend
           ,
           because
           he
           lov'd
           the
           King.
           Wherefore
           these
           two
           great
           Men
           bore
           one
           another
           secret
           Grudges
           ,
           and
           often
           clash'd
           and
           quarrell'd
           so
           far
           ,
           that
           once
           in
           India
           they
           drew
           upon
           one
           another
           ,
           and
           were
           going
           to
           it
           in
           good
           earnest
           ,
           with
           their
           Friends
           on
           each
           side
           to
           second
           them
           ,
           till
           Alexander
           came
           up
           to
           them
           ,
           and
           publickly
           reprov'd
           Hephestion
           ,
           calling
           him
           Fool
           and
           Mad-man
           ,
           not
           to
           be
           sensible
           that
           without
           
           his
           Favour
           he
           was
           but
           a
           Cypher
           .
           He
           chid
           Craterus
           also
           in
           private
           very
           severely
           ,
           and
           then
           causing
           them
           both
           to
           come
           into
           his
           presence
           ,
           he
           reconcil'd
           them
           ,
           at
           the
           same
           time
           swearing
           by
           
             Jupiter
             Ammon
          
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Gods
           ,
           that
           he
           lov'd
           them
           two
           above
           all
           other
           Men
           ;
           but
           if
           ever
           he
           perceivd
           them
           fall
           out
           again
           ,
           he
           would
           be
           sure
           to
           put
           both
           of
           them
           to
           death
           ,
           at
           least
           the
           Aggressor
           :
           After
           which
           ,
           they
           neither
           ever
           did
           ,
           or
           said
           any
           thing
           ,
           so
           much
           as
           in
           jest
           to
           offend
           one
           another
           .
        
         
           None
           had
           more
           Authority
           among
           the
           Macedonians
           
           than
           Philotas
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           Parmenio
           :
           for
           besides
           that
           he
           was
           valiant
           ,
           and
           able
           to
           endure
           any
           Fatigue
           of
           War
           ,
           he
           was
           also
           next
           to
           Alexander
           himself
           the
           most
           munificent
           ,
           and
           the
           greatest
           lover
           of
           his
           Friends
           ;
           one
           of
           whom
           asking
           him
           for
           some
           Money
           ,
           he
           commanded
           his
           Steward
           to
           give
           it
           him
           ;
           and
           when
           he
           told
           him
           ,
           he
           had
           not
           wherewith
           ,
           
             Have
             you
             not
             Plate
             then
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             and
             Cloaths
             of
             mine
             ?
             turn
             them
             into
             Money
             rather
             than
             let
             my
             Friend
             go
             without
             .
          
           But
           he
           was
           so
           very
           proud
           and
           insolent
           by
           reason
           of
           his
           Wealth
           ,
           and
           so
           over-nice
           about
           his
           Person
           and
           Diet
           ,
           more
           than
           became
           a
           private
           Man
           ,
           that
           he
           awkwardly
           and
           unseemingly
           affected
           the
           Air
           and
           Character
           of
           Greatness
           ,
           without
           the
           Civility
           and
           obliging
           Temper
           which
           ought
           to
           accompany
           it
           ,
           and
           so
           gain'd
           nothing
           
           but
           Envy
           and
           ill
           will
           to
           that
           degree
           ,
           that
           Parmenio
           would
           somtimes
           tell
           him
           ,
           
             My
             Son
             ,
             the
             meaner
             the
             better
             .
          
           For
           he
           had
           long
           before
           been
           complain'd
           of
           ,
           and
           accus'd
           to
           Alexander
           ;
           particularly
           when
           Darius
           was
           overthrown
           in
           Cilicia
           ,
           and
           an
           immense
           Booty
           was
           taken
           at
           Damascus
           ,
           amongst
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           prisoners
           who
           were
           brought
           into
           the
           Camp
           ,
           there
           was
           one
           Antigone
           of
           Pydna
           ,
           a
           very
           handsome
           Woman
           ,
           who
           fell
           to
           Philotas
           his
           share
           .
           The
           young
           Man
           one
           day
           in
           his
           Cups
           ,
           like
           an
           arrogant
           ,
           bragging
           Souldier
           ,
           told
           his
           Mistress
           ,
           
             That
             all
             the
             great
             Actions
             were
             perform'd
             by
             him
             and
             his
             Father
             ,
             the
             Glory
             and
             Benefit
             of
             which
             ,
          
           he
           said
           ,
           
             together
             with
             the
             Title
             of
             King
             ,
             that
             Stripling
          
           Alexander
           
             reap'd
             and
             enjoy'd
             by
             their
             means
             .
          
           She
           could
           not
           hold
           ,
           but
           discovered
           what
           he
           had
           said
           ,
           to
           
           one
           of
           her
           Acquaintance
           ,
           and
           he
           ,
           as
           is
           usual
           in
           such
           Cases
           ,
           ●o
           another
           ,
           till
           at
           last
           it
           came
           to
           the
           King.
           When
           Alexander
           had
           heard
           what
           she
           had
           to
           say
           ,
           he
           commanded
           her
           to
           continue
           her
           Intrigue
           with
           Philotas
           ,
           and
           give
           him
           an
           account
           from
           time
           to
           time
           of
           all
           that
           should
           fall
           from
           him
           to
           this
           purpose
           :
           Who
           being
           ,
           through
           Inadvertency
           ,
           caught
           in
           this
           Snare
           ,
           sometimes
           to
           gratifie
           his
           Passion
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           his
           Vain-glory
           ,
           blurted
           out
           many
           foolish
           ,
           indiscreet
           Speeches
           against
           the
           King
           in
           Antigones
           hearing
           ,
           of
           which
           ,
           though
           Alexander
           was
           inform'd
           ,
           and
           convinc'd
           
           by
           strong
           Evidence
           ,
           yet
           he
           would
           take
           no
           notice
           of
           it
           at
           present
           ,
           whether
           it
           was
           ,
           that
           he
           confided
           in
           
           Parmenio's
           Affection
           and
           Loyalty
           ,
           or
           that
           he
           apprehended
           their
           Authority
           and
           Interest
           in
           the
           Army
           .
           About
           this
           time
           one
           Dimnus
           ,
           a
           Macedonian
           
           Native
           of
           Chalaestra
           ,
           conspir'd
           against
           
           Alexander's
           Life
           ,
           and
           communicated
           his
           Design
           to
           a
           Youth
           whom
           he
           lov'd
           ,
           nam'd
           Nicomachus
           ,
           inviting
           him
           to
           be
           of
           the
           Party
           .
           But
           he
           not
           relishing
           the
           thing
           ,
           reveal'd
           it
           to
           his
           Brother
           Balinus
           ,
           who
           immediately
           address'd
           himself
           to
           Philotas
           ,
           requiring
           him
           to
           introduce
           them
           both
           to
           Alexander
           ,
           to
           whom
           they
           had
           something
           of
           great
           moment
           to
           impart
           ▪
           which
           very
           nearly
           concern'd
           him
           .
           But
           he
           ,
           for
           what
           Reason
           is
           uncertain
           ,
           went
           not
           with
           them
           ,
           pretending
           the
           King
           was
           taken
           up
           with
           Affairs
           of
           more
           importance
           :
           And
           when
           they
           had
           urg'd
           him
           a
           second
           time
           ,
           and
           were
           still
           slighted
           by
           him
           ,
           they
           applied
           themselves
           to
           another
           ;
           by
           whose
           means
           being
           admitted
           into
           
           Alexander's
           presence
           ,
           they
           first
           laid
           open
           Dimnus
           his
           Conspiracy
           ,
           and
           then
           represented
           Philotas
           his
           Negligence
           ,
           who
           had
           taken
           so
           little
           notice
           of
           their
           repeated
           Solicitations
           ;
           which
           extremely
           exasperated
           Alexander
           ,
           especially
           when
           sending
           to
           apprehend
           
             Dimnus
             ▪
          
           he
           understood
           that
           he
           defended
           himself
           and
           chose
           rather
           to
           be
           Slain
           than
           Taken
           ;
           for
           
           by
           his
           Death
           he
           thought
           he
           was
           depriv'd
           of
           the
           means
           of
           making
           a
           full
           discovery
           of
           the
           Plot.
           As
           soon
           as
           his
           Displeasure
           against
           Philotas
           began
           to
           appear
           ,
           presently
           
           all
           his
           old
           Enemies
           shew'd
           themselves
           ,
           and
           said
           openly
           ,
           
             The
             King
             was
             too
             easily
             impos'd
             on
             ,
             to
             imagine
             ;
             that
             one
             so
             inconsiderable
             as
          
           Dimnus
           the
           Calaestrian
           ,
           
             should
             of
             his
             own
             head
             undertake
             such
             an
             Enterprize
             ;
             that
             in
             all
             likelihood
             he
             was
             but
             subservient
             to
             the
             Design
             ,
             an
             Instrument
             that
             was
             mov'd
             by
             some
             greater
             Spring
             ;
             that
             those
             ought
             to
             be
             most
             strictly
             examined
             about
             the
             Matter
             ,
             whose
             Interest
             it
             was
             so
             much
             to
             conceal
             it
             .
          
           When
           they
           had
           once
           fill'd
           the
           King's
           Head
           with
           these
           and
           the
           like
           Speeches
           and
           Suspicions
           ,
           they
           loaded
           Philotas
           daily
           with
           innumerable
           Crimes
           ,
           till
           at
           last
           they
           prevail'd
           to
           have
           him
           seiz'd
           ,
           and
           put
           to
           the
           Question
           ,
           which
           was
           done
           in
           the
           presence
           of
           the
           principal
           Officers
           ,
           Alexander
           himself
           being
           plac'd
           behind
           the
           Tapestry
           ,
           to
           understand
           what
           pass'd
           .
           Where
           when
           he
           heard
           in
           what
           a
           miserable
           Tone
           ,
           and
           with
           what
           abject
           Submissions
           Philotas
           applied
           himself
           to
           Hephestion
           ,
           he
           broke
           out
           in
           this
           manner
           :
           
             Art
             thou
             so
             mean-Spirited
             and
             Effeminate
             ,
          
           Philotas
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             and
             yet
             engage
          
           
           
             thy self
             in
             so
             desperate
             a
             Design
             ?
          
           After
           his
           Death
           ,
           he
           presently
           sent
           into
           Media
           ,
           to
           take
           off
           Parmenio
           his
           Father
           ,
           who
           had
           done
           brave
           Service
           under
           Philip
           ,
           and
           was
           the
           only
           Man
           ,
           
           especially
           of
           his
           old
           Friends
           and
           Counsellors
           ,
           who
           had
           encourag'd
           Alexander
           to
           invade
           Asia
           .
           Of
           three
           Sons
           which
           he
           had
           in
           the
           Army
           ,
           he
           had
           already
           lost
           two
           ,
           and
           now
           was
           himself
           put
           to
           Death
           with
           the
           third
           .
           These
           Actions
           rendred
           Alexander
           formidable
           to
           many
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           and
           chiefly
           to
           Antipater
           ,
           who
           thereupon
           to
           strengthen
           himself
           ,
           sent
           Ambassadors
           privately
           to
           the
           Etolians
           ,
           to
           treat
           an
           Alliance
           with
           them
           ;
           for
           they
           stood
           in
           fear
           of
           Alexander
           ,
           because
           they
           had
           destroy'd
           the
           Oeniades
           ,
           of
           which
           ,
           when
           he
           was
           inform'd
           ,
           he
           said
           ,
           
             The
             Children
             of
             the
          
           Oeniades
           
             need
             not
             Revenge
             their
             Father's
             Quarrel
             ,
             for
             he
             would
             himself
             take
             care
             to
             punish
             the
          
           Etolians
           .
        
         
           Not
           long
           after
           this
           happen'd
           the
           deplorable
           
           End
           of
           Clitus
           ,
           which
           to
           those
           who
           barely
           hear
           the
           matter
           of
           Fact
           ,
           may
           seem
           more
           inhumane
           than
           that
           of
           Philotas
           .
           But
           if
           we
           take
           the
           Story
           with
           its
           Circumstance
           of
           Time
           ,
           and
           weigh
           the
           Cause
           ,
           we
           shall
           find
           the
           King
           did
           it
           not
           on
           purpose
           ,
           but
           by
           evil
           Chance
           ,
           and
           that
           his
           Passion
           and
           Drunkenness
           were
           the
           occasion
           of
           Clitus
           his
           Misfortune
           ,
           which
           came
           to
           pass
           in
           this
           manner
           .
           The
           King
           had
           a
           Present
           of
           Graecian
           Fruit
           brought
           him
           from
           the
           Sea-Coast
           ,
           which
           was
           so
           very
           fresh
           and
           fair
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           surpriz'd
           at
           it
           ,
           and
           call'd
           Clitus
           to
           him
           to
           see
           it
           ,
           and
           to
           give
           him
           a
           share
           of
           it
           .
           Clitus
           was
           
           then
           Sacrificing
           ,
           but
           he
           immediately
           left
           off
           ,
           and
           came
           ,
           follow'd
           by
           three
           Sheep
           ,
           on
           whom
           the
           Drink-Offering
           had
           been
           already
           pour'd
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           Sacrifice
           them
           ;
           which
           when
           Alexander
           saw
           ,
           he
           told
           his
           Diviners
           ,
           Aristander
           ,
           and
           Cleomantis
           the
           Lacedemonian
           ,
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           ask'd
           them
           what
           it
           meant
           :
           Who
           assuring
           him
           ,
           it
           was
           an
           ill
           Omen
           ,
           he
           commanded
           them
           in
           all
           haste
           to
           offer
           Sacrifices
           for
           Clitus
           his
           Safety
           ,
           forasmuch
           as
           three
           days
           before
           he
           himself
           had
           seen
           a
           strange
           Vision
           in
           his
           Sleep
           ▪
           of
           Clitus
           all
           in
           Mourning
           ,
           sitting
           by
           
           Parmenio's
           Sons
           who
           were
           Dead
           .
           Clitus
           however
           staid
           not
           to
           finish
           his
           Devotions
           ,
           but
           came
           strait
           to
           Supper
           with
           the
           King
           ,
           who
           the
           same
           day
           had
           Sacrific'd
           to
           Castor
           and
           Pollux
           .
           And
           when
           they
           had
           drank
           pretty
           hard
           ,
           some
           of
           the
           Company
           fell
           a
           Singing
           the
           Verses
           of
           one
           Pranichus
           ,
           or
           as
           others
           say
           ,
           of
           Pierion
           ,
           which
           were
           made
           upon
           those
           Captains
           who
           had
           been
           lately
           worsted
           by
           the
           Barbarians
           ,
           on
           purpose
           to
           disgrace
           and
           turn
           them
           to
           Ridicule
           ;
           which
           so
           offended
           the
           grave
           ,
           ancient
           Men
           ,
           that
           they
           reprov'd
           both
           the
           Author
           ,
           and
           the
           Singer
           of
           the
           Verses
           ,
           though
           Alexander
           and
           the
           Blades
           about
           him
           were
           mightily
           pleas'd
           to
           hear
           them
           ,
           and
           encourag'd
           them
           to
           go
           on
           :
           Till
           at
           last
           ,
           Clitus
           ,
           who
           had
           drank
           too
           much
           ,
           and
           was
           besides
           of
           a
           froward
           ,
           and
           willful
           Temper
           ,
           was
           so
           
           nettled
           that
           he
           could
           hold
           no
           longer
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             It
             was
             not
             well
             done
             to
             expose
             the
          
           Macedonians
           
             so
             ,
             before
             the
          
           Barbarians
           ,
           
             and
             their
             Enemies
             ,
             since
             though
             it
             was
             their
             Unhappiness
             to
             be
             overcome
             ,
             yet
             they
             were
             much
             better
             Men
             than
             those
             who
             laugh'd
             at
             them
             .
          
           To
           this
           ,
           Alexander
           replied
           ,
           
             That
             sure
          
           Clitus
           
             spoke
             so
             tenderly
             of
             Cowardise
             ,
             when
             he
             call'd
             it
             Misfortune
             ,
             only
             to
             excuse
             himself
             .
          
           At
           which
           ,
           Clitus
           starting
           up
           ,
           
             This
             Cowardise
             ,
             as
             you
             are
             pleas'd
             to
             term
             it
             ,
          
           said
           he
           to
           him
           ,
           
             sav'd
             your
             Life
             ,
             though
             you
             pretend
             to
             be
             sprung
             from
             the
             Gods
             ,
             when
             you
             were
             running
             away
             from
          
           Spithridates
           
             his
             Sword
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             by
             the
             expence
             of
          
           Macedonian
           
           
             Blood
             ,
             and
             by
             these
             Wounds
             ,
             that
             you
             are
             now
             rais'd
             to
             such
             a
             height
             ,
             as
             to
             despise
             and
             disown
             your
             Father
          
           Philip
           ,
           
             and
             adopt
             your self
             the
             Son
             of
          
           Jupiter
           Ammon
           .
           
             Thou
             base
             Fellow
          
           ,
           said
           Alexander
           ,
           who
           was
           now
           throughly
           exasperated
           ,
           
             dost
             thou
             think
             to
             utter
             these
             Things
             every
             where
             of
             me
             ,
             and
             stir
             up
             the
          
           Macedonians
           
             to
             Sedition
             ,
             and
             not
             be
             punish'd
             for
             it
             ?
             We
             are
             sufficiently
             punish'd
             already
             ,
          
           answer'd
           Clitus
           ,
           
             if
             this
             be
             the
             Recompence
             of
             our
             Toyls
             ;
             and
             esteem
             those
             happiest
             ,
             who
             have
             not
             liv'd
             to
             see
             their
             Countrymen
             Ignominiously
             scourg'd
             with
          
           Median
           
             Rods
             ,
             and
             forc'd
             to
             sue
             to
             the
          
           Persians
           
             to
             have
             access
             to
             their
             King.
          
           While
           he
           talk'd
           thus
           at
           Random
           ,
           and
           those
           who
           were
           by
           ,
           thwarted
           and
           reprov'd
           him
           ,
           the
           old
           Men
           endeavour'd
           all
           they
           could
           to
           
           compose
           the
           Business
           .
           Alexander
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           turning
           about
           to
           Xenodochus
           the
           Cardian
           ,
           and
           Artemius
           the
           Colophenian
           ,
           ask'd
           them
           ,
           
             If
             they
             were
             not
             of
             Opinion
             ,
             that
             the
             rest
             of
             the
          
           Graecians
           ,
           
             in
             comparison
             with
             the
          
           Macedonians
           ,
           
             behav'd
             themselves
             like
             so
             many
             Demi-Gods
             among
             wild
             Beasts
             ?
          
           But
           Clitus
           for
           all
           this
           would
           not
           give
           over
           ,
           desiring
           Alexander
           to
           speak
           out
           ,
           if
           he
           had
           any
           thing
           more
           to
           say
           ,
           or
           else
           why
           did
           he
           invite
           Men
           ,
           who
           were
           Free-Born
           ,
           and
           us'd
           to
           speak
           their
           Minds
           openly
           without
           restraint
           ,
           to
           sup
           with
           him
           ?
           He
           had
           better
           live
           ,
           and
           converse
           with
           Barbarians
           ,
           and
           Conquer'd
           Slaves
           ,
           who
           would
           not
           scruple
           to
           adore
           his
           Persian
           Girdle
           ,
           and
           his
           white
           Tunick
           .
           Which
           words
           so
           provok'd
           Alexander
           ,
           that
           ,
           not
           able
           to
           suppress
           his
           Anger
           any
           longer
           ,
           he
           threw
           one
           of
           the
           Apples
           that
           lay
           upon
           the
           Table
           at
           him
           ,
           and
           hit
           him
           ,
           and
           then
           look'd
           about
           for
           his
           Sword.
           But
           Aristophanes
           ,
           one
           of
           his
           Life-guard
           ,
           had
           hid
           that
           out
           of
           the
           way
           ,
           and
           others
           came
           about
           him
           ,
           and
           besought
           him
           to
           stay
           his
           Fury
           ,
           but
           in
           vain
           ;
           for
           breaking
           from
           them
           ,
           he
           call'd
           out
           aloud
           to
           his
           Guards
           in
           the
           Macedonian
           Language
           ,
           which
           was
           a
           certain
           sign
           of
           some
           great
           Disturbance
           towards
           ,
           and
           commanded
           a
           Trumpeter
           to
           sound
           ,
           giving
           him
           a
           Box
           on
           the
           Ear
           for
           not
           presently
           obeying
           him
           ;
           though
           afterwards
           the
           same
           
           Man
           was
           commended
           for
           disobeying
           an
           Order
           ,
           which
           would
           have
           put
           the
           whole
           Army
           into
           Tumult
           and
           Confusion
           .
           Clitus
           continued
           still
           in
           the
           same
           quarrelsome
           Humour
           ,
           till
           his
           Friends
           with
           much
           ado
           forc'd
           him
           out
           of
           the
           Room
           ;
           but
           he
           came
           in
           again
           immediately
           at
           another
           door
           ,
           very
           irreverently
           and
           confidently
           singing
           this
           Verse
           out
           of
           Euripides
           his
           Andromache
           .
        
         
           
             Alas
             !
             in
             Greece
             how
             ill
             Affairs
             are
             govern'd
             ?
          
        
         
           Then
           Alexander
           snatching
           a
           Spear
           from
           one
           of
           the
           Soldiers
           ,
           met
           Clitus
           as
           he
           was
           putting
           by
           the
           Curtain
           that
           hung
           before
           the
           Door
           ,
           and
           ran
           him
           through
           the
           Body
           ,
           so
           that
           he
           fell
           down
           ,
           and
           after
           a
           few
           Sighs
           and
           Groans
           died
           .
           At
           sight
           of
           which
           the
           King's
           Anger
           presently
           vanishing
           ,
           he
           came
           perfectly
           to
           himself
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           saw
           his
           Friends
           about
           him
           all
           in
           a
           profound
           Silence
           ,
           he
           pull'd
           the
           Spear
           out
           of
           the
           dead
           Body
           ,
           and
           would
           have
           thrust
           it
           into
           his
           own
           Throat
           ,
           if
           the
           Guards
           had
           not
           held
           his
           Hands
           ,
           and
           by
           main
           Force
           carried
           him
           away
           into
           his
           Chamber
           ,
           where
           all
           that
           night
           and
           the
           next
           day
           
           he
           wept
           bitterly
           ,
           till
           being
           quite
           spent
           with
           crying
           and
           lamenting
           ,
           he
           lay
           as
           it
           were
           speechless
           ,
           only
           fetching
           deep
           Sighs
           .
           His
           Friends
           apprehending
           some
           dangerous
           consequence
           of
           his
           Silence
           ,
           broke
           into
           the
           
           Room
           ;
           but
           he
           took
           no
           notice
           of
           what
           any
           
           of
           them
           said
           ,
           till
           Aristander
           putting
           him
           in
           mind
           of
           the
           Vision
           he
           had
           seen
           concerning
           Clitus
           ,
           and
           the
           Prodigy
           that
           follow'd
           ,
           as
           if
           all
           had
           come
           to
           pass
           by
           an
           unavoidable
           Fatality
           ,
           he
           then
           seem'd
           to
           moderate
           his
           Grief
           .
           They
           also
           brought
           Calisthenes
           the
           Philosopher
           ,
           who
           was
           nearly
           related
           to
           Aristotle
           ,
           and
           Anaxarchus
           of
           Abdera
           ,
           to
           him
           .
           Calisthenes
           endeavour'd
           to
           alleviate
           his
           Sorrow
           with
           moral
           Discourses
           ,
           and
           gentle
           Insinuations
           without
           offending
           him
           .
           But
           Anaxarchus
           ,
           who
           was
           always
           singular
           in
           his
           Method
           of
           Philosophy
           ,
           and
           was
           thought
           to
           slight
           those
           of
           his
           own
           Time
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           came
           in
           ,
           cried
           out
           aloud
           ,
           
             Is
             this
             the
          
           Alexander
           
             whom
             the
             whole
             World
             looks
             upon
             with
             such
             Admiration
             ?
             See
             how
             meanly
             he
             weeps
             like
             an
             abject
             Captive
             ,
             for
             fear
             of
             the
             Censure
             and
             Reproach
             of
             Men
             ,
             to
             whom
             he
             himself
             ought
             to
             be
             a
             Law
             ,
             and
             measure
             of
             Equity
             ,
             if
             he
             would
             make
             a
             right
             use
             of
             his
             Victories
             ,
             as
             Supream
             Lord
             and
             Governour
             of
             all
             ,
             and
             not
             be
             a
             Slave
             to
             a
             vain
             ,
             idle
             Opinion
             .
             Do
             not
          
           
           
             you
             know
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           that
           Jupiter
           
             is
             represented
             to
             have
             Justice
             and
             Law
             on
             each
             Hand
             of
             him
             ?
          
           the
           meaning
           of
           which
           is
           ,
           
             that
             all
             the
             Actions
             of
             a
             Prince
             are
             lawful
             and
             just
             .
          
           With
           these
           and
           the
           like
           Speeches
           ,
           
             Anax
             〈…〉
          
           ●●deed
           allay'd
           the
           King's
           Grief
           ,
           but
           〈…〉
           corrupted
           his
           Manners
           ,
           rendring
           
           him
           more
           dissolute
           and
           violent
           than
           he
           was
           before
           .
           Nor
           did
           he
           fail
           by
           these
           means
           to
           insinuate
           himself
           into
           his
           Favour
           ,
           and
           to
           make
           Calisthenes
           his
           Conversation
           ,
           which
           otherwise
           because
           of
           his
           Austerity
           was
           not
           very
           acceptable
           ,
           more
           uneasie
           and
           disagreeable
           to
           him
           .
        
         
           It
           happen'd
           that
           these
           two
           Philosophers
           meeting
           at
           an
           Entertainment
           ,
           where
           the
           Company
           discours'd
           of
           the
           Seasons
           of
           the
           Year
           ,
           and
           the
           Temperature
           of
           the
           Air
           ;
           Calisthenes
           joyn'd
           with
           their
           Opinion
           ,
           who
           held
           ,
           that
           those
           Countries
           were
           colder
           ,
           and
           the
           Winter
           sharper
           there
           than
           in
           Greece
           ;
           which
           Anaxarchus
           would
           by
           no
           means
           allow
           of
           ,
           but
           contradicted
           with
           great
           Obstinacy
           .
           Sure
           ,
           said
           Calisthenes
           to
           him
           ,
           
           
             you
             must
             needs
             confess
             this
             Country
             to
             be
             colder
             than
          
           Greece
           ,
           
             for
             there
             you
             had
             but
             one
             thread-bare
             Cloak
             to
             keep
             out
             the
             coldest
             Winter
             ,
             and
             here
             you
             have
             three
             good
             warm
             Mantles
             one
             over
             another
             .
          
           This
           piece
           of
           Raillery
           not
           only
           exceedingly
           exasperated
           Anaxarchus
           ,
           but
           likewise
           piqu'd
           the
           other
           Pretenders
           to
           Learning
           ,
           and
           the
           crowd
           of
           Flatterers
           ,
           who
           could
           not
           endure
           to
           see
           him
           so
           belov'd
           and
           follow'd
           by
           the
           Youth
           ,
           and
           no
           less
           esteem'd
           by
           the
           ancient
           Men
           for
           his
           good
           Life
           ,
           his
           Modesty
           ,
           Gravity
           ,
           and
           being
           contented
           with
           his
           Condition
           .
           All
           which
           confirm'd
           what
           he
           gave
           out
           of
           his
           Design
           
           in
           this
           Voyage
           to
           Alexander
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           only
           to
           get
           his
           Country-Men
           recall'd
           from
           Banishment
           ,
           and
           to
           re-Build
           and
           re-People
           Abdera
           ,
           where
           he
           was
           Born.
           Besides
           the
           Envy
           which
           his
           great
           Reputation
           rais'd
           ,
           he
           also
           by
           his
           own
           Deportment
           gave
           those
           who
           wish'd
           him
           ill
           ,
           opportunity
           to
           do
           him
           ▪
           Mischief
           .
           For
           when
           he
           was
           invited
           to
           publick
           Entertainments
           ,
           he
           would
           most-times
           refuse
           to
           come
           ,
           or
           if
           he
           were
           present
           at
           any
           ,
           he
           put
           a
           constraint
           upon
           the
           Company
           by
           his
           Moroseness
           and
           Silence
           ,
           seeming
           to
           disapprove
           of
           every
           thing
           they
           did
           or
           said
           ;
           which
           made
           Alexander
           say
           this
           of
           him
           :
        
         
           
             That
             vain
             pretence
             to
             Wisdom
             I
             detest
             ,
          
           
             Where
             a
             Man
             's
             blind
             to
             his
             own
             Interest
             .
          
        
         
           Being
           with
           many
           more
           invited
           to
           Sup
           with
           the
           King
           ,
           he
           was
           Commanded
           to
           make
           an
           Oration
           extempore
           ,
           whilst
           they
           were
           Drinking
           ,
           in
           praise
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           ;
           and
           he
           did
           it
           with
           such
           a
           Torrent
           of
           Eloquence
           ,
           that
           all
           who
           heard
           it
           exceedingly
           applauded
           him
           ,
           and
           threw
           their
           Garlands
           upon
           him
           ,
           only
           Alexander
           told
           him
           out
           of
           Euripides
           ,
        
         
           
           
             I
             wonder
             not
             that
             you
             have
             spoke
             so
             well
             ,
          
           
             'T
             is
             easie
             on
             good
             Subjects
             to
             excel
             .
          
        
         
           Therefore
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             if
             you
             will
             shew
             the
             force
             of
             your
             Eloquence
             ,
             tell
             my
          
           Macedonians
           
             their
             Faults
             ,
             and
             dispraise
             them
             ,
             that
             by
             hearing
             their
             Errors
             ,
             they
             may
             learn
             to
             be
             better
             for
             the
             future
             .
             Callisthenes
          
           presently
           obey'd
           him
           ,
           retracting
           all
           he
           had
           said
           before
           ,
           and
           inveighing
           against
           the
           Macedonians
           with
           great
           freedom
           ,
           added
           ,
           That
           Philip
           
             thriv'd
             ,
             and
             grew
             Powerful
             ,
             chiefly
             by
             the
             Discord
             of
             the
          
           Graecians
           ,
           applying
           this
           Verse
           to
           him
           :
        
         
           
             Where-ever
             Feuds
             ,
             and
             civil
             Discords
             reign
             ,
          
           
             There
             the
             worst
             Men
             most
             Reputation
             gain
             .
          
        
         
           Which
           so
           disoblig'd
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           odious
           to
           them
           ever
           after
           .
           And
           Alexander
           said
           ,
           
             That
             instead
             of
             his
             Eloquence
             ,
             he
             had
             only
             made
             his
             Ill-will
             appear
             in
             what
             he
             had
             spoken
             .
             Hermippus
          
           assures
           us
           ,
           That
           one
           Stroebus
           ,
           a
           Servant
           whom
           Callisthenes
           kept
           to
           Read
           to
           him
           ,
           gave
           this
           account
           of
           these
           Passages
           afterwards
           to
           Aristotle
           ;
           and
           that
           when
           he
           perceiv'd
           the
           King
           grew
           more
           and
           more
           averse
           to
           him
           ,
           he
           mutter'd
           this
           Verse
           out
           of
           Homer
           two
           or
           three
           times
           to
           himself
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           going
           away
           :
        
         
           
           
             Death
             seiz'd
             at
             last
             on
             Great
             Patroclus
             too
             ,
          
           
             Though
             he
             in
             Virtue
             far
             surmounted
             you
             .
          
        
         
           Not
           without
           Reason
           therefore
           did
           Aristotle
           
           give
           this
           Character
           of
           
             Calisthenes
             ,
             That
             he
             was
             indeed
             an
             excellent
             Orator
             ,
             but
             had
             no
             Judgement
             at
             all
             .
          
           For
           though
           we
           grant
           ,
           it
           was
           resolutely
           and
           Philosophically
           done
           of
           him
           ,
           not
           to
           Worship
           the
           King
           ,
           though
           by
           talking
           publickly
           against
           that
           which
           the
           best
           and
           gravest
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           only
           repin'd
           at
           in
           secret
           ,
           he
           put
           a
           stop
           to
           their
           base
           Adoration
           ,
           and
           deliver'd
           the
           Graecians
           and
           Alexander
           himself
           from
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           Infamy
           :
           Yet
           in
           the
           close
           he
           ruin'd
           himself
           by
           it
           ,
           because
           he
           went
           too
           roughly
           to
           work
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           would
           have
           forc'd
           the
           King
           to
           that
           which
           he
           should
           have
           effected
           by
           Reason
           and
           Perswasion
           .
           Chares
           of
           Mytilene
           writes
           ,
           That
           at
           a
           Banquet
           ,
           Alexander
           
           after
           he
           had
           drank
           ,
           reach'd
           the
           Cup
           to
           one
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           who
           receiving
           it
           ,
           rose
           up
           towards
           the
           Domestick
           Altar
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           had
           drank
           ,
           first
           ador'd
           ,
           and
           then
           kiss'd
           Alexander
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           sate
           down
           at
           the
           Table
           with
           the
           rest
           .
           Which
           they
           all
           did
           one
           after
           another
           ,
           till
           it
           came
           to
           Calisthenes
           his
           Turn
           ,
           who
           taking
           the
           Cup
           ,
           drank
           it
           off
           ,
           when
           the
           King
           ,
           who
           was
           
           engag'd
           in
           Discourse
           with
           Hephestion
           ,
           did
           not
           mind
           him
           ,
           and
           then
           offer'd
           to
           kiss
           him
           .
           But
           Demetrius
           ,
           sirnam'd
           Pheidon
           ,
           interpos'd
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             Sir
             ,
             by
             no
             means
             let
             him
             kiss
             you
             ,
             for
             he
             only
             of
             us
             all
             had
             refus'd
             to
             adore
             you
          
           ;
           upon
           which
           the
           King
           declin'd
           it
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           Concern
           Calisthenes
           shew'd
           ,
           was
           ,
           that
           he
           said
           aloud
           ,
           
             Then
             I
             go
             away
             with
             a
             Kiss
             less
             than
             the
             rest
             .
          
           The
           Displeasure
           he
           incurr'd
           by
           this
           Action
           ,
           was
           improv'd
           by
           
           Hephestion's
           affirming
           ,
           That
           he
           had
           broke
           his
           word
           to
           him
           ,
           in
           not
           paying
           the
           King
           the
           same
           Veneration
           that
           others
           did
           ,
           as
           he
           had
           faithfully
           promis'd
           to
           do
           .
           And
           to
           finish
           his
           Disgrace
           ,
           Lysimachus
           and
           Agnon
           added
           ,
           That
           this
           Sophister
           went
           about
           priding
           himself
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           stood
           in
           the
           Gap
           against
           Arbitrary
           Power
           ;
           that
           the
           young
           Men
           all
           ran
           after
           him
           ,
           and
           honour'd
           him
           ,
           as
           the
           only
           Man
           among
           so
           many
           Thousands
           ,
           who
           had
           the
           Courage
           to
           preserve
           his
           Liberty
           .
           Therefore
           when
           Hermolaus
           his
           Conspiracy
           came
           to
           be
           discover'd
           ,
           the
           Crimes
           which
           his
           Enemies
           laid
           to
           his
           charge
           were
           the
           more
           easily
           believ'd
           ,
           particularly
           that
           when
           the
           young
           Man
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           
             What
             he
             should
             do
             to
             be
             the
             most
             illustrious
             Person
             on
             Earth
          
           ;
           he
           told
           him
           ,
           
             The
             readiest
             way
             was
             to
             kill
             him
             who
             was
             already
             so
             .
          
           And
           that
           to
           incite
           him
           to
           commit
           the
           Fact
           ,
           he
           bid
           him
           not
           be
           aw'd
           by
           his
           Golden
           Bed
           ,
           but
           remember
           
           Alexander
           was
           a
           Man
           equally
           infirm
           and
           vulnerable
           as
           another
           .
           However
           ,
           none
           of
           Hermolaus
           his
           Accomplices
           ,
           in
           the
           extremity
           of
           their
           Torments
           ,
           made
           any
           mention
           of
           Calisthenes
           his
           being
           engag'd
           in
           the
           Design
           .
           Nay
           Alexander
           himself
           ,
           in
           the
           Letters
           which
           he
           wrote
           soon
           after
           to
           
             Craterus
             ,
             Attalus
          
           ,
           and
           Alcetas
           ,
           tells
           them
           ,
           That
           those
           who
           were
           put
           to
           the
           Rack
           ,
           confess'd
           they
           had
           enter'd
           into
           the
           Conspiracy
           wholly
           of
           themselves
           ,
           without
           any
           others
           being
           privy
           to
           ,
           or
           guilty
           of
           it
           .
           But
           yet
           afterwards
           in
           a
           Letter
           to
           Antipater
           ,
           he
           accuses
           Callisthenes
           of
           the
           same
           Crime
           .
           
             The
             young
             Men
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             were
             ston'd
             to
             Death
             by
             the
          
           Macedonians
           ,
           
             but
             for
             the
             Sophister
          
           ,
           meaning
           Calisthenes
           ,
           
             I
             will
             take
             care
             to
             punish
             him
             ,
             with
             them
             too
             who
             sent
             him
             to
             me
             ,
             and
             who
             harbour
             those
             in
             their
             Cities
             who
             conspire
             against
             my
             Life
             .
          
           By
           which
           Expressions
           it
           appears
           ,
           he
           had
           no
           
           very
           good
           opinion
           of
           Aristotle
           ,
           by
           whom
           Callisthenes
           was
           educated
           upon
           the
           score
           of
           his
           Relation
           to
           him
           ,
           being
           his
           Neece
           
           Hero's
           Son.
           His
           Death
           is
           diversly
           related
           :
           some
           say
           ,
           he
           was
           hang'd
           by
           
           Alexander's
           Command
           ;
           others
           ,
           that
           he
           died
           of
           Sickness
           in
           Prison
           ;
           but
           Chares
           writes
           ,
           he
           was
           kept
           in
           Chains
           seven
           Months
           after
           he
           was
           apprehended
           ,
           on
           purpose
           that
           he
           might
           be
           proceeded
           against
           in
           full
           Council
           ,
           when
           Aristotle
           should
           be
           present
           ;
           and
           that
           being
           
           grown
           very
           fat
           ,
           he
           died
           of
           the
           lowsie
           Disease
           ,
           about
           the
           time
           that
           Alexander
           was
           wounded
           in
           the
           Country
           of
           the
           
             Malli
             Oxydracae
          
           ;
           all
           which
           came
           to
           pass
           afterwards
           .
        
         
           For
           to
           go
           on
           in
           order
           :
           Demaratus
           of
           Corinth
           ,
           
           a
           Man
           of
           a
           great
           Age
           ,
           was
           at
           this
           time
           very
           desirous
           to
           give
           the
           King
           a
           Visit
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           had
           seen
           him
           ,
           said
           ,
           
             He
             pitied
             the
             Misfortune
             of
             those
          
           Graecians
           ,
           
             who
             were
             so
             unhappy
             to
             die
             before
             they
             had
             beheld
          
           Alexander
           
             seated
             on
             the
             Throne
             of
          
           Darius
           .
           But
           he
           did
           not
           long
           enjoy
           the
           Effects
           of
           his
           Bounty
           to
           him
           ,
           any
           otherwise
           ,
           than
           that
           soon
           after
           falling
           sick
           and
           dying
           ,
           he
           had
           a
           Magnificent
           Funeral
           ,
           and
           the
           Army
           rais'd
           him
           a
           Monument
           of
           Earth
           fourscore
           Cubits
           high
           ,
           and
           of
           a
           vast
           Circumference
           .
           His
           Ashes
           were
           convey'd
           in
           a
           very
           rich
           Chariot
           drawn
           by
           four
           Horses
           to
           the
           Sea-side
           .
        
         
           Alexander
           now
           intent
           upon
           his
           Expedition
           
           into
           India
           ,
           took
           notice
           that
           his
           Soldiers
           were
           so
           charg'd
           with
           Booty
           ,
           that
           it
           hindred
           their
           marching
           ;
           to
           remedy
           which
           ,
           at
           break
           of
           day
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           the
           Baggage-Waggons
           were
           laden
           ,
           first
           he
           set
           Fire
           to
           his
           own
           ,
           and
           his
           Friends
           ,
           and
           then
           commanded
           those
           to
           be
           burnt
           ,
           which
           belong'd
           to
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Army
           .
           An
           Action
           which
           in
           the
           deliberation
           of
           it
           seem'd
           more
           dangerous
           and
           difficult
           than
           it
           prov'd
           in
           the
           Execution
           ,
           with
           which
           few
           were
           dissatisfied
           ;
           for
           most
           of
           
           them
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           had
           been
           inspir'd
           with
           Zeal
           from
           above
           ,
           with
           loud
           Outcries
           and
           Warlike
           Shoutings
           ,
           furnish'd
           one
           another
           with
           what
           was
           absolutely
           necessary
           ,
           and
           burnt
           and
           destroy'd
           all
           that
           was
           superfluous
           ,
           the
           sight
           of
           which
           redoubled
           
           Alexander's
           Vigor
           and
           Alacrity
           .
        
         
           He
           was
           now
           grown
           very
           severe
           and
           inexorable
           
           in
           punishing
           those
           who
           committed
           any
           Fault
           ;
           for
           he
           put
           Menander
           ,
           one
           of
           his
           Friends
           to
           Death
           ,
           for
           deserting
           a
           Fortress
           ,
           where
           he
           had
           plac'd
           him
           in
           Garison
           ,
           and
           shot
           Orsodates
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           Barbarians
           who
           revolted
           from
           him
           ,
           with
           his
           own
           Hand
           .
           At
           this
           time
           a
           Sheep
           happen'd
           to
           yean
           a
           Lamb
           ,
           with
           the
           perfect
           shape
           and
           colour
           of
           a
           Tiara
           
           upon
           the
           Head
           ,
           and
           Testicles
           on
           each
           side
           ;
           which
           Portent
           Alexander
           so
           detested
           ,
           that
           he
           immediately
           caus'd
           his
           Babylonian
           Priests
           ,
           whom
           he
           usually
           carried
           about
           with
           him
           for
           such
           purposes
           to
           purifie
           him
           ,
           and
           withal
           told
           his
           Friends
           ,
           he
           was
           not
           so
           much
           concern'd
           for
           his
           own
           sake
           ,
           as
           for
           theirs
           ,
           out
           of
           an
           apprehension
           that
           God
           ,
           after
           his
           Death
           ,
           might
           suffer
           his
           Empire
           to
           fall
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           some
           degenerate
           ,
           impotent
           Person
           .
           But
           this
           Fear
           was
           soon
           remov'd
           ,
           by
           a
           wonderful
           thing
           that
           happen'd
           not
           long
           after
           ,
           and
           was
           thought
           to
           presage
           better
           ;
           for
           Proxenus
           ,
           a
           Macedonian
           ,
           who
           was
           the
           chief
           of
           those
           who
           look'd
           to
           the
           King's
           
           Furniture
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           breaking
           Ground
           near
           the
           River
           Oxus
           ,
           to
           set
           up
           the
           Royal
           Pavilion
           ,
           discover'd
           a
           Spring
           of
           gross
           oyly
           Liquor
           ,
           
           which
           ,
           after
           the
           top
           was
           taken
           off
           ,
           ran
           pure
           ,
           clear
           Oyl
           ,
           without
           any
           difference
           either
           of
           Taste
           or
           Smell
           ,
           having
           exactly
           the
           same
           smoothness
           and
           brightness
           ,
           and
           that
           too
           in
           a
           Country
           where
           no
           Olives
           grew
           .
           The
           Water
           indeed
           of
           the
           River
           Oxus
           is
           said
           to
           be
           so
           fat
           ,
           that
           it
           leaves
           a
           Gloss
           on
           their
           Skins
           who
           bathe
           themselves
           in
           it
           .
           Whatever
           might
           be
           the
           Cause
           ,
           certain
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           Alexander
           was
           wonderfully
           pleas'd
           with
           it
           ,
           as
           appears
           by
           his
           Letters
           to
           Antipater
           ,
           where
           he
           tells
           him
           ,
           He
           look'd
           upon
           it
           as
           one
           of
           the
           most
           considerable
           Presages
           that
           God
           had
           ever
           favour'd
           him
           with
           .
           The
           Diviners
           told
           him
           ,
           It
           signify'd
           his
           Expedition
           would
           be
           glorious
           in
           the
           Event
           ,
           but
           very
           painful
           ,
           and
           attended
           with
           many
           difficulties
           ;
           for
           Oyl
           ,
           they
           said
           ,
           was
           bestow'd
           on
           Mankind
           by
           God
           as
           a
           Refreshment
           of
           their
           Labours
           .
           Nor
           did
           they
           judge
           amiss
           ;
           for
           he
           expos'd
           himself
           to
           many
           Hazards
           in
           the
           Battels
           which
           he
           fought
           ,
           and
           receiv'd
           very
           deep
           and
           dangerous
           Wounds
           ,
           besides
           the
           mouldring
           away
           of
           his
           Army
           ,
           through
           the
           unwholesomness
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           for
           want
           of
           necessary
           Provisions
           .
           But
           he
           still
           applied
           himself
           to
           surmount
           Fortune
           ,
           and
           whatever
           oppos'd
           him
           ,
           by
           his
           Resolution
           and
           
           Vertue
           ,
           and
           thought
           nothing
           impossible
           to
           
           a
           daring
           ,
           valiant
           Man.
           Therefore
           when
           he
           Besieg'd
           Sisimethres
           ,
           who
           held
           an
           inaccessible
           ,
           impregnable
           Rock
           against
           him
           ,
           and
           his
           Soldiers
           began
           to
           despair
           of
           taking
           it
           ,
           he
           ask'd
           
             Oxyartes
             ,
             Whether
          
           Sisimethres
           ,
           
             was
             a
             Man
             of
             Courage
          
           ?
           who
           assuring
           him
           ,
           
             he
             was
             the
             greatest
             Coward
             alive
             ;
             then
             you
             tell
             me
             ,
          
           said
           he
           ,
           
             that
             the
             Place
             is
             our
             own
             ,
             if
             the
             Commander
             of
             it
             be
             a
          
           Poltron
           :
           And
           ,
           in
           a
           little
           time
           he
           so
           terrified
           Sisimethres
           ,
           that
           he
           took
           it
           without
           any
           difficulty
           .
           At
           an
           Attack
           which
           he
           made
           upon
           such
           another
           steep
           place
           ,
           with
           some
           of
           his
           Macedonian
           Soldiers
           ,
           he
           call'd
           to
           one
           whose
           Name
           was
           Alexander
           ,
           and
           told
           him
           ,
           
             It
             would
             become
             him
             to
             behave
             himself
             gallantly
             for
             his
             Names
             sake
             .
          
           The
           Youth
           fought
           bravely
           ,
           and
           was
           kill'd
           in
           the
           Action
           ,
           at
           which
           he
           was
           sensibly
           afflicted
           .
           Another
           time
           seeing
           his
           Men
           march
           slowly
           and
           unwillingly
           to
           the
           Siege
           of
           a
           Place
           call'd
           Nysa
           ,
           because
           of
           a
           deep
           River
           between
           them
           and
           the
           Town
           ,
           he
           advanc'd
           before
           them
           ,
           and
           standing
           upon
           the
           Bank
           ,
           
             What
             a
             miserable
             Man
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             am
             I
             ,
             that
             I
             have
             not
             learn'd
             to
             Swim
             ?
          
           and
           then
           was
           hardly
           disswaded
           from
           endeavouring
           to
           pass
           it
           upon
           his
           Shield
           .
           Here
           ,
           after
           the
           Aslault
           was
           over
           ,
           the
           Ambassadors
           ,
           who
           from
           several
           Towns
           which
           he
           had
           block'd
           up
           ,
           came
           to
           submit
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           make
           their
           
           Peace
           ,
           were
           surpriz'd
           to
           find
           him
           rough
           ,
           and
           arm'd
           at
           all
           Points
           ,
           without
           any
           Pomp
           or
           ceremony
           about
           him
           ;
           and
           when
           his
           Attendants
           brought
           him
           a
           Cushion
           ,
           he
           made
           the
           eldest
           of
           them
           ,
           nam'd
           Acuphis
           ,
           take
           it
           ,
           and
           sit
           down
           upon
           it
           .
           The
           old
           Man
           charm
           ,
           d
           with
           his
           Magnanimity
           and
           Courtesie
           
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           
             What
             his
             Countreymen
             should
             do
             to
             merit
             his
             Friendship
             ?
             I
             would
             have
             them
             ,
          
           said
           Alexander
           ,
           
             choose
             you
             to
             govern
             them
             ,
             and
             send
             100
             of
             the
             most
             considerable
             and
             most
             worthy
             men
             among
             them
             to
             remain
             with
             me
             as
             Hostages
             :
             I
             shall
             govern
             them
             with
             more
             ease
             Sir
             ,
          
           replied
           Acuphis
           ,
           smiling
           ,
           
             if
             I
             send
             you
             so
             many
             of
             the
             worst
             ,
             rather
             than
             the
             best
             of
             my
             Subjects
             .
          
        
         
           The
           Extent
           of
           King
           Taxiles
           his
           Dominions
           in
           India
           was
           thought
           to
           be
           as
           large
           as
           Aegypt
           ,
           abounding
           in
           good
           Pastures
           ,
           and
           above
           all
           in
           excellent
           Fruits
           .
           The
           King
           himself
           had
           the
           reputation
           of
           a
           wise
           Man
           ,
           and
           at
           his
           first
           Interview
           with
           Alexander
           ,
           he
           spoke
           to
           him
           in
           these
           terms
           :
           
             To
             what
             purpose
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
           
             should
             we
             make
             War
             upon
             one
             another
             ,
             if
             the
             design
             of
             your
             coming
             into
             these
             Parts
             ,
             be
             not
             to
             r●b
             us
             of
             our
             Water
             ,
             or
             our
             necessary
             Food
             ,
             which
             are
             the
             only
             things
             that
             wise
             men
             are
             indispensably
             oblig'd
             to
             fight
             for
             ?
             As
             for
             other
             Riches
             and
             Possessions
             ,
             as
             they
             are
             accounted
             in
             the
             eye
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             if
             I
             am
             better
             provided
             of
             them
             than
             you
             ,
             I
             am
             ready
             to
             let
             you
             share
             with
             in●
             ;
             but
             if
             Fortune
             has
             been
             more
             liberal
             to
             you
             than
             me
             ,
             I
             will
          
           
           
             not
             decline
             your
             Favours
             ,
             but
             accept
             them
             with
             all
             the
             grateful
             Acknowledgements
             that
             are
             due
             to
             a
             Benefactor
             .
          
           This
           Discourse
           pleas'd
           Alexander
           so
           much
           ,
           that
           embracing
           him
           ,
           
             Do
             you
             think
          
           ,
           said
           he
           to
           him
           ,
           
             your
             fair
             Speeches
             ,
             and
             affable
             Behaviour
             ,
             will
             bring
             you
             off
             in
             this
             Interview
             without
             fighting
             ?
             No
             ,
             you
             shall
             not
             escape
             so
             ,
             for
             as
             to
             matter
             of
             Benefits
             ,
             I
             will
             contend
             with
             you
             so
             far
             ,
             that
             how
             obliging
             soever
             you
             are
             ,
             you
             shall
             not
             have
             the
             better
             of
             me
             .
          
           Then
           receiving
           some
           Presents
           from
           him
           ,
           he
           return'd
           him
           others
           of
           greater
           value
           ,
           and
           to
           compleat
           his
           Bounty
           ,
           gave
           him
           in
           Money
           ready
           coin'd
           1000
           Talents
           ;
           at
           which
           his
           old
           Friends
           
           were
           exceedingly
           displeas'd
           ,
           but
           it
           gain'd
           him
           the
           hearts
           of
           many
           of
           the
           Barbarians
           .
           The
           valiantest
           of
           the
           Indians
           now
           taking
           Pay
           of
           several
           Cities
           ,
           undertook
           to
           defend
           them
           ,
           and
           did
           it
           so
           bravely
           ,
           that
           they
           put
           Alexander
           to
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           Trouble
           and
           Fatigue
           ,
           till
           having
           made
           an
           agreement
           with
           him
           ,
           upon
           the
           surrender
           of
           a
           Place
           ,
           he
           fell
           upon
           them
           as
           they
           were
           marching
           away
           ,
           and
           put
           them
           all
           to
           the
           Sword.
           This
           one
           breach
           of
           his
           word
           was
           a
           perpetual
           Blemish
           to
           him
           ,
           tho
           on
           all
           other
           occasions
           he
           had
           manag'd
           his
           Wars
           with
           that
           Justice
           and
           Honour
           that
           became
           a
           King.
           Nor
           was
           he
           less
           incommoded
           by
           the
           Indian
           Philosophers
           ,
           who
           inveigh'd
           bitterly
           against
           those
           Princes
           who
           were
           of
           his
           Party
           ,
           and
           solicited
           the
           free
           Cities
           
           ●●
           oppose
           him
           ,
           therefore
           he
           took
           several
           of
           them
           ,
           and
           caus'd
           them
           to
           be
           hang'd
           .
        
         
           〈…〉
           〈…〉
           in
           his
           own
           Letters
           has
           given
           us
           ●●
           account
           of
           his
           War
           with
           Porus
           :
           He
           says
           ,
           
           The
           〈…〉
           A●mies
           were
           seperated
           by
           the
           River
           Hydaspes
           ,
           on
           whose
           opposite
           Bank
           Porus
           continually
           kept
           his
           Elephants
           in
           order
           of
           Bat●●l
           ▪
           with
           their
           Heads
           towards
           their
           Enemies
           to
           guard
           the
           Passage
           .
           That
           he
           was
           forc'd
           every
           day
           to
           make
           great
           noises
           in
           his
           Camp
           ,
           and
           give
           his
           Men
           constant
           Alarms
           ,
           to
           acc●sto●
           them
           by
           degrees
           not
           to
           be
           afraid
           of
           the
           Barbarians
           .
           That
           one
           cold
           ,
           dark
           Night
           he
           pass'd
           the
           River
           above
           the
           Place
           where
           the
           Enemy
           lay
           ,
           into
           a
           little
           Island
           ,
           with
           part
           of
           his
           Foot
           and
           the
           best
           of
           his
           Horse
           .
           Here
           there
           fell
           so
           violent
           a
           Shower
           of
           Rain
           ,
           accompanied
           with
           Lightning
           ,
           and
           fier'y
           Whirlwinds
           ,
           that
           seeing
           some
           of
           his
           Men
           burnt
           and
           destroy'd
           by
           the
           Lightning
           ,
           he
           qui●ted
           the
           Island
           ,
           and
           made
           over
           to
           the
           other
           side
           .
           The
           Hydaspes
           ,
           now
           after
           the
           Storm
           was
           so
           swolo
           and
           grown
           so
           rapid
           ,
           as
           to
           make
           a
           Breach
           in
           the
           Bank
           ,
           at
           which
           part
           of
           the
           River
           ran
           out
           ,
           so
           that
           when
           he
           came
           to
           land
           ,
           he
           found
           very
           ill
           standing
           for
           his
           Men
           ,
           the
           place
           being
           extream
           slippery
           and
           
           undermin'd
           and
           ready
           to
           be
           blown
           up
           by
           the
           Currents
           on
           both
           sides
           .
           In
           this
           Dist●ess
           On●●●crit●●
           tells
           us
           He
           was
           heard
           to
           say
           ,
           
             Oh
             ye
          
           Athenians
           :
           
             to
             what
             incredible
             Dangers
             do
             I
          
           
           
           
           
           
           
             my self
             to
             merit
             your
             Praises
          
           ?
           But
           to
           proceed
           ,
           Alexander
           says
           here
           ,
           they
           left
           their
           little
           Boats
           ,
           and
           pass'd
           the
           Bteach
           in
           their
           Armour
           up
           to
           the
           Breast
           in
           Water
           ;
           and
           then
           he
           advanc'd
           with
           his
           Horse
           about
           20
           Furlongs
           before
           his
           Foot
           ,
           concluding
           ,
           that
           if
           the
           Enemy
           charg'd
           him
           with
           their
           Cavalry
           ,
           he
           should
           be
           too
           strong
           for
           them
           '
           if
           with
           their
           Foot
           ,
           his
           own
           would
           come
           up
           time
           enough
           to
           his
           Assistance
           .
           Nor
           did
           he
           judge
           amiss
           ;
           for
           being
           charg'd
           by
           1000
           Horse
           ,
           and
           60
           arm'd
           Chariots
           ,
           which
           advanc'd
           before
           their
           main
           Body
           ,
           he
           took
           all
           the
           Chariots
           ,
           and
           kill'd
           400
           Horse
           upon
           the
           Place
           .
           Porus
           by
           this
           smart
           Execution
           ,
           guessing
           that
           Alexander
           himself
           was
           gotten
           over
           ,
           came
           on
           with
           his
           whoie
           Army
           ,
           except
           a
           Party
           which
           he
           left
           behind
           ,
           to
           hold
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           in
           Play
           ,
           if
           they
           should
           attempt
           to
           pass
           the
           River
           .
           But
           Alexander
           apprehending
           the
           multitude
           of
           the
           Enemie
           ,
           and
           to
           avoid
           the
           shock
           of
           their
           Elephants
           ,
           would
           not
           joyn
           Battel
           with
           them
           in
           Front
           ,
           but
           dividing
           his
           Forces
           ,
           attack'd
           their
           left
           Wing
           himself
           ,
           and
           commanded
           Coenus
           to
           fall
           uppon
           the
           right
           ,
           which
           was
           perform'd
           with
           good
           Success
           .
           For
           by
           this
           means
           both
           Wings
           being
           broken
           ,
           they
           retir'd
           when
           they
           found
           themselves
           
           press'd
           close
           to
           their
           Elephants
           ,
           and
           then
           rallying
           ,
           renew'd
           the
           Fight
           so
           obstinately
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           three
           hours
           after
           Noon
           before
           
           they
           were
           entirely
           defeated
           .
           This
           description
           of
           the
           Battel
           the
           Conqueror
           has
           left
           us
           in
           his
           own
           Epistles
           .
        
         
           Almost
           all
           Writers
           agree
           ,
           That
           Porus
           
           was
           four
           Cubits
           and
           an
           half
           high
           ,
           and
           that
           when
           he
           was
           upon
           his
           Elephant
           ,
           which
           was
           of
           the
           largest
           size
           ,
           his
           Stature
           and
           Bulk
           were
           so
           answerable
           ,
           that
           he
           appear'd
           to
           be
           but
           proportionably
           mounted
           .
           This
           Elephant
           ,
           during
           the
           whole
           Battel
           ,
           gave
           many
           proofs
           of
           wonderful
           Understanding
           ,
           and
           a
           particular
           Care
           of
           the
           King
           ,
           whom
           as
           long
           as
           he
           was
           strong
           ,
           and
           in
           condition
           to
           Fight
           ,
           he
           defended
           with
           great
           Courage
           ,
           repelling
           those
           who
           set
           upon
           him
           ;
           and
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           perceiv'd
           him
           ready
           to
           faint
           ,
           by
           
           reason
           of
           his
           many
           Wounds
           ,
           and
           multitude
           of
           Darts
           that
           were
           thrown
           at
           him
           ,
           to
           prevent
           his
           falling
           off
           ,
           he
           softly
           kneel'd
           down
           ,
           &
           then
           with
           his
           Probosois
           gently
           drew
           every
           Dart
           out
           of
           his
           Body
           .
           When
           Porus
           was
           taken
           Prisoner
           ,
           and
           Alexander
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           
             How
             he
             expected
             to
             be
             us'd
             ?
          
           he
           answer'd
           ,
           
             As
             a
             King
             ought
             to
             be
             ;
             for
             that
             expression
             ,
          
           he
           said
           ,
           when
           the
           same
           Question
           was
           put
           to
           him
           a
           second
           time
           ,
           
             comprehended
             every
             thing
          
           .
           And
           Alexander
           indeed
           dealt
           very
           generously
           with
           him
           ,
           for
           he
           not
           only
           suffer'd
           him
           to
           govern
           his
           own
           Kingdom
           as
           his
           Lieutenant
           ,
           but
           added
           to
           it
           a
           large
           Province
           of
           some
           free
           People
           whom
           he
           had
           newly
           subdued
           ,
           which
           
           consisted
           of
           15
           several
           Nations
           ,
           and
           contain'd
           5000
           considerable
           Towns
           ,
           besides
           abundance
           of
           Villages
           .
           Another
           Government
           ,
           three
           times
           as
           large
           as
           this
           ,
           he
           bestow'd
           on
           Philip
           ,
           one
           of
           his
           Friends
           .
        
         
           Some
           time
           after
           the
           Battel
           with
           Porus
           ,
           most
           Authors
           agree
           ,
           that
           Bucephalus
           died
           under
           cure
           of
           his
           Wounds
           ,
           or
           as
           Onesicritus
           says
           ,
           of
           Fatigue
           and
           Age
           ,
           being
           30
           years
           old
           .
           Alexander
           was
           no
           less
           concern'd
           at
           his
           Death
           ,
           than
           if
           he
           had
           lost
           an
           old
           Companion
           ,
           or
           an
           intimate
           Friend
           ,
           and
           built
           a
           City
           ,
           which
           he
           nam'd
           Bucephalia
           ,
           in
           memory
           
           of
           him
           ,
           on
           the
           Bank
           of
           the
           River
           Hydaspes
           ,
           and
           another
           in
           remembrance
           of
           his
           beloved
           favorite
           Dog
           Peritas
           ,
           as
           Sotion
           assures
           us
           ,
           he
           was
           inform'd
           by
           Potamon
           of
           Lesbos
           .
        
         
           But
           this
           last
           Combat
           with
           Porus
           took
           off
           the
           edge
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           Courage
           ,
           and
           hindred
           their
           farther
           progress
           in
           India
           .
           For
           having
           with
           much
           ado
           defeated
           him
           ,
           who
           brought
           but
           20000
           Foot
           ,
           and
           2000
           Horse
           into
           the
           Field
           ,
           they
           thought
           they
           had
           Reason
           to
           oppose
           
           Alexander's
           Design
           of
           obliging
           
           them
           to
           pass
           the
           Ganges
           too
           ,
           which
           they
           were
           told
           was
           Four
           Miles
           over
           ,
           and
           an
           hundred
           fathom
           deep
           ,
           and
           the
           Banks
           on
           the
           farther
           side
           cover'd
           with
           multitudes
           of
           Enemies
           .
           For
           they
           had
           intelligence
           that
           the
           Kings
           of
           the
           Gandaritans
           and
           Persians
           
           expected
           them
           there
           with
           80000
           Horse
           ,
           200000
           Foot
           ,
           8000
           arm'd
           Chariots
           ,
           and
           6000
           fighting
           Elephants
           .
           Nor
           was
           this
           a
           false
           ,
           vain
           Report
           ,
           spread
           on
           purpose
           to
           discourage
           them
           ;
           for
           Androcottus
           ,
           who
           not
           long
           after
           reign'd
           in
           those
           Parts
           ,
           made
           a
           Present
           of
           500
           Elephants
           at
           once
           to
           Seleucus
           ,
           and
           with
           an
           Army
           of
           600000
           Men
           subdued
           all
           
             India
             .
             Alexander
          
           at
           first
           was
           so
           
           griev'd
           and
           enrag'd
           at
           his
           Mens
           Reluctancy
           ,
           that
           he
           shut
           himself
           up
           in
           his
           Tent
           ,
           and
           in
           a
           desponding
           manner
           threw
           himself
           upon
           the
           Ground
           ,
           declaring
           ,
           if
           they
           would
           not
           pass
           the
           Ganges
           ,
           he
           ow'd
           them
           no
           thanks
           for
           any
           thing
           they
           had
           hitherto
           done
           ,
           and
           that
           to
           retreat
           now
           ,
           was
           plainly
           to
           confess
           himself
           vanquish'd
           .
           But
           at
           last
           ,
           the
           prudent
           Remonstrances
           and
           Perswasions
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           who
           inform'd
           him
           truly
           how
           the
           Case
           stood
           ,
           and
           the
           Tears
           and
           Lamentations
           of
           his
           Soldiers
           ,
           who
           in
           a
           suppliant
           manner
           crowded
           about
           the
           entrance
           of
           his
           Tent
           ,
           prevail'd
           with
           him
           to
           think
           of
           returning
           .
           Yet
           before
           he
           decamp'd
           ,
           he
           would
           needs
           impose
           upon
           Posterity
           ,
           by
           leaving
           
           behind
           some
           fictitious
           Monuments
           of
           his
           Glory
           ;
           such
           as
           Arms
           of
           an
           extraordinary
           bigness
           ,
           and
           Mangers
           for
           Horses
           ,
           with
           Bits
           of
           Bridles
           above
           the
           usual
           size
           ,
           which
           he
           set
           up
           ,
           and
           distributed
           in
           several
           Places
           .
           He
           erected
           Altars
           also
           to
           the
           Gods
           ,
           which
           
           the
           Kings
           of
           the
           Persians
           even
           in
           our
           Time
           highly
           reverence
           ,
           and
           often
           pass
           the
           River
           to
           sacrifice
           upon
           them
           after
           the
           Graecian
           manner
           .
           Androcottus
           ,
           then
           a
           Youth
           ,
           saw
           Alexander
           there
           ,
           and
           has
           often
           afterwards
           been
           heard
           to
           say
           ,
           That
           he
           miss'd
           but
           little
           of
           making
           himself
           Master
           of
           those
           Countries
           ;
           their
           King
           ,
           who
           then
           reign'd
           ,
           was
           so
           hated
           and
           despis'd
           for
           the
           viciousness
           of
           his
           Life
           ,
           and
           the
           meanness
           of
           his
           Extraction
           .
        
         
           Alexander
           decamping
           from
           hence
           ,
           had
           a
           
           mind
           to
           see
           the
           Ocean
           ;
           to
           which
           purpose
           he
           caus'd
           a
           great
           many
           Vessels
           with
           Oars
           ,
           and
           small
           Boats
           to
           be
           built
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           fell
           gently
           down
           the
           Rivers
           ,
           making
           Merry
           as
           he
           went
           ,
           and
           order'd
           it
           so
           ,
           that
           his
           Navigation
           was
           neither
           unprofitable
           nor
           unactive
           ;
           for
           by
           making
           several
           Descents
           ,
           he
           took
           in
           the
           Fortifi'd
           Towns
           ,
           and
           consequently
           the
           Country
           on
           both
           sides
           .
           But
           
           at
           the
           Siege
           of
           a
           City
           of
           the
           Mallians
           ,
           who
           are
           the
           valiantest
           People
           of
           India
           ,
           he
           ran
           great
           danger
           of
           his
           Life
           ;
           for
           having
           beaten
           off
           the
           Defendants
           with
           showers
           of
           Arrows
           ,
           he
           was
           the
           first
           Man
           that
           mounted
           the
           Wall
           by
           a
           scaling
           Ladder
           ,
           which
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           was
           up
           ,
           broke
           ,
           and
           left
           him
           almost
           alone
           exposed
           to
           the
           Darts
           ,
           which
           the
           Barbarians
           threw
           at
           him
           in
           great
           numbers
           from
           below
           .
           In
           this
           Distress
           ,
           turning
           himself
           as
           well
           as
           
           he
           could
           ,
           he
           leaped
           down
           in
           the
           midst
           of
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           and
           had
           the
           good
           Fortune
           to
           light
           upon
           his
           Feet
           .
           The
           brightness
           and
           clattering
           of
           his
           Armour
           ,
           when
           he
           came
           to
           the
           Ground
           ,
           made
           the
           Barbarians
           think
           ,
           they
           saw
           Rays
           of
           Light
           ,
           or
           some
           Phantom
           playing
           before
           his
           Body
           ,
           which
           frighted
           them
           so
           at
           first
           ,
           that
           they
           ran
           away
           and
           dispers'd
           themselves
           ,
           till
           seeing
           him
           seconded
           but
           by
           two
           of
           his
           Guards
           ,
           they
           fell
           upon
           him
           Hand
           to
           Hand
           ,
           and
           though
           he
           defended
           himself
           very
           bravely
           ,
           wounded
           him
           through
           his
           Armour
           with
           their
           Swords
           and
           Spears
           .
           One
           who
           stood
           farther
           off
           ,
           drew
           a
           Bow
           with
           such
           just
           Strength
           ,
           that
           the
           Arrow
           finding
           its
           way
           through
           his
           Cuirass
           ,
           stuck
           in
           his
           Ribs
           under
           the
           Breast
           .
           This
           stroke
           was
           so
           violent
           ,
           that
           it
           made
           him
           give
           back
           ,
           and
           set
           one
           Knee
           to
           the
           Ground
           ,
           which
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           that
           Shot
           him
           perceiv'd
           ,
           he
           came
           up
           to
           him
           with
           his
           drawn
           Scimitar
           ,
           thinking
           to
           dispatch
           him
           ,
           and
           had
           done
           it
           ,
           if
           Peucestes
           and
           Limnaeus
           had
           not
           interpos'd
           ,
           who
           were
           both
           wounded
           ,
           Limnaeus
           mortally
           ,
           but
           Peucestes
           stood
           his
           Ground
           ,
           while
           Alexander
           kill'd
           the
           Barbarian
           .
           But
           this
           did
           not
           free
           him
           from
           danger
           ;
           for
           besides
           many
           other
           Wounds
           ,
           at
           last
           he
           receiv'd
           so
           weighty
           
           a
           stroke
           of
           a
           Club
           upon
           his
           Neck
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           forc'd
           to
           lean
           his
           Body
           against
           the
           Wall
           ,
           yet
           still
           look'd
           undauntedly
           upon
           
           the
           Enemy
           .
           When
           he
           was
           reduc'd
           to
           this
           Extremity
           ,
           the
           Macedonians
           breaking
           in
           to
           his
           Assistance
           ,
           very
           opportunely
           took
           him
           up
           ,
           just
           as
           he
           was
           fainting
           away
           ,
           having
           lost
           all
           sense
           of
           what
           was
           done
           near
           him
           ,
           and
           convey'd
           him
           to
           his
           Tent
           ,
           upon
           which
           it
           was
           presently
           reported
           all
           over
           the
           Camp
           that
           he
           was
           dead
           .
           But
           when
           they
           had
           with
           great
           difficulty
           and
           pains
           saw'd
           out
           the
           Shaft
           of
           the
           Arrow
           which
           was
           of
           Wood
           ,
           and
           so
           with
           much
           ado
           got
           off
           his
           Cuirass
           ,
           they
           came
           to
           cut
           the
           Head
           of
           it
           ,
           which
           was
           three
           fingers
           broad
           ,
           and
           four
           long
           ,
           and
           stuck
           fast
           in
           the
           Bone.
           During
           the
           Operation
           ,
           he
           was
           taken
           with
           almost
           mortal
           Swoonings
           ,
           but
           when
           it
           was
           out
           ,
           he
           came
           to
           himself
           again
           .
           Yet
           though
           all
           Danger
           was
           past
           ,
           he
           continued
           very
           weak
           ,
           and
           confin'd
           himself
           a
           great
           while
           to
           a
           regular
           Diet
           ,
           and
           the
           method
           of
           his
           Cure
           ,
           till
           one
           day
           hearing
           the
           Macedonians
           were
           so
           desirous
           to
           see
           him
           ,
           that
           they
           were
           ready
           to
           mutiny
           ,
           he
           put
           on
           his
           Robe
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           had
           shew'd
           himself
           to
           them
           ,
           and
           sacrific'd
           to
           the
           Gods
           ,
           without
           more
           delay
           he
           went
           on
           Board
           again
           ,
           and
           as
           he
           coasted
           along
           ,
           subdued
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           the
           Country
           on
           both
           sides
           ,
           and
           took
           in
           several
           considerable
           Cities
           .
        
         
         
           In
           this
           Voyage
           he
           took
           10
           of
           the
           Indian
           
           Philosophers
           Prisoners
           ,
           who
           had
           been
           most
           active
           in
           perswading
           Sabbas
           to
           Rebel
           ,
           and
           besides
           that
           had
           done
           the
           Macedonians
           abundance
           of
           Mischief
           .
           These
           Men
           ,
           because
           they
           go
           stark
           naked
           ,
           are
           call'd
           Gymnosophists
           ,
           and
           are
           reputed
           to
           be
           extremely
           sharp
           and
           succinct
           in
           their
           Answers
           to
           whatsoever
           is
           propounded
           to
           them
           ,
           which
           he
           made
           tryal
           of
           ,
           by
           putting
           difficult
           Questions
           to
           them
           ,
           withal
           letting
           them
           know
           ,
           that
           those
           whose
           Answers
           were
           not
           pertinent
           ,
           should
           be
           put
           to
           death
           ,
           of
           which
           he
           made
           the
           eldest
           of
           them
           Judge
           .
           The
           first
           being
           ask'd
           ,
           
             Which
             he
             thought
             most
             numerous
             ,
             the
             Dead
             or
             the
             Living
             ?
          
           Answer'd
           ,
           
             The
             Living
             ,
             because
             those
             who
             are
             dead
             ,
             are
             not
             at
             all
             .
          
           Of
           the
           second
           ,
           he
           desir'd
           to
           know
           ,
           
             Whether
             the
             Sea
             or
             Land
             produc'd
             the
             largest
             Beasts
             ?
          
           Who
           told
           him
           ,
           
             The
             Land
             ,
             for
             the
             Sea
             was
             but
             a
             part
             of
             it
             .
          
           His
           Question
           to
           the
           third
           was
           ,
           
             Which
             was
             the
             craftiest
             Animal
             ?
             That
             ,
          
           said
           he
           ,
           
             which
             Mankind
             is
             not
             yet
             acquainted
             with
             .
          
           He
           bid
           the
           fourth
           tell
           him
           ,
           
             What
             Arguments
             he
             us'd
             to
          
           Sabbas
           
             to
             perswade
             him
             to
             Revolt
             ?
             No
             other
             ,
          
           said
           he
           ,
           
             than
             that
             he
             should
             live
             with
             Honour
             ,
             or
             perish
             in
             the
             Attempt
             .
          
           Of
           the
           fifth
           he
           ask'd
           ,
           
             Which
             was
             eldest
             ,
             Night
             or
             Day
             ?
          
           The
           Philosopher
           reply'd
           ,
           
             Day
             was
             eldest
             ,
             by
             one
             day
             at
             least
             :
          
           but
           perceiving
           Alexander
           not
           well
           satisfied
           with
           that
           Account
           ,
           he
           added
           ,
           
           
             That
             he
             ought
             not
             to
             wonder
             ,
             if
             strange
             Questions
             had
             as
             odd
             Answers
             made
             to
             th●●
             ▪
          
           Then
           he
           went
           on
           ,
           and
           enquir'd
           of
           the
           next
           ,
           
             What
             a
             Man
             should
             do
             to
             be
             exceedingly
             b●lov'd
             ?
             He
             must
             be
             very
             powerful
             ,
          
           said
           he
           ,
           
             without
             making
             himself
             too
             much
             fear'd
             .
          
           The
           Answer
           of
           the
           seventh
           to
           his
           Question
           ,
           
             How
             a
             Man
             might
             be
             a
             God
             ?
          
           was
           ,
           
             If
             he
             could
             do
             that
             which
             was
             impossible
             for
             Men
             to
             perform
             .
          
           The
           eighth
           told
           him
           ,
           
             Life
             was
             stronger
             than
             Death
             ,
             because
             it
             supported
             so
             many
             Miseries
             .
          
           And
           the
           last
           being
           ask'd
           ,
           
             How
             long
             he
             thought
             it
             decent
             for
             a
             Man
             to
             live
             ?
          
           said
           ,
           
             Till
             Death
             appear'd
             more
             desirable
             than
             Life
             .
          
           Then
           Alexander
           turn'd
           to
           him
           whom
           he
           had
           made
           Judge
           ,
           and
           commanded
           him
           to
           give
           Sentence
           .
           
             All
             that
             I
             can
             determine
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             is
             ,
             that
             they
             have
             every
             one
             answer'd
             worse
             than
             another
             .
             No
             ,
             that
             they
             have
             not
             ,
          
           said
           the
           King
           ,
           
             but
             however
             thou
             shalt
             die
             first
             ,
             because
             thou
             judgest
             so
             ill
             .
             You
             will
             not
             deal
             so
             with
             me
             ,
             Sir
             ,
          
           reply'd
           the
           Gymnosophist
           ,
           
             if
             you
             intend
             to
             be
             as
             goad
             as
             your
             word
             ,
             which
             was
             ,
             that
             he
             should
             die
             first
             who
             answer'd
             worst
             ,
             which
             I
             have
             not
             done
             ,
             for
             you
             have
             not
             ask'd
             me
             any
             Question
             .
          
           In
           conclusion
           ,
           he
           gave
           them
           Presents
           ,
           and
           dismiss'd
           them
           .
           But
           to
           those
           who
           were
           in
           greatest
           Reputation
           among
           them
           ,
           and
           liv'd
           a
           private
           ,
           quiet
           Life
           ,
           he
           sent
           Onesicritus
           ,
           one
           of
           Diogenes
           the
           Cynicks
           Disciples
           ,
           desiring
           them
           to
           come
           to
           him
           .
           Calanus
           
           very
           arrogantly
           and
           rudely
           commanded
           
           him
           
             to
             strip
             himself
             and
             hear
             what
             he
             said
             ,
             naked
             ,
             otherwise
             he
             would
             not
             speak
             a
             word
             to
             him
             ,
             though
             he
             came
             from
          
           Jupiter
           himself
           .
           But
           Dandamis
           receiv'd
           him
           with
           more
           Civility
           ,
           and
           hearing
           him
           discourse
           of
           
             Socrates
             ,
             Pythagoras
          
           ,
           and
           Diogenes
           ,
           told
           him
           ,
           
             He
             thought
             them
             Men
             of
             great
             Parts
             ,
             and
             to
             have
             err'd
             in
             nothing
             so
             much
             ,
             as
             in
             having
             too
             great
             Respect
             for
             the
             Laws
             and
             Constitutions
             of
             their
             Country
             .
          
           Others
           say
           ,
           he
           only
           adk'd
           him
           the
           Reason
           ,
           Why
           Alexander
           
             undertook
             so
             long
             a
             Voyage
             to
             come
             into
             those
             Parts
             ?
             Taxiles
          
           perswaded
           Calanus
           to
           wait
           upon
           Alexander
           ;
           his
           proper
           Name
           was
           Sphines
           ,
           but
           because
           he
           was
           wont
           to
           say
           Cale
           ,
           which
           in
           the
           
           IndianTongue
           signifies
           ,
           
             God
             save
             you
          
           ,
           when
           he
           saluted
           those
           he
           met
           with
           any
           where
           ,
           the
           Graecians
           call'd
           him
           Calanus
           .
           He
           is
           said
           to
           have
           shewn
           Alexander
           an
           instructive
           Emblem
           of
           Government
           ,
           which
           was
           this
           :
           He
           
           threw
           a
           dry
           shrivel'd
           Hide
           upon
           the
           Ground
           ,
           and
           trod
           upon
           the
           edge
           of
           it
           ;
           the
           Skin
           when
           it
           was
           press'd
           in
           one
           place
           ,
           still
           rose
           up
           in
           another
           ,
           wheresoever
           he
           trod
           round
           about
           it
           ,
           till
           he
           set
           his
           foot
           in
           the
           middle
           ,
           which
           made
           all
           the
           Parts
           lye
           even
           and
           quiet
           .
           The
           meaning
           of
           this
           Similitude
           was
           ,
           That
           he
           ought
           to
           reside
           most
           in
           the
           middle
           and
           Heart
           of
           his
           Empire
           ,
           and
           not
           spend
           too
           much
           time
           on
           the
           Borders
           of
           it
           .
        
         
         
           His
           Voyage
           down
           the
           Rivers
           took
           up
           seven
           Months
           time
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           came
           to
           the
           Sea
           ,
           he
           sail'd
           to
           an
           Island
           which
           he
           call'd
           Scillustis
           ,
           others
           Psiltucis
           ,
           where
           going
           
           ashore
           ,
           he
           sacrificed
           ,
           and
           made
           what
           Observations
           he
           could
           of
           the
           Nature
           of
           the
           Sea
           ,
           and
           the
           Sea-coast
           .
           Then
           having
           besought
           the
           Gods
           ,
           that
           no
           other
           Man
           might
           ever
           go
           beyond
           the
           Bounds
           of
           this
           Expedition
           ,
           he
           order'd
           his
           Fleet
           ,
           of
           which
           he
           made
           Nearchus
           Admiral
           ,
           and
           Onesicritas
           Pilot
           ,
           to
           sail
           round
           about
           ,
           leaving
           India
           on
           the
           right
           hand
           ,
           and
           return'd
           himself
           by
           Land
           through
           the
           Country
           of
           the
           Ori●es
           ,
           where
           he
           was
           reduc'd
           to
           great
           Straits
           for
           want
           of
           Provisions
           ,
           and
           lost
           abundance
           of
           Men
           ,
           so
           that
           of
           an
           Army
           of
           120000
           Foot
           ,
           and
           in
           ●000
           Horse
           ,
           
           he
           searce
           brought
           back
           above
           a
           fourth
           part
           out
           of
           India
           ,
           they
           were
           so
           diminish'd
           by
           Diseases
           ,
           ill
           Diet
           ,
           and
           the
           scorching
           Heats
           ,
           but
           most
           by
           Famine
           .
           For
           then
           March
           was
           through
           an
           uncultivated
           Country
           ,
           whose
           Inhabitants
           far'd
           hardly
           ,
           and
           had
           none
           but
           a
           little
           ill
           Breed
           of
           Sheep
           ,
           whose
           Flesh
           was
           rank
           and
           unsavory
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           their
           continual
           feeding
           upon
           Sea-fish
           .
        
         
           After
           60
           days
           March
           he
           came
           into
           Gedrosia
           ,
           where
           he
           found
           great
           Plenty
           of
           all
           things
           ,
           which
           the
           neighbouring
           Kings
           ,
           and
           Governors
           of
           Provinces
           ,
           hearing
           of
           his
           Approach
           ,
           had
           taken
           care
           to
           provide
           .
           From
           
           hence
           when
           he
           had
           reinforc'd
           his
           Army
           ,
           he
           
           continued
           his
           March
           through
           Carmania
           ,
           feasting
           all
           the
           way
           for
           seven
           days
           together
           .
           He
           ,
           with
           his
           most
           intimate
           Friends
           ,
           Banquetted
           and
           Revell'd
           night
           and
           day
           ,
           upon
           a
           Stage
           ,
           erected
           on
           a
           lofty
           conspicuous
           Scaffold
           ,
           which
           with
           a
           slow
           ,
           majestick
           Pace
           ,
           was
           drawn
           by
           8
           Horses
           .
           This
           was
           follow'd
           by
           a
           great
           many
           Chariots
           ,
           whereof
           some
           were
           cover'd
           with
           Tapistry
           of
           Purple
           ,
           and
           other
           Colours
           ,
           and
           some
           with
           green
           Boughs
           ,
           which
           were
           supplied
           with
           fresh
           as
           they
           wither'd
           ,
           and
           in
           them
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Friends
           and
           Commanders
           drinking
           ,
           and
           crown'd
           with
           Garlands
           and
           Flowers
           .
           Here
           was
           now
           no
           Target
           or
           Helmet
           ,
           no
           Spear
           to
           be
           seen
           ,
           instead
           of
           Armour
           ,
           the
           Soldiers
           handled
           nothing
           but
           Cups
           and
           Goblets
           ,
           and
           drinking
           Bowls
           of
           Thericles
           his
           Make
           ,
           which
           they
           dipp'd
           into
           larger
           Vessels
           ,
           and
           drank
           Healths
           to
           one
           another
           ,
           some
           sitting
           close
           to
           it
           ,
           others
           as
           they
           went
           along
           .
           All
           Places
           resounded
           with
           Musick
           of
           Pipes
           and
           Flutes
           ,
           with
           Odes
           and
           Songs
           ,
           and
           Women
           dancing
           ,
           as
           in
           the
           Rites
           of
           Bacchus
           ;
           for
           this
           disorderly
           wandring
           March
           ,
           besides
           the
           drinking
           part
           of
           it
           ,
           was
           accompanied
           with
           all
           the
           Loosness
           and
           Insolence
           of
           Bacchanals
           ,
           as
           much
           as
           if
           the
           God
           himself
           had
           been
           there
           to
           countenance
           and
           carry
           on
           the
           Debauch
           .
           As
           soon
           as
           he
           came
           to
           the
           Royal
           
           Palace
           of
           Gedrosia
           ,
           he
           again
           refresh'd
           and
           feasted
           his
           Army
           ,
           and
           one
           day
           after
           he
           had
           drank
           pretty
           hard
           ,
           (
           it
           is
           said
           )
           went
           to
           see
           a
           Prize
           of
           Dancing
           contended
           for
           ,
           in
           which
           
           his
           Minion
           Bagoas
           ,
           who
           defrayed
           the
           expence
           of
           it
           ,
           having
           the
           Victory
           ,
           cross'd
           the
           Theater
           in
           his
           Dancing
           Habit
           ,
           and
           sate
           down
           close
           by
           him
           ,
           which
           so
           pleas'd
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           that
           they
           made
           loud
           Acclamations
           
           for
           him
           to
           kiss
           Bagoas
           ,
           and
           never
           left
           clapping
           their
           Hands
           and
           shouting
           ,
           till
           Alexander
           took
           him
           about
           the
           Neck
           ,
           and
           kiss'd
           him
           .
        
         
           Here
           his
           Admiral
           Nearchus
           came
           to
           him
           ,
           
           and
           delighted
           him
           so
           with
           the
           Relation
           of
           his
           Voyage
           ,
           that
           he
           resolv'd
           himself
           to
           sail
           out
           of
           the
           mouth
           of
           Euphrates
           with
           a
           great
           Fleet
           ,
           with
           which
           he
           design'd
           to
           go
           round
           by
           Arabia
           and
           Lybia
           ,
           and
           so
           by
           
             Hercules
             his
             Pillars
          
           into
           the
           Mediteranean
           ;
           in
           order
           to
           which
           ,
           he
           directed
           all
           sorts
           of
           Vessels
           to
           be
           built
           at
           Thapsacus
           ,
           and
           made
           great
           provision
           every
           where
           of
           Sea-men
           and
           Pilots
           .
           But
           it
           fell
           out
           unluckily
           for
           this
           Enterprize
           ,
           that
           the
           Report
           of
           the
           Difficulties
           he
           went
           through
           in
           his
           Indian
           Expedition
           ,
           the
           danger
           of
           his
           Person
           among
           the
           Mallians
           ,
           the
           loss
           of
           a
           considerable
           part
           of
           his
           Forces
           ,
           and
           the
           general
           opinion
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           hardly
           return
           in
           safety
           ,
           occasion'd
           the
           Revolt
           of
           many
           conquer'd
           Nations
           ,
           and
           
           made
           the
           Commanders
           and
           Lieurenants
           in
           several
           Provinces
           ,
           presume
           to
           oppress
           the
           People
           with
           extream
           Injustice
           ,
           Avarice
           ,
           and
           Insolence
           .
           So
           that
           there
           seem'd
           to
           be
           an
           universal
           fluctuation
           and
           disposition
           to
           Change.
           Olympias
           and
           Cleopatra
           rais'd
           a
           
           Faction
           against
           Antipater
           ,
           and
           shar'd
           his
           Government
           between
           them
           ,
           Olympias
           seizing
           upon
           Epirus
           and
           Cleopatra
           upon
           Macedonia
           .
           When
           Alexander
           was
           told
           of
           it
           ,
           he
           said
           ,
           
             His
             Mother
             had
             made
             the
             best
             choice
             ,
             for
             the
          
           Macedonians
           
             would
             never
             endure
             to
             be
             rul'd
             by
             a
             Woman
             .
          
           Upon
           this
           he
           dispatch'd
           Nearchus
           again
           to
           the
           Fleet
           ,
           intending
           to
           carry
           the
           War
           into
           the
           maritime
           Provinces
           ,
           and
           as
           he
           march'd
           that
           way
           himself
           ,
           he
           punish'd
           those
           Commanders
           who
           had
           not
           behav'd
           themselves
           well
           ,
           particularly
           Oxyartes
           ,
           one
           of
           Abulites
           his
           Sons
           ,
           whom
           he
           kill'd
           with
           his
           own
           hand
           ,
           thrusting
           him
           through
           the
           Body
           with
           his
           Spear
           .
           And
           when
           Abulites
           ,
           instead
           of
           the
           necessary
           Provisions
           which
           he
           ought
           to
           have
           furnish'd
           ,
           brought
           him
           3000
           Talents
           in
           Money
           ready
           coin'd
           ,
           he
           order'd
           it
           to
           be
           thrown
           to
           his
           Horses
           ,
           who
           not
           meddling
           with
           it
           ;
           
             What
             good
             does
             this
             Provision
             do
             me
             ?
          
           said
           he
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           sent
           him
           away
           to
           Prison
           .
        
         
           When
           he
           came
           into
           Persia
           ,
           he
           distributed
           
           Money
           among
           the
           Women
           ,
           as
           their
           own
           Kings
           were
           wont
           to
           do
           ,
           who
           ,
           as
           often
           as
           
           they
           came
           thither
           ,
           gave
           every
           one
           of
           them
           a
           Crown
           ,
           for
           which
           Reason
           some
           of
           them
           came
           but
           seldom
           ,
           and
           Ochus
           was
           so
           sordidly
           Covetous
           ,
           that
           to
           avoid
           this
           Expence
           ,
           he
           never
           visited
           Persia
           all
           his
           Life
           ,
           though
           it
           was
           his
           Native
           Country
           .
        
         
           Then
           finding
           Cyrus
           his
           Sepulcher
           open'd
           ,
           
           and
           rifled
           ,
           he
           put
           Polymachus
           ,
           who
           did
           it
           to
           death
           ,
           though
           he
           was
           a
           Man
           of
           Quality
           ,
           and
           born
           at
           Pella
           in
           Macedonia
           :
           and
           after
           he
           had
           read
           the
           Inscription
           ,
           he
           caus'd
           it
           to
           be
           cut
           again
           below
           the
           old
           one
           in
           Greek
           Characters
           ;
           the
           words
           were
           these
           :
           
             O
             Man
             ,
             whosoever
             thou
             art
             ,
             and
             from
             whencesoever
             thou
             comest
             ,
             (
             for
             I
             know
             thou
             wilt
             come
             )
             I
             am
          
           Cyrus
           ,
           
             the
             Founder
             of
             the
          
           Persian
           
             Empire
             ;
             do
             not
             envy
             me
             this
             little
             quantity
             of
             Earth
             which
             covers
             my
             Body
             .
          
           The
           reading
           of
           this
           sensibly
           
           touch'd
           Alexander
           ,
           causing
           him
           to
           reflect
           seriously
           upon
           the
           incertainty
           and
           mutability
           of
           humane
           Affairs
           .
           At
           the
           same
           time
           Calanus
           having
           been
           a
           little
           while
           troubled
           with
           a
           Loosness
           ,
           requested
           he
           might
           have
           a
           Funeral
           Pile
           erected
           ,
           to
           which
           he
           came
           on
           Horseback
           ,
           and
           after
           he
           had
           said
           some
           Prayers
           ,
           and
           sprinkled
           himself
           ,
           and
           cut
           off
           some
           of
           his
           Hair
           to
           throw
           into
           the
           Fire
           ,
           as
           was
           usual
           on
           such
           occasions
           ;
           before
           he
           ascended
           it
           ,
           he
           embrac'd
           and
           took
           leave
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           who
           stood
           by
           ,
           desiring
           them
           to
           pass
           that
           day
           in
           Mirth
           and
           
           good
           Fellowship
           with
           their
           King
           ,
           whom
           in
           a
           little
           time
           ,
           he
           said
           ,
           he
           doubted
           not
           but
           to
           see
           again
           at
           Babylon
           .
           Having
           thus
           said
           ,
           he
           lay
           down
           ,
           and
           covering
           himself
           ,
           he
           stirr'd
           
           not
           when
           the
           Fire
           came
           near
           him
           ,
           but
           continued
           still
           in
           the
           same
           posture
           as
           at
           first
           ,
           and
           so
           sacrific'd
           himself
           ,
           as
           it
           was
           the
           ancient
           Custom
           of
           the
           Philosophers
           in
           those
           Countreys
           to
           do
           .
           The
           same
           thing
           was
           done
           long
           after
           by
           another
           Indian
           ,
           who
           came
           with
           Caesar
           to
           Athens
           ,
           where
           they
           still
           shew
           you
           the
           Indians
           Monument
           .
           At
           his
           return
           from
           the
           Funeral
           Pile
           ,
           Alexander
           invited
           a
           great
           many
           of
           his
           Friends
           and
           principal
           Officers
           to
           Supper
           ,
           
           and
           propos'd
           a
           Drinking-match
           ,
           in
           which
           the
           Victor
           should
           be
           crown'd
           .
           Promachus
           drank
           18
           Quarts
           of
           Wine
           ,
           and
           won
           the
           Prize
           which
           weigh'd
           a
           talent
           ,
           from
           them
           all
           ;
           but
           he
           surviv'd
           his
           Victory
           but
           three
           days
           ,
           and
           was
           followed
           ,
           as
           Chares
           says
           ,
           by
           41
           more
           ,
           who
           died
           of
           the
           same
           Debauch
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           severe
           Frost
           which
           happen'd
           at
           that
           time
           .
        
         
           At
           Susa
           he
           married
           Darius
           his
           Daughter
           
           Statira
           ,
           and
           celebrated
           the
           Nuptials
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           bestowing
           the
           noblest
           of
           the
           Persian
           Ladies
           upon
           the
           worthiest
           of
           them
           ,
           withal
           making
           a
           very
           splendid
           Entertainment
           for
           all
           the
           Macedonians
           who
           were
           married
           before
           ;
           at
           which
           ,
           it
           is
           reported
           ,
           there
           were
           no
           less
           than
           9000
           Guests
           ,
           to
           each
           of
           whom
           he
           gave
           
           a
           golden
           Cup
           ,
           for
           them
           to
           use
           in
           their
           Libations
           of
           Wine
           to
           the
           Honour
           of
           the
           Gods.
           Not
           to
           mention
           other
           Instances
           of
           his
           wonderful
           Magnificence
           ,
           he
           paid
           the
           Debts
           of
           
           his
           whole
           Army
           ,
           which
           amounted
           to
           9870
           Talents
           .
           But
           there
           was
           one
           Antigenes
           ,
           who
           had
           lost
           one
           of
           his
           Eyes
           ,
           though
           he
           ow'd
           nothing
           ,
           got
           his
           Name
           set
           down
           in
           the
           List
           of
           those
           who
           were
           in
           Debt
           ,
           and
           bringing
           one
           who
           pretended
           to
           be
           his
           Creditor
           ,
           to
           the
           Banquiers
           Table
           ,
           receiv'd
           the
           Money
           .
           But
           when
           the
           Cheat
           was
           found
           out
           ,
           the
           King
           was
           so
           incens'd
           at
           it
           ,
           that
           he
           banish'd
           him
           from
           Court
           ,
           and
           took
           away
           his
           Command
           though
           he
           was
           an
           excellent
           Souldier
           and
           a
           Man
           of
           great
           Courage
           .
           For
           when
           he
           was
           but
           a
           Youth
           ,
           and
           serv'd
           under
           Philip
           at
           the
           Siege
           of
           Perinthus
           ,
           where
           he
           was
           wounded
           in
           the
           Eye
           by
           an
           Arrow
           shot
           out
           of
           an
           Engine
           ,
           he
           would
           neither
           let
           the
           Arrow
           be
           taken
           out
           ,
           or
           be
           perswaded
           to
           quit
           the
           Field
           ,
           till
           he
           had
           bravely
           repuls'd
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           and
           forc'd
           them
           to
           retire
           into
           the
           Town
           .
           A
           Man
           of
           his
           Spirit
           was
           not
           able
           to
           support
           such
           a
           Disgrace
           with
           any
           Patience
           ,
           and
           certainly
           Grief
           and
           Despair
           would
           have
           made
           him
           kill
           himself
           ,
           but
           that
           the
           King
           
           fearing
           it
           ,
           not
           only
           pardon'd
           him
           ,
           but
           let
           him
           also
           enjoy
           the
           Benefit
           of
           his
           Deceit
           .
        
         
           The
           30000
           Boys
           which
           he
           left
           behind
           him
           
           to
           be
           taught
           the
           use
           of
           their
           Arms
           ▪
           and
           military
           
           Discipline
           ,
           were
           so
           improv'd
           at
           his
           return
           both
           in
           Strength
           and
           Beauty
           ,
           and
           perform'd
           their
           Exercises
           with
           such
           Dexterity
           ,
           and
           wonderful
           Agility
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           extreamly
           pleas'd
           with
           them
           ;
           which
           griev'd
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           and
           made
           them
           fear
           he
           would
           have
           the
           less
           Esteem
           for
           them
           .
           And
           when
           he
           was
           sending
           away
           the
           infirm
           and
           maim'd
           Soldiers
           
           to
           Sea
           ,
           they
           said
           ,
           they
           were
           unjustly
           and
           infamously
           dealt
           with
           ,
           after
           they
           were
           worn
           out
           in
           his
           service
           upon
           all
           occasions
           ,
           now
           to
           be
           turn'd
           away
           with
           Disgrace
           ,
           and
           sent
           home
           into
           their
           Country
           among
           their
           Friends
           and
           Relations
           ,
           in
           a
           worse
           condition
           than
           when
           they
           came
           out
           ;
           therefore
           they
           desir'd
           him
           one
           and
           all
           to
           dismiss
           them
           ,
           and
           to
           account
           his
           Macedonians
           useless
           ,
           now
           he
           was
           so
           well
           furnished
           with
           dancing
           Boys
           ,
           with
           whom
           ,
           if
           he
           pleased
           ,
           he
           might
           go
           on
           ,
           and
           conquer
           the
           World.
           These
           Speeches
           so
           enraged
           Alexander
           ,
           that
           after
           he
           had
           given
           them
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           reproachful
           Language
           in
           his
           Passion
           ,
           he
           drave
           them
           away
           ,
           and
           committed
           the
           Watch
           to
           Persians
           ,
           out
           of
           whom
           
           he
           chose
           his
           Life-guard
           ,
           and
           Serjeants
           at
           Arms.
           When
           the
           Macedonians
           saw
           him
           attended
           by
           these
           Men
           ,
           and
           themselves
           excluded
           ,
           and
           shamefully
           disgrac'd
           ,
           their
           high
           Spirits
           fell
           ,
           and
           upon
           Discourse
           with
           one
           another
           ,
           they
           found
           that
           Jealousie
           and
           Rage
           had
           almost
           distracted
           them
           .
           But
           at
           last
           
           coming
           to
           themselves
           again
           ,
           they
           went
           without
           their
           Arms
           ,
           almost
           naked
           ,
           crying
           and
           weeping
           to
           offer
           themselves
           at
           his
           Tent
           ,
           and
           desired
           him
           to
           deal
           with
           them
           as
           their
           Baseness
           and
           Ingratitude
           deserv'd
           .
           However
           this
           would
           not
           prevail
           ;
           for
           though
           his
           Anger
           was
           already
           something
           mollified
           ,
           yet
           he
           would
           not
           admit
           them
           into
           his
           presence
           ,
           nor
           would
           they
           stir
           from
           thence
           ,
           but
           continued
           two
           days
           and
           nights
           before
           his
           Tent
           ,
           bewailing
           themselves
           ,
           and
           imploring
           him
           
           their
           Sovereign
           Lord
           to
           have
           compassion
           on
           them
           .
           But
           the
           third
           day
           he
           came
           out
           to
           them
           ,
           and
           seeing
           them
           very
           humble
           and
           penitent
           ,
           he
           wept
           himself
           a
           great
           while
           ,
           and
           after
           a
           gentle
           Reproof
           spoke
           kindly
           to
           them
           ,
           and
           dismissed
           those
           who
           were
           unserviceable
           ,
           
           with
           magnificent
           Rewards
           :
           And
           this
           Recommendation
           to
           Antipater
           ;
           that
           when
           they
           came
           into
           Greece
           ,
           at
           all
           publick
           Shews
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           Theaters
           ,
           they
           should
           sit
           on
           the
           best
           and
           foremost
           Seats
           ,
           crown'd
           with
           Chaplets
           of
           Flowers
           ,
           and
           order'd
           the
           Children
           of
           those
           who
           had
           lost
           their
           Lives
           in
           his
           Service
           ,
           to
           have
           their
           Fathers
           Pay
           continued
           to
           them
           .
        
         
           When
           he
           came
           to
           Ecbatana
           in
           Media
           ,
           and
           had
           dispatched
           his
           most
           urgent
           Affairs
           ,
           he
           fell
           to
           divert
           himself
           again
           with
           Spectacles
           ,
           and
           publick
           Entertainments
           ,
           to
           carry
           on
           which
           ,
           he
           had
           a
           Supply
           of
           3000
           Actors
           newly
           
           arriv'd
           out
           of
           Greece
           .
           But
           they
           were
           soon
           
           interrupted
           by
           
           Hephestion's
           falling
           sick
           of
           a
           Fever
           ,
           in
           which
           being
           a
           young
           Man
           ,
           and
           a
           Soldier
           too
           ,
           he
           could
           not
           confine
           himself
           to
           so
           exact
           a
           Diet
           as
           was
           necessary
           ;
           for
           whilst
           his
           Physician
           Glaucus
           was
           gone
           to
           the
           Theater
           ,
           he
           eat
           a
           boyl'd
           Cock
           for
           his
           Dinner
           ,
           and
           drank
           a
           large
           draught
           of
           Wine
           ,
           upon
           
           which
           he
           grew
           worse
           ,
           and
           died
           in
           a
           few
           days
           .
           At
           this
           Misfortune
           Alexander
           was
           so
           beyond
           all
           Reason
           transported
           ,
           that
           to
           express
           his
           Sorrow
           ,
           he
           presently
           order'd
           the
           Manes
           and
           Tails
           of
           all
           his
           Horses
           and
           Mules
           to
           be
           cut
           ,
           and
           threw
           down
           the
           Battlements
           of
           the
           neighbouring
           Cities
           .
           The
           poor
           Physician
           he
           Crucified
           ,
           and
           forbad
           playing
           on
           the
           Flute
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           Musical
           Instrument
           ,
           in
           the
           Camp
           a
           great
           while
           ,
           till
           the
           Oracle
           of
           
             Jupiter
             Ammon
          
           enjoyn'd
           him
           to
           Honour
           Hephestion
           ,
           and
           sacrifice
           to
           him
           as
           to
           an
           Horo
           .
           Then
           seeking
           to
           alleviate
           his
           Grief
           in
           War
           ,
           he
           set
           out
           as
           if
           he
           were
           to
           go
           a
           Man-hunting
           ;
           for
           he
           fell
           upon
           the
           Cussaeans
           ,
           and
           put
           
           the
           whole
           Nation
           to
           the
           Sword
           ,
           not
           sparing
           so
           much
           as
           the
           Children
           .
           This
           was
           call'd
           a
           Sacrifice
           to
           
           Hephaestion's
           Ghost
           .
           In
           his
           Sepulcher
           and
           Monument
           ,
           and
           the
           adorning
           of
           them
           ,
           he
           intended
           to
           bestow
           10000
           Talents
           ;
           and
           that
           the
           excellency
           of
           the
           Artist
           ,
           and
           the
           curiosity
           of
           the
           Workmanship
           ,
           might
           go
           beyond
           the
           expence
           it self
           ,
           he
           rather
           chose
           to
           imploy
           Stasicrates
           than
           
           any
           other
           ,
           because
           he
           always
           promis'd
           something
           very
           bold
           and
           lofty
           ,
           and
           magnificent
           in
           his
           Designs
           .
           For
           in
           Discourse
           before
           he
           had
           told
           him
           ,
           That
           of
           all
           the
           Mountains
           
           he
           knew
           ,
           that
           of
           Athos
           in
           Thrace
           ,
           was
           the
           most
           capable
           of
           being
           contriv'd
           to
           represent
           the
           Shape
           and
           Lineaments
           of
           a
           Man.
           That
           if
           he
           pleas'd
           to
           command
           him
           ,
           he
           would
           make
           it
           the
           noblest
           and
           most
           durable
           Statue
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           which
           in
           its
           left
           Hand
           should
           hold
           a
           City
           of
           10000
           Inhabitants
           ,
           and
           out
           of
           its
           right
           should
           pour
           a
           copious
           River
           into
           the
           Sea.
           Though
           Alexander
           declin'd
           this
           Project
           ,
           yet
           now
           he
           spent
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           time
           with
           Workmen
           ,
           to
           invent
           and
           contrive
           others
           far
           more
           absurd
           and
           expensive
           .
        
         
           As
           he
           was
           upon
           his
           way
           to
           
             Babylon
             ,
             Nearchus
          
           ,
           
           who
           had
           sail'd
           back
           out
           of
           the
           Ocean
           ,
           by
           the
           mouth
           of
           the
           River
           Euphrates
           ,
           came
           to
           tell
           him
           ,
           he
           had
           met
           with
           some
           Chaldaean
           Diviners
           who
           warn'd
           him
           not
           to
           go
           thither
           .
           But
           Alexander
           slighted
           this
           Advertisement
           ,
           and
           went
           on
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           came
           near
           the
           Walls
           of
           the
           Place
           ,
           he
           saw
           a
           great
           many
           Crows
           fighting
           with
           one
           another
           ,
           whereof
           some
           fell
           down
           just
           by
           him
           .
           After
           this
           being
           privately
           inform'd
           ,
           that
           Apollodorus
           the
           Governor
           of
           Babylon
           had
           sacrific'd
           to
           know
           what
           would
           become
           of
           him
           ;
           he
           sent
           for
           Pythagoras
           the
           Soothsayer
           ,
           who
           
           not
           denying
           the
           thing
           ,
           he
           ask'd
           him
           in
           what
           condition
           he
           found
           the
           Victim
           ?
           and
           when
           he
           told
           him
           ,
           The
           Liver
           was
           defective
           in
           its
           Lobe
           ;
           a
           great
           Presage
           indeed
           ,
           said
           Alexander
           !
           However
           ,
           he
           offered
           Pythagoras
           no
           Injury
           ,
           but
           was
           much
           troubled
           that
           he
           had
           neglected
           Nearchus
           his
           Advice
           ,
           and
           therefore
           staid
           a
           great
           while
           without
           the
           Town
           ,
           removing
           his
           Tent
           from
           Place
           to
           Place
           ,
           and
           sailing
           up
           and
           down
           the
           Eupharates
           .
           Besides
           this
           ,
           he
           was
           disturbed
           by
           
           many
           other
           Prodigies
           .
           A
           tame
           Ass
           fell
           upon
           the
           biggest
           and
           handsomest
           Lyon
           that
           he
           kept
           ,
           and
           kicked
           him
           to
           Death
           .
           And
           one
           day
           undressing
           himself
           to
           be
           anointed
           ,
           and
           to
           play
           at
           Ball
           ,
           when
           he
           was
           putting
           his
           Cloaths
           on
           again
           ,
           the
           young
           Men
           who
           played
           with
           him
           ,
           perceived
           a
           Man
           clad
           in
           the
           King's
           Robes
           ,
           with
           the
           Diadem
           upon
           his
           Head
           ,
           sitting
           silently
           upon
           his
           Throne
           .
           They
           asked
           him
           ,
           Who
           he
           was
           ?
           To
           which
           he
           gave
           no
           Answer
           a
           good
           while
           ,
           till
           at
           last
           with
           much
           ado
           coming
           to
           himself
           ,
           he
           told
           them
           ,
           His
           Name
           was
           Dyonisius
           ;
           that
           he
           was
           of
           Messenia
           ;
           that
           for
           some
           Crime
           ,
           whereof
           he
           was
           accus'd
           ,
           he
           was
           brought
           thither
           from
           the
           Sea-side
           ,
           and
           had
           been
           kept
           long
           in
           Prison
           ;
           that
           Serapis
           appear'd
           to
           him
           ,
           had
           freed
           him
           from
           his
           Chains
           ,
           conducted
           him
           to
           that
           Place
           ,
           and
           commanded
           him
           to
           put
           on
           the
           King's
           Robe
           
           and
           Diadem
           ,
           and
           to
           sit
           where
           they
           found
           him
           ,
           and
           to
           say
           nothing
           .
           Alexander
           when
           he
           heard
           this
           ,
           by
           the
           direction
           of
           his
           Soothsayers
           put
           the
           Fellow
           to
           Death
           ,
           but
           from
           thenceforth
           desponded
           ,
           and
           grew
           diffident
           of
           the
           Protection
           and
           Assistance
           of
           the
           
           Gods
           ,
           and
           besides
           very
           suspicious
           of
           his
           Friends
           .
           His
           greatest
           apprehension
           was
           of
           Antipater
           and
           his
           Sons
           ,
           one
           of
           whom
           ,
           Iollas
           was
           his
           chief
           Cup-bearer
           ,
           the
           other
           nam'd
           Cassander
           ,
           was
           newly
           arriv'd
           out
           of
           Greèce
           ,
           and
           being
           bred
           up
           in
           the
           freedom
           of
           his
           Country
           ,
           the
           first
           time
           he
           saw
           some
           of
           the
           Barbarians
           adore
           the
           King
           ,
           could
           not
           forbear
           laughing
           at
           it
           aloud
           ;
           which
           so
           incens'd
           Alexander
           ,
           that
           he
           took
           him
           by
           the
           Hair
           with
           both
           Hands
           ,
           and
           violently
           knock'd
           his
           Head
           against
           the
           Wall.
           Another
           time
           Cassander
           would
           have
           said
           something
           in
           defence
           of
           Antipater
           ,
           to
           those
           who
           accus'd
           him
           ;
           but
           Alexander
           interrupting
           him
           ,
           
             What
             is
             't
             you
             say
             ?
             Do
             you
             think
             People
             ,
             if
             they
             had
             receiv'd
             no
             Injury
             ,
             would
             come
             such
             a
             Journey
             only
             to
             calumniate
             your
             Father
             ?
          
           To
           which
           when
           Cassander
           replied
           ,
           That
           this
           very
           thing
           
           was
           a
           great
           evidence
           of
           their
           Calumny
           ;
           Alexander
           smil'd
           and
           said
           ,
           Those
           were
           some
           of
           
           Aristotle's
           Sophisms
           ,
           which
           would
           serve
           equally
           on
           both
           sides
           ;
           and
           added
           ,
           That
           both
           he
           and
           his
           Father
           should
           be
           severely
           punish'd
           ,
           if
           they
           were
           found
           guilty
           of
           the
           
           least
           Injustice
           towards
           those
           who
           complain'd
           ;
           which
           ,
           upon
           the
           whole
           ,
           made
           such
           a
           deep
           impression
           of
           Fear
           in
           
           Cassander's
           Mind
           ,
           that
           long
           after
           when
           he
           was
           King
           of
           Macedonia
           ,
           and
           Master
           of
           Greece
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           walking
           up
           and
           down
           at
           Delphos
           ,
           and
           looking
           on
           the
           Statues
           ,
           at
           the
           sight
           of
           that
           of
           Alexander
           ,
           he
           was
           suddenly
           struck
           with
           Horrour
           ,
           and
           shook
           all
           over
           ,
           his
           Eyes
           rowl'd
           ,
           
           his
           Head
           grew
           dizzy
           ,
           and
           he
           had
           much
           ado
           to
           recover
           himself
           .
        
         
           When
           once
           Alexander
           gave
           way
           to
           Superstition
           ,
           his
           Mind
           grew
           so
           disturb'd
           and
           timorous
           ,
           that
           if
           the
           least
           unusual
           or
           extraordinary
           thing
           happen'd
           ,
           he
           would
           needs
           have
           it
           thought
           a
           Prodigy
           ,
           or
           a
           Presage
           ,
           and
           his
           Court
           was
           throng'd
           with
           Diviners
           and
           Priests
           ,
           whose
           business
           was
           to
           Sacrifice
           ,
           and
           Purifie
           ,
           and
           foretel
           the
           future
           .
           So
           horrid
           a
           thing
           is
           Incredulity
           ,
           and
           Contempt
           of
           the
           Gods
           on
           one
           hand
           ,
           and
           no
           less
           horrid
           
           is
           Superstition
           on
           the
           other
           ,
           which
           like
           Water
           ,
           always
           creeping
           on
           the
           Ground
           ,
           invades
           us
           with
           servile
           Fear
           and
           Folly
           ,
           as
           it
           did
           now
           Alexander
           himself
           .
           But
           upon
           some
           Answers
           which
           were
           brought
           him
           from
           the
           Oracle
           concerning
           Hephestion
           ,
           he
           had
           laid
           aside
           his
           Sorrow
           ,
           and
           fell
           again
           to
           Sacrificing
           and
           Drinking
           ;
           and
           having
           given
           Nearchus
           a
           splendid
           Entertainment
           ,
           after
           he
           had
           bath'd
           ,
           as
           was
           his
           Custom
           ,
           just
           as
           he
           
           was
           going
           to
           Bed
           ,
           at
           Medius
           his
           Request
           he
           went
           to
           Supper
           with
           him
           .
           Here
           he
           drank
           all
           that
           night
           and
           the
           next
           day
           to
           such
           excess
           ,
           as
           put
           him
           into
           a
           Fever
           ,
           which
           
           seiz'd
           him
           ,
           not
           as
           some
           write
           ,
           after
           he
           had
           drank
           of
           Hercules
           his
           Bowl
           ,
           nor
           was
           he
           taken
           with
           a
           sudden
           pain
           in
           his
           Back
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           had
           been
           struck
           with
           a
           Lance
           :
           for
           these
           are
           the
           Inventions
           of
           some
           Authors
           ,
           who
           thought
           it
           became
           them
           to
           make
           the
           conclusion
           of
           so
           great
           an
           Action
           as
           tragical
           and
           moving
           as
           they
           could
           .
           Aristobulus
           tells
           us
           ,
           That
           in
           the
           rage
           of
           his
           Fever
           ,
           and
           a
           violent
           Thirst
           ,
           he
           took
           a
           draught
           of
           Wine
           ,
           upon
           which
           he
           fell
           into
           a
           Frenzy
           ,
           and
           died
           the
           30th
           of
           June
           .
           But
           in
           his
           Journals
           we
           have
           this
           account
           of
           his
           Sickness
           ,
           That
           the
           18th
           of
           June
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           his
           Illness
           ,
           he
           lay
           in
           his
           Bathing-room
           ,
           where
           it
           first
           seiz'd
           him
           ;
           that
           when
           he
           had
           bath'd
           ,
           he
           remov'd
           into
           his
           Chamber
           ,
           and
           spent
           that
           
           day
           at
           Dice
           with
           Medius
           .
           In
           the
           evening
           having
           wash'd
           and
           sacrific'd
           ,
           he
           eat
           with
           a
           good
           Stomach
           ,
           and
           had
           his
           Fever
           that
           night
           .
           The
           20th
           after
           the
           usual
           Sacrifices
           and
           Bathing
           ,
           he
           kept
           his
           Bed
           in
           the
           same
           Room
           ,
           and
           heard
           Nearchus
           his
           Relation
           of
           
           his
           Voyage
           ,
           and
           the
           Observations
           he
           had
           made
           of
           the
           Ocean
           .
           The
           21st
           he
           pass'd
           in
           the
           same
           manner
           ,
           his
           Fever
           still
           encreasing
           ,
           and
           had
           a
           very
           ill
           night
           of
           it
           .
           The
           next
           
           day
           he
           had
           a
           severe
           Fit
           ,
           and
           caus'd
           himself
           to
           be
           remov'd
           ,
           and
           his
           Bed
           set
           by
           the
           great
           Bath
           ,
           and
           then
           discours'd
           with
           his
           principal
           Officers
           about
           filling
           up
           the
           vacant
           Charges
           in
           the
           Army
           ,
           with
           Men
           of
           tryed
           Valour
           aud
           Experience
           .
           The
           24th
           being
           much
           worse
           ,
           he
           was
           carried
           out
           to
           assist
           at
           the
           Sacrifices
           ,
           and
           gave
           order
           that
           his
           chief
           Commanders
           should
           wait
           within
           the
           Court
           ,
           whilst
           the
           Colonels
           and
           Captains
           kept
           Watch
           without
           doors
           .
           The
           25th
           he
           was
           remov'd
           to
           his
           Palace
           on
           the
           other
           side
           the
           River
           ,
           where
           he
           slept
           a
           little
           ,
           but
           his
           Fever
           abated
           not
           ,
           and
           when
           the
           Commanders
           came
           into
           his
           Chamber
           ,
           he
           was
           speechless
           ,
           and
           continued
           so
           the
           following
           day
           .
           Then
           the
           Macedonians
           supposing
           he
           was
           dead
           ,
           came
           with
           great
           Clamours
           to
           the
           Gates
           ,
           and
           menac'd
           his
           Friends
           so
           ,
           that
           
           they
           were
           forc'd
           to
           admit
           them
           ,
           and
           let
           them
           all
           pass
           through
           unarm'd
           along
           by
           his
           Bed-side
           .
           The
           same
           day
           Python
           and
           Seleucus
           being
           sent
           to
           Serapis
           his
           Temple
           ,
           to
           enquire
           if
           they
           should
           bring
           Alexander
           thither
           ,
           were
           answer'd
           by
           the
           God
           ,
           that
           they
           should
           not
           remove
           him
           .
           The
           28th
           in
           the
           Evening
           
           he
           Died.
           This
           Account
           is
           most
           of
           it
           word
           for
           word
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           written
           in
           his
           own
           Diary
           .
        
         
         
           At
           that
           time
           no
           body
           had
           any
           suspicion
           of
           his
           being
           poyson'd
           ;
           but
           upon
           a
           discovery
           made
           six
           years
           after
           ,
           they
           say
           ,
           Olympias
           put
           many
           to
           death
           ,
           and
           threw
           abroad
           the
           
           Ashes
           of
           Jollas
           ,
           who
           was
           dead
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           had
           given
           it
           him
           .
           But
           those
           who
           affirm
           Aristotle
           counselled
           Antipater
           to
           do
           it
           ,
           and
           that
           by
           his
           means
           wholly
           the
           Poyson
           was
           brought
           ,
           produce
           one
           Agnothemis
           for
           their
           Author
           ,
           who
           heard
           King
           Antigonus
           speak
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           tell
           us
           ,
           that
           the
           Poyson
           was
           Water
           ,
           deadly
           cold
           as
           Ice
           ,
           distilling
           from
           a
           Rock
           in
           the
           Territory
           of
           Nonacris
           ,
           which
           they
           gather'd
           like
           a
           thin
           Dew
           ,
           and
           kept
           in
           an
           Asses
           Hoof
           ;
           for
           it
           was
           so
           very
           cold
           and
           penetrating
           ,
           that
           no
           other
           Vessel
           would
           hold
           it
           .
           However
           most
           are
           of
           opinion
           that
           all
           this
           is
           false
           ,
           no
           slight
           evidence
           of
           which
           is
           ,
           that
           during
           the
           Dissentions
           among
           the
           Commanders
           ,
           which
           lasted
           a
           great
           many
           days
           ,
           the
           Body
           continued
           clear
           and
           fresh
           ,
           without
           any
           sign
           of
           
           such
           Taint
           or
           Corruption
           ,
           though
           it
           lay
           neglected
           in
           a
           close
           ,
           sultry
           place
           .
        
         
           Roxana
           who
           was
           now
           with
           Child
           ,
           and
           upon
           that
           account
           much
           honour'd
           by
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           being
           Jealous
           of
           Statira
           ,
           sent
           for
           her
           by
           a
           Counterfeit
           Letter
           ,
           as
           if
           Alexander
           had
           been
           still
           alive
           ;
           and
           when
           she
           had
           her
           in
           her
           power
           ,
           kill'd
           her
           and
           her
           Sister
           ,
           and
           
           threw
           their
           Bodies
           into
           a
           Well
           ,
           which
           they
           fill'd
           up
           with
           Earth
           ,
           not
           with
           out
           the
           Privity
           
           and
           assistance
           of
           Perdiccas
           ,
           who
           at
           this
           time
           ,
           under
           the
           shelter
           of
           Arideus
           ,
           whom
           he
           carried
           about
           with
           him
           for
           his
           own
           security
           ,
           bore
           the
           greatest
           sway
           of
           any
           ,
           Arideus
           himself
           ,
           who
           was
           
           Philip's
           Son
           ,
           by
           one
           Philinna
           ,
           an
           obscure
           common
           Strumpet
           ,
           was
           a
           man
           of
           weak
           Parts
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           his
           Indisposition
           of
           Body
           ,
           which
           was
           neither
           natural
           to
           him
           ,
           nor
           contracted
           of
           it self
           ;
           for
           in
           his
           Childhood
           he
           was
           quickwitted
           ,
           and
           hopeful
           enough
           ,
           but
           caus'd
           by
           Drinks
           that
           Olympias
           gave
           him
           ,
           which
           not
           only
           impair'd
           his
           Health
           ,
           but
           weakned
           his
           Understanding
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           
             
               C.
               IVLIVS
               CAESAR
               .
            
             depiction of Julius Caesar
             
               〈…〉
            
          
        
         
         
           THE
           LIFE
           OF
           Julius
           Caesar
           .
        
         
           
             Englished
             from
             the
          
           Greek
           
             by
             Mr.
          
           Smalridge
           of
           Christchurch
           .
        
         
           AS
           soon
           as
           Sylla
           had
           made
           himself
           Master
           of
           Rome
           ,
           he
           resolved
           to
           force
           Cornelia
           ,
           Daughter
           to
           Cinna
           (
           the
           late
           Usurper
           )
           from
           Caesar
           her
           Husband
           ;
           but
           being
           unable
           to
           compass
           it
           either
           by
           hopes
           or
           fears
           ,
           confiscated
           her
           Dowry
           .
           The
           ground
           of
           
           Sylla's
           hatred
           to
           Caesar
           ,
           was
           the
           alliance
           between
           him
           and
           Marius
           ;
           for
           Marius
           the
           elder
           Married
           Julia
           ,
           Caesar's
           Aunt
           by
           the
           Fathers
           side
           ,
           and
           had
           by
           her
           the
           younger
           Marius
           ,
           who
           consequently
           was
           
           
           Caesar's
           Cousin-german
           .
           And
           thô
           at
           first
           in
           the
           heat
           of
           his
           Tyranny
           and
           hurry
           of
           business
           ,
           Caesar
           was
           overlook't
           by
           Sylla
           ,
           he
           could
           not
           lie
           still
           ,
           but
           presented
           himself
           to
           the
           People
           as
           a
           Candidate
           for
           the
           Priesthood
           ,
           thô
           he
           was
           yet
           under
           Age.
           But
           Sylla
           ,
           by
           his
           under-hand
           management
           ,
           so
           carried
           it
           ,
           that
           Caesar
           fell
           short
           of
           his
           pretensions
           ;
           and
           in
           a
           Consult
           of
           Friends
           to
           take
           him
           off
           ,
           when
           it
           was
           urged
           by
           some
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           not
           worth
           his
           while
           to
           contrive
           the
           death
           of
           a
           Boy
           ,
           he
           answered
           ,
           that
           They
           knew
           little
           ,
           who
           did
           not
           see
           many
           
           Marius's
           in
           that
           Boy
           .
           Caesar
           ,
           upon
           notice
           of
           this
           lay
           concealed
           a
           long
           while
           among
           the
           Sabines
           ,
           often
           changing
           his
           Quarters
           ;
           till
           one
           night
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           removing
           his
           Lodging
           for
           his
           health
           ,
           he
           fell
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           
           Sylla's
           Soldiers
           ,
           who
           were
           searching
           those
           parts
           in
           order
           to
           apprehend
           such
           as
           had
           absconded
           .
           Coesar
           by
           a
           Bribe
           of
           two
           Talents
           prevailed
           with
           Cornelius
           their
           Captain
           to
           let
           him
           go
           ,
           and
           was
           no
           sooner
           dismist
           ,
           but
           he
           put
           to
           Sea
           ,
           and
           made
           for
           Bithynia
           .
           After
           a
           short
           stay
           there
           with
           Nicomedes
           the
           King
           ,
           in
           his
           passage
           back
           he
           was
           taken
           near
           the
           Island
           Pharmacusa
           by
           some
           Pirates
           ,
           who
           at
           that
           time
           with
           some
           great
           Ships
           ,
           and
           a
           vast
           number
           of
           smaller
           Vessels
           ,
           infested
           those
           Seas
           .
           When
           at
           first
           they
           demanded
           of
           him
           20
           Talents
           for
           his
           Ransom
           ,
           he
           smiled
           at
           them
           as
           not
           understanding
           
           the
           value
           of
           their
           Prisoner
           ,
           and
           voluntarily
           engaged
           to
           give
           'em
           50.
           
           He
           presently
           dispatched
           those
           about
           him
           to
           several
           places
           to
           raise
           the
           Money
           ,
           till
           at
           last
           he
           was
           left
           among
           those
           bloody
           Villains
           ,
           the
           Cilicians
           ,
           only
           with
           one
           Friend
           ,
           and
           two
           Attendants
           ;
           Yet
           he
           made
           so
           little
           of
           them
           ,
           that
           when
           he
           had
           a
           mind
           to
           sleep
           ,
           he
           would
           send
           to
           them
           ,
           and
           command
           silence
           .
           For
           38
           days
           ,
           with
           all
           the
           freedom
           in
           the
           World
           he
           used
           Exercise
           ,
           and
           Gamed
           amongst
           them
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           had
           not
           been
           his
           Keepers
           ,
           but
           his
           Guards
           .
           He
           wrote
           Verses
           ,
           and
           Speeches
           ,
           and
           made
           them
           his
           Auditors
           ,
           and
           those
           who
           did
           not
           admire
           them
           ,
           he
           called
           to
           their
           faces
           illiterate
           and
           barbarous
           ,
           and
           would
           often
           in
           raillery
           threaten
           to
           hang
           '
           em
           .
           They
           were
           mightily
           taken
           with
           this
           ,
           and
           attributed
           his
           free
           way
           of
           talking
           to
           a
           kind
           of
           Simplicity
           ,
           and
           Juvenile
           Humor
           .
           As
           soon
           as
           his
           Ransom
           was
           come
           from
           Miletus
           ,
           he
           paid
           it
           ,
           and
           was
           discharged
           ;
           soon
           after
           which
           he
           Mann'd
           some
           Ships
           at
           the
           Milesian
           Port
           ,
           and
           went
           in
           pursuit
           of
           the
           Pirates
           ,
           whom
           he
           surprized
           as
           they
           were
           yet
           at
           an
           Anchor
           ,
           and
           took
           most
           of
           them
           .
           Their
           Money
           he
           made
           Prize
           ,
           and
           the
           Men
           he
           secured
           in
           Prison
           at
           Pergamus
           ,
           and
           presently
           applied
           himself
           to
           Junius
           ,
           who
           was
           then
           Governor
           of
           Asia
           ,
           to
           whose
           Office
           it
           belonged
           ,
           as
           Praetor
           ,
           to
           determine
           their
           Punishment
           .
           
           Junius
           having
           his
           Eye
           upon
           the
           Money
           ,
           (
           for
           the
           Sum
           was
           considerable
           )
           said
           ,
           
             He
             would
             think
             at
             his
             leisure
             what
             to
             do
             with
             the
             Prisoners
          
           ;
           upon
           which
           Caesar
           took
           his
           leave
           of
           him
           ,
           and
           went
           for
           Pergamus
           ,
           where
           he
           ordered
           the
           Pirates
           to
           be
           brought
           forth
           and
           Crucified
           ;
           the
           Punishment
           he
           had
           often
           threatened
           them
           with
           ,
           whilst
           he
           was
           in
           their
           hands
           ,
           and
           they
           little
           dream't
           he
           was
           in
           earnest
           .
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           
           Sylla's
           Power
           declined
           ,
           and
           
           Caesar's
           Friends
           advised
           him
           to
           return
           to
           Rome
           ;
           but
           he
           went
           off
           to
           Rhodes
           ,
           and
           entred
           himself
           in
           the
           School
           of
           Apollonius
           ,
           Molon's
           Son
           ,
           a
           famous
           Rhetorician
           ,
           one
           who
           had
           the
           reputation
           of
           a
           well-tempered
           Man
           ,
           and
           had
           Cicero
           at
           that
           time
           for
           his
           Auditor
           .
           Caesar
           was
           by
           Nature
           excellently
           framed
           for
           a
           perfect
           States-Man
           ,
           and
           Orator
           ,
           and
           took
           such
           pains
           to
           improve
           his
           Genius
           this
           way
           ,
           that
           without
           dispute
           he
           might
           challenge
           the
           second
           place
           amongst
           Men
           of
           that
           Character
           .
           More
           he
           did
           not
           aim
           at
           ,
           as
           chusing
           to
           be
           first
           rather
           amongst
           Men
           of
           Arms
           and
           Power
           ;
           and
           therefore
           never
           rose
           up
           to
           that
           pitch
           of
           Eloquence
           to
           which
           Nature
           would
           have
           carried
           him
           ,
           being
           diverted
           by
           those
           Expeditions
           and
           Designs
           ,
           which
           at
           length
           gain'd
           him
           the
           Empire
           .
           And
           he
           himself
           in
           his
           Answer
           to
           
           Cicero's
           Panegyric
           on
           Cato
           ,
           desires
           his
           Reader
           not
           to
           compare
           the
           plain
           Discourse
           of
           a
           Soldier
           
           with
           the
           Harangues
           of
           an
           Orator
           ,
           who
           had
           not
           only
           fine
           Parts
           ,
           but
           had
           employed
           his
           whole
           Life
           in
           this
           one
           Study
           .
           When
           he
           was
           returned
           to
           Rome
           ,
           he
           accused
           Dolabella
           of
           Male-Administration
           ,
           and
           many
           Cities
           of
           Greece
           came
           in
           to
           attest
           it
           .
           Dolabella
           was
           acquitted
           ,
           and
           Caesar
           in
           return
           of
           the
           favours
           he
           had
           received
           from
           the
           Grecians
           ,
           assisted
           them
           in
           their
           prosecution
           of
           
             P.
             Antonius
          
           for
           Bribery
           before
           
             M.
             Lucullus
          
           Praetor
           of
           Macedonia
           .
           In
           this
           Cause
           he
           prevailed
           so
           far
           ,
           that
           Antonius
           was
           forced
           to
           appeal
           to
           the
           Tribunes
           at
           Rome
           ,
           alledging
           ,
           that
           in
           Greece
           he
           could
           not
           have
           fair
           play
           against
           Grecians
           .
           In
           his
           Pleadings
           at
           Rome
           he
           appeared
           with
           all
           the
           graces
           of
           an
           Orator
           ,
           and
           gained
           much
           upon
           the
           Affections
           of
           the
           People
           by
           the
           easiness
           of
           his
           Address
           ,
           and
           Conversation
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           was
           accomplisht
           beyond
           what
           could
           be
           expected
           from
           his
           Age.
           His
           Interest
           grew
           still
           insensibly
           greater
           by
           the
           open
           House
           he
           kept
           ,
           and
           the
           magnificence
           of
           his
           Entertainments
           ;
           His
           Enemies
           slighted
           the
           growth
           of
           it
           at
           first
           ,
           in
           expectation
           it
           would
           soon
           fail
           ,
           when
           his
           Money
           was
           gone
           ;
           whilst
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           it
           was
           firmly
           setled
           among
           the
           Common
           People
           .
           When
           his
           Power
           at
           last
           was
           fixt
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           be
           controll'd
           ,
           and
           now
           openly
           tended
           to
           the
           altering
           of
           the
           whole
           Constitution
           ,
           they
           were
           aware
           too
           late
           ,
           that
           there
           is
           no
           beginning
           
           so
           mean
           ,
           which
           continued
           application
           will
           not
           make
           considerable
           ,
           and
           that
           small
           dangers
           by
           being
           despised
           at
           first
           become
           at
           last
           irresistible
           .
           Cicero
           was
           the
           first
           who
           had
           any
           suspicions
           of
           his
           designs
           upon
           the
           Government
           ,
           and
           (
           as
           a
           good
           Pilot
           is
           apprehensive
           of
           a
           Storm
           when
           the
           Sea
           is
           calmest
           )
           saw
           the
           designing
           temper
           of
           the
           Man
           thrô
           this
           disguise
           of
           good
           humor
           ,
           and
           affability
           ,
           and
           said
           upon
           it
           ;
           
             In
             all
             his
             other
             actions
             and
             intrigues
             I
             plainly
             discover
             the
             air
             of
             a
             Tyrant
             ;
             but
             when
             I
             see
             his
             Hair
             lie
             in
             so
             exact
             order
             ,
             and
             him
             so
             often
             adjusting
             it
             ,
             I
             cannot
             imagine
             it
             should
             enter
             into
             such
             a
             Man's
             thoughts
             to
             subvert
             the
             Roman
             State.
          
           But
           of
           this
           more
           hereafter
           .
        
         
           The
           first
           Proof
           he
           had
           of
           the
           People's
           good
           Will
           to
           him
           ,
           was
           ,
           when
           he
           carried
           a
           Tribuneship
           in
           the
           Army
           against
           
             C.
             Popilius
          
           .
           A
           second
           and
           clearer
           instance
           of
           their
           Favour
           appeared
           upon
           his
           making
           an
           Excellent
           Oration
           in
           praise
           of
           his
           Aunt
           Julia
           ,
           Wife
           to
           Marius
           ,
           publickly
           in
           the
           Forum
           :
           at
           whose
           Funeral
           he
           was
           so
           bold
           as
           to
           bring
           forth
           the
           Images
           of
           Marius
           ,
           which
           no
           Body
           durst
           produce
           since
           the
           Government
           came
           into
           
           Sylla's
           Hands
           ,
           
           Marius's
           Party
           having
           from
           that
           time
           been
           declared
           Enemies
           to
           the
           State.
           For
           when
           some
           upon
           this
           Occasion
           exclaimed
           against
           Caesar
           ,
           the
           People
           on
           the
           other
           side
           were
           taken
           with
           the
           
           Action
           ,
           and
           received
           it
           with
           very
           great
           applause
           ;
           admiring
           him
           for
           having
           revived
           in
           the
           City
           those
           Honors
           of
           Marius
           ,
           which
           for
           so
           long
           time
           had
           been
           buried
           .
           It
           had
           always
           been
           the
           custom
           at
           Rome
           to
           make
           Funeral
           Orations
           in
           praise
           of
           Ancient
           Matrons
           ,
           but
           there
           was
           no
           precedent
           of
           any
           upon
           young
           Women
           ,
           till
           Caesar
           first
           made
           one
           upon
           the
           death
           of
           his
           own
           Wife
           .
           This
           also
           procured
           him
           Favour
           ,
           and
           by
           this
           shew
           of
           Affection
           he
           got
           the
           Hearts
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           who
           lookt
           upon
           him
           as
           a
           Man
           of
           great
           Tenderness
           and
           extraordinary
           good
           Nature
           .
           When
           he
           had
           buried
           his
           Wife
           ,
           he
           went
           Quaestor
           into
           Spain
           under
           one
           Votus
           ,
           who
           was
           Praetor
           ,
           whom
           he
           Honoured
           ever
           after
           ,
           and
           made
           his
           Son
           Quaestor
           ,
           when
           he
           himself
           came
           to
           be
           Praetor
           .
           When
           he
           was
           out
           of
           that
           Office
           ,
           he
           Married
           Pompeja
           his
           third
           Wife
           ,
           having
           then
           a
           Daughter
           by
           Cornelia
           his
           first
           Wife
           ,
           whom
           he
           afterwards
           match'd
           to
           Pompey
           the
           Great
           .
           He
           was
           so
           profuse
           in
           his
           Expences
           ,
           that
           before
           he
           had
           any
           publick
           Employment
           ,
           he
           was
           in
           debt
           1300
           Talents
           .
           Some
           thought
           that
           by
           being
           at
           so
           great
           a
           charge
           to
           be
           popular
           ,
           he
           changed
           a
           real
           and
           solid
           good
           ,
           for
           what
           was
           short
           ,
           and
           uncertain
           :
           But
           in
           truth
           he
           purchased
           what
           was
           of
           the
           greatest
           value
           at
           an
           inconsiderable
           rate
           .
           When
           he
           was
           made
           Surveyor
           of
           the
           Appian
           Way
           ,
           he
           disburst
           besides
           the
           
           publick
           Moneys
           a
           great
           Sum
           out
           of
           his
           private
           Purse
           ;
           and
           when
           he
           was
           Aedile
           ,
           he
           provided
           such
           a
           number
           of
           Gladiators
           ,
           that
           he
           entertain'd
           the
           People
           with
           320
           several
           Duels
           ;
           and
           by
           his
           great
           liberality
           and
           magnificence
           in
           Shews
           ,
           in
           Pomps
           ,
           and
           publick
           Feastings
           ,
           obscured
           the
           glory
           of
           all
           who
           went
           before
           him
           ,
           and
           gain'd
           so
           much
           upon
           the
           People
           ,
           that
           every
           one
           was
           ready
           to
           invent
           new
           Offices
           ,
           and
           new
           Honors
           ,
           for
           him
           ,
           in
           return
           to
           his
           Munificence
           .
           There
           being
           two
           Factions
           in
           the
           City
           ,
           one
           for
           Sylla
           ,
           which
           was
           very
           powerful
           ,
           the
           other
           for
           Marius
           which
           was
           then
           broken
           ,
           and
           in
           a
           very
           low
           condition
           ,
           he
           was
           desirous
           to
           raise
           it
           again
           ,
           and
           to
           bring
           it
           over
           to
           his
           Interest
           :
           To
           this
           end
           ,
           whilst
           he
           was
           in
           the
           heighth
           of
           his
           Repute
           with
           the
           People
           ,
           for
           the
           magnificent
           Shews
           he
           gave
           as
           Aedile
           ,
           he
           ordered
           Images
           ,
           and
           Statues
           ,
           with
           Ensigns
           of
           Victory
           ,
           to
           be
           carried
           privately
           in
           the
           night
           ,
           and
           placed
           in
           the
           Capitol
           .
           Next
           morning
           ,
           when
           some
           saw
           them
           glittering
           with
           Gold
           ,
           and
           curiously
           wrought
           with
           Inscriptions
           of
           
           Marius's
           Exploits
           over
           the
           Cimbrians
           ,
           they
           were
           surprized
           at
           the
           boldness
           of
           him
           who
           had
           set
           them
           up
           ,
           nor
           was
           it
           difficult
           to
           guess
           who
           it
           was
           .
           The
           fame
           of
           this
           soon
           spread
           ,
           and
           brought
           together
           a
           great
           Concourse
           of
           People
           :
           Some
           presently
           cried
           out
           that
           Caesar
           had
           designs
           upon
           the
           Government
           ,
           because
           
           he
           had
           revived
           those
           Honors
           which
           were
           buried
           by
           the
           Laws
           ,
           and
           Decrees
           of
           the
           Senate
           ;
           that
           this
           was
           done
           to
           sound
           the
           temper
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           whom
           he
           had
           prepared
           before
           ,
           and
           to
           try
           whether
           they
           were
           tame
           enough
           to
           bear
           his
           Humor
           ,
           and
           would
           quietly
           give
           way
           to
           his
           Innovations
           .
           However
           
           Marius's
           Party
           took
           courage
           ;
           and
           't
           is
           incredible
           what
           a
           multitude
           of
           them
           appeared
           on
           a
           sudden
           ,
           and
           came
           shouting
           into
           the
           Capitol
           .
           Many
           of
           them
           when
           they
           saw
           
           Marius's
           Picture
           cried
           for
           Joy
           ,
           and
           Caesar
           was
           highly
           extoll'd
           as
           the
           only
           Person
           ,
           who
           was
           a
           Relation
           worthy
           of
           Marius
           .
           Upon
           this
           the
           Senate
           met
           ,
           and
           
             Catulus
             Luctatius
          
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           most
           eminent
           Romans
           of
           that
           time
           ,
           stood
           up
           ,
           and
           accused
           Caesar
           ,
           closing
           his
           Speech
           with
           this
           remarkable
           saying
           ;
           
             Caesar
             no
             longer
             undermines
             the
             Government
             ,
             but
             openly
             plants
             his
             Batteries
             against
             it
             .
          
           But
           when
           Caesar
           had
           made
           an
           Apology
           for
           himself
           ,
           and
           satisfied
           the
           Senate
           ,
           his
           Admirers
           were
           very
           much
           animated
           ,
           and
           advised
           him
           not
           to
           depart
           from
           his
           own
           thoughts
           for
           any
           one
           ,
           since
           he
           was
           likely
           to
           get
           the
           better
           of
           them
           all
           in
           a
           little
           time
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           the
           first
           Man
           in
           the
           State
           with
           the
           Peoples
           Consent
           .
           At
           the
           same
           time
           Metellus
           the
           High-Priest
           died
           ;
           and
           Catulus
           ,
           and
           Isauricus
           ,
           Persons
           of
           known
           Reputation
           ,
           and
           who
           bore
           a
           great
           weight
           in
           the
           Senate
           ,
           were
           
           Competitors
           for
           the
           Office
           ;
           yet
           Caesar
           would
           not
           give
           way
           to
           them
           ,
           but
           presented
           himself
           to
           the
           People
           as
           a
           Candidate
           against
           them
           .
           The
           several
           Interests
           seeming
           very
           equal
           ,
           Catulus
           ,
           who
           because
           he
           had
           the
           most
           Honor
           to
           lose
           ,
           was
           the
           most
           apprehensive
           of
           the
           event
           ,
           sent
           to
           Caesar
           to
           buy
           him
           off
           ,
           with
           Offers
           of
           a
           great
           Sum
           of
           Money
           :
           But
           he
           said
           ,
           
             He
             would
             provide
             a
             larger
             Sum
             then
             that
             to
             carry
             on
             the
             Competition
             .
          
           Upon
           the
           day
           of
           Election
           ,
           as
           his
           Mother
           conducted
           him
           out
           of
           doors
           with
           tears
           ,
           he
           saluted
           her
           ,
           and
           said
           ;
           
             Well
             ,
             Mother
             ,
             to
             day
             you
             'l
             see
             me
             either
             High-Priest
             ,
             or
             Banished
             .
          
           When
           the
           Votes
           were
           taken
           ,
           after
           a
           great
           struggle
           ,
           he
           carried
           it
           ,
           and
           by
           that
           gave
           the
           Senate
           and
           Nobility
           reason
           to
           fear
           he
           might
           now
           draw
           on
           the
           People
           to
           the
           greatest
           height
           of
           Arrogance
           .
           Whereupon
           Piso
           and
           Catulus
           found
           fault
           with
           Cicero
           for
           letting
           Caesar
           escape
           ,
           when
           in
           the
           Conspiracy
           of
           Catiline
           he
           had
           given
           the
           Government
           such
           advantage
           against
           him
           .
           For
           Catiline
           ,
           who
           had
           designed
           not
           only
           to
           change
           the
           present
           State
           of
           Affairs
           ,
           but
           to
           subvert
           the
           whole
           Constitution
           ,
           and
           confound
           all
           ,
           had
           himself
           escaped
           ,
           by
           reason
           the
           Evidence
           was
           not
           full
           against
           him
           ,
           they
           having
           not
           yet
           gone
           to
           the
           bottom
           of
           his
           Design
           .
           But
           he
           had
           left
           Lentulus
           and
           Cethegus
           in
           the
           City
           to
           supply
           his
           place
           in
           the
           Conspiracy
           ▪
           
           Whether
           they
           had
           any
           secret
           Encouragement
           and
           Assistance
           from
           Caesar
           is
           uncertain
           ;
           This
           is
           certain
           ,
           that
           they
           were
           fully
           convicted
           in
           the
           Senate
           ,
           and
           when
           Cicero
           the
           Consul
           ask●
           the
           several
           Opinions
           of
           the
           Senators
           ,
           how
           they
           would
           have
           them
           punish'd
           ,
           all
           who
           spake
           before
           Caesar
           sentenced
           them
           to
           Death
           ,
           but
           Caesar
           stood
           up
           ,
           and
           made
           a
           set
           Speech
           ,
           wherein
           he
           told
           them
           ,
           
             That
             he
             thought
             it
             without
             Precedent
             ,
             and
             not
             just
             to
             take
             away
             the
             Lives
             of
             two
             Persons
             of
             their
             Birth
             and
             Quality
             ,
             before
             they
             were
             fairly
             tried
             ,
             unless
             there
             was
             an
             absolute
             necessity
             for
             it
             ;
             but
             that
             if
             they
             were
             kept
             confin'd
             in
             any
             Town
             which
          
           Cicero
           
             himself
             should
             chuse
             till
          
           Catiline
           
             was
             defeated
             ,
             then
             the
             Senate
             might
             in
             peace
             and
             at
             their
             leisure
             determine
             ,
             what
             was
             best
             to
             be
             done
             .
          
           This
           Sentence
           of
           his
           carried
           so
           much
           appearance
           of
           Humanity
           ,
           and
           he
           gave
           it
           so
           good
           an
           air
           by
           his
           Speech
           ,
           that
           not
           only
           those
           who
           spoke
           after
           him
           closed
           with
           it
           ,
           but
           even
           they
           who
           had
           before
           given
           a
           contrary
           Opinion
           ,
           now
           came
           over
           to
           his
           ;
           till
           it
           came
           about
           to
           Catulus
           ,
           and
           
           Cato's
           turn
           to
           speak
           .
           They
           warmly
           opposed
           it
           ;
           and
           Cato
           insinuated
           in
           his
           Speech
           some
           suspicions
           of
           Caesar
           himself
           ,
           and
           prest
           the
           matter
           so
           far
           ,
           that
           the
           Criminals
           were
           given
           up
           to
           suffer
           Execution
           .
           As
           Caesar
           was
           going
           out
           of
           the
           Senate
           ,
           many
           of
           the
           young
           Men
           who
           guarded
           Cicero
           ,
           ran
           in
           with
           their
           naked
           Swords
           
           to
           assault
           him
           .
           But
           Curio
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           said
           ,
           threw
           his
           Gown
           over
           him
           ,
           and
           convey'd
           him
           out
           ,
           and
           Cicero
           himself
           gave
           a
           Sign
           to
           his
           Guards
           ,
           who
           watch't
           the
           motions
           of
           his
           Eye
           ,
           not
           to
           kill
           him
           ,
           either
           for
           fear
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           or
           because
           he
           thought
           the
           Murder
           unjust
           and
           illegal
           .
           If
           this
           be
           true
           ,
           I
           wonder
           how
           Tully
           came
           to
           omit
           it
           in
           the
           Book
           which
           he
           wrote
           concerning
           his
           Consulship
           .
           Cicero
           was
           blam'd
           afterwards
           for
           not
           making
           use
           of
           so
           good
           an
           opportunity
           against
           Caesar
           out
           of
           fear
           of
           the
           Populace
           ,
           who
           mightily
           favourd
           him
           .
           Sometime
           after
           ,
           when
           Caesar
           went
           into
           the
           Senate
           to
           clear
           himself
           of
           some
           Suspicions
           he
           lay
           under
           ,
           he
           found
           great
           clamours
           rais'd
           against
           him
           ,
           whereupon
           the
           Senate
           sitting
           longer
           then
           ordinary
           ,
           the
           People
           went
           up
           to
           the
           House
           in
           a
           Tumult
           ,
           and
           beset
           it
           ,
           demanding
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           requiring
           them
           to
           dismiss
           him
           .
           Upon
           this
           Cato
           much
           fearing
           a
           Mutiny
           from
           the
           poorer
           sort
           ,
           who
           are
           always
           the
           Incendiaries
           in
           a
           Rebellion
           ,
           and
           who
           now
           plac'd
           all
           their
           hopes
           in
           Caesar
           ,
           persuaded
           the
           Senate
           to
           give
           them
           a
           Monthly
           allowance
           of
           Corn
           ,
           which
           put
           the
           Commonwealth
           to
           the
           extraordinary
           charge
           of
           55000
           Crowns
           a
           year
           .
           This
           Expedient
           remov'd
           all
           fears
           for
           the
           present
           ,
           and
           very
           much
           weaken'd
           
           Caesar's
           power
           ,
           who
           at
           that
           time
           was
           just
           going
           to
           be
           made
           Praetor
           ,
           and
           consequently
           would
           have
           been
           
           more
           formidable
           by
           his
           Office.
           But
           there
           was
           no
           disturbance
           during
           his
           Praetorship
           ,
           only
           what
           misfortune
           he
           met
           with
           in
           his
           own
           Domestick
           Affairs
           .
           
             P.
             Clodius
          
           was
           a
           Person
           well
           descended
           ,
           eminent
           both
           for
           his
           Riches
           and
           Eloquence
           ,
           but
           in
           Lewdness
           and
           Impudence
           exceeded
           the
           very
           worst
           of
           those
           ,
           who
           were
           remarkable
           for
           their
           Debauchery
           .
           He
           was
           in
           love
           with
           Pompeja
           ,
           Caesar's
           Wife
           ,
           and
           she
           had
           no
           aversion
           to
           him
           .
           But
           there
           were
           strict
           Guards
           on
           her
           Apartment
           ,
           and
           
           Caesar's
           Mother
           Aurclia
           ,
           who
           was
           a
           discreet
           Woman
           ,
           being
           continually
           about
           her
           ,
           made
           an
           Interview
           very
           dangerous
           ,
           and
           difficult
           .
           The
           Romans
           have
           a
           Goddess
           which
           they
           call
           Bona
           ,
           the
           same
           which
           the
           Greeks
           call
           Gynaecea
           :
           The
           Phrygians
           ,
           who
           claim
           a
           peculiar
           Title
           to
           her
           ,
           say
           she
           was
           Mother
           to
           Midas
           ;
           The
           Romans
           pretend
           she
           was
           one
           of
           the
           Dryads
           ,
           and
           Married
           to
           Faunus
           :
           The
           Grecians
           affirm
           that
           she
           is
           that
           Mother
           of
           Bacchus
           ,
           whose
           Name
           is
           not
           to
           be
           utter'd
           :
           For
           this
           Reason
           the
           Women
           who
           celebrate
           her
           Festival
           ,
           cover
           the
           Tents
           with
           Vine-branches
           ,
           and
           according
           to
           the
           Fable
           ,
           a
           Consecrated
           Dragon
           is
           plac'd
           by
           the
           Goddess
           .
           It
           is
           not
           lawful
           for
           a
           Man
           to
           be
           bye
           ,
           nor
           so
           much
           as
           in
           the
           House
           ,
           whilst
           the
           Sacred
           Rites
           are
           celebrated
           ;
           but
           the
           Women
           by
           themselves
           perform
           such
           Holy
           Offices
           ,
           as
           are
           much
           a●kin
           to
           those
           
           us'd
           in
           the
           Solemnities
           sacred
           to
           
             Orpheus
             ▪
          
           When
           the
           Festival
           comes
           ,
           the
           Husband
           ,
           who
           is
           always
           either
           Consul
           or
           Praetor
           ,
           and
           with
           him
           every
           Male-creature
           quits
           the
           House
           ;
           the
           Wife
           then
           taking
           it
           under
           her
           care
           ,
           sets
           it
           in
           order
           ,
           and
           there
           are
           great
           Solemnities
           all
           night
           ,
           attended
           with
           Dancing
           ,
           and
           several
           sorts
           of
           Musick
           .
           As
           Pompeja
           was
           at
           that
           time
           celebrating
           this
           ▪
           Feast
           ,
           Clodius
           ,
           who
           as
           yet
           had
           no
           Beard
           ,
           and
           so
           thought
           to
           pass
           undiscover'd
           ,
           took
           upon
           him
           the
           Habit
           and
           Disguise
           of
           a
           Singing-Woman
           ,
           having
           the
           Air
           of
           a
           young
           Girl
           ,
           and
           so
           came
           thither
           .
           Finding
           the
           Doors
           open
           ,
           he
           was
           without
           any
           stop
           introduc'd
           by
           a
           young
           Maid
           ,
           who
           was
           in
           the
           Intrigue
           .
           She
           presently
           ran
           to
           tell
           Pompeja
           ,
           but
           being
           from
           him
           a
           great
           while
           ,
           he
           grew
           uneasie
           in
           waiting
           for
           her
           ,
           and
           therefore
           left
           his
           Post
           ,
           and
           travers'd
           the
           House
           from
           one
           Room
           to
           another
           ,
           still
           taking
           care
           to
           avoid
           the
           Lights
           ▪
           till
           at
           last
           
           Aurelia's
           Woman
           met
           him
           ,
           and
           invited
           him
           to
           such
           Recreations
           as
           the
           Women
           use
           among
           themselves
           .
           He
           refus'd
           to
           comply
           ;
           but
           the
           presently
           pull'd
           him
           forward
           ,
           and
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           who
           he
           was
           ,
           and
           whence
           ?
           Clodius
           told
           her
           he
           waited
           for
           Aura
           one
           of
           
           Pompeja's
           Maids
           ,
           and
           as
           he
           said
           so
           ,
           betray'd
           himself
           by
           his
           Voice
           :
           Upon
           which
           the
           Woman
           shrieking
           ,
           ran
           into
           the
           Company
           where
           there
           were
           Lights
           ,
           and
           cried
           
           out
           ,
           she
           had
           discovered
           a
           Man.
           The
           Women
           were
           all
           in
           a
           fright
           ;
           Aurelia
           presently
           threw
           a
           Vail
           over
           the
           Ceremonies
           ,
           put
           a
           stop
           to
           the
           Orgia
           ,
           and
           having
           order'd
           the
           Doors
           to
           be
           shut
           ,
           ran
           about
           with
           Lights
           to
           find
           Clodius
           ,
           who
           was
           got
           into
           the
           Maids
           Room
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           come
           in
           with
           ,
           and
           was
           seiz'd
           there
           .
           The
           Women
           knew
           him
           ,
           and
           drave
           him
           out
           of
           Doors
           ,
           and
           presently
           ,
           thô
           it
           was
           yet
           night
           ,
           went
           home
           to
           tell
           their
           Husbands
           the
           Story
           .
           In
           the
           morning
           it
           was
           all
           about
           Town
           ,
           what
           an
           impious
           attempt
           Clodius
           had
           made
           ,
           and
           all
           agreed
           he
           ought
           to
           be
           punish'd
           as
           an
           Offender
           not
           only
           against
           those
           whom
           he
           had
           affronted
           ,
           but
           also
           against
           the
           Publick
           ,
           and
           the
           Gods.
           Upon
           which
           one
           of
           the
           Tribunes
           accus'd
           him
           of
           profaning
           the
           Holy
           Rites
           ,
           and
           some
           of
           the
           Principal
           Senators
           came
           in
           ,
           and
           witness'd
           against
           him
           ,
           that
           besides
           many
           other
           horrible
           Crimes
           ,
           he
           had
           been
           guilty
           of
           Incest
           with
           his
           own
           Sister
           ,
           who
           was
           Married
           to
           Lucullus
           .
           But
           the
           People
           set
           themselves
           against
           the
           Interest
           of
           the
           Nobility
           ,
           and
           defended
           Clodius
           ;
           which
           was
           of
           great
           service
           to
           him
           with
           the
           Judges
           ,
           who
           were
           at
           a
           stand
           ,
           being
           afraid
           to
           provoke
           the
           Commonalty
           .
           Caesar
           presently
           dismist
           Pompeja
           ,
           but
           being
           summon'd
           as
           a
           Witness
           against
           Clodius
           ,
           said
           ,
           
             He
             had
             nothing
             to
             charge
             him
             with
             .
          
           This
           looking
           like
           a
           Paradox
           ,
           the
           Accusers
           
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           why
           he
           parted
           with
           his
           Wife
           ?
           Caesar
           replied
           ,
           
             Because
             I
             can't
             bear
             that
             my
             Wife
             should
             be
             so
             much
             as
             suspected
             .
          
           Some
           say
           that
           Caesar
           spake
           this
           as
           his
           thoughts
           ;
           Others
           ▪
           that
           he
           did
           it
           to
           gratifie
           the
           People
           ,
           who
           were
           very
           earnest
           to
           save
           Clodius
           .
           So
           Clodius
           got
           clear
           of
           the
           Indictment
           ,
           most
           of
           the
           Judges
           giving
           their
           Opinions
           in
           confus'd
           terms
           ,
           that
           they
           might
           not
           be
           in
           danger
           from
           the
           People
           by
           condemning
           him
           ,
           nor
           in
           disgrace
           with
           the
           Nobility
           by
           acquitting
           him
           .
           Caesar
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           being
           out
           of
           his
           Praetorship
           had
           got
           the
           Province
           of
           Spain
           ,
           but
           was
           in
           ill
           Circumstances
           with
           his
           Creditors
           ,
           who
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           going
           off
           ,
           came
           upon
           him
           ▪
           and
           were
           very
           pressing
           and
           importunate
           ;
           which
           made
           him
           apply
           himself
           to
           Crassus
           ,
           who
           was
           the
           richest
           Man
           in
           Rome
           ,
           but
           wanted
           
           Caesar's
           vigor
           and
           warmth
           to
           set
           up
           against
           
             Pompey
             .
             Crassus
          
           took
           upon
           him
           to
           satisfie
           those
           Creditors
           ,
           which
           were
           most
           uneasie
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           would
           not
           be
           put
           off
           any
           longer
           ,
           and
           engag'd
           himself
           to
           the
           value
           of
           830
           Talents
           :
           Upon
           which
           Caesar
           was
           now
           at
           Liberty
           to
           go
           to
           his
           Province
           .
           In
           his
           Journey
           as
           he
           was
           crossing
           the
           Alps
           ,
           and
           passing
           by
           a
           small
           Village
           of
           the
           Barbarians
           ,
           which
           was
           stock'd
           with
           but
           few
           Inhabitants
           ,
           and
           those
           wretchedly
           poor
           ,
           his
           Friends
           smil'd
           ,
           and
           ask'd
           him
           by
           way
           of
           raillery
           ,
           
             If
             there
             were
             any
             canvasing
             for
             Offices
          
           
           
             there
             ;
             any
             contention
             which
             should
             be
             uppermost
             ,
             or
             fewds
             of
             great
             Men
             one
             against
             another
             ?
          
           To
           which
           Caesar
           made
           answer
           very
           seriously
           :
           
             For
             my
             part
             I
             had
             rather
             be
             the
             first
             Man
             among
             these
             Fellows
             ,
             then
             the
             second
             Man
             in
          
           Rome
           .
           'T
           is
           said
           that
           another
           time
           ,
           being
           retir'd
           from
           Business
           ,
           and
           reading
           the
           History
           of
           Alexander
           ,
           he
           sat
           a
           great
           while
           very
           thoughtful
           ,
           and
           at
           last
           burst
           out
           into
           Tears
           .
           His
           Friends
           were
           surpris'd
           ,
           and
           ask'd
           him
           the
           Reason
           of
           it
           .
           
             Do
             you
             think
          
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             I
             have
             not
             just
             cause
             to
             weep
             ,
             when
             I
             consider
             that
          
           Alexander
           
             at
             my
             Age
             had
             conquer'd
             so
             many
             Nations
             ,
             and
             I
             have
             all
             this
             time
             done
             nothing
             ,
             that
             is
             memorable
             ?
          
           As
           soon
           as
           he
           came
           into
           Spain
           he
           was
           very
           active
           ,
           and
           in
           a
           few
           days
           had
           got
           together
           10
           new
           Companies
           of
           Foot
           to
           those
           20
           which
           were
           there
           before
           :
           With
           these
           he
           march'd
           against
           the
           Gallaeci
           ,
           and
           Lusitani
           ,
           conquer'd
           them
           ,
           and
           advancing
           as
           far
           as
           the
           Ocean
           ,
           subdu'd
           those
           Nations
           ,
           which
           never
           before
           had
           been
           subject
           to
           the
           Romans
           .
           Having
           manag'd
           his
           Military
           Affairs
           with
           good
           success
           ,
           he
           was
           equally
           happy
           in
           the
           Course
           of
           his
           Civil
           Government
           ;
           For
           he
           establish'd
           a
           good
           Understanding
           amongst
           the
           several
           States
           ,
           and
           took
           especial
           Care
           to
           heal
           the
           differences
           betwixt
           Debtors
           and
           Creditors
           .
           He
           order'd
           that
           the
           Creditor
           should
           receive
           two
           parts
           of
           the
           Debtor's
           yearly
           Income
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           other
           part
           
           should
           be
           manag'd
           by
           the
           Debtor
           himself
           ,
           till
           by
           this
           method
           the
           whole
           Debt
           was
           at
           last
           discharg'd
           .
           This
           Conduct
           made
           him
           leave
           his
           Province
           with
           a
           fair
           reputation
           ;
           being
           rich
           himself
           ,
           and
           having
           enrich'd
           his
           Soldiers
           ,
           who
           therefore
           Complimented
           him
           with
           the
           Title
           of
           Emperor
           .
           There
           is
           a
           Law
           among
           the
           Romans
           ,
           that
           whoever
           desires
           the
           Honor
           of
           a
           Triumph
           must
           stay
           without
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           expect
           his
           Answer
           :
           And
           another
           ,
           that
           those
           who
           put
           in
           for
           the
           Consulship
           shall
           appear
           personally
           upon
           the
           place
           :
           Caesar
           was
           come
           home
           at
           the
           very
           time
           of
           chusing
           Consuls
           ,
           and
           being
           in
           a
           strait
           between
           these
           two
           opposite
           Laws
           ,
           sent
           to
           the
           Senate
           to
           desire
           ,
           that
           since
           he
           was
           oblig'd
           to
           be
           absent
           ,
           he
           might
           appear
           for
           the
           Consulship
           by
           Proxy
           .
           Ca●o
           being
           back'd
           by
           the
           Law
           ,
           at
           first
           oppos'd
           his
           request
           ;
           afterwards
           perceiving
           that
           Caesar
           had
           prevail'd
           with
           a
           great
           part
           of
           the
           Senate
           to
           comply
           with
           it
           ,
           he
           made
           it
           his
           business
           to
           gain
           time
           ,
           and
           wasted
           an
           whole
           day
           in
           Harangues
           :
           Upon
           which
           Caesar
           thought
           fit
           to
           let
           the
           Triumph
           fall
           ,
           and
           pursu'd
           the
           Consulship
           .
           He
           advances
           therefore
           presently
           ,
           and
           enters
           upon
           a
           project
           which
           deceiv'd
           all
           but
           Cato
           .
           This
           was
           the
           reconciling
           of
           Crassus
           ,
           and
           Pompey
           ,
           who
           then
           bore
           the
           greatest
           weight
           in
           Rome
           .
           There
           had
           been
           a
           quarrel
           between
           them
           ,
           which
           he
           quickly
           made
           up
           ;
           and
           by
           this
           means
           strengthen'd
           himself
           by
           
           the
           united
           power
           of
           both
           ;
           and
           so
           privately
           undermin'd
           the
           Government
           ,
           under
           the
           covert
           of
           an
           Action
           which
           carried
           in
           it
           all
           the
           appearance
           of
           a
           good
           Office.
           For
           it
           was
           not
           the
           quarrel
           betwixt
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           Caesar
           ,
           as
           most
           Men
           imagine
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           foundation
           of
           the
           Civil
           Wars
           ,
           but
           their
           Union
           ;
           they
           conspiring
           at
           first
           to
           subvert
           the
           Aristocracy
           ,
           and
           quarrelling
           at
           last
           betwixt
           themselves
           ,
           which
           should
           be
           Monarch
           .
           Cato
           ,
           who
           often
           foretold
           what
           the
           Consequence
           of
           this
           Alliance
           would
           be
           ,
           had
           then
           the
           Character
           of
           a
           sullen
           and
           busie
           Man
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           the
           Reputation
           of
           a
           wise
           ,
           but
           unfortunate
           Counsellor
           .
           Thus
           Caesar
           being
           doubly
           guarded
           with
           the
           Interests
           of
           of
           Crassus
           ,
           and
           Pompey
           ,
           was
           promoted
           to
           the
           Consulate
           ,
           and
           declar'd
           publickly
           with
           
             Calfurnius
             Bibulus
          
           .
           When
           he
           was
           fix't
           in
           his
           Office
           he
           brought
           in
           Bills
           ,
           which
           would
           have
           been
           preferr'd
           with
           better
           grace
           by
           a
           bold
           Tribune
           ,
           then
           by
           a
           Consul
           ;
           in
           which
           he
           propos'd
           transplantation
           of
           Colonies
           ,
           and
           Division
           of
           Lands
           ,
           on
           purpose
           to
           oblige
           the
           Commonalty
           .
           The
           best
           and
           most
           Honourable
           of
           the
           Senators
           oppos'd
           it
           ,
           upon
           which
           ,
           having
           long
           waited
           for
           such
           a
           colourable
           pretence
           ,
           he
           openly
           protested
           how
           unwillingly
           he
           was
           driven
           upon
           applications
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           how
           necessary
           it
           was
           to
           make
           his
           Addresses
           that
           way
           ,
           and
           to
           enter
           
           into
           their
           Interests
           ,
           since
           he
           had
           receiv'd
           so
           many
           Affronts
           ,
           and
           found
           so
           much
           Sullenness
           in
           the
           Senate
           .
           When
           he
           had
           said
           this
           ,
           he
           ask'd
           Crassus
           and
           Pompey
           ,
           who
           sat
           on
           each
           side
           of
           him
           ,
           Whether
           they
           consented
           to
           the
           Bills
           he
           had
           propos'd
           ?
           They
           own'd
           their
           Assent
           ,
           upon
           which
           he
           desir'd
           them
           to
           assist
           him
           against
           those
           who
           had
           threatned
           to
           oppose
           him
           with
           their
           Swords
           .
           They
           engag'd
           they
           would
           ,
           and
           Pompey
           added
           farther
           ,
           that
           
             he
             would
             not
             only
             meet
             their
             Swords
             with
             a
             Sword
             in
             his
             Hand
             ,
             but
             that
             he
             would
             bring
             a
             Buckler
             with
             him
             besides
             .
          
           This
           Speech
           the
           Nobles
           resented
           ,
           as
           neither
           suitable
           to
           his
           gravity
           ,
           nor
           becoming
           the
           Reverence
           due
           to
           that
           Assembly
           ,
           but
           such
           as
           had
           an
           air
           of
           levity
           and
           rashness
           :
           But
           the
           People
           were
           pleas'd
           with
           it
           .
           Caesar
           that
           he
           might
           work
           himself
           yet
           deeper
           into
           the
           Interest
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           gave
           him
           his
           Daughter
           Julia
           ,
           who
           had
           before
           been
           contracted
           to
           
             Servilius
             Caepio
          
           ,
           and
           told
           Servilius
           he
           should
           have
           
           Pompey's
           Daughter
           ,
           who
           was
           not
           unprovided
           neither
           ,
           but
           design'd
           for
           
           Sylla's
           Son
           ,
           Faustus
           .
           A
           little
           time
           after
           Caesar
           Married
           Calpurnia
           the
           Daughter
           of
           Piso
           ,
           and
           made
           Piso
           Consul
           for
           the
           year
           following
           .
           Cato
           exclaim'd
           loudly
           against
           this
           ,
           and
           protested
           with
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           warmth
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           intolerable
           the
           Government
           should
           be
           prostituted
           by
           these
           Marriages
           ,
           and
           that
           they
           should
           advance
           
           one
           another
           to
           the
           Commands
           of
           Armies
           ,
           Provinces
           ,
           and
           other
           great
           Posts
           by
           the
           Interest
           of
           Women
           .
           Bibulus
           ,
           Caesar's
           Collegue
           finding
           it
           was
           to
           no
           purpose
           to
           oppose
           his
           Bills
           ,
           but
           that
           he
           was
           in
           danger
           of
           being
           murder'd
           in
           the
           Forum
           ,
           as
           also
           was
           Cato
           ,
           confin'd
           himself
           to
           his
           House
           ,
           and
           there
           wore
           out
           the
           remaining
           part
           of
           his
           Consulship
           .
           Pompey
           when
           he
           was
           Married
           ,
           presently
           fill'd
           the
           Forum
           with
           Soldiers
           ,
           and
           so
           secur'd
           to
           the
           People
           their
           new
           Laws
           ,
           and
           to
           Caesar
           the
           Government
           of
           all
           Gaul
           ,
           both
           on
           this
           and
           the
           other
           side
           of
           the
           Alps
           ,
           together
           with
           Illyricum
           ,
           and
           the
           command
           of
           4
           Legions
           for
           5
           years
           .
           Cato
           made
           some
           attempts
           against
           these
           proceedings
           ,
           but
           was
           sent
           to
           Prison
           by
           Caesar
           ,
           who
           suspected
           he
           would
           appeal
           to
           the
           Tribunes
           .
           But
           when
           Caesar
           saw
           that
           he
           went
           along
           without
           speaking
           a
           word
           ,
           and
           that
           not
           only
           the
           Nobility
           disrelish'd
           it
           ,
           but
           that
           the
           People
           also
           out
           of
           their
           Veneration
           to
           
           Cato's
           Virtue
           waited
           on
           him
           ,
           and
           by
           their
           silence
           and
           dejected
           looks
           exprest
           a
           great
           concern
           for
           him
           ;
           he
           himself
           privately
           desir'd
           one
           of
           the
           Tribunes
           to
           rescue
           Cato
           .
           As
           for
           the
           other
           Senators
           ,
           some
           few
           of
           them
           attended
           the
           House
           ;
           the
           rest
           being
           disgusted
           ,
           absented
           themselves
           .
           Hence
           Considius
           ,
           a
           very
           old
           Man
           ,
           took
           occasion
           one
           day
           to
           tell
           Caesar
           ,
           that
           
             the
             Senators
             did
             not
             meet
             because
             they
             were
          
           
           
             afraid
             of
             his
             Soldiers
             .
             Caesar
          
           presently
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           
             Why
             don't
             you
             then
             out
             of
             the
             same
             fear
             keep
             at
             home
             ?
          
           To
           which
           the
           old
           Man
           replied
           that
           
             Age
             was
             his
             guard
             against
             Fear
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             small
             Remains
             of
             his
             Life
             were
             not
             worth
             much
             Caution
             .
          
           But
           the
           foulest
           thing
           that
           was
           done
           in
           
           Caesar's
           Consulship
           was
           his
           promoting
           Clodius
           to
           be
           Tribune
           ,
           that
           very
           Clodius
           who
           had
           attempted
           to
           dishonour
           his
           Bed
           ,
           and
           who
           contrary
           to
           all
           Piety
           had
           polluted
           the
           holy
           and
           mysterious
           Vigils
           .
           Now
           he
           was
           prefer'd
           in
           opposition
           to
           Cicero
           ,
           nor
           did
           Caesar
           take
           the
           Field
           ,
           till
           they
           had
           overpower'd
           Cicero
           ,
           and
           drove
           him
           out
           of
           Italy
           .
        
         
           Thus
           far
           have
           we
           deduc'd
           
           Caesar's
           Actions
           before
           the
           Wars
           of
           Gaul
           .
           After
           this
           he
           seems
           to
           have
           begun
           his
           Course
           afresh
           ,
           and
           to
           have
           enter'd
           upon
           a
           new
           ,
           and
           different
           Scene
           of
           Action
           .
           The
           Progress
           of
           those
           Battels
           which
           he
           afterwards
           fought
           ,
           and
           those
           many
           Expeditions
           in
           which
           he
           subdu'd
           the
           Gauls
           ,
           shew
           him
           to
           have
           been
           a
           Soldier
           and
           General
           not
           in
           the
           least
           inferior
           to
           any
           of
           those
           great
           and
           admired
           Commanders
           ,
           who
           have
           appear'd
           at
           the
           Heads
           of
           Armies
           .
           For
           if
           we
           compare
           him
           with
           the
           Fabii
           ,
           the
           Metelli
           ,
           the
           
           Scipio's
           ,
           and
           with
           those
           who
           were
           his
           Contemporaries
           ,
           or
           not
           long
           before
           him
           ,
           
             Sylla
             ,
             Marius
          
           ,
           the
           2
           Luculli
           ,
           or
           even
           Pompey
           himself
           ,
           whose
           Glory
           reach't
           the
           Heavens
           ▪
           
           we
           shall
           find
           
           Caesar's
           Actions
           to
           have
           surpast
           them
           all
           .
           One
           he
           excel'd
           on
           the
           account
           of
           the
           difficulty
           of
           the
           places
           where
           he
           fought
           :
           Another
           in
           respect
           of
           the
           large
           extent
           of
           Country
           which
           he
           over-ran
           :
           Some
           in
           the
           Number
           and
           Strength
           of
           the
           Enemies
           ,
           whom
           he
           conquer'd
           ;
           and
           some
           in
           the
           roughness
           and
           barbarity
           of
           their
           tempers
           ,
           whom
           he
           polish'd
           and
           civiliz'd
           :
           Others
           yet
           in
           his
           Humanity
           and
           Clemency
           to
           those
           he
           over-power'd
           ,
           and
           others
           in
           his
           Gifts
           ,
           and
           Gratuities
           to
           his
           Soldiers
           :
           All
           in
           the
           Number
           of
           the
           Battles
           which
           he
           fought
           ,
           and
           the
           Enemies
           ,
           which
           he
           kill'd
           .
           For
           he
           had
           not
           pursu'd
           the
           Wars
           in
           Gaul
           full
           10
           years
           ,
           before
           he
           took
           by
           Storm
           800
           Towns
           ,
           subdu'd
           300
           States
           ;
           and
           of
           the
           3
           millions
           of
           Men
           ,
           which
           made
           up
           the
           gross
           of
           those
           ,
           with
           whom
           at
           several
           times
           he
           engag'd
           ,
           he
           kill'd
           one
           ,
           and
           took
           a
           second
           .
           He
           was
           so
           much
           Master
           of
           the
           good
           Will
           ,
           and
           hearty
           service
           of
           his
           Soldiers
           ,
           that
           those
           who
           in
           other
           Expeditions
           were
           but
           ordinary
           Men
           ,
           carried
           with
           them
           a
           force
           not
           to
           be
           resisted
           or
           shaken
           ,
           when
           they
           went
           upon
           any
           danger
           ,
           where
           
           Caesar's
           glory
           was
           concern'd
           .
           Such
           an
           one
           was
           Acilius
           ,
           who
           in
           a
           Sea-fight
           before
           Marseilles
           had
           his
           Right
           Hand
           struck
           off
           with
           a
           Sword
           ,
           yet
           did
           not
           quit
           his
           Buckler
           out
           of
           his
           Left
           ,
           but
           gaul'd
           the
           Enemies
           in
           the
           Face
           with
           it
           ,
           till
           he
           defeated
           
           them
           ,
           and
           made
           himself
           Master
           of
           the
           Vessel
           .
           Such
           another
           was
           
             Cassius
             Scaera
          
           ,
           who
           in
           a
           Battle
           near
           Dyrrhachium
           had
           one
           of
           his
           Eyes
           pick'd
           out
           with
           an
           Arrow
           ,
           his
           Shoulder
           pierc'd
           with
           one
           Javelin
           ,
           and
           his
           Thigh
           with
           another
           ,
           and
           having
           receiv'd
           130
           Darts
           upon
           his
           Target
           call'd
           to
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           as
           thô
           he
           would
           surrender
           himself
           ;
           but
           when
           two
           of
           them
           came
           up
           to
           him
           ,
           he
           cut
           off
           the
           Shoulder
           of
           one
           with
           a
           Sword
           ,
           and
           by
           a
           blow
           over
           the
           Face
           forc'd
           the
           other
           to
           retire
           ,
           whilst
           with
           the
           Assistance
           of
           his
           own
           Party
           he
           made
           his
           escape
           .
           Again
           in
           Britain
           ,
           when
           some
           of
           the
           chief
           Officers
           were
           accidentally
           faln
           into
           a
           Morass
           full
           of
           Water
           ,
           and
           there
           assaulted
           by
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           a
           common
           Soldier
           ,
           whilst
           Caesar
           stood
           and
           look'd
           on
           ,
           threw
           himself
           into
           the
           midst
           of
           them
           ,
           and
           after
           many
           and
           signal
           demonstrations
           of
           his
           Valour
           ,
           rescu'd
           the
           Officers
           ,
           and
           beat
           off
           the
           Barbarians
           .
           At
           last
           he
           took
           the
           Water
           ,
           and
           with
           much
           ado
           ,
           partly
           by
           swimming
           ,
           partly
           by
           wading
           ,
           pass'd
           it
           ,
           but
           in
           the
           passage
           lost
           his
           Shield
           .
           Caesar
           admir'd
           him
           ,
           and
           went
           to
           meet
           him
           with
           joy
           and
           acclamation
           ;
           but
           the
           Soldier
           very
           much
           dejected
           ,
           and
           in
           tears
           threw
           himself
           down
           at
           
           Caesar's
           feet
           ,
           and
           beg'd
           his
           pardon
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           let
           go
           his
           Buckler
           .
           Another
           time
           in
           
             Afric
             ,
             Scipio
          
           having
           taken
           ▪
           a
           Ship
           of
           
           Caesar's
           ,
           in
           which
           
             Granius
             Petronius
          
           ,
           one
           lately
           
           made
           Questor
           was
           passing
           ,
           he
           gave
           the
           other
           Passengers
           as
           free
           prize
           to
           his
           Soldiers
           ,
           but
           thought
           fit
           to
           give
           the
           Questor
           his
           Life
           :
           But
           he
           said
           ,
           
             it
             was
             not
             usual
             for
          
           Caesar's
           
             Soldiers
             to
             take
             ,
             but
             give
             Life
             ,
          
           and
           having
           said
           so
           ,
           ●an
           upon
           his
           Sword
           and
           kill'd
           himself
           .
           These
           Principles
           and
           Notions
           of
           Honour
           were
           inspir'd
           into
           them
           ,
           and
           cherish'd
           in
           them
           by
           C●sar
           himself
           ,
           who
           by
           his
           liberal
           distribution
           of
           Money
           and
           Honours
           shew'd
           them
           that
           he
           did
           not
           from
           the
           Wars
           heap
           up
           Wealth
           for
           his
           own
           Luxury
           ,
           or
           the
           gratifying
           his
           private
           Pleasure
           ,
           but
           that
           he
           took
           care
           to
           settle
           a
           sure
           Fund
           for
           the
           reward
           and
           encouragement
           of
           Valour
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           look'd
           upon
           himself
           only
           rich
           in
           that
           ,
           which
           he
           gave
           to
           deserving
           Soldiers
           .
           There
           was
           no
           danger
           to
           which
           he
           did
           not
           willingly
           expose
           himself
           ;
           no
           labour
           from
           which
           he
           pleaded
           an
           exemption
           .
           His
           contempt
           of
           danger
           was
           not
           so
           much
           admir'd
           by
           his
           Soldiers
           ,
           because
           they
           knew
           how
           much
           he
           lov'd
           Honour
           :
           But
           his
           enduring
           so
           much
           hardship
           ,
           which
           he
           did
           to
           all
           appearance
           beyond
           his
           Natural
           Strength
           ,
           very
           much
           astonish'd
           them
           .
           For
           he
           was
           a
           spare
           Man
           ,
           had
           a
           soft
           and
           white
           Skin
           ,
           was
           distemper'd
           in
           the
           Head
           ,
           and
           subject
           to
           an
           Epilepsie
           ,
           which
           't
           is
           said
           first
           seiz'd
           him
           at
           Corduba
           .
           But
           he
           did
           not
           make
           the
           weakness
           of
           his
           Constitution
           a
           pretext
           for
           his
           Ease
           ,
           but
           us'd
           War
           as
           the
           best
           
           Physick
           against
           his
           Indispositions
           ,
           whilst
           by
           unwearied
           Travels
           ,
           course
           Diet
           ,
           and
           frequent
           lodging
           in
           the
           Fields
           ,
           he
           strugled
           with
           his
           Diseases
           ,
           and
           prepar'd
           his
           Body
           against
           all
           attacks
           .
           He
           slept
           generally
           in
           his
           Chariots
           or
           Litters
           ,
           and
           employ'd
           even
           his
           Rest
           in
           pursuit
           of
           Action
           ,
           In
           the
           day
           he
           was
           carried
           to
           Castles
           ,
           Garisons
           ,
           or
           Fortifications
           in
           his
           Chariot
           ,
           one
           Servant
           riding
           with
           him
           ,
           who
           us'd
           to
           write
           down
           what
           he
           dictated
           as
           he
           went
           ,
           and
           a
           Soldier
           attending
           behind
           ,
           with
           his
           Sword
           drawn
           .
           He
           drove
           so
           briskly
           ,
           that
           when
           he
           first
           set
           out
           from
           Rome
           he
           arriv'd
           at
           the
           River
           Rhoan
           within
           8
           days
           .
           He
           had
           been
           an
           expert
           Rider
           from
           his
           Childhood
           ,
           for
           it
           was
           usual
           with
           him
           to
           hold
           his
           hands
           close
           behind
           him
           ,
           and
           to
           put
           his
           Horse
           to
           full
           speed
           .
           But
           in
           the
           Wars
           he
           had
           improv'd
           himself
           so
           far
           as
           to
           dictate
           Letters
           from
           on
           Horseback
           ,
           and
           to
           direct
           himself
           to
           two
           ,
           who
           took
           Notes
           at
           the
           same
           time
           ,
           or
           as
           Oppius
           saith
           ,
           to
           more
           .
           And
           't
           is
           thought
           that
           he
           was
           the
           ▪
           first
           who
           found
           out
           a
           new
           way
           of
           Conversing
           with
           his
           Friends
           by
           Cyphers
           ,
           when
           either
           through
           multitude
           of
           business
           ,
           or
           the
           large
           extent
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           he
           had
           not
           time
           for
           a
           Personal
           Conference
           about
           such
           Incidents
           as
           requir'd
           a
           sudden
           dispatch
           .
           How
           little
           nice
           he
           was
           in
           his
           Diet
           ,
           we
           have
           this
           remarkable
           Instance
           .
           When
           
             Valerius
             Leo
          
           invited
           him
           one
           
           night
           to
           Supper
           ,
           and
           Treated
           him
           with
           a
           Sparagus
           ,
           upon
           which
           in
           stead
           of
           Oyl
           he
           had
           pour'd
           a
           sweet
           Oyntment
           ,
           Caesar
           fed
           on
           it
           without
           any
           disgust
           ,
           and
           reprimanded
           his
           Friends
           for
           finding
           fault
           with
           it
           .
           
             For
             it
             was
             enough
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             not
             to
             eat
             ,
             what
             you
             did
             not
             like
             ;
             but
             he
             who
             reflects
             on
             another
             Man's
             want
             of
             breeding
             ,
             shews
             he
             wants
             it
             as
             much
             himself
             .
          
           Another
           time
           upon
           the
           Road
           he
           was
           driven
           by
           a
           Storm
           into
           a
           poor
           Man's
           Cottage
           ,
           where
           he
           found
           but
           one
           Room
           ,
           and
           that
           such
           as
           would
           afford
           but
           a
           mean
           Reception
           to
           a
           single
           Person
           ,
           and
           therefore
           he
           told
           his
           Companions
           ,
           that
           
             the
             most
             Honourable
             Places
             ought
             to
             be
             given
             to
             the
             best
             Men
             ,
             but
             the
             most
             Necessary
             Accommodations
             to
             the
             weakest
          
           ;
           and
           accordingly
           order'd
           that
           Oppius
           ,
           who
           was
           infirm
           ,
           should
           lodge
           within
           ,
           whilst
           he
           and
           the
           rest
           slept
           under
           a
           Shed
           at
           the
           Door
           .
           His
           first
           War
           in
           Gaul
           was
           against
           the
           Helvetians
           and
           Tigurines
           ,
           who
           having
           burnt
           12
           of
           their
           own
           Towns
           ,
           and
           400
           Villages
           ,
           would
           have
           march'd
           forward
           through
           that
           part
           of
           Gaul
           ,
           which
           was
           under
           the
           Roman
           Province
           ,
           as
           the
           Cimbrians
           and
           Teutons
           formerly
           had
           done
           .
           Nor
           were
           they
           inferior
           to
           these
           in
           Courage
           ;
           and
           in
           Numbers
           they
           were
           equal
           ,
           being
           in
           all
           Three
           hundred
           thousand
           ,
           of
           which
           One
           hundred
           and
           ninety
           thousand
           were
           fighting
           Men.
           Caesar
           did
           not
           engage
           the
           Tigurines
           in
           Person
           ,
           but
           Latienus
           ,
           
           who
           was
           Commission'd
           by
           him
           ,
           routed
           them
           about
           the
           River
           Arar
           .
           But
           the
           Helvetians
           surpriz'd
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           unexpectedly
           set
           upon
           him
           as
           he
           was
           conducting
           his
           Army
           to
           a
           Confederate
           Town
           .
           However
           he
           manag'd
           it
           so
           as
           to
           get
           into
           a
           place
           well
           fortified
           ,
           where
           when
           he
           had
           muster'd
           ▪
           and
           marshal'd
           his
           Men
           ,
           his
           Horse
           was
           brought
           to
           him
           ;
           upon
           which
           he
           said
           ,
           
             When
             I
             have
             won
             the
             Battel
             ,
             I
             'le
             use
             my
             Horse
             for
             the
             Chase
             ,
             but
             at
             present
             let
             us
             go
             against
             the
             Enemy
             :
          
           Accordingly
           he
           charged
           them
           furiously
           on
           foot
           .
           After
           a
           long
           and
           sharp
           Engagement
           he
           drove
           the
           main
           Army
           out
           of
           the
           Field
           ,
           but
           found
           the
           toughest
           work
           at
           their
           Carriages
           and
           Ramparts
           ,
           where
           not
           only
           the
           Men
           stood
           ,
           and
           fought
           ,
           but
           the
           Women
           also
           and
           Children
           defended
           themselves
           ,
           till
           they
           were
           cut
           to
           pieces
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           the
           Fight
           was
           scarce
           ended
           till
           midnight
           .
           This
           Action
           in
           it self
           very
           great
           ,
           Caesar
           crown'd
           with
           another
           more
           glorious
           by
           gathering
           in
           a
           Body
           all
           the
           Barbarians
           that
           had
           escap'd
           out
           of
           the
           Battel
           ,
           above
           100000
           in
           number
           ,
           and
           obliging
           them
           to
           repair
           to
           the
           Countrey
           which
           they
           had
           deserted
           ,
           and
           the
           Cities
           which
           they
           had
           burnt
           .
           Which
           he
           did
           for
           fear
           the
           Germans
           should
           pass
           the
           Rhine
           ,
           and
           possess
           themselves
           of
           the
           Country
           whilst
           it
           lay
           uninhabited
           .
           His
           second
           War
           was
           in
           favour
           of
           the
           Gauls
           against
           the
           Germans
           ,
           thô
           
           sometime
           before
           he
           had
           made
           Ariovistus
           ,
           their
           King
           ,
           own'd
           at
           Rome
           as
           an
           Allie
           .
           But
           they
           were
           very
           insufferable
           Neighbours
           to
           those
           under
           his
           Obedience
           ,
           and
           it
           was
           probable
           ,
           when
           Occasion
           shew'd
           ,
           they
           would
           be
           uneasie
           under
           their
           present
           posture
           ,
           and
           would
           make
           Incursions
           into
           Gaul
           ,
           and
           seize
           it
           .
           But
           finding
           his
           Commanders
           timorous
           ,
           and
           especially
           those
           of
           the
           young
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           ,
           who
           came
           along
           with
           him
           in
           hopes
           of
           making
           use
           of
           that
           Expedition
           to
           their
           Pleasure
           ,
           or
           Profit
           ,
           he
           call'd
           them
           together
           ,
           and
           advis'd
           them
           to
           march
           off
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           run
           the
           hazard
           of
           a
           Battel
           against
           their
           Inclinations
           ,
           since
           they
           were
           so
           effeminately
           ,
           and
           cowardly
           disposed
           ;
           telling
           them
           withall
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           take
           only
           the
           10th
           Legion
           ,
           and
           march
           against
           the
           Barbarians
           ,
           whom
           he
           did
           not
           expect
           to
           find
           an
           Enemy
           more
           formidable
           than
           the
           Cimbri
           ,
           nor
           should
           they
           find
           him
           a
           General
           inferior
           to
           Marius
           .
           Upon
           this
           the
           10th
           Legion
           deputed
           some
           of
           their
           Body
           to
           pay
           him
           their
           Compliments
           of
           Thanks
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           Legions
           blam'd
           their
           Officers
           ,
           and
           with
           great
           vigor
           and
           zeal
           follow'd
           him
           many
           days
           Journey
           ,
           till
           they
           encamp'd
           within
           200
           furlongs
           of
           the
           Enemy
           .
           
           Ariovistus's
           Courage
           was
           cool'd
           upon
           their
           very
           approach
           ;
           for
           not
           expecting
           the
           Romans
           should
           attack
           the
           Germans
           ,
           who
           were
           known
           to
           be
           Men
           likely
           to
           stand
           
           a
           Charge
           ,
           he
           admir'd
           
           Caesar's
           Conduct
           ,
           and
           saw
           his
           own
           Army
           under
           a
           great
           Consternation
           .
           They
           were
           still
           more
           discourag'd
           by
           the
           Prophesies
           of
           their
           Holy
           Women
           ,
           who
           by
           observing
           the
           Whirl-pools
           of
           Rivers
           ,
           and
           taking
           Omens
           from
           the
           windings
           and
           noise
           of
           Brooks
           ,
           foretold
           strange
           Events
           ,
           and
           warn'd
           them
           not
           to
           engage
           before
           the
           next
           New
           Moon
           appear'd
           .
           Caesar
           having
           had
           intimations
           of
           this
           ,
           and
           seeing
           the
           Germans
           lie
           still
           ,
           thought
           it
           expedient
           to
           attack
           them
           ,
           whilst
           they
           were
           under
           these
           Apprehensions
           ,
           rather
           then
           sit
           still
           ,
           and
           wait
           their
           Time.
           Accordingly
           he
           made
           his
           approaches
           to
           their
           Fortifications
           and
           Outworks
           ,
           within
           which
           they
           were
           intrench'd
           ,
           and
           so
           gall'd
           ,
           and
           fretted
           them
           ,
           that
           at
           last
           they
           came
           down
           with
           great
           fury
           to
           engage
           .
           But
           he
           gain'd
           a
           glorious
           Victory
           ,
           and
           pursu'd
           them
           for
           300
           furlongs
           as
           far
           as
           the
           Rhine
           ;
           all
           which
           space
           was
           cover'd
           with
           Spoils
           ,
           and
           Bodies
           of
           the
           Slain
           .
           Ariovistus
           made
           shift
           to
           pass
           the
           Rhine
           with
           the
           small
           Remains
           of
           an
           Army
           ;
           for
           it
           is
           said
           the
           number
           of
           the
           slain
           amounted
           to
           80000.
           
           After
           this
           Action
           Caesar
           left
           his
           Army
           at
           their
           Winter-Quarters
           in
           the
           Country
           of
           the
           Sequani
           ,
           and
           in
           order
           to
           attend
           his
           Affairs
           at
           Rome
           ,
           went
           into
           that
           part
           of
           Gaul
           ,
           which
           lies
           on
           the
           Po
           ,
           and
           was
           part
           of
           his
           Province
           ,
           for
           the
           River
           Rubicon
           divides
           Gaul
           ,
           which
           is
           on
           this
           side
           the
           Alps
           
           from
           the
           rest
           of
           Italy
           .
           There
           he
           sat
           down
           ,
           and
           gain'd
           the
           favour
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           who
           made
           their
           Court
           to
           him
           frequently
           ,
           and
           always
           found
           their
           Requests
           answer'd
           ;
           for
           he
           never
           fail'd
           to
           dismiss
           any
           without
           present
           pledges
           of
           his
           favour
           in
           hand
           ,
           and
           farther
           hopes
           for
           the
           future
           .
           During
           all
           this
           time
           of
           the
           War
           in
           
             Gaul
             ,
             Pompey
          
           never
           discover'd
           ,
           how
           on
           one
           side
           Caesar
           conquer'd
           his
           Enemies
           with
           the
           Arms
           of
           Rome
           ,
           and
           on
           the
           other
           side
           gain'd
           upon
           the
           Romans
           ,
           and
           captivated
           them
           with
           the
           Money
           which
           he
           had
           got
           from
           his
           Enemies
           .
           But
           when
           Caesar
           heard
           that
           the
           Belgae
           ,
           who
           were
           the
           most
           powerful
           of
           all
           the
           Gauls
           ,
           and
           inhabited
           a
           third
           part
           of
           the
           Country
           were
           revolted
           ,
           and
           that
           they
           had
           got
           together
           a
           great
           many
           thousand
           Men
           in
           Arms
           ,
           he
           immediately
           directed
           his
           Course
           that
           way
           with
           great
           expedition
           ,
           and
           falling
           upon
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           as
           they
           were
           ravaging
           the
           Gauls
           his
           Allies
           ,
           he
           soon
           defeated
           them
           ,
           and
           put
           them
           to
           flight
           .
           For
           though
           their
           numbers
           were
           great
           ,
           yet
           they
           made
           but
           a
           slender
           defence
           ;
           so
           that
           the
           Marshes
           and
           deep
           Rivers
           were
           made
           passable
           to
           the
           Roman
           Foot
           by
           the
           vast
           quantity
           of
           dead
           Bodies
           .
           Of
           those
           who
           revolted
           ,
           all
           that
           liv'd
           near
           the
           Ocean
           came
           over
           without
           fighting
           ,
           and
           therefore
           he
           led
           his
           Army
           against
           the
           Nervi
           ,
           who
           are
           the
           most
           unciviliz'd
           and
           most
           warlike
           People
           of
           all
           in
           those
           
           parts
           .
           These
           live
           in
           a
           close
           ,
           Woody
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           having
           lodg'd
           their
           Children
           ,
           and
           their
           Goods
           in
           a
           deep
           hollow
           within
           a
           large
           Forest
           ,
           fell
           upon
           Caesar
           with
           a
           Body
           of
           60000
           Men
           before
           he
           was
           prepar'd
           for
           them
           ,
           and
           while
           he
           was
           making
           his
           Encampment
           .
           They
           soon
           routed
           his
           Cavalry
           ,
           and
           having
           surrounded
           the
           12th
           and
           7th
           Legions
           kill'd
           all
           the
           Officers
           ;
           and
           had
           not
           Caesar
           himself
           snatch'd
           up
           a
           Buckler
           ,
           and
           forced
           his
           way
           through
           his
           own
           Men
           to
           come
           up
           to
           the
           Barbarians
           ,
           or
           had
           not
           the
           10th
           Legion
           ,
           when
           they
           saw
           him
           in
           danger
           ,
           ran
           in
           from
           the
           tops
           of
           the
           Hills
           ,
           where
           they
           lay
           ,
           and
           broke
           through
           the
           Enemies
           Ranks
           to
           rescue
           him
           ,
           in
           all
           probability
           his
           Army
           had
           been
           entirely
           cut
           off
           .
           But
           through
           the
           Influence
           of
           Caesars
           Valour
           ,
           the
           Romans
           in
           this
           Conflict
           exerted
           more
           then
           their
           ordinary
           Courage
           ;
           yet
           with
           the
           utmost
           streins
           of
           their
           Valour
           ,
           they
           were
           not
           able
           to
           beat
           the
           Enemy
           out
           of
           the
           Field
           ,
           but
           cut
           them
           off
           fighting
           in
           their
           own
           defence
           .
           For
           out
           of
           60000
           Soldiers
           not
           above
           500
           survived
           the
           Battle
           ,
           and
           of
           400
           of
           their
           Senators
           not
           above
           three
           ▪
           When
           the
           Roman
           Senate
           had
           received
           News
           of
           this
           they
           voted
           Sacrifices
           and
           Festivals
           to
           the
           Gods
           to
           be
           strictly
           observed
           for
           the
           space
           of
           15
           days
           ,
           which
           is
           a
           longer
           space
           then
           ever
           was
           observed
           for
           any
           Victory
           before
           .
           For
           the
           danger
           appear'd
           great
           ,
           because
           they
           
           were
           engag'd
           with
           so
           many
           States
           at
           once
           ,
           and
           the
           favour
           of
           the
           People
           to
           Caesar
           made
           the
           Victory
           more
           esteem'd
           because
           he
           was
           Conqueror
           .
           He
           was
           now
           retir'd
           to
           his
           Winter-Quarters
           by
           the
           Po
           ,
           where
           after
           he
           had
           setled
           the
           Affairs
           of
           Gaul
           ,
           he
           resided
           in
           order
           to
           the
           forming
           his
           designs
           at
           Rome
           .
           All
           who
           were
           Candidates
           for
           Offices
           us'd
           his
           Assistance
           ,
           and
           were
           supplied
           with
           Money
           from
           him
           to
           corrupt
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           buy
           their
           Votes
           ,
           in
           return
           of
           which
           ,
           when
           they
           were
           chose
           ,
           they
           did
           all
           things
           to
           advance
           his
           Power
           .
           But
           what
           was
           more
           considerable
           ,
           the
           most
           eminent
           and
           powerful
           Men
           in
           Rome
           in
           great
           Numbers
           made
           their
           Court
           to
           him
           at
           Lucca
           ,
           as
           ,
           Pompey
           and
           Crassus
           ,
           and
           Appius
           the
           Praetor
           of
           Sardinia
           ,
           and
           Nepos
           the
           Proconsul
           of
           Spain
           ;
           so
           that
           there
           were
           upon
           the
           place
           at
           one
           time
           120
           Lictors
           ,
           and
           more
           then
           200
           Senators
           ,
           who
           held
           a
           Council
           ,
           and
           then
           parted
           .
           There
           it
           was
           decreed
           ,
           that
           Pompey
           and
           Crassus
           should
           be
           Consuls
           again
           for
           the
           following
           year
           ;
           that
           Caesar
           should
           have
           a
           fresh
           supply
           of
           Money
           ,
           and
           that
           his
           Command
           should
           be
           renew'd
           to
           him
           for
           5
           years
           more
           .
           It
           seem'd
           very
           extravagant
           to
           all
           thinking
           Men
           ,
           that
           those
           very
           Persons
           who
           had
           receiv'd
           so
           much
           Money
           from
           Caesar
           ,
           should
           persuade
           the
           Senate
           to
           grant
           him
           more
           as
           if
           he
           wanted
           ,
           though
           indeed
           they
           did
           not
           so
           much
           persuade
           as
           
           compel
           the
           Senate
           ,
           who
           at
           the
           same
           time
           regretted
           what
           they
           were
           forc'd
           to
           pass
           .
           Cato
           was
           not
           present
           ,
           for
           they
           had
           sent
           him
           aside
           very
           seasonably
           into
           Cyprus
           ;
           but
           Favonius
           ,
           who
           was
           a
           zealous
           imitator
           of
           Cato
           ,
           when
           he
           found
           he
           could
           do
           no
           good
           by
           opposing
           it
           ,
           broke
           out
           of
           the
           House
           ,
           and
           loudly
           declaim'd
           against
           these
           Proceedings
           to
           the
           People
           .
           But
           none
           gave
           him
           hearing
           ;
           some
           slighting
           him
           out
           of
           respect
           to
           Crassus
           and
           Pompey
           ,
           others
           ,
           to
           gratifie
           Caesar
           ,
           on
           whom
           depended
           all
           their
           hopes
           .
           After
           this
           Caesar
           return'd
           again
           to
           his
           Forces
           in
           Gaul
           ,
           where
           he
           found
           that
           Country
           involv'd
           in
           a
           dangerous
           War
           ,
           two
           strong
           People
           of
           the
           Germans
           having
           lately
           past
           the
           Rhine
           ,
           and
           made
           Inroads
           into
           it
           ;
           One
           of
           them
           call'd
           Ipes
           ,
           the
           other
           Tenterides
           .
           Of
           the
           War
           with
           this
           People
           ,
           Caesar
           himself
           has
           given
           this
           Account
           in
           his
           Commentaries
           ;
           That
           the
           Barbarians
           having
           sent
           Ambassadors
           to
           treat
           with
           him
           ,
           did
           during
           the
           Treaty
           set
           upon
           him
           in
           his
           march
           ,
           by
           which
           means
           with
           800
           Men
           they
           routed
           5000
           of
           his
           Horse
           ,
           who
           did
           not
           suspect
           their
           coming
           ;
           that
           afterwards
           they
           sent
           other
           Ambassadors
           to
           pursue
           the
           same
           fraudulent
           practices
           ,
           whom
           he
           kept
           in
           Custody
           ,
           and
           led
           on
           his
           Army
           against
           the
           Barbarians
           ,
           as
           judging
           it
           would
           betray
           too
           much
           Easiness
           ,
           if
           he
           should
           keep
           Faith
           with
           those
           who
           broke
           their
           Promises
           ,
           and
           could
           
           not
           be
           oblig'd
           by
           any
           League
           .
           Canusius
           saith
           ,
           that
           when
           the
           Senate
           decreed
           Festivals
           ,
           and
           Sacrifices
           for
           this
           Victory
           ,
           Cato
           declar'd
           it
           to
           be
           his
           Opinion
           that
           Caesar
           ought
           to
           be
           given
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           Barbarians
           ,
           that
           so
           the
           guilt
           which
           this
           breach
           of
           Faith
           might
           otherwise
           bring
           upon
           the
           Publick
           ,
           might
           be
           expiated
           by
           transferring
           the
           Curse
           on
           him
           ,
           who
           was
           the
           Occasion
           of
           it
           .
           Of
           those
           which
           past
           the
           Rhine
           there
           were
           400000
           cut
           off
           ;
           those
           few
           which
           escaped
           were
           shelter'd
           by
           the
           Sicambri
           ,
           a
           People
           of
           
             Germany
             .
             Caesar
          
           took
           hold
           of
           this
           pretence
           to
           invade
           the
           Germans
           ,
           being
           otherwise
           ambitious
           of
           glory
           ,
           and
           especially
           of
           the
           Honour
           of
           being
           the
           first
           Man
           that
           should
           pass
           the
           Rhine
           with
           an
           Army
           .
           He
           presently
           laid
           a
           Bridge
           over
           it
           ,
           though
           it
           was
           very
           wide
           ,
           and
           in
           that
           place
           deeper
           than
           ordinary
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           same
           time
           very
           rough
           and
           fierce
           ,
           carrying
           down
           with
           its
           Stream
           Trunks
           of
           Trees
           ,
           and
           other
           Lumber
           ,
           which
           much
           shock'd
           and
           weaken'd
           the
           foundations
           of
           his
           Bridge
           .
           But
           he
           drove
           great
           Planks
           of
           Wood
           into
           the
           bottom
           of
           the
           River
           above
           the
           Bridge
           ,
           both
           to
           resist
           the
           impression
           of
           such
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           to
           break
           the
           force
           of
           the
           Torrent
           ,
           and
           by
           this
           means
           he
           finish'd
           his
           Bridge
           ,
           which
           no
           one
           who
           saw
           could
           believe
           it
           to
           be
           the
           Work
           of
           but
           10
           days
           .
           In
           the
           passage
           of
           his
           Army
           over
           it
           ,
           
           he
           met
           with
           no
           opposition
           ,
           the
           Suevi
           themselves
           ,
           who
           are
           the
           most
           Warlike
           People
           of
           all
           Germany
           ,
           flying
           with
           their
           Effects
           into
           the
           closest
           and
           most
           woody
           part
           of
           the
           Vales.
           When
           he
           had
           burnt
           all
           the
           Enemies
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           encourag'd
           those
           who
           had
           remain'd
           firm
           to
           the
           Roman
           Interest
           ,
           he
           went
           back
           into
           Gaul
           after
           18
           days
           stay
           in
           Germany
           .
           But
           his
           Expedition
           into
           Britain
           gave
           the
           most
           signal
           Testimony
           of
           his
           Courage
           ,
           for
           he
           was
           the
           first
           who
           brought
           a
           Navy
           into
           the
           Western
           Ocean
           ,
           or
           who
           sail'd
           through
           the
           Atlantick
           with
           an
           Army
           to
           make
           War
           ;
           and
           though
           the
           Island
           is
           of
           so
           incredible
           an
           extent
           ,
           that
           it
           has
           given
           room
           to
           Historians
           to
           dispute
           ,
           whether
           such
           an
           Island
           really
           be
           in
           Nature
           ,
           or
           whether
           't
           is
           a
           bare
           Name
           and
           Fiction
           ,
           yet
           he
           attempted
           to
           conquer
           it
           ,
           and
           to
           carry
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           beyond
           the
           Limits
           of
           the
           known
           World.
           He
           past
           thither
           twice
           from
           that
           part
           of
           Gaul
           ,
           which
           lies
           over-against
           it
           ,
           and
           in
           several
           Battles
           which
           he
           fought
           ,
           did
           more
           disservice
           to
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           than
           service
           to
           himself
           ;
           for
           the
           Islanders
           were
           so
           miserably
           poor
           ,
           that
           they
           had
           nothing
           worth
           being
           plundred
           of
           .
           When
           he
           found
           himself
           unable
           to
           put
           such
           an
           end
           to
           the
           War
           as
           he
           wish'd
           ,
           he
           was
           content
           to
           take
           Hostages
           from
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           to
           impose
           some
           Taxes
           ,
           and
           then
           quitted
           the
           Island
           .
           At
           his
           arrival
           in
           Gaul
           he
           found
           Letters
           which
           
           lay
           ready
           to
           be
           convey'd
           over
           the
           Water
           to
           him
           ,
           from
           his
           Friends
           at
           Rome
           to
           give
           him
           Notice
           of
           his
           Daughters
           death
           ,
           who
           died
           in
           Labour
           of
           a
           Child
           by
           
             Pompey
             .
             Caesar
          
           and
           Pompey
           were
           much
           afflicted
           with
           her
           Death
           ,
           nor
           were
           their
           Friends
           less
           disturb'd
           ▪
           because
           that
           Alliance
           was
           now
           quite
           broke
           ,
           which
           had
           hitherto
           kept
           the
           Commonwealth
           in
           Peace
           and
           Amity
           ;
           for
           the
           Child
           also
           died
           within
           a
           few
           days
           after
           the
           Mother
           .
           The
           People
           took
           the
           Body
           of
           Julia
           by
           force
           from
           the
           Tribunes
           ,
           and
           buried
           it
           in
           the
           
             Campus
             Martius
          
           with
           all
           Solemnities
           proper
           on
           that
           Occasion
           .
           
           Caesar's
           Army
           was
           now
           grown
           very
           numerous
           ,
           so
           that
           he
           was
           forc'd
           to
           disperse
           them
           into
           several
           Winter-Quarters
           ,
           and
           being
           gone
           himself
           towards
           Rome
           ,
           as
           he
           us'd
           to
           do
           ,
           there
           was
           a
           sudden
           Rupture
           in
           Gaul
           ,
           and
           great
           Armies
           were
           on
           their
           march
           about
           the
           Country
           ,
           who
           beat
           up
           the
           Romans
           Quarters
           ,
           and
           attempted
           to
           make
           themselves
           Masters
           of
           the
           Forts
           ,
           where
           they
           lay
           .
           The
           greatest
           and
           strongest
           Party
           of
           the
           Rebels
           under
           the
           Command
           of
           Ambiorix
           cut
           off
           Cotta
           ,
           and
           Titurius
           ,
           with
           their
           Army
           .
           After
           that
           the
           Enemies
           invested
           a
           Town
           ,
           (
           where
           Cicero
           lay
           with
           his
           Legion
           )
           with
           an
           Army
           of
           60000
           ▪
           Men
           ,
           and
           had
           almost
           taken
           it
           by
           Storm
           ,
           the
           Roman
           Souldiers
           in
           it
           being
           all
           wounded
           ,
           and
           having
           quite
           spent
           themselves
           by
           a
           brisk
           and
           vigorous
           defence
           beyond
           their
           
           Natural
           strength
           :
           But
           Caesar
           ,
           who
           was
           at
           a
           great
           distance
           ,
           having
           receiv'd
           notice
           of
           this
           ,
           quickly
           got
           together
           7000
           Men
           ,
           and
           hasten'd
           to
           relieve
           Cicero
           .
           The
           Besiegers
           were
           aware
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           went
           to
           meet
           him
           ,
           with
           great
           confidence
           that
           they
           should
           with
           ease
           devour
           such
           an
           handful
           of
           Men.
           Caesar
           to
           nourish
           their
           presumption
           seem'd
           to
           avoid
           fighting
           ,
           and
           still
           march'd
           off
           till
           he
           found
           a
           place
           conveniently
           situate
           for
           a
           few
           to
           engage
           against
           many
           ,
           where
           he
           encamp'd
           .
           He
           kept
           his
           Souldiers
           from
           making
           any
           Incursion
           on
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           and
           commanded
           them
           to
           raise
           a
           Bulwark
           ,
           and
           to
           build
           strong
           Barricadoes
           ,
           that
           by
           shew
           of
           fear
           ,
           they
           might
           heighten
           the
           Enemies
           contempt
           of
           them
           ;
           till
           at
           last
           they
           came
           without
           any
           order
           in
           great
           security
           to
           make
           an
           Attack
           ,
           when
           he
           made
           a
           Sally
           ,
           and
           put
           them
           to
           flight
           with
           the
           loss
           of
           many
           Men.
           This
           quieted
           many
           Commotions
           in
           these
           parts
           of
           Gaul
           ,
           and
           Caesar
           made
           his
           progress
           through
           several
           parts
           of
           the
           Country
           ,
           and
           with
           great
           vigilance
           provided
           against
           all
           Innovations
           .
           At
           that
           time
           there
           were
           3
           Legions
           come
           to
           him
           by
           way
           of
           Recruits
           for
           the
           Men
           he
           had
           lost
           ;
           of
           which
           Pompey
           furnish'd
           him
           with
           two
           out
           of
           those
           under
           his
           Command
           ;
           the
           other
           was
           newly
           rais'd
           in
           that
           part
           of
           Gaul
           which
           is
           by
           the
           Po.
           After
           this
           the
           Seeds
           of
           War
           ,
           which
           had
           long
           since
           been
           secretly
           sown
           
           and
           scatter'd
           by
           the
           most
           powerful
           Men
           in
           those
           Warlike
           Nations
           ,
           broke
           forth
           ,
           and
           ripen'd
           into
           the
           greatest
           and
           most
           dangerous
           War
           that
           ever
           was
           in
           those
           parts
           ,
           both
           for
           the
           number
           of
           Men
           in
           the
           vigor
           of
           their
           Youth
           ,
           and
           quantity
           of
           Arms
           ,
           which
           were
           gather'd
           from
           all
           parts
           ,
           and
           the
           vast
           Funds
           of
           Money
           laid
           up
           for
           this
           purpose
           ,
           and
           the
           strength
           of
           Towns
           ,
           and
           situation
           of
           places
           by
           which
           they
           were
           inaccessible
           .
           It
           being
           Winter
           ,
           the
           Rivers
           were
           frozen
           ,
           the
           Woods
           cover'd
           with
           Snow
           ,
           and
           the
           Fields
           overflow'd
           ;
           so
           that
           in
           some
           places
           the
           Ways
           were
           lost
           through
           the
           depth
           of
           the
           Snow
           ;
           in
           others
           ,
           the
           overflowing
           of
           Bogs
           and
           Brooks
           made
           the
           passage
           very
           dangerous
           :
           All
           which
           difficulties
           made
           it
           seem
           impracticable
           to
           Caesar
           to
           make
           any
           attempt
           upon
           the
           Rebels
           .
           Many
           States
           had
           revolted
           together
           ;
           the
           chief
           of
           them
           were
           the
           Arverni
           ,
           and
           Carnutes
           ;
           the
           General
           who
           had
           the
           Supream
           Command
           in
           War
           was
           Vercingetorix
           ,
           whose
           Father
           the
           Gauls
           had
           put
           to
           death
           on
           suspicion
           he
           affected
           absolute
           Government
           .
           He
           having
           dispos'd
           his
           Army
           in
           several
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           set
           Officers
           over
           them
           ,
           drew
           over
           to
           him
           all
           the
           Country
           round
           about
           as
           far
           as
           those
           that
           lie
           upon
           Arar
           ,
           and
           having
           Intelligence
           of
           the
           Opposition
           which
           
           Caesar's
           Affairs
           now
           found
           at
           Rome
           ,
           thought
           to
           engage
           all
           Gaul
           in
           the
           War.
           Which
           if
           he
           had
           done
           a
           little
           
           later
           ,
           when
           Caesar
           was
           taken
           up
           with
           the
           Civil
           Wars
           ,
           Italy
           had
           been
           put
           into
           as
           great
           fears
           ,
           as
           before
           it
           was
           by
           the
           Cimbri
           .
           But
           at
           this
           time
           Caesar
           who
           was
           of
           a
           Genius
           naturally
           fitted
           to
           make
           a
           right
           use
           of
           all
           advantages
           in
           War
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           heard
           of
           the
           Revolt
           ,
           return'd
           immediately
           the
           same
           way
           he
           went
           ,
           and
           shew'd
           the
           Barbarians
           ,
           by
           the
           quickness
           of
           his
           march
           in
           such
           a
           tempestuous
           season
           ,
           that
           the
           Army
           which
           was
           advancing
           against
           them
           was
           invincible
           .
           For
           in
           time
           that
           one
           would
           have
           thought
           it
           scarce
           credible
           that
           a
           Courier
           ,
           or
           Express
           should
           have
           come
           so
           far
           ,
           he
           appear'd
           with
           all
           his
           Army
           ;
           in
           his
           march
           he
           ravaged
           the
           Country
           ,
           demolish'd
           the
           Forts
           ,
           and
           receiv'd
           into
           his
           protection
           those
           who
           declar'd
           for
           him
           ;
           till
           at
           last
           the
           Hedui
           oppos'd
           him
           ,
           who
           before
           had
           styl'd
           themselves
           Brethren
           to
           the
           Romans
           ,
           and
           had
           been
           much
           honour'd
           by
           them
           ,
           but
           now
           joyn'd
           the
           Rebels
           to
           the
           great
           discouragement
           of
           
           Caesar's
           Army
           .
           Wherefore
           he
           remov'd
           thence
           ,
           and
           past
           the
           Country
           of
           the
           Lingones
           ,
           desiring
           to
           touch
           upon
           the
           Territories
           of
           the
           Sequani
           ,
           who
           were
           his
           Allies
           ,
           and
           are
           situate
           next
           to
           Italy
           upon
           the
           Confines
           of
           Gaul
           .
           There
           the
           Enemy
           came
           upon
           him
           ,
           and
           surrounded
           him
           with
           many
           Myriads
           ,
           whom
           he
           was
           eager
           enough
           to
           engage
           ;
           and
           had
           the
           
           advantage
           of
           them
           upon
           all
           accounts
           ,
           and
           at
           last
           through
           the
           length
           of
           time
           and
           terrour
           of
           his
           Name
           ,
           quite
           defeated
           them
           .
           But
           he
           seems
           to
           have
           made
           some
           false
           steps
           at
           first
           ,
           and
           the
           Arverni
           shew
           you
           a
           Sword
           hanging
           up
           in
           a
           Temple
           ,
           which
           they
           say
           was
           taken
           from
           Caesar
           .
           This
           Caesar
           saw
           afterwards
           ,
           and
           smil'd
           at
           it
           ,
           and
           when
           his
           Friends
           advis'd
           it
           should
           be
           taken
           down
           ,
           would
           not
           permit
           it
           ,
           because
           he
           look'd
           upon
           it
           as
           consecrated
           .
           After
           the
           defeat
           a
           great
           part
           of
           those
           who
           had
           escap'd
           ,
           fled
           with
           their
           King
           into
           a
           Town
           call'd
           Alexia
           ,
           which
           Caesar
           besieged
           ,
           though
           for
           the
           heighth
           of
           the
           Walls
           ,
           and
           number
           of
           those
           who
           were
           in
           Garison
           ,
           it
           seem'd
           impregnable
           .
           During
           the
           Siege
           he
           met
           with
           greater
           danger
           without
           the
           Town
           ,
           then
           can
           be
           exprest
           .
           For
           the
           choice
           Men
           of
           Gaul
           ,
           pick'd
           out
           of
           each
           Nation
           ,
           and
           well
           Arm'd
           ,
           came
           to
           relieve
           Alexia
           ,
           to
           the
           number
           of
           Three
           hundred
           thousand
           ;
           nor
           were
           there
           in
           the
           Town
           less
           than
           170
           thousand
           :
           So
           that
           Caesar
           being
           shut
           up
           betwixt
           two
           such
           Armies
           ,
           was
           forc'd
           to
           raise
           two
           Walls
           ,
           one
           towards
           the
           Town
           ,
           the
           other
           against
           the
           new
           Supplies
           ,
           as
           knowing
           if
           these
           Forces
           should
           join
           ,
           his
           Affairs
           would
           be
           intirely
           ruin'd
           .
           The
           danger
           that
           he
           underwent
           before
           Alexia
           did
           justly
           gain
           him
           great
           Honour
           ,
           and
           gave
           him
           an
           opportunity
           of
           shewing
           greater
           Instances
           of
           his
           
           Valour
           and
           Conduct
           ,
           than
           any
           other
           Battle
           ever
           did
           .
           One
           would
           wonder
           very
           much
           how
           he
           should
           engage
           and
           defeat
           so
           many
           thousands
           of
           Men
           without
           the
           Town
           ,
           and
           not
           be
           perceiv'd
           by
           those
           within
           :
           but
           much
           more
           ,
           that
           the
           Romans
           themselves
           who
           guarded
           their
           Wall
           which
           was
           next
           the
           Town
           should
           be
           Strangers
           to
           it
           .
           For
           even
           they
           knew
           nothing
           of
           the
           Victory
           till
           they
           heard
           the
           cries
           of
           the
           Men
           ,
           and
           lamentations
           of
           the
           Women
           ,
           who
           were
           in
           the
           Town
           ,
           and
           had
           from
           thence
           seen
           the
           Romans
           at
           a
           distance
           carrying
           into
           their
           Camp
           a
           great
           quantity
           of
           Bucklers
           adorn'd
           with
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           many
           Breast-plates
           stain'd
           with
           Blood
           ,
           besides
           Cups
           and
           Tents
           made
           after
           the
           Gallic
           mode
           .
           So
           soon
           was
           so
           vast
           an
           Army
           dissipated
           ,
           and
           vanish'd
           like
           a
           Ghost
           or
           Dream
           ,
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           them
           being
           kill'd
           upon
           the
           spot
           .
           Those
           which
           were
           in
           Alexia
           having
           given
           themselves
           and
           Caesar
           much
           trouble
           surrendred
           at
           last
           ;
           and
           Vercingetorix
           ,
           who
           was
           the
           chief
           Spring
           of
           all
           the
           War
           ,
           with
           his
           best
           Armour
           on
           ,
           and
           well
           mounted
           ,
           rode
           out
           of
           the
           Gates
           ,
           and
           took
           a
           Turn
           about
           Caesar
           as
           he
           was
           sitting
           ;
           then
           quitted
           his
           Horse
           ,
           threw
           off
           his
           Armour
           ,
           and
           laid
           himself
           quietly
           at
           
           Caesar's
           feet
           ,
           who
           committed
           him
           to
           Custody
           to
           be
           reserv'd
           for
           a
           Triumph
           .
        
         
         
           Caesar
           had
           long
           since
           design'd
           to
           ruine
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           Pompey
           ,
           him
           ;
           for
           Crassus
           ,
           who
           had
           hitherto
           kept
           them
           in
           Peace
           ,
           being
           slain
           in
           Parthia
           ,
           the
           one
           wanted
           nothing
           to
           make
           himself
           the
           greatest
           Man
           in
           Rome
           ,
           but
           the
           fall
           of
           him
           ,
           who
           was
           so
           ;
           Nor
           had
           the
           other
           any
           way
           to
           prevent
           his
           own
           ruine
           ,
           but
           by
           being
           before-hand
           with
           him
           whom
           he
           fear'd
           .
           But
           Pompey
           had
           not
           been
           long
           under
           such
           apprehensions
           ,
           having
           till
           that
           time
           despis'd
           Caesar
           ,
           as
           thinking
           it
           no
           difficult
           matter
           to
           crush
           him
           whom
           he
           himself
           had
           advanc'd
           .
           But
           Caesar
           had
           entertain'd
           this
           design
           from
           the
           beginning
           against
           his
           Rivals
           ,
           and
           had
           retir'd
           like
           an
           expert
           Wrestler
           ,
           to
           prepare
           himself
           for
           the
           Combat
           ;
           He
           had
           improv'd
           the
           strength
           of
           his
           Souldiery
           by
           exercising
           e'm
           in
           the
           Gallic
           Wars
           ,
           and
           had
           heighten'd
           his
           own
           glory
           by
           his
           great
           Actions
           ,
           so
           that
           he
           was
           look'd
           on
           ,
           as
           one
           that
           vied
           with
           Pompey
           .
           Nor
           did
           he
           let
           go
           any
           of
           those
           advantages
           ,
           which
           were
           now
           given
           him
           both
           by
           Pompey
           himself
           ,
           and
           the
           times
           ,
           and
           the
           ill
           Government
           of
           Rome
           ,
           whereby
           all
           who
           were
           Candidates
           for
           Offices
           publickly
           gave
           Money
           ,
           and
           without
           any
           shame
           brib'd
           the
           Pople
           ,
           who
           having
           receiv'd
           their
           pay
           did
           not
           contend
           for
           their
           Benefactors
           with
           their
           bare
           Suffrages
           ,
           but
           with
           Bows
           ,
           Swords
           ,
           and
           Slings
           ;
           so
           that
           they
           seldom
           parted
           without
           having
           stain'd
           
           the
           place
           of
           Election
           with
           the
           Blood
           of
           Men
           kill'd
           upon
           the
           spot
           ;
           by
           which
           the
           City
           was
           brought
           to
           confusion
           like
           a
           Ship
           without
           a
           Pilot
           ;
           so
           that
           the
           Wiser
           part
           wish'd
           things
           which
           were
           carried
           on
           with
           so
           much
           Tumult
           and
           fury
           might
           end
           no
           worse
           then
           in
           a
           Monarchy
           .
           Some
           were
           so
           bold
           as
           to
           declare
           openly
           ,
           that
           the
           Government
           was
           incurable
           but
           by
           a
           Monarchy
           ,
           and
           that
           they
           ought
           to
           take
           that
           Remedy
           from
           the
           Hands
           of
           the
           gentlest
           Physician
           ,
           meaning
           Pompey
           ,
           who
           though
           in
           words
           he
           pretended
           to
           decline
           it
           ,
           yet
           in
           reality
           he
           made
           his
           utmost
           Efforts
           to
           be
           declar'd
           Dictator
           .
           Cato
           perceiving
           his
           design
           prevail'd
           with
           the
           Senate
           to
           make
           him
           sole
           Consul
           ,
           that
           he
           might
           not
           aim
           at
           the
           Dictatorship
           ,
           being
           taken
           off
           with
           the
           offer
           of
           a
           more
           legal
           sort
           of
           Monarchy
           .
           They
           over
           and
           above
           voted
           him
           the
           continuance
           of
           his
           Provinces
           ;
           for
           he
           had
           two
           ,
           Spain
           ,
           and
           all
           Afric
           ,
           which
           he
           govern'd
           by
           his
           Deputies
           ,
           and
           maintain'd
           Armies
           under
           him
           at
           the
           yearly
           charge
           of
           10000
           Talents
           out
           of
           the
           publick
           Treasury
           .
           Upon
           this
           Caesar
           also
           by
           his
           Proxies
           demanded
           the
           Consulate
           ,
           and
           the
           continuance
           of
           his
           Provinces
           .
           Pompey
           at
           first
           did
           not
           stir
           in
           it
           ,
           but
           Marcellus
           and
           Lentulus
           oppos'd
           it
           ,
           who
           had
           always
           hated
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           now
           did
           every
           thing
           ,
           whether
           fit
           or
           unfit
           ,
           which
           ●●●ht
           disgrace
           ,
           and
           expose
           him
           .
           For
           they
           
           took
           away
           the
           freedom
           of
           Rome
           from
           the
           Neocomians
           ,
           who
           were
           a
           Colony
           that
           Caesar
           had
           lately
           planted
           in
           Gaul
           ,
           and
           Marcellus
           ,
           who
           was
           then
           Consul
           ,
           order'd
           one
           of
           the
           Senators
           of
           that
           City
           ,
           then
           at
           Rome
           ,
           to
           be
           whipt
           ,
           and
           told
           him
           he
           laid
           that
           mark
           upon
           him
           to
           signifie
           he
           was
           no
           Citizen
           of
           Rome
           ,
           bidding
           him
           ,
           when
           he
           went
           back
           again
           ,
           to
           shew
           it
           Caesar
           .
           After
           
           Marcellus's
           Consulate
           ,
           Caesar
           presented
           largely
           all
           the
           great
           Statesmen
           out
           of
           the
           Riches
           he
           had
           taken
           from
           the
           Gauls
           ;
           discharg'd
           Curio
           the
           Tribune
           from
           his
           great
           Debts
           ;
           gave
           Paulus
           ,
           then
           Consul
           ,
           1500
           Talents
           ,
           with
           which
           he
           built
           a
           noble
           Palace
           joining
           to
           the
           Forum
           ,
           in
           the
           place
           where
           that
           of
           Fulvius
           had
           stood
           .
           Pompey
           jealous
           of
           these
           Preparations
           ,
           did
           now
           openly
           practise
           both
           by
           himself
           and
           his
           Friends
           ,
           to
           have
           a
           Successor
           declar'd
           to
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           sent
           to
           redemand
           those
           Souldiers
           whom
           he
           had
           lent
           him
           to
           carry
           on
           the
           Wars
           in
           
             Gaul
             .
             Caesar
          
           return'd
           them
           ,
           and
           gave
           each
           Souldier
           250
           Drachms
           .
           Those
           who
           conducted
           them
           to
           Pompey
           spread
           amongst
           the
           People
           no
           very
           favourable
           report
           of
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           flatter'd
           Pompey
           himself
           with
           false
           suggestions
           that
           he
           was
           wish'd
           for
           by
           
           Caesar's
           Army
           ,
           and
           though
           his
           Affairs
           here
           were
           in
           an
           ill
           posture
           thrô
           the
           envy
           of
           some
           ,
           and
           the
           ill
           state
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           yet
           there
           the
           Army
           was
           at
           his
           Command
           ,
           and
           if
           they
           might
           pass
           into
           Italy
           ,
           
           would
           presently
           declare
           for
           him
           ;
           so
           uneasie
           were
           they
           under
           Caesar
           ,
           who
           had
           engag'd
           them
           in
           so
           many
           Expeditions
           ,
           and
           so
           suspicious
           of
           him
           as
           aspiring
           to
           the
           Monarchy
           .
           Upon
           this
           Pompey
           grew
           careless
           ,
           and
           neglected
           all
           Warlike
           Preparations
           as
           fearing
           no
           danger
           ,
           but
           attack'd
           him
           with
           Words
           only
           and
           Speeches
           thinking
           to
           conquer
           by
           a
           Majority
           of
           Votes
           ,
           which
           Caesar
           slighted
           .
           For
           't
           is
           said
           ,
           that
           one
           of
           his
           Captains
           ,
           who
           was
           sent
           by
           him
           to
           Rome
           ,
           standing
           before
           the
           Senate-house
           one
           day
           ,
           and
           being
           told
           that
           the
           Senate
           would
           not
           give
           Caesar
           a
           longer
           time
           in
           his
           Government
           ,
           clapt
           his
           Hand
           on
           the
           Hilt
           of
           his
           Sword
           ,
           and
           said
           ,
           
             But
             this
             shall
          
           .
           Yet
           the
           demands
           which
           Caesar
           made
           had
           the
           fairest
           colours
           of
           Equity
           imaginable
           ;
           for
           he
           proposed
           to
           lay
           down
           his
           Arms
           ,
           and
           that
           Pompey
           should
           do
           the
           same
           ,
           and
           both
           together
           should
           become
           private
           Men
           ,
           and
           each
           expect
           a
           Reward
           of
           his
           Services
           from
           the
           Publick
           ;
           for
           that
           those
           who
           went
           to
           disarm
           him
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           same
           time
           confirm'd
           
           Pompey's
           Power
           ,
           only
           supprest
           the
           one
           ,
           to
           establish
           the
           other
           in
           his
           Tyranny
           .
           When
           Curio
           made
           these
           Proposals
           to
           the
           People
           in
           
           Caesar's
           Name
           ,
           he
           was
           mightily
           applauded
           ,
           and
           some
           threw
           Garlands
           towards
           him
           ,
           and
           dismist
           him
           as
           they
           do
           Wrestlers
           ,
           crown'd
           with
           Flowers
           .
           Antony
           being
           Tribune
           ,
           produced
           a
           Letter
           sent
           from
           Caesar
           on
           this
           Occasion
           ,
           
           and
           read
           it
           ,
           though
           the
           Consuls
           did
           what
           they
           could
           to
           oppose
           it
           .
           But
           Scipio
           ,
           Pompey's
           Father-in-Law
           ,
           propos'd
           in
           the
           Senate
           ,
           that
           if
           Caesar
           did
           not
           lay
           down
           his
           Arms
           within
           such
           a
           time
           ,
           he
           should
           be
           voted
           an
           Enemy
           ;
           and
           the
           Consuls
           putting
           it
           to
           the
           Question
           ,
           whether
           Pompey
           should
           dismiss
           his
           Soldiers
           ;
           and
           again
           ,
           whether
           Caesar
           should
           disband
           his
           ,
           very
           few
           assented
           to
           the
           first
           ,
           but
           almost
           all
           to
           the
           latter
           .
           But
           Antony
           proposing
           again
           that
           both
           should
           lay
           down
           their
           Commissions
           ,
           all
           unanimously
           agreed
           to
           it
           .
           Scipio
           was
           upon
           this
           very
           violent
           ,
           and
           Lentulus
           the
           Consul
           cried
           aloud
           ,
           that
           they
           had
           need
           of
           Arms
           ,
           and
           not
           of
           Suffrages
           against
           a
           Robber
           ;
           so
           that
           they
           were
           adjourn'd
           ,
           and
           chang'd
           their
           Robes
           in
           token
           of
           grief
           for
           the
           Dissention
           .
           Afterwards
           there
           came
           other
           Letters
           from
           Caesar
           ,
           which
           seem'd
           yet
           more
           moderate
           ;
           for
           he
           proposed
           to
           quit
           every
           thing
           else
           ,
           and
           only
           to
           have
           
             Gallia
             Cisalpina
             ,
             Illyricum
          
           ,
           and
           two
           Legions
           ,
           till
           he
           should
           stand
           a
           second
           time
           for
           Consul
           .
           Cicero
           the
           Orator
           ,
           who
           was
           lately
           return'd
           from
           Cilicia
           ,
           endeavour'd
           to
           reconcile
           differences
           ,
           and
           soften'd
           Pompey
           ,
           who
           was
           willing
           to
           comply
           in
           other
           things
           ,
           but
           not
           to
           allow
           him
           the
           Soldiers
           .
           At
           last
           Cicero
           prevail'd
           with
           
           Caesar's
           Friends
           ,
           who
           were
           now
           more
           flexible
           to
           accept
           of
           the
           Provinces
           ,
           and
           6000
           Soldiers
           only
           ,
           and
           so
           
           to
           make
           up
           the
           Quarrel
           .
           Pompey
           gave
           way
           to
           this
           ,
           but
           Lentulus
           the
           Consul
           would
           not
           hearken
           to
           it
           ,
           but
           drove
           Antony
           and
           Curio
           out
           of
           the
           House
           with
           disgrace
           ;
           by
           which
           they
           afforded
           Caesar
           the
           handsomest
           pretence
           that
           could
           be
           to
           enflame
           the
           Soldiers
           ,
           by
           shewing
           them
           two
           Persons
           of
           such
           Worth
           and
           Authority
           who
           were
           forc'd
           to
           escape
           in
           a
           common
           Hackney-Coach
           ,
           in
           the
           Habits
           of
           Slaves
           ;
           for
           so
           they
           were
           glad
           to
           disguise
           themselves
           ,
           when
           they
           fled
           out
           of
           Rome
           .
           Now
           there
           were
           not
           about
           him
           at
           that
           time
           above
           300
           Horse
           ,
           and
           5000
           Foot
           ,
           for
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Army
           ,
           which
           was
           left
           behind
           the
           Alps
           ,
           was
           to
           be
           brought
           after
           him
           by
           Persons
           Commission'd
           for
           that
           purpose
           .
           But
           he
           thought
           the
           first
           Motion
           towards
           the
           design
           which
           he
           had
           then
           on
           foot
           did
           not
           require
           many
           Forces
           at
           present
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           ought
           to
           make
           his
           first
           step
           so
           suddenly
           ,
           as
           to
           surprize
           the
           adverse
           Party
           into
           an
           admiration
           of
           his
           Courage
           ;
           for
           he
           esteem'd
           it
           easier
           to
           astonish
           them
           ,
           if
           he
           came
           unawares
           ,
           then
           fairly
           to
           conquer
           them
           ,
           if
           he
           had
           alarm'd
           them
           by
           his
           Preparations
           ;
           and
           therefore
           he
           commanded
           his
           Captains
           ,
           and
           other
           Officers
           ,
           to
           go
           only
           with
           their
           Swords
           in
           their
           Hands
           without
           any
           other
           Arms
           ,
           and
           make
           themselves
           Masters
           of
           Ariminum
           ,
           a
           great
           City
           of
           Gaul
           ,
           with
           as
           little
           Noise
           and
           Bloodshed
           as
           possible
           .
           He
           committed
           the
           Care
           of
           the
           
           Army
           to
           Hortensius
           ,
           and
           spent
           the
           day
           in
           publick
           ,
           as
           a
           Stander
           by
           ,
           and
           Spectator
           of
           the
           Gladiators
           ,
           who
           exercis'd
           before
           him
           .
           A
           little
           before
           night
           he
           bath'd
           ,
           and
           then
           went
           into
           the
           Hall
           ,
           and
           converst
           for
           some
           time
           with
           those
           he
           had
           invited
           to
           Supper
           ,
           till
           it
           began
           to
           grow
           dusky
           ▪
           when
           he
           rose
           from
           Table
           ,
           and
           having
           complimented
           the
           Company
           ,
           and
           desir'd
           'em
           to
           stay
           till
           he
           came
           back
           ,
           gave
           private
           Orders
           to
           some
           of
           his
           Confidents
           that
           they
           should
           follow
           him
           ▪
           not
           all
           the
           same
           way
           ;
           but
           some
           one
           way
           ,
           some
           another
           .
           He
           himself
           got
           into
           an
           Hackney
           Coach
           ,
           and
           drove
           at
           first
           another
           way
           ,
           but
           presently
           turn'd
           towards
           Ariminum
           .
           When
           he
           came
           to
           the
           River
           
             Rubicon
             ▪
          
           which
           parts
           Gaul
           that
           is
           within
           the
           Alps
           from
           the
           rest
           of
           Italy
           ,
           his
           thoughts
           began
           to
           work
           ,
           now
           he
           was
           just
           entring
           upon
           danger
           ,
           and
           he
           waver'd
           much
           in
           his
           mind
           ,
           when
           he
           consider'd
           coolly
           the
           difficulty
           of
           the
           attempt
           .
           This
           stopt
           his
           career
           for
           a
           while
           ,
           and
           made
           him
           halt
           ,
           while
           he
           revolv'd
           with
           himself
           ,
           and
           often
           chang'd
           his
           Opinion
           one
           way
           ;
           and
           the
           other
           ,
           without
           speaking
           a
           word
           .
           When
           he
           could
           not
           fix
           his
           Resolution
           ,
           he
           discust
           the
           matter
           very
           particularly
           with
           his
           Friends
           which
           were
           about
           him
           (
           of
           which
           number
           
             Asinius
             Pollio
          
           was
           one
           )
           computing
           how
           many
           Calamities
           his
           passing
           that
           River
           would
           bring
           upon
           Mankind
           ,
           and
           
           what
           a
           Relation
           of
           it
           would
           be
           transmitted
           to
           Posterity
           .
           At
           last
           carried
           on
           by
           an
           extraordinary
           Impulse
           he
           lost
           of
           reasoning
           ,
           and
           trusted
           to
           the
           event
           ,
           using
           the
           Proverb
           frequent
           in
           their
           Mouths
           who
           enter
           upon
           dangerous
           and
           bold
           attempts
           ,
           
             The
             die
             is
             cast
          
           ;
           with
           which
           words
           he
           took
           the
           River
           .
           When
           he
           was
           over
           ,
           he
           us'd
           all
           expedition
           possible
           ,
           and
           before
           it
           was
           day
           reach'd
           Ariminum
           ,
           and
           took
           it
           .
           'T
           is
           said
           ,
           that
           the
           night
           before
           he
           past
           the
           River
           ,
           he
           had
           an
           impious
           dream
           that
           he
           was
           unnaturally
           familiar
           with
           his
           own
           Mother
           .
           As
           soon
           as
           Ariminum
           was
           taken
           ,
           there
           was
           as
           it
           were
           a
           wide
           Gate
           open'd
           to
           a
           War
           by
           Sea
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Land
           ;
           and
           with
           the
           limits
           of
           the
           Provinces
           ,
           the
           boundaries
           of
           the
           Laws
           were
           transgrest
           ▪
           Nor
           would
           one
           have
           thought
           that
           the
           Inhabitants
           only
           ,
           as
           at
           other
           times
           ,
           fled
           from
           one
           place
           to
           another
           in
           great
           consternation
           ,
           but
           that
           the
           very
           Towns
           themselves
           left
           their
           stations
           ,
           and
           fled
           for
           succor
           into
           each
           other
           ;
           so
           that
           the
           City
           of
           Rome
           was
           over
           run
           as
           it
           were
           with
           a
           Doluge
           by
           the
           conflux
           of
           neighbouring
           People
           from
           all
           parts
           round
           about
           ,
           and
           was
           neither
           easie
           under
           the
           Government
           of
           its
           Magistrates
           ,
           nor
           to
           be
           quiered
           by
           the
           Eloquence
           of
           any
           Orator
           in
           this
           great
           hurry
           and
           confusion
           ,
           but
           was
           in
           danger
           of
           sinking
           by
           its
           own
           weight
           .
           For
           contrary
           passions
           ,
           and
           violent
           motions
           possest
           all
           places
           ;
           nor
           
           were
           those
           who
           were
           interested
           in
           these
           Changes
           wholly
           at
           peace
           ,
           but
           frequently
           meeting
           ,
           as
           in
           so
           great
           a
           City
           they
           needs
           must
           ,
           with
           such
           as
           shew'd
           themselves
           fearful
           and
           dejected
           ,
           brought
           quarrels
           on
           themselves
           by
           their
           great
           confidence
           and
           presumption
           .
           Pompey
           sufficiently
           of
           himself
           disturb'd
           ,
           was
           yet
           more
           perplex'd
           by
           the
           clamors
           of
           others
           ;
           some
           telling
           him
           that
           he
           justly
           suffer'd
           for
           having
           arm'd
           Caesar
           against
           himself
           ,
           and
           the
           Government
           ;
           others
           blaming
           him
           for
           permitting
           Caesar
           to
           be
           insolently
           us'd
           by
           Lentulus
           ,
           when
           he
           made
           so
           large
           Concessions
           ,
           and
           offer'd
           such
           reasonable
           Proposals
           towards
           an
           Accommodation
           .
           Favonius
           bad
           him
           now
           stamp
           upon
           the
           Ground
           ;
           for
           once
           talking
           big
           in
           the
           Senate
           he
           desir'd
           them
           not
           to
           trouble
           themselves
           about
           making
           any
           preparations
           for
           the
           War
           ;
           for
           that
           he
           himself
           with
           one
           stamp
           of
           his
           Foot
           would
           fill
           all
           Italy
           with
           Soldiers
           .
           Yet
           still
           Pompey
           had
           more
           Forces
           then
           Caesar
           ,
           but
           he
           was
           not
           permitted
           to
           pursue
           his
           own
           thoughts
           ,
           but
           being
           continually
           alarm'd
           with
           frightful
           and
           false
           reports
           ,
           as
           if
           the
           Enemy
           was
           just
           upon
           him
           ,
           and
           Master
           of
           all
           ,
           was
           forc'd
           to
           give
           way
           ,
           and
           was
           born
           down
           by
           the
           common
           cry
           .
           In
           this
           distraction
           ,
           it
           is
           resolved
           to
           leave
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           the
           Senators
           are
           commanded
           to
           follow
           him
           ,
           with
           an
           Order
           ,
           that
           no
           one
           should
           stay
           behind
           
           who
           did
           not
           prefer
           Tyranny
           to
           their
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           Liberty
           .
           The
           Consuls
           presently
           fled
           without
           making
           the
           usual
           Sacrifices
           ;
           the
           same
           did
           most
           of
           the
           Senators
           ,
           carrying
           off
           their
           own
           Goods
           in
           as
           much
           hast
           as
           if
           they
           had
           been
           robbing
           their
           Neighbours
           .
           Some
           ,
           who
           had
           formerly
           much
           favour'd
           
           Caesar's
           Cause
           ,
           out
           of
           fear
           quitted
           their
           own
           Sentiments
           ,
           and
           without
           any
           prospect
           of
           good
           to
           themselves
           ,
           were
           carried
           along
           by
           the
           common
           stream
           .
           It
           was
           a
           very
           melancholy
           view
           to
           see
           the
           City
           tost
           in
           these
           Tumults
           like
           a
           Ship
           whose
           Pilot
           has
           given
           her
           over
           ,
           and
           despairs
           of
           hindring
           her
           from
           being
           struck
           on
           the
           next
           Rock
           .
           Those
           ,
           who
           left
           the
           City
           ,
           though
           their
           departure
           was
           on
           so
           sad
           an
           occasion
           ,
           yet
           esteem'd
           the
           place
           of
           their
           Exile
           to
           be
           their
           Countrey
           for
           
           Pompey's
           sake
           ,
           and
           fled
           from
           Rome
           ,
           as
           if
           it
           had
           been
           
           Caesar's
           Camp.
           At
           the
           same
           time
           Labienus
           ,
           a
           Person
           who
           had
           been
           one
           of
           
           Caesar's
           best
           Friends
           ,
           and
           his
           Lieutenant
           ,
           and
           one
           who
           had
           fought
           by
           him
           very
           vigorously
           in
           the
           Gallic
           Wars
           ,
           deserted
           him
           ,
           and
           went
           over
           to
           
             Pompey
             .
             Caesar
          
           sent
           all
           his
           Money
           ,
           and
           Equipage
           after
           him
           ,
           and
           then
           sat
           down
           before
           Corfinium
           ,
           which
           was
           Garison'd
           with
           30
           Soldiers
           under
           the
           command
           of
           Domitius
           .
           He
           in
           despair
           order'd
           a
           Physician
           who
           attended
           him
           to
           give
           him
           Poison
           ,
           and
           taking
           the
           Dose
           drunk
           
           it
           in
           hopes
           of
           being
           dispatch'd
           by
           it
           ,
           but
           soon
           after
           when
           he
           was
           told
           that
           Caesar
           us'd
           a
           wonderful
           Clemency
           towards
           those
           he
           took
           Prisoners
           ,
           lamented
           his
           misfortune
           ,
           and
           blam'd
           the
           hastiness
           of
           his
           own
           Resolution
           .
           His
           Physician
           comforted
           him
           ,
           when
           he
           acquainted
           him
           that
           he
           had
           took
           a
           sleeping
           ,
           not
           a
           mortal
           Poison
           ;
           with
           this
           he
           was
           very
           much
           pleased
           ,
           and
           rising
           from
           his
           Bed
           ,
           went
           presently
           over
           to
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           kist
           his
           Hand
           ,
           but
           afterwards
           revolted
           to
           Pompey
           .
           The
           report
           of
           these
           things
           at
           Rome
           sweetned
           those
           who
           were
           there
           ,
           and
           some
           who
           had
           fled
           thence
           ,
           return'd
           .
           Caesar
           took
           into
           his
           Army
           
           Domitius's
           Soldiers
           ,
           as
           he
           did
           all
           those
           ,
           whom
           he
           found
           in
           any
           Town
           listed
           for
           
           Pompey's
           Service
           .
           Being
           now
           strong
           and
           formidable
           enough
           ,
           he
           advanc'd
           against
           Pompey
           himself
           ,
           who
           did
           not
           stay
           to
           receive
           him
           ,
           but
           fled
           to
           Brundusium
           ,
           having
           sent
           the
           Consuls
           before
           with
           the
           Army
           to
           Dyrrachium
           .
           Soon
           after
           upon
           
           Caesar's
           approach
           he
           set
           to
           Sea
           ,
           as
           shall
           be
           more
           particularly
           related
           in
           his
           Life
           .
           Caesar
           would
           have
           immediately
           pursu'd
           him
           ,
           but
           wanted
           Shipping
           ,
           and
           therefore
           went
           back
           to
           Rome
           ,
           having
           made
           himself
           Master
           of
           all
           Italy
           in
           the
           space
           of
           60
           days
           .
           When
           he
           came
           thither
           he
           found
           the
           City
           more
           quiet
           then
           he
           expected
           ,
           and
           many
           Senators
           upon
           the
           place
           ,
           to
           whom
           he
           addrest
           himself
           with
           great
           courtesie
           and
           
           deference
           ,
           desiring
           them
           to
           send
           to
           Pompey
           about
           any
           reasonable
           Accommodations
           towards
           a
           Peace
           .
           But
           no
           body
           complied
           with
           this
           Proposal
           ,
           whether
           out
           of
           fear
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           whom
           they
           had
           deserted
           ,
           or
           that
           they
           thought
           Caesar
           did
           not
           mean
           what
           he
           said
           ,
           but
           thought
           it
           his
           interest
           to
           talk
           plausibly
           .
           Afterwards
           ,
           when
           Metellus
           the
           Tribune
           would
           have
           hinder'd
           him
           from
           taking
           Money
           out
           of
           the
           publick
           Treasury
           ,
           and
           produc'd
           some
           Laws
           against
           it
           ,
           Caesar
           replied
           ,
           That
           
             Arms
             and
             Laws
             did
             not
             well
             agree
             ,
             and
             if
             you
             are
             displeas'd
             with
             what
             I
             do
             ,
             at
             present
             ,
             Sir
             ,
             retreat
             quietly
             ,
             for
             War
             doth
             not
             admit
             long
             Speeches
             :
             When
             I
             have
             laid
             down
             my
             Arms
             ,
             and
             entred
             into
             Terms
             of
             Peace
             ,
             then
             come
             ,
             and
             Harangue
             as
             you
             please
             :
             and
             this
             I
             tell
             you
             in
             diminution
             of
             my
             own
             just
             Right
             ,
             for
             indeed
             you
             are
             my
             Subject
             ,
             as
             are
             all
             those
             who
             have
             appear'd
             against
             me
             ,
             and
             are
             now
             in
             my
             power
             .
          
           Having
           said
           this
           to
           Metellus
           ,
           he
           went
           to
           the
           Doors
           of
           the
           Treasury
           ,
           and
           the
           Keys
           being
           not
           to
           be
           found
           ,
           sent
           for
           Smiths
           to
           force
           them
           open
           .
           Metellus
           again
           making
           resistance
           ,
           and
           some
           encouraging
           him
           in
           it
           ,
           Caesar
           threatned
           to
           kill
           him
           ,
           if
           he
           gave
           him
           any
           farther
           disturbance
           ;
           
             And
             this
          
           ,
           saith
           he
           ,
           
             you
             know
             ,
             young
             Man
             ,
             is
             harder
             for
             me
             to
             say
             ,
             then
             to
             do
             .
          
           These
           words
           made
           Metellus
           withdraw
           for
           fear
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           same
           time
           gave
           way
           to
           
           Caesar's
           being
           easily
           and
           readily
           supplied
           with
           
           all
           things
           necessary
           for
           the
           War.
           He
           was
           now
           going
           to
           make
           War
           in
           Spain
           ,
           with
           a
           Resolution
           first
           ,
           to
           remove
           Afranius
           and
           Varro
           ,
           Pompey's
           Lieutenants
           ,
           and
           to
           make
           himself
           Master
           of
           the
           Army
           and
           Provinces
           under
           them
           ,
           that
           he
           might
           more
           securely
           advance
           against
           Pompey
           ,
           when
           he
           had
           no
           Enemy
           left
           behind
           him
           .
           In
           this
           Expedition
           his
           Person
           was
           often
           in
           danger
           from
           Ambuscades
           ,
           and
           his
           Army
           by
           want
           of
           Provisions
           ,
           yet
           he
           did
           not
           desist
           from
           pursuing
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           provoking
           them
           to
           fight
           ,
           and
           besieging
           them
           ,
           till
           by
           main
           force
           he
           made
           himself
           Master
           of
           their
           Camps
           ,
           and
           their
           Forces
           :
           Only
           the
           Officers
           got
           off
           and
           fled
           to
           Pompey
           .
           When
           Caesar
           came
           back
           to
           
             Rome
             ,
             Piso
          
           his
           Father
           in
           Law
           advis'd
           him
           to
           send
           Men
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           to
           treat
           of
           a
           Peace
           ;
           but
           Isauricus
           to
           ingratiate
           himself
           with
           Caesar
           spoke
           against
           it
           .
           Caesar
           after
           this
           ,
           being
           chose
           Dictator
           by
           the
           Senate
           ,
           called
           home
           the
           Exiles
           ,
           advanced
           to
           Titles
           of
           Honour
           the
           Children
           of
           such
           as
           had
           suffer'd
           under
           Sylla
           ,
           and
           such
           as
           were
           in
           debt
           by
           retrenching
           some
           part
           of
           the
           Interest
           ,
           and
           touch'd
           upon
           some
           other
           Regulations
           like
           these
           ,
           but
           not
           many
           :
           For
           within
           11
           days
           he
           resign'd
           his
           Dictatorship
           ,
           and
           having
           declar'd
           himself
           Consul
           with
           
             Servilius
             Isauricus
          
           ,
           made
           haste
           to
           the
           Camp
           again
           .
           He
           march'd
           so
           fast
           ,
           that
           he
           left
           all
           his
           Army
           behind
           him
           ,
           except
           600
           
           chosen
           Horse
           ,
           and
           5
           Legions
           ,
           with
           which
           he
           put
           to
           Sea
           in
           the
           very
           middle
           of
           Winter
           about
           the
           beginning
           of
           the
           Month
           January
           ,
           which
           the
           Athenians
           call
           Posideon
           ,
           and
           having
           past
           the
           Ionian
           Sea
           took
           Oricum
           ,
           and
           Apollonia
           ,
           and
           then
           sent
           back
           the
           Ships
           to
           Brundusium
           ,
           to
           bring
           over
           the
           Soldiers
           ,
           that
           were
           left
           behind
           in
           the
           march
           .
           These
           Soldiers
           ,
           as
           they
           were
           upon
           the
           Road
           ,
           being
           very
           much
           wasted
           in
           their
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           tir'd
           with
           the
           fatigue
           of
           so
           many
           Engagements
           ,
           talkt
           against
           Caesar
           after
           this
           manner
           .
           
             When
             at
             last
             ,
             and
             where
             will
             this
          
           Caesar
           
             let
             us
             be
             quiet
             ?
             He
             carries
             us
             from
             place
             to
             place
             ,
             and
             uses
             us
             ,
             as
             if
             we
             were
             not
             to
             be
             worn
             out
             ,
             and
             had
             no
             sense
             of
             labour
             .
             Even
             our
             Iron
             it self
             is
             spent
             by
             blows
             ,
             and
             we
             ought
             to
             have
             some
             pity
             on
             our
             Bucklers
             ,
             and
             Breast-plates
             ,
             which
             have
             been
             us'd
             so
             long
             .
             Doth
             not
          
           Caesar
           
             gather
             from
             our
             wounds
             ,
             that
             we
             are
             mortal
             Men
             ,
             whom
             he
             commands
             ,
             and
             that
             we
             are
             subject
             to
             the
             same
             Calamities
             ,
             and
             Diseases
             ,
             as
             other
             Mortals
             are
             .
             'T
             is
             impossible
             for
             a
             God
             himself
             to
             force
             the
             Winter-Season
             ,
             or
             to
             hinder
             the
             Storms
             ,
             when
             they
             rage
             :
             Yet
             he
             pushes
             forward
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             were
             not
             pursuing
             ,
             but
             flying
             from
             an
             Enemy
             .
          
           This
           was
           their
           Discourse
           as
           they
           march'd
           leisurely
           towards
           Brundusium
           .
           But
           when
           they
           came
           thither
           ,
           and
           found
           that
           Caesar
           was
           gone
           off
           before
           them
           ,
           they
           chang'd
           their
           Sentiments
           ,
           and
           blam'd
           themselves
           as
           Traitors
           
           to
           their
           General
           .
           They
           now
           rail'd
           at
           their
           Officers
           for
           marching
           so
           slowly
           ,
           and
           placing
           themselves
           on
           the
           Promontories
           by
           the
           Sea-side
           over-against
           Epirus
           ,
           lookt
           out
           to
           see
           if
           they
           could
           espy
           the
           Vessels
           ,
           which
           were
           to
           transport
           them
           to
           Caesar
           .
           He
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           was
           posted
           in
           Apollonia
           ,
           but
           had
           not
           an
           Army
           with
           him
           able
           to
           fight
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           the
           Forces
           from
           Brundusium
           being
           so
           long
           a
           coming
           ,
           which
           put
           him
           into
           a
           great
           suspence
           ,
           and
           loss
           what
           to
           do
           .
           At
           last
           he
           entred
           upon
           a
           dangerous
           project
           ,
           which
           was
           to
           go
           in
           a
           Vessel
           of
           12
           Oars
           ,
           without
           any
           ones
           knowledge
           ,
           over
           to
           Brundusium
           ,
           though
           the
           Sea
           was
           at
           that
           time
           cover'd
           with
           a
           vast
           Fleet
           of
           the
           Enemies
           .
           He
           embark'd
           in
           the
           night-time
           in
           the
           habit
           of
           a
           Slave
           ,
           and
           throwing
           himself
           down
           like
           some
           inconsiderable
           Fellow
           ,
           lay
           along
           at
           the
           bottom
           of
           the
           Vessel
           .
           The
           River
           Anius
           was
           to
           carry
           them
           down
           to
           Sea
           ,
           and
           there
           us'd
           to
           blow
           a
           gentle
           gale
           every
           morning
           from
           the
           Land
           ,
           which
           made
           it
           very
           calm
           towards
           the
           mouth
           of
           the
           River
           ,
           by
           driving
           the
           Waves
           forward
           ;
           but
           that
           night
           there
           blew
           a
           strong
           Wind
           from
           the
           Sea
           ,
           which
           overpower'd
           that
           from
           the
           Land
           ;
           so
           that
           betwixt
           the
           violence
           of
           the
           Tide
           ,
           and
           the
           resistance
           of
           the
           Waves
           against
           it
           ,
           the
           River
           was
           very
           rough
           ,
           and
           so
           uneven
           and
           dangerous
           ,
           that
           the
           Pilot
           could
           not
           make
           good
           his
           Passage
           ,
           but
           order'd
           his
           Sailors
           to
           
           tack
           about
           .
           Caesar
           upon
           this
           discovers
           himself
           ,
           and
           taking
           the
           Pilot
           by
           the
           Hand
           ,
           who
           was
           surprised
           to
           see
           him
           there
           ,
           said
           ,
           
             Go
             on
             boldly
             my
             Friend
             ,
             and
             fear
             nothing
             ;
             thou
             carriest
          
           Caesar
           ,
           
             and
             his
             Fortune
             along
             with
             thee
             .
          
           The
           Mariners
           when
           they
           heard
           that
           ,
           forgot
           the
           Storm
           ,
           and
           laying
           all
           their
           Strength
           to
           their
           Oars
           ,
           did
           what
           they
           could
           to
           force
           their
           way
           down
           the
           River
           .
           But
           when
           it
           was
           to
           no
           purpose
           ,
           and
           the
           Vessel
           now
           took
           in
           much
           Water
           ,
           Caesar
           finding
           himself
           in
           so
           great
           danger
           in
           the
           very
           mouth
           of
           the
           River
           ,
           permitted
           the
           Master
           ,
           though
           much
           against
           his
           will
           ,
           to
           turn
           back
           .
           When
           he
           was
           come
           to
           Land
           ,
           his
           Soldiers
           ran
           to
           him
           in
           whole
           Troops
           ,
           and
           exprest
           how
           much
           they
           were
           troubled
           ,
           that
           he
           should
           think
           himself
           not
           strong
           enough
           to
           get
           a
           Victory
           by
           their
           sole
           Assistance
           ,
           but
           must
           needs
           disturb
           himself
           ,
           and
           expose
           his
           Person
           for
           those
           who
           were
           absent
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           could
           not
           trust
           those
           who
           were
           with
           him
           .
           After
           this
           ,
           Antony
           came
           over
           with
           the
           Forces
           from
           Brundusium
           ,
           which
           encourag'd
           Caesar
           to
           give
           Pompey
           Battel
           ,
           though
           he
           was
           encamp'd
           very
           advantageously
           ,
           and
           furnish'd
           with
           plenty
           of
           Provisions
           both
           by
           Sea
           ,
           and
           Land
           ,
           whilst
           he
           himself
           ,
           who
           at
           first
           had
           been
           but
           ill
           stock'd
           ,
           was
           now
           at
           last
           extreamly
           pinch'd
           for
           want
           of
           Necessaries
           ,
           so
           that
           his
           Soldiers
           were
           forc'd
           to
           dig
           up
           a
           kind
           of
           Root
           which
           grew
           
           there
           ,
           and
           tempering
           it
           with
           Milk
           to
           feed
           on
           it
           .
           Sometimes
           they
           made
           Loaves
           ,
           and
           in
           their
           Incursions
           on
           the
           Enemies
           Out-guards
           ,
           would
           throw
           in
           those
           Loaves
           ,
           telling
           them
           ,
           that
           
             as
             long
             as
             the
             Earth
             produc'd
             such
             Roots
             they
             would
             not
             leave
             off
             to
             besiege
          
           Pompey
           .
           But
           Pompey
           took
           what
           care
           he
           could
           ,
           that
           neither
           the
           Loaves
           ,
           nor
           the
           Words
           should
           reach
           his
           Men
           ,
           for
           they
           would
           have
           been
           disheartned
           at
           the
           fierceness
           and
           hardiness
           of
           their
           Enemies
           ,
           and
           look'd
           upon
           them
           as
           a
           Kin
           to
           the
           savage
           Nature
           of
           Wild
           Beasts
           .
           There
           were
           continual
           Skirmishes
           about
           
           Pompey's
           Out-works
           ,
           in
           all
           which
           Caesar
           had
           the
           better
           ,
           except
           one
           ;
           when
           his
           Men
           were
           forc'd
           to
           fly
           in
           such
           a
           manner
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           like
           to
           have
           lost
           his
           Camp.
           For
           Pompey
           made
           such
           a
           vigorous
           Sally
           on
           them
           ,
           that
           not
           a
           Man
           stood
           his
           ground
           ;
           the
           Trenches
           were
           fill'd
           with
           dead
           Bodies
           ;
           many
           fell
           upon
           their
           own
           Ramparts
           ,
           and
           Bulwarks
           ,
           being
           closely
           pursu'd
           by
           the
           Enemy
           .
           Caesar
           met
           them
           ,
           and
           would
           have
           turn'd
           them
           back
           ,
           but
           could
           not
           .
           When
           he
           went
           to
           lay
           hold
           of
           the
           Colours
           ,
           those
           who
           carried
           them
           threw
           them
           down
           ,
           so
           that
           the
           Enemies
           took
           32
           of
           them
           .
           He
           himself
           narrowly
           escap'd
           ;
           for
           taking
           hold
           of
           a
           big
           lusty
           Fellow
           that
           was
           flying
           by
           him
           ,
           he
           bad
           him
           stand
           ,
           and
           face
           about
           ;
           but
           the
           Fellow
           full
           of
           apprehensions
           from
           
           the
           danger
           he
           was
           in
           ,
           began
           to
           handle
           his
           Sword
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           would
           strike
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           had
           done
           it
           ,
           had
           not
           
           Caesar's
           Arm-bearer
           prevented
           the
           blow
           by
           chopping
           off
           the
           Man's
           Arm.
           
           Caesar's
           Affairs
           were
           so
           desperate
           at
           that
           time
           ,
           that
           when
           Pompey
           either
           through
           fear
           ,
           or
           his
           ill
           Fortune
           ,
           did
           not
           give
           the
           finishing
           stroke
           to
           that
           great
           Action
           ,
           but
           retreated
           after
           he
           had
           shut
           up
           the
           Enemy
           within
           their
           Camp
           ,
           Caesar
           upon
           his
           return
           said
           to
           his
           Friends
           ,
           
             The
             Victory
             to
             day
             had
             been
             on
             our
             Enemies
             side
             ,
             if
             they
             had
             had
             a
             General
             ,
             which
             knew
             how
             to
             conquer
             .
          
           When
           he
           was
           retir'd
           into
           his
           Tent
           ,
           he
           laid
           himself
           down
           to
           sleep
           ,
           but
           spent
           that
           night
           the
           most
           melancholy
           that
           he
           ever
           did
           any
           ,
           being
           perplex'd
           in
           his
           thoughts
           for
           his
           ill
           conduct
           in
           this
           War
           ;
           for
           when
           he
           had
           a
           large
           Country
           before
           him
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           wealthy
           Cities
           of
           Macedonia
           ,
           and
           Thessaly
           ,
           he
           had
           neglected
           to
           carry
           the
           War
           thither
           ,
           and
           had
           sat
           down
           by
           the
           Sea-side
           ,
           whilst
           his
           Enemies
           had
           such
           a
           powerful
           Fleet
           ;
           so
           that
           he
           seem'd
           rather
           to
           be
           besieg'd
           with
           want
           of
           Necessaries
           ,
           then
           to
           besiege
           others
           with
           his
           Arms.
           Being
           thus
           distracted
           in
           his
           thoughts
           with
           the
           view
           of
           the
           ill
           posture
           he
           stood
           in
           ,
           he
           rais'd
           his
           Camp
           with
           a
           design
           to
           advance
           towards
           Scipio
           ,
           who
           lay
           in
           Macedonia
           ;
           for
           he
           hop'd
           either
           to
           draw
           Pompey
           where
           he
           should
           fight
           without
           the
           advantage
           he
           now
           
           had
           of
           supplies
           from
           the
           Sea
           ,
           or
           over-power
           Scipio
           ,
           if
           not
           assisted
           .
           This
           animated
           
           Pompey's
           Army
           ,
           and
           Officers
           so
           far
           ,
           that
           they
           were
           for
           pursuing
           Caesar
           ,
           as
           one
           that
           was
           worsted
           and
           flying
           .
           But
           Pompey
           was
           afraid
           to
           hazard
           a
           Battle
           ,
           on
           which
           so
           much
           depended
           ,
           and
           being
           himself
           provided
           with
           all
           Necessaries
           for
           a
           considerable
           time
           ,
           thought
           to
           tire
           out
           ,
           and
           waste
           the
           vigor
           of
           
           Caesar's
           Army
           ,
           which
           could
           not
           last
           long
           ;
           For
           the
           best
           part
           of
           his
           Men
           ,
           though
           they
           had
           much
           Experience
           ,
           and
           shew'd
           an
           irresistible
           Courage
           in
           all
           Engagements
           ,
           yet
           by
           their
           frequent
           marches
           ,
           changing
           their
           Camps
           ,
           assaulting
           of
           Towns
           ,
           and
           long
           watches
           ,
           were
           so
           broken
           ,
           and
           so
           much
           exhausted
           with
           Age
           ,
           that
           their
           Bodies
           were
           unfit
           for
           Labour
           ,
           and
           their
           Courage
           cool'd
           by
           their
           years
           .
           Besides
           ,
           't
           is
           said
           that
           a
           Pestilential
           Disease
           occasioned
           by
           their
           irregular
           Diet
           rag'd
           in
           
           Caesar's
           Army
           ,
           and
           ,
           what
           was
           of
           greatest
           moment
           ,
           he
           was
           neither
           furnish'd
           with
           Money
           ,
           nor
           Provisions
           ,
           so
           that
           in
           a
           little
           time
           he
           must
           needs
           fall
           of
           himself
           .
           For
           these
           Reasons
           Pompey
           had
           no
           mind
           to
           fight
           him
           ,
           and
           was
           thank'd
           for
           it
           by
           none
           but
           Cato
           ,
           who
           was
           pleas'd
           with
           it
           out
           of
           his
           zeal
           to
           preserve
           his
           Fellow-Citizens
           .
           For
           when
           he
           saw
           the
           dead
           Bodies
           of
           those
           which
           had
           faln
           in
           the
           last
           Battle
           on
           
           Caesar's
           side
           to
           the
           number
           of
           a
           thousand
           ,
           he
           went
           away
           ,
           
           cover'd
           his
           Face
           ,
           and
           wept
           .
           The
           rest
           reproach'd
           Pompey
           for
           declining
           to
           fight
           ,
           and
           call'd
           him
           Agamemnon
           ,
           and
           the
           King
           of
           Kings
           ,
           as
           One
           that
           had
           no
           mind
           to
           lay
           down
           his
           Sovereign
           Authority
           ,
           but
           was
           pleas'd
           to
           see
           so
           many
           great
           Commanders
           attending
           on
           him
           ,
           and
           paying
           their
           ●●●endance
           at
           his
           Tent.
           Favonius
           ,
           who
           affected
           
           Cato's
           free
           way
           of
           speaking
           his
           mind
           ,
           complain'd
           bitterly
           ,
           that
           they
           should
           eat
           no
           Figs
           that
           year
           at
           Tusculum
           by
           reason
           of
           
           Pompey's
           ambition
           to
           be
           Monarch
           .
           Afranius
           ,
           who
           was
           lately
           return'd
           out
           of
           Spain
           ,
           and
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           ill
           Campagne
           he
           had
           made
           ,
           was
           suspected
           by
           Pompey
           to
           have
           betray'd
           the
           Army
           for
           Money
           ,
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           
             Why
             he
             did
             not
             fight
             that
             Merchant
             ,
             who
             had
             made
             such
             purchases
             ?
             Pompey
          
           was
           compell'd
           by
           this
           kind
           of
           Language
           to
           give
           Caesar
           Battle
           ,
           though
           against
           his
           own
           Sentiments
           ,
           and
           in
           order
           to
           it
           ,
           pursu'd
           him
           .
           Caesar
           had
           found
           great
           difficulties
           in
           his
           march
           ;
           for
           no
           Country
           would
           supply
           him
           with
           Provisions
           ,
           his
           Reputation
           being
           very
           much
           sunk
           since
           his
           last
           Defeat
           .
           But
           when
           he
           came
           to
           Gomphi
           ,
           a
           Town
           of
           Thessaly
           ,
           he
           not
           only
           found
           Provisions
           for
           his
           Army
           ,
           but
           Physick
           too
           .
           For
           there
           they
           met
           with
           plenty
           of
           Wine
           ,
           which
           they
           took
           off
           very
           freely
           ;
           heated
           with
           this
           ,
           and
           fir'd
           with
           the
           God
           ,
           they
           jollily
           danc'd
           along
           ,
           and
           so
           shook
           off
           their
           Disease
           ,
           and
           
           chang'd
           their
           whole
           Constitution
           .
           When
           the
           two
           Armies
           were
           come
           into
           Pharsalia
           ,
           and
           both
           encamp'd
           there
           ,
           
           Pompey's
           thoughts
           ran
           the
           same
           way
           ,
           as
           they
           had
           done
           before
           ,
           against
           fighting
           ,
           and
           the
           more
           ,
           because
           of
           some
           unlucky
           Presages
           ,
           and
           an
           odd
           Vision
           he
           had
           in
           a
           Dream
           .
           Yet
           some
           who
           were
           about
           him
           were
           so
           confident
           of
           success
           ,
           that
           
             Domitius
             ,
             Spinther
          
           ,
           and
           Scipio
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           had
           already
           conquer'd
           ,
           quarrel'd
           which
           should
           succeed
           Caesar
           in
           the
           Pontificate
           ;
           And
           many
           sent
           to
           Rome
           to
           take
           Houses
           fit
           to
           accommodate
           Consuls
           and
           Praetors
           ,
           as
           being
           sure
           of
           entring
           upon
           those
           Offices
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           the
           Battle
           was
           over
           .
           The
           Cavalry
           especially
           were
           eager
           to
           fight
           ,
           as
           being
           well
           Arm'd
           ,
           and
           bravely
           mounted
           ,
           and
           valuing
           themselves
           upon
           the
           clean
           shapes
           of
           their
           Horses
           ,
           and
           the
           advantage
           of
           their
           numbers
           ,
           for
           they
           were
           5000
           against
           1000
           of
           
           Caesar's
           .
           Nor
           was
           their
           Infantry
           better
           match'd
           ,
           there
           being
           45000
           of
           
           Pompey's
           ,
           against
           22000
           of
           the
           Enemy
           .
           Caesar
           drew
           up
           his
           Soldiers
           ,
           and
           told
           'em
           that
           Cornificius
           was
           coming
           up
           to
           them
           with
           two
           Legions
           ,
           and
           that
           15
           Companies
           more
           under
           Calenu●
           were
           posted
           at
           Megara
           ,
           and
           Athens
           ,
           he
           ask'd
           'em
           ,
           whether
           they
           would
           stay
           till
           these
           join'd
           them
           ,
           or
           would
           hazard
           the
           Ba●●le
           by
           themselves
           ▪
           They
           all
           cried
           ou●
           against
           delaying
           ,
           and
           were
           eager
           to
           engage
           as
           soon
           as
           possible
           .
           
           When
           he
           sacrific'd
           to
           the
           Gods
           for
           the
           lustration
           of
           his
           Army
           ,
           upon
           the
           death
           of
           the
           first
           Victim
           ,
           the
           Augur
           told
           him
           ,
           within
           3
           days
           ,
           he
           should
           come
           to
           a
           decisive
           Action
           .
           Caesar
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           
             Whether
             he
             saw
             any
             thing
             in
             the
             Entrails
             ,
             which
             promis'd
             an
             happy
             Event
             ?
             That
             ,
          
           saith
           the
           Priest
           ,
           
             you
             can
             best
             answer
             your self
             ;
             for
             the
             Gods
             signifie
             a
             great
             Alteration
             from
             the
             present
             posture
             of
             Affairs
             ;
             if
             therefore
             you
             think
             your self
             happy
             now
             ,
             expect
             worse
             Fortune
             ;
             if
             unhappy
             ,
             hope
             for
             better
             .
          
           The
           night
           before
           the
           Battle
           ,
           as
           he
           walk'd
           the
           Rounds
           about
           Midnight
           ,
           he
           saw
           a
           Light
           in
           the
           Heaven
           very
           bright
           and
           flaming
           ,
           which
           seem'd
           to
           pass
           over
           
           Caesar's
           Camp
           ,
           and
           fall
           into
           
           Pompey's
           ;
           and
           when
           
           Caesar's
           Soldiers
           came
           to
           relieve
           the
           Watch
           in
           the
           morning
           ,
           they
           perceiv'd
           a
           Panic
           fear
           among
           the
           Enemies
           .
           However
           he
           did
           not
           expect
           to
           fight
           that
           day
           ,
           but
           decamp'd
           as
           if
           he
           design'd
           to
           march
           towards
           Scotusa
           .
           But
           when
           the
           Tents
           were
           taken
           down
           ,
           his
           Scouts
           rode
           up
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           told
           him
           the
           Enemy
           would
           give
           him
           Battle
           .
           With
           this
           he
           was
           very
           much
           pleas'd
           ,
           and
           having
           perform'd
           his
           Devotions
           to
           the
           Gods
           ,
           set
           his
           Army
           in
           Battalia
           ,
           dividing
           them
           into
           3
           Bodies
           .
           Over
           the
           middle-most
           he
           plac'd
           
             Domitius-Calvinus
             :
             Antony
          
           commanded
           the
           Left
           Wing
           ,
           and
           he
           himself
           the
           Right
           ,
           being
           resolv'd
           to
           fight
           at
           the
           Head
           of
           the
           10th
           Legion
           .
           But
           when
           
           he
           saw
           the
           Enemies
           Cavalry
           planted
           against
           him
           ,
           being
           struck
           with
           their
           Bravery
           ,
           and
           their
           Number
           ,
           he
           gave
           private
           Orders
           ,
           That
           six
           Companies
           from
           the
           Reer
           of
           the
           Army
           should
           advance
           up
           to
           him
           ,
           whom
           he
           posted
           behind
           the
           Right
           Wing
           ,
           and
           instructed
           them
           what
           they
           should
           do
           ,
           when
           the
           Enemies
           Horse
           came
           to
           charge
           .
           On
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           Pompey
           commanded
           the
           Right
           Wing
           ,
           Domitius
           the
           Left
           ,
           and
           Scipio
           ,
           Pompey's
           Father-in-law
           ,
           the
           Main
           Body
           .
           The
           whole
           Weight
           of
           the
           Cavalry
           was
           in
           the
           Left
           Wing
           ,
           who
           design'd
           to
           attack
           the
           Right
           Wing
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           and
           press
           that
           part
           most
           which
           the
           General
           himself
           commanded
           :
           For
           they
           thought
           no
           Body
           of
           Foot
           could
           be
           so
           deep
           as
           to
           bear
           such
           a
           shock
           ,
           but
           that
           they
           must
           necessarily
           be
           broken
           to
           pieces
           upon
           the
           first
           impression
           of
           so
           strong
           a
           Cavalry
           .
           When
           they
           were
           ready
           on
           both
           sides
           to
           give
           the
           signal
           for
           Battel
           ,
           Pompey
           commanded
           his
           Foot
           ,
           who
           were
           in
           the
           Front
           ,
           to
           stand
           their
           ground
           ,
           and
           ,
           without
           breaking
           their
           Order
           ▪
           receive
           quietly
           the
           Enemies
           first
           Attack
           ,
           till
           they
           came
           within
           Javelins
           cast
           .
           Caesar
           blam'd
           this
           Conduct
           ,
           and
           said
           ,
           Pompey
           was
           not
           aware
           that
           the
           first
           Charge
           ,
           if
           it
           were
           brisk
           and
           fierce
           ,
           gave
           weight
           to
           every
           stroke
           ,
           and
           rais'd
           a
           general
           warmth
           of
           Soul
           ,
           which
           was
           easily
           kept
           alive
           and
           improv'd
           by
           the
           concurrence
           of
           the
           whole
           Army
           .
           He
           was
           now
           advanc'd
           
           with
           his
           Forces
           ,
           and
           just
           upon
           Action
           ,
           when
           he
           found
           one
           of
           his
           Captains
           ,
           a
           trusty
           and
           experienc'd
           Soldier
           ,
           encouraging
           his
           Men
           to
           exert
           their
           utmost
           .
           Caesar
           call'd
           him
           by
           his
           Name
           ,
           and
           said
           ,
           
             What
             hopes
          
           ,
           C.
           Crassinius
           ,
           
             and
             what
             grounds
             for
             encouragement
             ?
             Crassinius
          
           stretch'd
           out
           his
           hand
           ,
           and
           cried
           in
           a
           loud
           Voice
           :
           
             We
             shall
             conquer
             nobly
          
           ,
           Caesar
           ;
           
             and
             this
             day
             I
             'll
             deserve
             your
             Praises
             either
             alive
             or
             dead
             .
          
           With
           these
           words
           he
           immediately
           ran
           in
           upon
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           back'd
           only
           with
           six-score
           Men
           ,
           and
           presently
           cut
           down
           the
           foremost
           ,
           and
           still
           press'd
           on
           forwards
           with
           much
           slaughter
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           till
           at
           last
           he
           was
           struck
           back
           by
           the
           Wound
           of
           a
           Sword
           ,
           which
           went
           in
           at
           his
           Mouth
           with
           such
           force
           ,
           that
           it
           came
           out
           at
           his
           Neck
           behind
           .
           Whilst
           the
           Foot
           were
           thus
           sharply
           engag'd
           in
           the
           Main
           Battel
           ,
           one
           Wing
           of
           
           Pompey's
           Horse
           march'd
           up
           confidently
           ,
           and
           open'd
           their
           Ranks
           very
           wide
           ,
           that
           they
           might
           surround
           the
           Right
           Wing
           of
           Caesar
           :
           But
           before
           they
           engag'd
           ,
           some
           Companies
           of
           
           Caesar's
           made
           up
           to
           them
           ,
           and
           did
           not
           dart
           their
           Javelins
           at
           a
           distance
           ,
           nor
           strike
           at
           their
           Thighs
           and
           Legs
           as
           they
           us'd
           to
           do
           in
           close
           Battel
           ,
           but
           aim'd
           at
           their
           Faces
           ;
           for
           thus
           Caesar
           had
           instructed
           them
           ,
           in
           hopes
           that
           Young
           Gentlemen
           ,
           who
           had
           not
           convers'd
           much
           in
           Battels
           and
           Wounds
           ,
           but
           were
           in
           the
           flower
           of
           their
           Age
           ,
           and
           height
           
           of
           their
           Beauty
           ,
           would
           be
           very
           apprehensive
           of
           such
           Blows
           ,
           and
           not
           care
           for
           hazarding
           both
           a
           Danger
           at
           present
           ,
           and
           a
           Blemish
           for
           the
           future
           .
           This
           Design
           took
           ,
           for
           they
           were
           so
           far
           from
           bearing
           the
           stroke
           of
           the
           Javelins
           ,
           that
           they
           could
           not
           stand
           the
           sight
           of
           them
           ,
           but
           turn'd
           about
           ,
           and
           cover'd
           their
           Faces
           to
           secure
           them
           .
           In
           this
           great
           disorder
           ,
           they
           were
           at
           last
           forc'd
           to
           fly
           for
           it
           ,
           and
           by
           this
           Confusion
           ruin'd
           all
           ;
           for
           those
           who
           had
           beat
           them
           back
           ,
           presently
           surrounded
           the
           Infantry
           ,
           and
           falling
           on
           their
           Reer
           ,
           cut
           them
           to
           pieces
           .
           Pompey
           ,
           who
           commanded
           the
           other
           Wing
           of
           the
           Army
           ,
           when
           he
           saw
           his
           Cavalry
           thus
           broke
           and
           flying
           ,
           was
           no
           longer
           himself
           ,
           nor
           did
           he
           now
           remember
           that
           he
           was
           
             Pompey
             the
             Great
          
           ;
           but
           like
           one
           whom
           the
           Gods
           had
           depriv'd
           of
           his
           Senses
           ,
           and
           struck
           with
           some
           fatal
           Blow
           ,
           retir'd
           to
           his
           Tent
           without
           speaking
           a
           word
           ,
           and
           there
           sat
           to
           expect
           the
           Event
           ,
           till
           the
           whole
           Army
           was
           defeated
           ,
           and
           the
           Enemy
           appear'd
           upon
           the
           Works
           which
           were
           thrown
           up
           before
           his
           Camp
           ,
           where
           they
           closely
           engag'd
           with
           his
           Men
           ,
           who
           were
           posted
           there
           to
           defend
           it
           .
           Then
           he
           first
           seem'd
           to
           have
           recover'd
           his
           senses
           ;
           and
           when
           he
           had
           said
           to
           himself
           ,
           
             What
             ,
             into
             my
             Camp
             too
             ?
          
           he
           laid
           aside
           his
           General
           's
           habit
           ,
           and
           putting
           on
           such
           Cloaths
           as
           might
           best
           favour
           his
           flight
           ,
           stole
           off
           .
           What
           Fortune
           he
           met
           with
           afterwards
           ,
           how
           
           he
           took
           shelter
           in
           Aegypt
           ,
           and
           was
           murder'd
           there
           ,
           we
           tell
           you
           in
           his
           Life
           .
           Caesar
           ,
           when
           he
           came
           to
           view
           
           Pompey's
           Camp
           ▪
           and
           saw
           some
           of
           his
           Enemies
           dead
           upon
           the
           ground
           ,
           others
           dying
           ,
           said
           with
           a
           sigh
           ,
           ----
           
             This
             they
             would
             have
             ;
             they
             brought
             me
             to
             this
             necessity
             ,
             that
             I
          
           Caius
           Caesar
           
             must
             have
             lost
             the
             credit
             of
             all
             my
             former
             Successes
             in
             War
             ,
             if
             I
             had
             at
             last
             dismiss'd
             my
             Army
             .
             Asinius
             Pollio
          
           says
           that
           Caesar
           spoke
           those
           words
           then
           in
           Latin
           ,
           which
           he
           afterwards
           wrote
           in
           Greek
           ;
           that
           those
           who
           were
           killed
           at
           the
           taking
           of
           the
           Camp
           ,
           were
           most
           of
           them
           Servants
           ;
           and
           that
           there
           fell
           not
           above
           6000
           Soldiers
           .
           Caesar
           incorporated
           most
           of
           the
           Foot
           ,
           whom
           he
           took
           Prisoners
           ,
           with
           his
           own
           Legions
           ,
           and
           pardoned
           several
           Persons
           of
           Quality
           ,
           and
           amongst
           the
           rest
           Brutus
           ,
           who
           afterwards
           stabb'd
           him
           .
           He
           did
           not
           immediately
           appear
           after
           the
           Battel
           was
           over
           ,
           which
           put
           Caesar
           into
           a
           great
           Agony
           for
           him
           ;
           nor
           was
           his
           pleasure
           less
           ,
           when
           he
           saw
           him
           safe
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           same
           time
           coming
           over
           to
           him
           .
           There
           were
           many
           Prodigies
           that
           foretold
           this
           Victory
           ;
           but
           the
           most
           signal
           was
           that
           at
           Tralles
           .
           In
           the
           Temple
           of
           Victory
           there
           stood
           
           Caesar's
           Statue
           ;
           the
           Floor
           it self
           was
           very
           firm
           ,
           and
           the
           Stone
           with
           which
           it
           was
           pav'd
           still
           harder
           :
           yet
           it
           is
           said
           that
           a
           Palm-Tree
           shot
           it self
           up
           near
           the
           Pedestal
           of
           this
           Statue
           .
           In
           the
           City
           of
           Padua
           ,
           one
           
             C.
             Cornelius
          
           ,
           
           who
           had
           the
           Character
           of
           a
           good
           Augur
           ,
           fellow-Citizen
           and
           Friend
           of
           Livie
           the
           Historian
           ,
           happened
           to
           make
           some
           Augural
           Observations
           that
           very
           day
           when
           the
           Battel
           was
           fought
           :
           And
           first
           ,
           as
           Livie
           tells
           us
           ,
           he
           pointed
           out
           the
           critical
           time
           of
           the
           Fight
           ,
           and
           said
           to
           those
           who
           were
           by
           him
           ,
           That
           just
           then
           the
           Action
           was
           hot
           ,
           and
           the
           Men
           engag'd
           .
           When
           he
           look'd
           a
           second
           time
           upon
           the
           Birds
           ,
           and
           nicely
           observ'd
           the
           Omens
           ,
           he
           leap'd
           as
           if
           he
           had
           been
           inspir'd
           ,
           and
           cry'd
           out
           ,
           Thou
           ,
           Caesar
           ,
           
             art
             the
             Conqueror
          
           .
           This
           mightily
           surpriz'd
           the
           standers
           by
           ;
           but
           he
           took
           the
           Crown
           ,
           which
           he
           had
           on
           ,
           from
           his
           Head
           ,
           and
           swore
           he
           would
           never
           wear
           it
           again
           till
           the
           Event
           should
           give
           Authority
           to
           his
           Art.
           This
           Livie
           positively
           affirms
           for
           a
           Truth
           .
        
         
           Caesar
           ,
           as
           a
           Monument
           of
           his
           Victory
           ,
           gave
           the
           Thessalians
           great
           Immunities
           ,
           and
           then
           went
           in
           pursuit
           of
           Pompey
           .
           When
           he
           was
           arrived
           at
           Asia
           ,
           to
           gratifie
           Theopompus
           ,
           who
           had
           made
           a
           Collection
           of
           Fatles
           ,
           he
           enfranchis'd
           the
           Guidians
           ,
           and
           remitted
           one
           third
           of
           the
           Tax
           to
           all
           the
           Asiatics
           .
           When
           he
           came
           to
           Alexandria
           ,
           where
           Pompey
           was
           already
           murder'd
           ,
           he
           would
           not
           look
           upon
           Theodotus
           ,
           who
           presented
           him
           with
           his
           head
           ,
           but
           took
           his
           Signet
           and
           wept
           over
           it
           .
           Those
           of
           
           Pompey's
           Friends
           who
           had
           been
           taken
           by
           the
           King
           of
           Aegypt
           as
           they
           were
           stragling
           in
           those
           parts
           ,
           
           he
           obliged
           ,
           and
           made
           his
           own
           .
           He
           wrote
           Letters
           to
           Rome
           ,
           wherein
           he
           signified
           to
           his
           Friends
           ,
           That
           the
           greatest
           Advantage
           and
           Pleasure
           he
           found
           by
           the
           Victory
           was
           ,
           that
           he
           every
           day
           sav'd
           several
           Citizens
           Lives
           who
           had
           fought
           against
           him
           .
           As
           to
           the
           War
           in
           Aegypt
           ,
           some
           say
           it
           was
           dangerous
           and
           dishonourable
           ,
           and
           no
           ways
           necessary
           ,
           but
           occasion'd
           only
           by
           his
           Passion
           for
           Cleopatra
           :
           Others
           blame
           the
           Ministers
           ,
           and
           especially
           the
           Eunuch
           Photinus
           ,
           who
           was
           chief
           Favourite
           ,
           had
           lately
           took
           off
           
           Pompey's
           Head
           ,
           banished
           Cleopatra
           from
           Court
           ,
           and
           was
           now
           thought
           to
           be
           privately
           carrying
           on
           the
           Destruction
           of
           Caesar
           ;
           to
           prevent
           which
           ,
           Caesar
           from
           that
           time
           began
           to
           sit
           up
           whole
           nights
           ,
           under
           pretence
           of
           Drinking
           ,
           for
           the
           greater
           security
           of
           his
           Person
           .
           'T
           is
           certain
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           intolerable
           in
           his
           open
           Affronts
           to
           Caesar
           ,
           both
           by
           his
           Words
           and
           Actions
           ;
           for
           when
           
           Caesar's
           Soldiers
           had
           musty
           and
           unwholsom
           Corn
           measur'd
           out
           to
           them
           ,
           Photinus
           told
           them
           ,
           They
           must
           like
           it
           ,
           since
           they
           were
           fed
           at
           another's
           Cost
           .
           He
           order'd
           that
           his
           Table
           should
           be
           serv'd
           with
           wooden
           and
           earthen
           Dishes
           ,
           and
           said
           ,
           Caesar
           had
           carried
           off
           all
           the
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           Plate
           ,
           under
           pretence
           of
           Arrears
           of
           Debt
           .
           For
           the
           present
           King's
           Father
           ow'd
           Caesar
           1750
           Myriads
           of
           Money
           ;
           Caesar
           had
           formerly
           remitted
           to
           his
           Children
           the
           rest
           ,
           but
           thought
           fit
           to
           demand
           the
           thousand
           
           Myriads
           at
           that
           time
           ,
           to
           maintain
           his
           Army
           .
           Photinus
           told
           him
           ,
           That
           he
           had
           better
           go
           then
           ,
           and
           attend
           his
           other
           Affairs
           of
           greater
           Consequence
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           should
           receive
           his
           Money
           at
           another
           time
           with
           Thanks
           .
           Caesar
           replied
           ,
           That
           he
           did
           not
           want
           Aegyptians
           to
           be
           his
           Councellors
           ,
           and
           soon
           after
           privately
           sent
           for
           Cleopatra
           from
           her
           Retirement
           .
           She
           took
           a
           little
           Skiff
           ,
           and
           one
           of
           her
           Confidents
           ,
           Apollodorus
           ,
           along
           with
           her
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           dusk
           of
           the
           evening
           landed
           near
           the
           Palace
           .
           She
           was
           at
           a
           loss
           how
           to
           get
           in
           undiscover'd
           ,
           till
           she
           thought
           of
           putting
           her self
           into
           the
           Coverlet
           of
           a
           Bed
           ,
           and
           lying
           at
           length
           ,
           whilst
           Apollodorus
           bound
           up
           the
           Bedding
           ,
           and
           carried
           it
           on
           his
           Back
           through
           the
           Castle-gates
           to
           
           Caesar's
           Apartment
           ▪
           Caesar
           was
           first
           taken
           with
           this
           fetch
           of
           Cleopatra
           ,
           as
           an
           Argument
           of
           her
           Wit
           ;
           and
           was
           afterwards
           so
           far
           charm'd
           with
           her
           Conversation
           and
           graceful
           Behaviour
           ,
           that
           he
           reconcil'd
           her
           to
           her
           Brother
           ,
           and
           made
           her
           Partner
           in
           the
           Government
           .
           A
           Festival
           was
           kept
           for
           joy
           of
           this
           Reconciliation
           ,
           where
           
           Caesar's
           Barber
           ,
           a
           busie
           pragmatical
           Fellow
           ,
           whose
           fear
           made
           him
           inqui●itive
           into
           every
           thing
           ,
           discover'd
           that
           there
           was
           a
           Plot
           carrying
           on
           against
           Caesar
           by
           Achillas
           ,
           General
           of
           the
           King's
           Forces
           ,
           and
           Photinus
           the
           Eunuch
           .
           Caesar
           ,
           upon
           the
           first
           intelligence
           of
           it
           ,
           set
           a
           Guard
           upon
           the
           Hall
           where
           
           the
           Feast
           was
           kept
           ,
           and
           kill'd
           
             Photinus
             .
             Achillas
          
           escap'd
           to
           the
           Army
           ,
           and
           rais'd
           a
           troublesom
           War
           against
           Caesar
           ,
           which
           it
           was
           not
           easie
           for
           him
           to
           manage
           with
           so
           small
           a
           Force
           against
           so
           powerful
           a
           State.
           The
           first
           difficulty
           he
           met
           with
           ,
           was
           want
           of
           Water
           ;
           for
           the
           Enemies
           had
           turned
           the
           Pipes
           .
           Another
           was
           ,
           that
           when
           the
           Enemy
           endeavour'd
           to
           cut
           off
           his
           Communication
           by
           Sea
           ,
           he
           was
           forc'd
           to
           divert
           that
           Danger
           by
           setting
           fire
           to
           his
           own
           Ships
           ,
           which
           when
           it
           had
           burnt
           the
           Harbor
           ,
           spread
           it self
           so
           far
           as
           to
           destroy
           the
           famous
           Library
           of
           Alexandria
           .
           A
           third
           was
           ,
           that
           in
           an
           Engagement
           near
           Pharos
           he
           leap'd
           from
           the
           Mole
           into
           a
           Skiff
           ,
           to
           assist
           his
           Soldiers
           ,
           who
           were
           in
           danger
           :
           When
           the
           Aegyptians
           press'd
           him
           on
           every
           side
           ,
           he
           threw
           himself
           into
           the
           Sea
           ,
           and
           with
           much
           difficulty
           swam
           off
           .
           He
           had
           then
           many
           Papers
           in
           his
           hand
           ,
           which
           though
           he
           was
           continually
           darted
           at
           ,
           and
           forc'd
           to
           keep
           his
           Head
           often
           under
           Water
           ,
           yet
           he
           did
           not
           let
           go
           ,
           but
           held
           them
           up
           safe
           from
           wetting
           in
           one
           hand
           ,
           whilst
           he
           swam
           with
           the
           other
           .
           His
           Skiff
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           was
           quickly
           sunk
           .
           At
           last
           ,
           the
           King
           having
           got
           off
           to
           Achillas
           and
           his
           Party
           ,
           Caesar
           engag'd
           and
           conquer'd
           them
           ;
           many
           fell
           in
           that
           Battel
           ,
           and
           the
           King
           himself
           was
           never
           seen
           after
           .
           Upon
           this
           ,
           he
           makes
           Cleopatra
           Queen
           of
           Aegypt
           ,
           who
           soon
           after
           had
           a
           Son
           by
           him
           ,
           whom
           the
           Alexandrians
           
           call'd
           Caesarion
           ,
           and
           then
           departed
           for
           Syria
           .
           Thence
           he
           passed
           to
           Asia
           ,
           where
           he
           heard
           that
           Domitius
           was
           beaten
           by
           Pharnaces
           ,
           Son
           of
           Mithridates
           ,
           and
           fled
           out
           of
           Pontus
           with
           an
           handful
           of
           Men
           ;
           and
           that
           Pharnaces
           pursu'd
           the
           Victory
           so
           eagerly
           ,
           that
           though
           he
           was
           already
           Master
           of
           Bithynia
           and
           Cappadocia
           ,
           he
           had
           still
           farther
           aims
           to
           take
           in
           Armenia
           the
           less
           ;
           in
           order
           to
           which
           ,
           he
           invited
           all
           the
           Kings
           and
           Tetrarchs
           there
           to
           rise
           .
           Caesar
           immediately
           marched
           against
           him
           with
           three
           Legions
           ,
           fought
           him
           near
           Zela
           ,
           drove
           him
           out
           of
           Pontus
           ,
           and
           totally
           defeated
           his
           Army
           .
           When
           he
           gave
           Amintius
           ,
           a
           Friend
           of
           his
           at
           Rome
           ,
           an
           Account
           of
           this
           Action
           ,
           to
           express
           the
           smartness
           and
           dispatch
           of
           it
           ,
           he
           used
           these
           three
           words
           ,
           
             Veni
             ,
             Vidi
             ,
             Vici
          
           ;
           which
           Latin
           words
           having
           all
           the
           same
           Cadence
           ,
           carry
           with
           them
           an
           air
           of
           brevity
           ,
           which
           in
           this
           place
           is
           very
           lucky
           and
           graceful
           .
           Hence
           he
           went
           for
           Italy
           ,
           and
           came
           to
           Rome
           at
           the
           end
           of
           that
           Year
           ,
           for
           which
           he
           was
           a
           second
           time
           chose
           Dictator
           ,
           (
           though
           that
           Office
           had
           never
           before
           lasted
           so
           long
           )
           and
           was
           elected
           Consul
           for
           the
           next
           .
           He
           was
           ill
           spoke
           of
           ,
           because
           upon
           a
           Mutiny
           of
           Soldiers
           ,
           who
           kill'd
           Cosconius
           and
           Galba
           ,
           who
           had
           been
           Praetors
           ,
           he
           gave
           them
           only
           that
           slight
           Reprimand
           of
           calling
           them
           Citizens
           ,
           instead
           of
           Fellow-Soldiers
           ,
           and
           after
           gave
           each
           Man
           
           a
           thousand
           Drachms
           ,
           besides
           a
           share
           of
           some
           Lands
           in
           Italy
           .
           He
           was
           also
           reflected
           on
           for
           
           Dolabella's
           Extravagance
           ,
           
           Amintius's
           Covetousness
           ,
           
           Anthony's
           Debauchery
           ,
           and
           
           Corfinius's
           Profuseness
           ,
           who
           pull'd
           down
           
           Pompey's
           House
           ,
           and
           re-built
           it
           ,
           as
           not
           Magnificent
           enough
           ;
           for
           the
           Romans
           were
           much
           displeased
           with
           all
           these
           .
           But
           Caesar
           ,
           for
           the
           carrying
           on
           his
           Designs
           ,
           though
           he
           knew
           their
           Characters
           ,
           and
           disapprov'd
           them
           ,
           was
           forc'd
           to
           make
           use
           of
           such
           Instruments
           .
           After
           the
           Battel
           of
           
             Pharsalia
             ,
             Cato
          
           and
           Scipio
           fled
           into
           Afric
           ,
           and
           there
           ,
           with
           the
           Assistance
           of
           King
           Juba
           ,
           got
           together
           a
           considerable
           Force
           ,
           which
           Caesar
           resolv'd
           to
           engage
           .
           In
           order
           to
           it
           ,
           he
           pass'd
           into
           Sicily
           in
           the
           very
           midst
           of
           Winter
           ;
           and
           to
           remove
           from
           his
           Officers
           all
           hopes
           of
           delay
           there
           ,
           encamp'd
           by
           the
           Sea-shoar
           ,
           and
           as
           soon
           as
           ever
           he
           had
           a
           fair
           Wind
           put
           to
           Sea
           with
           3000
           Foot
           ,
           and
           a
           few
           Horse
           .
           When
           he
           had
           landed
           them
           ,
           he
           went
           back
           privately
           under
           great
           apprehensions
           for
           the
           better
           part
           of
           his
           Army
           ;
           but
           met
           'em
           upon
           the
           Sea
           ,
           and
           brought
           them
           all
           to
           the
           same
           Camp.
           There
           he
           was
           inform'd
           ,
           That
           the
           Enemies
           rely'd
           much
           upon
           an
           ancient
           Oracle
           ,
           That
           the
           Family
           of
           the
           Scipioes
           should
           be
           always
           Victorious
           in
           Afric
           .
           There
           was
           in
           his
           Army
           a
           Fellow
           ,
           otherwise
           mean
           and
           contemptible
           ,
           but
           of
           the
           House
           of
           the
           Africani
           ,
           and
           his
           Name
           
           
             Scipio
             Sallustio
          
           :
           This
           Man
           Caesar
           put
           in
           the
           Head
           of
           his
           Army
           ,
           with
           the
           Title
           of
           General
           ;
           which
           he
           did
           either
           in
           raillery
           to
           ridicule
           Scipio
           ,
           who
           commanded
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           or
           seriously
           to
           bring
           over
           the
           Omen
           to
           his
           side
           .
           He
           was
           oblig'd
           often
           to
           set
           upon
           the
           Ememy
           ,
           and
           skirmish
           with
           them
           ;
           for
           he
           wanted
           both
           Victualling
           for
           his
           Men
           ,
           and
           Forage
           for
           his
           Horse
           :
           so
           that
           he
           was
           forc'd
           to
           feed
           'em
           with
           a
           Sea-weed
           ,
           which
           he
           mix'd
           with
           Grass
           ,
           to
           take
           off
           its
           saltness
           ,
           and
           to
           give
           it
           a
           more
           agreeable
           Taste
           ▪
           He
           was
           forc'd
           to
           make
           this
           shift
           ,
           because
           the
           Numidians
           ,
           in
           great
           Numbers
           ,
           and
           well
           Hors'd
           ,
           commanded
           the
           Country
           .
           
           Caesar's
           Cavalry
           being
           one
           day
           out
           of
           Employ
           ,
           diverted
           themselves
           with
           seeing
           an
           African
           ,
           who
           entertain'd
           'em
           with
           a
           Dance
           ,
           and
           play'd
           upon
           the
           Pipe
           to
           admiration
           :
           They
           were
           so
           taken
           with
           this
           ,
           that
           they
           lighted
           ,
           and
           gave
           their
           Horses
           to
           some
           Boys
           ,
           when
           on
           a
           sudden
           the
           Enemy
           briskly
           surrounded
           them
           ,
           kill'd
           some
           ,
           pursu'd
           the
           rest
           ,
           and
           fell
           in
           with
           'em
           into
           their
           Camp
           ;
           and
           had
           not
           Caesar
           himself
           and
           
             Asinius
             Pollio
          
           came
           in
           to
           their
           Assistance
           ,
           and
           put
           a
           stop
           to
           their
           flight
           ,
           the
           War
           had
           been
           then
           at
           an
           end
           .
           In
           another
           Engagement
           ,
           where
           the
           Enemy
           had
           again
           the
           better
           ,
           Caesar
           took
           an
           Ensign
           ,
           who
           was
           running
           away
           ,
           by
           the
           Neck
           ,
           and
           forcing
           him
           to
           face
           about
           ,
           said
           ,
           
             Look
             ,
             that
          
           
           
             way
             is
             the
             Enemy
             !
             Scipio
          
           flush'd
           with
           this
           Success
           at
           first
           ,
           had
           a
           mind
           to
           come
           to
           one
           decisive
           Action
           .
           Wherefore
           he
           leaves
           Afranius
           and
           Juba
           in
           two
           distinct
           Bodies
           not
           far
           distant
           ,
           and
           marches
           himself
           towards
           Thapsacus
           ,
           where
           he
           built
           a
           Fort
           ,
           which
           might
           serve
           for
           a
           Security
           to
           them
           ,
           and
           a
           Retreat
           to
           himself
           .
           Whilst
           Scipio
           was
           taken
           up
           with
           this
           matter
           ,
           Caesar
           with
           an
           incredible
           dispatch
           made
           his
           way
           through
           thick
           Woods
           ,
           and
           an
           unpassable
           Country
           ,
           surrounded
           one
           Party
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           and
           charg'd
           the
           other
           other
           in
           the
           Front.
           When
           he
           had
           defeated
           these
           ,
           he
           improv'd
           this
           Opportunity
           ,
           and
           the
           course
           of
           his
           good
           Fortune
           so
           far
           ,
           that
           in
           one
           moment
           he
           took
           
           Afranius's
           Camp
           ,
           and
           destroy'd
           that
           of
           the
           
             Numidians
             ,
             Juba
          
           their
           King
           being
           glad
           to
           save
           himself
           by
           flight
           ;
           so
           that
           in
           a
           small
           part
           of
           a
           day
           he
           made
           himself
           Master
           of
           three
           Camps
           ,
           and
           kill'd
           50000
           of
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           with
           the
           loss
           only
           of
           50
           Men.
           This
           is
           the
           Account
           some
           give
           of
           that
           Fight
           ;
           Others
           say
           ,
           He
           was
           not
           in
           the
           Action
           ,
           but
           that
           he
           was
           taken
           with
           his
           usual
           Distemper
           just
           as
           he
           was
           setting
           his
           Army
           in
           Battalia
           .
           He
           perceiv'd
           the
           approaches
           of
           it
           ,
           before
           it
           had
           too
           far
           disorder'd
           his
           Senses
           ;
           and
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           began
           to
           shake
           ,
           took
           care
           to
           be
           remov'd
           into
           a
           neighbouring
           Fort
           ,
           where
           he
           repos'd
           himself
           .
           Of
           the
           Great
           Men
           that
           were
           taken
           after
           the
           Fight
           ,
           some
           Caesar
           put
           
           to
           Death
           ,
           others
           prevented
           him
           by
           killing
           themselves
           .
           Cato
           had
           undertaken
           to
           defend
           Utica
           ,
           and
           for
           that
           reason
           was
           not
           in
           the
           Battel
           .
           The
           desire
           which
           Caesar
           had
           to
           take
           him
           alive
           ,
           made
           him
           hasten
           thither
           ;
           upon
           notice
           that
           he
           had
           dispatch'd
           himself
           ,
           't
           is
           certain
           Caesar
           was
           much
           discompos'd
           ,
           but
           for
           what
           reason
           is
           not
           so
           well
           agreed
           :
           yet
           this
           he
           said
           ;
           
             Cato
             ,
             I
             envy
             thee
             thy
             Death
             ,
             because
             thou
             enviedst
             me
             the
             honour
             of
             saving
             thy
             Life
             .
          
           Yet
           after
           all
           this
           ,
           the
           Discourse
           he
           wrote
           against
           Cato
           after
           his
           Death
           ,
           is
           no
           great
           sign
           of
           his
           kindness
           ,
           or
           that
           he
           was
           thorowly
           reconciled
           to
           him
           .
           For
           how
           is
           it
           probable
           that
           he
           would
           have
           been
           tender
           of
           his
           Life
           ,
           who
           was
           so
           bitter
           against
           his
           Memory
           ?
           Yet
           from
           his
           Clemency
           to
           
             Cicero
             ,
             Brutus
          
           ,
           and
           many
           others
           who
           fought
           against
           him
           ,
           some
           have
           guess'd
           that
           
           Caesar's
           Book
           was
           not
           compos'd
           so
           much
           out
           of
           harted
           to
           Cato
           ,
           as
           in
           his
           own
           Vindication
           .
           Cicero
           ,
           it
           seems
           ,
           had
           written
           an
           Encomium
           upon
           Cato
           ,
           and
           call'd
           it
           by
           his
           Name
           ;
           a
           Discourse
           written
           by
           so
           great
           a
           Master
           upon
           so
           excellent
           a
           Subject
           ,
           was
           sure
           to
           be
           in
           every
           ones
           hands
           .
           This
           touch'd
           Caesar
           ,
           who
           look'd
           upon
           a
           Panegyric
           on
           his
           Enemy
           ,
           as
           no
           better
           then
           a
           Satyr
           against
           himself
           :
           and
           therefore
           he
           made
           in
           his
           Anti-Cato
           a
           full
           Collection
           of
           whatever
           could
           be
           said
           in
           that
           Great
           Man's
           derogation
           .
           Those
           Discourses
           had
           
           each
           of
           them
           their
           several
           Admirers
           ,
           as
           Men
           were
           differently
           inclin'd
           to
           the
           Parties
           .
           Caesar
           ,
           upon
           his
           return
           to
           Rome
           ,
           did
           not
           forget
           to
           entertain
           the
           People
           with
           a
           large
           Account
           of
           his
           Victory
           ,
           telling
           them
           ,
           That
           he
           had
           subdu'd
           a
           Country
           ,
           which
           would
           supply
           the
           Publick
           every
           year
           with
           200000
           Bushels
           of
           Corn
           ,
           and
           3000000
           weight
           of
           Oyl
           .
           He
           was
           allow'd
           three
           Triumphs
           ,
           for
           
             Aegypt
             ,
             Pontus
          
           ,
           and
           Afrric
           ;
           the
           last
           ,
           not
           for
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Scipio
           ,
           but
           Juba
           ,
           whose
           little
           Son
           was
           then
           led
           in
           Triumph
           ,
           the
           happiest
           Captive
           that
           ever
           was
           ,
           who
           of
           a
           barbarous
           Numidian
           came
           by
           this
           means
           to
           be
           reckon'd
           among
           the
           most
           Learned
           Historians
           of
           all
           Greece
           .
           After
           these
           Triumphs
           ,
           he
           distributed
           Rewards
           to
           his
           Soldiers
           ,
           and
           treated
           the
           People
           with
           Feasting
           and
           Shews
           :
           At
           one
           Feast
           he
           had
           22000
           Tables
           ,
           and
           entertain'd
           the
           People
           with
           Gladiators
           and
           Sea-Fights
           in
           honour
           to
           his
           Daughter
           Julia
           ,
           long
           since
           dead
           .
           When
           those
           Shews
           were
           over
           ,
           an
           Account
           was
           taken
           of
           the
           people
           ,
           who
           from
           320000
           were
           now
           reduc'd
           150000.
           
           So
           great
           a
           waste
           had
           the
           Civil
           War
           made
           in
           Rome
           alone
           ,
           not
           to
           mention
           what
           the
           other
           parts
           of
           Italy
           and
           the
           Provinces
           suffer'd
           .
           He
           was
           now
           chosen
           a
           fourth
           time
           Consul
           ,
           and
           went
           into
           Spain
           against
           
           Pompey's
           Sons
           ;
           they
           were
           but
           young
           ,
           yet
           had
           got
           together
           a
           great
           Army
           ,
           and
           shew'd
           they
           had
           Courage
           and
           Conduct
           
           to
           command
           it
           ,
           so
           that
           Caesar
           was
           in
           extreme
           danger
           .
           The
           great
           Battel
           was
           near
           Munda
           ,
           in
           which
           Caesar
           seeing
           his
           Men
           hard
           press'd
           ,
           and
           making
           but
           a
           weak
           Resistance
           ,
           ran
           through
           the
           Ranks
           among
           the
           Soldiers
           ,
           and
           crying
           out
           ,
           ask'd
           them
           ,
           Whether
           they
           were
           not
           asham'd
           to
           deliver
           him
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           Boys
           ?
           At
           last
           ,
           with
           great
           difficulty
           ,
           and
           the
           best
           efforts
           he
           could
           make
           ,
           he
           forced
           back
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           killing
           30000
           of
           them
           ,
           though
           with
           the
           loss
           of
           1000
           of
           his
           best
           Men.
           When
           he
           came
           back
           from
           the
           Fight
           ,
           he
           told
           his
           Friends
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           often
           fought
           for
           Victory
           ,
           but
           this
           was
           the
           first
           time
           he
           had
           ever
           fought
           for
           Life
           .
           This
           Battel
           was
           won
           on
           the
           Feast
           of
           the
           Bacchanals
           ,
           the
           very
           day
           in
           which
           Pompey
           ,
           four
           years
           before
           ,
           had
           set
           out
           for
           the
           War.
           The
           younger
           of
           
           Pompey's
           Sons
           escap'd
           ,
           and
           Didius
           some
           days
           after
           the
           Fight
           brought
           the
           elder
           's
           Head
           to
           Caesar
           .
           This
           was
           the
           last
           Battel
           he
           was
           engag'd
           in
           .
           The
           Triumph
           he
           made
           for
           this
           Victory
           displeas'd
           the
           Romans
           beyond
           any
           thing
           :
           For
           he
           had
           not
           defeated
           foreign
           Generals
           ,
           and
           barbarous
           Kings
           ,
           but
           had
           ruin'd
           the
           Children
           and
           Family
           of
           one
           of
           the
           greatest
           Men
           of
           Rome
           ,
           though
           unfortunate
           ;
           and
           it
           did
           not
           look
           well
           to
           triumph
           over
           the
           Calamities
           of
           his
           Country
           ,
           and
           to
           rejoyce
           in
           those
           things
           for
           which
           no
           better
           Apology
           could
           be
           made
           to
           the
           Gods
           and
           Men
           ,
           then
           
           their
           being
           absolutely
           necessary
           .
           Besides
           ,
           that
           hitherto
           he
           had
           never
           sent
           Letter
           or
           Express
           of
           any
           Victory
           over
           his
           Fellow-Citizens
           ,
           but
           had
           seem'd
           rather
           to
           be
           asham'd
           of
           the
           Action
           ,
           then
           to
           expect
           Honour
           from
           it
           .
           For
           all
           this
           ,
           the
           Romans
           taking
           the
           same
           side
           with
           Fortune
           ,
           gave
           the
           Rein
           into
           his
           hands
           ,
           and
           hoping
           that
           the
           Government
           of
           a
           single
           Person
           would
           give
           them
           time
           to
           breathe
           after
           so
           many
           Civil
           Wars
           and
           Calamities
           ,
           made
           him
           Dictator
           for
           Life
           .
           This
           was
           a
           down-right
           Tyranny
           ;
           for
           his
           Power
           now
           was
           not
           only
           absolute
           ,
           but
           perpetual
           too
           .
           Cicero
           propos'd
           to
           the
           Senate
           to
           confer
           such
           Honours
           upon
           him
           as
           were
           indeed
           in
           some
           measure
           within
           the
           bounds
           of
           modesty
           ;
           Others
           striving
           which
           should
           deserve
           most
           ,
           carried
           them
           so
           excessively
           high
           ,
           that
           they
           made
           Caesar
           odious
           to
           the
           most
           indifferent
           and
           moderate
           sort
           of
           men
           by
           the
           haughtiness
           and
           extravagance
           of
           those
           Titles
           which
           they
           decreed
           him
           .
           His
           Enemies
           are
           thought
           to
           have
           had
           some
           share
           in
           this
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           his
           Flatterers
           :
           it
           gave
           them
           more
           advantage
           against
           him
           ,
           and
           laid
           him
           more
           open
           to
           their
           Calumnies
           ,
           for
           since
           the
           Civil
           Wars
           were
           ended
           ,
           he
           had
           nothing
           else
           that
           he
           could
           be
           charg'd
           with
           .
           And
           they
           had
           good
           reason
           to
           decree
           a
           Temple
           to
           Clemency
           ,
           in
           token
           of
           their
           Thanks
           for
           this
           mild
           use
           he
           made
           of
           this
           Victory
           ;
           for
           he
           not
           only
           pardon'd
           many
           
           of
           those
           who
           fought
           against
           him
           ;
           but
           farther
           to
           some
           gave
           Honours
           and
           Offices
           :
           as
           particularly
           to
           Brutus
           and
           Cassius
           ,
           who
           both
           of
           them
           were
           Praetors
           ;
           
           Pompey's
           Images
           that
           were
           thrown
           down
           ,
           he
           set
           up
           again
           ;
           upon
           which
           Cicero
           said
           ,
           that
           
             by
             raising
          
           Pompey's
           
             Statues
             he
             had
             fix'd
             his
             own
             .
          
           When
           his
           Friends
           advis'd
           him
           to
           a
           Guard
           ,
           and
           several
           offer'd
           their
           Service
           ,
           he
           would
           not
           hear
           of
           it
           ,
           but
           said
           ,
           It
           was
           better
           to
           suffer
           Death
           once
           ;
           then
           always
           to
           live
           in
           fear
           of
           it
           .
           He
           look'd
           upon
           the
           Affections
           of
           the
           People
           to
           be
           the
           best
           and
           surest
           Guard
           ,
           and
           therefore
           entertain'd
           them
           again
           with
           publick
           Feastings
           and
           general
           Distributions
           of
           Corn
           ;
           and
           to
           gratifie
           his
           Army
           ,
           he
           sent
           out
           many
           Colonies
           to
           several
           places
           ,
           of
           which
           the
           most
           remarkable
           were
           Carthage
           and
           Corinth
           ;
           which
           ,
           as
           before
           they
           had
           been
           ruin'd
           at
           the
           same
           time
           ,
           so
           now
           they
           were
           restor'd
           and
           peopl'd
           together
           .
           As
           for
           the
           Men
           of
           Quality
           ,
           he
           promis'd
           some
           that
           they
           should
           be
           Consuls
           or
           Praetors
           ;
           others
           he
           satisfied
           with
           Offices
           or
           Titles
           ;
           to
           all
           he
           gave
           hopes
           of
           his
           Favour
           ,
           as
           being
           desirons
           to
           rule
           by
           Love
           :
           So
           that
           upon
           the
           Death
           of
           Maximus
           ,
           one
           day
           before
           his
           Consulate
           was
           ended
           ,
           he
           made
           
             Caninius
             Rebellius
          
           Consul
           for
           that
           day
           .
           When
           many
           went
           to
           pay
           their
           Complements
           to
           the
           new
           Consul
           ,
           as
           is
           usual
           ,
           ●icero
           said
           by
           way
           of
           raillery
           ,
           
             Let
             us
             make
             haste
             ,
             lest
             the
          
           
           
             Man
             be
             gone
             out
             of
             his
             Office
             before
             we
             come
             .
             Caesar
          
           was
           born
           to
           do
           great
           things
           ,
           and
           had
           a
           love
           of
           Honour
           ;
           nor
           did
           the
           many
           Noble
           Exploits
           he
           had
           done
           invite
           him
           to
           sit
           still
           ,
           and
           reap
           the
           fruit
           of
           his
           past
           labours
           ,
           but
           were
           Incentives
           and
           Encouragements
           to
           go
           on
           ,
           and
           rais'd
           in
           his
           Soul
           the
           Ideas
           of
           still
           greater
           Actions
           ,
           and
           a
           desire
           of
           new
           Glory
           ,
           as
           if
           the
           present
           were
           all
           spent
           .
           This
           Passion
           was
           a
           kind
           of
           aemulous
           struggle
           with
           himself
           ,
           as
           it
           had
           been
           with
           another
           ,
           how
           he
           might
           out-do
           his
           
             past
             ▪
          
           Actions
           by
           his
           future
           .
           In
           pursuit
           of
           these
           thoughts
           ,
           he
           resolv'd
           to
           make
           War
           upon
           the
           Parthians
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           had
           subdu'd
           them
           ,
           to
           pass
           through
           Hircania
           ;
           thence
           to
           march
           along
           by
           the
           Caspian
           Sea
           to
           Mount
           Caucasus
           ,
           and
           so
           on
           about
           Pontus
           ,
           till
           he
           came
           into
           Scythia
           ;
           then
           to
           over-run
           all
           the
           Countries
           about
           Germany
           ,
           and
           Germany
           it self
           ;
           and
           to
           return
           through
           Gaul
           into
           Italy
           ,
           till
           he
           had
           finished
           the
           whole
           Circle
           of
           his
           intended
           Empire
           ,
           and
           bounded
           it
           on
           every
           side
           by
           the
           Ocean
           .
           While
           Preparations
           were
           making
           for
           this
           Expedition
           ,
           he
           attempted
           to
           dig
           through
           the
           Isthmus
           on
           which
           Corinth
           stands
           .
           Afterthat
           ,
           he
           had
           a
           Design
           to
           divert
           the
           Rivers
           Apien
           and
           Tiber
           ,
           and
           to
           carry
           them
           by
           a
           deep
           Channel
           directly
           from
           Rome
           to
           Circaeum
           ,
           and
           so
           into
           the
           Sea
           near
           Tarracina
           ,
           that
           there
           might
           be
           a
           safe
           and
           easie
           Passage
           for
           all
           Merchants
           who
           traded
           
           to
           Rome
           .
           Besides
           this
           ,
           he
           intended
           to
           drain
           all
           the
           Marshes
           by
           Nomentum
           and
           Setium
           ,
           and
           gain
           ground
           enough
           from
           the
           Water
           to
           employ
           many
           Thousands
           of
           Men
           in
           Tillage
           .
           He
           propos'd
           farther
           to
           make
           great
           Mounds
           on
           the
           Shoar
           nighest
           Rome
           ,
           to
           hinder
           the
           Sea
           from
           breaking
           in
           upon
           the
           Land
           ;
           to
           cleanse
           the
           Ostian
           Shoar
           of
           such
           hidden
           Shelves
           and
           Rocks
           as
           made
           it
           unsafe
           for
           Shipping
           ,
           and
           to
           build
           Ports
           and
           Harbors
           fit
           to
           receive
           such
           large
           Vessels
           as
           used
           to
           ride
           thereabouts
           .
           These
           things
           were
           design'd
           without
           taking
           effect
           :
           but
           his
           Reformation
           of
           the
           Kalendar
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           rectifie
           the
           irregularity
           of
           Time
           ,
           was
           not
           only
           ingeniously
           contriv'd
           ,
           but
           brought
           to
           perfection
           by
           him
           ,
           and
           prov'd
           of
           very
           great
           use
           ;
           For
           it
           was
           not
           only
           in
           ancient
           Times
           that
           the
           Romans
           wanted
           a
           certain
           Rule
           to
           make
           the
           Revolutions
           of
           their
           Months
           fall
           in
           with
           the
           Course
           of
           the
           Year
           ,
           (
           whereby
           their
           Festivals
           and
           solemn
           days
           for
           Sacrifice
           were
           remov'd
           by
           little
           and
           little
           ,
           till
           at
           last
           they
           came
           to
           be
           kept
           at
           a
           Season
           quite
           contrary
           to
           what
           they
           had
           been
           formerly
           )
           but
           even
           at
           this
           time
           ,
           the
           People
           had
           no
           way
           of
           computing
           right
           the
           Course
           of
           the
           Sun
           ;
           only
           the
           Priests
           had
           the
           knack
           ,
           and
           at
           their
           pleasure
           ,
           without
           giving
           any
           notice
           ,
           clapt
           in
           an
           intercalary
           Month
           ,
           which
           they
           call'd
           
             Mercedonius
             .
             Numa
          
           was
           the
           first
           who
           put
           in
           
           this
           Month
           ,
           but
           his
           Invention
           was
           too
           narrow
           and
           short
           to
           correct
           all
           the
           Errors
           that
           rose
           from
           their
           Computation
           of
           the
           Year
           ,
           as
           we
           have
           shewn
           in
           his
           Life
           .
           Caesar
           call'd
           in
           the
           best
           Philosophers
           and
           Mathematicians
           of
           his
           Time
           ,
           to
           settle
           this
           Point
           ;
           and
           upon
           Principles
           there
           propos'd
           ,
           establish'd
           a
           more
           exact
           and
           proper
           Method
           of
           correcting
           the
           Kalendar
           ;
           which
           the
           Romans
           use
           to
           this
           day
           ,
           and
           seem
           to
           err
           less
           then
           any
           other
           Nation
           in
           the
           Reduction
           of
           this
           inequality
           of
           Months
           to
           the
           Year
           .
           Yet
           even
           this
           gave
           Offence
           to
           those
           who
           envy'd
           his
           Grandeur
           ,
           and
           were
           weary
           of
           his
           Power
           ;
           for
           Cicero
           the
           Orator
           ,
           when
           one
           of
           the
           Company
           chanc'd
           to
           say
           ,
           
             The
             next
             morning
          
           Lyra
           
             would
             rise
          
           ;
           reply'd
           ,
           
             Yes
             ,
             by
             vertue
             of
             the
             Edict
          
           ;
           as
           if
           Men
           were
           forc'd
           by
           Authority
           to
           receive
           this
           new
           Scheme
           .
           But
           that
           which
           brought
           upon
           him
           the
           most
           apparent
           and
           mortal
           hatred
           ,
           was
           his
           affectation
           of
           being
           King
           ,
           which
           gave
           the
           Common
           People
           the
           first
           Occasion
           to
           quarrel
           with
           him
           ,
           and
           prov'd
           the
           most
           specious
           pretence
           to
           those
           who
           had
           been
           his
           secret
           Enemies
           all
           along
           .
           Those
           who
           would
           have
           procur'd
           him
           that
           Title
           ,
           gave
           it
           out
           ,
           That
           't
           was
           foretold
           in
           the
           Sibylls
           Books
           ,
           that
           the
           Romans
           should
           conquer
           the
           Parthians
           when
           they
           fought
           against
           them
           under
           the
           Conduct
           of
           a
           King
           ,
           but
           not
           before
           .
           And
           one
           day
           ,
           as
           Caesar
           was
           going
           from
           Alba
           to
           
           Rome
           ,
           some
           were
           so
           bold
           as
           to
           salute
           him
           by
           the
           Name
           of
           King
           ;
           but
           he
           finding
           the
           People
           disrelish
           it
           ,
           seem'd
           to
           resent
           it
           himself
           ,
           and
           said
           ,
           
             His
             Title
             was
             Caesar
             ,
             not
             King.
          
           Upon
           this
           ,
           they
           forbore
           their
           Acclamations
           ,
           and
           he
           past
           on
           with
           an
           air
           that
           express'd
           much
           sullenness
           and
           dissatisfaction
           .
           Another
           time
           ,
           when
           the
           Senate
           had
           conferr'd
           on
           him
           some
           extravagant
           Honours
           ,
           he
           chanc'd
           to
           receive
           the
           Message
           as
           he
           was
           sitting
           on
           the
           Rostra
           ,
           where
           ,
           though
           the
           Consuls
           and
           Praetors
           themselves
           waited
           on
           him
           ,
           attended
           by
           the
           whole
           Body
           of
           the
           Senate
           ,
           he
           did
           not
           rise
           ,
           but
           behav'd
           himself
           to
           them
           as
           if
           they
           had
           been
           private
           Men
           ,
           and
           told
           them
           ,
           His
           Honours
           wanted
           rather
           to
           be
           retrench'd
           ,
           than
           increas'd
           .
           This
           Carriage
           of
           his
           offended
           not
           only
           the
           Senate
           ,
           but
           Commonalty
           too
           ;
           for
           they
           thought
           the
           affront
           upon
           the
           Senate
           equally
           reflected
           upon
           the
           whole
           Republick
           ;
           so
           that
           all
           who
           could
           decently
           leave
           him
           went
           off
           much
           dejected
           .
           Caesar
           perceiving
           the
           false
           step
           he
           had
           made
           ,
           immediately
           retir'd
           home
           ,
           and
           laying
           his
           Throat
           bare
           ,
           told
           his
           Friends
           ,
           That
           he
           was
           ready
           to
           stand
           fair
           for
           any
           man
           that
           would
           do
           him
           the
           kind
           Office
           :
           Afterwards
           he
           excus'd
           his
           sitting
           by
           his
           Distemper
           ,
           under
           pretence
           that
           those
           who
           are
           affected
           with
           it
           have
           their
           senses
           discompos'd
           ,
           if
           they
           talk
           much
           standing
           ;
           that
           they
           presently
           grow
           
           giddy
           ,
           fall
           iuto
           Convulsions
           ,
           and
           quite
           lose
           their
           Reason
           .
           But
           all
           this
           was
           feign'd
           ;
           for
           he
           would
           willingly
           have
           stood
           up
           to
           the
           Senate
           ,
           had
           not
           
             Cornelius
             Balbus
          
           ,
           one
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           or
           rather
           Flatterers
           ,
           hinder'd
           him
           .
           
             Don't
             you
             remember
          
           ,
           saith
           he
           ,
           
             you
             are
          
           Caesar
           ;
           
             and
             will
             you
             abate
             any
             thing
             of
             that
             Honor
             which
             is
             due
             to
             your
             Dignity
             ?
          
           He
           gave
           still
           a
           fresh
           occasion
           of
           resentment
           by
           his
           affront
           to
           the
           Tribunes
           .
           The
           Lupercalia
           were
           then
           celebrated
           ,
           a
           Feast
           at
           the
           first
           Institution
           peculiar
           ,
           as
           some
           Writers
           say
           ,
           to
           the
           Shepherds
           ,
           much
           of
           the
           same
           nature
           with
           the
           
             Arcadian
             Lycaea
          
           :
           Many
           young
           Noblemen
           and
           Magistrates
           run
           up
           and
           down
           the
           City
           naked
           ,
           striking
           all
           they
           meet
           with
           leathern
           Thongs
           ,
           by
           way
           of
           sport
           ;
           Many
           Women
           of
           the
           best
           Quality
           place
           themselves
           in
           the
           way
           ,
           and
           hold
           out
           their
           Hands
           to
           the
           Lash
           ,
           as
           Boys
           in
           a
           School
           do
           to
           the
           Ferula
           ,
           out
           of
           an
           Opinion
           that
           it
           procures
           an
           easie
           Labour
           to
           those
           who
           are
           with
           Child
           ,
           and
           makes
           those
           conceive
           who
           are
           barren
           .
           Caesar
           drest
           in
           a
           Triumphal
           Robe
           ,
           seated
           himself
           in
           a
           golden
           Chair
           upon
           the
           Rostra
           ,
           to
           view
           this
           Ceremony
           .
           Anthony
           ,
           as
           Consul
           ,
           was
           one
           of
           those
           who
           ran
           this
           Course
           ;
           when
           he
           came
           into
           the
           Forum
           ,
           the
           People
           made
           way
           for
           him
           ,
           whilst
           he
           presented
           Caesar
           with
           a
           Diadem
           wreath'd
           with
           Lawrel
           .
           Upon
           this
           ,
           there
           was
           a
           small
           shout
           ,
           made
           only
           by
           those
           
           few
           who
           were
           planted
           there
           for
           that
           purpose
           ;
           but
           when
           Caesar
           refus'd
           it
           ,
           there
           was
           an
           universal
           applause
           .
           Upon
           the
           second
           offer
           ,
           very
           few
           ;
           and
           upon
           the
           second
           refusal
           ,
           all
           again
           clapp'd
           .
           Caesar
           finding
           it
           would
           not
           take
           ,
           rose
           up
           ,
           and
           order'd
           the
           Crown
           to
           be
           carried
           into
           the
           Capitol
           .
           
           Caesar's
           Statues
           were
           afterwards
           found
           with
           Royal
           Diadems
           on
           their
           Heads
           ;
           Flavius
           and
           Marullus
           ,
           two
           Tribunes
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           went
           presently
           and
           pull'd
           them
           off
           ;
           and
           having
           apprehended
           those
           who
           first
           saluted
           Caesar
           as
           King
           ,
           committed
           them
           :
           The
           People
           follow'd
           them
           with
           acclamations
           ,
           and
           call'd
           them
           
           Brutus's
           ,
           because
           Brutus
           was
           the
           first
           who
           cut
           off
           the
           Succession
           of
           Kings
           ,
           and
           transferr'd
           the
           Power
           which
           before
           was
           lodg'd
           in
           One
           ,
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           Senate
           and
           People
           .
           Caesar
           so
           far
           resented
           this
           ,
           that
           he
           displac'd
           Marullus
           and
           Flavius
           ;
           and
           as
           he
           inveigh'd
           against
           them
           ,
           at
           the
           same
           time
           ridicul'd
           the
           People
           ,
           telling
           them
           ,
           He
           confess'd
           those
           Men
           were
           indeed
           properly
           call
           Bruti
           and
           Cumaei
           [
           Beasts
           and
           Sots
           .
           ]
           This
           made
           the
           Multitude
           place
           their
           hopes
           on
           
             M.
             Brutus
          
           ,
           who
           by
           his
           Father's
           side
           was
           thought
           to
           be
           descended
           from
           that
           first
           Brutus
           ,
           and
           by
           his
           Mother's
           side
           from
           the
           Servilii
           ,
           another
           Noble
           Family
           ;
           being
           besides
           Nephew
           and
           Son-in-law
           to
           Cato
           .
           But
           the
           Honours
           and
           Favours
           he
           had
           receiv'd
           from
           Caesar
           ,
           took
           off
           the
           edge
           from
           
           those
           eager
           Desires
           he
           naturally
           had
           to
           subvert
           the
           Monarchy
           ;
           for
           he
           had
           not
           only
           been
           pardon'd
           himself
           after
           
           Pompey's
           Defeat
           at
           Pharsalia
           ,
           and
           had
           procur'd
           the
           same
           Grace
           for
           many
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           but
           was
           one
           in
           whom
           Caesar
           had
           a
           particular
           Confidence
           .
           He
           had
           at
           that
           time
           the
           most
           honourable
           Praetorship
           of
           the
           Year
           ,
           and
           was
           nam'd
           for
           the
           Consulship
           four
           years
           after
           ,
           being
           preferr'd
           before
           Cassius
           his
           Competitor
           .
           Upon
           the
           Dispute
           between
           them
           ,
           Caesar
           said
           ,
           That
           Cassius
           had
           the
           fairest
           Pretensions
           ,
           but
           that
           he
           could
           not
           pass
           by
           Brutus
           .
           Nor
           did
           he
           afterwards
           hearken
           to
           those
           who
           accus'd
           Brutus
           ,
           as
           engag'd
           in
           a
           Conspiracy
           against
           him
           ;
           but
           laying
           his
           hand
           on
           his
           Body
           ,
           said
           to
           the
           Informers
           ,
           
             Brutus
             will
             stay
             for
             this
             skin
             of
             mine
          
           ;
           intimating
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           worthy
           of
           Empire
           on
           account
           of
           his
           Vertue
           ,
           but
           would
           not
           be
           base
           and
           ungrateful
           to
           gain
           one
           .
           But
           those
           who
           desir'd
           a
           Change
           ,
           and
           look'd
           on
           Him
           as
           the
           only
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           the
           
             most
             proper
             person
          
           to
           effect
           it
           ,
           durst
           not
           discourse
           the
           matter
           with
           him
           ,
           but
           in
           the
           Night-time
           laid
           Papers
           about
           his
           Chair
           of
           State
           ,
           where
           he
           us'd
           to
           sit
           and
           determine
           Causes
           ,
           with
           Sentences
           in
           them
           to
           this
           import
           :
           
             You
             are
             asleep
          
           ,
           Brutus
           ;
           
             you
             are
             no
             longer
          
           Brutus
           .
           Cassius
           ,
           when
           he
           perceiv'd
           his
           ambitious
           Soul
           a
           little
           rais'd
           upon
           this
           ,
           was
           more
           instant
           then
           before
           to
           work
           him
           yet
           farther
           ,
           having
           himself
           
           a
           private
           grudge
           against
           Caesar
           ,
           for
           some
           Reasons
           that
           we
           have
           mention'd
           in
           the
           Life
           of
           Brutus
           .
           Nor
           was
           Caesar
           without
           suspicions
           of
           him
           ,
           so
           that
           he
           took
           occasion
           to
           say
           to
           his
           Friends
           ,
           
             What
             do
             you
             think
          
           Cassius
           
             drives
             at
             ?
             I
             don't
             well
             like
             him
             ,
             he
             looks
             so
             pale
             .
          
           And
           when
           it
           was
           told
           him
           that
           Anthony
           and
           Dolabella
           were
           in
           a
           Plot
           against
           him
           ,
           he
           said
           ,
           
             He
             did
             not
             fear
             such
             fat
             ,
             jolly
             Men
             ,
             but
             rather
             the
             pale
             ,
             lean
             Fellows
          
           ;
           meaning
           Cassius
           and
           Brutus
           .
           But
           neither
           was
           his
           Fate
           so
           much
           unexpected
           ,
           as
           it
           was
           unavoidable
           ;
           for
           there
           were
           many
           strange
           Prodigies
           and
           Apparations
           which
           were
           Presages
           of
           it
           .
           As
           to
           the
           Lights
           in
           the
           Heavens
           ,
           the
           Phantoms
           which
           walk'd
           in
           the
           Night
           ,
           and
           the
           wild
           Birds
           which
           perch'd
           upon
           the
           Forum
           ,
           these
           are
           not
           perhaps
           worth
           taking
           notice
           of
           in
           so
           great
           a
           Case
           as
           this
           .
           Strabo
           the
           Philosopher
           tells
           us
           ,
           that
           many
           as
           they
           went
           along
           seem'd
           to
           be
           all
           on
           fire
           ;
           and
           that
           a
           Soldier
           's
           Servant
           seem'd
           to
           throw
           a
           great
           quantity
           of
           flame
           out
           of
           his
           hand
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           who
           saw
           it
           thought
           he
           must
           be
           burnt
           ,
           but
           that
           after
           all
           he
           had
           no
           hurt
           .
           As
           Caesar
           was
           sacrificing
           ,
           the
           Victim
           was
           seen
           to
           want
           an
           Heart
           ,
           which
           was
           a
           very
           ill
           Omen
           ,
           because
           a
           Creature
           can't
           subsist
           without
           an
           Heart
           .
           Many
           add
           ,
           that
           a
           Soothsayer
           bid
           him
           prepare
           for
           some
           great
           Danger
           on
           the
           
             Ides
             of
             March
          
           :
           When
           the
           day
           was
           come
           ,
           Caesar
           as
           he
           went
           to
           the
           
           Senate
           met
           this
           Soothsayer
           ,
           and
           said
           to
           him
           by
           way
           of
           raillery
           ,
           
             The
             Ides
             of
          
           March
           
             are
             come
          
           ;
           who
           answer'd
           him
           calmly
           ,
           
             Yes
             ,
             they
             are
             come
             ,
             but
             they
             are
             not
             past
             .
          
           The
           day
           before
           this
           Assassination
           ,
           he
           supp'd
           with
           
             M.
             Lepidus
          
           ;
           as
           he
           was
           signing
           some
           Letters
           ,
           there
           arose
           a
           Dispute
           what
           sort
           of
           Death
           was
           the
           best
           ?
           At
           which
           he
           immediately
           ,
           before
           any
           one
           could
           speak
           ,
           said
           ,
           
             A
             sudden
             one
          
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           in
           Bed
           with
           his
           Wife
           ,
           all
           the
           Doors
           and
           Windows
           of
           the
           House
           flew
           open
           together
           ;
           he
           was
           startled
           at
           the
           Noise
           ,
           and
           the
           Light
           which
           brake
           into
           the
           Room
           ,
           and
           sat
           up
           in
           his
           Bed
           ,
           where
           by
           the
           Moon-shine
           he
           perceived
           Calpurnia
           fast
           asleep
           ,
           but
           heard
           her
           utter
           in
           her
           Dream
           some
           indistinct
           words
           ,
           and
           inarticulate
           groans
           .
           She
           fancied
           at
           that
           time
           she
           was
           weeping
           over
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           holding
           him
           butcher'd
           in
           her
           Arms.
           Others
           say
           ,
           This
           was
           not
           her
           Dream
           ;
           but
           that
           she
           dreamt
           a
           Pinacle
           (
           which
           the
           Senate
           had
           order'd
           to
           be
           rais'd
           on
           
           Caesar's
           House
           by
           way
           of
           Ornament
           and
           Grandeur
           )
           was
           broken
           down
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           occasion
           of
           her
           tears
           and
           groans
           .
           When
           it
           was
           day
           ,
           she
           begg'd
           of
           Caesar
           ,
           if
           it
           were
           possible
           ,
           not
           to
           stir
           ou●
           ,
           but
           to
           adjourn
           the
           Senate
           to
           another
           time
           ;
           and
           if
           he
           slighted
           her
           Dreams
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           be
           pleas'd
           to
           consult
           his
           Fate
           by
           Sacrifices
           and
           other
           kinds
           of
           Divination
           .
           
           Nor
           was
           he
           himself
           without
           some
           suspicion
           and
           fears
           ;
           for
           he
           never
           before
           discover'd
           in
           Calpurnia
           any
           Womanish
           Superstition
           ,
           whom
           he
           now
           saw
           under
           such
           terrible
           apprehensions
           .
           Upon
           the
           Report
           which
           the
           Priests
           made
           to
           him
           ,
           that
           they
           had
           kill'd
           several
           Sacrifices
           ,
           and
           still
           found
           them
           inauspicious
           ,
           he
           was
           resolv'd
           to
           send
           Anthony
           to
           dismiss
           the
           Senate
           .
           
             D.
             Brutus
          
           ,
           whose
           Sirname
           was
           Albinus
           ,
           (
           one
           whom
           Caesar
           had
           such
           confidence
           in
           ,
           that
           he
           made
           him
           his
           second
           Heir
           ,
           thô
           at
           the
           same
           time
           he
           was
           engag'd
           in
           the
           Conspiracy
           with
           the
           other
           Brutus
           and
           Cassius
           )
           fearing
           ,
           lest
           if
           Caesar
           should
           put
           off
           the
           Senate
           to
           another
           day
           ,
           the
           business
           might
           get
           wind
           ,
           took
           care
           to
           expose
           the
           Pretenders
           to
           Divination
           ,
           and
           blam'd
           Caesar
           for
           giving
           the
           Senate
           so
           just
           Occasions
           of
           quarrelling
           with
           him
           ,
           by
           casting
           such
           a
           slur
           on
           them
           ;
           for
           that
           they
           were
           met
           upon
           his
           Summons
           ,
           and
           were
           ready
           to
           vote
           unanimously
           ,
           that
           he
           should
           be
           declared
           King
           of
           all
           the
           Provinces
           without
           Italy
           ,
           and
           might
           wear
           a
           Diademin
           any
           other
           place
           but
           Italy
           ,
           by
           Sea
           or
           Land.
           If
           any
           one
           should
           be
           sent
           to
           tell
           'em
           they
           might
           break
           up
           for
           the
           present
           ,
           and
           meet
           again
           when
           Calpurnia
           should
           chance
           to
           have
           better
           Dreams
           ;
           what
           would
           his
           Enemies
           say
           ?
           or
           who
           could
           with
           any
           patience
           hear
           his
           Friends
           ,
           if
           they
           should
           pretend
           to
           defend
           his
           Government
           as
           not
           Arbitrary
           and
           Tyrannical
           ?
           
           But
           if
           he
           was
           possess'd
           so
           far
           as
           to
           think
           this
           day
           unfortunate
           ,
           yet
           it
           were
           more
           decent
           to
           go
           himself
           to
           the
           Senate
           ,
           and
           to
           adjourn
           it
           in
           his
           own
           Person
           .
           Brutus
           as
           he
           spoke
           these
           words
           took
           Caesar
           by
           the
           hand
           ,
           and
           conducted
           him
           forth
           :
           He
           was
           not
           gone
           far
           from
           the
           door
           ,
           when
           a
           Servant
           made
           towards
           him
           ;
           but
           not
           being
           able
           to
           come
           up
           to
           him
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           Crowd
           who
           press'd
           about
           him
           ,
           he
           made
           shift
           to
           get
           into
           the
           House
           ,
           and
           committed
           himself
           to
           Calpurnia
           ,
           begging
           of
           her
           to
           secure
           him
           till
           Caesar
           return'd
           ,
           because
           he
           had
           matters
           of
           great
           importance
           to
           communicate
           to
           him
           .
           Artemidorus
           ,
           a
           Cnidian
           ,
           who
           taught
           the
           Art
           of
           Sophistry
           in
           Greek
           ,
           and
           by
           that
           means
           was
           so
           far
           acquainted
           with
           some
           about
           Brutus
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           got
           into
           the
           Secret
           ,
           brought
           Caesar
           in
           a
           little
           Schedule
           the
           Heads
           of
           what
           he
           had
           to
           depose
           .
           He
           had
           observ'd
           that
           Caesar
           as
           he
           receiv'd
           any
           Papers
           presently
           gave
           'em
           to
           the
           Servants
           who
           attended
           on
           him
           ;
           and
           therefore
           came
           as
           near
           to
           him
           as
           he
           could
           ,
           and
           said
           ,
           
             Read
             this
          
           ,
           Caesar
           alone
           ,
           
             and
             quickly
             ,
             for
             it
             contains
             great
             Business
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             concerns
             you
             .
             Caesar
          
           receiv'd
           it
           ,
           and
           went
           to
           read
           it
           several
           times
           ,
           but
           was
           still
           hindred
           by
           the
           Crowd
           of
           those
           who
           came
           to
           speak
           to
           him
           .
           However
           ,
           he
           kept
           it
           in
           his
           hand
           by
           it self
           ,
           till
           he
           came
           into
           the
           Senate
           .
           Some
           say
           it
           was
           another
           who
           gave
           Caesar
           this
           
           Note
           ,
           and
           that
           Artemidorus
           could
           not
           get
           to
           him
           ,
           being
           all
           along
           kept
           off
           by
           the
           Crowd
           .
           All
           these
           things
           might
           happen
           by
           chance
           :
           but
           the
           place
           where
           the
           Senate
           met
           ,
           which
           was
           chose
           out
           for
           the
           Scene
           of
           this
           Murther
           ▪
           was
           the
           same
           in
           which
           
           Pompey's
           Statue
           stood
           ,
           and
           was
           one
           of
           the
           Edifices
           which
           Pompey
           had
           rais'd
           and
           dedicated
           with
           his
           Theatre
           to
           the
           use
           of
           the
           Publick
           ;
           which
           plainly
           shew'd
           that
           there
           was
           something
           of
           a
           Deity
           which
           guided
           the
           Action
           ,
           and
           order'd
           it
           to
           be
           in
           that
           particular
           place
           .
           Cassius
           just
           before
           the
           Assassination
           look'd
           towards
           
           Pompey's
           Statue
           ,
           and
           silently
           implor'd
           his
           Assistance
           ▪
           though
           he
           was
           an
           Epicurean
           in
           his
           Principles
           :
           but
           this
           Occasion
           ,
           and
           the
           instant
           Danger
           ,
           shook
           his
           former
           Notions
           ,
           and
           made
           him
           a
           perfect
           Enthusiast
           .
           As
           for
           Anthony
           ,
           who
           was
           firm
           to
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           a
           lusty
           Person
           ,
           
             Brutus
             Abinus
          
           kept
           him
           without
           the
           House
           ,
           and
           entertain'd
           him
           with
           a
           long
           Discourse
           contriv'd
           on
           purpose
           .
           When
           Caesar
           entred
           into
           the
           House
           ,
           the
           Senate
           stood
           up
           in
           respect
           to
           him
           ;
           of
           
           Brutus's
           Confederates
           some
           came
           about
           his
           Chair
           ,
           and
           stood
           behind
           it
           ;
           others
           met
           him
           ,
           pretending
           to
           supplicate
           with
           
             Metellus
             Cimber
          
           ,
           in
           behalf
           of
           his
           Brother
           who
           was
           in
           Exile
           ;
           and
           they
           follow'd
           him
           with
           their
           joynt
           Petitions
           till
           he
           came
           to
           his
           Seat
           ▪
           When
           he
           was
           sat
           down
           ,
           he
           refus'd
           to
           comply
           with
           their
           Requests
           ,
           and
           upon
           their
           
           urging
           him
           farther
           ,
           reprimanded
           them
           severally
           :
           when
           Metellus
           laying
           hold
           of
           his
           Robe
           with
           both
           his
           hands
           ,
           pull'd
           it
           over
           his
           Neck
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           Signal
           for
           the
           Assault
           .
           Casca
           gave
           him
           the
           first
           Cut
           in
           the
           Neck
           ,
           which
           was
           not
           mortal
           ,
           nor
           dangerous
           ,
           as
           coming
           from
           one
           who
           at
           the
           beginning
           of
           such
           a
           bold
           Action
           was
           probably
           very
           much
           disturb'd
           .
           Caesar
           immediately
           turn'd
           about
           ,
           and
           laid
           his
           Hand
           upon
           his
           Dagger
           ;
           and
           both
           of
           'em
           at
           the
           same
           time
           cry'd
           out
           :
           He
           that
           receiv'd
           the
           Blow
           ,
           in
           
             Latine
             ,
             Wicked
          
           Casca
           !
           
             what
             dost
             thou
             mean
          
           ?
           and
           he
           that
           gave
           it
           ,
           in
           Greek
           ,
           to
           his
           Brother
           ,
           
             Brother
             ,
             help
          
           !
           Upon
           the
           first
           Onset
           ,
           those
           who
           were
           not
           conscious
           to
           the
           Design
           were
           astonish'd
           ;
           and
           their
           Horror
           at
           the
           Action
           was
           so
           great
           ,
           that
           they
           durst
           not
           fly
           ,
           nor
           assist
           Caesar
           ,
           nor
           as
           much
           as
           speak
           a
           word
           .
           But
           those
           who
           came
           prepar'd
           for
           the
           Business
           ,
           enclos'd
           him
           on
           every
           side
           with
           their
           naked
           Daggers
           in
           their
           Hands
           :
           Which
           way
           soever
           he
           turn'd
           ,
           he
           met
           with
           Blows
           ,
           and
           saw
           their
           Swords
           levell'd
           at
           his
           Face
           and
           Eyes
           ,
           and
           was
           baited
           on
           all
           sides
           ,
           like
           a
           Beast
           taken
           in
           a
           Toyl
           .
           For
           it
           was
           agreed
           they
           should
           each
           of
           them
           make
           a
           Thrust
           at
           him
           ,
           and
           flesh
           themselves
           with
           his
           Blood
           ;
           wherefore
           Brutus
           gave
           
           him
           one
           Stab
           in
           the
           Groin
           .
           Some
           say
           that
           he
           fought
           and
           resisted
           all
           the
           rest
           ,
           and
           mov'd
           off
           from
           one
           place
           to
           another
           ,
           calling
           out
           for
           Help
           :
           But
           when
           he
           saw
           
           Brutus's
           Sword
           ▪
           drawn
           ,
           he
           cover'd
           his
           Face
           with
           his
           Robe
           ,
           and
           quietly
           surrendred
           himself
           ,
           till
           he
           was
           push'd
           ,
           either
           by
           Chance
           ,
           or
           by
           Design
           of
           the
           Murtherers
           ,
           to
           the
           Pedestal
           ,
           on
           which
           
           Pompey's
           Statue
           stood
           ,
           which
           by
           that
           means
           was
           much
           stain'd
           with
           his
           Blood
           ;
           so
           that
           Pompey
           himself
           may
           seem
           to
           have
           had
           his
           share
           in
           the
           Revenge
           of
           his
           Enemy
           ,
           who
           fell
           at
           his
           Feet
           ,
           and
           breath'd
           out
           his
           Soul
           through
           his
           multitude
           of
           Wounds
           ;
           for
           they
           say
           he
           received
           Three
           and
           Twenty
           .
           The
           Assassinates
           themselves
           were
           many
           of
           them
           wounded
           by
           each
           other
           ,
           whilst
           they
           all
           levelled
           their
           Blows
           at
           the
           same
           Person
           .
        
         
           When
           Caesar
           was
           dispatch'd
           ,
           Brutus
           stood
           forth
           to
           give
           a
           Reason
           for
           what
           they
           had
           done
           ;
           but
           the
           Senate
           would
           not
           hear
           him
           ▪
           but
           flew
           out
           of
           doors
           in
           all
           haste
           ,
           and
           fill'd
           the
           People
           with
           so
           much
           Fear
           and
           Distraction
           ,
           that
           some
           shut
           up
           House
           ,
           others
           left
           their
           Counters
           and
           Shops
           .
           All
           ran
           one
           way
           or
           other
           ;
           some
           to
           the
           Place
           ,
           to
           see
           the
           sad
           
           Spectacle
           ;
           others
           back
           again
           ,
           after
           they
           had
           seen
           it
           .
           Anthony
           and
           Lepidus
           ,
           Caesar's
           best
           Friends
           ,
           got
           off
           privately
           ,
           and
           absconded
           themselves
           in
           some
           Friends
           Houses
           .
           Brutus
           and
           his
           Followers
           ,
           being
           yet
           hot
           with
           the
           Murther
           ,
           marched
           in
           a
           Body
           from
           the
           Senate-House
           to
           the
           Capitol
           with
           their
           drawn
           Swords
           ,
           not
           like
           Persons
           who
           thought
           of
           escaping
           ,
           but
           with
           an
           Air
           of
           Confidence
           and
           Assurance
           .
           As
           they
           went
           along
           ,
           they
           call'd
           to
           the
           People
           to
           resume
           their
           Liberty
           ,
           and
           complimented
           those
           of
           better
           Quality
           ,
           which
           they
           met
           .
           Some
           of
           those
           went
           along
           with
           them
           ,
           and
           joyn'd
           Company
           with
           the
           Conspirators
           ,
           pretending
           to
           the
           Honour
           of
           the
           Action
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           had
           born
           a
           part
           in
           it
           .
           Of
           this
           number
           was
           
             C.
             Octavius
          
           ,
           and
           
             Lentulus
             Spinther
          
           :
           These
           suffer'd
           afterwards
           for
           their
           Vanity
           ,
           being
           taken
           off
           by
           Anthony
           ,
           and
           the
           younger
           Caesar
           ;
           but
           they
           lost
           the
           Honour
           they
           desir'd
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           their
           Lives
           ,
           which
           it
           cost
           them
           ,
           since
           no
           one
           believ'd
           they
           had
           any
           share
           in
           the
           Action
           ;
           for
           neither
           did
           those
           who
           punished
           them
           revenge
           the
           Fact
           ,
           but
           the
           
             ill
             Will.
          
           The
           day
           after
           ,
           Brutus
           with
           the
           rest
           came
           down
           from
           the
           Capitol
           ,
           and
           made
           a
           Speech
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           who
           attended
           to
           it
           ,
           without
           
           expressig
           either
           any
           Pleasure
           or
           Resentment
           ,
           but
           shewed
           by
           their
           deep
           silence
           that
           they
           pitied
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           reverenc'd
           Brutus
           .
           The
           Senate
           made
           Acts
           of
           Oblivion
           for
           what
           was
           past
           ,
           and
           took
           healing
           Measures
           to
           reconcile
           all
           Parties
           ;
           They
           order'd
           that
           Caesar
           should
           be
           worshipp'd
           as
           a
           God
           ,
           and
           that
           not
           any
           the
           least
           thing
           should
           be
           alter'd
           which
           he
           had
           enacted
           during
           his
           Government
           ;
           At
           the
           same
           time
           ,
           they
           gave
           Brutus
           and
           his
           Followers
           the
           Command
           of
           Provinces
           ,
           and
           other
           considerable
           Posts
           :
           so
           that
           all
           People
           now
           thought
           things
           were
           well
           settled
           ,
           and
           put
           into
           a
           very
           good
           Posture
           .
           But
           when
           
           Caesar's
           Will
           was
           open'd
           ,
           and
           it
           was
           found
           that
           he
           had
           left
           a
           Considerable
           Legacy
           to
           each
           one
           of
           the
           Roman
           Citizens
           ;
           and
           when
           his
           Body
           was
           seen
           carried
           through
           the
           Market-Place
           all
           mangled
           with
           Wounds
           ,
           the
           Multitude
           could
           no
           longer
           contain
           themselves
           within
           the
           Bounds
           of
           Decency
           and
           Order
           ,
           but
           heap'd
           together
           a
           Pile
           of
           Benches
           ,
           Bars
           ,
           and
           Tables
           ,
           which
           they
           placed
           the
           Corps
           on
           ,
           and
           setting
           Fire
           to
           it
           ,
           burnt
           them
           .
           Then
           they
           took
           ▪
           Firebrands
           ,
           and
           ran
           some
           to
           fire
           the
           Houses
           of
           the
           Assassinates
           ,
           others
           up
           and
           down
           the
           City
           ,
           to
           find
           out
           the
           
           Men
           ,
           and
           Limb
           them
           ;
           but
           they
           met
           with
           none
           of
           them
           ,
           they
           having
           taken
           effectual
           Care
           to
           secure
           themselves
           .
        
         
           One
           Cinna
           ,
           a
           Confident
           of
           
           Caesar's
           ,
           chanc'd
           the
           Night
           before
           to
           have
           an
           odd
           Dream
           :
           He
           fancied
           that
           Caesar
           invited
           him
           to
           Supper
           ;
           and
           that
           upon
           his
           Refusal
           to
           go
           with
           him
           ,
           Caesar
           took
           him
           by
           the
           Hand
           ,
           and
           forc'd
           him
           ,
           though
           he
           hung
           back
           .
           Upon
           Notice
           that
           
           Caesar's
           Body
           was
           burning
           in
           the
           Market-Place
           ,
           he
           got
           up
           ,
           and
           went
           thither
           ,
           out
           of
           respect
           to
           his
           Memory
           ,
           though
           his
           Dream
           gave
           him
           some
           ill
           Apprehensions
           ;
           and
           though
           he
           was
           at
           the
           same
           time
           Fevorish
           .
           One
           of
           the
           Rabble
           who
           saw
           him
           there
           ,
           ask'd
           another
           ,
           Who
           that
           was
           ?
           And
           having
           learnt
           his
           Name
           ,
           told
           it
           to
           his
           next
           Neighbour
           :
           It
           presently
           went
           for
           currant
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           one
           of
           
           Caesar's
           Murtherers
           ;
           and
           indeed
           there
           was
           one
           Cinna
           a
           Conspirator
           :
           They
           taking
           this
           to
           be
           the
           Man
           ,
           immediately
           Seized
           him
           ,
           and
           tore
           him
           Limb
           from
           Limb
           upon
           the
           Spot
           .
        
         
           Brutus
           and
           Cassius
           ,
           frighted
           at
           this
           ,
           within
           a
           few
           days
           retir'd
           out
           of
           the
           
           City
           .
           What
           they
           afterwards
           did
           and
           suffer'd
           ,
           and
           how
           they
           dy'd
           ,
           is
           written
           in
           the
           Life
           of
           
             Brutus
             .
             Caesar
          
           dy'd
           in
           his
           Fifty
           sixth
           year
           ,
           not
           having
           surviv'd
           Pompey
           above
           four
           years
           :
           That
           Empire
           and
           Power
           which
           he
           had
           pursued
           through
           the
           whole
           Course
           of
           his
           Life
           with
           so
           much
           Hazzard
           ,
           he
           did
           at
           last
           with
           much
           difficulty
           compass
           ;
           but
           reap'd
           no
           other
           Fruits
           from
           it
           then
           an
           empty
           Name
           ,
           and
           invidious
           Title
           .
           But
           that
           happy
           Genius
           ,
           which
           was
           Propitious
           to
           him
           during
           his
           Life
           ,
           seems
           to
           have
           stuck
           to
           him
           after
           his
           Death
           ,
           as
           the
           Revenger
           of
           his
           Murther
           ;
           for
           it
           pursu'd
           by
           Sea
           and
           Land
           all
           those
           who
           were
           concern'd
           in
           it
           ,
           and
           suffer'd
           none
           to
           escape
           ,
           but
           reach'd
           all
           who
           were
           either
           actually
           engaged
           in
           the
           Fact
           ,
           or
           by
           their
           Councels
           any
           way
           promoted
           it
           .
        
         
           The
           most
           signal
           Accident
           of
           all
           here
           below
           ,
           was
           that
           which
           befell
           Cassius
           ,
           who
           when
           he
           was
           conquer'd
           at
           Philippi
           ,
           kill'd
           himself
           with
           the
           same
           Dagger
           which
           he
           had
           made
           use
           of
           against
           Caesar
           .
           The
           most
           remarkable
           Appearance
           in
           the
           Heavens
           was
           a
           great
           Comet
           ,
           which
           shone
           bery
           bright
           for
           seven
           Nights
           after
           
           Caesar's
           Death
           ,
           and
           then
           
           disappear'd
           .
           There
           was
           also
           a
           very
           faint
           Light
           in
           the
           Sun
           ;
           for
           the
           Orb
           of
           it
           was
           pale
           for
           the
           space
           of
           an
           Year
           ,
           nor
           did
           it
           rise
           with
           its
           usual
           Brightness
           and
           Vigor
           .
           Hence
           it
           gave
           but
           a
           weak
           and
           feeble
           Heat
           ,
           and
           consequently
           the
           Air
           was
           damp
           and
           gross
           ,
           for
           want
           of
           stronger
           Rays
           to
           open
           and
           rarifie
           it
           :
           The
           Fruits
           ,
           for
           that
           Reason
           ,
           were
           crude
           and
           unconcocted
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           rotted
           and
           decay'd
           ,
           through
           the
           Chilness
           of
           the
           Air.
           Above
           all
           ,
           the
           Phantôm
           which
           appear'd
           to
           Brutus
           ,
           shew'd
           the
           Murther
           was
           not
           pleasing
           to
           the
           Gods.
           The
           Story
           of
           it
           is
           this
           .
        
         
           Brutus
           being
           to
           pass
           his
           Army
           from
           A●ydos
           to
           the
           Continent
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           lay'd
           himself
           down
           one
           Night
           ,
           as
           he
           used
           to
           do
           ,
           in
           his
           Tent
           ,
           and
           was
           not
           a-sleep
           ,
           but
           thinking
           of
           his
           Affairs
           ,
           and
           what
           Events
           he
           might
           expect
           :
           For
           he
           was
           naturally
           of
           a
           watchful
           Constitution
           ▪
           and
           very
           little
           inclin'd
           to
           Sleep
           .
           He
           thought
           he
           heard
           a
           Noise
           at
           the
           Door
           of
           his
           Tent
           ,
           and
           looking
           that
           way
           ,
           by
           the
           Light
           of
           his
           Lamp
           ,
           which
           was
           almost
           out
           ,
           saw
           a
           terrible
           Figure
           ,
           like
           that
           of
           a
           Man
           ,
           but
           of
           an
           extraordinary
           Bulk
           ,
           and
           grim
           Countenance
           .
           
           He
           was
           somewhat
           frighted
           at
           first
           :
           but
           seeing
           it
           neither
           did
           nor
           spoke
           any
           thing
           to
           him
           ,
           only
           stood
           silently
           by
           his
           Bed-side
           ,
           he
           ask'd
           it
           at
           last
           ,
           
             Who
             it
             was
          
           ?
           The
           Spectre
           answer'd
           him
           ,
           
             I
             am
             thy
             Evil
             Genius
          
           ,
           Brutus
           ,
           
             and
             thou
             shalt
             see
             me
             by
          
           Philippi
           .
           Brutus
           answer'd
           very
           courageously
           ,
           
             Well
             ,
             I
             will
             see
             you
             there
          
           ;
           and
           immediately
           the
           Ghost
           vanish'd
           .
           When
           the
           time
           was
           come
           ,
           he
           drew
           up
           his
           Army
           near
           Philippi
           against
           Anthony
           and
           Caesar
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           first
           Battel
           got
           the
           Day
           ,
           routed
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           and
           plunder'd
           
           Caesar's
           Camp.
           The
           Night
           before
           the
           second
           Battel
           ,
           the
           same
           Ghost
           appear'd
           to
           him
           again
           ,
           but
           spoke
           not
           a
           word
           .
           He
           presently
           understood
           his
           Death
           was
           near
           ,
           and
           expos'd
           himself
           to
           all
           the
           Danger
           of
           the
           Battel
           :
           yet
           he
           did
           not
           die
           in
           the
           Fight
           ;
           but
           seeing
           his
           Men
           defeated
           ,
           got
           up
           to
           the
           top
           of
           a
           Rock
           ,
           and
           there
           presenting
           his
           Sword
           to
           his
           naked
           Breast
           ,
           and
           assisted
           ,
           as
           they
           say
           ,
           by
           a
           Friend
           ,
           who
           helpt
           him
           to
           give
           the
           Thrust
           ,
           died
           upon
           the
           Spot
           .
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
         
      
       
         
         
           
             
               PHOCION
               .
            
             depiction of Phocion
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
            
             
               MBurgh
               .
               sculp
               .
            
          
        
         
         
           commonly
           said
           ,
           That
           the
           Populace
           is
           most
           insulting
           and
           contumelious
           to
           great
           men
           ,
           when
           they
           are
           puff'd
           up
           with
           Prosperity
           and
           Success
           ,
           the
           contrary
           oft
           happens
           ;
           Afflictions
           and
           publick
           Calamities
           naturally
           eagering
           and
           sowring
           the
           Minds
           and
           Manners
           of
           men
           ,
           and
           disposing
           them
           to
           such
           Peevishness
           and
           Chagrin
           ,
           that
           hardly
           can
           any
           one
           carry
           himself
           so
           swimmingly
           in
           his
           words
           or
           actions
           ,
           but
           they
           will
           be
           apt
           to
           take
           pett
           :
           he
           that
           remonstrates
           to
           their
           Miscarriages
           ,
           is
           interpreted
           to
           insult
           over
           their
           Misfortunes
           ,
           and
           even
           the
           mildest
           Expostulations
           are
           constru'd
           Contempt
           :
           Honey
           it self
           is
           searching
           in
           sore
           and
           ulcerated
           parts
           ;
           and
           the
           wisest
           ,
           though
           soft
           Counsels
           ,
           may
           prove
           to
           be
           provoking
           to
           distemper'd
           minds
           ,
           that
           have
           not
           well
           prepar'd
           ears
           to
           entertain
           them
           .
           This
           made
           the
           Poet
           express
           such
           applications
           ,
           by
           a
           word
           signifying
           
           a
           grateful
           and
           
             easie
             touch
          
           upon
           the
           mind
           ,
           without
           harshness
           or
           offence
           :
           inflamed
           Eyes
           require
           a
           retreat
           into
           gloomy
           and
           dusky
           places
           ,
           amongst
           Colours
           of
           the
           deepest
           shades
           ,
           unable
           to
           endure
           the
           vigorous
           and
           glaring
           light
           :
           So
           fares
           it
           in
           the
           Body
           politick
           ,
           when
           heated
           with
           Factions
           and
           Irresolution
           ;
           there
           is
           a
           certain
           Niceness
           and
           touchy
           Humour
           prevails
           in
           the
           Minds
           of
           men
           ,
           and
           an
           unaccountable
           jealousie
           of
           any
           person
           that
           with
           openness
           and
           freedom
           offers
           
           to
           scan
           their
           actions
           ,
           even
           when
           the
           necessities
           of
           their
           affairs
           most
           require
           such
           plain-dealing
           .
           And
           surely
           such
           a
           condition
           of
           State
           is
           most
           ticklish
           ,
           when
           those
           who
           endeavour
           to
           stem
           the
           popular
           Torrent
           ,
           are
           in
           danger
           to
           be
           run
           down
           by
           them
           ,
           and
           those
           who
           humour
           them
           ,
           to
           be
           swallow'd
           up
           with
           them
           in
           the
           common
           ruine
           .
        
         
           Astronomers
           tell
           us
           ,
           the
           Sun's
           motion
           is
           neither
           exactly
           parallel
           with
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Orbs
           ,
           nor
           yet
           directly
           and
           diametrically
           opposite
           to
           them
           ;
           but
           describing
           an
           oblique
           line
           ,
           with
           insensible
           declination
           ,
           he
           steers
           his
           course
           so
           ,
           to
           dispence
           his
           Light
           and
           Influence
           ,
           in
           his
           annual
           Revolution
           ,
           at
           several
           Seasons
           ,
           in
           equal
           proportions
           ,
           to
           the
           whole
           Creation
           :
           so
           it
           happens
           in
           political
           Affairs
           ,
           that
           if
           the
           motions
           of
           Rulers
           be
           constantly
           opposite
           and
           cross
           to
           the
           Genius
           and
           inclination
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           they
           will
           be
           stomach'd
           as
           arbitrary
           and
           tyrannical
           ;
           as
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           too
           much
           Deference
           and
           Indulgence
           to
           the
           Subjects
           Levity
           and
           Wantonness
           ,
           has
           oft
           proved
           dangerous
           and
           fatal
           ;
           but
           the
           gratifying
           them
           in
           reasonable
           and
           fair
           Requests
           ,
           when
           they
           are
           not
           masterly
           and
           insolent
           ,
           may
           prove
           for
           the
           honour
           and
           safety
           of
           the
           Government
           :
           yet
           it
           must
           be
           confess'd
           ,
           it
           is
           a
           nice
           Point
           ,
           and
           extream
           difficult
           ,
           so
           to
           temper
           this
           Lenity
           ,
           as
           to
           preserve
           the
           Authority
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           
           that
           it
           may
           not
           be
           exposed
           to
           the
           Peoples
           Affront
           and
           Contempt
           .
           But
           if
           such
           a
           blessed
           Mixture
           and
           Temperament
           may
           be
           obtain'd
           ,
           it
           seems
           to
           be
           the
           most
           regular
           and
           harmonious
           of
           all
           other
           ;
           for
           thus
           we
           are
           taught
           even
           God
           governs
           the
           World
           ,
           not
           
           by
           irresistible
           sorce
           ,
           but
           perswasive
           Arguments
           and
           gentle
           Insinuations
           into
           our
           Minds
           ,
           bending
           them
           to
           compliance
           with
           his
           eternal
           Purposes
           .
        
         
           Thus
           it
           befel
           Cato
           the
           younger
           ,
           whose
           Manners
           were
           so
           little
           agreeable
           or
           acceptable
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           that
           he
           received
           very
           slender
           marks
           of
           their
           Favour
           ;
           witness
           his
           repulse
           in
           the
           Pretences
           he
           made
           to
           the
           Consulate
           ,
           behaving
           himself
           ,
           as
           Cicero
           observes
           ,
           rather
           like
           a
           Citizen
           of
           
           Plato's
           Commonwealth
           ,
           than
           among
           the
           Lees
           of
           
           Romulus's
           Posterity
           :
           the
           same
           thing
           happening
           to
           him
           ,
           in
           my
           opinion
           ,
           as
           we
           observe
           in
           Fruits
           ripe
           before
           their
           season
           ▪
           which
           we
           rather
           gaze
           at
           and
           admire
           than
           use
           ;
           so
           much
           was
           his
           old-fashion'd
           Virtue
           out
           of
           present
           mode
           ,
           considering
           the
           depraved
           Customs
           ,
           Time
           and
           Luxury
           had
           introduc'd
           ,
           that
           it
           appear'd
           (
           indeed
           )
           sightly
           and
           splendid
           ,
           but
           suited
           not
           the
           present
           Exigencies
           ,
           being
           so
           disproportion'd
           to
           the
           Manners
           in
           vogue
           ,
           and
           the
           guise
           of
           the
           present
           Times
           .
           Yet
           his
           Circumstances
           were
           not
           altogether
           like
           
           Phocion's
           who
           came
           to
           the
           Helm
           when
           the
           
           publick
           Bottom
           was
           just
           upon
           sinking
           .
           
           Cato's
           Time
           was
           ,
           indeed
           ,
           stormy
           and
           tempestuous
           ,
           yet
           so
           as
           he
           was
           able
           to
           assist
           in
           managing
           the
           Sails
           ,
           and
           lend
           his
           helping
           hand
           to
           those
           that
           steer'd
           :
           his
           manly
           resolution
           gave
           Fortune
           a
           task
           of
           Time
           and
           difficulty
           in
           ruining
           the
           Commonwealth
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           and
           his
           Friends
           had
           almost
           prevail'd
           against
           her
           ,
           which
           yet
           ,
           by
           other
           assistance
           ,
           with
           long
           time
           and
           tugging
           ,
           by
           slow
           degrees
           was
           afterwards
           effected
           .
        
         
           Now
           we
           compare
           Phocion
           to
           him
           ,
           not
           only
           in
           the
           common
           Resemblances
           that
           appear
           amongst
           great
           Men
           and
           States-men
           ;
           for
           indeed
           there
           is
           some
           difference
           among
           Virtues
           of
           the
           same
           denomination
           ,
           as
           the
           Valour
           of
           Alcibiades
           and
           Epaminondas
           ,
           the
           Prudence
           of
           Themistocles
           and
           Aristides
           ,
           the
           Justice
           of
           Numa
           and
           Agesilaus
           .
           But
           these
           men's
           Virtues
           are
           the
           same
           ,
           even
           to
           the
           most
           minute
           differences
           ,
           having
           the
           same
           colour
           ,
           stamp
           and
           character
           impressed
           upon
           them
           ,
           so
           as
           not
           to
           be
           distinguishable
           ;
           whether
           you
           look
           upon
           them
           in
           the
           exact
           mixture
           on
           the
           one
           hand
           ,
           with
           austerity
           on
           the
           other
           ;
           their
           Gallantry
           upon
           some
           occasions
           ,
           and
           Caution
           on
           others
           ;
           their
           extream
           sollicitude
           for
           the
           Publick
           ,
           and
           perfect
           neglect
           of
           themselves
           ;
           their
           fixt
           and
           immovable
           bent
           to
           all
           virtuous
           and
           honest
           Actions
           ,
           accompani'd
           with
           an
           extream
           tenderness
           and
           
           scrupulosity
           of
           doing
           any
           thing
           might
           appear
           mean
           or
           unworthy
           :
           so
           that
           in
           these
           ,
           as
           in
           two
           Instruments
           exactly
           tuned
           to
           each
           other
           ,
           he
           must
           have
           a
           nice
           Ear
           that
           can
           perceive
           any
           Discord
           .
        
         
           As
           to
           
           Cato's
           Extraction
           ,
           it
           's
           confess'd
           by
           all
           to
           be
           illustrious
           ,
           (
           as
           shall
           be
           said
           hereafter
           )
           nor
           was
           
           Phocion's
           (
           I
           'm
           well
           assured
           )
           obscure
           or
           ignoble
           ;
           for
           had
           he
           been
           the
           Son
           of
           a
           Turner
           ,
           (
           as
           Idomeneus
           reports
           )
           it
           had
           certainly
           not
           been
           forgot
           to
           his
           disparagement
           ,
           by
           Hyperides
           the
           Son
           of
           Glaucippus
           ,
           who
           heaped
           up
           a
           thousand
           spiteful
           things
           against
           him
           :
           nor
           indeed
           was
           it
           possible
           for
           him
           in
           such
           Circumstances
           to
           have
           had
           such
           liberal
           Education
           in
           his
           Youth
           ,
           as
           to
           be
           first
           
           Plato's
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           
           Xenocrates's
           Scholar
           in
           the
           Academy
           ,
           and
           in
           whatever
           gentile
           Accomplishments
           ,
           to
           have
           been
           all
           along
           emulous
           of
           the
           very
           best
           of
           his
           Contemporaries
           .
           His
           Countenance
           was
           so
           composed
           ,
           that
           scarce
           was
           he
           ever
           seen
           by
           the
           Athenians
           laughing
           ,
           or
           in
           tears
           ;
           he
           indulged
           not
           himself
           in
           the
           luxury
           of
           the
           publick
           Baths
           ,
           (
           as
           Douris
           reports
           )
           nor
           ever
           had
           his
           Hands
           without
           his
           Cloak
           ,
           when
           he
           appear'd
           dress'd
           in
           publick
           :
           Abroad
           and
           in
           the
           Camp
           he
           was
           so
           hardy
           to
           go
           always
           thin
           clad
           and
           barefoot
           ,
           except
           the
           Frost
           was
           vehement
           and
           intolerable
           ,
           that
           the
           Soldiers
           used
           to
           say
           in
           Merriment
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           a
           hard
           Winter
           like
           
           to
           be
           ,
           when
           Phocion
           wore
           his
           Shooes
           .
           Although
           he
           was
           of
           most
           easie
           Conversation
           and
           great
           Humanity
           ,
           his
           appearance
           was
           morose
           and
           sowr
           ,
           so
           that
           he
           was
           seldom
           accosted
           by
           any
           that
           were
           Strangers
           to
           him
           :
           upon
           which
           occasion
           Chares
           ,
           upon
           a
           time
           jeering
           his
           supercilious
           Look
           ,
           and
           the
           Athenians
           applauding
           him
           for
           it
           ,
           Phocion
           reply'd
           
             My
             Sullenness
             never
             made
             any
             of
             you
             sad
             ,
             but
             these
             men's
             Jollity
             hath
             given
             you
             sorrow
             enough
             .
          
           In
           like
           manner
           
           Phocion's
           Discourse
           was
           grave
           and
           pithy
           ,
           full
           of
           useful
           Remarks
           with
           a
           sententious
           brevity
           ,
           awful
           and
           austere
           ,
           however
           unpleasant
           :
           after
           the
           manner
           as
           Zeno
           says
           a
           Philosopher
           should
           speak
           ,
           his
           words
           throughly
           tinctur'd
           with
           the
           inward
           sense
           of
           his
           mind
           ;
           such
           was
           
           Phocion's
           who
           crowded
           much
           into
           little
           room
           :
           and
           to
           this
           probably
           Polyeuctus
           the
           Sphettian
           had
           regard
           ,
           when
           he
           said
           ,
           that
           Demosthenes
           was
           indeed
           the
           best
           Orator
           of
           his
           time
           ,
           but
           Phocion
           the
           most
           powerful
           Speaker
           ;
           whose
           words
           were
           to
           be
           estimated
           like
           smaller
           Coins
           from
           the
           intrinsick
           value
           of
           the
           Metal
           ,
           not
           from
           the
           bulk
           .
           He
           was
           observed
           sometimes
           ,
           when
           the
           Theater
           was
           fill'd
           with
           Spectators
           ,
           to
           walk
           musing
           alone
           behind
           the
           Scenes
           ,
           which
           one
           of
           his
           Friends
           once
           taking
           notice
           of
           ,
           said
           ,
           
             Phocion
             ,
             you
             seem
             to
             be
             thoughtful
             ;
             ●es
             verily
             ,
          
           replyed
           he
           ,
           
             I
             am
             considering
             wherein
             I
             may
             retrench
             what
             I
             am
             to
             say
             to
             the
          
           Athenians
           .
           
           Even
           Demosthenes
           himself
           ,
           who
           used
           to
           despise
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Haranguers
           ,
           when
           he
           rose
           up
           ,
           was
           wont
           to
           say
           presently
           to
           those
           about
           him
           ,
           
             Now
             mark
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             the
             Pruning-hook
          
           
           
             of
             my
             Periods
          
           .
           But
           this
           perhaps
           may
           be
           referr'd
           to
           the
           Authority
           of
           the
           man
           ,
           since
           not
           only
           a
           word
           ,
           but
           even
           a
           nod
           from
           a
           person
           had
           in
           reverence
           ,
           is
           of
           more
           force
           than
           the
           most
           studied
           and
           elaborate
           Speeches
           of
           others
           .
           In
           his
           Youth
           he
           serv'd
           under
           Chabrias
           ,
           at
           that
           time
           General
           ,
           whom
           he
           greatly
           honour'd
           ,
           and
           by
           him
           was
           abundantly
           instructed
           in
           military
           Knowledge
           ;
           and
           in
           return
           ,
           help'd
           to
           correct
           his
           Humour
           ,
           which
           was
           odd
           and
           capricious
           :
           for
           being
           otherways
           naturally
           heavy
           and
           flegmatick
           ,
           he
           was
           so
           fired
           and
           transported
           in
           heat
           of
           Fight
           ,
           that
           he
           threw
           himself
           headlong
           into
           danger
           beyond
           the
           forwardest
           ;
           which
           indeed
           cost
           him
           his
           Life
           in
           the
           Island
           of
           Chio
           ,
           having
           press'd
           his
           own
           Ship
           foremost
           ,
           to
           force
           a
           descent
           into
           the
           Haven
           .
           But
           Phocion
           being
           a
           man
           of
           Temper
           as
           well
           as
           Courage
           ,
           had
           the
           dexterity
           at
           some
           times
           to
           warm
           the
           General
           's
           Flegm
           ,
           and
           at
           others
           to
           moderate
           and
           cool
           the
           impetuousness
           of
           his
           unseasonable
           Fury
           .
           Upon
           which
           account
           Chabrias
           ,
           being
           a
           good
           natur'd
           man
           ,
           loved
           him
           extreamly
           ,
           and
           preferr'd
           him
           to
           Offices
           and
           Commands
           ,
           and
           effectually
           recommended
           him
           to
           the
           Athenians
           ,
           using
           his
           assistance
           ,
           
           and
           taking
           his
           advice
           in
           all
           his
           Affairs
           of
           moment
           :
           particularly
           the
           Sea
           fight
           at
           Naxus
           made
           not
           a
           little
           to
           
           Phocion's
           Reputation
           ;
           for
           having
           the
           left
           Squadron
           committed
           to
           him
           by
           Chabrias
           ,
           he
           so
           managed
           the
           Matter
           ,
           that
           the
           Controversie
           was
           quickly
           decided
           in
           their
           favour
           by
           a
           speedy
           Victory
           :
           and
           this
           being
           the
           first
           prosperous
           Dispute
           the
           City
           had
           with
           the
           Groecians
           ,
           by
           its
           single
           force
           ,
           since
           it
           was
           under
           Hatches
           ,
           Chabrias
           the
           General
           was
           mightily
           adored
           ,
           and
           Phocion
           magnifi'd
           as
           a
           man
           worthy
           of
           the
           greatest
           Trust
           and
           Command
           .
           This
           Victory
           happen'd
           at
           the
           great
           Solemnities
           ,
           and
           Chabrias
           appointed
           an
           Anniversary
           to
           commemorate
           it
           on
           the
           16th
           .
           of
           August
           ,
           on
           which
           it
           was
           obtained
           ,
           and
           distributed
           a
           Largess
           of
           Wine
           among
           the
           Athenians
           .
           Much
           about
           this
           time
           Chabrias
           sent
           Phocion
           to
           demand
           their
           Quota
           of
           the
           Charges
           of
           the
           War
           from
           the
           Islanders
           ,
           and
           proffering
           him
           a
           Guard
           of
           20
           Sail
           ,
           he
           told
           him
           ,
           if
           he
           intended
           him
           to
           go
           against
           them
           as
           Enemies
           ,
           that
           force
           was
           insignificant
           ;
           if
           as
           to
           Friends
           and
           Allies
           ,
           one
           Vessel
           was
           sufficient
           :
           so
           he
           took
           one
           single
           Galley
           ,
           and
           having
           visited
           the
           Cities
           ,
           and
           treated
           with
           the
           Governours
           friendly
           and
           apertly
           ,
           he
           return'd
           with
           a
           good
           number
           of
           Ships
           ,
           sent
           by
           the
           Confederates
           to
           Athens
           ,
           with
           supplies
           for
           their
           maintenance
           .
           Neither
           did
           his
           Friendship
           
           to
           Chabrias
           determine
           with
           his
           Life
           ,
           but
           after
           his
           decease
           was
           religiously
           maintained
           to
           all
           that
           related
           to
           him
           :
           chiefly
           his
           Son
           Ctesippus
           he
           labour'd
           to
           bring
           into
           some
           decorum
           ,
           and
           although
           he
           was
           a
           very
           stupid
           and
           unhewn
           young
           Fellow
           ,
           he
           ceased
           not
           ,
           what
           in
           him
           lay
           ,
           to
           correct
           and
           cover
           his
           faults
           and
           follies
           ;
           once
           when
           the
           Youngster
           was
           very
           impertinent
           and
           troublesom
           to
           him
           in
           the
           Camp
           ,
           about
           ordering
           the
           Army
           ,
           still
           shooting
           his
           Bolt
           ,
           interrupting
           him
           with
           idle
           Questions
           ,
           and
           documentizing
           Phocion
           with
           his
           silly
           Opinions
           in
           the
           Matter
           ,
           he
           could
           not
           forbear
           crying
           out
           ,
           O
           Chabrias
           ,
           Chabrias
           ,
           
             this
             is
             the
             greatest
             test
             of
             my
             Friendship
             to
             thee
             ,
             to
             endure
             this
             Blockhead
             !
          
        
         
           Upon
           looking
           into
           publick
           Matters
           ,
           and
           the
           Managers
           of
           them
           ,
           he
           observed
           they
           had
           shared
           the
           administration
           of
           Affairs
           among
           themselves
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           by
           Lot
           ;
           the
           Sword-men
           ,
           and
           those
           of
           the
           long
           Robe
           ,
           so
           as
           not
           to
           interfere
           with
           each
           other
           :
           these
           were
           to
           manage
           the
           Assemblies
           ,
           register
           their
           Votes
           ,
           and
           publish
           their
           Acts
           and
           Edicts
           ,
           of
           whom
           were
           
             Eubulus
             ,
             Aristophon
             ,
             Demosthenes
             ,
             Lycurgus
          
           and
           Hyperides
           ;
           this
           was
           a
           gainful
           Trade
           among
           them
           ,
           and
           the
           men
           of
           the
           Blade
           ,
           as
           
             Diopithes
             ,
             Menestheus
             ,
             Leosthenes
          
           and
           Charetas
           ,
           by
           their
           military
           Emploies
           ,
           carved
           out
           fair
           Proportions
           for
           themselves
           
           out
           of
           the
           publick
           Stock
           .
           Now
           Phocion
           was
           o●
           opinion
           ,
           that
           such
           a
           model
           of
           Government
           as
           that
           of
           
             Pericles
             ,
             Aristides
          
           and
           Solon
           ,
           wherein
           the
           same
           person
           acted
           both
           Parts
           ,
           in
           propounding
           Laws
           and
           ordering
           the
           Militia
           ,
           was
           a
           more
           perfect
           ,
           uniform
           and
           regular
           Mixture
           ,
           and
           would
           redound
           most
           to
           the
           common
           Good
           and
           Safety
           ;
           each
           of
           these
           persons
           being
           well
           qualifi'd
           for
           both
           purposes
           ,
           that
           I
           may
           use
           
           Archilocus's
           words
        
         
           
             Mars
             and
             the
             Muses
             Friends
             alike
             design'd
             ,
          
           
             To
             Arts
             and
             Arms
             indifferently
             inclin'd
             .
          
        
         
           Minerva
           being
           styl'd
           the
           Patroness
           and
           Protectress
           of
           Arts
           both
           Civil
           and
           Military
           .
        
         
           Phocion
           having
           thus
           consider'd
           with
           himself
           ,
           his
           Inclinations
           and
           Genius
           were
           always
           for
           peace
           and
           quietness
           ,
           yet
           was
           he
           engaged
           in
           more
           Wars
           than
           any
           of
           his
           Predecessors
           ;
           never
           indeed
           promoting
           or
           encouraging
           such
           Designs
           ,
           nor
           ,
           on
           the
           other
           hand
           ,
           shunning
           or
           declining
           any
           Enterprize
           when
           he
           was
           call'd
           to
           it
           by
           the
           publick
           necessity
           of
           the
           State.
           And
           thus
           much
           is
           well
           known
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           no
           less
           than
           45
           several
           times
           chosen
           General
           ,
           when
           he
           was
           never
           once
           of
           those
           times
           present
           in
           the
           Assembly
           ;
           but
           the
           Command
           ,
           in
           his
           absence
           ,
           by
           common
           Suffrage
           ,
           conferr'd
           on
           him
           ,
           and
           he
           sent
           for
           on
           purpose
           to
           undertake
           it
           :
           insomuch
           
           that
           it
           amazed
           those
           that
           did
           not
           well
           consider
           ,
           to
           see
           the
           People
           always
           preferr
           Phocion
           ,
           who
           was
           so
           far
           from
           humouring
           them
           ,
           or
           courting
           their
           Favour
           ,
           that
           he
           always
           thwarted
           and
           opposed
           them
           .
           But
           so
           it
           was
           ,
           as
           great
           Men
           and
           Princes
           use
           their
           Buffoons
           and
           Jesters
           after
           Meals
           ,
           for
           their
           Disport
           and
           Merriment
           ,
           so
           the
           Athenians
           upon
           slight
           occasions
           entertain'd
           and
           diverted
           themselves
           with
           their
           spruce
           Speakers
           and
           trim
           Orators
           ;
           but
           when
           it
           came
           to
           dint
           of
           Action
           ,
           they
           were
           so
           sober
           and
           considerative
           to
           mark
           out
           the
           gravest
           and
           wisest
           for
           publick
           Employment
           ,
           however
           opposite
           to
           their
           Sentiments
           .
           This
           he
           made
           no
           scruple
           to
           own
           ,
           upon
           the
           occasion
           of
           the
           Oracle
           of
           Delphos
           being
           read
           ,
           which
           informed
           them
           ,
           that
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Citizens
           being
           unanimous
           ,
           there
           was
           one
           only
           person
           so
           presumptuous
           to
           abound
           in
           his
           own
           sence
           ,
           which
           he
           frankly
           told
           them
           was
           himself
           ,
           bidding
           them
           look
           no
           further
           ,
           for
           he
           indeed
           was
           nothing
           satisfied
           in
           all
           their
           proceedings
           .
           Happening
           afterwards
           to
           speak
           his
           own
           opinion
           ,
           to
           the
           General
           approbation
           of
           the
           Assembly
           ,
           turning
           to
           some
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           he
           demanded
           of
           them
           ,
           
             What
             foolish
             thing
             had
             escaped
             him
             unawares
             to
             merit
             their
             Applause
             ?
          
        
         
           Upon
           occasion
           of
           a
           publick
           Festivity
           ,
           being
           sollicited
           for
           his
           Contribution
           ,
           by
           the
           example
           
           of
           others
           ,
           and
           pressing
           him
           much
           ,
           he
           bid
           them
           apply
           themselves
           to
           the
           wealthy
           ,
           for
           his
           part
           he
           should
           blush
           to
           be
           so
           prodigal
           to
           throw
           away
           any
           thing
           ,
           whilst
           he
           was
           in
           the
           Usurer's
           Books
           ,
           pointing
           to
           Callicles
           the
           Scrivener
           .
           Being
           still
           clamour'd
           on
           and
           importun'd
           ,
           he
           told
           them
           this
           Tale
           :
           
             A
             certain
             white
             liver'd
             Fellow
             intending
             for
             the
             Wars
             ,
             hearing
             the
             Ravens
             croak
             in
             his
             passage
             ,
             threw
             down
             his
             Arms
             ,
             resolving
             to
             be
             quiet
             :
             recollecting
             himself
             after
             ,
             he
             adventur'd
             out
             again
             ,
             but
             hearing
             the
             same
             Musick
             ,
             made
             a
             full
             stop
             ,
             saying
             ,
             they
             might
             tear
             their
             Throats
             (
             if
             they
             pleas'd
             )
             for
             joy
             of
             smelling
             a
             Feast
             ,
             but
             for
             his
             part
             he
             was
             resolv'd
             to
             save
             his
             Skin
             .
          
        
         
           The
           Athenians
           urging
           him
           at
           an
           unseasonable
           time
           to
           fall
           upon
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           he
           peremptorily
           refused
           ,
           and
           being
           upbraided
           by
           them
           with
           Cowardice
           and
           Pusillanimity
           ,
           he
           told
           them
           ,
           
             Gentlemen
             ,
             we
             understand
             one
             another
             very
             well
             ;
             you
             cannot
             make
             me
             valiant
             at
             this
             time
             ,
             nor
             I
             you
             wise
             .
          
           In
           time
           of
           security
           ,
           the
           people
           were
           very
           pert
           and
           severe
           upon
           him
           ,
           demanding
           a
           strict
           account
           how
           the
           publick
           Treasure
           had
           been
           employed
           and
           the
           like
           :
           He
           bid
           them
           first
           be
           assured
           of
           their
           safety
           ,
           and
           after
           mind
           their
           good
           Husbandry
           :
           in
           effect
           ,
           the
           passions
           of
           the
           Mobile
           alter'd
           with
           their
           Affairs
           ,
           being
           extream
           timorous
           and
           submiss
           in
           times
           of
           danger
           ;
           when
           that
           was
           blown
           over
           ,
           insolent
           and
           over
           ▪
           
           bearing
           ,
           clamouring
           upon
           Phocion
           as
           one
           that
           envied
           them
           the
           honour
           of
           Victory
           .
           To
           all
           which
           he
           made
           only
           this
           Answer
           ,
           
             My
             Friends
             ,
             you
             are
             happy
             that
             have
             a
             Leader
             knows
             your
             humours
             ,
             or
             you
             had
             long
             since
             been
             undone
             .
          
        
         
           Having
           a
           Controversie
           with
           the
           Boeotians
           about
           Boundaries
           ,
           which
           he
           counsell'd
           them
           to
           decide
           by
           Treaty
           ,
           they
           inclined
           to
           Blows
           ;
           he
           told
           them
           ,
           
             Gentlemen
             ,
             for
             my
             part
             I
             think
             it
             advisable
             for
             you
             to
             have
             a
             tryal
             of
             skill
             at
             the
             Weapons
             you
             can
             best
             manage
             (
             your
             Tongues
             )
             and
             not
             your
             Hands
             ,
             in
             which
             you
             are
             inferiour
             .
          
           Once
           when
           he
           was
           speaking
           ,
           they
           run
           him
           down
           with
           noise
           ,
           not
           suffering
           him
           to
           go
           on
           ,
           or
           enduring
           to
           hear
           him
           :
           
             Well
             ,
             Sirs
          
           ,
           quoth
           he
           ,
           
             you
             may
             overpower
             me
             to
             do
             what
             I
             would
             not
             ,
             but
             you
             shall
             never
             force
             me
             to
             say
             any
             thing
             contrary
             to
             my
             sense
             .
          
           The
           whole
           Crew
           of
           Haranguers
           upon
           a
           time
           bandying
           against
           him
           ,
           Demosthenes
           said
           ,
           
             Phocion
             ,
             the
             Athenians
             will
             tear
             thee
             piece
             -
             meal
             ,
             if
             once
             they
             grow
             enraged
             ;
             and
             thee
             ,
          
           says
           he
           ,
           
             when
             they
             return
             to
             their
             right
             minds
             .
          
           Observing
           Polyeuctus
           the
           Sphettian
           a
           very
           corpulent
           man
           ,
           with
           earnestness
           ,
           till
           he
           wanted
           breath
           and
           dropt
           again
           with
           sweat
           ,
           labouring
           the
           Assembly
           for
           a
           War
           against
           King
           
             Philip
             ;
             This
             indeed
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             is
             a
             proper
             person
             to
             perswade
             you
             to
             Action
             ,
             and
             will
             doubtless
             behave
             himself
             notably
             in
             back
             and
             breast
             ,
             that
          
           
           
             with
             talking
             only
             has
             almost
             melted
             his
             grease
             .
          
           When
           Lycurgus
           had
           spoken
           many
           reflecting
           and
           scurrillous
           things
           against
           him
           ,
           closing
           with
           that
           of
           his
           advising
           them
           to
           deliver
           ten
           of
           the
           Citizens
           for
           Hostages
           ,
           which
           Alexander
           had
           demanded
           ;
           he
           coolly
           reply'd
           ,
           That
           he
           had
           been
           the
           Author
           of
           much
           safe
           and
           wholsom
           Counsel
           ,
           which
           had
           not
           been
           follow'd
           .
           There
           was
           a
           man
           call'd
           Archibiades
           ,
           nick-named
           the
           Lacedoemonian
           ,
           affecting
           their
           Gravity
           ,
           by
           wearing
           an
           overgrown
           mossie
           Beard
           ,
           an
           old
           leaguer
           Cloak
           ,
           with
           a
           very
           formal
           Countenance
           :
           Phocion
           being
           teased
           by
           the
           rest
           ,
           made
           sure
           of
           this
           man
           for
           his
           Advocate
           and
           Compurgat●r
           ;
           but
           finding
           him
           when
           he
           began
           to
           speak
           ,
           smoothing
           and
           weadling
           with
           the
           predominant
           Faction
           ,
           taking
           him
           by
           the
           Beard
           ,
           he
           cry'd
           ,
           
             Nay
             Friend
             ,
             if
             you
             turn
             Courtier
             ,
             by
             all
             means
             off
             with
             your
             Gravity
             .
             Aristogeiton
          
           the
           Sycophant
           ,
           was
           a
           terrible
           man
           of
           War
           within
           the
           doors
           of
           the
           House
           ,
           always
           sounding
           to
           horse
           and
           inflaming
           them
           to
           Battel
           ;
           but
           when
           the
           Muster-rool
           came
           to
           be
           produc'd
           ,
           where
           every
           ones
           Name
           was
           that
           was
           fit
           for
           service
           ,
           he
           came
           limping
           with
           his
           Crutch
           to
           the
           Meeting
           ,
           with
           a
           world
           of
           Bandage
           on
           his
           Leg
           ,
           like
           a
           maimed
           Souldiers
           :
           Phocion
           spy'd
           him
           afar
           off
           coming
           in
           ,
           and
           cry'd
           out
           to
           the
           Clerk
           ,
           
             Set
             down
          
           Aristogeiton
           
             too
             for
             a
             counterfeit
             Cripple
          
           .
           It
           
           was
           a
           little
           to
           be
           admired
           ,
           how
           a
           man
           so
           severe
           and
           smart
           upon
           all
           occasions
           as
           Phocion
           was
           ,
           should
           notwithstanding
           maintain
           his
           Respect
           and
           Reputation
           with
           the
           People
           ;
           yet
           though
           difficult
           ,
           it
           is
           not
           impossible
           a
           man's
           Temper
           ,
           like
           some
           Wines
           ,
           may
           have
           a
           sweetness
           mixt
           with
           some
           harshness
           also
           ,
           not
           at
           all
           ungrateful
           ;
           as
           on
           the
           contrary
           ,
           some
           are
           so
           extream
           luscious
           ,
           they
           are
           both
           untasty
           and
           unwholsom
           .
           Hyperides
           who
           was
           sowre
           and
           sarcastical
           ,
           used
           to
           excuse
           it
           to
           the
           Athenians
           ,
           by
           saying
           ,
           Consider
           ,
           
           
             I
             pray
             ,
             whether
             I
             have
             designed
             any
             advantage
             by
             my
             bitterness
          
           ;
           as
           though
           a
           covetous
           Design
           were
           the
           only
           unsupportable
           Grievance
           ,
           and
           not
           also
           men
           may
           justly
           render
           themselves
           obnoxious
           to
           Censure
           ,
           by
           abusing
           their
           Authority
           ,
           with
           Pride
           and
           Passion
           to
           prevail
           upon
           the
           weakness
           ,
           and
           awe
           the
           minds
           of
           the
           Vulgur
           .
           But
           Phocion
           had
           no
           personal
           Pique
           nor
           Spleen
           to
           any
           man
           ,
           nor
           indeed
           reputed
           any
           man
           his
           Enemy
           ,
           but
           who
           contravened
           his
           Proposals
           for
           the
           Weal
           publick
           ;
           in
           which
           Argument
           he
           was
           most
           tenacious
           ,
           sturdy
           and
           uncontrollable
           :
           for
           his
           general
           Conversation
           ,
           it
           was
           easie
           ,
           courteous
           and
           obliging
           to
           all
           ,
           to
           that
           point
           ,
           as
           to
           befriend
           all
           sorts
           in
           distress
           ,
           and
           even
           espouse
           the
           Cause
           of
           those
           who
           differ'd
           most
           from
           him
           ,
           when
           they
           needed
           his
           Patronage
           .
           His
           Friends
           reproaching
           
           him
           for
           pleading
           in
           behalf
           of
           an
           ill
           man
           ,
           he
           told
           them
           ,
           
             The
             innocent
             had
             no
             occasion
             for
             an
             Advocate
             .
             Aristogeiton
          
           the
           Sycophant
           ,
           we
           mention'd
           before
           ,
           having
           after
           Sentence
           pass'd
           upon
           him
           ,
           sent
           earnestly
           to
           Phocion
           to
           speak
           with
           him
           in
           the
           Prison
           ,
           his
           Friends
           disswaded
           him
           from
           going
           ;
           
             Why
             ,
             by
             your
             favour
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             where
             should
             I
             rather
             choose
             to
             make
          
           Aristogeiton
           
             a
             Visit
          
           ?
        
         
           As
           for
           the
           Friends
           and
           Allies
           of
           the
           Athenians
           the
           Islanders
           ,
           whenever
           any
           Admiral
           besides
           Phocion
           was
           sent
           ,
           they
           treated
           him
           as
           an
           Enemy
           suspect
           ,
           barricado'd
           their
           Gates
           block'd
           up
           their
           Havens
           ,
           drove
           the
           Countrey
           of
           their
           Cattel
           ,
           Slaves
           ,
           Wives
           and
           Children
           ,
           and
           put
           them
           in
           Garrison
           :
           but
           upon
           
           Phocion's
           Arrival
           ,
           they
           went
           out
           to
           welcome
           him
           in
           their
           Shallops
           and
           Barges
           ,
           with
           Streamers
           and
           Garlands
           ,
           and
           received
           him
           at
           Landing
           ,
           with
           all
           demonstrations
           of
           Joy
           and
           Triumph
           .
           At
           this
           time
           King
           Philip
           made
           a
           descent
           into
           Euboea
           bringing
           thither
           an
           Army
           from
           Macedonia
           ,
           endeavouring
           to
           gain
           the
           Cities
           to
           his
           Interest
           ,
           by
           the
           means
           of
           their
           Governours
           :
           Plutarch
           of
           Eretria
           (
           a
           City
           in
           Euboea
           )
           was
           sent
           to
           pray
           Aid
           of
           the
           Athenians
           ,
           toward
           the
           relief
           of
           the
           Island
           ,
           that
           was
           in
           imminent
           danger
           of
           being
           surprized
           by
           the
           
             Macedonians
             .
             Phocion
          
           was
           sent
           thither
           with
           a
           handful
           of
           men
           ,
           (
           in
           comparison
           )
           in
           expectation
           the
           
           Countrey
           would
           flock
           in
           amain
           to
           him
           ;
           but
           when
           he
           came
           ,
           he
           found
           all
           things
           in
           confusion
           ,
           the
           Countrey
           betray'd
           ,
           all
           corrupted
           by
           Bribery
           ,
           and
           bought
           and
           sold
           by
           the
           Pensioners
           to
           King
           Philip
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           he
           ran
           the
           greatest
           risque
           imaginable
           .
           To
           secure
           himself
           the
           best
           he
           could
           ,
           he
           possest
           himself
           of
           a
           small
           rising
           Ground
           ,
           which
           was
           divided
           from
           the
           Camp
           about
           Taminias
           ,
           by
           a
           large
           Trench
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           enclosed
           the
           choicest
           of
           his
           Army
           :
           for
           the
           Praters
           and
           idle
           Vagabonds
           that
           straggled
           from
           the
           Camp
           ,
           and
           forsook
           their
           Colours
           ,
           he
           bid
           his
           Officers
           not
           regard
           them
           ,
           for
           that
           they
           would
           not
           only
           be
           disorderly
           and
           ungovernable
           themselves
           ,
           but
           be
           a
           hindrance
           to
           the
           rest
           ;
           and
           further
           being
           conscious
           to
           themselves
           of
           the
           neglect
           of
           their
           duty
           ,
           they
           would
           be
           less
           apt
           to
           prate
           and
           misrepresent
           the
           Action
           ,
           or
           bespatter
           them
           at
           their
           return
           home
           .
           When
           the
           Enemy
           drew
           nigh
           ,
           he
           commanded
           them
           to
           stand
           to
           their
           Arms
           ,
           whilst
           he
           went
           to
           sacrifice
           ;
           in
           which
           he
           spent
           a
           considerable
           time
           ,
           either
           by
           the
           te
           ▪
           diousness
           of
           the
           thing
           it self
           ,
           or
           on
           purpose
           to
           invite
           the
           Enemy
           nearer
           .
           Plutarch
           interpreting
           this
           tardiness
           as
           a
           failure
           in
           his
           Courage
           ,
           fell
           on
           alone
           with
           the
           Auxiliaries
           ;
           which
           the
           Cavalry
           perceiving
           ,
           could
           not
           be
           contained
           ,
           but
           issuing
           also
           out
           of
           the
           Camp
           confusedly
           and
           disorderly
           ,
           spurr'd
           up
           
           to
           the
           Enemy
           .
           The
           Van
           by
           this
           means
           was
           worsted
           ,
           the
           rest
           were
           easily
           dispersed
           ,
           and
           Plutarch
           himself
           show'd
           a
           fair
           pair
           of
           heels
           ,
           as
           judging
           the
           whole
           Army
           had
           been
           routed
           .
           But
           by
           this
           time
           ,
           the
           Sacrifice
           being
           over
           ,
           those
           within
           the
           Camp
           made
           a
           Head
           ,
           and
           fell
           upon
           them
           that
           were
           got
           to
           the
           Ditch
           ,
           putting
           them
           to
           flight
           ,
           and
           cutting
           many
           of
           them
           in
           pieces
           :
           and
           Phocion
           having
           order'd
           a
           particular
           Squadron
           to
           watch
           their
           motions
           ,
           and
           pursue
           those
           that
           first
           gave
           way
           in
           the
           Skirmish
           ,
           himself
           afterwards
           ,
           with
           a
           reserve
           of
           his
           best
           men
           ,
           engaged
           the
           whole
           Body
           of
           the
           Enemy
           in
           a
           sharp
           and
           bloody
           Fight
           ,
           in
           which
           all
           of
           them
           behaved
           themselves
           with
           remarkable
           Courage
           and
           Gallantry
           .
           Thallus
           the
           Son
           of
           Cineas
           ,
           and
           Glaucus
           of
           Polymedes
           ,
           that
           fought
           near
           the
           General
           ,
           signalized
           themselves
           ;
           so
           did
           also
           Cleophanes
           merit
           the
           Reputation
           of
           a
           brave
           man
           ,
           having
           every
           where
           laid
           about
           him
           ,
           and
           call'd
           upon
           the
           Horse
           that
           were
           wheeling
           ,
           to
           succour
           the
           General
           ,
           who
           was
           in
           danger
           ,
           he
           made
           them
           face
           about
           ,
           so
           as
           to
           confirm
           the
           Victory
           already
           obtained
           by
           the
           Infantry
           .
           By
           which
           means
           Plutarch
           was
           driven
           out
           of
           Eretria
           ,
           and
           the
           commodious
           Castle
           of
           it
           was
           taken
           ,
           being
           situate
           in
           that
           part
           of
           the
           Island
           ,
           where
           it
           is
           narrowed
           into
           a
           small
           neck
           of
           Land
           ,
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Island
           being
           surrounded
           other-where
           by
           the
           Sea.
           
        
         
         
           He
           would
           not
           permit
           them
           to
           take
           any
           of
           the
           Greeks
           Prisoners
           ,
           for
           fear
           the
           Orators
           at
           Athens
           should
           inflame
           the
           People
           against
           them
           ,
           to
           determine
           something
           to
           their
           prejudice
           .
        
         
           This
           Affair
           thus
           dispatch'd
           and
           settled
           ,
           Phocion
           set
           Sail
           homewards
           ,
           having
           given
           most
           manifest
           tokens
           of
           his
           Justice
           and
           Humanity
           to
           the
           Allies
           ,
           and
           to
           the
           Athenians
           indisputable
           proofs
           of
           his
           Courage
           and
           Conduct
           .
           His
           Successor
           Molossus
           had
           worse
           fate
           to
           fall
           alive
           into
           the
           Enemies
           hands
           ,
           which
           inspired
           Philip
           with
           great
           thoughts
           and
           designs
           ,
           to
           move
           with
           all
           his
           force
           into
           the
           Hellespont
           ,
           so
           to
           the
           Chersonesus
           and
           Perinthus
           ,
           and
           on
           to
           Byzantium
           .
           The
           Athenians
           raising
           Recruits
           to
           relieve
           them
           ,
           the
           Demagogues
           made
           it
           their
           business
           to
           preferr
           Chares
           to
           be
           General
           ,
           who
           sailing
           thither
           ,
           effected
           nothing
           worthy
           of
           such
           an
           Equipage
           ;
           nor
           would
           the
           Confederates
           harbour
           his
           Fleet
           ,
           having
           jealousie
           of
           him
           ,
           so
           that
           he
           did
           nothing
           but
           pirate
           about
           ,
           pillaging
           their
           Friends
           ,
           and
           despised
           by
           their
           Enemies
           .
           Upon
           this
           occasion
           ,
           the
           People
           being
           chased
           by
           the
           Orators
           ,
           were
           in
           great
           Ferment
           ,
           and
           highly
           enraged
           they
           had
           been
           so
           fool'd
           ,
           to
           send
           any
           Succour
           to
           the
           Byzantines
           :
           whereupon
           Phocion
           rising
           up
           ,
           told
           them
           ,
           
             My
             Masters
             ,
             you
             have
             not
             so
             much
             reason
             to
             be
             concern'd
             at
             the
             Jealousies
             of
             your
          
           
           
             Friends
             ,
             as
             the
             Vnfaithfulness
             of
             your
             own
             Generals
             ,
             who
             render
             you
             suspected
             ,
             even
             to
             those
             who
             yet
             can't
             possibly
             subsist
             without
             your
             Succours
             .
          
           The
           Assembly
           being
           moved
           with
           this
           Speech
           of
           his
           ,
           chang'd
           their
           minds
           on
           the
           sudden
           ,
           and
           commanded
           him
           immediately
           to
           raise
           more
           Force
           ,
           and
           assist
           their
           Confederates
           in
           the
           Hellespont
           ,
           which
           would
           be
           of
           the
           greatest
           moment
           for
           the
           security
           of
           Byzantium
           .
        
         
           At
           this
           time
           
           Phocion's
           Name
           was
           up
           ,
           and
           an
           old
           Acquaintance
           of
           his
           ,
           who
           had
           been
           his
           fellow-Student
           in
           the
           Academy
           ,
           Cleon
           ,
           a
           man
           of
           highest
           renown
           for
           Virtue
           among
           the
           Byzantines
           ,
           having
           vouch'd
           for
           Phocion
           to
           the
           City
           ,
           they
           opened
           their
           Gates
           to
           receive
           him
           ,
           not
           permitting
           him
           (
           though
           he
           desired
           it
           )
           to
           incamp
           without
           the
           Walls
           ,
           but
           entertained
           him
           and
           all
           the
           Athenians
           with
           entire
           Respect
           ;
           and
           they
           to
           requite
           their
           Considence
           ,
           conversed
           with
           their
           new
           Hosts
           ,
           not
           only
           soberly
           and
           inoffensively
           ,
           but
           behaved
           themselves
           on
           all
           occasions
           with
           great
           chearfulness
           and
           resolution
           for
           their
           detence
           .
           Thus
           came
           King
           Philip
           to
           be
           driven
           out
           of
           the
           Hellespont
           ,
           and
           despised
           to
           boot
           ,
           who
           was
           till
           now
           thought
           impossible
           to
           be
           match'd
           ,
           and
           even
           apprehended
           invincible
           .
           Phocion
           also
           took
           some
           of
           his
           Ships
           ,
           and
           retook
           some
           of
           the
           Places
           he
           had
           garrison'd
           ,
           making
           besides
           several
           Inrodes
           into
           the
           Countrey
           ,
           
           which
           he
           plunder'd
           and
           over-run
           ,
           untill
           such
           time
           as
           he
           happen'd
           to
           be
           wounded
           by
           some
           of
           them
           that
           came
           to
           his
           Assistance
           ,
           he
           made
           off
           towards
           home
           .
        
         
           The
           Megareans
           at
           this
           time
           privately
           praying
           Aid
           of
           the
           
             Athenians
             ,
             Phocion
          
           fearing
           lest
           the
           Boeotians
           being
           aware
           of
           it
           ,
           should
           prevent
           them
           call'd
           an
           Assembly
           very
           early
           in
           the
           morning
           ,
           and
           backing
           the
           Boeotians
           Petition
           ,
           it
           was
           put
           to
           the
           Question
           ,
           and
           voted
           in
           their
           favour
           .
           As
           soon
           as
           ever
           it
           was
           done
           ,
           he
           made
           Proclamation
           immediately
           by
           sound
           of
           Trumpet
           ,
           and
           led
           them
           off
           straight
           from
           the
           Assembly
           ,
           to
           arm
           and
           put
           themselves
           in
           posture
           .
           The
           Megareans
           received
           them
           joyfully
           ,
           they
           help'd
           them
           to
           fortifie
           Nisoea
           ,
           and
           build
           two
           new
           Bulwarks
           on
           each
           side
           ,
           from
           the
           City
           to
           the
           Haven
           ,
           and
           so
           joyn'd
           it
           to
           the
           Sea
           ;
           so
           that
           being
           sufficiently
           defended
           on
           the
           Land
           side
           from
           the
           Assailants
           ,
           it
           was
           secured
           to
           the
           Athenians
           .
        
         
           Now
           was
           the
           time
           that
           the
           Liberty
           of
           Greece
           was
           openly
           disputed
           with
           King
           Philip
           ,
           and
           at
           Athens
           such
           Chiefs
           chosen
           in
           
           Phocion's
           absence
           ,
           that
           at
           his
           arrival
           from
           the
           Islands
           he
           dealt
           earnestly
           with
           the
           Athenians
           ,
           (
           being
           deeply
           possess'd
           what
           danger
           might
           ensue
           )
           that
           since
           Philip
           show'd
           some
           peaceable
           Inclinations
           towards
           them
           ,
           they
           would
           consent
           to
           a
           Treaty
           ,
           being
           contradicted
           in
           this
           by
           a
           prating
           pick-thank
           Fellow
           of
           those
           sort
           of
           
           Vermin
           that
           haunt
           the
           Places
           of
           publick
           
           Assembly
           ,
           (
           this
           was
           a
           famous
           Place
           of
           the
           Athenians
           meeting
           open
           to
           the
           Air.
           )
           This
           sawcy
           Companion
           asking
           Phocion
           ,
           if
           he
           durst
           presume
           to
           perswade
           the
           Athenians
           to
           Peace
           now
           their
           Swords
           were
           in
           their
           hands
           ?
           Yes
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             I
             dare
             ,
             though
             I
             'm
             satisfied
             I
             shall
             be
             thy
             Master
             in
             time
             of
             War
             ,
             and
             thou
             (
             perhaps
             )
             mine
             in
             time
             of
             Peace
             .
          
           Since
           he
           could
           not
           prevail
           ,
           and
           
           Demosthenes's
           opinion
           carry'd
           it
           ,
           advising
           them
           to
           make
           War
           ,
           as
           far
           off
           home
           as
           possible
           ,
           (
           that
           was
           to
           the
           far
           side
           of
           
             Attica
             )
             Phocion
          
           argued
           ,
           that
           in
           these
           Matters
           the
           Place
           was
           not
           so
           much
           to
           be
           considered
           ,
           as
           the
           probability
           of
           Success
           ,
           for
           by
           this
           the
           distance
           of
           War
           was
           to
           be
           measured
           ;
           to
           be
           sure
           ,
           those
           that
           were
           worsted
           ,
           would
           have
           it
           quickly
           brought
           home
           to
           theirs
           doors
           .
           Accordingly
           Matters
           succeeding
           ill
           ,
           the
           Innovators
           and
           Incendiaries
           haling
           up
           Charidemus
           to
           the
           Tribunal
           ,
           to
           be
           nominated
           to
           the
           Command
           ,
           the
           best
           of
           the
           Senators
           were
           in
           a
           panick
           fear
           ,
           and
           call'd
           a
           Meeting
           of
           the
           People
           at
           Areopagus
           ,
           where
           with
           Entreaties
           and
           Tears
           they
           hardly
           prevail'd
           to
           have
           Phocion
           preferr'd
           and
           intrusted
           with
           the
           care
           of
           the
           City
           .
           He
           was
           of
           opinion
           that
           the
           fair
           Terms
           Philip
           proposed
           ,
           were
           to
           be
           accepted
           ;
           yet
           after
           demades
           had
           propounded
           ,
           that
           the
           City
           should
           receive
           the
           self
           same
           conditions
           ,
           that
           were
           tender'd
           
           to
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           States
           of
           Greece
           ,
           he
           opposed
           it
           ,
           till
           it
           were
           known
           what
           the
           Particulars
           were
           King
           Philip
           had
           demanded
           .
           Being
           overborn
           in
           this
           Advice
           at
           that
           juncture
           of
           time
           ,
           presently
           after
           the
           Athenians
           sufficiently
           repented
           it
           ,
           when
           they
           understood
           that
           by
           them
           Articles
           ,
           they
           were
           obliged
           to
           furnish
           Philip
           both
           with
           horse
           and
           Shipping
           :
           
             This
             ,
             Gentlemen
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             I
             foresaw
             ,
             and
             therefore
             opposed
             ;
             but
             since
             you
             have
             now
             articled
             ,
             make
             the
             best
             on
             't
             ,
             be
             courageous
             ,
             and
             bear
             it
             as
             well
             as
             you
             can
             ,
             remembring
             that
             your
             Ancestors
             using
             their
             Fortune
             indifferently
             ,
             sometimes
             giving
             Laws
             ,
             at
             other
             times
             truckling
             ,
             perform'd
             each
             part
             with
             decorum
             ,
             and
             perserved
             not
             only
             their
             own
             City
             ,
             but
             the
             rest
             of
          
           Greece
           .
        
         
           Upon
           the
           news
           of
           
           Philip's
           Death
           ,
           he
           would
           not
           suffer
           the
           People
           to
           make
           Bonfires
           ,
           or
           other
           publick
           demonstrations
           of
           Joy
           and
           Jubilee
           ,
           minding
           them
           how
           ungenerous
           it
           was
           to
           insult
           upon
           such
           an
           occasion
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           Army
           that
           had
           fought
           them
           at
           Cheronoea
           was
           lessened
           by
           one
           man
           only
           .
        
         
           When
           Demosthenes
           made
           Invectives
           against
           Alexander
           ,
           who
           was
           now
           set
           down
           before
           Thebes
           ,
           he
           repeated
           those
           Verses
           of
           Homer
           :
        
         
           
             What
             mean'st
             thou
             ,
             Fool
             ,
             with
             rage
             to
             swell
             his
             Breast
             ,
          
           
             Already
             full
             ,
             with
             glorious
             hopes
             possest
             ?
          
        
         
         
           
             What
             's
             this
             but
             adding
             fresh
             fuel
             to
             the
             Fire
             ,
             and
             pushing
             your selves
             forwards
             into
             the
             Flames
             ,
             that
             are
             already
             devouring
             the
             Neighbour-hood
             ;
             for
             my
             part
          
           (
           says
           he
           )
           
             I
             will
             not
             be
             consenting
             to
             your
             destroying
             your selves
             ,
             though
             you
             should
             court
             me
             to
             it
             ,
             and
             for
             this
             end
             only
             have
             I
             continued
             my
             Command
             .
          
        
         
           After
           Thebes
           was
           lost
           ,
           and
           Alexander
           had
           demanded
           
             Demosthenes
             ,
             Lycurgus
             ,
             Hyperides
          
           ,
           and
           Charidemus
           to
           be
           deliver'd
           up
           ,
           the
           whole
           Assembly
           turning
           their
           eyes
           frequently
           and
           intently
           upon
           him
           ,
           and
           calling
           on
           him
           also
           by
           Name
           to
           deliver
           his
           opinion
           ;
           at
           last
           he
           rose
           up
           ,
           laying
           hold
           upon
           one
           of
           his
           most
           dear
           and
           intimate
           Friends
           ,
           that
           he
           loved
           and
           confided
           in
           above
           all
           others
           ,
           telling
           them
           ,
           
             Sirs
             ,
             you
             have
             brought
             things
             amongst
             you
             to
             that
             pass
             ,
             that
             for
             my
             part
             should
             he
             demand
             this
             my
             Friend
          
           Nicocles
           ,
           
             I
             would
             not
             refuse
             him
             ,
             and
             should
             think
             it
             the
             greatest
             happiness
             my self
             ,
             to
             sacrifice
             my
             own
             Life
             and
             Fortune
             for
             your
             safety
             ;
             for
             truly
             ,
          
           says
           he
           ,
           
             it
             pierces
             my
             heart
             to
             see
             those
             that
             are
             fled
             hither
             for
             Succour
             from
             the
             desolation
             of
          
           Thebes
           ;
           
             and
             surely
             it
             will
             be
             more
             for
             the
             common
             Interest
             ,
             that
             we
             rather
             deprecate
             the
             Conqueror
             ,
             and
             intercede
             for
             both
             ,
             than
             run
             the
             hazzard
             of
             another
             Battel
             .
          
        
         
           When
           this
           was
           decreed
           by
           the
           Commonalty
           ,
           Alexander
           is
           said
           to
           have
           rejected
           
           their
           first
           Address
           when
           it
           was
           presented
           ,
           throwing
           it
           back
           scornfully
           ,
           and
           turning
           his
           back
           on
           the
           Ambassadors
           ,
           they
           departed
           ;
           but
           the
           2d
           .
           which
           was
           presented
           by
           Phocion
           ,
           he
           graciously
           received
           ,
           understanding
           by
           the
           grave
           Seniors
           ,
           how
           much
           Philip
           always
           held
           him
           in
           the
           highest
           Esteem
           and
           Veneration
           ;
           and
           not
           only
           accepted
           his
           Memorial
           and
           Petition
           ,
           but
           also
           permitted
           him
           to
           advise
           him
           ;
           which
           he
           did
           to
           this
           effect
           ,
           that
           if
           his
           designs
           were
           for
           Peace
           and
           Quietness
           ,
           he
           should
           put
           a
           stop
           to
           his
           Career
           ,
           if
           the
           
             glory
             of
             his
             Arms
          
           were
           his
           aim
           ,
           he
           should
           do
           well
           to
           divert
           them
           from
           Greece
           ,
           and
           turn
           them
           on
           the
           Barbarians
           .
           With
           divers
           such
           insinuations
           ,
           dextrously
           fitted
           to
           the
           Humour
           and
           Genius
           of
           Alexander
           ,
           he
           so
           won
           upon
           him
           ,
           and
           softned
           his
           Temper
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           heard
           to
           say
           ,
           The
           Athenians
           ought
           to
           value
           themselves
           ,
           for
           if
           any
           thing
           amiss
           betided
           him
           ,
           they
           only
           were
           worthy
           of
           the
           Soveraignty
           .
           Conversing
           thus
           with
           Phocion
           as
           his
           Friend
           and
           Confident
           ,
           he
           did
           him
           that
           Honour
           ,
           which
           few
           of
           those
           that
           were
           next
           his
           Person
           ever
           received
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           Douris
           reports
           ,
           when
           he
           grew
           great
           and
           high
           ,
           after
           the
           Defeat
           of
           Darius
           ,
           he
           left
           off
           the
           word
           Greeting
           in
           all
           his
           Letters
           ,
           except
           in
           only
           those
           that
           were
           directed
           to
           Phocion
           and
           Antipater
           he
           condescended
           to
           use
           it
           ,
           which
           also
           is
           confirmed
           by
           
           Chares
           .
           As
           for
           his
           Munificence
           to
           him
           ,
           it
           is
           well
           known
           he
           sent
           him
           a
           Present
           at
           one
           time
           of
           a
           100
           Talents
           ,
           which
           being
           brought
           to
           
             Athens
             ,
             Phocion
          
           demanded
           of
           the
           Bearers
           ,
           how
           it
           came
           to
           pass
           ,
           that
           among
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Athenians
           ,
           he
           alone
           should
           be
           so
           highly
           obliged
           to
           his
           Bounty
           ?
           and
           being
           told
           ,
           that
           Alexander
           esteemed
           him
           (
           only
           )
           a
           Person
           of
           Honour
           and
           Worth
           :
           
             May
             it
             please
             him
             then
          
           ,
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             to
             permit
             me
             to
             continue
             so
             ,
             and
             be
             still
             so
             reputed
             .
          
           Following
           him
           to
           his
           House
           ,
           and
           observing
           his
           simple
           and
           plain
           way
           of
           Living
           ,
           his
           Wife
           imploy'd
           in
           the
           Pastry-work
           with
           her
           own
           hands
           ,
           himself
           pumping
           Water
           to
           wash
           his
           Feet
           ;
           they
           press'd
           him
           to
           accept
           it
           ,
           with
           some
           Indignation
           ,
           being
           asham'd
           ,
           (
           as
           they
           said
           )
           that
           
           Alexander's
           Friend
           should
           live
           so
           poorly
           and
           pitifully
           .
           Phocion
           taking
           notice
           of
           a
           poor
           old
           Fellow
           in
           a
           tatter'd
           Coat
           passing
           by
           ,
           asked
           them
           ,
           
             If
             they
             thought
             him
             in
             worse
             condition
             than
             that
             poor
             Wretch
             ?
          
           They
           begg'd
           his
           pardon
           for
           the
           Comparison
           ;
           yet
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             this
             man
             has
             less
             to
             live
             upon
             than
             I
             and
             is
             content
             ;
             and
             in
             short
             ,
             I
             must
             tell
             you
             ,
             if
             this
             summ
             be
             more
             than
             I
             can
             use
             ,
             it
             is
             altogether
             superfluous
             ;
             if
             I
             live
             up
             to
             it
             ,
             I
             shall
             give
             cause
             of
             jealousie
             both
             of
             your
             Master
             and
             my self
             to
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Citizens
             .
          
           So
           the
           Treasure
           was
           returned
           back
           from
           Athens
           ,
           giving
           the
           Gracians
           an
           illustrious
           Example
           ,
           
           how
           much
           truly
           richer
           the
           man
           is
           ,
           who
           by
           contracting
           his
           mind
           ,
           has
           no
           occasion
           for
           more
           ,
           than
           him
           who
           by
           the
           largeness
           of
           his
           Fortunes
           is
           capable
           of
           the
           largest
           Munificence
           .
           Alexander
           was
           displeased
           at
           this
           ,
           and
           writ
           to
           him
           again
           ,
           acquainting
           him
           ,
           
             That
             he
             could
             not
             esteem
             those
             his
             Friends
             ,
             who
             thought
             much
             to
             be
             obliged
             by
             him
             .
          
           Yet
           neither
           would
           this
           prevail
           with
           Phocion
           to
           accept
           the
           Money
           ,
           but
           he
           made
           use
           of
           his
           favour
           to
           intercede
           for
           Echecratides
           the
           Sophist
           ,
           and
           Athenodorus
           the
           Imbrian
           ,
           as
           also
           for
           Demaratus
           and
           Sparton
           ,
           two
           Rhodians
           ,
           that
           had
           been
           convicted
           of
           certain
           Crimes
           ,
           and
           were
           in
           custody
           at
           Sardis
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           please
           to
           enlarge
           them
           :
           This
           was
           presently
           granted
           by
           Alexander
           ,
           and
           they
           were
           set
           at
           liberty
           .
           Afterwards
           sending
           Craterus
           into
           Macedonia
           ,
           he
           commanded
           him
           to
           make
           him
           an
           Offer
           of
           four
           Cities
           in
           
             Asia
             ;
             Cio
             ,
             Gergetho
             ,
             Mylassis
          
           and
           Eloea
           ,
           any
           of
           which
           ,
           at
           his
           choice
           ,
           should
           be
           delivered
           to
           him
           ;
           being
           instant
           with
           him
           ,
           and
           declaing
           he
           should
           resent
           it
           ,
           should
           he
           continue
           obstinate
           in
           his
           refusal
           ;
           but
           Phocion
           was
           not
           to
           be
           prevail'd
           with
           at
           all
           ,
           and
           presently
           after
           Alexander
           died
           .
        
         
           
           Phocion's
           House
           is
           shown
           to
           this
           day
           in
           a
           Village
           call'd
           Melita
           ,
           beautify'd
           with
           Tyles
           of
           Copper
           ,
           otherways
           plain
           and
           homely
           .
           Concerning
           his
           Wives
           ;
           of
           the
           first
           of
           them
           
           there
           is
           little
           said
           ,
           save
           only
           that
           she
           was
           Sister
           of
           Cephisdotus
           the
           Statuary
           :
           The
           other
           was
           a
           Matron
           of
           no
           less
           Reputation
           for
           Virtue
           and
           good
           Housewifery
           among
           the
           Athenians
           ,
           than
           Phocion
           for
           Probity
           .
           It
           happen'd
           once
           when
           the
           People
           were
           entertained
           with
           a
           new
           Tragedy
           ,
           he
           that
           was
           to
           rigg
           out
           the
           Queen
           and
           her
           Attendants
           ,
           wanted
           some
           fine
           Habits
           and
           Accountrements
           for
           the
           purpose
           ,
           to
           make
           them
           appear
           splendid
           ;
           which
           not
           being
           provided
           ,
           the
           Player
           was
           sullen
           and
           refused
           to
           act
           ,
           but
           kept
           them
           in
           expectation
           ,
           till
           Melanthius
           the
           Master
           of
           the
           Revels
           ,
           push'd
           him
           on
           the
           Stage
           ,
           crying
           out
           aloud
           ,
           
             What
             ,
             Sirrah
             ,
             don't
             you
             take
             notice
             that
          
           Phocion's
           
             Wife
             goes
             constantly
             attended
             with
             one
             only
             waiting
             Woman
             ,
             but
             you
             must
             debauch
             the
             Sex
             ,
             and
             fill
             the
             Womens
             heads
             with
             nothing
             but
             pride
             and
             vanity
             ?
          
           This
           free
           Speech
           of
           his
           was
           received
           with
           wonderful
           Applause
           ,
           and
           clapp'd
           by
           the
           Audience
           round
           the
           Theater
           .
           The
           same
           plain
           Lady
           ,
           entertaining
           at
           her
           House
           a
           Stranger
           ,
           a
           spruce
           Dame
           of
           Ionia
           ,
           who
           show'd
           her
           all
           her
           Finery
           of
           gold
           Embroidery
           ,
           rich
           Jewels
           ,
           Bracelets
           ,
           Necklaces
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           :
           
             For
             my
             part
             ,
             Madam
          
           ,
           says
           she
           ,
           
             all
             my
             Ornament
             is
             my
             Goodman
          
           Phocion
           ,
           
             who
             has
             commanded
             the
          
           Athenians
           
             now
             this
             20
             years
          
           .
           Phocion's
           Son
           had
           an
           ambition
           to
           make
           one
           at
           the
           Exercises
           performed
           at
           Athens
           in
           honour
           
           of
           Minerva
           every
           5th
           .
           year
           ,
           which
           he
           
           permitted
           him
           to
           do
           ,
           not
           so
           much
           to
           have
           the
           Garlands
           of
           Victory
           ,
           (
           if
           he
           approved
           himself
           )
           but
           for
           his
           Health
           ,
           and
           to
           invigorate
           his
           Body
           by
           manly
           Labour
           and
           Abstinence
           ,
           the
           young
           man
           being
           at
           other
           times
           intemperate
           and
           a
           Pot-companion
           .
           Having
           succeeded
           in
           the
           Sports
           ,
           many
           offer'd
           their
           service
           to
           treat
           his
           Son
           with
           the
           usual
           Complements
           to
           the
           Victor
           ,
           which
           Honour
           he
           refused
           to
           all
           ,
           except
           one
           Gentleman
           .
           When
           he
           came
           to
           the
           Treat
           ,
           and
           found
           it
           very
           extravagant
           upon
           all
           accounts
           ,
           even
           the
           Water
           brought
           to
           wash
           the
           Guests
           Feet
           mingled
           with
           Wine
           and
           Spices
           ,
           he
           reprimanded
           his
           Son
           ,
           asking
           him
           
             Why
             he
             would
             so
             far
             permit
             his
             Friend
             to
             sully
             the
             Honour
             of
             his
             Victory
          
           ;
           and
           endeavouring
           wholly
           to
           wean
           the
           youngster
           from
           such
           courses
           and
           company
           ,
           he
           sent
           him
           to
           Lacedoemon
           ,
           and
           plac'd
           him
           among
           the
           Youth
           that
           were
           educated
           according
           to
           the
           custom
           of
           that
           Country
           .
           This
           the
           Athenians
           took
           offence
           at
           ,
           as
           though
           he
           slighted
           and
           contemned
           the
           Education
           at
           home
           ;
           and
           Demades
           twitted
           him
           with
           it
           publickly
           ,
           telling
           him
           ,
           Why
           ,
           Phocion
           ,
           
             do
             not
             we
             perswade
             the
          
           Athenians
           
             to
             receive
             the
          
           Laconian
           
             Manners
             and
             Discipline
             ?
             If
             you
             please
             to
             have
             it
             so
             ,
             I
             am
             ready
             to
             propound
             such
             a
             Law.
             Yes
             indeed
             ,
          
           said
           Phocion
           ,
           
             it
             would
             exceedingly
             become
             you
             that
             are
             so
             pouder'd
             and
             perfum'd
             ,
             with
             that
             Revelling
          
           
           
             Habit
             on
             your
             back
             ,
             to
             Speech
             it
             in
             praise
             of
          
           
           Lycurgus
           ,
           
             and
             invite
             the
          
           Athenians
           
             to
             Colledge
             Commons
          
           .
        
         
           When
           Alexander
           had
           demanded
           the
           Galleys
           they
           had
           agreed
           to
           furnish
           him
           withal
           ,
           the
           Orators
           opposed
           the
           sending
           them
           ,
           and
           the
           Council
           demanding
           
           Phocion's
           sence
           ,
           he
           told
           them
           freely
           ;
           
             Sirs
             ,
             I
             would
             either
             have
             you
             make
             sure
             of
             a
             Victory
             ,
             or
             a
             Friend
             of
             the
             Victor
             .
          
           About
           that
           time
           one
           Pytheas
           ,
           a
           confident
           talking
           Fellow
           ,
           begun
           to
           be
           very
           impertinent
           and
           troublesom
           with
           his
           often
           prating
           :
           Him
           Phocion
           check'd
           ,
           telling
           him
           ,
           
             That
             it
             would
             be
             better
             manners
             for
             him
             to
             be
             silent
             ,
             who
             was
             but
             of
             yesterday
             among
             them
             .
          
           At
           that
           time
           Harpalus
           came
           from
           Alexander
           out
           of
           Asia
           into
           Attica
           ,
           with
           a
           vast
           sum
           of
           Money
           ;
           at
           whose
           arrival
           the
           little
           people
           of
           those
           that
           use
           to
           be
           hangers
           on
           upon
           the
           Court
           ,
           flock'd
           about
           him
           to
           get
           something
           of
           him
           :
           amongst
           whom
           he
           scattered
           some
           small
           largesses
           to
           gain
           them
           ,
           and
           tye
           them
           by
           the
           teeth
           :
           But
           to
           Phocion
           he
           made
           an
           offer
           of
           no
           less
           than
           700
           Talents
           ,
           and
           all
           manner
           of
           other
           advantages
           he
           pleas'd
           to
           demand
           ;
           with
           the
           Complement
           from
           Alexander
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           entirely
           commit
           himself
           and
           all
           his
           affairs
           to
           his
           disposal
           :
           To
           which
           Phocion
           answer'd
           sharply
           ,
           
             That
             if
             he
             took
             such
             measures
             ,
             he
             should
             dearly
             repent
             his
             projects
             of
             corrupting
             and
          
           
           
             debauching
             the
             Citizens
          
           :
           Upon
           which
           he
           desisted
           with
           regret
           .
           After
           ,
           while
           the
           Athenians
           were
           deliberating
           in
           Council
           about
           him
           ,
           he
           found
           those
           that
           had
           received
           Pensions
           from
           him
           ,
           to
           be
           his
           greatest
           enemies
           ,
           urging
           and
           aggravating
           matters
           against
           him
           ,
           to
           prevent
           themselves
           being
           discover'd
           :
           But
           Phocion
           who
           had
           clean
           hands
           ,
           and
           whose
           chief
           aim
           was
           always
           the
           Weal-publick
           ,
           to
           have
           some
           regard
           also
           to
           his
           particular
           security
           .
           This
           encourag'd
           him
           once
           more
           to
           feel
           his
           pulse
           ,
           and
           attack
           him
           ;
           but
           he
           found
           him
           like
           a
           strong
           Fortress
           ,
           every
           way
           so
           defended
           ,
           that
           even
           the
           Golden
           Key
           could
           gain
           no
           admittance
           ,
           on
           all
           sides
           inaccessible
           and
           impregnable
           :
           Yet
           having
           made
           a
           particular
           Friendship
           with
           
           Phocion's
           Son
           in
           Law
           Charicles
           ,
           and
           using
           him
           with
           entire
           confidence
           in
           all
           his
           affairs
           ,
           he
           brought
           him
           into
           some
           suspicion
           :
           Upon
           the
           occasion
           of
           Pythonica
           the
           Courtesans
           dying
           ,
           who
           was
           
           Harpalus's
           Mistress
           ,
           for
           whom
           he
           had
           a
           great
           fondness
           ,
           and
           had
           a
           Child
           by
           her
           ;
           he
           resolv'd
           to
           build
           her
           a
           sumptuous
           Monument
           ,
           and
           committed
           the
           care
           of
           it
           to
           his
           Friend
           Charicles
           .
           This
           design
           ,
           vain
           enough
           in
           it self
           ,
           was
           yet
           further
           disparag'd
           by
           the
           workmanship
           ,
           after
           it
           was
           finished
           (
           for
           it
           is
           yet
           to
           be
           seen
           in
           Hermio
           ,
           as
           we
           go
           from
           Athens
           to
           Eleusina
           ,
           there
           appearing
           nothing
           answerable
           to
           the
           sum
           of
           30
           Talents
           ,
           said
           
           to
           be
           accounted
           by
           Charicles
           as
           expended
           about
           it
           .
           After
           Harpalus
           his
           own
           decease
           ,
           his
           Daughter
           was
           educated
           by
           Phocion
           and
           Charicles
           with
           great
           care
           ;
           but
           Charicles
           being
           question'd
           by
           some
           of
           Harpalus
           his
           Relations
           about
           his
           concerns
           ,
           and
           intreating
           his
           Father
           in
           Law
           's
           Protection
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           would
           appear
           for
           him
           in
           the
           Court
           ;
           Phocion
           refused
           him
           peremptorily
           ,
           telling
           him
           ,
           
             He
             would
             espouse
             his
             cause
             ,
             as
             his
             Son
             in
             Law
             ,
             only
             in
             things
             worthy
             and
             honourable
             .
          
        
         
           About
           this
           time
           Asclepiades
           the
           Son
           of
           Hipparchus
           ,
           brought
           the
           first
           tidings
           of
           
           Alexander's
           Death
           to
           Athens
           ,
           which
           Demades
           told
           them
           was
           not
           to
           be
           credited
           ;
           for
           were
           it
           true
           ,
           the
           whole
           World
           would
           feel
           the
           stink
           of
           the
           dead
           Carkase
           .
           Phocion
           perceiving
           his
           design
           of
           innovating
           and
           stirring
           the
           People
           to
           Sedition
           ,
           endeavoured
           to
           prevent
           and
           restrain
           them
           ,
           but
           many
           of
           them
           crowding
           up
           to
           the
           Bench
           ,
           and
           crying
           aloud
           that
           it
           was
           true
           what
           Asclepiades
           had
           related
           ;
           
             Well
             then
             ,
             suppose
             it
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             if
             it
             be
             true
             to
             day
             ,
             it
             will
             be
             as
             true
             to
             morrow
             and
             the
             next
             day
             ;
             so
             that
             we
             have
             leisure
             quietly
             and
             treatably
             to
             consult
             our
             security
             .
             Leosthenes
          
           had
           a
           design
           of
           imbarquing
           the
           Athenians
           in
           the
           Groecian
           War
           ,
           which
           Phocion
           could
           not
           brook
           ,
           nor
           forbear
           him
           :
           He
           ask'd
           Phocion
           scoffingly
           ,
           what
           the
           State
           had
           been
           benefited
           by
           his
           Ministry
           now
           so
           many
           
           years
           ?
           
             Truly
             not
             a
             little
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           
             methinks
             that
             the
             Citizens
             have
             been
             quietly
             laid
             up
             in
             their
             own
             Sepulchres
             .
          
           But
           Leosthenes
           continuing
           to
           huff
           and
           swagger
           in
           the
           Assembly
           ,
           
           
             Young
             man
          
           ,
           says
           
             Phocion
             ,
             your
             Language
             is
             like
             the
             Cypress
             Trees
             ,
             tall
             and
             topping
             ,
             but
             without
             Fruit.
          
           After
           him
           Hyperides
           set
           upon
           him
           ,
           demanding
           of
           Phocion
           when
           the
           time
           would
           come
           ,
           he
           would
           advise
           the
           Athenians
           to
           make
           War
           ?
           
             Why
             truly
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             when
             I
             shall
             find
             the
             younger
             sort
             tractable
             and
             observant
             of
             Discipline
             ,
             the
             Wealthy
             forward
             in
             their
             Contributions
             ,
             and
             the
             Lawyers
             forbear
             pillaging
             and
             robbing
             the
             Publick
             Exchequer
             .
          
           After
           ,
           when
           many
           admired
           the
           Forces
           raised
           ,
           and
           the
           Preparations
           for
           War
           that
           were
           made
           by
           Leosthenes
           ,
           they
           ask'd
           Phocion
           how
           he
           approved
           of
           the
           new
           Levies
           ?
           
             Very
             well
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             for
             a
             course
             ,
             but
             I
             apprehend
             the
             success
             of
             a
             War
             ,
             the
             Common-wealth
             being
             wholly
             destitute
             both
             of
             Treasure
             ,
             Shipping
             and
             Seamen
             for
             the
             expedition
             :
          
           And
           the
           event
           justify'd
           his
           prognostick
           ;
           yet
           at
           first
           all
           things
           appear'd
           fair
           and
           promising
           ,
           Leosthenes
           gain'd
           Reputation
           by
           worsting
           the
           Boeotians
           in
           Battel
           ,
           and
           driving
           Antipater
           within
           the
           Walls
           of
           Lamia
           ;
           and
           the
           Citizens
           were
           so
           transported
           with
           the
           first
           successes
           ,
           that
           they
           kept
           solemn
           Festivities
           for
           them
           ,
           and
           instituted
           publick
           Sacrifices
           to
           the
           Gods
           of
           Victory
           :
           So
           that
           some
           ,
           to
           reproach
           
           Phocion
           for
           being
           of
           contrary
           sentiments
           ,
           ask'd
           him
           whether
           now
           he
           would
           not
           willingly
           be
           Author
           of
           this
           successful
           Action
           to
           the
           Publick
           ?
           
             Yes
             verily
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             most
             gladly
             but
             also
             of
             the
             former
             Counsel
             .
          
           When
           one
           Express
           after
           another
           came
           from
           the
           Camp
           ,
           confirming
           and
           magnifying
           the
           Victories
           ,
           
             Nay
             then
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             sure
             we
             shall
             never
             have
             done
             killing
             and
             slaying
             .
             Leosthenes
          
           died
           soon
           after
           ,
           and
           those
           that
           feared
           lest
           if
           Phocion
           obtain'd
           the
           Command
           ,
           he
           would
           put
           an
           end
           to
           the
           War
           ,
           dealt
           with
           an
           obscure
           Fellow
           in
           the
           Assembly
           ,
           who
           should
           stand
           up
           and
           pretend
           himself
           to
           be
           a
           Friend
           and
           old
           Crony
           of
           
           Phocion's
           ,
           and
           perswade
           the
           People
           to
           spare
           him
           at
           this
           time
           ,
           and
           reserve
           him
           for
           a
           more
           pressing
           occasion
           ,
           having
           none
           comparable
           to
           him
           for
           Conduct
           at
           a
           pinch
           ;
           but
           now
           to
           send
           Antiphilus
           with
           the
           Command
           of
           the
           Army
           .
           This
           pleas'd
           the
           Generality
           ,
           but
           Phocion
           made
           it
           appear
           ,
           he
           was
           so
           far
           from
           having
           any
           friendship
           with
           him
           of
           old
           standing
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           not
           so
           much
           as
           the
           least
           familiarity
           with
           him
           :
           
             Yet
             now
             ,
             Sir
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             give
             me
             leave
             to
             put
             you
             down
             among
             the
             number
             of
             my
             Friends
             and
             Familiars
             ,
             having
             advised
             in
             my
             concerns
             ,
             so
             much
             to
             my
             advantage
             .
          
        
         
           Still
           the
           Athenians
           being
           violent
           to
           engage
           against
           the
           
             Boeotians
             ,
             Phocion
          
           was
           the
           
           first
           oppos'd
           it
           ,
           and
           his
           Friends
           telling
           him
           the
           People
           would
           kill
           him
           ,
           for
           always
           running
           counter
           to
           them
           ;
           Truly
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             it
             will
             be
             hard
             measure
             if
             I
             advise
             them
             honestly
             ,
             if
             not
             ,
             let
             me
             suffer
             .
          
           Whilst
           they
           were
           loud
           and
           hot
           upon
           't
           ,
           he
           commanded
           the
           Cryer
           to
           make
           Proclamation
           ,
           that
           all
           the
           Athenians
           from
           16
           to
           60
           ,
           should
           presently
           prepare
           themselves
           with
           5
           days
           provision
           ,
           and
           immediately
           follow
           him
           from
           the
           Assembly
           :
           This
           caused
           a
           great
           tumult
           :
           Those
           in
           years
           were
           startled
           ,
           and
           clamour'd
           against
           the
           Order
           ;
           he
           demanded
           wherein
           he
           injured
           them
           ,
           
             For
             I
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             am
             now
             fourscore
             ,
             and
             am
             ready
             to
             lead
             you
             .
          
           This
           divreted
           them
           and
           pacified
           them
           for
           the
           present
           ;
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           Micion
           ,
           with
           a
           great
           force
           of
           Macedonians
           and
           Mercenaries
           ,
           was
           ravaging
           and
           pillaging
           the
           Sea
           coast
           ,
           making
           a
           descent
           into
           Ramnunta
           ,
           and
           wasting
           the
           Country
           .
           Against
           him
           Phocion
           was
           sent
           and
           drew
           out
           his
           Army
           ,
           where
           some
           stragglers
           pragmatically
           intermedling
           in
           the
           Marshalling
           of
           it
           ,
           would
           needs
           be
           tutoring
           him
           how
           he
           should
           possess
           himself
           of
           such
           an
           Hill
           ,
           and
           dispose
           of
           the
           Cavalry
           in
           such
           a
           place
           ,
           and
           so
           and
           so
           to
           range
           the
           
           Battalions
           to
           the
           best
           advantage
           :
           
             O
             Hercules
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             how
             many
             Generals
             have
             we
             here
             ,
             and
             how
             few
             Soldiers
             ?
          
           Afterward
           having
           form'd
           the
           Battle
           ,
           one
           that
           would
           seem
           
           forward
           ,
           advanc'd
           out
           of
           his
           Order
           before
           the
           rest
           ;
           but
           the
           Enemy
           approaching
           ,
           his
           heart
           fail'd
           him
           ,
           and
           he
           retired
           back
           into
           his
           rank
           :
           Him
           he
           reproach'd
           ,
           telling
           him
           ,
           
             Youngster
             ,
             are
             you
             not
             asham'd
             twice
             in
             one
             day
             to
             desert
             your
             Station
             ,
             both
             where
             I
             had
             plac'd
             you
             ,
             and
             you
             had
             plac'd
             your self
             ?
          
           But
           falling
           on
           the
           Enemy
           with
           great
           bravery
           and
           resolution
           ,
           he
           routed
           them
           ,
           killing
           Micion
           and
           many
           more
           upon
           the
           spot
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           he
           overcame
           the
           Groecian
           Army
           that
           was
           in
           Thessaly
           ,
           wherein
           Leonatus
           had
           joyn'd
           himself
           with
           Antipater
           and
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           that
           came
           out
           of
           
             Asia
             :
             Leonatus
          
           was
           kill'd
           in
           the
           Fight
           ,
           Antiphilus
           commanding
           the
           Foot
           ,
           and
           Menon
           the
           Thessalian
           ,
           the
           Horse
           .
           Not
           long
           after
           ,
           Craterus
           coming
           out
           of
           Asia
           with
           a
           great
           Force
           ,
           another
           skirmish
           hapned
           in
           Cranon
           ,
           wherein
           the
           Groecians
           were
           worsted
           ,
           but
           the
           loss
           was
           not
           very
           considerable
           ,
           nor
           the
           number
           of
           the
           slain
           ;
           yet
           with
           their
           restiveness
           to
           their
           Governors
           ,
           who
           were
           young
           men
           ,
           and
           too
           mild
           and
           indulgent
           .
           Antipater
           ,
           in
           the
           mean
           season
           ,
           also
           under-hand
           tampering
           with
           the
           Cities
           ,
           the
           Groecians
           utterly
           lost
           themselves
           ,
           and
           shamefully
           betrayed
           the
           Liberty
           of
           their
           Country
           .
        
         
           Upon
           the
           news
           of
           
           Antipater's
           approaching
           Athens
           with
           all
           his
           force
           ,
           Demosthenes
           and
           Hyperides
           deserted
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           Demades
           ,
           
           who
           was
           altogether
           insolvent
           for
           any
           part
           of
           the
           Fines
           that
           had
           been
           laid
           upon
           him
           by
           the
           City
           ,
           (
           for
           he
           had
           been
           condemn'd
           no
           less
           than
           7
           times
           for
           false
           Judgments
           contrary
           to
           the
           known
           Laws
           )
           and
           having
           lost
           his
           Reputation
           to
           that
           degree
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           not
           permitted
           to
           Vote
           in
           the
           Assembly
           ,
           laid
           hold
           on
           this
           favourable
           juncture
           to
           bring
           in
           a
           Bill
           for
           sending
           Embassadors
           with
           Plenipotentiary
           Power
           to
           Antipater
           ,
           to
           treat
           about
           a
           Peace
           ,
           but
           the
           people
           distrusting
           him
           and
           calling
           upon
           Phocion
           to
           give
           his
           opinion
           ,
           as
           the
           Person
           they
           only
           and
           entirely
           confided
           in
           ,
           he
           said
           :
           
             My
             Masters
             ,
             if
             my
             former
             Counsels
             had
             been
             any
             thing
             prevalent
             with
             you
             ,
             we
             had
             not
             been
             reduc'd
             to
             such
             straits
             as
             we
             now
             labour
             under
             in
             our
             deliberations
             about
             these
             matters
             .
          
           However
           ,
           the
           Vote
           pass'd
           ,
           and
           a
           Decree
           was
           made
           ,
           and
           he
           ,
           with
           others
           ,
           deputed
           to
           go
           to
           Antipater
           ,
           who
           lay
           now
           incamped
           in
           the
           Theban
           Territories
           ,
           but
           intended
           suddenly
           to
           dislodge
           ,
           and
           pass
           into
           Attica
           .
           His
           first
           proposal
           was
           ,
           that
           the
           Treaty
           might
           begin
           whilst
           he
           staid
           in
           that
           Country
           :
           This
           was
           cry'd
           out
           upon
           as
           unreasonably
           propounded
           by
           Phocion
           (
           by
           Craterus
           )
           to
           oppress
           the
           Country
           of
           their
           Friends
           and
           Allies
           by
           their
           stay
           ,
           since
           they
           might
           rather
           use
           that
           of
           their
           Enemies
           ,
           for
           provisions
           and
           support
           of
           their
           Army
           .
           But
           Antipater
           taking
           him
           by
           the
           hand
           ,
           said
           ,
           
             'T
             is
             true
             ,
             but
             let
             us
             grant
             this
             Boon
             out
             of
             respect
          
           
           to
           Phocion
           :
           And
           for
           the
           rest
           ,
           he
           bid
           them
           return
           to
           their
           Principals
           ,
           and
           acquaint
           them
           that
           he
           would
           grant
           them
           no
           other
           Terms
           than
           what
           he
           himself
           had
           received
           from
           Leosthenes
           ,
           then
           General
           ,
           when
           he
           was
           shut
           up
           in
           Lamia
           .
        
         
           When
           Phocion
           had
           return'd
           to
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           acquainted
           them
           with
           this
           answer
           ,
           they
           made
           a
           virtue
           of
           necessity
           at
           this
           Juncture
           ,
           and
           comply'd
           ,
           since
           it
           would
           be
           no
           better
           :
           So
           Phocion
           return'd
           to
           Thebes
           with
           other
           Embassadors
           ,
           and
           among
           the
           rest
           ,
           Zenocrates
           the
           Philosopher
           ,
           the
           reputation
           of
           whose
           Prudence
           and
           Wisdom
           was
           so
           great
           and
           celebrated
           among
           the
           Athenians
           ,
           that
           they
           conceiv'd
           there
           could
           not
           be
           any
           thing
           of
           mankind
           so
           brutal
           and
           barbarous
           ,
           or
           devoid
           of
           common
           humanity
           ,
           that
           even
           his
           meen
           and
           aspect
           would
           not
           gain
           upon
           and
           create
           a
           respect
           for
           him
           :
           But
           the
           contrary
           hapned
           by
           the
           insolence
           and
           ferity
           of
           
           Antipater's
           disposition
           ,
           who
           embracing
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Companions
           ,
           pass'd
           Zenocrates
           ,
           by
           not
           deigning
           so
           much
           as
           to
           salute
           him
           ,
           or
           take
           the
           least
           notice
           of
           him
           :
           Upon
           which
           occasion
           ,
           Zenocrates
           said
           ,
           
             He
             was
             well
             satisfied
             he
             used
             him
             so
             scurvily
             ,
             since
             he
             had
             the
             same
             intentions
             to
             the
             whole
             City
             :
          
           As
           soon
           as
           ever
           he
           began
           to
           speak
           ,
           Antipater
           thwarted
           and
           interrupted
           him
           ,
           not
           suffering
           him
           to
           proceed
           ,
           but
           enjoyned
           him
           silence
           :
           But
           
           when
           Phocion
           had
           declar'd
           the
           purport
           of
           their
           Embassy
           ,
           he
           reply'd
           short
           and
           peremptorily
           ,
           he
           would
           make
           a
           League
           with
           the
           Athenians
           on
           these
           conditions
           and
           no
           others
           .
           That
           Demosthenes
           and
           Hyperides
           
             be
             deliver'd
             up
             to
             him
             :
             That
             the
             ancient
             way
             of
             Raising
             Taxes
             in
             the
             City
             be
             observ'd
             :
             That
             they
             should
             receive
             a
             Garrison
             from
             him
             into
          
           Minichia
           :
           
             Defray
             the
             Charges
             of
             the
             War
             ,
             and
             damages
             sustain'd
             ,
             and
             put
             themselves
             under
             Contribution
             for
             it
             .
          
           As
           things
           stood
           ,
           these
           Terms
           were
           judg'd
           tolerable
           by
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Embassadors
           :
           Zenocrates
           said
           ,
           
             Truly
             if
          
           Antipater
           
             reputed
             them
             as
             already
             his
             Slaves
             ,
             they
             were
             indifferent
             ;
             but
             if
             he
             considered
             them
             still
             as
             Free
             ,
             they
             were
             insufferable
             .
             Phocion
          
           press'd
           him
           with
           much
           earnestness
           ,
           only
           to
           spare
           the
           Garrison
           ,
           and
           used
           many
           Arguments
           and
           Intreaties
           :
           Antipater
           reply'd
           ,
           
             He
             should
             find
             him
             compliant
             in
             any
             thing
             to
             his
             request
             ,
             that
             did
             not
             inevitably
             tend
             no
             the
             ruin
             of
             them
             both
             .
          
           Others
           report
           it
           differently
           ,
           that
           Antipater
           should
           ask
           
             Phocion
             ,
             If
             he
             remitted
             the
             Garrison
             to
             the
          
           Athenians
           ,
           
             he
             would
             stand
             Surety
             for
             the
             City
             to
             demean
             themselves
             peaceably
             ,
             and
             endeavour
             no
             Innovations
             ?
          
           To
           which
           when
           he
           demurr'd
           and
           made
           no
           return
           ;
           on
           the
           sudden
           Callimedon
           the
           Carabian
           ,
           a
           hot
           man
           ,
           and
           a
           profess'd
           Enemy
           to
           Free
           States
           ,
           rose
           up
           ,
           asking
           Antipater
           if
           he
           would
           suffer
           himself
           to
           be
           
           juggled
           withal
           ,
           and
           have
           his
           confidence
           abused
           so
           far
           as
           not
           to
           act
           what
           he
           thought
           most
           expedient
           ?
           So
           the
           Athenians
           receiv'd
           the
           Garrison
           ,
           and
           Menyllus
           for
           the
           Governor
           ,
           a
           fair
           condition'd
           man
           ,
           and
           one
           of
           
           Phocion's
           Acquaintance
           .
        
         
           This
           proceeding
           seem'd
           sufficiently
           imperious
           and
           arbitrary
           ,
           indeed
           rather
           a
           spiteful
           insulting
           and
           ostentation
           of
           power
           ,
           than
           that
           the
           possessing
           himself
           of
           that
           Fortress
           ,
           would
           be
           of
           any
           real
           advantage
           to
           his
           affairs
           .
           The
           resentment
           of
           this
           usage
           was
           heightned
           by
           the
           time
           it
           happened
           in
           :
           For
           it
           fortun'd
           the
           Garrison
           was
           brought
           in
           in
           the
           Month
           of
           August
           ,
           just
           at
           the
           time
           of
           the
           great
           Festival
           ,
           when
           Bacchus
           was
           carried
           with
           solemn
           Pomp
           from
           the
           City
           to
           Eleusina
           ;
           so
           that
           the
           Solemnity
           being
           disturb'd
           ,
           many
           began
           to
           recollect
           what
           had
           happen'd
           at
           the
           time
           of
           those
           Rites
           both
           anciently
           and
           modernly
           .
           For
           of
           old
           ,
           in
           their
           greatest
           prosperity
           ,
           there
           had
           been
           odd
           appearances
           seen
           ,
           and
           Voices
           heard
           at
           the
           time
           of
           their
           Celebration
           ,
           which
           struck
           terror
           and
           amazement
           into
           their
           Enemies
           ;
           but
           now
           at
           the
           same
           season
           ,
           the
           Gods
           themselves
           stood
           Wittnesses
           of
           the
           extream
           oppressions
           of
           Greece
           ;
           the
           Holy
           time
           being
           prophan'd
           ,
           and
           their
           greatest
           Jubilee
           made
           the
           unlucky
           date
           of
           their
           most
           extream
           calamity
           .
           Not
           many
           years
           before
           ,
           they
           had
           brought
           an
           
           Advertisement
           from
           the
           Oracle
           at
           Dodona
           ,
           That
           they
           should
           carefully
           Guard
           the
           Promontory
           of
           
           Diana's
           Temple
           ,
           and
           secure
           it
           from
           the
           possession
           of
           Strangers
           :
           And
           about
           the
           same
           time
           when
           they
           dyed
           the
           Ribbonds
           and
           Garlands
           ,
           with
           which
           they
           adorn'd
           the
           Pageants
           in
           devotion
           to
           her
           ;
           instead
           of
           a
           Purple
           ,
           they
           receiv'd
           only
           a
           faint
           dead
           colour
           ,
           and
           which
           added
           to
           the
           Omen
           ,
           all
           those
           things
           that
           were
           dyed
           for
           common
           use
           took
           the
           natural
           colour
           .
           Also
           a
           Sacrificer
           washing
           a
           Porket
           in
           the
           Haven
           ,
           whilst
           it
           was
           calm
           ,
           a
           Shark
           seiz'd
           on
           him
           ,
           bit
           off
           all
           his
           hinder
           parts
           to
           the
           Belly
           ,
           and
           devoured
           them
           ;
           by
           which
           they
           imagin'd
           the
           God
           gave
           them
           apparently
           to
           understand
           ,
           that
           having
           already
           lost
           the
           lower
           parts
           of
           their
           Territories
           ,
           towards
           the
           Sea
           coast
           ,
           they
           should
           more
           carefully
           guard
           those
           towards
           the
           City
           .
        
         
           Now
           the
           Garrison
           under
           Menyllus
           was
           no
           ways
           offensive
           to
           those
           of
           the
           better
           sort
           ,
           but
           of
           the
           meaner
           sort
           ,
           the
           number
           of
           whom
           (
           who
           by
           reason
           of
           their
           poverty
           were
           not
           taxed
           )
           were
           reckon'd
           in
           the
           City
           to
           be
           above
           12000
           ;
           those
           that
           remain'd
           in
           the
           City
           thought
           themselves
           oppress'd
           and
           affronted
           ,
           and
           those
           that
           had
           gone
           away
           into
           Thrace
           ,
           on
           whom
           Antipater
           had
           bestow'd
           a
           Town
           ,
           and
           some
           Territories
           to
           inhabit
           ,
           accounted
           themselves
           only
           as
           a
           Colony
           of
           
           Slaves
           and
           Exiles
           .
           Demosthenes
           dyed
           at
           that
           time
           in
           Calabria
           ,
           and
           Hyperides
           at
           Cleona
           ,
           a
           City
           of
           Greece
           ,
           (
           as
           we
           have
           else-where
           related
           )
           which
           put
           the
           Citizens
           in
           mind
           of
           the
           death
           of
           Philip
           and
           Alexander
           ,
           and
           almost
           wishing
           the
           return
           of
           those
           times
           .
           Just
           as
           after
           Antigonus
           was
           slain
           ;
           and
           those
           that
           had
           taken
           him
           off
           ,
           afterwards
           more
           grievously
           afflicting
           and
           oppressing
           the
           People
           ;
           a
           Countryman
           in
           Phrygia
           digging
           in
           the
           Fields
           ,
           was
           ask'd
           what
           he
           was
           doing
           ?
           
             I
             am
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           (
           fetching
           a
           deep
           sigh
           )
           
             searching
             again
             for
          
           Antigonus
           .
           So
           said
           many
           that
           remembred
           those
           days
           ,
           and
           the
           disputes
           they
           had
           with
           those
           Kings
           ,
           whose
           anger
           ,
           however
           great
           ,
           was
           yet
           generous
           and
           placable
           ;
           whereas
           Antipater
           ,
           with
           the
           counterfeit
           humility
           of
           appearing
           like
           a
           private
           man
           ,
           in
           the
           meanness
           of
           his
           Habit
           and
           homely
           Fare
           ,
           covered
           the
           haughtiness
           of
           his
           Mind
           ,
           and
           insolently
           abusing
           his
           power
           ,
           was
           indeed
           insufferable
           to
           those
           under
           his
           Command
           being
           extream
           Lordly
           and
           Tyranical
           .
           Yet
           Phocion
           had
           interest
           with
           him
           to
           recal
           many
           from
           Banishment
           by
           his
           intreaty
           ,
           and
           prevail'd
           also
           for
           those
           that
           fled
           away
           ,
           that
           they
           might
           not
           ,
           like
           others
           ,
           be
           hurried
           beyond
           Foenarus
           and
           the
           Mountains
           of
           Ceraunia
           ,
           but
           remain
           in
           Greece
           ,
           and
           plant
           themselves
           in
           Peloponnesus
           ,
           of
           which
           number
           was
           Agnonides
           the
           Sycophant
           He
           no
           less
           studiously
           manag'd
           
           the
           affairs
           within
           the
           City
           ,
           with
           signal
           Equity
           and
           Moderation
           ,
           preferring
           constantly
           those
           that
           were
           Men
           of
           Worth
           and
           Temper
           to
           the
           Magistracy
           ;
           keeping
           out
           the
           factious
           and
           turbulent
           ,
           lest
           they
           should
           abuse
           their
           power
           to
           raise
           stirs
           ,
           and
           those
           that
           were
           decayed
           ,
           he
           advis'd
           to
           retire
           into
           the
           
           Country
           ,
           and
           mind
           tillage
           .
           Observing
           that
           Zenocrates
           payed
           his
           Assessments
           as
           a
           Foreigner
           ,
           he
           would
           have
           perswaded
           him
           to
           accept
           of
           his
           freedom
           ;
           which
           he
           refus'd
           ,
           saying
           :
           
             He
             could
             not
             receive
             it
             from
             that
             City
             ,
             whose
             Liberties
             and
             Franchises
             were
             doomed
             ,
             when
             he
             himself
             was
             one
             of
             the
             Embassadors
             .
             Menyllus
          
           offered
           Phocion
           a
           considerable
           Sum
           of
           Mony
           ,
           who
           ,
           thanking
           him
           ,
           said
           ,
           
             Neither
             was
             he
             greater
             than
          
           Alexander
           ,
           
             nor
             his
             own
             occasions
             more
             urgent
             to
             receive
             it
             now
             ,
             who
             then
             refused
             it
             from
             him
             :
          
           But
           still
           pressing
           him
           to
           permit
           his
           Son
           Phocus
           to
           receive
           it
           ,
           he
           replyed
           ;
           
             If
             my
             Son
             returns
             to
             his
             right
             mind
             ,
             his
             Patrimony
             is
             sufficient
             ,
             if
             not
             ,
             in
             the
             courses
             he
             now
             takes
             ,
             all
             supplies
             will
             be
             insignificant
             .
          
           But
           to
           Antipater
           he
           answered
           more
           tartly
           ,
           who
           would
           have
           him
           engaged
           in
           something
           dishonourable
           ;
           Antipater
           says
           he
           ,
           
             can't
             use
             me
             both
             as
             a
             Friend
             and
             a
             Flatterer
             .
          
           And
           indeed
           Antipater
           was
           wont
           to
           say
           ,
           he
           had
           two
           Friends
           at
           
             Athens
             ,
             Phocion
          
           and
           Demades
           ,
           the
           one
           would
           never
           suffer
           him
           to
           gratifie
           him
           at
           all
           ,
           the
           other
           would
           never
           be
           satisfied
           :
           
           For
           Phocion's
           Virtue
           made
           his
           Poverty
           appear
           reputable
           ,
           having
           so
           oft
           been
           Commander
           in
           Chief
           of
           the
           Athenians
           ,
           and
           admitted
           to
           the
           Friendship
           of
           so
           many
           Potentates
           ,
           he
           had
           yet
           grown
           old
           and
           poor
           in
           the
           service
           of
           the
           Common-wealth
           :
           But
           Demades
           prided
           himself
           by
           lavishing
           his
           Wealth
           ,
           to
           break
           in
           upon
           the
           Publick
           Constitutions
           and
           affront
           them
           :
           For
           there
           having
           been
           an
           Order
           that
           no
           Foreigner
           should
           be
           entertain'd
           to
           Dance
           at
           the
           Publick
           Shows
           ,
           on
           the
           penalty
           of
           1000
           Drachma's
           to
           be
           levied
           on
           him
           that
           should
           exhibit
           them
           ;
           his
           vanity
           was
           so
           great
           to
           hire
           100
           Strangers
           ,
           and
           paid
           the
           Fine
           for
           them
           all
           in
           ready
           Cash
           upon
           the
           Stage
           .
           Marrying
           his
           Son
           Demeas
           at
           that
           time
           ,
           he
           told
           him
           with
           the
           like
           vanity
           ,
           
             Son
             ,
             when
             I
             married
             your
             Mother
             ,
             it
             was
             done
             so
             privately
             it
             was
             not
             known
             to
             the
             next
             Neighbours
             ;
             but
             Kings
             and
             Princes
             show
             themselves
             forward
             to
             present
             you
             at
             your
             Nuptials
             .
          
        
         
           Still
           this
           Garrison
           was
           a
           grievous
           eye-sore
           to
           the
           Commonalty
           among
           the
           Athenians
           ,
           and
           they
           ceased
           not
           clamouring
           upon
           Phocion
           ,
           to
           prevail
           with
           Antipater
           for
           its
           removal
           ;
           but
           when
           he
           despair'd
           of
           effecting
           it
           ,
           or
           rather
           observed
           the
           People
           more
           governable
           ,
           and
           behaving
           themselves
           more
           orderly
           ,
           by
           the
           Awe
           that
           was
           upon
           them
           ,
           he
           constantly
           declined
           that
           Office
           ;
           yet
           as
           to
           the
           
           Money-matter
           ,
           effectually
           obtained
           of
           him
           ,
           not
           to
           demand
           the
           Subsidy
           agreed
           on
           ,
           but
           prolonged
           the
           time
           of
           its
           payment
           .
           So
           the
           People
           ,
           leaving
           him
           off
           ,
           apply'd
           themselves
           to
           Demades
           ,
           who
           readily
           undertook
           the
           Employment
           and
           took
           along
           with
           him
           his
           Son
           also
           into
           Macedonia
           ;
           the
           Devil
           ,
           as
           it
           seem'd
           ,
           owing
           him
           a
           shame
           ,
           he
           came
           just
           at
           that
           nick
           of
           time
           ,
           when
           Antipater
           was
           seized
           with
           Sickness
           ,
           and
           Cassander
           taking
           upon
           himself
           the
           Command
           ,
           had
           found
           a
           Letter
           of
           
           Demades's
           ,
           formerly
           writ
           by
           him
           to
           Antigonus
           in
           Asia
           ,
           moving
           him
           to
           take
           upon
           himself
           the
           Empire
           of
           Greece
           and
           Macedonia
           ,
           which
           now
           stood
           upon
           an
           old
           and
           rotten
           Stalk
           ,
           so
           rallying
           Antipater
           .
        
         
           So
           when
           Cassander
           heard
           of
           his
           coming
           ,
           he
           seized
           him
           ,
           and
           having
           caused
           his
           Son
           to
           be
           brought
           before
           his
           Face
           ,
           slew
           him
           ,
           so
           ordering
           it
           ,
           that
           the
           Son's
           Blood
           should
           fly
           upon
           the
           Father
           ,
           and
           bedawb
           him
           ;
           after
           ,
           bitterly
           taunting
           and
           upbraiding
           him
           with
           his
           Ingratitude
           and
           Treachery
           ,
           he
           dispatch'd
           him
           .
        
         
           Antipater
           (
           having
           nominated
           Polyperchon
           General
           ,
           and
           Cassander
           Colonel
           )
           being
           dead
           ,
           Cassander
           presently
           set
           up
           for
           himself
           ,
           and
           immediately
           dispatch'd
           Nicanor
           to
           Menyllus
           ,
           to
           be
           his
           Successor
           in
           the
           Athenian
           Garrison
           ,
           commanding
           him
           to
           possess
           himself
           of
           it
           ,
           before
           the
           News
           of
           
           Antipater's
           Death
           ,
           
           should
           be
           bruited
           abroad
           .
           Which
           being
           done
           ,
           and
           some
           days
           after
           the
           Athenians
           hearing
           the
           Report
           of
           it
           ,
           Phocion
           was
           taxt
           ,
           as
           privy
           to
           it
           before
           ,
           and
           censured
           heavily
           for
           dissembling
           it
           ,
           as
           a
           Friend
           and
           Confederate
           of
           
           Nicanor's
           :
           but
           he
           slighted
           their
           tittle
           tattle
           ,
           and
           meeting
           oft
           and
           conferring
           with
           Nicanor
           ,
           made
           it
           his
           business
           to
           render
           him
           civil
           and
           obliging
           to
           the
           Athenians
           ,
           and
           not
           only
           so
           ,
           but
           perswaded
           him
           to
           some
           Expence
           upon
           them
           ,
           and
           have
           some
           Shows
           at
           his
           own
           charge
           to
           entertain
           the
           People
           .
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           ,
           Polyperchon
           ,
           to
           whose
           Care
           the
           chief
           Affairs
           were
           committed
           ,
           to
           countermine
           Cassander
           ,
           writ
           a
           cunning
           Letter
           to
           the
           City
           ,
           declaring
           ,
           that
           they
           were
           restored
           to
           their
           ancient
           Privileges
           and
           Immunities
           ,
           and
           were
           at
           entire
           liberty
           to
           govern
           their
           Commonwealth
           ,
           according
           to
           their
           ancient
           Customs
           and
           Constitutions
           .
           The
           bottom
           of
           these
           Pretences
           was
           meer
           Stratagem
           and
           Trick
           ,
           levell'd
           principally
           against
           Phocion
           ,
           as
           the
           Event
           manifested
           it self
           ;
           for
           
           Polyperchon's
           design
           being
           to
           possess
           himself
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           he
           despaired
           altogether
           of
           bringing
           it
           to
           pass
           ,
           whilst
           Phocion
           lived
           ,
           and
           in
           Credit
           :
           but
           the
           most
           certain
           way
           to
           ruine
           him
           ,
           would
           be
           again
           to
           bring
           into
           play
           the
           Demagogues
           ,
           who
           had
           been
           put
           out
           of
           Office
           for
           seditious
           Practices
           ,
           and
           restore
           them
           to
           their
           Places
           of
           Trust
           ,
           both
           
           in
           the
           Courts
           of
           Judicature
           ,
           and
           
             their
             Votes
             in
             Common-Council
          
           .
           Thus
           the
           Populace
           being
           let
           loose
           ,
           presently
           great
           Commotions
           happen'd
           in
           Athens
           ,
           which
           Nicanor
           endeavouring
           to
           compose
           ,
           call'd
           the
           Senate
           together
           into
           the
           Pyroeum
           ,
           and
           came
           thither
           himself
           ,
           committing
           himself
           to
           Phocion
           for
           his
           security
           ;
           
           but
           one
           Dercyllus
           ,
           a
           Captain
           of
           the
           Train-bands
           in
           the
           Suburbs
           ,
           attempting
           to
           seize
           him
           ,
           he
           having
           some
           hint
           of
           it
           ,
           withdrew
           himself
           ,
           giving
           out
           that
           he
           would
           suddenly
           right
           himself
           upon
           the
           City
           for
           this
           Affront
           .
           Phocion
           was
           accused
           for
           being
           near
           him
           ,
           and
           not
           seizing
           him
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           required
           ;
           but
           he
           defended
           himself
           ,
           saying
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           no
           manner
           of
           mistrust
           of
           Nicanor
           ,
           nor
           the
           least
           reason
           to
           expect
           any
           mischief
           from
           him
           ;
           but
           should
           it
           prove
           otherways
           ,
           for
           his
           part
           he
           would
           have
           them
           all
           know
           ,
           he
           had
           rather
           receive
           ,
           than
           do
           an
           ill
           thing
           to
           any
           Man.
           This
           Carriage
           of
           
           Phocion's
           ,
           fairly
           and
           simply
           considered
           ,
           would
           appear
           extream
           generous
           and
           Gentleman-like
           ;
           yet
           looking
           upon
           a
           man
           standing
           in
           relation
           to
           his
           Countrey
           ,
           now
           endanger'd
           ,
           and
           that
           in
           the
           highest
           station
           of
           Power
           and
           Authority
           there
           is
           something
           (
           methinks
           )
           of
           prior
           Consideration
           and
           original
           Obligation
           of
           Justice
           ,
           in
           discharging
           the
           trust
           reposed
           in
           him
           ,
           to
           be
           regarded
           ,
           much
           rather
           than
           such
           Points
           of
           Honour
           :
           
           for
           it
           is
           not
           a
           satisfactory
           pretence
           to
           say
           ,
           that
           he
           dreaded
           the
           involving
           the
           City
           in
           War
           ,
           by
           seizing
           Nicanor
           ,
           nor
           that
           in
           Honour
           and
           Justice
           he
           could
           not
           lay
           hands
           on
           a
           man
           ,
           who
           had
           given
           him
           all
           the
           assurance
           and
           security
           in
           the
           world
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           no
           ways
           molest
           or
           disturb
           the
           Athenian
           State
           ;
           but
           it
           was
           ,
           indeed
           ,
           his
           Credulity
           and
           Confidence
           in
           him
           ,
           and
           an
           over-weening
           opinion
           of
           his
           Sincerity
           ,
           that
           imposed
           upon
           him
           :
           so
           that
           notwithstanding
           the
           sundry
           Intimations
           he
           had
           from
           those
           that
           accused
           him
           of
           having
           Designs
           on
           the
           Pyroeum
           ,
           and
           sending
           numbers
           of
           Mercenaries
           into
           Salamina
           ,
           besides
           his
           tampering
           with
           ,
           and
           endeavouring
           to
           corrupt
           those
           of
           Pyroeum
           ,
           (
           where
           his
           Garrison
           stood
           )
           he
           would
           (
           notwithstanding
           all
           this
           Evidence
           )
           never
           be
           perswaded
           to
           belive
           it
           .
           Nay
           further
           ,
           although
           Philomedes
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           Lampres
           ,
           had
           got
           a
           Decree
           pass'd
           ,
           that
           all
           the
           Athenians
           should
           stand
           to
           their
           Arms
           ,
           and
           be
           ready
           to
           follow
           Phocion
           their
           General
           ,
           he
           yet
           sate
           still
           and
           secure
           ,
           till
           such
           time
           as
           Nicanor
           had
           actually
           brought
           down
           Arms
           and
           Ammunition
           from
           Minichia
           to
           Pyroeum
           ,
           and
           begun
           to
           draw
           Trenches
           round
           it
           .
           Whilst
           these
           things
           were
           transacted
           when
           Phocion
           (
           at
           last
           )
           would
           have
           led
           out
           the
           Athenians
           ,
           they
           mutined
           against
           him
           ,
           and
           slighted
           his
           Orders
           .
        
         
         
           Alexander
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           Polyperchon
           ,
           was
           at
           hand
           with
           a
           considerable
           Force
           ,
           pretended
           to
           be
           for
           succour
           of
           the
           City
           against
           Nicanor
           ,
           but
           intended
           nothing
           less
           (
           if
           possible
           )
           than
           to
           surprize
           the
           City
           ,
           whilst
           they
           were
           in
           Tumult
           ,
           and
           divided
           among
           themselves
           :
           for
           those
           that
           had
           been
           banished
           ,
           getting
           into
           the
           City
           ,
           to
           whom
           the
           Foreigners
           joyned
           themselves
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           Rabble
           rout
           thronging
           in
           to
           them
           ,
           they
           made
           up
           an
           odd
           irregular
           mixt
           Convention
           ,
           wherein
           they
           presently
           divested
           Phocion
           of
           all
           Power
           ,
           and
           chose
           to
           themselves
           other
           Commanders
           ;
           and
           if
           by
           chance
           Alexander
           had
           not
           been
           spy'd
           from
           the
           Walls
           ,
           alone
           ,
           and
           in
           close
           Consult
           with
           Nicanor
           ,
           and
           given
           the
           Athenians
           just
           cause
           of
           Suspicion
           ,
           certainly
           the
           City
           at
           that
           moment
           had
           run
           a
           great
           Risque
           .
           Immediately
           the
           Orator
           Agnonides
           fell
           foul
           upon
           Phocion
           ,
           and
           impeacht
           him
           of
           Treason
           :
           Callimedon
           and
           Pericles
           fearing
           the
           worst
           ,
           consulted
           their
           own
           security
           by
           flying
           from
           the
           City
           :
           Phocion
           ,
           with
           a
           few
           of
           his
           Friends
           that
           stay'd
           with
           him
           ,
           went
           over
           to
           Polyperchon
           ,
           and
           out
           of
           Respect
           ,
           Solon
           of
           Platoea
           ,
           and
           Dinarchus
           of
           Corinth
           ,
           accompany'd
           him
           ,
           being
           reputed
           Friends
           and
           Confidents
           of
           Polyperchon
           .
           But
           Dinarchus
           enjoying
           ill
           Health
           ,
           they
           remained
           many
           days
           in
           Elatoea
           ,
           a
           City
           of
           Phocis
           ,
           situate
           near
           the
           Mountain
           Acrorium
           .
           During
           which
           time
           Agnonides
           promoting
           
           it
           ,
           Archestratus
           procured
           a
           Decree
           ,
           that
           th●
           People
           should
           send
           Delegates
           thither
           to
           accuse
           Phocion
           :
           so
           both
           of
           them
           waited
           upon
           Polyperchon
           ,
           who
           was
           with
           the
           King
           viewing
           the
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           was
           then
           at
           a
           small
           Village
           of
           
             Phocis
             ,
             Pharygas
          
           ,
           now
           call'd
           Galate
           .
        
         
           There
           Polyperchon
           having
           pitch'd
           a
           
             Royal
             Tent
             of
             Cloth
             of
             Gold
          
           for
           the
           King
           and
           his
           
           Friends
           ,
           caused
           Dinarchus
           to
           be
           brought
           without
           further
           Ceremony
           ,
           and
           having
           first
           tormented
           him
           ,
           caused
           him
           to
           be
           slain
           ;
           then
           he
           gave
           Audience
           to
           the
           Ambassadors
           ,
           who
           filled
           the
           Place
           with
           Noise
           and
           Tumult
           ,
           peaching
           and
           accusing
           one
           another
           ;
           Agnonides
           approaching
           ,
           entreated
           they
           might
           all
           be
           shut
           up
           together
           in
           an
           iron
           Grate
           ,
           and
           convey'd
           to
           Athens
           ,
           there
           to
           decide
           the
           Controversie
           :
           At
           that
           the
           King
           could
           not
           forbear
           smiling
           ;
           but
           the
           Company
           that
           attended
           ,
           Macedonians
           and
           Strangers
           ,
           that
           now
           had
           leisure
           enough
           ,
           were
           eager
           to
           see
           the
           Scuffle
           ,
           and
           hear
           them
           pelt
           one
           another
           ,
           made
           Signs
           to
           the
           Delegates
           to
           go
           on
           with
           their
           Accusations
           .
           But
           it
           was
           far
           from
           a
           fair
           Hearing
           ,
           nothing
           equitable
           could
           be
           obtained
           ;
           Polyperchon
           frequently
           interrupted
           Phocion
           ,
           and
           at
           last
           knocking
           with
           his
           Battoon
           on
           the
           Ground
           ,
           refused
           him
           absolutely
           ,
           and
           commanded
           him
           Silence
           .
           Hegemon
           appeal'd
           to
           Polyperchon
           himself
           ,
           as
           one
           that
           well
           knew
           
           how
           studious
           he
           had
           been
           of
           the
           Interest
           of
           the
           People
           ;
           to
           which
           he
           reply'd
           furiously
           ;
           
             Forbear
             to
             belye
             me
             before
             the
             King
             :
          
           the
           King
           starting
           up
           was
           about
           to
           have
           darted
           him
           through
           with
           his
           Javelin
           ,
           but
           Polyperchon
           interposed
           and
           hinder'd
           him
           ;
           so
           the
           Assembly
           was
           dissolved
           .
        
         
           Phocion
           then
           and
           those
           about
           him
           were
           put
           into
           Custody
           ;
           but
           those
           of
           his
           Friends
           that
           were
           at
           some
           distance
           ,
           observing
           this
           ,
           hiding
           their
           Faces
           ,
           endeavour'd
           to
           save
           themselves
           by
           Flight
           :
           but
           Clitus
           perceived
           them
           ,
           and
           brought
           them
           back
           to
           Athens
           ,
           pretendedly
           ,
           to
           purge
           themselves
           ,
           but
           in
           truth
           ,
           as
           men
           already
           sentenced
           ,
           to
           die
           .
           The
           manner
           of
           conveying
           them
           was
           indeed
           extream
           moving
           ;
           they
           were
           carried
           in
           Chariots
           through
           Ceramicum
           ,
           straight
           to
           the
           Place
           of
           Judicature
           ,
           where
           Clitus
           secured
           them
           till
           they
           had
           call'd
           a
           Hall
           ,
           which
           was
           open
           to
           all
           Comers
           ;
           neither
           Foreigners
           ,
           nor
           Slaves
           ,
           nor
           any
           of
           the
           Rascality
           ,
           being
           refused
           Admittance
           ,
           but
           was
           free
           to
           all
           ;
           Men
           ,
           Women
           and
           Children
           ,
           being
           allowed
           to
           seat
           themselves
           in
           the
           Court
           ;
           and
           even
           upon
           the
           Bench
           :
           where
           having
           read
           the
           
           King's
           Letters
           ,
           wherein
           he
           declared
           ,
           he
           was
           abundantly
           satisfied
           that
           these
           men
           were
           Traitors
           ;
           however
           ,
           they
           being
           a
           free
           City
           ,
           he
           willingly
           indulged
           them
           the
           Grace
           of
           trying
           and
           judging
           them
           according
           to
           their
           own
           Laws
           .
           
           Clitus
           brought
           in
           his
           Prisoners
           .
           The
           men
           of
           highest
           Quality
           blush'd
           at
           the
           sight
           of
           Phocion
           ,
           and
           hanging
           down
           their
           Heads
           ,
           could
           not
           forbear
           Tears
           :
           One
           of
           them
           was
           so
           hardy
           to
           say
           ,
           Since
           the
           King
           was
           so
           gracious
           to
           permit
           them
           freedom
           in
           Judgment
           ,
           he
           thought
           it
           reasonable
           to
           dismiss
           the
           Strangers
           ,
           and
           those
           of
           servile
           condition
           ,
           from
           the
           Assembly
           ;
           but
           the
           Populace
           would
           not
           endure
           it
           ,
           crying
           out
           ,
           They
           were
           Enemies
           to
           the
           Commonwealth
           ,
           and
           Betrayers
           of
           the
           Liberty
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           deserved
           to
           be
           stoned
           that
           sided
           with
           the
           Nobility
           ;
           after
           which
           no
           man
           durst
           offer
           any
           thing
           farther
           in
           
           Phocion's
           behalf
           .
           He
           was
           scarce
           suffer'd
           to
           be
           heard
           ,
           when
           he
           demanded
           ,
           if
           they
           intended
           to
           put
           them
           to
           death
           by
           form
           of
           Law
           or
           not
           ?
           Some
           answer'd
           ,
           According
           to
           Law
           :
           He
           reply'd
           ,
           How
           should
           that
           be
           done
           ,
           except
           we
           have
           a
           fair
           Hearing
           ?
           But
           when
           they
           were
           deaf
           to
           all
           he
           said
           ,
           approaching
           nearer
           ,
           
             As
             to
             my self
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             I
             confess
             the
             Crime
             ,
             and
             submit
             my self
             to
             the
             Judgment
             of
             the
             Law
             ,
             but
             for
             these
             my
             Friends
             ,
             O
             ye
             men
             of
          
           Athens
           ,
           
             what
             have
             they
             done
             to
             deserve
             the
             Sentence
             ,
             having
             in
             nothing
             offended
             you
             ?
          
           The
           Rabble
           cry'd
           out
           ,
           They
           were
           his
           Friends
           and
           Complices
           ,
           that
           was
           enough
           .
           Hearing
           this
           ,
           he
           drew
           back
           as
           one
           struck
           dumb
           .
        
         
           Then
           Agnonides
           read
           the
           Bill
           of
           Attainder
           ,
           
           whereby
           the
           People
           were
           impowered
           to
           have
           a
           Poll
           for
           majority
           of
           Voices
           ,
           whether
           they
           judged
           them
           Guilty
           ;
           and
           if
           so
           it
           should
           be
           found
           ,
           to
           be
           sentenced
           to
           Death
           .
           The
           Names
           being
           read
           ,
           some
           were
           so
           brutish
           to
           desire
           it
           might
           be
           added
           to
           the
           Sentence
           ,
           That
           Phocion
           should
           not
           only
           die
           a
           simple
           Death
           ,
           but
           be
           tortured
           also
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           Rack
           should
           be
           produced
           with
           the
           Tormenters
           :
           but
           Agnonides
           perceiving
           even
           Clitus
           himself
           to
           dislike
           this
           ,
           esteeming
           it
           a
           thing
           most
           horrid
           and
           barbarous
           ;
           says
           he
           ,
           
             If
             we
             can
             take
             that
             Villain
          
           Callimedon
           ,
           
             O
             ye
          
           Athenians
           !
           
             let
             us
             serve
             him
             so
             with
             all
             my
             heart
             ,
             but
             I
             can't
             consent
          
           Phocion
           
             should
             be
             used
             so
          
           :
           And
           one
           of
           those
           that
           were
           better
           minded
           ,
           rose
           up
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             Thou
             art
             in
             the
             right
             ,
             if
          
           Phocion
           
             be
             tortured
             ,
             what
             dost
             thou
             deserve
             thy self
             ?
          
           So
           the
           Sentence
           was
           ratified
           ,
           taking
           every
           man's
           Vote
           singly
           ,
           no
           man
           sitting
           down
           ,
           but
           all
           rising
           up
           ,
           and
           some
           with
           Garlands
           on
           their
           Heads
           condemn'd
           them
           all
           to
           death
           .
        
         
           There
           were
           with
           
             Phocion
             ,
             Nicocles
             ,
             Theudippus
             ,
             Hegemon
          
           and
           Pythocles
           :
           moreover
           Demetrius
           the
           
             Phalaroean
             ,
             Callimedon
             ,
             Charicles
          
           ,
           and
           some
           others
           ,
           were
           in
           the
           same
           Condemnation
           ,
           being
           absent
           .
           After
           the
           Assembly
           was
           dismist
           ,
           they
           were
           remanded
           to
           Prison
           ,
           some
           of
           their
           Friends
           following
           them
           ,
           embracing
           and
           weeping
           over
           them
           ,
           and
           making
           great
           Lamentation
           .
           
           Phocion's
           Countenance
           
           was
           not
           chang'd
           ,
           but
           went
           with
           the
           same
           undaunted
           Look
           ,
           he
           used
           to
           be
           followed
           from
           the
           Court
           to
           the
           Camp
           ,
           whilst
           he
           was
           their
           General
           ;
           that
           most
           men
           admired
           the
           Bravery
           and
           Magnanimity
           of
           the
           man
           ,
           yet
           some
           sneaking
           Fellows
           of
           his
           Enemies
           insulted
           over
           him
           ,
           reviling
           and
           abusing
           him
           as
           he
           pass'd
           :
           And
           one
           coming
           up
           to
           him
           ,
           spit
           in
           his
           Face
           ;
           at
           which
           Phocion
           ,
           turning
           to
           the
           Officers
           ,
           only
           said
           ,
           
             Will
             no
             body
             correct
             this
             Fellow's
             Rudeness
             ?
             Theudippus
             ,
          
           when
           he
           observed
           the
           Executioner
           tempering
           the
           Poyson
           ,
           and
           preparing
           it
           for
           them
           ,
           was
           disorder'd
           ,
           and
           began
           to
           bemoan
           his
           condition
           ,
           and
           the
           hard
           measure
           he
           received
           so
           unjustly
           to
           suffer
           upon
           
           Phocion's
           account
           :
           What
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             dost
             thou
             not
             think
             it
             creditable
             to
             run
             the
             same
             Fate
             with
          
           Phocion
           ?
           One
           of
           his
           Friends
           that
           stood
           by
           ,
           askt
           him
           ,
           if
           he
           would
           have
           any
           thing
           to
           his
           Son
           ?
           
             Yes
             ,
             by
             all
             means
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             command
             him
             from
             me
             to
             forget
             the
          
           Athenian's
           
             Ill
             Treatment
             of
             his
             Father
          
           .
           Then
           Nicocles
           ,
           the
           dearest
           and
           most
           faithful
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           begg'd
           of
           him
           first
           to
           drink
           the
           Poyson
           :
           
             Ah!
             my
             Friend
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             this
             is
             the
             most
             harsh
             and
             ungrateful
             Request
             thou
             ever
             madest
             me
             ;
             but
             since
             through
             my
             whole
             Life
             ,
             I
             have
             never
             deny'd
             thee
             any
             thing
             ,
             I
             must
             gratifie
             thee
             in
             this
             also
             .
          
           Having
           all
           drunk
           ,
           there
           wanted
           of
           the
           due
           Proportion
           ,
           and
           the
           Executioner
           refused
           to
           prepare
           more
           ,
           except
           
           they
           would
           pay
           him
           12
           Drachma's
           to
           defray
           the
           charge
           of
           a
           
             full
             Draught
          
           .
           Some
           delay
           
           was
           made
           ,
           and
           the
           time
           spent
           ▪
           Phocion
           call'd
           one
           of
           his
           Friends
           that
           stood
           by
           :
           What
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             can't
             a
             man
             die
             on
             Free-cost
             among
             the
          
           Athenians
           ?
           and
           bid
           him
           give
           him
           a
           small
           spill
           of
           Money
           .
        
         
           It
           was
           the
           19th
           .
           day
           of
           the
           Month
           Mynichion
           ,
           
           when
           there
           was
           accustomed
           to
           be
           solemn
           Processions
           in
           the
           City
           ,
           in
           Honour
           of
           Jupiter
           :
           The
           Horsemen
           ,
           as
           they
           pass'd
           by
           ,
           some
           of
           them
           threw
           away
           their
           Garlands
           ,
           others
           stopt
           at
           the
           Prison-doors
           ,
           bitterly
           weeping
           ,
           and
           casting
           most
           doleful
           Looks
           towards
           the
           Place
           of
           Execution
           ;
           and
           as
           many
           of
           the
           rest
           ,
           whose
           Minds
           were
           not
           absolutely
           debauch'd
           by
           Spite
           and
           Passion
           ,
           or
           had
           any
           spark
           of
           Humanity
           left
           ,
           acknowledged
           it
           to
           be
           most
           wicked
           and
           ungodly
           ;
           at
           least
           ,
           not
           to
           have
           reprieved
           them
           that
           day
           ,
           and
           purge
           the
           City
           from
           Blood
           and
           Slaughter
           at
           the
           solemn
           Festival
           .
           But
           as
           if
           all
           this
           had
           been
           small
           Game
           ,
           the
           Malice
           of
           
           Phocion's
           Enemies
           went
           yet
           higher
           ,
           to
           endeavour
           that
           his
           dead
           Corps
           might
           be
           thrown
           out
           of
           the
           Cityboundaries
           ;
           none
           of
           the
           Athenians
           daring
           to
           light
           a
           Funeral
           Pile
           ,
           to
           burn
           the
           Body
           ,
           after
           their
           manner
           ;
           neither
           durst
           any
           of
           his
           Friends
           presume
           to
           concern
           themselves
           about
           his
           Body
           ,
           only
           one
           Conopion
           ,
           a
           man
           accustomed
           to
           those
           Offices
           ,
           having
           procured
           
           the
           Body
           ,
           at
           his
           own
           Expence
           ,
           to
           be
           carry'd
           beyond
           Eleusina
           ,
           borrow'd
           Fire
           from
           a
           Woman
           of
           Magoera
           ,
           and
           burnt
           it
           ;
           the
           Woman
           her self
           ,
           with
           her
           Servant-maids
           ,
           being
           present
           and
           assistant
           at
           the
           Solemnity
           ,
           casting
           up
           a
           small
           Monument
           for
           him
           ,
           performed
           the
           customary
           Offerings
           ;
           and
           gathering
           up
           his
           Bones
           in
           her
           Lap
           ,
           and
           carrying
           them
           by
           night
           ,
           digg'd
           a
           Place
           by
           the
           Fire-side
           in
           her
           House
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             Dear
             Gods
             ,
             Guardians
             of
          
           
           
             this
             Place
             ,
             here
             I
             deposite
             the
             Remains
             of
             this
             excellent
             Person
             ,
             and
             you
             ,
             I
             beseech
             you
             ,
             protect
             and
             restore
             them
             to
             the
             Sepulcher
             of
             his
             Ancestors
             ,
             when
             the
          
           Athenians
           
             return
             again
             to
             their
             right
             Minds
             .
          
        
         
           And
           indeed
           ,
           a
           very
           little
           Time
           ,
           and
           their
           own
           sad
           Experience
           ,
           soon
           informed
           them
           ,
           what
           an
           excellent
           Governour
           ,
           and
           how
           great
           an
           example
           and
           Patron
           of
           Justice
           and
           all
           Virtue
           ,
           they
           had
           bereft
           themselves
           of
           :
           And
           now
           they
           decreed
           him
           a
           Statue
           of
           Brass
           ,
           and
           his
           Bones
           to
           be
           buried
           honourably
           at
           the
           publick
           Charge
           ;
           and
           for
           his
           Accusers
           ,
           Agnonides
           they
           took
           themselves
           ,
           and
           caused
           him
           to
           be
           put
           to
           death
           ;
           Epicurus
           and
           Demophilus
           ,
           that
           fled
           from
           the
           City
           for
           fear
           ,
           his
           Son
           met
           with
           ,
           and
           took
           his
           Revenge
           upon
           them
           .
           This
           Son
           of
           his
           they
           report
           not
           otherways
           to
           be
           considerable
           ,
           only
           a
           man
           of
           Pleasure
           ,
           that
           was
           enamour'd
           of
           a
           Wench
           kept
           by
           a
           common
           Bawd
           ;
           and
           happenning
           one
           day
           
           to
           hear
           Theodorus
           the
           Atheist
           talking
           at
           this
           rate
           ,
           That
           if
           a
           man
           might
           venture
           to
           rescue
           his
           Friend
           ,
           why
           not
           his
           Mistress
           ?
           and
           if
           not
           one
           ,
           why
           the
           other
           ?
           The
           Argument
           hitting
           his
           Humour
           ,
           encouraged
           him
           to
           take
           away
           the
           Girl
           by
           force
           .
           But
           this
           Fate
           of
           
           Phocion's
           ,
           revived
           the
           Memory
           of
           Socrates
           among
           the
           Groecians
           ,
           their
           Case
           being
           exactly
           parallel
           ,
           both
           their
           Deaths
           being
           alike
           ,
           the
           most
           shameful
           Fault
           ,
           and
           heavy
           Misfortune
           of
           the
           People
           of
           Athens
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           LIFE
           OF
           CATO
           the
           Younger
           .
        
         
           Englished
           from
           the
           Greek
           ,
           by
           
             Stephen
             Waller
          
           Dr.
           of
           Laws
           .
        
         
           THE
           House
           of
           Cato
           derived
           its
           Lustre
           and
           Glory
           from
           his
           Great-Grandfather
           Cato
           ;
           one
           that
           by
           his
           Virtue
           gained
           a
           very
           great
           Reputation
           and
           Authority
           among
           the
           Romans
           ,
           as
           we
           have
           written
           in
           his
           Life
           .
        
         
           This
           Cato
           ,
           was
           ,
           by
           the
           loss
           of
           both
           his
           Parents
           ,
           left
           an
           Orphan
           ,
           together
           with
           his
           Brother
           Coepio
           ,
           and
           his
           Sister
           
             Porcia
             .
             Servilia
          
        
         
           
             CATO
             IUNIOR
             .
          
           depiction of Cato the Younger
           
             
               Ecce
               Parens
               verus
               Patrice
               :
               dignissimus
               aris
               Roma
               tuis
               .
               —
               Nil
               causâ
               fecit
               in
               armis
               Ipse
               suâ
               :
               Studiis
               Odiisque
               carens
               .
               At
               frustrá
               Leges
               et
               inania
               Jura
               tuenti
               Scire
               Mori
               Sors
               optima
               .
            
             
               Lucan
               :
            
          
           
             M
             Burg.
             sculp
             .
          
        
         
         
         
           also
           was
           his
           Sister
           by
           the
           Mother's-side
           .
           All
           these
           lived
           together
           ,
           and
           were
           bred
           up
           in
           the
           House
           of
           
             Livius
             Drusus
          
           ,
           their
           Uncle
           by
           the
           Mother
           ;
           who
           at
           that
           time
           had
           a
           great
           share
           in
           the
           Government
           ;
           for
           he
           was
           very
           Eloquent
           ,
           remarkably
           Just
           ,
           and
           in
           Wisdom
           not
           inferior
           to
           any
           of
           the
           Romans
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           said
           of
           Cato
           ,
           that
           he
           did
           ,
           even
           from
           his
           Infancy
           ,
           in
           his
           Speech
           ,
           his
           Countenance
           ,
           and
           all
           his
           childish
           Pastimes
           ,
           discover
           an
           inflexible
           Temper
           ,
           unmoved
           by
           any
           Passion
           ,
           and
           firm
           in
           every
           thing
           .
        
         
           He
           would
           force
           himself
           ,
           much
           beyond
           the
           strength
           of
           his
           Age
           ,
           to
           go
           through
           with
           whatever
           he
           undertook
           .
           He
           was
           rough
           and
           ungentle
           toward
           them
           that
           flattered
           him
           ;
           but
           yet
           more
           stubborn
           and
           untractable
           to
           those
           who
           threatned
           him
           .
           He
           was
           very
           difficultly
           moved
           to
           laugh
           ;
           and
           was
           rarely
           seen
           to
           smile
           .
           Not
           quickly
           or
           easily
           provoked
           to
           Anger
           ;
           but
           if
           once
           incensed
           ,
           he
           was
           no
           less
           difficultly
           pacified
           .
        
         
           When
           he
           began
           to
           learn
           ,
           he
           proved
           dull
           ,
           and
           slow
           to
           apprehend
           ;
           but
           what
           he
           once
           conceived
           ,
           he
           very
           faithfully
           retained
           .
           And
           truly
           't
           is
           usual
           in
           Nature
           ,
           that
           men
           of
           quick
           Apprehensions
           have
           not
           the
           best
           Memories
           ;
           but
           those
           who
           receive
           things
           with
           most
           pains
           and
           difficulty
           ,
           remember
           them
           with
           most
           exactness
           :
           for
           every
           new
           thing
           that
           is
           learnt
           seems
           to
           make
           some
           new
           impression
           
           upon
           the
           Mind
           .
           Hence
           the
           difficulty
           there
           was
           in
           Cato
           to
           be
           moved
           ,
           made
           it
           the
           more
           difficult
           for
           him
           to
           be
           taught
           ;
           for
           to
           learn
           is
           to
           suffer
           a
           kind
           of
           Alteration
           :
           and
           it
           happens
           ,
           that
           those
           are
           most
           easily
           wrought
           upon
           ,
           who
           have
           least
           strength
           to
           oppose
           what
           is
           offered
           .
           Hence
           young
           men
           are
           sooner
           perswaded
           ,
           than
           those
           that
           are
           more
           in
           years
           ;
           and
           Sick
           men
           ,
           than
           those
           that
           are
           well
           in
           Health
           :
           in
           fine
           where
           the
           Resistance
           is
           least
           powerful
           ,
           the
           Impression
           is
           most
           easily
           made
           .
           Yet
           Cato
           (
           they
           say
           )
           was
           very
           obedient
           to
           his
           Schoolmaster
           ,
           and
           would
           do
           whatever
           he
           was
           commanded
           ;
           but
           he
           would
           also
           ask
           the
           Reason
           ,
           and
           enquire
           the
           Cause
           of
           every
           thing
           :
           and
           indeed
           his
           Schoolmaster
           was
           a
           very
           courteous
           man
           ,
           more
           ready
           to
           instruct
           ,
           than
           to
           beat
           his
           Scholars
           ;
           his
           Name
           was
           Sarpedo
           .
        
         
           When
           Cato
           was
           a
           Child
           ,
           the
           Allies
           of
           the
           Romans
           sued
           to
           be
           made
           free-Citizens
           of
           
             Rome
             .
             Pompoedius
             Sillo
          
           ,
           one
           of
           their
           Deputies
           ,
           a
           brave
           Souldier
           ,
           and
           a
           man
           of
           great
           worth
           ,
           who
           had
           contracted
           a
           Friendship
           with
           Drusus
           ,
           lodged
           at
           his
           House
           for
           several
           days
           ;
           in
           which
           Time
           being
           grown
           familiar
           with
           the
           Children
           ,
           Well
           ,
           (
           said
           he
           to
           them
           )
           
             will
             you
             entreat
             your
             Vncle
             to
             befriend
             us
             in
             our
             Business
             ?
             Coepio
          
           smiling
           ,
           seemed
           to
           consent
           ;
           but
           Cato
           made
           no
           Answer
           ,
           only
           he
           looked
           stedfastly
           and
           fiercely
           
           on
           the
           Strangers
           :
           Then
           said
           Pompoedius
           to
           him
           ,
           
             And
             you
             young
             man
             ,
             what
             say
             you
             to
             us
             ?
             will
             not
             you
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             your
             Brother
             ,
             intercede
             with
             your
             Vncle
             in
             our
             behalf
             ?
             Cato
          
           Continued
           still
           unmoved
           ;
           but
           by
           his
           Silence
           and
           his
           Countenance
           seeming
           to
           deny
           their
           Petition
           ,
           Pompoedius
           snatch'd
           him
           up
           to
           the
           Window
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           would
           throw
           him
           out
           :
           then
           he
           urged
           him
           to
           consent
           ,
           or
           he
           would
           fling
           him
           down
           ;
           and
           speaking
           in
           a
           harsher
           Tone
           ,
           held
           his
           Body
           out
           of
           the
           Window
           ,
           and
           shook
           him
           several
           times
           .
           When
           Cato
           had
           suffered
           this
           a
           good
           while
           ,
           unmoved
           and
           unconcerned
           ;
           Pompoedius
           setting
           him
           down
           ,
           said
           softly
           to
           his
           Friends
           ,
           
             What
             a
             Blessing
             is
             this
             Child
             to
          
           Italy
           ?
           
             if
             he
             were
             a
             Man
             ,
             I
             believe
             we
             should
             not
             gain
             one
             Voice
             among
             the
             People
             .
          
           Another
           time
           ,
           one
           of
           his
           Relations
           ,
           on
           his
           Birth-day
           ,
           invited
           Cato
           and
           some
           other
           Children
           to
           Supper
           ,
           who
           diverting
           themselves
           in
           a
           part
           of
           the
           House
           ,
           were
           at
           Play
           all
           together
           ,
           the
           elder
           and
           the
           younger
           ;
           their
           Play
           was
           to
           act
           the
           Pleading
           of
           Causes
           before
           the
           Judges
           ,
           accusing
           one
           another
           ,
           and
           carrying
           away
           the
           Condemned
           to
           Prison
           .
           Among
           these
           ,
           a
           very
           beautiful
           young
           Child
           being
           bound
           and
           carried
           by
           a
           bigger
           into
           Prison
           ,
           he
           cryed
           out
           to
           Cato
           ;
           who
           presently
           run
           to
           the
           Door
           ,
           and
           thrusting
           away
           those
           who
           stood
           there
           as
           a
           Guard
           ,
           took
           out
           the
           Youth
           ,
           and
           went
           home
           in
           
           great
           Anger
           followed
           by
           all
           his
           Companions
           .
        
         
           Cato
           at
           length
           grew
           so
           famous
           among
           them
           ,
           that
           when
           Sylla
           Designed
           to
           exhibit
           the
           Game
           of
           young
           men
           riding
           Races
           on
           Horseback
           ,
           which
           they
           called
           the
           
             Trojan
             Course
          
           ,
           having
           got
           together
           all
           the
           Youth
           of
           Quality
           ,
           he
           appointed
           two
           for
           their
           Leaders
           .
           One
           of
           them
           they
           accepted
           for
           his
           Mother's
           sake
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           Son
           of
           Metella
           ,
           the
           Wife
           of
           Sylla
           ;
           but
           for
           the
           other
           ,
           which
           was
           Sextus
           ,
           the
           Nephew
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           they
           would
           not
           be
           led
           by
           him
           ,
           nor
           exercised
           under
           him
           :
           then
           Sylla
           asking
           ,
           Whom
           they
           would
           have
           ?
           They
           all
           cryed
           out
           ,
           Cato
           ;
           and
           Sextus
           willingly
           yielded
           the
           Honour
           to
           him
           ,
           as
           the
           more
           worthy
           Person
           .
        
         
           Sylla
           ,
           having
           had
           a
           Friendship
           with
           their
           Father
           ,
           did
           often
           send
           for
           Cato
           and
           his
           Brother
           ,
           and
           would
           talk
           familiarly
           with
           them
           ;
           a
           Favour
           which
           he
           shewed
           to
           very
           few
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           great
           Power
           and
           high
           Station
           which
           he
           had
           gotten
           .
           Sarpedo
           ,
           considering
           the
           Advantage
           hereof
           as
           well
           for
           the
           Honour
           as
           the
           Safety
           of
           his
           Scholars
           ,
           did
           often
           bring
           Cato
           to
           wait
           upon
           Sylla
           at
           his
           House
           ,
           which
           ,
           for
           the
           multitude
           of
           those
           that
           were
           slain
           ,
           imprisoned
           ,
           and
           tormented
           there
           ,
           looked
           like
           a
           Place
           of
           Execution
           .
           Cato
           was
           then
           about
           14
           years
           old
           ;
           now
           seeing
           the
           Heads
           of
           great
           Men
           brought
           thither
           ,
           and
           
           observing
           the
           secret
           Sighs
           of
           those
           that
           were
           present
           ,
           he
           asked
           his
           Schoolmaster
           ▪
           
             Why
             does
             no
             body
             kill
             this
             Man
             ?
             Because
          
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             they
             fear
             him
             ,
             Child
             ,
             more
             than
             they
             hate
             him
             :
             Why
             then
          
           (
           replied
           
             Cato
             )
             do
             you
             not
             give
             me
             a
             Sword
             ,
             that
             I
             may
             stab
             him
             ,
             and
             free
             my
             Countrey
             from
             this
             Slavery
             ?
             Sarpedo
          
           hearing
           this
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           same
           time
           seeing
           his
           Countenance
           full
           of
           Anger
           and
           Fury
           ,
           took
           care
           thence-forward
           to
           watch
           him
           strictly
           ,
           lest
           he
           should
           fall
           into
           any
           desperate
           Attempt
           .
        
         
           While
           he
           was
           yet
           very
           young
           ;
           to
           some
           that
           asked
           him
           ,
           Whom
           he
           loved
           best
           ?
           He
           answered
           ,
           His
           Brother
           :
           And
           being
           asked
           ,
           Whom
           next
           ?
           He
           replied
           ▪
           His
           Brother
           again
           :
           So
           likewise
           the
           third
           time
           ;
           and
           still
           the
           same
           ,
           till
           they
           left
           off
           to
           ask
           any
           farther
           .
           As
           he
           grew
           in
           Age
           ,
           this
           Love
           to
           his
           Brother
           increased
           ;
           for
           when
           he
           was
           about
           20
           years
           old
           ,
           he
           never
           supped
           ,
           never
           went
           out
           of
           Town
           ,
           nor
           into
           the
           Forum
           ,
           without
           Coepio
           ;
           but
           when
           his
           Brother
           made
           use
           of
           Oyntments
           and
           Perfumes
           ,
           these
           Cato
           rejected
           :
           And
           he
           was
           in
           the
           whole
           course
           of
           his
           Life
           very
           regular
           and
           austere
           ;
           so
           that
           when
           Coepio
           was
           admired
           for
           his
           Moderation
           and
           Temperance
           ,
           he
           would
           acknowledge
           ,
           that
           indeed
           he
           might
           be
           accounted
           such
           ,
           in
           respect
           of
           some
           other
           men
           ;
           but
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             when
             I
             compare
             my self
             with
          
           Cato
           ,
           
             methinks
             I
          
           
           
             differ
             not
             at
             all
             from
          
           Sippius
           ;
           one
           at
           that
           time
           notorious
           for
           Softness
           and
           Luxury
           .
        
         
           Cato
           ,
           being
           made
           one
           of
           
           Apollo's
           Priests
           ,
           changed
           his
           Habitation
           ,
           took
           his
           portion
           of
           their
           paternal
           Inheritance
           ,
           and
           began
           to
           live
           yet
           more
           severely
           than
           before
           .
           Having
           gained
           an
           intimate
           Acquaintance
           with
           Antipater
           ,
           the
           Stoick
           Philosopher
           ,
           he
           bent
           himself
           chiefly
           to
           the
           Study
           of
           Moral
           Philosophy
           and
           Politicks
           .
        
         
           He
           was
           carried
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           ,
           by
           a
           kind
           of
           Inspiration
           ,
           to
           embrace
           every
           Virtue
           ;
           but
           most
           inclined
           ,
           to
           delight
           in
           a
           sort
           of
           steady
           Justice
           ,
           that
           was
           not
           to
           be
           wrought
           upon
           by
           Favour
           or
           Compassion
           .
           He
           learned
           also
           the
           Art
           of
           speaking
           in
           publick
           ;
           which
           he
           looked
           upon
           as
           a
           thing
           no
           less
           requisite
           for
           governing
           ,
           than
           the
           Art
           of
           War
           ,
           for
           defending
           a
           City
           .
           But
           he
           would
           never
           recite
           his
           Speeches
           before
           Company
           ;
           nor
           was
           he
           ever
           heard
           declame
           :
           And
           to
           one
           that
           told
           him
           ,
           Men
           blamed
           his
           Silence
           ;
           
             but
             I
             hope
             not
             my
             Life
             ,
          
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             and
             I
             will
             then
             begin
             to
             speak
             ,
             when
             I
             think
             I
             can
             say
             something
             that
             is
             worth
             being
             spoken
             .
          
        
         
           There
           was
           a
           great
           Hall
           ,
           which
           had
           been
           built
           and
           dedicated
           to
           the
           Publick
           by
           old
           Cato
           ;
           here
           the
           Tribunes
           of
           the
           People
           used
           to
           keep
           Court
           :
           And
           because
           a
           certain
           Pillar
           seemed
           not
           to
           stand
           well
           for
           the
           convenience
           of
           their
           Benches
           ,
           they
           deliberated
           ,
           whether
           
           it
           were
           best
           to
           remove
           it
           only
           ,
           or
           to
           take
           it
           away
           .
           This
           Business
           first
           drew
           Cato
           into
           the
           Forum
           ,
           tho'
           much
           against
           his
           will
           ;
           for
           he
           therein
           opposed
           the
           Tribunes
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           same
           time
           gave
           an
           admirable
           Specimen
           both
           of
           his
           Courage
           and
           his
           Eloquence
           .
           His
           Speech
           had
           nothing
           in
           it
           of
           childish
           or
           affected
           ,
           but
           was
           rough
           ,
           vehement
           ,
           and
           full
           of
           sence
           ;
           besides
           he
           had
           a
           certain
           grace
           in
           speaking
           ,
           which
           charmed
           the
           Ear
           ,
           and
           agreed
           well
           with
           the
           shortness
           of
           his
           Sentences
           ;
           and
           something
           of
           Mirth
           and
           Raillery
           mingled
           with
           the
           Gravity
           of
           his
           Temper
           ,
           was
           not
           unpleasant
           to
           his
           Auditors
           .
           His
           Voice
           was
           full
           ,
           sounding
           ,
           and
           sufficient
           to
           be
           heard
           by
           so
           great
           a
           Multitude
           .
           His
           Vigour
           ,
           and
           the
           strength
           of
           his
           Body
           indefatigable
           ;
           for
           he
           could
           speak
           a
           whole
           day
           ,
           and
           never
           be
           weary
           .
        
         
           When
           he
           had
           carried
           this
           Cause
           ,
           he
           betook
           himself
           again
           to
           his
           Study
           and
           Retirement
           ;
           where
           he
           accustomed
           his
           Body
           to
           Labour
           and
           violent
           Excercise
           :
           would
           use
           himself
           to
           go
           bare-headed
           both
           in
           hot
           and
           cold
           Weather
           .
           When
           he
           went
           abroad
           with
           any
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           tho'
           they
           were
           on
           Horseback
           ,
           and
           he
           on
           Foot
           ,
           yet
           he
           would
           often
           joyn
           now
           one
           ,
           then
           another
           ,
           and
           discourse
           with
           them
           on
           the
           way
           .
        
         
           In
           Sickness
           ,
           admirable
           was
           the
           Patience
           he
           shewed
           in
           supporting
           ;
           and
           the
           Abstinence
           
           he
           used
           ,
           for
           curing
           his
           Distempers
           .
           One
           time
           when
           he
           had
           an
           Ague
           ,
           he
           would
           be
           alone
           all
           day
           long
           ,
           and
           suffer
           no
           body
           to
           see
           him
           ,
           till
           he
           began
           to
           recover
           ,
           and
           found
           the
           Fit
           was
           over
           .
           At
           Supper
           when
           he
           threw
           Dice
           for
           the
           choice
           of
           the
           Messes
           ,
           and
           lost
           ,
           the
           Company
           offered
           him
           nevertheless
           his
           choice
           ;
           but
           the
           refused
           ,
           saying
           ,
           *
           
             Venus
             forbids
          
           .
        
         
           At
           first
           he
           was
           wont
           to
           drink
           only
           once
           after
           Supper
           ,
           and
           then
           go
           away
           ,
           but
           in
           process
           of
           time
           he
           grew
           to
           drink
           more
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           oftentimes
           he
           would
           continue
           at
           Table
           till
           morning
           .
           This
           his
           Friends
           excused
           ;
           for
           that
           the
           State
           Affairs
           took
           him
           up
           all
           day
           ,
           and
           he
           being
           desirous
           of
           Knowledge
           ,
           did
           pass
           the
           night
           at
           Table
           in
           the
           Conversation
           of
           Philosophers
           .
           Hence
           one
           Memmius
           saying
           in
           Company
           ,
           That
           Cato
           spent
           whole
           nights
           in
           Drinking
           ;
           
             But
             you
             cannot
             say
             (
             replied
          
           Cicero
           )
           
             that
             he
             spends
             whole
             days
             in
             Playing
             .
          
        
         
           Cato
           esteemed
           the
           Customs
           and
           Manners
           of
           Men
           at
           that
           time
           so
           corrupt
           ,
           and
           a
           reformation
           in
           them
           so
           necessary
           ,
           that
           he
           thought
           it
           requisite
           in
           many
           things
           ,
           to
           go
           contrary
           to
           the
           ordinary
           way
           of
           the
           World.
           Wherefore
           seeing
           the
           lightest
           and
           gayest
           Colours
           were
           most
           in
           fashion
           ,
           he
           would
           always
           wear
           the
           darkest
           :
           and
           he
           would
           often
           go
           out
           of
           doors
           without
           either
           Shooes
           or
           Coat
           .
           Not
           that
           he
           sought
           Vain-glory
           from
           such
           
           Novelties
           ;
           but
           he
           would
           accustom
           himself
           to
           be
           ashamed
           only
           of
           what
           deserves
           shame
           and
           to
           despise
           all
           other
           sorts
           of
           disgrace
           .
        
         
           The
           Estate
           of
           one
           Cato
           ,
           his
           Cousin-german
           ,
           (
           which
           was
           worth
           100
           Talents
           )
           falling
           to
           him
           ,
           he
           turned
           it
           all
           into
           ready
           Money
           ,
           which
           he
           kept
           by
           him
           for
           any
           of
           his
           Friends
           that
           should
           happen
           to
           want
           ,
           to
           whom
           he
           would
           lend
           it
           without
           use
           ;
           for
           some
           of
           them
           ,
           he
           suffered
           his
           own
           Land
           and
           his
           Slaves
           to
           be
           mortgaged
           to
           the
           publick
           Treasury
           .
        
         
           When
           he
           thought
           himself
           of
           an
           Age
           fit
           to
           marry
           ,
           having
           never
           before
           known
           any
           Woman
           ,
           he
           was
           contracted
           to
           Lepida
           ,
           who
           had
           before
           been
           contracted
           to
           
             Metellus
             Scipio
          
           ;
           but
           he
           having
           quitted
           her
           ,
           the
           Contract
           was
           dissolved
           ,
           and
           she
           at
           liberty
           :
           yet
           Scipio
           afterward
           repenting
           himself
           ,
           did
           all
           he
           could
           to
           regain
           her
           ,
           before
           the
           Marriage
           with
           Cato
           was
           compleat
           ;
           and
           therein
           succeeded
           .
           At
           which
           Cato
           was
           very
           much
           incensed
           ,
           and
           resolved
           to
           go
           to
           Law
           about
           it
           ;
           but
           his
           Friends
           perswaded
           him
           to
           the
           contrary
           ;
           however
           he
           was
           so
           moved
           by
           the
           heat
           of
           Youth
           and
           Passion
           ,
           that
           he
           writ
           Iambicks
           against
           Scipio
           ,
           which
           had
           all
           the
           Wit
           and
           Satyr
           of
           Archilochus
           ,
           without
           his
           Impudence
           and
           Scurrility
           .
           After
           this
           he
           married
           Atilia
           ,
           the
           Daughter
           of
           Sorranus
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           first
           ▪
           but
           not
           the
           only
           Woman
           he
           ever
           knew
           ;
           in
           this
           much
           less
           happy
           than
           
           Loelius
           ,
           the
           Friend
           of
           Scipio
           ,
           who
           in
           the
           whole
           course
           of
           so
           long
           a
           Life
           never
           knew
           but
           one
           Woman
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           War
           made
           by
           the
           Rebellion
           of
           the
           Slaves
           ,
           (
           which
           was
           named
           from
           Spartacus
           their
           Ring-leader
           )
           Gellius
           was
           General
           ;
           and
           Cato
           went
           a
           Voluntier
           ,
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           his
           Brother
           Coepio
           ,
           who
           was
           a
           Colonel
           in
           that
           Army
           .
           But
           Cato
           could
           find
           no
           opportunity
           to
           shew
           his
           Courage
           ,
           or
           exercise
           his
           Valour
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           ill
           Conduct
           of
           the
           General
           ;
           however
           admidst
           the
           Corruptions
           and
           Disorders
           of
           that
           Army
           ,
           he
           shewed
           such
           a
           love
           of
           Discipline
           ,
           so
           much
           Bravery
           upon
           occasion
           ,
           and
           so
           much
           Wisdom
           in
           every
           thing
           ,
           that
           it
           appeared
           he
           would
           not
           be
           any
           way
           inferiour
           to
           the
           old
           Cato
           .
           Whereupon
           Gellius
           offered
           him
           great
           Rewards
           ,
           and
           would
           have
           decreed
           him
           considerable
           Honours
           ;
           which
           he
           refused
           ,
           saying
           ,
           He
           had
           done
           nothing
           that
           deserved
           them
           ;
           and
           this
           made
           him
           be
           thought
           a
           man
           of
           a
           very
           odd
           Humour
           .
        
         
           There
           was
           a
           Law
           ▪
           That
           the
           Candidates
           who
           stood
           for
           any
           Office
           ,
           should
           not
           have
           Prompters
           to
           tell
           them
           the
           Names
           of
           the
           Citizens
           .
           Cato
           ,
           when
           he
           sued
           to
           be
           elected
           
             Military
             Tribune
          
           ,
           was
           the
           only
           man
           that
           obeyed
           that
           Law
           ;
           he
           took
           great
           pains
           to
           salute
           those
           he
           met
           ,
           and
           call
           them
           by
           their
           Names
           .
           Yet
           for
           these
           things
           he
           was
           envied
           ,
           even
           by
           those
           who
           praised
           him
           ;
           for
           the
           
           more
           they
           considered
           the
           Excellency
           of
           what
           he
           did
           ,
           the
           more
           they
           were
           grieved
           at
           the
           difficulty
           they
           found
           to
           do
           the
           like
           .
        
         
           Now
           being
           chosen
           
             Military
             Tribune
          
           ,
           he
           was
           sent
           into
           Macedon
           after
           Rubrius
           ,
           who
           was
           General
           there
           .
           It
           is
           said
           ,
           that
           his
           Wife
           shewing
           much
           Concern
           ,
           and
           weeping
           at
           his
           Departure
           ,
           Munatius
           ,
           one
           of
           Cato's
           Friends
           said
           to
           her
           ,
           
             Do
             not
             trouble
             your self
          
           ,
           Atilia
           ,
           
             I
             'll
             take
             care
             to
             keep
             him
             for
             you
             .
             Ay
             ,
             by
             all
             means
             ,
          
           replied
           Cato
           .
           When
           they
           had
           gone
           one
           days
           Journey
           together
           ;
           Well
           ,
           said
           he
           to
           
             Munatius
             ,
             that
             you
             may
             be
             sure
             to
             keep
             your
             promise
             to
          
           Atilia
           ,
           
             you
             must
             not
             leave
             me
             day
             nor
             night
          
           ;
           and
           then
           ordered
           two
           Beds
           to
           be
           made
           in
           his
           own
           Chamber
           ,
           that
           Munatius
           might
           lie
           there
           :
           so
           that
           he
           seemed
           rather
           to
           be
           kept
           by
           Cato
           .
           There
           went
           with
           him
           fifteen
           Slaves
           ,
           two
           Freed-men
           and
           four
           of
           his
           Friends
           ;
           these
           rode
           on
           Horseback
           ,
           but
           Cato
           always
           went
           on
           Foot
           ,
           yet
           would
           he
           keep
           by
           them
           ,
           and
           discourse
           with
           them
           on
           the
           way
           .
        
         
           When
           he
           came
           to
           the
           Army
           ,
           which
           consisted
           of
           many
           Legions
           ,
           the
           General
           gave
           him
           the
           Command
           of
           one
           ;
           but
           Cato
           looked
           upon
           it
           as
           a
           small
           matter
           ,
           and
           not
           worthy
           a
           Commander
           ,
           to
           make
           his
           own
           single
           Valour
           appear
           ;
           therefore
           he
           desired
           to
           make
           his
           Souldiers
           like
           himself
           .
           Yet
           he
           did
           not
           thereby
           lose
           the
           Reverence
           due
           to
           his
           Command
           ,
           
           but
           joyned
           Reason
           to
           his
           Authority
           ;
           for
           he
           perswaded
           and
           instructed
           every
           one
           in
           particular
           ,
           and
           on
           all
           bestowed
           Rewards
           or
           Punishments
           according
           to
           desert
           .
        
         
           At
           length
           his
           Men
           were
           so
           well
           disciplined
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           hard
           to
           say
           ,
           whether
           they
           were
           more
           peaceable
           ,
           or
           more
           warlike
           ;
           more
           valiant
           ,
           or
           more
           just
           :
           they
           were
           dreadful
           to
           their
           Enemies
           ,
           and
           courteous
           to
           their
           Companions
           ;
           fearful
           to
           do
           wrong
           ,
           and
           forward
           to
           gain
           Honour
           .
           Thus
           Cato
           ,
           tho'
           he
           never
           sought
           ,
           yet
           easily
           acquired
           Glory
           and
           Repute
           ;
           was
           highly
           esteemed
           by
           all
           men
           ,
           but
           entirely
           beloved
           by
           the
           Souldiers
           .
           Whatever
           he
           commanded
           to
           be
           done
           ,
           he
           himself
           took
           part
           in
           the
           performing
           .
           In
           his
           Apparel
           ,
           his
           Diet
           and
           Labour
           ,
           he
           was
           more
           like
           a
           common
           Souldier
           than
           an
           Officer
           ;
           but
           in
           Virtue
           ,
           Courage
           and
           Wisdom
           ,
           he
           far
           exceeded
           all
           that
           had
           the
           Name
           of
           Commanders
           .
           By
           these
           means
           he
           made
           himself
           greatly
           beloved
           ,
           and
           was
           therefore
           the
           more
           willingly
           followed
           :
           for
           the
           true
           love
           of
           Virtue
           ,
           is
           in
           all
           men
           produced
           by
           the
           Love
           and
           Respect
           they
           bear
           to
           him
           that
           teaches
           it
           ;
           and
           those
           who
           praise
           good
           men
           ,
           yet
           do
           not
           love
           them
           may
           cry
           up
           their
           Honour
           ,
           but
           will
           never
           imitate
           their
           Virtue
           .
        
         
           At
           that
           time
           there
           dwelt
           in
           Pergamum
           ,
           one
           Athenodorus
           ,
           sirnamed
           Cordylio
           ,
           a
           Man
           very
           
           well
           versed
           in
           the
           Stoick
           Philosophy
           ,
           who
           was
           now
           grown
           old
           ,
           and
           had
           always
           refused
           the
           Friendship
           and
           Acquaintance
           of
           Princes
           and
           great
           Men.
           Cato
           understood
           this
           ;
           so
           that
           imagining
           he
           should
           not
           be
           able
           to
           prevail
           with
           him
           by
           sending
           or
           writing
           ;
           and
           being
           by
           the
           Laws
           allowed
           two
           months
           absence
           from
           the
           Army
           ,
           he
           resolved
           to
           go
           into
           Asia
           ,
           to
           see
           Athenodorus
           :
           and
           considering
           the
           great
           worth
           of
           the
           Man
           ,
           he
           hoped
           he
           should
           not
           lose
           his
           labour
           .
           When
           Cato
           had
           discoursed
           with
           him
           ,
           and
           perswaded
           him
           from
           his
           former
           Resolutions
           ,
           he
           returned
           and
           brought
           him
           to
           the
           Army
           ,
           as
           joyful
           and
           as
           proud
           of
           this
           success
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           had
           done
           some
           heroick
           Exploit
           ,
           greater
           than
           any
           of
           those
           of
           Pompey
           or
           Lucullus
           ,
           who
           at
           that
           time
           subdued
           so
           many
           Nations
           and
           Kingdoms
           .
        
         
           While
           Cato
           was
           yet
           in
           the
           Army
           ,
           his
           Brother
           ,
           on
           a
           Journey
           toward
           Asia
           ,
           fell
           sick
           at
           Aenus
           in
           Thrace
           ,
           and
           immediately
           dispatched
           Letters
           to
           him
           .
           The
           Sea
           was
           very
           rough
           ,
           and
           no
           convenient
           great
           Vessel
           to
           be
           had
           ;
           yet
           Cato
           ,
           getting
           into
           a
           little
           Passage
           boat
           ,
           with
           only
           two
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           and
           three
           Servants
           ,
           set
           Sail
           from
           Thessalonica
           ,
           and
           having
           very
           narrowly
           escaped
           drowning
           ,
           he
           arrived
           at
           Aenus
           just
           as
           Coepio
           expired
           .
           Upon
           this
           occasion
           Cato
           shewed
           himself
           more
           a
           fond
           Brother
           than
           a
           Philosopher
           ,
           
           not
           only
           in
           the
           excess
           of
           Grief
           ,
           bewailing
           and
           embracing
           the
           dead
           Body
           ,
           but
           also
           in
           the
           extravagant
           Expences
           of
           the
           Funeral
           ,
           wherein
           a
           vast
           quantity
           of
           rich
           Perfumes
           and
           costly
           Garments
           were
           burnt
           with
           the
           Corps
           ?
           besides
           ,
           he
           erected
           in
           the
           Forum
           of
           the
           Aenians
           ,
           a
           Monument
           of
           Thassian
           Marble
           ,
           which
           cost
           eight
           Talents
           .
           This
           some
           blamed
           ,
           as
           not
           suiting
           with
           
           Cato's
           usual
           Moderation
           in
           other
           things
           :
           But
           they
           did
           not
           consider
           ,
           that
           tho'
           he
           were
           stedfast
           ,
           firm
           ,
           and
           inflexible
           to
           Pleasure
           ,
           Fear
           ,
           or
           fond
           Entreaties
           ;
           yet
           he
           was
           full
           of
           natural
           Tenderness
           ,
           and
           brotherly
           Affection
           .
           Divers
           of
           the
           Cities
           and
           Governours
           of
           the
           Countrey
           ,
           sent
           him
           many
           Presents
           ,
           to
           honour
           the
           Funerals
           of
           his
           Brother
           ;
           but
           he
           took
           none
           of
           their
           Money
           ,
           only
           the
           Perfumes
           and
           Ornaments
           he
           received
           ,
           and
           paid
           for
           them
           also
           .
           Afterward
           ,
           when
           the
           Estate
           was
           divided
           between
           him
           and
           
           Coepio's
           Daughter
           ,
           he
           did
           not
           require
           the
           Funeral
           Expences
           to
           be
           deducted
           .
           Notwithstanding
           all
           this
           ,
           a
           certain
           Writer
           has
           affirmed
           ,
           that
           he
           made
           his
           Brother's
           Ashes
           be
           passed
           through
           a
           Sieve
           ,
           to
           find
           the
           Gold
           that
           was
           melted
           down
           with
           the
           Body
           :
           but
           surely
           that
           *
           person
           thought
           ,
           his
           Writings
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           his
           Actions
           ,
           should
           never
           be
           subject
           to
           Examination
           .
        
         
           The
           Time
           of
           
           Cato's
           Service
           in
           the
           Army
           being
           expired
           ,
           he
           received
           at
           his
           departure
           
           not
           only
           the
           Prayers
           and
           Praises
           ,
           but
           the
           Tears
           and
           Embraces
           of
           the
           Souldiers
           ,
           who
           spread
           their
           Garments
           at
           his
           Feet
           ,
           and
           kissed
           his
           Hand
           as
           he
           passed
           ;
           an
           Honour
           ,
           which
           the
           Romans
           shewed
           to
           very
           few
           of
           their
           Generals
           .
        
         
           Cato
           having
           left
           the
           Army
           ,
           resolved
           before
           he
           would
           return
           home
           ,
           and
           apply
           himself
           to
           the
           management
           of
           State-Affairs
           ,
           to
           travel
           over
           Asia
           ,
           and
           there
           observe
           the
           Manners
           ,
           the
           Customs
           ,
           and
           the
           Strength
           of
           every
           Province
           .
           He
           was
           also
           willing
           to
           gratifie
           the
           Importunity
           of
           Deiotarus
           ,
           King
           of
           Galatia
           ,
           who
           having
           had
           great
           Familiarity
           and
           Friendship
           with
           his
           Father
           ,
           did
           earnestly
           invite
           him
           thither
           .
        
         
           Cato
           took
           care
           to
           order
           his
           Journeys
           in
           this
           manner
           :
           Early
           in
           the
           morning
           he
           sent
           out
           his
           Baker
           and
           his
           Cook
           toward
           the
           Place
           where
           he
           designed
           to
           lodge
           the
           next
           night
           :
           these
           went
           civilly
           and
           quietly
           into
           the
           Town
           in
           which
           if
           there
           happened
           to
           be
           no
           Friend
           nor
           Acquaintance
           of
           Cato
           or
           his
           Family
           ,
           they
           provided
           for
           him
           in
           an
           Inn
           ,
           and
           gave
           no
           disturbance
           to
           any
           body
           ;
           but
           if
           there
           were
           no
           Inn
           ,
           they
           went
           to
           the
           Magistrates
           ,
           and
           desired
           them
           to
           help
           them
           to
           Lodgings
           ,
           and
           were
           always
           satisfied
           with
           what
           was
           allotted
           to
           them
           .
           His
           Servants
           thus
           behaving
           themselves
           toward
           the
           Magistrates
           ,
           without
           noise
           and
           threatning
           ,
           were
           often
           not
           credited
           ,
           
           or
           neglected
           by
           them
           ;
           so
           that
           Cato
           did
           many
           times
           arrive
           ,
           before
           any
           thing
           was
           provided
           for
           him
           .
           And
           indeed
           he
           himself
           was
           often
           despised
           ,
           and
           made
           little
           account
           of
           ;
           for
           sitting
           silent
           by
           himself
           on
           his
           Carriages
           ,
           he
           was
           looked
           upon
           as
           a
           contemptible
           Man
           ,
           and
           one
           of
           a
           mean
           Spirit
           ;
           therefore
           he
           would
           sometimes
           call
           the
           Townsmen
           together
           ,
           and
           say
           ,
           
             Ye
             ill-natured
             Men
             ,
             lay
             aside
             this
             inhospitable
             Humour
             ;
             you
             should
             by
             Courtesie
             endeavour
             to
             break
             the
             power
             of
             those
             Men
             ,
             who
             desire
             but
             a
             pretence
             to
             take
             from
             you
             by
             force
             ,
             what
             you
             give
             with
             such
             Reluctance
             .
          
        
         
           While
           he
           travelled
           in
           this
           manner
           ,
           a
           pleasant
           Accident
           befell
           him
           in
           Syria
           .
           As
           he
           was
           going
           into
           Antioch
           ,
           he
           saw
           a
           great
           multitude
           of
           People
           without
           the
           Gates
           ,
           ranked
           in
           order
           on
           either
           side
           the
           way
           ;
           here
           the
           young
           Men
           with
           long
           Cloaks
           ,
           there
           the
           Children
           decently
           dress'd
           ;
           others
           wore
           Crowns
           and
           white
           Garments
           ,
           which
           were
           the
           Priests
           and
           Magistrates
           .
           Cato
           ,
           presently
           imagining
           all
           this
           was
           to
           do
           him
           Honour
           ,
           and
           for
           his
           Reception
           ,
           began
           to
           be
           angry
           with
           his
           Servants
           that
           were
           sent
           before
           ,
           for
           suffering
           it
           to
           be
           done
           ;
           then
           making
           his
           Friends
           alight
           ,
           he
           walked
           along
           with
           them
           on
           Foot.
           As
           soon
           as
           he
           came
           near
           the
           Gate
           ,
           a
           reverend
           old
           Man
           ,
           who
           seemed
           to
           be
           Master
           of
           these
           Ceremonies
           ,
           with
           a
           Staff
           and
           a
           Crown
           in
           his
           Hand
           ,
           comes
           up
           to
           Cato
           ,
           and
           without
           
           shewing
           him
           any
           respect
           ,
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           Where
           he
           had
           left
           Demetrius
           ,
           and
           how
           soon
           he
           thought
           he
           would
           be
           there
           ?
           This
           Demetrius
           was
           
           Pompey's
           Servant
           ;
           and
           by
           all
           those
           who
           hoped
           for
           any
           Favour
           from
           Pompey
           ,
           he
           was
           highly
           honoured
           ,
           not
           for
           his
           own
           Desert
           ,
           but
           for
           his
           great
           Power
           with
           his
           Master
           .
           Upon
           this
           
           Cato's
           Friends
           fell
           out
           into
           such
           a
           Laughter
           ,
           that
           they
           could
           not
           restrain
           themselves
           ,
           while
           they
           passed
           through
           the
           Crowd
           ;
           he
           himself
           much
           out
           of
           Countenance
           ,
           cryed
           ,
           
             O
             unhappy
             City
          
           !
           and
           said
           no
           more
           :
           yet
           afterward
           he
           used
           to
           tell
           this
           Story
           ,
           and
           laugh
           at
           it
           himself
           .
        
         
           Pompey
           likewise
           after
           that
           made
           the
           People
           ashamed
           of
           their
           Ignorance
           and
           Folly
           ;
           for
           Cato
           ,
           in
           his
           Journey
           to
           Ephesus
           ,
           went
           to
           pay
           his
           Respects
           to
           him
           ;
           who
           was
           the
           elder
           Man
           ,
           had
           gained
           much
           Honour
           ,
           and
           was
           then
           General
           of
           a
           great
           Army
           .
           Yet
           Pompey
           would
           not
           receive
           him
           sitting
           ;
           but
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           saw
           him
           rose
           up
           ,
           and
           going
           to
           meet
           him
           ,
           as
           the
           more
           honourable
           Person
           ,
           gave
           him
           his
           Hand
           ,
           and
           embraced
           him
           very
           kindly
           .
           He
           said
           many
           things
           also
           in
           commendation
           of
           
           Cato's
           Virtue
           ,
           both
           in
           his
           presence
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           was
           gone
           away
           .
           So
           that
           now
           all
           men
           began
           to
           respect
           Cato
           ,
           and
           admired
           him
           for
           the
           same
           things
           for
           which
           they
           despised
           him
           before
           ;
           having
           well
           considered
           the
           mildness
           of
           his
           Temper
           ,
           and
           the
           
           greatness
           of
           his
           Spirit
           .
           Moreover
           ,
           the
           Civility
           that
           Pompey
           himself
           shewed
           him
           ,
           appeared
           to
           come
           from
           one
           that
           rather
           honoured
           ,
           than
           loved
           him
           .
           For
           it
           was
           observed
           ,
           he
           was
           very
           kind
           to
           Cato
           while
           he
           was
           present
           with
           him
           ,
           but
           very
           glad
           when
           he
           was
           gone
           from
           him
           :
           And
           when
           other
           young
           men
           came
           to
           see
           him
           ;
           he
           usually
           importuned
           and
           entreated
           them
           to
           continue
           with
           him
           .
           Now
           he
           did
           not
           at
           all
           invite
           Cato
           to
           stay
           ;
           but
           as
           if
           his
           own
           Power
           were
           lessened
           by
           the
           other's
           Presence
           ,
           he
           very
           willingly
           dismiss'd
           him
           .
           Yet
           to
           Cato
           alone
           ,
           of
           all
           those
           that
           went
           for
           Rome
           ,
           he
           recommended
           his
           Children
           and
           his
           Wife
           ,
           who
           was
           also
           her self
           allied
           to
           Cato
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           ,
           all
           the
           Cities
           through
           which
           he
           passed
           ,
           strove
           and
           emulated
           each
           other
           in
           shewing
           him
           Respect
           and
           Honour
           .
           They
           invited
           him
           to
           great
           Entertainments
           ;
           at
           which
           he
           desired
           his
           Friends
           to
           be
           present
           ,
           and
           take
           care
           of
           him
           ,
           lest
           he
           should
           make
           good
           what
           was
           said
           by
           Curio
           ;
           who
           tho'
           he
           were
           his
           familiar
           Friend
           ,
           yet
           disliking
           the
           austerity
           of
           his
           Temper
           ,
           asked
           him
           one
           day
           ,
           If
           when
           he
           left
           the
           Army
           ,
           he
           designed
           to
           see
           Asia
           ?
           And
           Cato
           answering
           ,
           
             Yes
             ,
             by
             all
             means
             :
             You
             do
             well
             ,
          
           replied
           
             Curio
             ,
             and
             I
             hope
             you
             will
             return
             thence
             a
             litle
             more
             softned
             ,
             and
             less
             an
             Enemy
             to
             Pleasure
             .
          
           Those
           were
           his
           words
           .
        
         
         
           Deiotarus
           being
           now
           an
           old
           Man
           ,
           had
           sent
           for
           Cato
           ,
           with
           design
           to
           recommend
           his
           Children
           and
           Family
           to
           his
           Protection
           :
           and
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           came
           ,
           brought
           him
           Presents
           of
           all
           sorts
           of
           things
           ,
           which
           he
           begg'd
           and
           entreated
           him
           to
           accept
           .
           This
           so
           displeased
           Cato
           ,
           that
           tho'
           he
           came
           but
           in
           the
           evening
           ,
           he
           stay'd
           only
           that
           night
           ,
           and
           went
           away
           early
           the
           next
           morning
           .
           After
           he
           was
           gone
           one
           days
           Journey
           ,
           he
           found
           at
           Pessinuns
           a
           greater
           number
           of
           Presents
           provided
           for
           him
           there
           ,
           and
           also
           Letters
           from
           Deiotarus
           ,
           entreating
           him
           to
           receive
           them
           ;
           or
           at
           least
           to
           permit
           his
           Friends
           to
           take
           them
           ,
           who
           for
           his
           sake
           deserved
           something
           :
           And
           indeed
           
           Cato's
           own
           Estate
           was
           not
           very
           great
           ;
           yet
           he
           would
           not
           suffer
           it
           ,
           tho'
           he
           saw
           some
           of
           them
           were
           willing
           to
           receive
           such
           Gifts
           ,
           and
           ready
           to
           complain
           of
           his
           Severity
           :
           But
           he
           told
           them
           ,
           That
           at
           this
           rate
           Corruption
           would
           never
           want
           pretence
           ;
           and
           for
           his
           Friends
           ,
           they
           should
           share
           with
           him
           in
           what-ever
           he
           could
           get
           justly
           and
           honestly
           ;
           so
           he
           returned
           the
           Presents
           to
           Deiotarus
           .
        
         
           When
           he
           took
           Ship
           for
           Brundusium
           ,
           his
           Friends
           would
           have
           perswaded
           him
           to
           put
           his
           Brother's
           Ashes
           into
           another
           Vessel
           ;
           but
           he
           said
           ,
           He
           would
           sooner
           part
           with
           his
           Life
           than
           leave
           them
           :
           and
           so
           he
           set
           Sail.
           'T
           is
           said
           ,
           he
           passed
           the
           Sea
           not
           without
           some
           
           danger
           ;
           tho'
           others
           at
           the
           same
           time
           went
           over
           very
           safely
           .
        
         
           After
           he
           was
           returned
           to
           Rome
           ,
           he
           spent
           his
           Time
           for
           the
           most
           part
           either
           at
           home
           ,
           in
           Conversation
           with
           Athenodorus
           ,
           or
           at
           the
           Forum
           ,
           in
           the
           service
           of
           his
           Friends
           .
        
         
           When
           the
           Office
           of
           Quoestor
           was
           allotted
           to
           him
           ,
           he
           would
           not
           take
           the
           Place
           ,
           till
           he
           had
           perfectly
           studied
           the
           Laws
           concerning
           it
           ,
           and
           diligently
           enquired
           of
           experienced
           Men
           the
           Duty
           and
           Authority
           belonging
           to
           it
           .
           Being
           thus
           instructed
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           came
           into
           the
           Office
           ,
           he
           made
           a
           great
           Reformation
           among
           the
           Clerks
           and
           under-Officers
           of
           the
           Treasury
           .
           For
           they
           being
           well
           versed
           in
           the
           Records
           and
           Methods
           of
           the
           Office
           ,
           into
           which
           continually
           succeeded
           new
           Quoestors
           ,
           who
           for
           their
           Ignorance
           and
           Unskilfulness
           were
           fit
           only
           to
           learn
           ,
           and
           not
           able
           to
           manage
           the
           Business
           :
           These
           Officers
           therefore
           had
           taken
           to
           themselves
           all
           the
           Power
           ,
           and
           were
           in
           effect
           the
           Treasurers
           :
           Till
           Cato
           ,
           applying
           himself
           roundly
           to
           the
           Work
           ,
           had
           not
           only
           the
           Title
           and
           Honour
           of
           a
           Quoestor
           ,
           but
           an
           insight
           and
           understanding
           of
           whatever
           belonged
           to
           the
           Office.
           So
           that
           he
           used
           the
           Clerks
           and
           under-Officers
           like
           Servants
           ,
           as
           they
           were
           ;
           reprehending
           them
           that
           were
           corrupt
           ,
           and
           instructing
           those
           that
           were
           Ignorant
           .
           Yet
           being
           bold
           ,
           impudent
           Fellows
           ,
           they
           flattered
           the
           other
           Quoestors
           
           his
           Collegues
           ,
           and
           by
           their
           means
           made
           great
           opposition
           against
           Cato
           .
           But
           he
           caught
           the
           chiefest
           of
           them
           dealing
           dishonestly
           in
           the
           division
           of
           an
           Estate
           ,
           and
           turned
           him
           out
           of
           the
           Treasury
           .
           A
           second
           he
           accused
           of
           forging
           a
           Will
           ;
           who
           was
           defended
           by
           
             Luctatius
             Catulus
          
           ,
           at
           that
           time
           Censor
           ;
           a
           Man
           very
           considerable
           for
           his
           Office
           ,
           but
           more
           for
           his
           Virtue
           ;
           and
           was
           eminent
           above
           all
           the
           Romans
           of
           that
           Age
           ,
           for
           his
           Wisdom
           and
           Integrity
           :
           he
           had
           also
           an
           intimate
           Acquaintance
           with
           Cato
           and
           much
           commended
           his
           way
           of
           Living
           .
           Catulus
           ,
           perceiving
           he
           could
           not
           bring
           off
           his
           Client
           ,
           if
           he
           stood
           to
           the
           issue
           of
           a
           fair
           Trial
           ,
           fell
           to
           Prayers
           and
           Entreaties
           ;
           but
           Cato
           would
           not
           suffer
           him
           to
           proceed
           therein
           :
           and
           when
           he
           continued
           still
           importunate
           ;
           
             'T
             is
             a
             shame
          
           ,
           (
           said
           he
           to
           Catulus
           )
           
             that
             you
             who
             are
             to
             Judge
             of
             our
             Lives
             ,
             should
             thus
             let
             your
             own
             be
             dishonoured
             ,
             by
             defending
             the
             Faults
             of
             our
             Servants
             .
          
           At
           this
           expression
           Catulus
           looked
           as
           if
           he
           would
           have
           made
           some
           Answer
           ;
           but
           he
           said
           nothing
           ,
           and
           either
           through
           Anger
           or
           Shame
           went
           away
           silent
           ,
           and
           out
           of
           Countenance
           .
           Nevertheless
           the
           Man
           was
           not
           cast
           ;
           for
           the
           Voices
           that
           quitted
           him
           ,
           were
           but
           one
           in
           number
           less
           than
           those
           that
           condemned
           him
           :
           and
           
             Marcus
             Lollius
          
           ,
           one
           of
           
           Cato's
           Collegues
           ,
           was
           absent
           by
           reason
           of
           Sickness
           ;
           to
           him
           Catulus
           sent
           ,
           and
           entreated
           him
           to
           
           come
           and
           assist
           his
           Client
           :
           so
           Lollius
           was
           brought
           into
           Court
           in
           a
           Chair
           ,
           and
           gave
           his
           Voice
           also
           for
           acquitting
           the
           Man.
           Yet
           Cato
           never
           after
           made
           use
           of
           that
           Clerk
           ,
           and
           never
           paid
           him
           his
           Salary
           ,
           nor
           would
           he
           make
           any
           account
           of
           that
           Voice
           of
           Lollius
           .
           Having
           thus
           humbled
           the
           Clerks
           ,
           and
           brought
           them
           to
           be
           at
           Command
           ,
           he
           made
           use
           of
           the
           Books
           and
           Registers
           as
           he
           thought
           fit
           ,
           and
           in
           a
           little
           while
           reduced
           the
           Treasury
           into
           as
           good
           order
           as
           any
           other
           Court
           ;
           and
           all
           men
           said
           ,
           Cato
           had
           made
           the
           Office
           of
           a
           Quoestor
           equal
           to
           the
           Dignity
           of
           a
           Consul
           .
           When
           he
           found
           many
           indebted
           to
           the
           State
           upon
           old
           accounts
           ,
           and
           the
           State
           also
           in
           Debt
           to
           many
           private
           Persons
           ,
           he
           took
           care
           that
           the
           Publick
           might
           neither
           do
           nor
           suffer
           wrong
           :
           for
           he
           severely
           and
           punctually
           exacted
           what
           was
           due
           to
           the
           Treasury
           ;
           but
           as
           freely
           and
           speedily
           paid
           all
           those
           to
           whom
           it
           was
           indebted
           .
           This
           made
           the
           People
           much
           reverence
           Cato
           :
           when
           they
           saw
           those
           made
           to
           pay
           ,
           who
           thought
           to
           have
           escaped
           for
           nothing
           ;
           and
           others
           receiving
           all
           their
           due
           ,
           who
           despaired
           of
           getting
           any
           thing
           .
           Whereas
           usually
           those
           who
           brought
           false
           Bills
           ,
           aud
           pretended
           Orders
           of
           Senate
           ,
           could
           through
           Favour
           get
           them
           accepted
           ;
           Cato
           would
           never
           be
           so
           imposed
           upon
           :
           And
           a
           certain
           Order
           being
           questioned
           whether
           it
           had
           passed
           the
           Senate
           ,
           he
           would
           not
           believe
           
           a
           great
           many
           Witnesses
           that
           attested
           it
           ,
           nor
           did
           admit
           of
           it
           till
           the
           Consuls
           came
           and
           affirmed
           it
           upon
           Oath
           .
        
         
           There
           were
           at
           that
           time
           a
           great
           many
           ,
           whom
           Sylla
           had
           made
           use
           of
           as
           his
           Executioners
           in
           the
           last
           Proscription
           ,
           and
           to
           whom
           he
           had
           for
           that
           Service
           given
           twelve
           thousand
           Drachma's
           apiece
           .
           These
           men
           every
           body
           hated
           as
           wicked
           Wretches
           ,
           but
           no
           body
           durst
           be
           revenged
           of
           them
           .
           Yet
           Cato
           called
           every
           one
           to
           account
           ,
           who
           had
           thus
           gotten
           the
           publick
           Money
           ;
           which
           he
           exacted
           of
           them
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           same
           time
           sharply
           reproved
           them
           for
           their
           cruel
           and
           impious
           Actions
           .
           Having
           born
           this
           from
           Cato
           ,
           they
           were
           presently
           accused
           of
           Murther
           ;
           and
           being
           already
           prejudged
           as
           guilty
           ,
           they
           were
           easily
           found
           so
           ,
           and
           accordingly
           suffered
           .
           At
           this
           all
           People
           rejoyced
           ,
           and
           hoped
           now
           to
           see
           the
           fear
           of
           Tyranny
           taken
           away
           ,
           and
           Sylla
           himself
           punished
           .
        
         
           
           Cato's
           Assiduity
           also
           ,
           and
           indefatigable
           Diligence
           ,
           won
           very
           much
           upon
           the
           People
           ;
           for
           he
           always
           came
           first
           of
           any
           of
           his
           Collegues
           to
           the
           Treasury
           ,
           and
           went
           away
           the
           last
           .
           He
           never
           miss'd
           any
           Assembly
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           or
           Sitting
           of
           the
           Senate
           ;
           where
           he
           always
           took
           care
           strictly
           to
           observe
           those
           ,
           who
           lightly
           ,
           or
           out
           of
           Ambition
           ,
           voted
           for
           remitting
           or
           giving
           away
           the
           Fines
           and
           Customs
           ,
           that
           were
           owing
           to
           the
           State.
           
           And
           at
           length
           having
           freed
           the
           Exchequer
           from
           Informers
           ,
           yet
           filled
           it
           with
           Treasure
           ;
           he
           made
           it
           appear
           ,
           the
           State
           might
           be
           rich
           ,
           without
           oppressing
           the
           People
           .
        
         
           At
           first
           he
           was
           uneasie
           and
           hateful
           to
           some
           of
           his
           Collegues
           ,
           but
           afterward
           much
           beloved
           by
           them
           ;
           for
           on
           him
           they
           laid
           the
           fault
           ,
           when
           they
           could
           not
           gratifie
           their
           Friends
           with
           Pensions
           out
           of
           the
           Treasury
           ,
           or
           corrupt
           Judgments
           in
           passing
           their
           Accounts
           ;
           and
           when
           pressed
           by
           Suiters
           ,
           they
           readily
           answered
           ,
           'T
           was
           impossible
           to
           do
           any
           thing
           ,
           unless
           Cato
           would
           consent
           .
        
         
           The
           last
           day
           of
           his
           Office
           he
           was
           very
           honourably
           attended
           to
           his
           House
           by
           all
           the
           People
           ;
           but
           by
           the
           way
           he
           was
           informed
           ,
           that
           several
           Persons
           of
           great
           Power
           and
           Familiarity
           with
           Marcellus
           ,
           were
           about
           him
           in
           the
           Treasury
           ,
           and
           earnestly
           urging
           him
           to
           pass
           a
           certain
           Gift
           out
           of
           the
           publick
           Revenue
           ,
           as
           if
           it
           had
           been
           a
           Debt
           .
           This
           Marcellus
           had
           been
           one
           of
           
           Cato's
           Friends
           from
           his
           Childhood
           ,
           and
           was
           one
           of
           the
           best
           of
           his
           Collegues
           in
           this
           Office
           ;
           but
           when
           alone
           ,
           was
           easily
           wrought
           upon
           by
           the
           importunity
           of
           Suiters
           ,
           and
           of
           his
           own
           inclination
           very
           ready
           to
           do
           any
           body
           a
           Kindness
           .
           Wherefore
           Cato
           immediately
           turned
           back
           ,
           and
           finding
           that
           Marcellus
           had
           yielded
           to
           pass
           the
           thing
           ,
           he
           took
           the
           Book
           ,
           and
           razed
           it
           out
           .
           When
           he
           had
           done
           this
           ,
           he
           
           brought
           Marcellus
           out
           of
           the
           Court
           ,
           who
           went
           home
           with
           him
           ;
           and
           for
           all
           this
           ,
           neither
           then
           ,
           nor
           ever
           after
           ,
           complained
           of
           him
           ,
           but
           always
           continued
           his
           Friendship
           and
           Familiarity
           with
           him
           .
        
         
           Cato
           after
           he
           had
           laid
           down
           his
           Office
           ,
           yet
           did
           not
           leave
           the
           Care
           of
           the
           Treasury
           ;
           for
           he
           had
           his
           Servants
           there
           continually
           writing
           out
           Accounts
           ,
           and
           he
           himself
           kept
           always
           by
           him
           certain
           Books
           ,
           that
           contained
           the
           Accounts
           of
           the
           Revenue
           ,
           from
           
           Sylla's
           Time
           to
           his
           own
           ,
           for
           which
           he
           gave
           five
           Talents
           .
        
         
           He
           was
           always
           first
           at
           the
           Senate
           ,
           and
           went
           out
           last
           ;
           oftentimes
           while
           others
           walked
           about
           there
           idlely
           ,
           he
           would
           sit
           and
           read
           by
           himself
           ,
           holding
           his
           Gown
           before
           his
           Book
           ,
           and
           was
           never
           out
           of
           Town
           ,
           when
           the
           Senate
           was
           to
           meet
           .
        
         
           Pompey
           and
           his
           Party
           finding
           that
           Cato
           could
           never
           be
           ,
           either
           perswaded
           or
           compelled
           to
           favour
           their
           unjust
           Designs
           ;
           they
           contrived
           to
           keep
           him
           from
           so
           much
           frequenting
           the
           Senate
           ,
           by
           engaging
           him
           in
           Business
           for
           his
           Friends
           ,
           either
           to
           plead
           their
           Causes
           ,
           or
           arbitrate
           their
           Differences
           .
           But
           he
           quickly
           discovering
           their
           Contrivance
           ,
           to
           encounter
           it
           ,
           fairly
           told
           all
           his
           Acquaintance
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           never
           meddle
           in
           any
           private
           Business
           ,
           when
           the
           Senate
           was
           assembled
           ;
           
             since
             't
             was
             not
             for
             Honour
             or
             
             Riches
             ,
             nor
             rashly
             or
             by
             chance
             ,
             that
             he
             engaged
             himself
             in
             the
             Affairs
             of
             State
             ;
             but
             he
             undertook
             the
             Service
             of
             the
             Publick
             ,
             as
             the
             proper
             Business
             of
             an
             honest
             Man
             :
             and
             therefore
             he
             thought
             himself
             obliged
             to
             be
             as
             diligent
             for
             the
             good
             of
             his
             Countrey
             ,
             as
             a
             Bee
             for
             the
             preservation
             of
             her
             Hive
             .
          
           To
           this
           end
           he
           took
           care
           to
           make
           his
           Friends
           and
           Correspondents
           send
           him
           the
           Edicts
           ,
           Decrees
           ,
           Judgments
           ,
           and
           most
           considerable
           Actions
           that
           passed
           in
           any
           of
           the
           Provinces
           .
        
         
           Clodius
           ,
           the
           seditious
           Oratour
           ,
           practising
           to
           stir
           up
           great
           Commotions
           ,
           and
           traducing
           the
           Priests
           and
           Vestals
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           (
           among
           whom
           ,
           
             Fabia
             Terentia
          
           ,
           Sister
           to
           
           Cicero's
           Wife
           ,
           run
           great
           danger
           )
           Cato
           boldly
           opposed
           him
           ,
           and
           made
           him
           appear
           so
           infamous
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           forc'd
           to
           leave
           the
           Town
           ;
           and
           when
           Cicero
           came
           to
           thank
           him
           for
           what
           he
           had
           done
           ;
           
             You
             must
             thank
             the
             Commonwealth
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ;
           for
           whose
           sake
           alone
           it
           was
           that
           he
           did
           every
           thing
           .
           Thus
           he
           gained
           a
           great
           and
           wonderful
           Reputation
           :
           so
           that
           a
           certain
           Advocate
           in
           a
           Cause
           ,
           where
           there
           was
           only
           one
           Witness
           against
           him
           ,
           told
           the
           Judges
           ,
           They
           ought
           not
           to
           rely
           upon
           a
           single
           Witness
           ,
           though
           it
           were
           Cato
           himself
           .
           And
           it
           was
           grown
           proverbial
           among
           the
           People
           ,
           if
           any
           very
           unlikely
           and
           incredible
           thing
           were
           asserted
           ,
           to
           say
           ,
           They
           
           
             would
             not
             believe
             it
             ,
             though
          
           Cato
           
             himself
             should
             affirm
             it
          
           .
           One
           day
           a
           debauched
           Prodigal
           talking
           in
           the
           Senate
           about
           Frugality
           and
           Temperance
           ,
           Amnoeus
           standing
           up
           ,
           cryed
           ,
           
             Who
             can
             endure
             this
             ,
             Sir
             ,
             to
             hear
             you
             ,
             that
             feast
             like
          
           Crassus
           ,
           
             and
             build
             like
          
           Lucullus
           ,
           
             talk
             like
          
           Cato
           .
           So
           likewise
           those
           who
           were
           wild
           and
           dissolute
           in
           their
           Manners
           ,
           yet
           affected
           to
           seem
           grave
           and
           severe
           in
           their
           Discourses
           ,
           were
           in
           derision
           called
           Cato's
           .
        
         
           At
           first
           when
           his
           Friends
           would
           have
           perswaded
           him
           to
           stand
           to
           be
           Tribune
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           he
           thought
           it
           not
           convenient
           ;
           for
           that
           the
           Power
           of
           so
           great
           an
           Office
           ,
           ought
           to
           be
           imployed
           only
           as
           the
           strongest
           Medicines
           ,
           when
           things
           are
           brought
           to
           the
           last
           necessity
           .
           But
           afterward
           in
           Vacation-time
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           going
           ,
           accompanied
           with
           his
           Books
           and
           Philosophers
           ,
           to
           Leucania
           ,
           where
           he
           had
           a
           pleasant
           Seat
           ;
           by
           the
           way
           they
           met
           a
           great
           many
           Horses
           ,
           Carriages
           ,
           and
           Attendants
           ,
           of
           whom
           they
           understood
           ,
           that
           
             Metellus
             Nepos
          
           was
           going
           to
           Rome
           ,
           to
           stand
           to
           be
           Tribune
           of
           the
           People
           .
           Hereupon
           Cato
           stopp'd
           ,
           and
           after
           a
           little
           pause
           ,
           gave
           Orders
           to
           return
           immediately
           :
           At
           which
           the
           Company
           seeming
           to
           wonder
           ;
           
             Don't
             you
             know
          
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             how
             dangerous
             of
             it self
             the
             Madness
             of
          
           Metellus
           
             is
             ?
             but
             now
             he
             comes
             assisted
             with
             the
             Counsel
             of
          
           Pompey
           ,
           
             he
             will
             fall
             like
             Lightning
             on
             the
             State
             ,
             and
             bring
          
           
           
             it
             to
             utter
             ruine
             :
             wherefore
             this
             is
             no
             time
             for
             Idleness
             and
             Diversion
             ;
             but
             we
             must
             go
             and
             prevent
             this
             man
             in
             his
             Designs
             ,
             or
             bravely
             die
             in
             defence
             of
             our
             Liberty
             .
          
           Nevertheless
           ,
           by
           the
           Perswasion
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           he
           went
           first
           to
           his
           Countrey-house
           ,
           where
           he
           stay'd
           but
           a
           very
           little
           time
           ,
           and
           then
           returned
           to
           Town
           .
        
         
           He
           arrived
           in
           the
           Evening
           ,
           and
           went
           straight
           the
           next
           Morning
           to
           the
           Forum
           ,
           where
           he
           began
           to
           sollicit
           for
           the
           Tribuneship
           ,
           in
           opposition
           to
           Metellus
           .
           The
           Power
           of
           this
           Office
           consists
           rather
           in
           controuling
           ,
           than
           performing
           any
           Business
           ;
           for
           tho'
           all
           the
           rest
           except
           any
           one
           Tribune
           should
           be
           agreed
           ,
           yet
           his
           denial
           or
           intercession
           could
           put
           a
           stop
           to
           the
           whole
           Matter
           .
           Cato
           at
           first
           had
           not
           many
           that
           appeared
           for
           him
           ;
           but
           as
           soon
           as
           his
           Design
           was
           known
           ,
           all
           Persons
           of
           the
           best
           Quality
           ,
           and
           of
           his
           own
           Acquaintance
           ,
           took
           part
           with
           him
           ;
           for
           they
           looked
           upon
           him
           not
           as
           one
           that
           desired
           a
           Favour
           of
           them
           ,
           but
           one
           that
           sought
           to
           do
           a
           great
           Kindness
           to
           his
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           all
           honest
           men
           :
           Who
           had
           many
           times
           refused
           the
           same
           Office
           ,
           when
           he
           might
           have
           had
           it
           without
           trouble
           ;
           but
           now
           sought
           it
           with
           danger
           ,
           that
           he
           might
           defend
           their
           Liberty
           ,
           and
           their
           Government
           .
           It
           is
           reported
           ,
           that
           so
           great
           a
           number
           flock'd
           about
           him
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           like
           to
           be
           stifled
           amidst
           the
           Press
           ,
           and
           could
           scarce
           get
           through
           the
           
           Crowd
           .
           He
           was
           declared
           Tribune
           ,
           with
           several
           others
           ,
           among
           whom
           was
           Metellus
           .
        
         
           Now
           when
           Cato
           was
           chosen
           into
           this
           Office
           ,
           having
           observed
           that
           the
           Election
           of
           Consuls
           was
           grown
           very
           mercenary
           ,
           he
           sharply
           rebuked
           the
           People
           for
           this
           Corruption
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           conclusion
           of
           his
           Speech
           protested
           ,
           he
           would
           accuse
           whom
           ever
           he
           should
           find
           giving
           Money
           :
           yet
           Passed
           by
           Silanus
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           his
           Alliance
           ,
           for
           he
           had
           married
           Servilia
           ,
           Cato's
           Sister
           ;
           so
           that
           he
           did
           not
           prosecute
           him
           :
           but
           
             Lucius
             Murena
          
           ,
           who
           was
           chosen
           Consul
           with
           Silanus
           ,
           he
           accused
           of
           Bribery
           .
           There
           was
           a
           Law
           ,
           That
           the
           Party
           accused
           might
           set
           a
           Guard
           upon
           his
           Accuser
           ,
           to
           watch
           him
           lest
           he
           should
           use
           any
           indirect
           means
           in
           preparing
           the
           Accusation
           .
           He
           that
           was
           set
           upon
           Cato
           by
           Murena
           ,
           at
           first
           followed
           and
           observed
           him
           strictly
           ,
           yet
           never
           found
           him
           dealing
           any
           way
           unfairly
           or
           unjustly
           ,
           but
           always
           generously
           and
           candidly
           ,
           going
           on
           in
           the
           just
           and
           open
           Methods
           of
           Proceeding
           .
           So
           that
           he
           much
           admired
           
           Cato's
           great
           Spirit
           and
           noble
           Nature
           ,
           and
           easily
           trusted
           to
           his
           Integrity
           ;
           for
           meeting
           him
           abroad
           ,
           or
           going
           to
           his
           House
           ,
           he
           would
           ask
           him
           if
           he
           designed
           to
           do
           any
           thing
           that
           day
           in
           order
           to
           the
           Accusation
           ;
           and
           if
           Cato
           said
           ,
           No
           ,
           he
           went
           away
           ,
           freely
           relying
           on
           his
           Word
           .
        
         
           When
           the
           Cause
           was
           pleaded
           ,
           Cicero
           ,
           who
           
           was
           then
           Consul
           ,
           and
           defended
           Murena
           ,
           did
           so
           wittily
           expose
           Cato
           ,
           and
           the
           Stoick
           Philosophers
           ,
           and
           their
           Paradoxes
           ,
           that
           he
           raised
           great
           Laughter
           in
           his
           Judges
           .
           Whereupon
           ,
           Cato
           smiling
           ,
           said
           to
           the
           Standers
           by
           
             Sirs
             ,
             we
             have
             a
             very
             pleasant
          
           Consul
           .
           Murena
           was
           acquitted
           ,
           and
           afterward
           shewed
           himself
           no
           passionate
           ,
           but
           a
           very
           prudent
           Man
           ;
           for
           when
           he
           was
           Consul
           ,
           he
           always
           took
           
           Cato's
           Advice
           in
           the
           most
           weighty
           Affairs
           ,
           and
           in
           all
           the
           time
           of
           his
           Office
           ,
           gave
           him
           much
           Honour
           and
           Respect
           .
           Of
           which
           ,
           not
           only
           
           Murena's
           Prudence
           ,
           but
           also
           
           Cato's
           obliging
           Humour
           ,
           was
           the
           Cause
           :
           for
           tho'
           he
           were
           terrible
           and
           severe
           ,
           as
           to
           Matters
           of
           Justice
           ,
           in
           the
           Senate
           and
           at
           the
           Bar
           ;
           yet
           he
           was
           very
           courteous
           and
           good-natured
           to
           all
           men
           in
           private
           .
        
         
           Before
           Cato
           took
           upon
           him
           the
           Office
           of
           Tribune
           ,
           he
           assisted
           Cicero
           ,
           at
           that
           time
           Consul
           ,
           in
           many
           things
           that
           concerned
           his
           Office
           ;
           but
           most
           especially
           in
           prosecuting
           
           Catiline's
           Conspiracy
           ,
           which
           he
           did
           with
           great
           Courage
           and
           Success
           .
        
         
           This
           Catiline
           had
           plotted
           a
           dreadful
           and
           entire
           Subversion
           of
           the
           Roman
           State
           ,
           contriving
           to
           raise
           great
           Seditions
           ,
           and
           drive
           them
           into
           a
           Civil
           War
           ;
           but
           being
           detected
           by
           Cicero
           ,
           was
           forced
           to
           fly
           the
           City
           .
           Yet
           Lentulus
           and
           Cethegus
           conspired
           with
           several
           others
           ,
           and
           blaming
           Catiline
           ,
           as
           one
           
           that
           wanted
           Courage
           ,
           and
           had
           too
           much
           Caution
           for
           such
           desperate
           Designs
           ,
           they
           themselves
           resolved
           to
           set
           the
           whole
           Town
           on
           fire
           ,
           and
           utterly
           to
           ruine
           the
           Empire
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           by
           Tumults
           at
           home
           ,
           and
           War
           from
           abroad
           .
           But
           the
           Design
           was
           discovered
           by
           Cicero
           ,
           (
           as
           we
           have
           written
           in
           his
           Life
           )
           and
           the
           Matter
           brought
           before
           the
           Senate
           .
           Silanus
           ,
           who
           spoke
           first
           ,
           delivered
           his
           opinion
           ,
           
             That
             the
             Conspirators
             ought
             to
             suffer
             the
             last
             of
             Punishments
          
           ;
           and
           was
           therein
           followed
           by
           all
           that
           spoke
           after
           him
           ,
           till
           it
           came
           to
           Coesar
           who
           was
           very
           eloquent
           ,
           and
           looking
           upon
           all
           Changes
           and
           commotions
           in
           the
           State
           ,
           as
           Matter
           for
           him
           to
           work
           upon
           ,
           desired
           rather
           to
           increase
           than
           extinguish
           them
           .
           Wherefore
           standing
           up
           ,
           he
           made
           a
           very
           merciful
           and
           perswasive
           Speech
           ;
           
             That
             they
             ought
             not
             to
             suffer
             otherwise
             than
             according
             to
             Law
             ,
             by
             which
             they
             could
             not
             be
             put
             to
             death
          
           ;
           and
           moved
           that
           they
           might
           be
           kept
           in
           Prison
           :
           Thus
           was
           the
           House
           almost
           wholly
           turned
           by
           Coesar
           .
           They
           were
           also
           afraid
           of
           the
           People
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           Silanus
           retracted
           ,
           and
           said
           
             he
             did
             not
             mean
             Death
             ,
             but
             Imprisonment
             ,
             for
             that
             was
             the
             utmost
             of
             what
             a
          
           Roman
           
             could
             suffer
          
           .
           Upon
           this
           they
           were
           all
           inclined
           to
           the
           milder
           opinion
           ;
           when
           Cato
           standing
           up
           ,
           began
           to
           speak
           with
           great
           Passion
           and
           Eloquence
           ;
           blaming
           Silanus
           
             for
             his
             change
             of
             Opinion
             ,
             and
          
           
           
             reflecting
             on
          
           Caesar
           
             for
             his
             affectation
             of
             Popularity
             ,
             who
          
           (
           he
           said
           )
           
             would
             ruine
             the
             Common-wealth
             by
             mild
             words
             ,
             and
             plausible
             speeches
             :
             yet
             endeavoured
             to
             frighten
             the
             Senate
             ,
             where
             he
             himself
             ought
             to
             fear
             :
             for
             he
             might
             take
             it
             kindly
             ,
             if
             he
             escaped
             unpunished
             ,
             or
             unsuspected
             ,
             who
             did
             thus
             openly
             and
             boldly
             dare
             to
             protect
             the
             Enemies
             of
             the
             State
             ;
             seemed
             to
             have
             no
             compassion
             for
             so
             great
             and
             glorious
             an
             Empire
             ,
             brought
             so
             near
             its
             utter
             ruine
             ;
             yet
             was
             full
             of
             pity
             for
             those
             men
             ,
             who
             had
             better
             never
             been
             born
             ,
             and
             whose
             death
             must
             deliver
             the
             Commonwealth
             from
             danger
             and
             destruction
             .
          
           This
           only
           of
           all
           
           Cato's
           Speeches
           ,
           't
           is
           said
           ,
           was
           preserved
           ;
           for
           Cicero
           the
           Consul
           had
           dispersed
           about
           the
           Senate
           house
           several
           expert
           Writers
           ,
           whom
           he
           had
           taught
           to
           make
           certain
           figures
           ,
           which
           did
           in
           little
           and
           short
           strokes
           express
           a
           great
           many
           words
           :
           till
           that
           time
           they
           had
           not
           used
           those
           we
           call
           Short-hand
           Writers
           ,
           who
           then
           first
           ,
           as
           't
           is
           said
           ,
           laid
           the
           foundation
           of
           that
           Art.
           Thus
           Cato
           carried
           it
           ,
           and
           so
           turned
           the
           House
           again
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           decreed
           ,
           The
           Conspirators
           should
           be
           put
           to
           death
           .
        
         
           Not
           to
           omit
           any
           the
           least
           strokes
           that
           may
           shew
           
           Cato's
           Temper
           ,
           and
           contribute
           to
           draw
           the
           Image
           of
           his
           Mind
           ;
           it
           is
           reported
           ,
           that
           while
           Coesar
           and
           he
           were
           disputing
           very
           earnestly
           in
           this
           Business
           ,
           and
           the
           whole
           Senate
           regarding
           them
           two
           ,
           a
           little
           
           Note
           was
           brought
           in
           to
           Coesar
           ;
           which
           Cato
           presently
           declared
           to
           be
           suspicious
           ;
           and
           some
           of
           the
           Senators
           moved
           it
           might
           be
           read
           .
           Whereupon
           Coesar
           delivered
           the
           Letter
           to
           Cato
           ,
           who
           discovering
           it
           to
           be
           a
           Love
           letter
           from
           his
           Sister
           Servilia
           to
           Coesar
           ,
           by
           whom
           she
           had
           been
           debauched
           ,
           he
           threw
           it
           to
           him
           again
           ,
           crying
           ,
           
             Take
             it
             ,
             you
             Sot
          
           ;
           and
           so
           went
           on
           with
           his
           Discourse
           .
           In
           short
           ,
           it
           seems
           Cato
           had
           but
           ill
           Fortune
           in
           Women
           ;
           for
           this
           Lady
           was
           ill-spoken
           of
           ,
           for
           her
           Familiarity
           with
           Coesar
           :
           and
           another
           Servilia
           ,
           Cato's
           Sister
           also
           ,
           was
           yet
           more
           infamous
           ;
           for
           being
           married
           to
           Lucullus
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           greatest
           Men
           in
           Rome
           ;
           and
           having
           brought
           him
           a
           Son
           ,
           she
           was
           afterward
           divorced
           for
           Incontinency
           .
           But
           what
           was
           worst
           of
           all
           ,
           
           Cato's
           own
           Wife
           ,
           Atilia
           ,
           was
           not
           free
           from
           the
           same
           Fault
           ;
           and
           after
           she
           had
           born
           him
           two
           Children
           ,
           he
           was
           forc'd
           to
           put
           her
           away
           for
           her
           ill
           Conduct
           .
           After
           that
           he
           married
           Martia
           ,
           the
           Daughter
           of
           Philip
           ,
           a
           Woman
           of
           good
           Reputation
           ;
           who
           yet
           has
           occasioned
           much
           Discourse
           ;
           for
           this
           Passage
           in
           the
           Life
           of
           Cato
           looks
           like
           a
           Fable
           in
           a
           Play
           ,
           and
           is
           very
           difficult
           to
           be
           cleared
           ,
           or
           made
           out
           with
           any
           certainty
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           thus
           related
           by
           Thraseas
           ,
           who
           refers
           to
           the
           Authority
           of
           Munatius
           ,
           Cato's
           Friend
           and
           constant
           Companion
           .
           Among
           many
           that
           loved
           and
           admired
           Cato
           ,
           some
           were
           
           
           
           
           
           more
           remarkable
           and
           conspicuous
           than
           others
           :
           of
           these
           was
           
             Quintus
             Hortensius
          
           ,
           a
           Man
           of
           signal
           Worth
           ,
           and
           approved
           Virtue
           ;
           who
           desired
           not
           only
           to
           live
           in
           Friendship
           and
           Familiarity
           with
           Cato
           ,
           but
           also
           to
           be
           united
           to
           his
           Family
           ,
           by
           some
           Alliance
           in
           Marriage
           .
           Therefore
           he
           set
           himself
           to
           perswade
           Cato
           ,
           that
           his
           Daughter
           Porcia
           ,
           who
           was
           already
           married
           to
           Bibulus
           ,
           and
           had
           born
           him
           two
           Children
           ,
           might
           nevertheless
           be
           given
           to
           him
           ,
           as
           a
           fruitful
           Field
           ,
           from
           which
           he
           might
           raise
           an
           Off-spring
           :
           For
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             tho'
             this
             in
             the
             opinion
             of
             men
             may
             seem
             strange
             ,
             yet
             in
             Nature
             't
             would
             be
             honest
             and
             profitable
             for
             the
             Publick
             ;
             that
             a
             Woman
             in
             the
             prime
             of
             her
             youth
             should
             not
             lie
             useless
             ,
             and
             lose
             the
             Fruit
             of
             her
             Womb
             ;
             nor
             on
             the
             the
             other
             side
             would
             it
             be
             convenient
             ,
             she
             should
             burthen
             and
             impoverish
             one
             Man
             ,
             by
             bringing
             him
             too
             many
             Children
             .
             Also
             by
             this
             Communication
             of
             Families
             among
             worthy
             Men
             ,
             Virtue
             would
             increase
             ,
             and
             be
             diffused
             through
             their
             Posterity
             ;
             and
             the
             Common-wealth
             would
             be
             united
             and
             cemented
             by
             their
             Alliances
             .
             Yet
             if
          
           Bibulus
           
             would
             not
             part
             with
             his
             Wife
             altogether
             ,
             he
             would
             restore
             her
             as
             soon
             as
             she
             had
             brought
             him
             a
             Child
             ,
             whereby
             he
             might
             be
             united
             to
             both
             their
             Families
             .
             Cato
          
           answered
           ,
           
             That
             he
             loved
          
           Hortensius
           
             very
             well
             ,
             and
             did
             much
             approve
             of
             uniting
             their
             Houses
             ;
             but
             he
             thought
             it
             very
             strange
             to
             speak
             of
             marrying
          
           
           
             his
             Daughter
             ,
             which
             was
             already
             given
             to
             another
             .
          
           Then
           Hortensius
           ,
           turning
           the
           Discourse
           ,
           did
           not
           stick
           to
           acknowledge
           ,
           that
           't
           was
           
           Cato's
           own
           Wife
           which
           he
           desired
           ;
           for
           she
           was
           young
           and
           fruitful
           ,
           and
           he
           had
           already
           Children
           enough
           .
           Neither
           can
           it
           be
           thought
           ,
           that
           Hortensius
           did
           this
           ,
           as
           imagining
           Cato
           did
           not
           love
           Martia
           ;
           for
           ,
           't
           is
           said
           ,
           she
           was
           then
           with
           Child
           .
           Cato
           perceiving
           his
           earnest
           desire
           ,
           did
           not
           deny
           his
           Request
           ,
           but
           said
           ,
           that
           Philip
           ,
           the
           Father
           of
           Martia
           ,
           ought
           also
           to
           be
           consulted
           .
           Philip
           therefore
           being
           sent
           for
           ,
           came
           ;
           and
           finding
           they
           were
           well
           agreed
           ,
           gave
           his
           Daughter
           Martia
           to
           Hortensius
           in
           the
           presence
           of
           Cato
           ,
           who
           himself
           also
           assisted
           at
           the
           Marriage
           .
           These
           things
           were
           done
           afterward
           ;
           but
           since
           I
           was
           speaking
           of
           Women
           ▪
           I
           thought
           fit
           to
           make
           mention
           thereof
           in
           this
           Place
           .
        
         
           Lentulus
           and
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Conspirators
           were
           put
           to
           death
           ;
           but
           Coesar
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           what
           was
           said
           against
           him
           in
           the
           Senate
           ,
           betook
           himself
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           stirred
           up
           the
           most
           corrupt
           and
           dissolute
           Members
           of
           the
           State
           to
           follow
           him
           .
           Cato
           ,
           apprehensive
           of
           what
           might
           ensue
           thereupon
           ,
           perswaded
           the
           Senate
           to
           win
           over
           the
           poor
           and
           disorderly
           Rabble
           ,
           by
           a
           distribution
           of
           Corn
           ,
           the
           Charge
           of
           which
           amounted
           to
           twelve
           hundred
           and
           fifty
           Talents
           .
           This
           Liberality
           did
           in
           appearance
           dissipate
           the
           present
           Danger
           .
        
         
         
           But
           Metellus
           ,
           coming
           into
           his
           Office
           of
           Tribune
           ,
           began
           to
           hold
           tumultuous
           Assemblies
           ,
           and
           had
           prepared
           a
           Decree
           ,
           That
           Pompey
           the
           Great
           should
           presently
           be
           called
           into
           Italy
           ,
           with
           all
           his
           Forces
           ,
           to
           preserve
           the
           City
           from
           the
           danger
           of
           
           Catiline's
           Conspiracy
           .
           This
           was
           the
           fair
           pretence
           ;
           but
           the
           true
           design
           was
           ,
           to
           deliver
           all
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           give
           him
           an
           absolute
           Power
           .
           Upon
           this
           the
           Senate
           was
           assembled
           ;
           and
           Cato
           did
           not
           fall
           sharply
           upon
           Metellus
           ,
           as
           he
           used
           to
           do
           ,
           but
           spoke
           many
           things
           full
           of
           great
           Reason
           and
           Moderation
           .
           At
           last
           he
           descended
           even
           to
           Entreaty
           ,
           and
           extolled
           the
           House
           of
           Metellus
           ,
           as
           having
           always
           taken
           part
           with
           the
           Nobility
           .
           At
           this
           Metellus
           grew
           the
           more
           insolent
           ,
           and
           despising
           C●to
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           yielded
           and
           were
           afraid
           ,
           let
           fall
           many
           audacious
           Speeches
           ,
           openly
           threatning
           to
           do
           whatever
           he
           pleased
           in
           spite
           of
           the
           Senate
           .
           Hereupon
           Cato
           changed
           his
           Countenance
           ,
           his
           Voice
           and
           his
           Language
           ;
           and
           after
           many
           sharp
           Expressions
           ,
           boldly
           concluded
           ,
           
             That
             while
             he
             lived
          
           ,
           Pompey
           
             should
             never
             come
             armed
             into
             the
             City
             .
          
           The
           Senate
           thought
           them
           both
           extravagant
           ,
           and
           not
           well
           in
           their
           Wits
           ;
           for
           the
           Design
           of
           Metellus
           seemed
           to
           be
           the
           effect
           of
           his
           Rage
           ,
           who
           out
           of
           excess
           of
           Malice
           ,
           would
           bring
           all
           to
           Ruine
           and
           Confusion
           ;
           and
           
           Cato's
           Virtue
           look'd
           like
           a
           kind
           
           of
           Ecstasie
           ,
           while
           he
           with
           so
           great
           heat
           and
           passion
           contended
           for
           what
           was
           good
           and
           just
           .
           Afterward
           ,
           when
           the
           People
           were
           to
           give
           their
           Voices
           for
           the
           passing
           this
           Decree
           ,
           Metellus
           before-hand
           possessed
           the
           Forum
           with
           armed
           Men
           ,
           Strangers
           ,
           Gladiators
           and
           Slaves
           ,
           and
           all
           those
           that
           in
           hopes
           of
           Change
           followed
           Pompey
           ,
           which
           was
           no
           small
           part
           of
           the
           People
           ;
           besides
           they
           had
           great
           Assistance
           from
           Coesar
           ,
           who
           was
           then
           Proetor
           .
           The
           best
           and
           chiefest
           Men
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           were
           no
           less
           offended
           at
           these
           Proceedings
           than
           Cato
           ;
           but
           they
           seemed
           rather
           likely
           to
           suffer
           with
           him
           ,
           than
           able
           to
           assist
           him
           .
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           
           Cato's
           whole
           Family
           were
           in
           dreadful
           Fear
           and
           Apprehension
           for
           him
           ;
           some
           of
           his
           Friends
           did
           neither
           eat
           nor
           sleep
           all
           the
           night
           ,
           continuing
           in
           very
           great
           Perplexity
           :
           his
           Wife
           and
           Sisters
           also
           bewailed
           and
           lamented
           him
           ;
           but
           he
           himself
           ,
           void
           of
           all
           Fear
           ,
           and
           full
           of
           Assurance
           ,
           did
           comfort
           and
           encourage
           them
           by
           his
           own
           Discourse
           .
           After
           Supper
           he
           went
           to
           rest
           at
           his
           usual
           hour
           ,
           and
           was
           the
           next
           day
           waked
           out
           of
           a
           profound
           Sleep
           ,
           by
           
             Minutius
             Thermus
          
           ,
           one
           of
           his
           Collegues
           .
           So
           soon
           as
           he
           was
           up
           ,
           they
           two
           went
           together
           into
           the
           Forum
           ,
           accompanied
           by
           very
           few
           ,
           but
           met
           by
           a
           great
           many
           ,
           who
           bid
           them
           have
           a
           care
           of
           themselves
           .
           Cato
           ,
           when
           he
           saw
           the
           Temple
           of
           Castor
           and
           Pollux
           incompassed
           with
           armed
           
           Men
           ,
           and
           the
           ascent
           to
           it
           guarded
           by
           Gladiators
           ,
           at
           the
           top
           whereof
           sate
           Metellus
           and
           Caesar
           together
           ;
           turning
           to
           his
           Friends
           ,
           Behold
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             that
             couragious
             Fellow
             who
             has
             raised
             so
             great
             Forces
             against
             one
             unarmed
             naked
             man
             :
          
           and
           so
           he
           went
           on
           with
           Thermus
           .
           They
           who
           kept
           the
           Passages
           ,
           gave
           way
           to
           those
           two
           ;
           but
           would
           not
           let
           any
           body
           else
           pass
           :
           yet
           Cato
           ,
           taking
           Munatius
           by
           the
           Hand
           ,
           with
           much
           difficulty
           pull'd
           him
           thorow
           along
           with
           him
           .
           Then
           going
           directly
           to
           Metellus
           and
           Caesar
           ,
           he
           sate
           himself
           down
           between
           them
           ,
           to
           prevent
           their
           talking
           to
           one
           another
           ;
           at
           which
           they
           were
           both
           amazed
           .
           And
           those
           of
           the
           honest
           Party
           ,
           observing
           the
           Countenance
           and
           admiring
           the
           Spirit
           and
           Boldness
           of
           Cato
           ,
           went
           nearer
           ,
           and
           cry'd
           out
           to
           him
           to
           have
           Courage
           ,
           exhorting
           one
           another
           to
           stand
           together
           ,
           and
           not
           betray
           their
           Liberty
           ,
           nor
           the
           Defender
           of
           it
           .
           Then
           the
           Clerk
           took
           out
           the
           Bill
           ,
           but
           Cato
           forbade
           him
           to
           read
           it
           ;
           whereupon
           Metellus
           took
           it
           ,
           and
           would
           have
           read
           it
           himself
           ,
           but
           Cato
           snatch'd
           away
           the
           Book
           .
           Yet
           Metellus
           having
           the
           Decree
           by
           heart
           ,
           began
           to
           recite
           it
           without
           book
           ;
           but
           Thermus
           clapp'd
           his
           Hand
           to
           his
           Mouth
           ,
           and
           stopp'd
           his
           Speech
           .
           Metellus
           seeing
           them
           fully
           bent
           to
           withstand
           him
           ,
           and
           the
           People
           inclining
           to
           their
           side
           ,
           sent
           to
           his
           House
           for
           armed
           Men
           ;
           who
           rushing
           in
           with
           great
           noise
           
           and
           terrour
           ,
           they
           all
           dispers'd
           and
           run
           away
           ,
           except
           Cato
           ,
           who
           alone
           stood
           still
           ,
           while
           the
           other
           Party
           threw
           Sticks
           and
           Stones
           at
           him
           from
           below
           .
           Murena
           ,
           whom
           he
           had
           formerly
           accused
           ,
           could
           not
           brook
           this
           ,
           but
           came
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           holding
           his
           Gown
           before
           him
           ,
           cryed
           out
           to
           them
           to
           leave
           off
           throwing
           ▪
           in
           ●ine
           ,
           perswading
           and
           pulling
           him
           along
           ,
           he
           forc'd
           him
           into
           the
           Temple
           of
           Caster
           and
           
             Pollux
             .
             Metellus
          
           now
           seeing
           the
           Place
           clear
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           adverse
           Party
           fled
           out
           of
           the
           Forum
           ,
           thought
           he
           might
           easily
           carry
           his
           Point
           so
           he
           commanded
           the
           Souldiers
           to
           retire
           ,
           and
           going
           orderly
           to
           work
           ,
           he
           began
           to
           proceed
           in
           passing
           the
           Decree
           :
           But
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           having
           recollected
           themselves
           ,
           returned
           very
           boldly
           ,
           and
           with
           great
           shouting
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           Metellus
           his
           Adherents
           were
           utterly
           dismayed
           ,
           and
           fled
           every
           one
           out
           of
           the
           Place
           .
           They
           being
           thus
           dispersed
           ,
           Cato
           came
           in
           again
           ,
           and
           confirmed
           the
           Courage
           ,
           and
           commended
           the
           Resolution
           of
           the
           People
           ;
           so
           that
           now
           the
           Multitude
           were
           ,
           by
           all
           means
           ,
           for
           deposing
           Metellus
           from
           his
           Office.
           The
           Senate
           also
           being
           presently
           assembled
           ,
           gave
           Orders
           to
           stand
           by
           Cato
           ,
           and
           to
           oppose
           this
           Decree
           ,
           which
           would
           certainly
           raise
           great
           Disturbance
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           Civil
           War
           in
           the
           Common
           wealth
           .
           But
           Metellus
           continued
           still
           very
           bold
           and
           resolute
           ;
           and
           seeing
           his
           
           Party
           stood
           greatly
           in
           fear
           of
           Cato
           ,
           whom
           they
           look'd
           upon
           as
           invincible
           ,
           he
           flung
           out
           of
           the
           Senate
           ,
           and
           going
           into
           the
           Forum
           he
           assembled
           the
           People
           to
           whom
           he
           made
           a
           bitter
           and
           invidious
           Speech
           against
           Cate
           ,
           crying
           out
           ,
           
             He
             was
             forc'd
             to
             fly
             from
             his
             Tyranny
             ,
             and
             this
             Conspiracy
             against
          
           Pompey
           ,
           
             that
             the
             City
             would
             soon
             repent
             their
             having
             dishonoured
             so
             great
             a
             Man.
             
          
        
         
           Cato
           was
           highly
           magnified
           ,
           for
           having
           thus
           delivered
           the
           State
           ,
           from
           the
           dangerous
           Tribuneship
           of
           Metellus
           ;
           and
           thereby
           in
           some
           measure
           diminished
           the
           Power
           of
           Pompey
           :
           But
           he
           was
           more
           commended
           ,
           for
           that
           the
           Senate
           intending
           to
           disgrace
           Metellus
           ,
           and
           depose
           him
           from
           his
           Office
           ,
           Cato
           did
           altogether
           oppose
           ,
           and
           at
           length
           divert
           that
           Design
           .
           For
           which
           the
           Common
           People
           admired
           his
           Moderation
           and
           Humanity
           ,
           in
           not
           insulting
           on
           an
           Enemy
           whom
           he
           had
           overthrown
           ;
           but
           wise
           Men
           acknowledged
           his
           Prudence
           and
           Policy
           ,
           in
           not
           exasperating
           Pompey
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           ,
           Lucullus
           returned
           from
           the
           War
           in
           Asia
           ;
           the
           finishing
           of
           which
           ,
           and
           thereby
           the
           Glory
           of
           the
           whole
           ,
           would
           in
           all
           appearance
           fall
           to
           
             Pompey
             .
             Lucullus
          
           also
           was
           like
           to
           lose
           his
           Triumph
           ;
           for
           
             C●ius
             Memmius
          
           traduced
           him
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           threatned
           to
           accuse
           him
           :
           which
           he
           did
           rather
           out
           of
           Love
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           than
           for
           any
           particular
           
           Enmity
           to
           Lucullus
           .
           But
           Cate
           ,
           being
           related
           to
           Lucullus
           who
           had
           married
           his
           Sister
           Servilia
           ,
           and
           also
           thinking
           this
           design
           very
           unjust
           ,
           opposed
           Memmius
           ;
           and
           thereby
           underwent
           many
           Slanders
           and
           false
           Accusations
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           they
           would
           have
           turned
           him
           out
           of
           his
           Office
           ,
           pretending
           that
           he
           used
           his
           Power
           tyrannically
           .
           Yet
           at
           length
           Cato
           so
           far
           prevailed
           against
           Memmius
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           forc'd
           to
           let
           fall
           the
           Accusations
           ,
           and
           to
           desist
           from
           his
           Design
           .
        
         
           Lucullus
           ,
           having
           thus
           obtained
           his
           Triumph
           ,
           did
           yet
           more
           carefully
           cultivate
           
           Cato's
           Friendship
           ,
           which
           he
           look'd
           upon
           as
           a
           great
           guard
           and
           defence
           against
           
           Pompey's
           Power
           .
        
         
           Pompey
           the
           Great
           also
           returning
           from
           the
           Army
           ,
           and
           considing
           in
           the
           Glory
           of
           his
           Actions
           ,
           and
           the
           Good-will
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           thought
           he
           should
           be
           denied
           nothing
           .
           Therefore
           he
           sent
           to
           the
           Senate
           ,
           to
           put
           off
           the
           Assembly
           for
           the
           choice
           of
           Consuls
           ,
           till
           he
           could
           be
           present
           ,
           to
           assist
           Piso
           ,
           who
           stood
           for
           that
           Office.
           To
           this
           most
           of
           the
           Senate
           presently
           yielded
           ;
           only
           Cato
           ,
           not
           thinking
           that
           this
           delay
           would
           be
           of
           any
           great
           importance
           ,
           but
           desiring
           to
           lessen
           and
           cut
           off
           the
           Hopes
           and
           Designs
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           withstood
           his
           Request
           ,
           and
           so
           over-ruled
           the
           Senate
           ,
           that
           't
           was
           carried
           against
           him
           .
        
         
         
           This
           did
           not
           a
           little
           trouble
           Pompey
           ,
           who
           found
           he
           should
           very
           often
           fail
           in
           his
           Designs
           ,
           unless
           he
           could
           bring
           over
           Cato
           to
           his
           Interest
           .
           Therefore
           he
           sent
           for
           his
           Friend
           Munatius
           ;
           and
           Cato
           having
           two
           Neeces
           that
           were
           marriageable
           ,
           he
           offered
           to
           marry
           the
           eldest
           himself
           ,
           and
           take
           the
           youngest
           for
           his
           Son.
           Some
           say
           ,
           they
           were
           not
           his
           Neeces
           ,
           but
           his
           Daughters
           ,
           whom
           Pompey
           would
           have
           thus
           married
           .
           Munatius
           proposed
           the
           Matter
           to
           Cato
           ,
           in
           presence
           of
           his
           Wife
           and
           Sisters
           :
           the
           Women
           very
           much
           desired
           the
           Alliance
           of
           so
           great
           and
           worthy
           a
           Person
           ;
           but
           Cato
           ,
           without
           delay
           or
           balancing
           ,
           presently
           answered
           ;
           Go
           ,
           Munatius
           ,
           
             go
             tell
          
           Pompey
           ,
           that
           Cato
           
             is
             not
             to
             be
             wrought
             upon
             by
             Women
             ;
             tho'
             otherwise
             I
             very
             much
             value
             his
             Kindness
             :
             And
             while
             he
             deals
             uprightly
             in
             the
             State
             ,
             he
             shall
             find
             in
             me
             a
             Friendship
             more
             firm
             than
             any
             Alliance
             ;
             but
             I
             will
             not
             give
             Hostages
             to
          
           Pompey's
           
             Glory
             ,
             against
             my
             Countrey
             's
             safety
             .
          
           This
           Answer
           was
           very
           grating
           to
           the
           Women
           ;
           and
           to
           all
           his
           Friends
           it
           seemed
           somewhat
           harsh
           and
           haughty
           .
           Afterwards
           ,
           when
           Pompey
           ,
           endeavouring
           to
           get
           the
           Consulship
           for
           one
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           did
           give
           Money
           to
           the
           People
           for
           their
           Voices
           ;
           and
           the
           Bribery
           was
           notorious
           ,
           for
           the
           Money
           was
           told
           out
           in
           
           Pompey's
           own
           Gardens
           .
           Cato
           then
           said
           to
           the
           Women
           ,
           They
           must
           necessarily
           have
           been
           concerned
           in
           these
           
           Faults
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           if
           they
           had
           been
           allied
           to
           his
           Family
           ;
           and
           they
           acknowledged
           ,
           that
           he
           did
           best
           in
           refusing
           it
           .
        
         
           But
           ,
           if
           we
           may
           judge
           by
           the
           Event
           ,
           Cato
           seems
           much
           to
           blame
           for
           rejecting
           that
           Alliance
           ,
           which
           thereby
           fell
           to
           Caesar
           .
           And
           then
           that
           Match
           was
           made
           ,
           which
           uniting
           his
           and
           
           Pompey's
           Power
           ,
           had
           well-nigh
           ruined
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           ,
           and
           did
           at
           last
           utterly
           destroy
           the
           Commonwealth
           .
           Nothing
           of
           which
           perhaps
           had
           come
           to
           pass
           ,
           but
           that
           Cato
           was
           too
           apprehensive
           of
           
           Pompey's
           least
           Faults
           ;
           and
           did
           not
           consider
           ,
           how
           he
           forced
           him
           into
           a
           condition
           of
           committing
           much
           greater
           ;
           however
           these
           things
           were
           yet
           to
           come
           .
        
         
           Now
           Lucullus
           and
           Pompey
           had
           a
           great
           Dispute
           ,
           concerning
           what
           had
           been
           established
           in
           Pontus
           ;
           each
           endeavouring
           that
           his
           own
           Ordinances
           might
           stand
           .
           Cato
           took
           part
           with
           Lucullus
           ,
           who
           was
           apparently
           injured
           ;
           and
           Pompey
           ,
           finding
           himself
           the
           weaker
           in
           the
           Senate
           ,
           took
           to
           the
           People
           .
           To
           gain
           them
           ,
           he
           proposed
           a
           Law
           ,
           for
           dividing
           the
           Lands
           among
           the
           Souldiers
           :
           Cato
           opposing
           him
           in
           this
           also
           ,
           made
           the
           Law
           be
           rejected
           .
           Hereupon
           Pompey
           joyned
           himself
           with
           Clodius
           ,
           at
           that
           time
           the
           most
           violent
           of
           all
           the
           popular
           Men
           ;
           and
           was
           likewise
           united
           to
           Caesar
           upon
           this
           occasion
           ,
           of
           which
           Cato
           himself
           was
           the
           Cause
           .
        
         
         
           For
           Caesar
           ,
           returning
           from
           his
           Government
           in
           Spain
           ,
           at
           the
           same
           time
           sued
           to
           be
           chosen
           Consul
           ,
           and
           yet
           desired
           not
           to
           lose
           his
           Triumph
           .
           Now
           the
           Law
           requiring
           ,
           That
           those
           who
           stood
           for
           any
           Office
           ,
           should
           be
           present
           ;
           and
           yet
           that
           whoever
           expected
           a
           Triumph
           ,
           should
           continue
           without
           the
           Walls
           ;
           Caesar
           requested
           the
           Senate
           ,
           that
           his
           Friends
           might
           be
           permitted
           to
           canvass
           for
           him
           in
           his
           absence
           .
           Many
           of
           the
           Senators
           where
           willing
           to
           consent
           to
           it
           ;
           but
           Cato
           opposed
           it
           ;
           and
           perceiving
           them
           inclined
           ,
           to
           favour
           Caesar
           ,
           spent
           the
           whole
           day
           in
           speaking
           ;
           and
           so
           prevented
           the
           Senate
           ,
           that
           they
           could
           come
           to
           no
           conclusion
           .
           Caesar
           therefore
           resolving
           to
           let
           fall
           his
           Pretensions
           to
           the
           Triumph
           ,
           came
           into
           the
           Town
           ,
           and
           immediately
           made
           a
           Friendship
           with
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           stood
           for
           the
           Consulship
           :
           so
           soon
           as
           he
           was
           declared
           Consul
           elect
           ,
           he
           married
           his
           Daughter
           Julia
           to
           Pompey
           .
           Having
           thus
           combined
           themselves
           together
           against
           the
           Commonwealth
           ,
           the
           one
           proposed
           the
           Agrarian
           Laws
           ,
           for
           dividing
           the
           Lands
           among
           the
           poor
           People
           ;
           and
           the
           other
           was
           present
           to
           second
           the
           Proposal
           .
           Against
           them
           ,
           
             Lucullus
             ,
             Cicero
          
           ,
           and
           their
           Friends
           ,
           joyned
           with
           Bibulus
           the
           other
           Consul
           ,
           and
           did
           all
           they
           could
           to
           hinder
           the
           passing
           those
           Laws
           .
           Among
           these
           none
           was
           more
           remarkable
           than
           Cato
           ,
           who
           look'd
           upon
           the
           Friendship
           and
           
           Alliance
           of
           Pompey
           and
           Caesar
           as
           very
           dangerous
           ;
           and
           declared
           ,
           he
           did
           not
           so
           much
           dislike
           the
           Advantage
           ,
           the
           People
           should
           get
           by
           this
           division
           of
           the
           Lands
           ,
           as
           he
           fear'd
           the
           Reward
           these
           men
           would
           gain
           ,
           by
           thus
           cheating
           the
           People
           .
           And
           in
           this
           the
           Senate
           was
           of
           his
           opinion
           ;
           as
           likewise
           many
           honest
           men
           without
           ,
           who
           were
           very
           much
           offended
           at
           
           Caesar's
           ill
           Conduct
           ;
           That
           he
           now
           bearing
           the
           Authority
           of
           Consul
           ,
           should
           thus
           basely
           and
           dishonourably
           flatter
           the
           People
           ,
           practising
           to
           win
           them
           by
           the
           same
           means
           ,
           that
           were
           wont
           to
           be
           used
           only
           by
           the
           most
           rash
           and
           heady
           
             Tribunes
             .
             Caesar
          
           therefore
           and
           his
           Party
           ,
           fearing
           they
           should
           not
           carry
           it
           by
           fair
           dealing
           ,
           fell
           to
           open
           force
           .
           First
           a
           Basket
           of
           Dung
           was
           thrown
           upon
           Bibulus
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           going
           to
           the
           Forum
           :
           then
           they
           set
           upon
           his
           Lictors
           ,
           and
           broke
           their
           Rods
           ;
           at
           length
           several
           Darts
           were
           thrown
           ,
           and
           many
           men
           wounded
           :
           so
           that
           all
           that
           were
           against
           those
           Laws
           ,
           fled
           out
           of
           the
           Forum
           ,
           the
           rest
           making
           what
           hast
           they
           could
           ;
           but
           Cato
           last
           of
           all
           walking
           out
           very
           slowly
           ,
           often
           turned
           back
           and
           cursed
           those
           Citizens
           .
        
         
           Now
           the
           other
           Party
           did
           not
           only
           carry
           this
           Point
           of
           dividing
           the
           Lands
           ;
           but
           also
           ordained
           ,
           that
           all
           the
           Senate
           should
           swear
           to
           confirm
           this
           Law
           ,
           and
           to
           defend
           it
           against
           whoever
           should
           attempt
           to
           alter
           it
           ;
           inflicting
           great
           Penalties
           on
           those
           that
           should
           refuse
           
           
           
           
           
           the
           Oath
           .
           All
           the
           Senators
           ,
           seeing
           the
           necessity
           they
           were
           in
           ,
           took
           the
           Oath
           ;
           remembring
           the
           Example
           of
           old
           Metellus
           ,
           who
           refusing
           to
           swear
           upon
           the
           like
           occasion
           ,
           was
           forc'd
           to
           fly
           out
           of
           Italy
           .
           As
           for
           Cato
           ,
           his
           Wife
           and
           Children
           with
           Tears
           besought
           him
           ;
           his
           Friends
           and
           Familiars
           perswaded
           and
           entreated
           him
           to
           yield
           ,
           and
           take
           the
           Oath
           ;
           but
           he
           that
           principally
           prevailed
           with
           him
           ,
           was
           Cicero
           the
           Orator
           ,
           who
           urged
           and
           remonstrated
           ,
           
             How
             unreasonable
             it
             was
             ,
             that
             a
             private
             man
             alone
             should
             oppose
             what
             the
             Publick
             had
             decreed
             :
             That
             the
             thing
             being
             already
             past
             remedy
             ,
             it
             would
             look
             like
             folly
             and
             madness
             ,
             to
             run
             himself
             into
             danger
             ,
             where
             't
             is
             impossible
             to
             do
             his
             Countrey
             any
             good
             .
             Besides
             ,
             it
             would
             be
             the
             greatest
             of
             all
             Evils
             ,
             to
             abandon
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             for
             whose
             sake
             he
             did
             every
             thing
             ,
             and
             to
             let
             it
             fall
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             those
             ,
             who
             designed
             nothing
             but
             its
             ruine
             .
             This
             would
             look
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             were
             glad
             of
             an
             opportunity
             ,
             to
             retire
             from
             the
             trouble
             of
             defending
             his
             Countrey
             :
             For
          
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
           tho'
           Cato
           
             have
             no
             need
             of
          
           Rome
           ,
           yet
           Rome
           
             has
             need
             of
          
           Cato
           ;
           
             and
             so
             likewise
             have
             all
             his
             Friends
             .
          
           Of
           whom
           Cicero
           profess'd
           himself
           the
           chief
           ;
           being
           at
           that
           time
           aimed
           at
           by
           Clodius
           ,
           who
           openly
           threatned
           to
           fall
           upon
           him
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           ever
           he
           should
           get
           to
           be
           Tribune
           .
           Thus
           Cato
           (
           they
           say
           )
           moved
           by
           the
           Entreaties
           of
           his
           Family
           ,
           and
           the
           Persuasions
           
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           went
           unwillingly
           to
           take
           the
           Oath
           ;
           which
           he
           did
           the
           last
           of
           all
           ,
           except
           only
           Favonius
           ,
           one
           of
           his
           intimate
           Acquaintance
           .
        
         
           Coesar
           ,
           exalted
           with
           this
           Success
           ,
           proposed
           another
           Law
           ,
           for
           dividing
           almost
           all
           the
           Countrey
           of
           Campania
           among
           the
           poor
           and
           needy
           Citizens
           .
           No
           body
           durst
           speak
           against
           it
           but
           Cato
           ,
           whom
           therefore
           Coesar
           pull'd
           from
           the
           Rostra
           ,
           and
           dragg'd
           to
           Prison
           :
           yet
           Cato
           did
           not
           at
           all
           remit
           his
           freedom
           of
           Speech
           ,
           but
           as
           he
           went
           along
           ,
           continued
           to
           speak
           against
           the
           Law
           ,
           and
           advised
           the
           People
           to
           put
           a
           stop
           to
           these
           Proceedings
           .
           The
           Senate
           and
           the
           best
           of
           the
           Citizens
           followed
           him
           with
           sad
           and
           dejected
           Looks
           ,
           showing
           their
           Grief
           and
           Indignation
           by
           their
           Silence
           ;
           so
           that
           Coesar
           could
           not
           be
           ignorant
           how
           much
           they
           were
           offended
           ;
           but
           being
           one
           of
           a
           fierce
           contentious
           Spirit
           ,
           he
           still
           persisted
           ,
           expecting
           Cato
           should
           either
           supplicate
           him
           ,
           or
           appeal
           to
           the
           People
           .
           Afterwards
           ,
           when
           he
           saw
           that
           Cato
           would
           do
           neither
           ,
           Coesar
           himself
           ,
           asham'd
           of
           what
           he
           had
           done
           ,
           privately
           sent
           one
           of
           the
           Tribunes
           to
           take
           him
           out
           of
           Prison
           .
        
         
           Thus
           having
           won
           the
           Multitude
           by
           these
           Laws
           and
           Gratifications
           ,
           they
           decreed
           ,
           That
           Coesar
           should
           have
           the
           Government
           of
           Illyricum
           ,
           and
           all
           Gaule
           ,
           with
           an
           Army
           of
           four
           Legions
           ,
           for
           the
           space
           of
           five
           years
           :
           Tho'
           
           Cato
           still
           cry'd
           out
           ,
           they
           were
           placing
           a
           Tyrant
           in
           their
           Citadel
           .
           
             Publius
             Clodius
          
           ,
           (
           who
           illegally
           of
           a
           Patrician
           became
           a
           Plebeian
           )
           was
           declared
           Tribune
           of
           the
           People
           :
           And
           he
           had
           promised
           to
           do
           all
           things
           according
           to
           their
           pleasure
           ,
           on
           condition
           he
           might
           banish
           Cicero
           .
           For
           Consuls
           ,
           they
           set
           up
           
             Calpurnius
             Piso
          
           ,
           the
           Father
           of
           
           Coesar's
           Wife
           ;
           and
           
             Aulus
             Gabinius
          
           ,
           a
           Man
           wholly
           at
           
           Pompey's
           Devotion
           ,
           as
           they
           Write
           who
           best
           knew
           his
           Life
           and
           Manners
           .
        
         
           Yet
           when
           they
           had
           thus
           firmly
           established
           all
           things
           ;
           having
           mastered
           one
           part
           of
           the
           City
           by
           Favour
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           by
           Fear
           ,
           they
           themselves
           were
           still
           afraid
           of
           Cato
           :
           For
           they
           well
           considered
           ,
           with
           how
           much
           pains
           and
           difficulty
           they
           had
           oppressed
           him
           ;
           and
           what
           disgrace
           they
           suffered
           ,
           when
           they
           did
           violence
           to
           him
           .
           This
           made
           Clodius
           despair
           of
           driving
           Cicero
           out
           of
           Italy
           ,
           while
           Cato
           stay'd
           at
           home
           .
           Therefore
           ,
           having
           first
           laid
           his
           Design
           ;
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           came
           into
           his
           Office
           ,
           he
           sent
           for
           Cato
           ,
           and
           told
           him
           ,
           
             That
             he
             look'd
             upon
             him
             as
             the
             most
             uncorrupt
             Man
             of
             all
             the
          
           Romans
           ,
           
             and
             was
             ready
             by
             deeds
             to
             make
             good
             the
             truth
             of
             his
             words
             :
             For
             whereas
          
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             many
             have
             sought
             to
             command
             the
             Expedition
             to
          
           Cyprus
           ,
           
             and
             have
             much
             sollicited
             to
             be
             sent
             thither
             ;
             I
             think
             you
             only
             deserve
             it
             ,
             and
             therefore
             to
             you
             I
             will
             freely
             give
             that
             Command
             .
             Cato
          
           presently
           cry'd
           out
           ,
           This
           
           
             was
             a
             design
             upon
             him
             ,
             and
             no
             Favour
             ,
             but
             an
             Injury
             .
          
           Then
           Clodius
           proudly
           and
           fiercely
           answered
           ,
           
             If
             you
             will
             not
             take
             it
             as
             a
             Kindness
             ;
             yet
             you
             shall
             go
             ,
             tho'
             never
             so
             unwillingly
             :
             and
          
           immediately
           going
           into
           the
           Assembly
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           he
           made
           them
           pass
           a
           Decree
           ,
           that
           Cato
           should
           be
           sent
           to
           Cyprus
           .
           But
           they
           ordered
           him
           neither
           Ships
           ,
           nor
           Souldiers
           ,
           nor
           any
           Officers
           ,
           only
           two
           Secretaries
           ;
           one
           of
           which
           was
           a
           very
           Rascal
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           a
           Retainer
           to
           Clodius
           .
           Besides
           ,
           as
           if
           the
           gaining
           of
           Cyprus
           ,
           and
           conquering
           Ptolemy
           ,
           were
           not
           Work
           sufficient
           ,
           he
           was
           ordered
           also
           to
           restore
           the
           Fugitives
           of
           Byzantium
           :
           For
           Clodius
           was
           resolved
           to
           keep
           him
           far
           enough
           off
           ,
           whilst
           himself
           continued
           Tribune
           .
        
         
           Cato
           ,
           being
           in
           this
           necessity
           of
           going
           away
           ,
           advised
           Cicero
           ,
           (
           who
           was
           next
           to
           be
           set
           upon
           )
           to
           make
           no
           Resistance
           ,
           lest
           he
           should
           throw
           the
           State
           into
           Civil
           War
           and
           Confusion
           ;
           but
           to
           give
           way
           to
           the
           Times
           :
           And
           thus
           he
           might
           become
           once
           more
           the
           Preserver
           of
           his
           Countrey
           .
        
         
           Cato
           sent
           Canidius
           ,
           one
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           to
           Cyprus
           ,
           to
           perswade
           Ptolemy
           to
           yield
           ,
           without
           being
           forc'd
           ;
           which
           if
           he
           did
           ,
           he
           should
           want
           neither
           Riches
           nor
           Honour
           :
           For
           the
           Romans
           would
           give
           him
           the
           Priesthood
           of
           Venus
           in
           the
           Isle
           of
           Paphos
           .
           He
           himself
           stay'd
           at
           Rhodes
           ,
           making
           some
           Preparations
           ,
           
           and
           expecting
           an
           Answer
           from
           Cyprus
           .
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           Ptolemy
           ,
           King
           of
           Aegypt
           ,
           who
           had
           left
           Alexandria
           ,
           upon
           some
           quarrel
           between
           him
           and
           his
           Subjects
           ,
           was
           sailing
           for
           Rome
           ,
           in
           hopes
           that
           Pompey
           and
           Coesar
           would
           by
           their
           Power
           restore
           him
           again
           to
           his
           Kingdom
           :
           in
           his
           way
           he
           desired
           to
           see
           Cato
           ,
           to
           whom
           he
           sent
           ,
           supposing
           he
           would
           come
           to
           him
           .
           Cato
           was
           about
           his
           necessary
           Affairs
           ,
           when
           the
           Messenger
           came
           ;
           to
           whom
           he
           made
           Answer
           ,
           That
           Ptolemy
           might
           come
           to
           him
           ,
           if
           he
           thought
           fit
           .
           When
           he
           came
           ,
           Cato
           neither
           went
           forward
           to
           meet
           him
           ,
           nor
           so
           much
           as
           rose
           up
           to
           him
           ,
           but
           saluting
           him
           as
           an
           ordinary
           Person
           ,
           bid
           him
           sit
           down
           .
           This
           at
           first
           amazed
           Ptolemy
           ,
           who
           admired
           to
           see
           such
           Greatness
           and
           stately
           Carriage
           ,
           in
           a
           Man
           of
           common
           Birth
           and
           mean
           Appearance
           :
           But
           afterward
           ,
           when
           he
           began
           to
           talk
           about
           his
           affairs
           ,
           Ptolemy
           no
           less
           wonder'd
           at
           the
           Wisdom
           and
           freedom
           of
           his
           Discourse
           ;
           for
           Cato
           blamed
           his
           Design
           ,
           and
           shew'd
           him
           the
           Honour
           and
           Happiness
           he
           had
           fallen
           from
           ,
           the
           Disgrace
           and
           Troubles
           he
           would
           run
           himself
           into
           ;
           told
           him
           ,
           what
           great
           Gifts
           and
           Presents
           he
           must
           bestow
           on
           the
           leading
           Men
           at
           Rome
           ,
           whom
           all
           Aegypt
           turn'd
           into
           Silver
           would
           scarcely
           satisfie
           ;
           he
           therefore
           advised
           him
           to
           return
           home
           ,
           and
           be
           reconciled
           to
           his
           Subjects
           ,
           
           offering
           to
           go
           along
           with
           him
           ,
           and
           assist
           him
           in
           composing
           the
           Differences
           .
           Upon
           this
           Discourse
           Ptolemy
           came
           to
           himself
           ,
           as
           one
           recovered
           from
           a
           Fit
           of
           Madness
           ;
           and
           acknowledging
           the
           Wisdom
           and
           Sincerity
           of
           Cato
           ,
           was
           resolved
           to
           follow
           his
           Advice
           :
           But
           he
           was
           again
           over-perswaded
           by
           his
           Friends
           to
           the
           contrary
           ,
           and
           so
           according
           to
           his
           first
           Design
           ,
           went
           to
           Rome
           .
           When
           he
           came
           there
           ,
           and
           was
           forced
           to
           wait
           at
           the
           Gate
           of
           one
           of
           the
           Magistrates
           ;
           he
           began
           to
           repent
           of
           his
           folly
           ,
           in
           having
           rejected
           the
           Counsel
           of
           so
           good
           a
           Man
           ,
           or
           rather
           the
           Oracle
           of
           a
           God.
           
        
         
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           the
           other
           Ptolemy
           ,
           that
           was
           in
           Cyprus
           ,
           (
           very
           luckily
           for
           Cato
           )
           poyson'd
           himself
           .
           It
           was
           reported
           he
           had
           left
           great
           Riches
           ;
           therefore
           Cato
           designing
           to
           go
           first
           to
           Byzantium
           ,
           sent
           his
           Nephew
           Brutus
           to
           Cyprus
           ,
           for
           he
           would
           not
           wholly
           trust
           Canidius
           .
           Then
           having
           reconciled
           the
           Fugitives
           and
           the
           People
           of
           Byzantium
           ,
           he
           left
           the
           City
           in
           peace
           and
           quietness
           ;
           and
           thence
           sail'd
           to
           Cyprus
           ;
           where
           he
           found
           a
           Royal
           Treasure
           in
           Plate
           ,
           Tables
           ,
           precious
           Stones
           and
           purple
           ,
           all
           which
           was
           to
           be
           turn'd
           into
           ready
           Money
           .
           Cato
           resolved
           to
           examine
           all
           very
           exactly
           ,
           and
           to
           raise
           the
           price
           of
           every
           thing
           to
           the
           utmost
           ;
           to
           which
           end
           he
           was
           always
           present
           at
           selling
           the
           things
           ,
           and
           took
           the
           Accounts
           himself
           .
           
           Nor
           would
           he
           trust
           to
           the
           usual
           Customs
           of
           the
           Market
           ,
           but
           suspected
           all
           the
           Officers
           ,
           Cryers
           ,
           Prizers
           ,
           and
           even
           his
           own
           Friends
           :
           therefore
           he
           himself
           talk'd
           with
           the
           Buyers
           ,
           and
           urged
           them
           to
           bid
           up
           ;
           so
           that
           most
           of
           the
           things
           were
           sold
           at
           great
           Rates
           .
        
         
           This
           Mistrustfulness
           of
           
           Cato's
           offended
           most
           of
           his
           Friends
           ;
           but
           especially
           Munatius
           ,
           the
           most
           intimate
           of
           them
           all
           ,
           became
           almost
           irreconcilable
           .
           And
           this
           afforded
           Caesar
           a
           plentiful
           Subject
           for
           Railing
           ,
           in
           his
           Book
           against
           Cato
           .
           Yet
           Munatius
           himself
           relates
           ,
           that
           this
           falling
           out
           was
           not
           so
           much
           occasioned
           by
           
           Cato's
           mistrust
           ,
           as
           by
           his
           neglect
           of
           him
           ,
           and
           by
           his
           own
           jealousie
           of
           Canidius
           :
           for
           Munatius
           writ
           a
           Book
           concerning
           Cato
           ,
           which
           is
           chiefly
           follow'd
           by
           Thraseas
           .
           Now
           Munatius
           says
           ,
           That
           coming
           last
           to
           Cyprus
           ,
           and
           having
           a
           very
           ill
           Lodging
           provided
           for
           him
           ,
           he
           thereupon
           went
           to
           
           Cato's
           House
           ,
           but
           was
           not
           admitted
           ,
           because
           he
           was
           in
           private
           with
           Canidius
           ;
           of
           which
           he
           afterward
           very
           mildly
           complain'd
           to
           Cato
           ,
           but
           received
           a
           very
           harsh
           Answer
           :
           for
           he
           told
           him
           ,
           
             That
             too
             much
             Love
          
           (
           
             according
             to
          
           Theophrastus
           )
           
             often
             causes
             Hatred
             ;
             and
             you
          
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             because
             you
             bear
             me
             much
             Love
             ,
             think
             you
             receive
             too
             little
             Honour
             ,
             and
             presently
             grow
             angry
             :
             but
             as
             to
          
           Canidius
           ,
           
             I
             will
             imploy
             him
          
           ,
           
           
             both
             for
             hîs
             Industry
             and
             his
             Fidelity
             ,
             ●e
             has
             been
             always
             with
             me
             ,
             and
             I
             have
             always
             found
             him
             free
             from
             corruption
             ▪
          
           These
           things
           were
           said
           in
           private
           between
           them
           two
           :
           but
           Cato
           afterward
           told
           Canidius
           what
           had
           passed
           ▪
           which
           Munatius
           understanding
           ,
           would
           no
           more
           go
           to
           sup
           with
           him
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           was
           called
           to
           Council
           ,
           refused
           to
           come
           .
           Then
           Cato
           threatned
           to
           seize
           his
           Goods
           ,
           as
           was
           the
           custom
           to
           deal
           with
           those
           who
           were
           disobedient
           :
           but
           Munatius
           ,
           not
           regarding
           his
           Threats
           ,
           returned
           to
           Rome
           ,
           and
           continued
           a
           long
           time
           thus
           discontented
           .
           Afterward
           when
           Cato
           was
           come
           back
           also
           ,
           Martia
           ,
           who
           as
           yet
           lived
           with
           him
           ,
           contrived
           to
           have
           them
           both
           invited
           to
           sup
           together
           at
           the
           House
           of
           one
           
             Barca
             :
             Cato
          
           came
           in
           last
           of
           all
           ,
           when
           the
           rest
           were
           at
           Table
           ,
           and
           ask'd
           ,
           Where
           he
           should
           be
           ?
           Barca
           answered
           him
           ,
           Where
           he
           pleased
           :
           then
           looking
           about
           ,
           he
           said
           ,
           He
           would
           be
           near
           Munatius
           ,
           and
           presently
           went
           ,
           and
           placed
           himself
           next
           to
           him
           ;
           yet
           he
           shewed
           him
           no
           other
           mark
           of
           Kindness
           ,
           all
           the
           time
           they
           were
           at
           Table
           together
           .
           But
           another
           time
           ,
           at
           the
           Entreaty
           of
           
             Martia
             ,
             Cato
          
           wrote
           to
           Munatius
           ,
           That
           he
           desired
           to
           speak
           with
           him
           .
           Munatius
           went
           to
           his
           House
           one
           Morning
           ,
           and
           was
           entertained
           by
           Martia
           ;
           till
           all
           the
           Company
           was
           gone
           ;
           then
           Cato
           came
           and
           embraced
           him
           very
           kindly
           ,
           
           and
           they
           were
           perfectly
           reconciled
           .
           I
           have
           the
           more
           fully
           related
           this
           Passage
           ,
           for
           that
           I
           think
           the
           Manners
           and
           Tempers
           of
           Men
           ,
           are
           more
           clearly
           discovered
           by
           things
           of
           this
           nature
           ,
           than
           by
           great
           and
           illustrious
           Actions
           .
        
         
           Cato
           got
           together
           no
           less
           than
           seven
           thousand
           Talents
           of
           Silver
           ;
           but
           apprehensive
           of
           what
           might
           happen
           in
           so
           long
           a
           Voyage
           by
           Sea
           ,
           he
           provided
           a
           great
           many
           Coffers
           that
           held
           two
           Talents
           ,
           and
           five
           hundred
           Drachma's
           apiece
           :
           to
           each
           of
           these
           he
           fastned
           a
           long
           Rope
           ,
           and
           to
           the
           other
           end
           of
           the
           Rope
           a
           piece
           of
           Cork
           ;
           so
           that
           ,
           if
           the
           Ship
           should
           miscarry
           ,
           it
           might
           be
           discovered
           where
           about
           the
           Chests
           lay
           under
           Water
           :
           thus
           all
           the
           Money
           ,
           except
           a
           very
           little
           ,
           was
           safely
           transported
           .
           Now
           Cato
           had
           made
           two
           Books
           ,
           in
           which
           all
           his
           Accounts
           were
           carefully
           written
           ;
           but
           neither
           of
           them
           was
           preserved
           ;
           for
           his
           Freed-man
           Phylargyrus
           ,
           who
           had
           the
           charge
           of
           one
           of
           them
           ,
           setting
           Sayl
           from
           Cenohrea
           ,
           was
           drowned
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           Ship
           ,
           and
           all
           her
           Lading
           .
           The
           other
           Book
           Cato
           himself
           kept
           till
           he
           came
           to
           Corcyra
           ;
           where
           he
           see
           up
           his
           Tents
           in
           the
           Market-place
           :
           and
           the
           Mariners
           being
           very
           cold
           in
           the
           Night
           ,
           made
           a
           great
           many
           Fires
           ,
           some
           of
           which
           took
           hold
           of
           the
           Tents
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           were
           burnt
           ,
           and
           the
           Book
           lost
           .
           Though
           Cato
           had
           brought
           with
           him
           several
           of
           
           Ptolemy's
           
           Servants
           ,
           who
           could
           testifie
           his
           Integrity
           ,
           and
           stop
           the
           mouths
           of
           his
           Enemies
           ;
           yet
           this
           loss
           troubled
           him
           :
           for
           he
           designed
           them
           not
           only
           for
           a
           proof
           of
           his
           own
           Fidelity
           ,
           but
           a
           pattern
           of
           Exactness
           to
           others
           .
        
         
           News
           being
           brought
           to
           Rome
           ,
           that
           Cato
           was
           coming
           up
           the
           River
           ,
           all
           the
           Magistrates
           ,
           the
           Priests
           ,
           and
           the
           whole
           Senate
           ,
           with
           great
           part
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           went
           out
           to
           meet
           him
           :
           both
           the
           Banks
           of
           the
           Tyber
           were
           covered
           with
           People
           :
           so
           that
           his
           Entrance
           was
           in
           Solemnity
           and
           Honour
           ,
           not
           inferiour
           to
           a
           Triumph
           .
           But
           't
           was
           thought
           somewhat
           strange
           ,
           and
           look'd
           like
           Pride
           ;
           that
           when
           the
           Consuls
           and
           Praetors
           appeared
           ,
           he
           did
           not
           come
           toward
           them
           ,
           nor
           stay
           to
           salute
           them
           ,
           but
           rowed
           up
           the
           Stream
           in
           a
           Royal
           Galley
           of
           six
           Banks
           of
           Oars
           ,
           and
           stopt
           not
           till
           he
           came
           to
           the
           place
           of
           Landing
           .
           However
           ,
           when
           the
           Money
           was
           carried
           through
           the
           Streets
           ,
           the
           People
           much
           wondred
           at
           the
           vast
           quantity
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           the
           Senate
           being
           assembled
           ,
           did
           in
           honourable
           terms
           decree
           him
           an
           extraordinary
           Praetorship
           ,
           and
           also
           the
           priviledge
           of
           being
           at
           the
           publick
           shews
           in
           a
           Robe
           fac'd
           with
           purple
           .
           Cato
           refused
           all
           these
           Honours
           :
           but
           declaring
           what
           Diligence
           and
           Fidelity
           he
           had
           found
           in
           Nicias
           ,
           the
           Steward
           of
           Ptolemy
           ,
           he
           requested
           the
           Senate
           to
           give
           him
           his
           Freedom
           .
        
         
         
           Philip
           ,
           the
           Father
           of
           Martia
           ,
           was
           that
           year
           Consul
           ;
           but
           the
           Authority
           and
           Power
           of
           the
           Office
           rested
           wholly
           in
           Cato
           :
           for
           the
           other
           Consul
           no
           less
           respected
           him
           for
           his
           Vertue
           ,
           than
           Philip
           did
           for
           his
           Alliance
           .
        
         
           Cicero
           being
           returned
           from
           his
           Banishment
           ,
           (
           into
           which
           he
           was
           Driven
           by
           Clodius
           )
           and
           having
           again
           obtained
           great
           Credit
           among
           the
           People
           ;
           he
           went
           one
           day
           ,
           in
           the
           absence
           of
           Clodius
           ,
           and
           by
           force
           took
           away
           the
           Records
           of
           his
           Tribuneship
           ,
           which
           Clodius
           ,
           had
           laid
           up
           in
           the
           Capitol
           .
           Hereupon
           the
           Senate
           was
           assembled
           ,
           and
           Clodius
           Complained
           of
           Cicero
           ;
           who
           answered
           ,
           That
           Clodius
           
             was
             never
             legally
          
           Tribune
           ,
           
             and
             therefore
             whatever
             he
             had
             done
             ,
             was
             void
             and
             of
             no
             Authority
             .
          
           But
           Cato
           interrupted
           him
           ,
           and
           standing
           up
           ,
           said
           ,
           
             That
             indeed
             he
             did
             not
             at
             all
             approve
             of
          
           Clodius
           
             his
             Proceedings
             ;
             but
             if
             they
             questioned
             the
             Validity
             of
             what
             had
             been
             done
             in
             his
          
           Tribuneship
           ,
           
             they
             might
             also
             question
             what
             himself
             had
             done
             at
          
           Cyprus
           :
           
             for
             the
             Expedition
             was
             unlawfull
             ,
             if
             he
             that
             sent
             him
             had
             no
             lawful
             Authority
             .
             But
             ,
             he
             thought
          
           Clodius
           
             was
             legally
             made
          
           Tribune
           ,
           
             who
             ,
             by
             permission
             of
             the
             Law
             ,
             was
             from
             a
          
           Patrician
           
             adopted
             into
             a
          
           Plebeian
           
             Family
             :
             and
             if
             he
             had
             done
             ill
             in
             this
             Office
             ,
             he
             ought
             to
             be
             called
             to
             account
             for
             it
             ;
             but
             the
             Authority
             of
             the
             Magistracy
             ought
             not
             to
             suffer
             for
             the
             Faults
             of
             the
             Magistrate
             .
             Cicero
          
           took
           this
           
           very
           ill
           ,
           and
           for
           along
           time
           discontinued
           his
           Friendship
           with
           Cato
           :
           but
           they
           were
           afterward
           reconciled
           upon
           this
           occasion
           .
        
         
           Pompey
           and
           Crassus
           ,
           by
           Agreement
           with
           Caesar
           ,
           (
           who
           came
           over
           the
           Alpes
           ,
           on
           purpose
           ,
           )
           had
           laid
           a
           Design
           ,
           That
           they
           two
           should
           stand
           to
           be
           chosen
           Consuls
           a
           second
           time
           ;
           and
           when
           they
           should
           be
           in
           their
           Office
           ,
           they
           would
           continue
           to
           Caesar
           his
           Government
           for
           five
           years
           more
           ,
           and
           take
           to
           themselves
           the
           greatest
           Provinces
           ,
           with
           Armies
           ,
           and
           money
           to
           maintain
           them
           .
           This
           seemed
           a
           plain
           Conspiracy
           ,
           to
           destroy
           the
           Commonwealth
           ,
           and
           divide
           the
           Empire
           .
           Several
           honest
           Men
           had
           intended
           to
           stand
           to
           be
           Consuls
           that
           year
           :
           but
           upon
           the
           appearance
           of
           these
           great
           Men
           ,
           they
           all
           desisted
           ,
           except
           only
           
             Lucius
             Domitius
          
           ,
           who
           had
           married
           Porcia
           ,
           the
           Sister
           of
           Cato
           ,
           and
           was
           by
           him
           perswaded
           to
           stand
           it
           out
           ,
           and
           not
           abandon
           such
           an
           Undertaking
           ;
           which
           (
           he
           said
           )
           
             was
             not
             only
             to
             gain
             the
          
           Consulship
           ,
           
             but
             to
             preserve
             the
             Liberty
             of
          
           Rome
           .
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           ,
           't
           was
           usually
           discoursed
           among
           the
           more
           prudent
           part
           of
           the
           Citizens
           ,
           That
           they
           ought
           not
           to
           suffer
           the
           Power
           of
           Pompey
           and
           Crassus
           to
           be
           united
           ,
           which
           would
           then
           grow
           beyond
           all
           Bounds
           ,
           and
           become
           dangerous
           to
           the
           State
           ;
           that
           therefore
           one
           of
           them
           must
           be
           denied
           .
           For
           these
           Reasons
           they
           took
           part
           with
           Domitius
           ;
           whom
           
           they
           exhorted
           and
           encouraged
           to
           go
           on
           ,
           assuring
           him
           ,
           that
           many
           who
           feared
           openly
           to
           appear
           for
           him
           ,
           would
           privately
           assist
           him
           .
           
           Pompey's
           Party
           ,
           fearing
           this
           ,
           laid
           wait
           for
           Domitius
           ,
           and
           set
           upon
           him
           as
           he
           was
           going
           before
           day-light
           ,
           with
           Torches
           ,
           into
           the
           Field
           .
           First
           he
           that
           bore
           the
           Light
           next
           before
           Domitius
           ,
           was
           knock'd
           down
           ;
           then
           several
           others
           being
           wounded
           ,
           all
           the
           rest
           fled
           ,
           except
           Cato
           and
           Domitius
           :
           for
           Cato
           held
           him
           ,
           (
           tho'
           himself
           were
           wounded
           in
           the
           Arm
           )
           and
           crying
           out
           ,
           
             conjured
             the
             others
             to
             stay
             ,
             and
             while
             they
             had
             breath
             ,
             not
             to
             forsake
             the
             defence
             of
             their
             Liberty
             ,
             against
             those
             Tyrants
             ,
             who
             plainly
             shewed
             with
             what
             Moderation
             they
             were
             like
             to
             use
             the
             Power
             ,
             which
             they
             endeavour'd
             to
             gain
             by
             such
             Violence
             .
          
           But
           at
           length
           Domitius
           also
           no
           longer
           willing
           to
           stand
           the
           Danger
           ,
           fled
           to
           his
           own
           House
           ;
           and
           so
           Pompey
           and
           Crassus
           were
           declared
           Consuls
           .
        
         
           Nevertheless
           Cato
           would
           not
           give
           over
           ;
           but
           resolv'd
           to
           stand
           himself
           to
           be
           Praetor
           that
           year
           ,
           which
           he
           thought
           would
           be
           some
           help
           to
           him
           ,
           in
           his
           design
           of
           opposing
           them
           :
           that
           he
           might
           not
           act
           as
           a
           private
           Man
           ,
           when
           he
           was
           to
           contend
           with
           publick
           Magistrates
           .
           Pompey
           and
           Crassus
           apprehended
           this
           :
           and
           fearing
           that
           the
           Office
           of
           Praetor
           in
           the
           Person
           of
           Cato
           ,
           might
           be
           equal
           in
           Authority
           to
           that
           of
           Consul
           ;
           they
           
           assembled
           the
           Senate
           unexpectedly
           ,
           without
           giving
           any
           notice
           to
           a
           great
           many
           of
           the
           Senators
           ,
           and
           made
           an
           Order
           ,
           
             That
             those
             who
             were
             chosen
             Praetors
             ,
             should
             immediately
             enter
             upon
             their
             Office
             ,
             without
             attending
             the
             usual
             time
             ,
             in
             which
             ,
             according
             to
             Law
             ,
             they
             might
             be
             accused
             ,
             if
             they
             had
             corrupted
             the
             People
             with
             Gifts
             .
          
           When
           by
           this
           Order
           they
           were
           secure
           from
           being
           called
           to
           account
           ;
           they
           set
           up
           their
           own
           Friends
           and
           Dependants
           to
           stand
           for
           the
           Praetorship
           ,
           giving
           Money
           ,
           and
           solliciting
           the
           People
           for
           their
           Voices
           .
           Yet
           the
           Vertue
           and
           Reputation
           of
           Cato
           was
           like
           to
           triumph
           over
           all
           these
           Stratagems
           :
           for
           many
           of
           the
           People
           abhorred
           ,
           that
           Cato
           should
           be
           sold
           ,
           who
           ought
           rather
           to
           be
           hired
           to
           take
           upon
           him
           the
           Office
           :
           so
           he
           carried
           it
           by
           the
           Voices
           of
           the
           first
           Tribe
           .
           Hereupon
           Pompey
           immediately
           frames
           a
           Lye
           ,
           crying
           out
           ,
           It
           thunder'd
           ,
           and
           straight
           broke
           up
           the
           Assembly
           .
           For
           the
           Romans
           religiously
           observed
           those
           things
           ,
           and
           never
           concluded
           any
           Matter
           ,
           after
           it
           had
           thunder'd
           .
           Against
           the
           next
           time
           ,
           they
           had
           distributed
           larger
           Bribes
           ;
           and
           did
           also
           keep
           the
           best
           Men
           out
           of
           the
           Field
           .
           By
           these
           foul
           means
           they
           procured
           Vatinius
           to
           be
           chosen
           Praetor
           instead
           of
           Cato
           .
           'T
           is
           said
           ,
           that
           those
           who
           had
           thus
           corruptly
           and
           dishonestly
           given
           their
           Voices
           ,
           made
           what
           hast
           they
           could
           
           out
           of
           the
           Field
           :
           but
           the
           others
           staying
           together
           ,
           and
           much
           grieving
           at
           what
           was
           done
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           Tribunes
           continued
           the
           Assembly
           ;
           and
           Cato
           standing
           up
           ,
           did
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           by
           Inspiration
           ,
           foretell
           all
           the
           Miseries
           that
           afterward
           befell
           the
           State
           :
           
             then
             he
             exhorted
             them
             to
             beware
             of
             Pompey
             and
             Crassus
             ,
             who
             were
             guilty
             of
             such
             things
             ,
             and
             had
             laid
             such
             Designs
             ,
             that
             they
             might
             well
             fear
             to
             have
             Cato
             their
             Proetor
             .
          
           When
           he
           had
           ended
           this
           Speech
           ,
           he
           was
           followed
           to
           his
           House
           by
           a
           greater
           number
           of
           People
           than
           all
           the
           Proetors
           together
           .
        
         
           
             Caius
             Trebonius
          
           proposed
           the
           Law
           for
           alloting
           Provinces
           to
           the
           Consuls
           ;
           whereby
           one
           was
           to
           have
           Spain
           and
           Lybia
           ,
           the
           other
           Aegypt
           and
           Syria
           ,
           with
           full
           power
           of
           making
           War
           and
           Peace
           ,
           both
           by
           Sea
           and
           Land
           ,
           as
           they
           should
           think
           fit
           .
           When
           this
           was
           proposed
           ,
           all
           men
           despaired
           of
           putting
           any
           stop
           to
           it
           ;
           and
           therefore
           said
           nothing
           against
           it
           .
           But
           Cato
           ,
           before
           they
           began
           Voting
           ,
           went
           up
           into
           the
           Rostra
           ,
           and
           desired
           to
           be
           heard
           ;
           they
           would
           scarce
           allow
           him
           two
           hours
           to
           speak
           .
           Having
           spent
           that
           time
           ,
           in
           declaring
           many
           things
           that
           were
           passed
           ,
           and
           foretelling
           many
           that
           were
           to
           come
           ,
           they
           would
           not
           suffer
           him
           to
           speak
           any
           longer
           ;
           but
           as
           he
           was
           going
           on
           ,
           a
           Serjeant
           came
           and
           pull'd
           him
           down
           :
           yet
           when
           he
           was
           down
           ,
           he
           still
           continued
           his
           Discourse
           ;
           
           and
           many
           there
           were
           who
           hearkened
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           were
           much
           concern'd
           for
           him
           .
           Then
           the
           Serjeant
           took
           him
           ,
           and
           forc'd
           him
           out
           of
           the
           Forum
           ;
           but
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           got
           loose
           ,
           he
           returned
           again
           ,
           crying
           out
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           to
           stand
           by
           him
           .
           Cato
           having
           done
           thus
           several
           times
           ,
           Trebonius
           grew
           very
           angry
           ,
           and
           commanded
           him
           to
           be
           carried
           to
           Prison
           ;
           but
           the
           Multitude
           followed
           him
           ,
           and
           hearkened
           to
           him
           ,
           who
           made
           a
           Speech
           to
           them
           ,
           as
           he
           went
           along
           .
           Whereupon
           Trebonius
           was
           afraid
           ,
           and
           ordered
           him
           to
           be
           released
           :
           thus
           was
           all
           that
           day
           spent
           ,
           and
           the
           Business
           driven
           off
           by
           Cato
           .
           But
           afterward
           ,
           many
           of
           the
           Citizens
           being
           over-aw'd
           by
           Fears
           and
           Threats
           ,
           and
           others
           won
           by
           Gifts
           and
           Favours
           :
           Aquilius
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           Tribunes
           ,
           they
           shut
           into
           the
           Senate
           house
           ;
           Cato
           ,
           who
           cry'd
           ,
           It
           thundered
           ,
           they
           drove
           out
           of
           the
           Forum
           ;
           many
           were
           wounded
           ,
           and
           some
           slain
           :
           at
           length
           by
           open
           force
           they
           passed
           the
           Law.
           At
           this
           many
           were
           so
           incensed
           ,
           that
           they
           got
           together
           ,
           and
           resolved
           to
           throw
           down
           the
           Statues
           of
           Pompey
           :
           but
           Cato
           went
           ,
           and
           diverted
           them
           from
           that
           Design
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           another
           Law
           was
           proposed
           ,
           concerning
           the
           Provinces
           and
           Legions
           for
           Coesar
           .
           Upon
           this
           occasion
           Cato
           did
           not
           apply
           himself
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           but
           to
           Pompey
           ;
           and
           told
           him
           ,
           
             He
             did
             not
             consider
             now
             ;
             that
          
           
           
             he
             took
          
           Caesar
           
             upon
             his
             own
             Shoulders
             ,
             who
             would
             shortly
             grow
             too
             weighty
             for
             him
             ;
             and
             at
             length
             ,
             not
             able
             to
             lay
             down
             the
             burthen
             ,
             nor
             yet
             to
             bear
             it
             any
             longer
             ,
             he
             would
             fall
             with
             it
             upon
             the
             Commonwealth
             :
             and
             then
             he
             would
             remember
          
           Cato's
           
             Advice
             ;
             which
             was
             no
             less
             advantageous
             to
             him
             ,
             than
             just
             and
             honest
             in
             it self
             .
          
           Thus
           was
           Pompey
           often
           warned
           ,
           but
           still
           went
           on
           ;
           never
           mistrusting
           
           Coesar's
           Change
           ,
           and
           always
           confiding
           in
           his
           own
           Power
           and
           good
           Fortune
           .
        
         
           Cato
           was
           made
           Proetor
           the
           following
           year
           ;
           but
           ,
           it
           seems
           ,
           he
           did
           not
           more
           honour
           and
           credit
           the
           Office
           by
           his
           signal
           Integrity
           ,
           than
           he
           did
           disgrace
           and
           diminish
           it
           by
           his
           strange
           Behaviour
           ,
           for
           he
           would
           often
           come
           to
           the
           Court
           without
           his
           Shooes
           ,
           and
           sit
           upon
           the
           Bench
           without
           his
           Gown
           ;
           and
           in
           this
           Habit
           give
           Judgment
           in
           the
           greatest
           Causes
           ,
           and
           upon
           Persons
           of
           the
           best
           Quality
           .
           'T
           is
           said
           also
           ,
           he
           would
           dispatch
           Business
           after
           Dinner
           ,
           when
           he
           had
           drunk
           Wine
           :
           but
           this
           was
           wrongfully
           reported
           of
           him
           .
        
         
           The
           People
           were
           at
           that
           time
           extreamly
           corrupted
           by
           the
           Bribes
           of
           those
           who
           sought
           Offices
           ;
           and
           many
           made
           a
           constant
           Trade
           of
           selling
           their
           Voices
           .
           Cato
           was
           resolved
           utterly
           to
           root
           this
           Corruption
           out
           of
           the
           Commonwealth
           ;
           therefore
           he
           perswaded
           the
           Senate
           to
           make
           an
           Order
           ,
           That
           those
           
           who
           were
           chosen
           into
           any
           Office
           ,
           tho'
           no
           body
           did
           accuse
           them
           ,
           should
           be
           obliged
           to
           come
           into
           the
           Court
           ,
           and
           give
           account
           upon
           Oath
           how
           they
           had
           dealt
           in
           their
           Election
           .
           This
           very
           much
           displeased
           those
           who
           stood
           for
           the
           Offices
           ;
           but
           much
           more
           those
           who
           took
           the
           Bribes
           :
           insomuch
           that
           one
           Morning
           ,
           as
           Cato
           was
           going
           to
           the
           Place
           where
           he
           kept
           Court
           ,
           a
           great
           multitude
           of
           People
           flocked
           together
           ,
           and
           with
           a
           mighty
           uproar
           fell
           to
           reviling
           him
           ,
           and
           threw
           Stones
           at
           him
           .
           Those
           that
           were
           about
           the
           Tribunal
           ,
           presently
           fled
           ;
           Cato
           himself
           being
           forc'd
           thence
           ,
           and
           justled
           about
           in
           the
           Throng
           ,
           very
           narrowly
           escaped
           the
           Stones
           that
           were
           thrown
           at
           him
           ,
           and
           with
           much
           difficulty
           got
           into
           the
           Rostra
           ;
           where
           standins
           up
           with
           a
           bold
           and
           undaunted
           Countenance
           ,
           he
           appeas'd
           the
           Tumult
           ,
           and
           silenced
           the
           Clamour
           :
           then
           he
           began
           to
           speak
           ,
           and
           was
           heard
           with
           great
           attention
           ;
           so
           that
           he
           perfectly
           quelled
           the
           Sedition
           .
           Afterward
           ,
           the
           Senate
           commending
           him
           for
           this
           ;
           
             But
             I
             don't
             commend
             you
          
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             for
             abandoning
             your
          
           Praetor
           
             in
             Danger
             ,
             and
             bringing
             him
             no
             Assistance
             .
          
        
         
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           ,
           the
           Candidates
           were
           in
           great
           perplexity
           :
           for
           every
           one
           dreaded
           to
           give
           Money
           himself
           ;
           and
           yet
           feared
           lest
           his
           Competitors
           should
           .
           At
           length
           they
           all
           agreed
           to
           lay
           down
           an
           hundred
           and
           twenty
           
           five
           thousand
           Drachma's
           apiece
           ,
           and
           then
           go
           on
           to
           canvass
           fairly
           and
           honestly
           ,
           on
           condition
           ,
           that
           if
           any
           one
           was
           found
           to
           make
           use
           of
           Bribery
           ,
           he
           should
           forfeit
           the
           Money
           .
           Being
           thus
           agreed
           ,
           they
           chose
           Cato
           to
           keep
           the
           Stakes
           ,
           and
           arbitrate
           the
           Matter
           :
           to
           him
           therefore
           they
           brought
           the
           Sum
           concluded
           on
           ,
           and
           before
           him
           subscribed
           the
           Agreement
           ;
           he
           refused
           to
           take
           the
           Money
           ,
           but
           would
           have
           others
           bound
           for
           them
           .
           Upon
           the
           day
           of
           Election
           ,
           Cato
           stood
           by
           the
           Tribune
           that
           took
           the
           Votes
           ,
           and
           very
           watchfully
           observing
           all
           that
           passed
           ,
           he
           discover'd
           one
           who
           had
           broken
           the
           Agreement
           ,
           and
           immediately
           ordered
           him
           to
           pay
           his
           Money
           to
           the
           rest
           :
           but
           they
           much
           admiring
           the
           Justice
           of
           Cato
           ,
           remitted
           the
           Penalty
           ,
           as
           thinking
           the
           Dishonour
           a
           sufficient
           Punishment
           .
           This
           rais'd
           Cato
           as
           much
           Envy
           ,
           as
           it
           gain'd
           him
           Reputation
           :
           and
           many
           were
           offended
           at
           him
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           did
           hereby
           take
           upon
           himself
           the
           whole
           Authority
           of
           the
           Senate
           ,
           Court
           of
           Judicature
           ,
           and
           other
           Magistracies
           .
           For
           there
           is
           no
           Vertue
           ,
           the
           Honour
           and
           Credit
           whereof
           procures
           a
           man
           more
           Envy
           ,
           than
           that
           of
           Justice
           :
           and
           that
           because
           it
           acquires
           a
           man
           great
           Power
           and
           Authority
           among
           the
           common
           People
           .
           For
           they
           only
           revere
           the
           Valiant
           ,
           and
           admire
           the
           Wise
           ;
           while
           they
           truly
           love
           just
           men
           ,
           and
           in
           these
           have
           entire
           Trust
           and
           
           Confidence
           :
           but
           of
           the
           former
           ,
           they
           fear
           the
           one
           ,
           and
           always
           mistrust
           the
           other
           .
           Besides
           ,
           they
           think
           men
           rather
           beholding
           to
           their
           Complexion
           ,
           than
           to
           any
           goodness
           of
           their
           Will
           ,
           for
           those
           Vertues
           :
           for
           they
           look
           upon
           Valour
           as
           a
           certain
           natural
           firmity
           of
           the
           Mind
           ;
           and
           Wisdom
           as
           the
           effect
           of
           a
           fine
           Constitution
           .
           Whereas
           a
           man
           has
           it
           in
           his
           own
           power
           to
           be
           Just
           ;
           if
           he
           have
           but
           the
           will
           to
           be
           so
           :
           and
           therefore
           also
           Injustice
           is
           thought
           the
           most
           dishonourable
           ,
           because
           't
           is
           least
           excusable
           .
        
         
           Cato
           upon
           this
           account
           was
           oppos'd
           by
           all
           the
           great
           Men
           ,
           who
           thought
           themselves
           reprov'd
           by
           his
           Vertue
           .
           Pompey
           especially
           look'd
           upon
           the
           increase
           of
           
           Cato's
           Credit
           ,
           as
           the
           ruin
           of
           his
           own
           Power
           ;
           and
           therefore
           continually
           set
           up
           men
           to
           rail
           against
           him
           .
           Among
           these
           was
           the
           seditious
           Clodius
           ,
           now
           again
           united
           to
           Pompey
           ;
           he
           declared
           openly
           ,
           that
           Cato
           had
           convey'd
           away
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           the
           Treasure
           that
           was
           found
           in
           Cyprus
           ;
           and
           that
           he
           hated
           Pompey
           ,
           only
           because
           he
           refused
           to
           marry
           his
           Daughter
           .
           Cato
           answered
           ,
           
             That
             although
             they
             had
             allow'd
             him
             neither
             Horse
             nor
             Men
             ,
             he
             had
             brought
             more
             Treasure
             from
          
           Cyprus
           
             alone
             ,
             than
          
           Pompey
           
             had
             ,
             after
             so
             many
             Wars
             and
             Triumphs
             ,
             from
             the
             ransack'd
             World
             :
             that
             he
             never
             sought
             the
             Alliance
             of
          
           Pompey
           ;
           
             not
             that
             he
             thought
             him
             unworthy
             of
             being
             related
             to
             him
             ,
             but
             because
          
           
           
             he
             differ'd
             so
             much
             from
             him
             ,
             in
             things
             that
             concerned
             the
             Commonwealth
             ;
             for
          
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             I
             laid
             down
             the
             Province
             that
             was
             given
             me
             ,
             when
             I
             went
             out
             of
             my
          
           Praetorship
           :
           
             on
             the
             contrary
          
           ,
           Pompey
           
             retains
             many
             Provinces
             to
             himself
             ,
             and
             many
             he
             bestows
             on
             others
             ;
             lately
             he
             sent
          
           Caesar
           
             six
             thousand
             Men
             into
          
           Gaul
           ,
           
             which
             were
             never
             ask'd
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             nor
             ever
             given
             by
             their
             consent
             .
             Thus
             unlimitted
             Powers
             ,
             Men
             ,
             Horse
             and
             Arms
             ,
             are
             become
             the
             mutual
             Gifts
             of
             private
             Men
             to
             one
             another
             .
             And
          
           Pompey
           
             still
             keeps
             the
             Titles
             of
             Commander
             and
             General
             ;
             but
             gives
             the
             Armies
             and
             Provinces
             to
             others
             to
             govern
             :
             while
             he
             himself
             presides
             in
             the
             City
             ;
             and
             stays
             at
             home
             to
             model
             Seditions
             ,
             and
             contrive
             Tumults
             in
             Elections
             :
             whence
             't
             is
             plain
             ,
             he
             aims
             at
             raising
             himself
             a
             Monarchy
             out
             of
             our
             Confusion
             .
          
           Thus
           did
           Cato
           take
           occasion
           sharply
           to
           reflect
           on
           Pompey
           .
        
         
           
             Marcus
             Favonius
          
           was
           an
           intimate
           Friend
           ,
           and
           zealous
           Imitator
           of
           Cato
           ;
           such
           as
           heretofore
           
             Apollodorus
             Phalereus
          
           is
           said
           to
           have
           been
           of
           Socrates
           ,
           with
           whose
           Discourses
           he
           was
           wont
           to
           be
           so
           transported
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           seem
           perfectly
           mad
           ,
           and
           as
           it
           were
           possess'd
           .
           This
           Favonius
           stood
           to
           chosen
           Aedile
           ,
           and
           was
           like
           to
           lose
           it
           :
           but
           Cato
           ,
           who
           was
           there
           to
           assist
           him
           ,
           observed
           that
           all
           the
           Votes
           were
           written
           in
           one
           Hand
           ;
           and
           discovering
           the
           Cheat
           ,
           appeal'd
           to
           the
           
           Tribunes
           ,
           who
           voided
           the
           Election
           .
           Favonius
           was
           afterward
           chosen
           Aedile
           ,
           and
           Cato
           ,
           who
           assisted
           him
           in
           all
           things
           that
           belong'd
           to
           his
           Office
           ,
           did
           also
           take
           care
           of
           the
           Plays
           that
           were
           exhibited
           in
           the
           Theater
           :
           to
           the
           Actors
           Cato
           gave
           Crowns
           ,
           not
           of
           Gold
           ,
           but
           of
           wild
           Olive
           ,
           such
           as
           us'd
           to
           be
           given
           at
           the
           Olympick
           Games
           .
           Instead
           of
           the
           magnificent
           Gifts
           ,
           that
           were
           wont
           to
           be
           bestow'd
           on
           the
           People
           ,
           he
           gave
           to
           the
           Groecians
           Leeks
           ,
           Lettices
           ,
           Radishes
           and
           Pears
           ;
           and
           to
           the
           Romans
           ,
           earthen
           Pots
           of
           Wine
           ,
           Pork
           ,
           Figs
           ,
           Cucumbers
           ,
           and
           little
           Fagots
           of
           Wood.
           Some
           laugh'd
           at
           Cato
           for
           this
           ;
           and
           others
           were
           well
           pleas'd
           with
           the
           Humour
           ,
           which
           they
           look'd
           on
           as
           a
           relaxation
           of
           his
           usual
           Austerity
           .
           In
           fine
           ,
           Favonius
           himself
           mingled
           with
           the
           Crowd
           ,
           and
           sitting
           among
           the
           Spectators
           ,
           applauded
           Cato
           ,
           bid
           him
           bestow
           Honours
           and
           Rewards
           on
           those
           who
           did
           well
           ,
           and
           assur'd
           the
           People
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           given
           all
           the
           Power
           into
           
           Cato's
           Hands
           .
           At
           the
           same
           time
           Curio
           ,
           the
           Collegue
           of
           Favonius
           ,
           gave
           very
           magnificent
           Plays
           in
           another
           Theatre
           .
           But
           the
           People
           left
           his
           ,
           and
           went
           to
           those
           of
           Favonius
           ,
           which
           they
           very
           much
           applauded
           ,
           seeing
           him
           act
           the
           private
           Man
           ,
           and
           Cato
           the
           Master
           of
           the
           Shows
           ;
           who
           did
           these
           things
           ,
           in
           derision
           of
           the
           great
           Expences
           that
           others
           bestowed
           ;
           and
           to
           teach
           them
           ,
           that
           in
           
           Sports
           men
           ought
           to
           seek
           Diversion
           only
           ,
           and
           decent
           Chearfulness
           ,
           not
           great
           Preparations
           ,
           and
           costly
           Magnificence
           ;
           nor
           should
           they
           imploy
           too
           much
           Care
           about
           things
           of
           little
           Concern
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           
             Scipio
             ,
             Hypsaeus
          
           ,
           and
           Milo
           ,
           stood
           to
           be
           Consuls
           ,
           and
           that
           not
           only
           with
           the
           usual
           and
           common
           Disorders
           of
           Bribery
           and
           Corruption
           :
           but
           with
           Arms
           and
           Slaughter
           were
           running
           desperately
           into
           a
           Civil
           War.
           Whereupon
           't
           was
           propos'd
           ,
           That
           Pompey
           might
           be
           impower'd
           to
           preside
           over
           that
           Election
           .
           This
           Cato
           at
           first
           oppos'd
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             That
             the
             Laws
             ought
             not
             to
             seek
             protection
             from
          
           Pompey
           ,
           but
           Pompey
           
             from
             the
             Laws
          
           .
           Yet
           this
           Confusion
           lasting
           a
           long
           time
           ,
           the
           Forum
           continually
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           ,
           besieged
           with
           three
           Armies
           ,
           and
           no
           possibility
           of
           putting
           a
           stop
           to
           these
           Disorders
           :
           Cato
           at
           length
           agreed
           ,
           that
           rather
           than
           fall
           into
           the
           last
           Extremity
           ,
           the
           Senate
           should
           freely
           confer
           all
           on
           Pompey
           :
           since
           't
           was
           necessary
           to
           make
           use
           of
           a
           lesser
           Evil
           ,
           to
           prevent
           a
           greater
           ;
           and
           better
           to
           set
           up
           a
           Monarchy
           themselves
           ,
           than
           to
           suffer
           a
           Sedition
           to
           continue
           ,
           that
           must
           certainly
           end
           in
           one
           .
           Bibulus
           therefore
           a
           Relation
           of
           
           Cato's
           ,
           moved
           the
           Senate
           to
           create
           Pompey
           sole
           
             Consul
             :
             For
             that
             either
             he
             would
             preserve
             the
             present
             Government
             ;
             or
             they
             should
             live
             quietly
             under
             the
             most
             powerful
             .
             Cato
          
           stood
           up
           ,
           and
           ,
           contrary
           to
           all
           
           expectation
           ,
           seconded
           this
           Motion
           ,
           concluding
           ,
           
             That
             any
             Government
             was
             better
             than
             Confusion
             ;
             and
             that
             he
             did
             not
             question
             but
          
           Pompey
           
             would
             deal
             honourably
             ,
             and
             take
             care
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             thus
             committed
             to
             his
             charge
             .
             Pompey
             ,
          
           being
           hereupon
           declared
           Consul
           ,
           invited
           Cato
           to
           his
           House
           in
           the
           Suburbs
           .
           When
           he
           came
           ,
           he
           saluted
           and
           embrac'd
           him
           very
           kindly
           ,
           acknowledg'd
           the
           Favour
           he
           had
           done
           him
           ,
           and
           desired
           his
           Counsel
           and
           Assistance
           ,
           in
           the
           management
           of
           this
           Office.
           Cato
           made
           Answer
           ,
           
             That
             what
             he
             had
             spoken
             heretofore
             ,
             was
             not
             out
             of
             Hate
             to
          
           Pompey
           ;
           
             nor
             what
             he
             had
             now
             done
             ,
             out
             of
             Love
             to
             him
             :
             but
             all
             for
             the
             good
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             .
             That
             ,
             in
             private
             ,
             if
             he
             ask'd
             him
             ,
             he
             would
             freely
             give
             his
             Advice
             :
             but
             in
             publick
             tho'
             he
             ask'd
             him
             not
             ,
             he
             would
             always
             speak
             his
             Opinion
             .
          
           And
           he
           did
           accordingly
           :
           for
           first
           when
           Pompey
           made
           severe
           Laws
           for
           punishing
           ,
           and
           laying
           great
           Fines
           on
           those
           who
           had
           corrupted
           the
           People
           with
           Gifts
           ,
           Cato
           advised
           him
           ,
           
             To
             let
             alone
             what
             was
             already
             pass'd
             and
             to
             provide
             for
             the
             future
             :
             for
             if
             he
             should
             seek
             into
             past
             Crimes
             ,
             it
             would
             he
             difficult
             to
             know
             where
             to
             stop
             ;
             and
             if
             he
             would
             ordain
             new
             Penalties
             ,
             it
             would
             be
             unreasonable
             to
             punish
             Men
             by
             a
             Law
             ,
             which
             they
             had
             never
             broken
             .
          
           Afterward
           ,
           when
           many
           considerable
           Men
           ,
           and
           some
           of
           
           Pompey's
           own
           Relations
           ,
           were
           accused
           ,
           he
           grew
           remiss
           ,
           and
           let
           fall
           the
           Prosecution
           :
           
           but
           Cato
           sharply
           reprov'd
           him
           ,
           and
           urg'd
           him
           to
           proceed
           .
           Pompey
           had
           made
           a
           Law
           also
           ,
           to
           forbid
           the
           custom
           of
           making
           commendatory
           Orations
           ,
           on
           behalf
           of
           those
           that
           were
           accused
           :
           yet
           he
           himself
           writ
           one
           for
           
             Munatius
             Flaccus
          
           ,
           and
           sent
           it
           ,
           while
           the
           Cause
           was
           pleading
           :
           which
           Cato
           seeing
           ,
           he
           stopt
           his
           Ears
           with
           his
           Hands
           ,
           and
           would
           not
           hear
           it
           read
           ,
           for
           he
           was
           one
           of
           the
           Judges
           .
           Whereupon
           Flaccus
           ,
           before
           Sentence
           was
           given
           ,
           excepted
           against
           him
           ,
           but
           was
           condemned
           notwithstanding
           .
           And
           indeed
           Cato
           was
           the
           occasion
           of
           great
           Trouble
           and
           Perplexity
           ,
           to
           almost
           all
           that
           were
           accused
           of
           any
           thing
           :
           for
           they
           fear'd
           to
           have
           him
           one
           of
           their
           Judges
           ,
           yet
           did
           not
           dare
           to
           reject
           him
           :
           and
           many
           had
           been
           condemned
           ,
           because
           ,
           refusing
           him
           ,
           they
           seemed
           not
           to
           trust
           their
           own
           Innocence
           .
           To
           others
           it
           was
           objected
           ,
           as
           a
           great
           Reproach
           ,
           the
           not
           accepting
           Cato
           for
           their
           Judge
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           mean
           while
           ,
           Caesar
           lay
           with
           his
           Forces
           in
           Gaul
           ,
           where
           he
           continued
           in
           Arms
           ;
           and
           at
           the
           same
           time
           ,
           by
           his
           Gifts
           ,
           his
           Riches
           and
           his
           Friends
           ,
           increas'd
           his
           Power
           in
           the
           City
           .
           Hereupon
           Cato
           forewarn'd
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           rouz'd
           him
           out
           of
           the
           negligent
           Security
           in
           which
           he
           lay
           ,
           not
           imagining
           any
           Danger
           near
           :
           but
           seeing
           Pompey
           very
           slow
           ,
           and
           unwilling
           or
           afraid
           
           to
           undertake
           any
           thing
           against
           
             Caesar
             ;
             Cato
          
           resolved
           himself
           to
           stand
           for
           the
           Consulship
           ,
           and
           presently
           force
           Caesar
           ,
           either
           to
           lay
           down
           his
           Arms
           ,
           or
           discover
           his
           Intentions
           .
           Both
           
           Cato's
           Competitors
           were
           persons
           very
           much
           beloved
           by
           the
           People
           .
           Sulpitius
           ,
           who
           was
           one
           ,
           had
           by
           
           Cato's
           means
           acquired
           great
           Credit
           and
           Authority
           in
           the
           City
           ;
           therefore
           it
           was
           thought
           unhandsom
           ,
           and
           ungratefully
           done
           ,
           to
           stand
           against
           him
           :
           but
           Cato
           did
           not
           take
           it
           ill
           ;
           
             For
             't
             is
             no
             wonder
          
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             if
             a
             man
             will
             not
             yield
             to
             another
             ,
             in
             that
             which
             he
             esteems
             the
             greatest
             Good.
          
           Now
           he
           perswaded
           the
           Senate
           to
           make
           an
           Order
           ,
           That
           those
           who
           stood
           for
           Offices
           ,
           should
           themselves
           ask
           the
           People
           for
           their
           Votes
           ,
           and
           not
           sollicite
           by
           others
           .
           This
           very
           much
           offended
           the
           common
           People
           :
           for
           it
           took
           from
           them
           ,
           not
           only
           the
           means
           of
           receiving
           Money
           ,
           but
           also
           the
           opportunity
           of
           obliging
           several
           Persons
           ;
           and
           so
           rendred
           them
           both
           poor
           ,
           and
           less
           regarded
           .
           Besides
           ,
           Cato
           himself
           was
           by
           nature
           altogether
           unfit
           for
           the
           business
           of
           Canvassing
           :
           for
           he
           took
           more
           care
           to
           preserve
           the
           dignity
           of
           his
           Character
           ,
           than
           to
           obtain
           the
           Office.
           Thus
           by
           following
           his
           own
           way
           of
           Solliciting
           ;
           and
           not
           suffering
           his
           Friends
           to
           do
           those
           things
           which
           take
           with
           the
           Multitude
           ,
           he
           lost
           the
           Consulship
           .
        
         
           Whereas
           ,
           upon
           such
           like
           Occasions
           ,
           not
           
           only
           those
           who
           miss'd
           the
           Office
           ,
           but
           even
           their
           Friends
           and
           Relations
           ,
           used
           to
           be
           much
           griev'd
           and
           out
           of
           Countenance
           for
           several
           days
           after
           :
           yet
           Cato
           took
           it
           so
           unconcernedly
           ;
           that
           he
           anointed
           himself
           ,
           and
           play'd
           at
           Ball
           in
           the
           Field
           ,
           and
           after
           Dinner
           went
           into
           the
           Forum
           ,
           as
           he
           used
           to
           do
           ,
           without
           his
           Shooes
           or
           his
           Coat
           ,
           and
           there
           walked
           about
           with
           his
           Acquaintance
           .
           But
           
             Cicero
             ▪
          
           Blamed
           him
           ;
           for
           that
           when
           Affairs
           required
           such
           a
           Consul
           ,
           he
           would
           not
           take
           any
           Care
           ,
           nor
           shew
           the
           People
           any
           Civility
           :
           as
           also
           that
           he
           afterward
           neglected
           to
           try
           again
           ;
           whereas
           he
           had
           stood
           a
           second
           time
           to
           be
           chosen
           
             Praetor
             .
             Cato
          
           answer'd
           ,
           
             That
             he
             lost
             the
          
           Praetorship
           
             the
             first
             time
             ,
             not
             by
             any
             dislike
             of
             the
             People
             ;
             but
             by
             the
             power
             and
             corruption
             of
             his
             Adversaries
             :
             whereas
             in
             the
             Election
             of
          
           Consuls
           
             there
             had
             been
             no
             foul
             dealing
             .
             So
             that
             he
             plainly
             saw
             ,
             the
             People
             were
             offended
             at
             his
             Manners
             ;
             which
             an
             honest
             man
             ought
             not
             to
             alter
             for
             their
             sake
             :
             nor
             yet
             would
             a
             wise
             man
             attempt
             the
             same
             thing
             again
             ,
             while
             he
             lies
             under
             the
             same
             Prejudices
             .
          
        
         
           Caesar
           was
           then
           fighting
           with
           many
           warlike
           Nations
           ,
           whom
           he
           very
           bravely
           subdued
           :
           Among
           the
           rest
           ,
           it
           seems
           ,
           he
           had
           set
           upon
           the
           Germans
           ,
           (
           who
           yet
           were
           in
           Peace
           with
           the
           Romans
           )
           and
           slew
           three
           hundred
           thousand
           of
           them
           .
           Upon
           which
           ,
           some
           of
           
           his
           Friends
           moved
           the
           Senate
           for
           a
           publick
           Thanksgiving
           :
           but
           Cato
           declared
           ,
           
             They
             ought
             to
             deliver
          
           Caesar
           
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             those
             who
             had
             been
             thus
             unjustly
             assaulted
             ;
             that
             they
             might
             expiate
             the
             Offence
             ,
             and
             not
             bring
             a
             Curse
             upon
             the
             City
             :
             yet
             we
             have
             reason
          
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             to
             thank
             the
             Gods
             ;
             for
             that
             they
             spared
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             and
             did
             not
             take
             Vengeance
             upon
             the
             Army
             ,
             for
             the
             Madness
             and
             Folly
             of
             the
             General
             .
          
           Hereupon
           Caesar
           writ
           a
           Letter
           to
           the
           Senate
           ,
           which
           was
           read
           openly
           :
           't
           was
           full
           of
           reproachful
           Language
           and
           Accusations
           against
           Cato
           ,
           who
           standing
           up
           ,
           seemed
           not
           at
           all
           concern'd
           ;
           and
           without
           any
           Heat
           or
           Passion
           ,
           but
           with
           a
           calm
           ,
           and
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           ,
           premeditated
           Discourse
           ,
           expos'd
           the
           Scurrility
           and
           Folly
           of
           Caesar
           :
           making
           it
           evident
           ,
           that
           the
           Accusations
           he
           had
           heap'd
           together
           against
           him
           ,
           were
           nothing
           but
           abusive
           and
           ridiculous
           Railing
           .
           Then
           he
           began
           to
           rip
           up
           all
           
           Caesar's
           Practices
           ;
           and
           laid
           open
           his
           Designs
           from
           the
           beginning
           ,
           as
           clearly
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           never
           had
           been
           an
           Enemy
           to
           him
           ,
           but
           a
           constant
           Confederate
           with
           him
           :
           and
           told
           the
           Senate
           ,
           
             That
             if
             they
             were
             wise
             ,
             they
             would
             not
             fear
             the
          
           Britains
           and
           Gauls
           ,
           but
           Caesar
           himself
           .
           This
           Discourse
           so
           mov'd
           and
           awaken'd
           the
           Senate
           ;
           that
           Caesars
           Friends
           repented
           ,
           they
           had
           made
           the
           Letter
           be
           read
           ,
           which
           had
           given
           Cato
           opportunity
           of
           many
           reasonable
           things
           ,
           and
           
           such
           severe
           Truths
           against
           him
           .
           However
           ,
           nothing
           was
           then
           concluded
           :
           only
           't
           was
           hinted
           ,
           that
           they
           would
           do
           well
           to
           send
           him
           a
           Successor
           .
           Hereupon
           
           Caesar's
           Friends
           required
           ,
           That
           Pompey
           also
           should
           lay
           down
           his
           Arms
           ,
           and
           resign
           his
           Provinces
           ;
           or
           else
           that
           Caesar
           might
           not
           be
           obliged
           to
           either
           .
           Then
           Cato
           cry'd
           out
           
             What
             he
             had
             foretold
             ,
             was
             come
             to
             pass
             :
             now'twas
             manifest
             he
             would
             come
             upon
             them
             with
             his
             Forces
             ;
             and
             turn
             against
             the
             State
             those
             Armies
             he
             had
             got
             ,
             by
             deceitfully
             imposing
             on
             them
             .
          
           Yet
           Cato
           could
           not
           prevail
           much
           out
           of
           the
           Senate-house
           ;
           for
           the
           People
           always
           magnified
           Caesar
           :
           And
           the
           Senate
           were
           convinced
           by
           Cato
           ;
           but
           were
           afraid
           of
           the
           People
           .
        
         
           When
           News
           was
           brought
           ,
           That
           Caesar
           had
           taken
           Ariminum
           ,
           and
           was
           coming
           on
           with
           his
           Army
           toward
           Rome
           :
           then
           all
           men
           ,
           even
           Pompey
           ,
           and
           the
           common
           People
           too
           ,
           cast
           their
           eyes
           on
           Cato
           ,
           who
           had
           alone
           foreseen
           ,
           and
           first
           clearly
           discover'd
           
           Caesar's
           Intentions
           .
           He
           therefore
           told
           them
           ,
           
             If
             you
             had
             believ'd
             me
             ,
             or
             regarded
             my
             Advice
             ;
             you
             would
             not
             now
             have
             been
             reduc'd
             to
             stand
             in
             fear
             of
             one
             Man
             ,
             and
             also
             to
             put
             all
             your
             Hopes
             in
             one
             alone
             .
          
           Then
           Pompey
           acknowledg'd
           ,
           That
           Cato
           
             indeed
             had
             spoken
             most
             like
             a
             Prophet
             ;
             and
             that
             himself
             had
             acted
             too
             much
             like
             a
             Friend
             .
          
           Now
           Cato
           advised
           the
           Senate
           to
           put
           all
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           Pompey
           ;
           
           
             for
             those
             who
             can
             raise
             up
             great
             Evils
             ,
          
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             can
             best
             allay
             them
          
           .
        
         
           Pompey
           finding
           he
           had
           not
           sufficient
           Forces
           ,
           and
           that
           those
           he
           could
           raise
           ,
           were
           not
           very
           resolute
           ,
           he
           forsook
           the
           City
           .
           Cato
           resolving
           to
           follow
           Pompey
           ,
           sent
           his
           younger
           Son
           to
           Munatius
           ,
           who
           was
           then
           in
           the
           Countrey
           of
           Brutium
           ,
           and
           took
           his
           eldest
           with
           him
           .
           But
           wanting
           some
           body
           to
           keep
           his
           House
           ,
           and
           take
           care
           of
           his
           Daughters
           ;
           he
           took
           Martia
           again
           ,
           who
           was
           now
           a
           rich
           Widow
           :
           for
           Hortensius
           was
           dead
           ,
           and
           had
           left
           her
           all
           his
           Estate
           .
           Caesar
           afterward
           made
           use
           of
           this
           Action
           also
           ,
           to
           reproach
           him
           with
           Covetousness
           ,
           and
           a
           mercenary
           Design
           in
           his
           Marriage
           :
           For
           (
           says
           he
           )
           
             if
             he
             had
             need
             of
             a
             Wife
             ,
             why
             did
             he
             part
             with
             her
             ?
             and
             if
             he
             had
             not
             ,
             why
             did
             he
             take
             her
             again
             ?
             unless
             he
             gave
             her
             only
             as
             a
             Bait
             to
          
           Hortensius
           ;
           
             and
             lent
             her
             when
             she
             was
             young
             ,
             to
             have
             her
             again
             when
             she
             was
             rich
             .
          
           But
           in
           Answer
           to
           this
           ,
           we
           may
           apply
           the
           Saying
           of
           Euripides
           ,
        
         
           
             First
             for
             Absurdities
             :
             and
             surely
             none
          
           
             Will
             Hercules
             for
             want
             of
             Courage
             blame
             .
          
        
         
           Now
           't
           is
           alike
           absurd
           ,
           to
           reproach
           Hercules
           for
           Cowardice
           ,
           and
           to
           accuse
           Cato
           of
           Covetousness
           .
           Though
           otherwise
           ,
           whether
           he
           did
           altogether
           right
           in
           this
           Marriage
           ,
           might
           
           be
           disputed
           :
           for
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           had
           again
           taken
           Martia
           ,
           he
           committed
           his
           House
           and
           his
           Daughters
           to
           her
           ,
           and
           himself
           followed
           Pompey
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           said
           ,
           that
           from
           that
           day
           he
           never
           cut
           his
           Hair
           ,
           nor
           shav'd
           his
           Beard
           ,
           nor
           wore
           a
           Garland
           :
           but
           always
           full
           of
           sadness
           ,
           grief
           and
           dejectedness
           for
           the
           Calamities
           of
           his
           Countrey
           ,
           he
           continually
           bore
           the
           same
           Habit
           to
           the
           last
           ,
           whatever
           Party
           had
           Misfortune
           or
           Success
           .
        
         
           The
           Government
           of
           Sicily
           being
           allotted
           to
           him
           ,
           he
           pass'd
           over
           to
           Syracuse
           ;
           where
           understanding
           ,
           that
           
             Asinius
             Pollio
          
           was
           arrived
           at
           Messana
           ,
           with
           Forces
           from
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           Cato
           sent
           to
           him
           ,
           to
           know
           the
           reason
           of
           his
           coming
           thither
           :
           Pollio
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           demanded
           of
           him
           the
           cause
           of
           these
           Commotions
           .
           Cato
           also
           hearing
           ,
           that
           Pompey
           had
           quite
           abandon'd
           Italy
           ,
           and
           lay
           incamp'd
           at
           Dyrrachium
           :
           he
           cry'd
           out
           ,
           
             How
             dark
             and
             uncertain
             is
             the
             Will
             of
             Heav'n
             !
          
           Pompey
           ,
           
             when
             he
             did
             nothing
             wisely
             nor
             honestly
             was
             always
             successful
             :
             and
             now
             that
             he
             would
             preserve
             his
             Countrey
             ,
             and
             defend
             her
             Liberty
             ,
             he
             is
             altogether
             unfortunate
             .
          
           As
           for
           Asinius
           ,
           he
           said
           ,
           he
           could
           easily
           drive
           him
           out
           of
           Sicily
           ;
           but
           there
           coming
           greater
           Forces
           to
           his
           Assistance
           ,
           he
           would
           not
           engage
           the
           Island
           in
           a
           War
           :
           wherefore
           he
           advised
           the
           Syracusians
           to
           submit
           to
           the
           Conqueror
           ,
           and
           provide
           
           for
           their
           own
           safety
           .
           Then
           he
           set
           Sayl
           from
           thence
           .
        
         
           When
           he
           came
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           he
           constantly
           gave
           Advice
           to
           prolong
           the
           War
           :
           for
           he
           always
           hoped
           to
           compose
           Matters
           ,
           and
           would
           by
           no
           means
           that
           they
           should
           come
           to
           Action
           .
           For
           the
           Commonwealth
           would
           suffer
           extreamly
           ,
           and
           be
           the
           certain
           cause
           of
           its
           own
           Ruine
           ;
           whoever
           were
           the
           Conqueror
           ▪
           Moreover
           he
           persuaded
           Pompey
           and
           the
           Council
           of
           War
           to
           ordain
           ,
           That
           no
           City
           should
           be
           sack'd
           ,
           that
           was
           subject
           to
           the
           People
           of
           Rome
           :
           and
           that
           no
           Roman
           should
           be
           kill'd
           ,
           but
           in
           the
           heat
           of
           Battel
           .
           Thereby
           he
           got
           himself
           great
           Honour
           ,
           and
           brought
           over
           many
           to
           the
           Party
           of
           Pompey
           ,
           who
           were
           much
           taken
           with
           the
           Moderation
           and
           Humanity
           of
           Cato
           .
           Afterward
           ,
           being
           sent
           into
           Asia
           ,
           to
           assist
           those
           who
           were
           raising
           Men
           ,
           and
           preparing
           Ships
           in
           those
           Parts
           ;
           he
           took
           with
           him
           his
           Sister
           Servilia
           ,
           and
           a
           little
           Boy
           which
           she
           had
           by
           Lucullus
           .
           For
           since
           her
           Widowhood
           ,
           she
           had
           lived
           with
           her
           Brother
           ,
           and
           very
           much
           recover'd
           her
           Reputation
           :
           having
           put
           her self
           under
           his
           Care
           ,
           follow'd
           him
           in
           his
           Voyages
           ,
           and
           comply'd
           with
           his
           severe
           way
           of
           Living
           :
           yet
           Caesar
           did
           not
           fail
           to
           asperse
           him
           upon
           her
           account
           also
           .
        
         
           
           Pompey's
           Officers
           in
           Asia
           ,
           it
           seems
           ,
           had
           no
           great
           need
           of
           Cato
           .
           But
           he
           brought
           over
           the
           People
           of
           Rhodes
           by
           his
           Perswasions
           ;
           
           and
           leaving
           his
           Sister
           Servilia
           and
           her
           Child
           there
           ,
           he
           returned
           to
           Pompey
           ,
           who
           had
           now
           gotten
           together
           very
           great
           Forces
           both
           by
           Sea
           and
           Land.
           And
           here
           Pompey
           clearly
           betray'd
           his
           own
           Intentions
           .
           For
           at
           first
           he
           design'd
           to
           give
           Cato
           the
           Command
           of
           the
           Navy
           ,
           (
           which
           consisted
           of
           no
           less
           than
           five
           hundred
           Ships
           of
           War
           ,
           besides
           a
           vast
           number
           of
           Pinaces
           ,
           Scouts
           ,
           and
           Tenders
           )
           But
           presently
           bethinking
           himself
           ,
           or
           put
           in
           mind
           by
           his
           Friends
           ;
           that
           
           Cato's
           principal
           and
           only
           aim
           ,
           being
           to
           free
           his
           Countrey
           from
           all
           Usurpation
           :
           if
           he
           were
           Master
           of
           so
           great
           Forces
           ;
           as
           soon
           as
           ever
           Caesar
           should
           be
           conquered
           ,
           he
           would
           certainly
           oblige
           Pompey
           to
           lay
           down
           his
           Arms
           ,
           and
           be
           subject
           to
           the
           Laws
           .
           Therefore
           Pompey
           chang'd
           his
           Mind
           ;
           and
           tho'
           he
           had
           before
           mentioned
           it
           to
           Cato
           ,
           yet
           he
           made
           Bibulus
           Admiral
           .
           Notwithstanding
           this
           ,
           it
           appear'd
           ,
           
           Cato's
           Affection
           to
           the
           publick
           Good
           was
           no
           way
           diminish'd
           .
           For
           when
           they
           were
           ready
           to
           engage
           in
           a
           Battle
           at
           
             Dyrrachium
             ,
             Pompey
          
           himself
           encouraged
           the
           Army
           ,
           and
           commanded
           all
           the
           Officers
           to
           do
           the
           like
           :
           yet
           the
           Souldiers
           hearkened
           to
           them
           but
           coldly
           ,
           and
           with
           silence
           .
           Cato
           spoke
           last
           of
           all
           ;
           and
           discours'd
           to
           them
           out
           of
           the
           Principles
           of
           Philosophy
           ,
           such
           things
           as
           the
           Occasion
           required
           ,
           concerning
           Liberty
           ,
           Valour
           ,
           Death
           and
           Glory
           :
           all
           which
           he
           delivered
           
           with
           great
           vehemence
           of
           Affection
           ;
           and
           concluded
           with
           an
           Invocation
           of
           the
           Gods
           ,
           to
           whom
           he
           directed
           his
           Speech
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           were
           present
           to
           behold
           them
           fight
           for
           their
           Countrey
           .
           At
           this
           the
           Army
           gave
           such
           a
           Shout
           ,
           as
           fill'd
           all
           their
           Leaders
           with
           Hope
           ,
           and
           made
           them
           fall
           on
           without
           fear
           of
           Danger
           .
           
           Caesar's
           Party
           were
           routed
           ,
           and
           put
           to
           flight
           :
           yet
           his
           good
           Fortune
           took
           such
           advantage
           of
           
           Pompey's
           Cautiousness
           and
           Diffidence
           ,
           as
           rendred
           the
           Victory
           incompleat
           .
           But
           of
           this
           we
           have
           spoken
           in
           the
           Life
           of
           Pompey
           .
        
         
           Now
           while
           all
           the
           rest
           rejoyc'd
           ,
           and
           magnified
           their
           Success
           ;
           Cato
           alone
           bewail'd
           his
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           curs'd
           that
           fatal
           Ambition
           ,
           which
           made
           so
           many
           brave
           Romans
           murther
           one
           another
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           ,
           Pompey
           following
           Caesar
           into
           Thessaly
           ,
           left
           at
           Dyrrachium
           a
           great
           quantity
           of
           Munition
           ,
           store
           of
           Riches
           and
           many
           of
           his
           Domesticks
           and
           Relations
           ;
           the
           charge
           of
           all
           which
           he
           gave
           to
           Cato
           ,
           with
           the
           Command
           only
           of
           fifteen
           Cohorts
           ;
           for
           tho'
           he
           trusted
           him
           much
           ,
           yet
           he
           was
           afraid
           of
           him
           too
           :
           knowing
           full
           well
           ,
           that
           if
           he
           succeeded
           not
           ,
           Cato
           would
           never
           forsake
           him
           ;
           but
           if
           he
           conquer'd
           ,
           would
           never
           let
           him
           use
           his
           Victory
           at
           his
           pleasure
           .
           There
           were
           likewise
           many
           Persons
           of
           eminent
           Quality
           ,
           that
           stay'd
           with
           Cato
           at
           Dyrrachium
           .
        
         
         
           When
           they
           heard
           of
           the
           Overthrow
           at
           
             Pharsalia
             ;
             Cato
          
           resolv'd
           with
           himself
           ,
           that
           if
           Pompey
           were
           slain
           ,
           he
           would
           conduct
           those
           that
           were
           with
           him
           ,
           into
           Italy
           ,
           and
           then
           retire
           as
           f●r
           from
           the
           Tyranny
           of
           Caesar
           as
           he
           could
           ,
           and
           live
           in
           Exile
           :
           but
           if
           Pompey
           were
           safe
           ,
           he
           would
           keep
           the
           Army
           together
           for
           him
           .
           With
           this
           Resolution
           he
           pass'd
           over
           to
           Corcyra
           ,
           where
           the
           Navy
           lay
           .
           There
           he
           would
           have
           resign'd
           his
           Command
           to
           Cicero
           :
           because
           he
           had
           been
           Consul
           ,
           and
           himself
           only
           a
           Proetor
           :
           but
           Cicero
           refus'd
           it
           ,
           and
           was
           going
           for
           Italy
           .
           At
           which
           
           Pompey's
           Son
           being
           incens'd
           ,
           would
           rashly
           and
           in
           a
           heat
           have
           punish'd
           all
           those
           who
           were
           going
           away
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           first
           place
           have
           laid
           hands
           on
           Cicero
           :
           but
           Cato
           reprehended
           him
           in
           private
           ,
           and
           diverted
           him
           from
           that
           Design
           ,
           Thus
           apparently
           he
           sav'd
           the
           Life
           of
           Cicero
           ,
           and
           preserv'd
           several
           others
           besides
           .
        
         
           Now
           understanding
           that
           Pompey
           the
           Great
           was
           fled
           toward
           Aegypt
           ,
           or
           
             Lybia
             ,
             Cato
          
           resolved
           to
           hasten
           after
           him
           ;
           and
           having
           taken
           all
           his
           Men
           aboard
           ,
           he
           set
           Sail
           :
           but
           first
           to
           those
           who
           were
           not
           willing
           to
           engage
           ,
           he
           gave
           free
           liberty
           to
           depart
           .
        
         
           When
           they
           came
           to
           the
           Coast
           of
           Africk
           ,
           they
           met
           with
           Sextus
           ,
           Pompey's
           younger
           Son
           ,
           who
           told
           them
           of
           the
           Death
           of
           his
           Father
           in
           Aegypt
           :
           at
           which
           they
           were
           all
           exceedingly
           griev'd
           ,
           and
           declared
           ,
           that
           after
           
           Pompey
           they
           would
           follow
           no
           other
           Leader
           but
           Cato
           .
           Out
           of
           compassion
           therefore
           to
           so
           many
           worthy
           Persons
           ,
           who
           had
           given
           such
           testimones
           of
           their
           Fidelity
           ,
           and
           whom
           he
           could
           not
           for
           shame
           leave
           in
           a
           desart
           Countrey
           ,
           amidst
           so
           many
           Difficulties
           ;
           he
           took
           upon
           him
           the
           Command
           ,
           and
           march'd
           toward
           the
           City
           of
           Cyrene
           ,
           which
           presently
           received
           him
           ,
           tho'
           not
           long
           before
           they
           had
           shut
           their
           Gates
           against
           Labienus
           ,
           Here
           he
           was
           inform'd
           ,
           that
           Scipio
           Pompey's
           Father-in-law
           ,
           was
           received
           by
           King
           Juba
           ;
           and
           that
           
             Appius
             Varus
          
           ,
           whom
           Pompey
           left
           Governour
           of
           Lybia
           ,
           had
           joyn'd
           them
           with
           his
           Forces
           .
           Cato
           therefore
           resolved
           to
           march
           toward
           them
           by
           land
           ,
           it
           being
           Winter
           ;
           and
           having
           got
           together
           a
           great
           many
           Asses
           to
           carry
           Water
           ,
           he
           furnished
           himself
           likewise
           with
           plenty
           of
           all
           other
           Provision
           ,
           and
           a
           number
           of
           Carriages
           :
           he
           took
           also
           with
           him
           some
           of
           those
           they
           call
           Pssilli
           ,
           who
           cure
           the
           biting
           of
           Serpents
           ,
           by
           sucking
           out
           the
           Poyson
           with
           their
           Mouths
           ,
           and
           have
           likewise
           certain
           Charms
           ,
           by
           which
           they
           stupifie
           and
           lay
           asleep
           the
           Serpents
           .
        
         
           Thus
           they
           marched
           seven
           days
           together
           .
           Cato
           all
           the
           time
           went
           on
           Foot
           at
           the
           Head
           of
           his
           Men
           ,
           and
           never
           made
           use
           of
           any
           Horse
           or
           Chariot
           .
           Ever
           since
           the
           Battel
           of
           Pharsalia
           ,
           he
           used
           to
           sit
           at
           Table
           ;
           and
           added
           this
           to
           his
           other
           ways
           of
           Mourning
           ,
           
           that
           he
           never
           lay
           down
           but
           to
           sleep
           .
        
         
           Having
           pass'd
           the
           Winter
           in
           
             Lybia
             ,
             Cato
          
           drew
           out
           his
           Army
           ,
           which
           amounted
           to
           little
           less
           than
           ten
           thousand
           .
           The
           Affairs
           of
           Scipio
           and
           Varus
           went
           very
           ill
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           their
           Dissentions
           and
           Quarrels
           among
           themselves
           ,
           and
           their
           Submissions
           and
           Flatteries
           to
           King
           Juba
           ;
           who
           was
           insupportable
           for
           his
           Vanity
           ,
           and
           the
           Pride
           he
           took
           in
           his
           Strength
           and
           Riches
           .
           The
           first
           time
           he
           came
           to
           a
           conference
           with
           Cato
           ,
           he
           had
           ordered
           his
           own
           Seat
           to
           be
           placed
           in
           the
           middle
           ,
           between
           Scipio
           and
           Cato
           :
           which
           Cato
           observing
           ,
           took
           up
           his
           Chair
           ,
           and
           set
           himself
           on
           the
           other
           side
           of
           Scipio
           ;
           to
           whom
           he
           thus
           gave
           the
           Honour
           of
           sitting
           in
           the
           middle
           ,
           tho'
           he
           were
           his
           Enemy
           ,
           and
           had
           formerly
           published
           a
           scandalous
           Libel
           against
           him
           .
           There
           are
           some
           who
           approve
           not
           this
           Action
           of
           
           Cato's
           :
           and
           yet
           on
           the
           other
           side
           blame
           him
           ;
           for
           that
           in
           Sicily
           ,
           walking
           one
           day
           with
           Philostratus
           ,
           he
           gave
           him
           the
           middle
           Place
           ,
           out
           of
           the
           Respect
           he
           bore
           to
           Philosophy
           .
           Thus
           did
           Cato
           pull
           down
           the
           Spirit
           of
           Juba
           ,
           who
           before
           treated
           Scipio
           and
           Varus
           no
           better
           than
           his
           own
           Subjects
           :
           he
           reconciled
           them
           also
           to
           one
           another
           .
        
         
           All
           the
           Army
           desired
           Cato
           to
           be
           their
           Leader
           :
           Scipio
           likewise
           and
           Varus
           gave
           way
           to
           it
           ,
           and
           Offer'd
           him
           the
           Command
           .
           but
           
           he
           said
           ,
           He
           would
           not
           break
           those
           Laws
           ,
           which
           he
           fought
           to
           defend
           ;
           and
           he
           ,
           being
           but
           Pro-proetor
           ,
           ought
           not
           to
           command
           in
           the
           presence
           of
           a
           Pro-Consul
           ;
           for
           Scipio
           had
           been
           created
           Pro-Consul
           :
           besides
           that
           the
           People
           would
           take
           it
           as
           a
           good
           Omen
           ,
           to
           see
           a
           Scipio
           command
           in
           Africk
           ,
           and
           the
           very
           Name
           would
           give
           Courage
           to
           the
           Souldiers
           .
        
         
           Scipio
           having
           taken
           upon
           him
           the
           Command
           ,
           presently
           resolv'd
           (
           at
           the
           Instigation
           of
           Juba
           )
           to
           put
           all
           the
           Inhabitants
           of
           Vtica
           to
           the
           Sword
           ,
           and
           to
           raze
           the
           City
           ;
           for
           having
           (
           as
           they
           pretended
           )
           taken
           part
           with
           
             Coesar
             .
             Cato
          
           would
           by
           no
           means
           suffer
           this
           :
           but
           invoking
           the
           Gods
           ,
           exclaiming
           and
           protesting
           against
           it
           in
           the
           Council
           of
           War
           ;
           he
           with
           much
           difficulty
           delivered
           the
           poor
           People
           from
           their
           Cruelty
           .
        
         
           Afterward
           ,
           upon
           the
           Entreaty
           of
           the
           Inhabitants
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           Instance
           of
           
             Scipio
             ,
             Cato
          
           took
           upon
           himself
           the
           Government
           of
           Vtica
           ,
           lest
           it
           should
           fall
           into
           
           Coesar's
           hands
           ;
           for
           it
           was
           a
           strong
           Place
           ,
           and
           very
           advantageous
           for
           either
           Party
           :
           yet
           it
           was
           better
           provided
           ,
           and
           more
           fortified
           by
           Cato
           ,
           who
           brought
           in
           great
           store
           of
           Corn
           ,
           repair'd
           the
           walls
           ,
           erected
           Towers
           ,
           made
           deep
           Trenches
           and
           Out-works
           round
           the
           Town
           .
           The
           young
           Men
           of
           Vtica
           he
           lodg'd
           in
           the
           Trenches
           ;
           having
           first
           taken
           their
           Arms
           from
           
           them
           :
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Inhabitants
           he
           kept
           within
           the
           Town
           ,
           and
           took
           great
           care
           ,
           that
           no
           Injury
           should
           be
           done
           ,
           nor
           Affront
           offer'd
           them
           by
           the
           Romans
           .
           From
           hence
           he
           sent
           great
           quantity
           of
           Arms
           ,
           Money
           ,
           and
           Provision
           ,
           to
           the
           Camp
           ,
           and
           made
           this
           City
           their
           chief
           Magazine
           .
        
         
           He
           advis'd
           Scipio
           ,
           as
           he
           had
           before
           done
           
             Pompey
             ,
             by
             no
             means
             to
             hazard
             a
             Battel
             against
             a
             Man
             experienc'd
             in
             War
             ,
             and
             encourag'd
             with
             Success
             ;
             but
             to
             use
             delay
             :
             for
             time
             would
             cool
             the
             Heats
             and
             Passions
             of
             men
             ,
             which
             are
             the
             chief
             support
             and
             strength
             of
             Vsurpers
             .
          
           But
           Scipio
           out
           of
           Pride
           rejected
           this
           Counsel
           ,
           and
           writ
           a
           Letter
           to
           
             Cato
             ;
             in
             which
             he
             reproach'd
             him
             with
             Cowardice
             :
             and
             that
             he
             could
             not
             content
             himself
             to
             lie
             secure
             within
             Walls
             and
             Trenches
             ;
             but
             he
             must
             hinder
             others
             ,
             that
             they
             might
             not
             make
             use
             of
             the
             Courage
             and
             Reason
             they
             have
             to
             lay
             hold
             an
             Occasions
             .
          
           In
           Answer
           to
           this
           ,
           Cato
           writ
           word
           again
           ,
           
             That
             he
             would
             take
             the
             Horse
             and
             Foot
             which
             he
             had
             brought
             into
          
           Africk
           ,
           
             and
             go
             over
             into
          
           Italy
           ,
           
             to
             give
          
           Caesar
           
             some
             Diversion
             there
          
           .
           But
           Scipio
           derided
           this
           Proposition
           also
           .
           Then
           Cato
           openly
           avow'd
           ,
           
             He
             was
             sorry
             he
             had
             yielded
             the
             Command
             to
          
           Scipio
           ,
           
             who
             ,
             he
             saw
             ,
             would
             not
             use
             his
             Power
             wisely
             in
             the
             War
             :
             and
             if
             (
             contrary
             to
             all
             appearance
             )
             he
             should
             succeed
             ;
             doubtless
             he
             would
             use
             his
             Success
             as
             unjustly
             at
             home
             .
          
           
           For
           Cato
           did
           then
           think
           ,
           and
           so
           he
           told
           his
           Friends
           ,
           
             That
             he
             could
             have
             but
             slender
             Hopes
             in
             those
             Generals
             ,
             that
             had
             so
             much
             Boldness
             ,
             and
             so
             little
             Conduct
             .
             Yet
             if
             any
             thing
             should
             happen
             beyond
             Expectation
             ,
             and
          
           Caesar
           
             should
             be
             overthrown
             :
             for
             his
             part
             he
             would
             not
             stay
             at
          
           Rome
           ;
           
             but
             would
             retire
             from
             the
             Cruelty
             and
             Inhumanity
             of
          
           Scipio
           ,
           
             who
             had
             already
             given
             out
             fierce
             and
             proud
             Threats
             against
             many
             .
          
        
         
           But
           what
           Cato
           had
           look'd
           for
           ,
           fell
           out
           sooner
           than
           he
           expected
           .
           For
           about
           midnight
           came
           one
           from
           the
           Army
           ,
           who
           brought
           word
           ,
           There
           had
           been
           a
           great
           Battel
           near
           Thapsus
           :
           that
           all
           was
           utterly
           lost
           ;
           Caesar
           had
           taken
           both
           the
           Camps
           ;
           Scipio
           and
           Juba
           were
           fled
           with
           a
           few
           only
           ;
           and
           the
           rest
           cut
           to
           pieces
           .
           This
           News
           (
           as
           't
           is
           usual
           in
           War
           ,
           and
           coming
           in
           the
           night
           too
           )
           did
           so
           frighten
           the
           People
           ,
           that
           they
           were
           almost
           out
           of
           their
           Wits
           ,
           and
           could
           scarce
           keep
           themselves
           within
           the
           Walls
           of
           the
           City
           :
           but
           Cato
           went
           out
           ,
           and
           meeting
           the
           People
           in
           this
           Hurry
           and
           Clamour
           ,
           did
           comfort
           and
           encourage
           them
           what
           he
           could
           and
           something
           appeas'd
           the
           Fear
           and
           Amazement
           they
           were
           in
           ;
           telling
           them
           ,
           That
           very
           likely
           things
           were
           not
           so
           bad
           in
           truth
           ,
           but
           more
           than
           half
           augmented
           by
           Report
           :
           thus
           he
           pacified
           the
           Tumult
           for
           the
           present
           .
           The
           next
           morning
           he
           assembled
           
           the
           three
           hundred
           ,
           which
           he
           used
           as
           his
           Council
           ;
           these
           were
           Romans
           ,
           who
           traffick'd
           there
           in
           Merchandize
           and
           exchange
           of
           Money
           :
           there
           were
           also
           several
           Senators
           ,
           and
           their
           Sons
           .
           While
           they
           were
           coming
           together
           ,
           Cato
           walked
           about
           very
           quietly
           and
           unconcern'd
           ,
           as
           if
           nothing
           new
           had
           happen'd
           .
           He
           had
           a
           Book
           in
           his
           Hand
           ,
           which
           he
           was
           reading
           ;
           in
           this
           Book
           was
           an
           account
           of
           what
           provision
           he
           had
           for
           War
           ,
           Armour
           ,
           Corn
           ,
           Weapons
           ,
           and
           Souldiers
           .
        
         
           When
           they
           were
           assembled
           ,
           he
           began
           his
           Discourse
           :
           
             First
             with
             the
             three
             hundred
             themselves
             :
             and
             very
             much
             commended
             the
             Courage
             and
             Fidelity
             they
             had
             shown
             ,
             and
             their
             having
             very
             well
             served
             their
             Countrey
             with
             their
             Persons
             ,
             Money
             and
             Counsel
             .
             Then
             he
             entreated
             them
             by
             no
             means
             to
             separate
             ;
             as
             if
             each
             single
             man
             could
             hope
             for
             any
             safety
             in
             forsaking
             his
             Companions
             :
             on
             the
             contrary
             ,
             while
             they
             kept
             together
             ,
          
           Caesar
           
             would
             have
             less
             reason
             to
             despise
             them
             ,
             if
             they
             fought
             against
             him
             ;
             and
             be
             more
             forward
             to
             pardon
             them
             ,
             if
             they
             submitted
             to
             him
             .
             Therefore
             he
             advis'd
             them
             to
             consult
             among
             themselves
             ,
             nor
             would
             he
             dislike
             ,
             whatever
             they
             should
             propose
             if
             they
             thought
             fit
             to
             submit
             to
             Fortune
             ,
             he
             would
             impute
             their
             Change
             to
             Necessity
             ;
             but
             if
             they
             resolved
             to
             stand
             to
             it
             ,
             and
             undergo
             some
             Danger
             for
             the
             sake
             of
             Liberty
             ,
             he
             should
             not
             only
             commend
             ,
             but
             admire
             their
             Valour
             .
          
           
           
             And
             would
             himself
             be
             their
             Leader
             and
             Companion
             too
             ,
             till
             they
             had
             try'd
             the
             utmost
             Fortune
             of
             their
             Countrey
             :
             which
             was
             not
          
           Utica
           or
           Adrumetum
           ,
           but
           Rome
           ;
           
             and
             she
             had
             often
             by
             her
             own
             strength
             ,
             rais'd
             her self
             out
             of
             greater
             Difficulties
             .
             Besides
             ,
             as
             there
             were
             many
             things
             ,
             that
             would
             conduce
             to
             their
             Safety
             ;
             so
             chiefly
             this
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             to
             fight
             against
             one
             ,
             who
             by
             his
             Affairs
             would
             be
             much
             distracted
             ,
             and
             by
             several
             Occasions
             called
             into
             many
             several
             Places
             .
          
           Spain
           
             was
             already
             revolted
             to
             the
             younger
          
           Pompey
           :
           Rome
           
             was
             unaccustomed
             to
             the
             Bridle
             ,
             and
             impatient
             of
             it
             ;
             would
             therefore
             be
             ready
             for
             Commotions
             and
             Insurrections
             ,
             upon
             every
             Turn
             of
             Affairs
             .
             As
             for
             themselves
             ,
             they
             ought
             not
             to
             shrink
             from
             any
             Danger
             :
             and
             in
             this
             might
             take
             Example
             from
             their
             Enemy
             .
             Who
             does
             so
             freely
             expose
             his
             Life
             to
             compass
             his
             unjust
             Designs
             ;
             yet
             never
             can
             hope
             for
             so
             happy
             a
             conclusion
             ,
             as
             they
             may
             promise
             themselves
             :
             for
             ,
             notwithstanding
             the
             uncertainty
             of
             War
             ,
             they
             will
             be
             sure
             of
             a
             most
             happy
             Life
             ,
             if
             they
             succeed
             ;
             or
             a
             most
             glorious
             Death
             ,
             if
             they
             miscarry
             .
             However
             ,
          
           he
           said
           ,
           
             they
             ought
             to
             deliberate
             among
             themselves
             ,
             and
             pray
             to
             the
             Gods
             ,
             that
             in
             recompence
             of
             their
             former
             Courage
             and
             Good-will
             ,
             they
             would
             direct
             their
             future
             Designs
             .
          
           When
           Cato
           had
           thus
           spoken
           ,
           many
           were
           moved
           and
           encouraged
           by
           his
           Speech
           :
           but
           the
           greatest
           part
           were
           so
           animated
           by
           his
           Valour
           ,
           Generosity
           ,
           and
           Goodness
           ,
           that
           they
           
           forgot
           the
           present
           Danger
           .
           And
           as
           if
           he
           were
           the
           only
           invincible
           Leader
           ,
           and
           above
           all
           Fortune
           ,
           they
           entreated
           him
           ,
           
             To
             imploy
             their
             Persons
             ,
             Arms
             ,
             and
             Estates
             ,
             as
             he
             thought
             fit
             :
             for
             they
             esteem'd
             it
             far
             better
             to
             meet
             Death
             ,
             in
             following
             his
             Counsel
             ;
             than
             to
             find
             their
             safety
             ,
             in
             betraying
             one
             of
             so
             great
             Virtue
             .
          
           One
           of
           the
           Assembly
           propos'd
           the
           making
           a
           Decree
           ,
           to
           set
           the
           Slaves
           at
           Liberty
           ;
           and
           most
           of
           the
           rest
           approved
           the
           Motion
           .
           Cato
           said
           ,
           
             That
             ought
             not
             to
             be
             done
             ;
             for
             it
             was
             neither
             just
             nor
             lawful
             :
             but
             if
             any
             of
             their
             Masters
             would
             willingly
             set
             them
             free
             ;
             those
             that
             were
             fit
             for
             Service
             ,
             should
             be
             received
             .
          
           Which
           divers
           promised
           to
           do
           ;
           whose
           Names
           he
           order'd
           to
           be
           enroll'd
           ,
           and
           then
           withdrew
           .
        
         
           Presently
           after
           this
           ,
           he
           received
           Letters
           from
           Juba
           and
           
             Scipio
             .
             Juba
          
           ,
           with
           some
           few
           of
           his
           Men
           ,
           was
           retired
           to
           a
           Mountain
           ,
           where
           he
           waited
           to
           hear
           what
           Cato
           would
           resolve
           upon
           :
           and
           intended
           to
           stay
           there
           for
           him
           ,
           if
           he
           thought
           fit
           to
           leave
           Vtica
           ;
           or
           to
           relieve
           him
           with
           an
           Army
           ,
           if
           he
           were
           besieged
           .
           Scipio
           also
           lay
           at
           Anchor
           ,
           under
           a
           certain
           Promontory
           ,
           not
           far
           from
           Vtica
           ,
           expecting
           an
           Answer
           upon
           the
           same
           account
           :
           but
           Cato
           thought
           fit
           to
           retain
           the
           Messengers
           ,
           till
           the
           three
           hundred
           should
           come
           to
           some
           Resolution
           .
        
         
           As
           for
           the
           Senators
           that
           were
           there
           ,
           they
           
           shew'd
           great
           forwardness
           ,
           and
           did
           presently
           set
           free
           their
           Slaves
           ,
           and
           furnish
           them
           with
           Arms.
           But
           the
           three
           hundred
           being
           Men
           that
           dealt
           in
           Merchandice
           and
           Usury
           ,
           much
           of
           their
           Substance
           also
           consisting
           in
           Slaves
           ;
           the
           Heat
           that
           
           Cato's
           Speech
           had
           rais'd
           in
           them
           ,
           did
           not
           long
           continue
           .
           As
           some
           Bodies
           that
           easily
           admit
           Heat
           ,
           and
           as
           suddenly
           lose
           it
           ,
           when
           the
           Fire
           is
           removed
           :
           so
           these
           Men
           were
           heated
           and
           inflamed
           ,
           while
           Cato
           was
           present
           .
           But
           when
           they
           began
           to
           reason
           among
           themselves
           ,
           the
           Fear
           they
           had
           of
           Coesar
           soon
           overcame
           the
           Reverence
           they
           bore
           to
           
             Cato
             :
             For
             who
             are
             we
             ?
          
           (
           said
           they
           )
           
             and
             who
             is
             it
             we
             refuse
             to
             obey
             ?
             Is
             it
             not
             that
          
           Caesar
           ,
           
             to
             whom
             all
             the
             Power
             of
          
           Rome
           
             has
             submitted
             ?
             And
             which
             of
             us
             is
             a
          
           Scipio
           ,
           a
           Pompey
           ,
           
             or
             a
          
           Cato
           ?
           
             But
             now
             that
             all
             Men
             make
             their
             Honour
             give
             way
             to
             their
             Fear
             ;
             shall
             we
             alone
             engage
             for
             the
             Liberty
             of
          
           Rome
           ?
           
             And
             in
          
           Utica
           
             declare
             War
             against
             him
             ,
             from
             whom
          
           Cato
           and
           Pompey
           
             the
             great
             fled
             out
             of
          
           Italy
           ?
           
             Shall
             we
             set
             free
             our
             Slaves
             against
          
           Caesar
           ,
           
             who
             have
             our selves
             no
             more
             Liberty
             than
             he
             is
             pleas'd
             to
             allow
             ?
             No
             ,
             let
             us
             ,
             poor
             Creatures
             ,
             know
             our selves
             ;
             submit
             to
             the
             Victor
             ,
             and
             send
             Deputies
             to
             implore
             his
             Mercy
             .
          
           Thus
           said
           the
           most
           moderate
           of
           them
           :
           but
           the
           greatest
           part
           were
           for
           seizing
           the
           Senators
           ;
           that
           by
           securing
           them
           ,
           they
           might
           appease
           
           Coesar's
           Anger
           .
           Cato
           though
           he
           perceiv'd
           
           the
           Change
           ,
           took
           no
           notice
           of
           it
           :
           but
           writ
           to
           Juba
           and
           Scipio
           to
           keep
           away
           from
           Vtica
           ,
           because
           he
           mistrusted
           the
           three
           hundred
           .
        
         
           A
           considerable
           Body
           of
           Horse
           ,
           which
           had
           escaped
           from
           the
           late
           Fight
           ,
           were
           coming
           toward
           Vtica
           ,
           and
           had
           sent
           three
           Men
           before
           to
           Cato
           ,
           which
           yet
           did
           not
           all
           bring
           the
           same
           Message
           :
           for
           some
           were
           for
           going
           to
           Juba
           ;
           others
           for
           joyning
           with
           Cato
           ;
           and
           some
           also
           were
           afraid
           to
           go
           into
           Vtica
           .
           When
           Cato
           heard
           this
           ,
           he
           ordered
           
             Marcus
             Rubrius
          
           to
           attend
           upon
           the
           three
           hundred
           ,
           and
           quietly
           take
           the
           Names
           of
           those
           ,
           who
           of
           their
           own
           accord
           set
           their
           Slaves
           at
           Liberty
           ,
           but
           by
           no
           means
           to
           force
           any
           body
           .
           Then
           taking
           with
           him
           the
           Senators
           ,
           he
           went
           out
           of
           the
           Town
           ,
           and
           met
           the
           principal
           Officers
           of
           those
           Horsemen
           ;
           whom
           he
           entreated
           not
           to
           abandon
           so
           many
           worthy
           Roman
           Senators
           ,
           nor
           to
           prefer
           Juba
           for
           their
           Commander
           before
           Cato
           :
           but
           to
           seek
           the
           mutual
           safety
           of
           one
           another
           ,
           and
           to
           come
           into
           the
           City
           ;
           which
           was
           impregnable
           ,
           and
           well
           furnish'd
           with
           Corn
           ,
           and
           other
           Provision
           ,
           sufficient
           for
           many
           years
           :
           the
           Senators
           likewise
           with
           Tears
           besought
           them
           to
           stay
           .
           Hereupon
           the
           Officers
           went
           to
           consult
           their
           Souldiers
           ,
           and
           Cato
           with
           the
           Senators
           sate
           down
           upon
           the
           Works
           ,
           expecting
           their
           Resolution
           .
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           comes
           Rubrius
           in
           great
           Disorder
           ,
           crying
           out
           ,
           The
           three
           hundred
           
           were
           all
           in
           Commotion
           ,
           and
           raising
           Tumults
           in
           the
           City
           .
           At
           this
           all
           the
           rest
           fell
           into
           Despair
           ,
           lamenting
           and
           bewailing
           their
           condition
           :
           but
           Cato
           endeavour'd
           to
           comfort
           them
           ,
           and
           sent
           to
           the
           three
           hundred
           ,
           desiring
           them
           to
           have
           a
           little
           patience
           .
           Then
           the
           Officers
           of
           the
           Horse
           returned
           ,
           with
           no
           very
           reasonable
           Demands
           .
           
             They
             said
             ,
             they
             did
             not
             desire
             to
             serve
          
           Juba
           
             for
             his
             Pay
             ;
             nor
             should
             they
             fear
          
           Caesar
           ,
           
             while
             they
             follow'd
          
           Cato
           :
           
             but
             they
             dreaded
             to
             be
             shut
             up
             with
             the
          
           Uticans
           ,
           
             Men
             of
             a
             traiterous
             Nature
             ,
             and
          
           Carthaginian
           
             Race
             ,
             for
             tho'
             they
             were
             quiet
             at
             present
             :
             yet
             as
             soon
             as
          
           Caesar
           
             should
             appear
             ,
             without
             doubt
             they
             would
             conspire
             together
             ,
             and
             betray
             the
          
           Romans
           .
           
             Therefore
             if
             he
             expected
             they
             should
             joyn
             with
             him
             ;
             he
             must
             drive
             out
             of
             the
             Town
             ,
             or
             destroy
             all
             the
          
           Uticans
           :
           
             that
             he
             might
             receive
             them
             into
             a
             Place
             void
             both
             of
             Enemies
             and
             Barbarians
             .
          
           This
           Cato
           thought
           very
           cruel
           and
           barbarous
           :
           but
           he
           mildly
           answered
           ,
           He
           would
           consult
           the
           three
           hundred
           .
        
         
           Then
           he
           returned
           to
           the
           City
           ,
           where
           he
           found
           the
           Men
           ,
           not
           framing
           Excuses
           ,
           or
           dissembling
           ,
           out
           of
           Reverence
           to
           him
           :
           but
           openly
           refusing
           to
           make
           War
           against
           
             Coesar
             ;
             which
          
           (
           they
           said
           )
           
             they
             were
             neither
             able
             ,
             nor
             willing
             to
             do
             .
          
           And
           some
           there
           were
           who
           muttered
           out
           something
           ,
           about
           retaining
           the
           Senators
           till
           
           Coesar's
           coming
           ;
           but
           Cato
           seemed
           
           not
           to
           hear
           this
           ,
           for
           he
           was
           a
           little
           deaf
           .
           At
           the
           same
           time
           came
           one
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           told
           him
           ,
           The
           Horse
           were
           going
           away
           .
           Cato
           fearing
           least
           the
           three
           hundred
           should
           take
           some
           desperate
           Resolution
           concerning
           the
           Senators
           ,
           he
           presently
           went
           out
           with
           some
           of
           his
           Friends
           ;
           and
           seeing
           they
           were
           gone
           some
           way
           ,
           he
           took
           Horse
           ,
           and
           rid
           after
           them
           .
           They
           ,
           when
           they
           saw
           him
           coming
           ,
           were
           very
           glad
           ,
           and
           receiv'd
           him
           very
           kindly
           ,
           entreating
           him
           to
           save
           himself
           with
           them
           .
           At
           this
           time
           (
           't
           is
           said
           )
           Cato
           shed
           Tears
           ;
           while
           earnestly
           begging
           for
           the
           Senators
           ,
           and
           stretching
           out
           his
           Hands
           ,
           some
           of
           their
           Horses
           he
           stopp'd
           ,
           and
           hung
           upon
           their
           Arms
           ,
           till
           he
           had
           prevailed
           with
           them
           ,
           out
           of
           Compassion
           ,
           to
           stay
           only
           that
           one
           day
           ,
           to
           procure
           a
           safe
           Retreat
           for
           the
           Senators
           .
           Having
           thus
           persuaded
           them
           to
           go
           along
           with
           him
           ,
           some
           he
           plac'd
           at
           the
           Gates
           of
           the
           Town
           ,
           and
           to
           others
           gave
           the
           charge
           of
           the
           Citadel
           .
           Now
           the
           three
           hundred
           began
           to
           fear
           ,
           they
           should
           suffer
           for
           their
           Inconstancy
           ,
           and
           sent
           to
           Cato
           ,
           entreating
           him
           by
           all
           means
           to
           come
           to
           them
           ;
           but
           the
           Senators
           flocking
           about
           him
           ,
           would
           not
           suffer
           him
           to
           go
           ,
           and
           said
           ,
           They
           would
           not
           trust
           their
           Guardian
           and
           Saviour
           to
           the
           Hands
           of
           perfidious
           Traitors
           .
        
         
           At
           this
           instant
           (
           in
           my
           opinion
           )
           did
           most
           evidently
           appear
           to
           all
           in
           Vtica
           ,
           the
           Excellence
           ,
           
           the
           Clearness
           ,
           and
           admirable
           Simplicity
           of
           
           Cato's
           Virtue
           ;
           how
           sincere
           ,
           untainted
           ,
           and
           free
           it
           was
           from
           any
           mixture
           of
           Self-regard
           :
           that
           he
           ,
           who
           had
           long
           before
           resolv'd
           on
           his
           own
           Death
           ,
           should
           take
           such
           extream
           pains
           ,
           toil
           ,
           and
           care
           ,
           only
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           others
           :
           that
           when
           he
           had
           secured
           their
           Lives
           ,
           he
           might
           put
           an
           end
           to
           his
           own
           ;
           for
           't
           was
           easily
           perceived
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           determined
           to
           die
           ,
           tho'
           he
           did
           endeavour
           not
           to
           let
           it
           appear
           .
        
         
           Therefore
           having
           pacified
           the
           Senators
           ,
           he
           hearkened
           to
           the
           Request
           of
           the
           three
           hundred
           ,
           and
           went
           to
           them
           alone
           without
           any
           Attendance
           .
           
             They
             gave
             him
             many
             thanks
             ,
             and
             entreated
             him
             to
             imploy
             and
             trust
             them
             for
             the
             future
             ;
             but
             in
             that
             they
             were
             not
          
           Cato
           '
           
             s
             ,
             and
             could
             not
             come
             up
             to
             his
             greatness
             of
             Courage
             ,
             they
             begg'd
             ,
             he
             would
             pity
             their
             weakness
             ;
             and
             told
             him
             ,
             they
             had
             decreed
             to
             send
             to
          
           Caesar
           ,
           
             and
             entreat
             him
             chiefly
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             first
             place
             for
          
           Cato
           ;
           
             and
             if
             they
             could
             not
             prevail
             for
             him
             ,
             they
             would
             not
             accept
             of
             pardon
             for
             themselves
             ,
             but
             as
             long
             as
             they
             had
             breath
             ,
             would
             fight
             in
             his
             defence
             .
             Cato
          
           commended
           their
           good
           Intentions
           ;
           
             and
             advised
             them
             to
             send
             speedily
             ,
             for
             their
             own
             safety
             ,
             but
             by
             no
             means
             to
             ask
             any
             thing
             in
             his
             behalf
             ;
             for
             those
             who
             are
             conquer'd
             ,
             must
             submit
             ,
             and
             those
             who
             have
             done
             wrong
             ,
             beg
             pardon
             :
             for
             himself
             ,
             he
             was
             never
             overcome
             in
             all
             his
             Life
             ,
             but
          
           
           
             rather
             so
             far
             as
             he
             thought
             fit
             ,
             had
             got
             the
             Victory
             ,
             and
             had
             conquered
          
           Caesar
           ,
           
             in
             what
             was
             just
             and
             honest
             .
             And
             indeed
          
           Caesar
           
             might
             be
             look'd
             upon
             ,
             as
             one
             surpriz'd
             and
             vanquish'd
             ;
             for
             he
             was
             now
             forc'd
             to
             discover
             and
             own
             those
             Designs
             ,
             which
             he
             had
             so
             long
             deny'd
             ,
             and
             always
             practised
             against
             his
             Countrey
             .
          
           When
           he
           had
           thus
           spoken
           ,
           he
           went
           out
           of
           the
           Assembly
           ;
           and
           being
           informed
           ,
           that
           Coesar
           was
           coming
           with
           his
           whole
           Army
           ;
           Alas
           !
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             does
             he
             come
             against
             us
             ,
             as
             against
             men
             ?
          
           Then
           he
           went
           to
           the
           Senators
           ,
           and
           urged
           them
           to
           make
           no
           delay
           ,
           but
           hasten
           to
           be
           gone
           ,
           while
           the
           Horsemen
           were
           yet
           in
           the
           City
           .
           So
           ordering
           all
           the
           Gates
           to
           be
           shut
           ,
           except
           one
           toward
           the
           Sea
           ,
           he
           appointed
           Ships
           for
           those
           that
           were
           to
           depart
           ,
           and
           gave
           Money
           and
           Provision
           to
           those
           that
           wanted
           :
           All
           which
           he
           did
           with
           great
           Order
           and
           Exactness
           ,
           taking
           care
           to
           suppress
           all
           Tumults
           ,
           and
           that
           no
           wrong
           should
           be
           done
           to
           the
           People
           .
        
         
           
             Marcus
             Octavius
          
           coming
           with
           two
           Legions
           ,
           encamped
           near
           Vtica
           ,
           and
           sent
           to
           Cato
           ,
           to
           treat
           about
           the
           chief
           Command
           .
           Cato
           return'd
           him
           no
           Answer
           ,
           but
           said
           to
           his
           Friends
           ;
           
             No
             wonder
             all
             goes
             ill
             with
             us
             ,
             who
             are
             so
             much
             taken
             up
             with
             Ambition
             ,
             even
             upon
             the
             point
             of
             our
             Ruine
             .
          
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           word
           was
           brought
           him
           ,
           that
           the
           Horse
           were
           going
           away
           ,
           and
           about
           to
           spoyl
           and
           plunder
           
           the
           
             Vticans
             .
             Cato
          
           ran
           to
           them
           ,
           and
           from
           the
           first
           he
           met
           ,
           snatch'd
           what
           they
           had
           taken
           ;
           the
           rest
           threw
           down
           all
           they
           had
           gotten
           ,
           and
           went
           away
           silent
           ,
           and
           asham'd
           of
           what
           they
           had
           done
           .
           Then
           he
           called
           together
           the
           Citizens
           of
           Vtica
           ,
           and
           requested
           them
           ,
           in
           behalf
           of
           the
           three
           hundred
           ,
           not
           to
           exasperate
           Coesar
           against
           them
           ,
           but
           all
           to
           seek
           their
           common
           Safety
           together
           with
           them
           .
           After
           that
           he
           went
           again
           to
           the
           Port
           ,
           to
           see
           those
           who
           were
           about
           to
           imbark
           ;
           and
           there
           he
           embrac'd
           and
           dismiss'd
           those
           of
           his
           Friends
           and
           Acquaintance
           ,
           whom
           he
           had
           persuaded
           to
           go
           .
           As
           for
           his
           Son
           ,
           he
           did
           not
           counsel
           him
           to
           be
           gone
           ,
           nor
           did
           he
           think
           fit
           to
           persuade
           him
           to
           forsake
           his
           Father
           .
           But
           there
           was
           one
           Statyllius
           ,
           a
           young
           Man
           ,
           in
           the
           flower
           of
           his
           Age
           ,
           one
           of
           a
           brave
           Spirit
           ,
           and
           very
           desirous
           to
           imitate
           the
           invincible
           Constancy
           of
           Cato
           ,
           who
           entreated
           him
           to
           go
           away
           ,
           for
           he
           was
           a
           noted
           Enemy
           to
           Coesar
           ;
           but
           he
           refused
           to
           go
           .
           Then
           Cato
           looking
           upon
           Apollonides
           the
           Stoick
           Philosopher
           ,
           and
           Demetrius
           the
           
             Peripatetick
             ;
             It
             belongs
             to
             you
          
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             to
             bring
             down
             this
             young
             man's
             Spirit
             ,
             and
             to
             make
             him
             know
             what
             is
             good
             for
             him
             .
          
           Thus
           having
           dismiss'd
           all
           the
           rest
           ,
           he
           returned
           to
           his
           Affairs
           ,
           gave
           Audience
           ,
           and
           dispatch'd
           Business
           ;
           in
           which
           he
           spent
           that
           night
           ,
           and
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           the
           next
           day
           .
        
         
         
           
             Lucius
             Coesar
          
           ,
           a
           Kinsman
           of
           Julius
           Coesar's
           ,
           being
           appointed
           to
           go
           Deputy
           for
           the
           three
           hundred
           ,
           came
           to
           Cato
           ,
           and
           desired
           he
           would
           assist
           him
           to
           make
           a
           persuasive
           Speech
           for
           them
           :
           
             And
             as
             to
             you
             your self
          
           ,
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             I
             shall
             not
             scruple
             to
             kiss
             the
             Hands
             ,
             and
             fall
             at
             the
             Knees
             of
          
           Caesar
           ,
           
             in
             your
             behalf
          
           .
           But
           Cato
           would
           by
           no
           means
           permit
           him
           to
           do
           any
           such
           thing
           :
           
             For
             as
             to
             my self
          
           ,
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             if
             I
             would
             be
             preserved
             by
          
           Caesar's
           
             Favour
             ,
             I
             should
             my self
             go
             to
             him
             ;
             but
             I
             will
             not
             be
             beholding
             to
             a
             Tyrant
             ,
             for
             those
             very
             things
             that
             are
             Marks
             of
             Tyranny
             :
             for
             't
             is
             an
             instance
             of
             his
             Vsurpation
             to
             preserve
             men
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             were
             Lord
             of
             their
             Lives
             ,
             over
             whom
             he
             has
             no
             right
             to
             raign
             ;
             but
             if
             you
             please
             ,
             let
             us
             consider
             what
             you
             had
             best
             say
             for
             the
             three
             hundred
             .
          
           And
           when
           they
           had
           continued
           some
           time
           together
           ,
           as
           Lucius
           was
           going
           away
           ,
           Cato
           recommended
           to
           him
           his
           Son
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Friends
           ;
           and
           taking
           him
           by
           the
           Hand
           ,
           bid
           him
           farewel
           .
        
         
           Then
           he
           retired
           to
           his
           House
           again
           ,
           and
           called
           together
           his
           Son
           and
           his
           Friends
           ;
           to
           whom
           he
           discoursed
           of
           several
           things
           :
           Among
           the
           rest
           ,
           he
           forbad
           his
           Son
           to
           engage
           himself
           in
           the
           Affairs
           of
           State
           ?
           
             For
             to
             act
             therein
             ,
             as
             became
             him
             ,
             was
             now
             impossible
             ;
             and
             to
             do
             otherwise
             ,
             would
             be
             dishonourable
             .
          
        
         
           Toward
           Evening
           he
           went
           into
           his
           Bath
           .
           As
           he
           was
           bathing
           ,
           he
           remembred
           Statyllius
           ,
           
           and
           cryed
           out
           aloud
           ,
           Well
           Apollonides
           ,
           
             you
             have
             brought
             down
             the
             high
             Spirit
             of
          
           Statyllius
           ;
           
             and
             is
             he
             gone
             without
             bidding
             us
             farewel
             ?
             No
             ,
          
           (
           said
           
             Apollonides
             )
             I
             have
             discours'd
             much
             to
             him
             ,
             but
             to
             little
             purpose
             ;
             he
             is
             still
             resolute
             and
             unalterable
             ,
             and
             declares
             ,
             he
             is
             determined
             to
             follow
             your
             Example
             .
          
           At
           this
           (
           't
           is
           said
           )
           Cato
           smiled
           ,
           and
           answer'd
           ,
           
             That
             will
             soon
             be
             try'd
          
           .
        
         
           After
           he
           had
           bath'd
           ,
           he
           went
           to
           Supper
           ,
           with
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           Company
           ,
           at
           which
           he
           sate
           ,
           as
           he
           had
           always
           us'd
           to
           do
           ,
           ever
           since
           the
           Battel
           of
           Pharsalia
           ;
           for
           since
           that
           time
           he
           never
           lay
           down
           ,
           but
           when
           he
           went
           to
           sleep
           .
           There
           supped
           with
           him
           all
           his
           own
           Acquaintance
           ,
           and
           several
           of
           the
           principal
           Citizens
           of
           Vtica
           .
        
         
           After
           Supper
           ,
           the
           Wine
           produced
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           Wit
           ,
           and
           learned
           Discourse
           ;
           many
           Philosophical
           Questions
           were
           discussed
           :
           At
           length
           they
           came
           to
           the
           strange
           opinions
           of
           the
           Stoicks
           ,
           called
           Paradoxes
           ;
           and
           to
           this
           in
           particular
           ,
           
             That
             the
             good
             man
             only
             is
             free
             ,
             and
             that
             all
             wicked
             Men
             are
             Slaves
             .
          
           The
           Peripatetick
           (
           as
           't
           is
           likely
           )
           opposing
           this
           ,
           Cato
           fell
           upon
           him
           very
           warmly
           ;
           and
           somewhat
           raising
           his
           Voice
           ,
           he
           argued
           the
           Matter
           in
           a
           Discourse
           of
           some
           length
           ,
           which
           he
           urged
           with
           such
           wonderful
           Vehemence
           ,
           that
           't
           was
           apparent
           to
           every
           body
           ,
           he
           was
           resolved
           to
           put
           an
           end
           to
           his
           Life
           ,
           and
           set
           
           himself
           at
           Liberty
           .
           Hereupon
           ,
           when
           he
           had
           done
           speaking
           ,
           there
           was
           a
           great
           Silence
           ,
           and
           the
           Company
           much
           dejected
           :
           but
           Cato
           ,
           to
           divert
           them
           from
           any
           suspicion
           of
           his
           Design
           ,
           turned
           the
           Discourse
           ,
           and
           fell
           again
           to
           talk
           of
           the
           present
           Affairs
           ,
           shewing
           great
           Concern
           for
           those
           that
           were
           at
           Sea
           ,
           as
           also
           for
           the
           others
           ,
           who
           travelling
           by
           Land
           ,
           were
           to
           pass
           through
           a
           dry
           and
           barbarous
           Desart
           .
        
         
           When
           the
           Company
           was
           broke
           up
           ,
           Cato
           walked
           with
           his
           Friends
           ,
           as
           he
           us'd
           to
           do
           after
           Supper
           ,
           gave
           the
           necessary
           Orders
           to
           the
           Officers
           of
           the
           Watch
           ;
           and
           going
           into
           his
           Chamber
           ,
           he
           embraced
           his
           Son
           ,
           and
           every
           one
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           with
           more
           than
           usual
           Ardour
           ,
           which
           again
           renew'd
           their
           suspicion
           of
           his
           Design
           .
           Then
           laying
           himself
           down
           ,
           he
           took
           into
           his
           Hand
           
           Plato's
           Dialogue
           concerning
           the
           Soul
           :
           having
           read
           more
           than
           half
           the
           Book
           ,
           he
           looked
           up
           ,
           and
           missing
           his
           Sword
           ,
           (
           which
           his
           Son
           had
           taken
           away
           ,
           while
           he
           was
           at
           Supper
           )
           he
           called
           his
           Servant
           ,
           and
           asked
           .
           Who
           had
           taken
           away
           his
           Sword
           ?
           The
           Servant
           making
           no
           Answer
           ,
           he
           fell
           to
           reading
           again
           :
           And
           a
           little
           after
           ,
           not
           seeming
           importunate
           ,
           or
           hasty
           for
           it
           ,
           but
           as
           if
           he
           would
           only
           know
           what
           was
           become
           of
           it
           ,
           he
           bid
           it
           be
           brought
           .
           But
           having
           stay'd
           some
           time
           ,
           he
           had
           read
           over
           the
           Book
           ,
           and
           no
           body
           brought
           the
           
           Sword
           :
           whereupon
           he
           called
           up
           all
           his
           Servants
           ,
           and
           in
           a
           hasty
           Tone
           demanded
           his
           Sword.
           To
           one
           of
           them
           he
           gave
           such
           a
           Blow
           in
           the
           Mouth
           ,
           that
           he
           hurt
           his
           own
           Hand
           ;
           and
           now
           grew
           more
           angry
           ,
           crying
           out
           ,
           He
           was
           betray'd
           ,
           and
           delivered
           naked
           to
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           by
           his
           Son
           and
           his
           Servants
           .
           Then
           his
           Son
           with
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           came
           running
           into
           the
           Room
           ,
           and
           falling
           at
           his
           Feet
           ,
           began
           to
           lament
           and
           beseech
           him
           :
           But
           Cato
           raising
           up
           himself
           ,
           and
           looking
           fiercely
           ;
           When
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             and
             how
             did
             I
             fall
             distracted
             ?
             Why
             does
             no
             body
             persuade
             me
             by
             Reason
             ,
             or
             teach
             me
             what
             is
             better
             ,
             if
             I
             have
             design'd
             any
             thing
             that
             's
             ill
             ?
             But
             must
             I
             be
             disarm'd
             ,
             and
             hindred
             from
             using
             my
             own
             Reason
             ?
             And
             you
             ,
             young
             man
             ,
             why
             don't
             you
             bind
             your
             Fathers
             Hands
             behind
             him
             ,
             that
             when
          
           Caesar
           
             comes
             ,
             he
             may
             find
             me
             unable
             to
             defend
             my self
             ?
             Nor
             do
             I
             want
             a
             Sword
             to
             dispatch
             my self
             ;
             I
             need
             but
             hold
             my
             Breath
             a
             while
             ,
             or
             strike
             my
             Head
             against
             the
             Wall.
          
           When
           he
           had
           thus
           spoken
           ,
           his
           Son
           went
           weeping
           out
           of
           the
           Chamber
           ,
           and
           with
           him
           all
           the
           rest
           ,
           except
           Demetrius
           and
           Apollonides
           ;
           who
           being
           left
           alone
           with
           him
           ,
           to
           them
           he
           began
           to
           speak
           more
           calmly
           :
           
             And
             you
          
           ,
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             do
             you
             think
             to
             keep
             a
             Man
             of
             my
             Age
             alive
             by
             Force
             ?
             And
             do
             you
             sit
             silent
             here
             to
             watch
             me
             ?
             Or
             can
             you
             bring
             any
             Reason
             to
             prove
             ,
             that
             it
             is
             not
             base
             ,
             and
             unworthy
          
           
           Cato
           ,
           
             when
             he
             can
             find
             his
             Safety
             no
             other
             way
             ,
             to
             seek
             it
             from
             his
             Enemy
             ?
             Or
             why
             do
             you
             not
             perswade
             us
             ,
             to
             unlearn
             what
             we
             have
             been
             taught
             ,
             that
             rejecting
             all
             the
             Opinions
             we
             have
             hitherto
             established
             ,
             we
             may
             now
             by
          
           Caesars's
           
             means
             grow
             wiser
             ,
             and
             be
             yet
             more
             oblig'd
             to
             him
             ,
             than
             for
             Life
             only
             ?
             not
             that
             I
             have
             determined
             ought
             concerning
             my self
             ,
             but
             I
             would
             have
             it
             in
             my
             power
             to
             perform
             ▪
             what
             I
             shall
             think
             fit
             to
             resolve
             ;
             and
             I
             shall
             not
             fail
             to
             ask
             your
             Counsel
             ,
             when
             I
             have
             occasion
             to
             use
             what
             your
             Philosophy
             teaches
             :
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             ,
             don't
             trouble
             your selves
             ,
             but
             go
             tell
             my
             Son
             ,
             that
             he
             should
             not
             compel
             his
             Father
             ,
             to
             what
             he
             cannot
             persuade
             him
             .
          
           They
           made
           him
           no
           Answer
           ,
           but
           went
           weeping
           out
           of
           the
           Chamber
           .
           Then
           the
           Sword
           being
           brought
           in
           by
           a
           little
           Boy
           ,
           Cato
           took
           it
           ,
           drew
           it
           out
           and
           looked
           on
           it
           ;
           and
           when
           he
           saw
           the
           Point
           was
           good
           ,
           Now
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             I
             am
             Master
             of
             my self
          
           :
           And
           laying
           down
           the
           Sword
           ,
           he
           took
           his
           Book
           again
           ,
           which
           ,
           't
           is
           reported
           he
           read
           twice
           over
           .
           After
           this
           he
           slept
           so
           soundly
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           heard
           snore
           by
           those
           that
           were
           without
           .
        
         
           About
           Midnight
           he
           called
           up
           two
           of
           his
           Freed-men
           ,
           Cleanthes
           ,
           his
           Physician
           ,
           and
           Butas
           ,
           whom
           he
           chiefly
           imploy'd
           in
           publick
           Affairs
           :
           him
           he
           sent
           to
           the
           port
           ,
           to
           see
           if
           all
           the
           Romans
           were
           gone
           :
           to
           the
           Physician
           he
           gave
           his
           Hand
           to
           be
           dressed
           ,
           for
           it
           was
           swell'd
           by
           the
           Blow
           he
           had
           struck
           one
           of
           
           his
           Servants
           .
           At
           this
           they
           all
           rejoic'd
           ,
           hoping
           that
           now
           he
           design'd
           to
           live
           .
        
         
           
             But
             as
          
           ,
           after
           a
           little
           while
           ,
           returned
           ,
           and
           brought
           word
           ,
           they
           were
           all
           gone
           ,
           except
           Crassus
           ,
           who
           had
           stay'd
           about
           some
           Business
           ,
           but
           was
           just
           ready
           to
           depart
           :
           he
           said
           also
           ,
           That
           the
           Wind
           was
           high
           ,
           and
           the
           Sea
           very
           rough
           .
           Cato
           hearing
           this
           ,
           sigh'd
           ,
           out
           of
           Compassion
           to
           those
           who
           were
           at
           Sea
           ,
           and
           sent
           
             But
             as
          
           again
           ,
           to
           see
           if
           any
           of
           them
           should
           happen
           to
           return
           for
           any
           thing
           they
           wanted
           ,
           and
           to
           acquaint
           him
           therewith
           .
        
         
           Now
           the
           Birds
           began
           to
           sing
           ,
           and
           Cato
           again
           fell
           into
           a
           little
           Slumber
           .
           At
           length
           
             But
             as
          
           came
           back
           ,
           and
           told
           him
           ,
           All
           was
           quiet
           in
           the
           Haven
           :
           Then
           Cato
           ,
           laying
           himself
           down
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           would
           sleep
           out
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           night
           ,
           bid
           him
           shut
           the
           Door
           after
           him
           .
           But
           as
           soon
           as
           
             But
             as
          
           was
           gone
           out
           ,
           he
           took
           his
           Sword
           ,
           and
           stabb'd
           it
           into
           his
           Breast
           ;
           yet
           not
           being
           able
           to
           use
           his
           Hand
           so
           well
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           Swelling
           ,
           he
           did
           not
           immediately
           die
           of
           the
           Wound
           ,
           but
           struggling
           ,
           fell
           out
           of
           the
           Bed
           ,
           and
           throwing
           down
           a
           little
           Mathematical
           Table
           that
           stood
           by
           ,
           made
           such
           a
           noise
           ,
           that
           the
           Servants
           hearing
           it
           ,
           cry'd
           out
           .
           And
           immediately
           his
           Son
           and
           all
           his
           Friends
           came
           into
           the
           Chamber
           ,
           where
           seeing
           him
           lie
           weltring
           in
           his
           Blood
           ,
           great
           part
           of
           his
           Bowels
           out
           of
           his
           Body
           ,
           himself
           not
           quite
           dead
           ,
           but
           looking
           
           ghastly
           ,
           they
           all
           stood
           amazed
           .
           The
           Physician
           went
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           would
           have
           put
           in
           his
           Bowels
           ,
           which
           were
           not
           pierced
           ,
           and
           sow'd
           up
           the
           Wound
           :
           Cato
           hereupon
           coming
           to
           himself
           ,
           thrust
           away
           the
           Physician
           ,
           pluck'd
           out
           his
           own
           Bowels
           ,
           and
           tearing
           open
           the
           Wound
           ,
           immediately
           expired
           .
        
         
           In
           less
           time
           than
           one
           would
           think
           his
           own
           Family
           could
           have
           known
           this
           Accident
           ,
           all
           the
           three
           hundred
           were
           at
           the
           Door
           .
           And
           a
           little
           after
           the
           People
           of
           Vtica
           flock'd
           thither
           ,
           crying
           out
           with
           one
           Voice
           ,
           
             He
             was
             their
             Benefactor
             ,
             and
             their
             Saviour
             ,
             the
             only
             free
             ,
             and
             only
             invincible
             man.
          
           At
           the
           very
           same
           instant
           they
           had
           News
           that
           Caesar
           was
           coming
           ;
           yet
           neither
           fear
           of
           the
           present
           Danger
           ,
           nor
           desire
           to
           flatter
           the
           Conquerer
           ,
           nor
           the
           Commotions
           and
           Discord
           among
           themselves
           ,
           could
           divert
           them
           from
           doing
           Honour
           to
           Cato
           :
           for
           they
           sumptuously
           set
           out
           his
           Body
           ,
           made
           him
           a
           magnificent
           Funeral
           ,
           and
           buried
           him
           by
           the
           Sea-side
           ,
           where
           now
           stands
           his
           Statue
           ,
           holding
           a
           Sword.
           Which
           being
           done
           ,
           they
           returned
           to
           consider
           of
           preserving
           themselves
           and
           their
           City
           .
        
         
           Coesar
           had
           been
           advertised
           ,
           that
           Cato
           stay'd
           at
           Vtica
           ,
           and
           did
           not
           seek
           to
           fly
           ;
           that
           he
           had
           sent
           away
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Romans
           ,
           but
           ,
           himself
           ,
           with
           his
           Son
           ,
           and
           a
           few
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           continued
           there
           very
           unconcernedly
           ;
           
           so
           that
           he
           could
           not
           imagine
           what
           might
           be
           his
           Design
           :
           but
           having
           a
           great
           Consideration
           for
           the
           Man
           ,
           he
           hastned
           thither
           with
           his
           Army
           .
           When
           he
           heard
           of
           
           Cato's
           Death
           ,
           't
           is
           reported
           ,
           he
           said
           these
           words
           :
           
             Cato
             ,
             I
             envy
             thee
             thy
             Death
             ,
             for
             thou
             hast
             envy'd
             me
             the
             preservation
             of
             thy
             Life
             .
          
           And
           indeed
           if
           Cato
           would
           have
           suffer'd
           himself
           to
           be
           preserved
           by
           Coesar
           ,
           't
           is
           like
           he
           would
           not
           so
           much
           have
           impar'd
           his
           own
           Honour
           ,
           as
           augmented
           the
           others
           Glory
           ;
           yet
           what
           would
           have
           been
           done
           ,
           we
           cannot
           know
           ,
           but
           from
           
           Coesar's
           usual
           Clemency
           ,
           we
           may
           guess
           what
           was
           most
           likely
           .
        
         
           Cato
           was
           forty
           eight
           years
           old
           when
           he
           Dy'd
           .
           His
           Son
           suffered
           no
           Injury
           from
           Coesar
           ;
           but
           't
           is
           said
           ,
           he
           grew
           idle
           ,
           and
           debauch'd
           with
           Women
           .
           In
           Cappadocia
           he
           lodg'd
           at
           the
           House
           of
           Marphadates
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           Royal
           Family
           ,
           who
           had
           a
           very
           handsom
           Wife
           ,
           where
           staying
           longer
           than
           was
           decent
           ,
           he
           was
           reflected
           on
           by
           some
           ,
           that
           made
           such
           Jests
           as
           these
           upon
           him
           ;
           
             Cato
             goes
             to
             morrow
             ,
             after
             thirty
             days
             ,
             and
          
           Porcius
           and
           Marphadates
           
             are
             two
             Friends
             ,
             that
             have
             but
             one
             Soul
             ,
          
           (
           for
           Marphadates
           Wife
           was
           named
           Psyche
           ,
           i.
           e.
           Soul
           :
           )
           and
           
             Cato
             is
             very
             well
             born
             ,
             and
             an
             illustrious
             Man
             ,
             for
             he
             has
             a
             Royal
             Soul.
             
          
        
         
           But
           all
           these
           Stains
           were
           clearly
           wip'd
           off
           by
           the
           Bravery
           of
           his
           Death
           ;
           for
           in
           the
           Battle
           of
           Philippi
           ,
           where
           he
           fought
           for
           his
           
           Countrey
           's
           Liberty
           ,
           against
           Caesar
           and
           Antony
           ,
           when
           the
           Army
           was
           broken
           ,
           he
           disdaining
           to
           fly
           or
           to
           escape
           ,
           called
           out
           to
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           shew'd
           them
           who
           he
           was
           ,
           and
           encouraged
           those
           of
           his
           Party
           to
           stay
           ;
           At
           length
           he
           fell
           ,
           and
           left
           his
           Enemies
           in
           admiration
           of
           his
           Valour
           .
        
         
           Nor
           was
           the
           Daughter
           of
           Cato
           inferiour
           to
           the
           rest
           of
           her
           Family
           ,
           for
           Prudence
           and
           greatness
           of
           Spirit
           .
           She
           was
           married
           to
           Brutus
           ,
           who
           killed
           Caesar
           ;
           was
           acquainted
           with
           that
           Conspiracy
           ,
           and
           ended
           her
           Life
           ,
           as
           became
           one
           of
           her
           Birth
           and
           Vertue
           :
           All
           which
           is
           related
           in
           the
           Life
           of
           Brutus
           .
        
         
           Statyllius
           ,
           who
           said
           he
           would
           imitate
           Cato
           ,
           was
           at
           that
           time
           hindred
           by
           the
           Philosophers
           when
           he
           would
           have
           put
           an
           end
           to
           his
           Life
           .
           He
           afterward
           follow'd
           Brutus
           ,
           to
           whom
           he
           was
           very
           faithful
           and
           very
           serviceable
           ,
           and
           died
           in
           the
           Field
           of
           Philippi
           .
        
         
      
       
         
         
           
             
               AGIS
               AND
               CLEOMENES
               .
            
             depiction of Agis and Cleomenes
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
            
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
            
             
               MBurg
               .
               sculp
               .
            
          
        
         
         
           THE
           LIFE
           OF
           AGIS
           .
        
         
           Translated
           from
           the
           Greek
           ,
           by
           Sir
           
             Robert
             Thorald
          
           .
        
         
           THe
           Fable
           of
           Ixion
           ,
           who
           imbracing
           a
           Cloud
           instead
           of
           Juno
           ,
           begot
           the
           Centaurs
           ,
           was
           ingeniously
           enough
           invented
           to
           represent
           to
           us
           ambitious
           Men
           ,
           whose
           Minds
           doting
           on
           Glory
           ,
           (
           which
           is
           a
           meer
           Image
           of
           Vertue
           )
           produce
           nothing
           that
           is
           genuine
           or
           uniform
           ,
           but
           born
           away
           by
           violent
           and
           contrary
           Passions
           ,
           their
           Actions
           being
           the
           off-spring
           of
           such
           a
           Conjunction
           ,
           must
           needs
           be
           deform'd
           and
           unnatural
           ;
           
           and
           they
           may
           say
           with
           the
           Hersdmen
           in
           the
           Tragedy
           of
           Sophocles
           .
        
         
           
             We
             follow
             those
             whom
             we
             ought
             to
             govern
             ,
          
           
             And
             they
             command
             us
             ,
             tho'
             th'
             are
             dumb
             .
          
        
         
           That
           is
           indeed
           the
           true
           condition
           of
           those
           ambitious
           Men
           ,
           who
           to
           gain
           a
           vain
           Title
           of
           Magistracy
           ,
           are
           content
           to
           subject
           themselves
           to
           the
           Humours
           of
           the
           People
           :
           for
           as
           they
           who
           row
           in
           the
           fore-part
           of
           the
           Ship
           ,
           may
           seem
           to
           guide
           the
           Motions
           of
           it
           ,
           yet
           have
           continually
           an
           eye
           on
           the
           Pilot
           who
           sits
           at
           the
           Helm
           ,
           and
           must
           proceed
           in
           the
           Course
           he
           will
           steer
           ;
           so
           these
           Men
           ,
           steer'd
           as
           I
           may
           say
           by
           popular
           Applause
           ,
           tho'
           they
           bear
           the
           Name
           of
           Governours
           ,
           are
           in
           reality
           Slaves
           to
           the
           Mobile
           .
           The
           Man
           who
           is
           compleatly
           wise
           and
           virtuous
           ,
           regards
           not
           Glory
           ,
           but
           only
           as
           it
           disposes
           and
           prepares
           his
           way
           to
           great
           Attempts
           .
           A
           young
           Man
           ,
           I
           grant
           ,
           may
           be
           permitted
           to
           glory
           a
           little
           in
           his
           good
           Actions
           ;
           for
           (
           as
           Theophrastus
           says
           )
           his
           Vertues
           which
           are
           yet
           tender
           ,
           and
           as
           it
           were
           in
           the
           bud
           ,
           cherish'd
           and
           supported
           by
           Praises
           ,
           grow
           stronger
           ,
           and
           take
           the
           deeper
           root
           :
           but
           when
           this
           Passion
           is
           exhorbitant
           ,
           't
           is
           dangerous
           in
           all
           men
           ,
           and
           especially
           in
           those
           who
           govern
           a
           Commonwealth
           ;
           for
           being
           joyn'd
           with
           an
           unlimited
           Power
           ,
           it
           often
           transports
           men
           
           to
           a
           degree
           of
           Madness
           ,
           so
           that
           now
           they
           no
           more
           seek
           Glory
           by
           Vertue
           ,
           but
           will
           have
           those
           Actions
           only
           esteem'd
           good
           that
           are
           glorious
           .
           As
           Phocion
           therefore
           answered
           King
           Antipater
           ,
           who
           sought
           his
           Approbation
           of
           some
           unworthy
           Action
           ,
           
             I
             cannot
             be
             your
             Flatterer
             ,
             and
             your
             Friend
          
           ;
           so
           these
           men
           shou'd
           answer
           the
           People
           ,
           
             I
             cannot
             govern
             ,
             and
             obey
             you
             :
          
           lest
           it
           shou'd
           happen
           to
           the
           Commonwealth
           ,
           as
           to
           the
           Serpent
           in
           the
           Fable
           ,
           whose
           Tayl
           rising
           in
           rebellion
           against
           the
           Head
           ,
           complain'd
           (
           as
           of
           a
           great
           Grievance
           )
           that
           it
           was
           always
           forc'd
           to
           follow
           ,
           and
           pray'd
           ,
           it
           might
           be
           permitted
           by
           Turns
           to
           lead
           the
           way
           ;
           which
           being
           granted
           but
           for
           a
           day
           ,
           quickly
           discover'd
           the
           Folly
           ,
           by
           the
           Mischiefs
           which
           befell
           the
           whole
           Body
           ,
           and
           particularly
           to
           the
           Head
           ,
           in
           following
           ,
           contrary
           to
           Nature
           ,
           a
           Guide
           that
           was
           deaf
           and
           blind
           .
           The
           same
           we
           see
           does
           every
           day
           happen
           to
           many
           ,
           who
           guided
           by
           the
           Inclinations
           of
           an
           ignorant
           and
           giddy
           Multitude
           ,
           must
           needs
           bring
           all
           things
           to
           Confusion
           .
        
         
           This
           is
           what
           has
           occurr'd
           to
           us
           to
           say
           of
           that
           Glory
           which
           depends
           on
           the
           Vulgar
           ,
           considering
           the
           sad
           effects
           of
           it
           in
           the
           Misfortunes
           of
           Caius
           ,
           and
           
             Tiberius
             Gracchus
          
           ,
           Men
           nobly
           born
           ,
           whose
           generous
           Disposition
           by
           Nature
           was
           improv'd
           by
           an
           excellent
           Education
           ,
           and
           who
           came
           to
           the
           Administration
           
           of
           Affairs
           with
           very
           sincere
           Intentions
           ,
           yet
           they
           were
           ruin'd
           ,
           I
           cannot
           say
           ,
           by
           an
           ▪
           immoderate
           desire
           of
           Glory
           ,
           but
           by
           a
           more
           excusable
           fear
           of
           Infamy
           ;
           for
           being
           excessively
           belov'd
           and
           favour'd
           by
           the
           People
           ,
           they
           thought
           it
           an
           Ingratitude
           to
           deny
           them
           any
           thing
           ,
           till
           the
           People
           and
           They
           mutually
           inflam'd
           ,
           and
           vying
           with
           each
           other
           in
           Honours
           and
           Benefits
           ,
           things
           were
           at
           last
           brought
           to
           such
           a
           pass
           ,
           that
           they
           might
           say
           accordingly
           to
           the
           Proverb
           ,
        
         
           
             T'
             engage
             so
             far
             we
             were
             to
             blame
             ,
          
           
             And
             to
             retreat
             't
             is
             now
             a
             shame
             .
          
        
         
           This
           the
           judicious
           Reader
           will
           easily
           gather
           from
           the
           Story
           .
           I
           will
           now
           compare
           with
           them
           ,
           two
           Lacedoemonian
           Kings
           ,
           Agis
           and
           Cleomenes
           ;
           for
           they
           being
           desirous
           also
           to
           please
           the
           People
           ,
           by
           restoring
           their
           obsolete
           Laws
           of
           Equality
           ,
           incurr'd
           the
           Hatred
           of
           the
           Rich
           and
           Powerfull
           ,
           who
           cou'd
           not
           endure
           to
           be
           depriv'd
           of
           those
           Advantages
           ,
           which
           did
           so
           gloriously
           distinguish
           them
           from
           the
           Vulgar
           .
           These
           were
           not
           indeed
           Brothers
           by
           Nature
           ,
           as
           the
           two
           Romans
           ,
           but
           they
           had
           a
           kind
           of
           brotherly
           Resemblance
           in
           their
           Actions
           and
           Designs
           ,
           which
           took
           a
           Rise
           from
           Beginnings
           and
           Occasions
           as
           I
           am
           now
           about
           to
           relate
           .
        
         
           When
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           (
           the
           great
           Debauchers
           of
           Mankind
           )
           had
           once
           gain'd
           Admittance
           
           into
           the
           Lacedoemonian
           Commonwealth
           't
           was
           quickly
           follow'd
           by
           Avarice
           ,
           baseness
           of
           Spirit
           ,
           and
           all
           manner
           of
           Frauds
           in
           the
           possession
           ,
           by
           Riot
           ,
           Luxury
           ,
           and
           Effeminacy
           in
           the
           use
           .
           Then
           Sparta
           fell
           from
           her
           original
           Vertue
           and
           Glory
           ,
           and
           so
           continued
           till
           the
           days
           of
           Agis
           and
           Leonidas
           ,
           who
           both
           together
           were
           Kings
           of
           the
           Lacedoemonians
           .
        
         
           Agis
           was
           of
           the
           Royal
           Family
           of
           Eurytion
           ,
           Son
           of
           Eudamidas
           ,
           and
           the
           sixth
           in
           descent
           from
           Agesilaus
           ,
           who
           being
           chief
           Commander
           of
           the
           Grecians
           ,
           gain'd
           so
           great
           Renown
           in
           the
           so
           famous
           Expedition
           into
           
             Asia
             .
             Agesilaus
          
           left
           behind
           him
           a
           Son
           call'd
           Archidamus
           ,
           who
           being
           slain
           by
           the
           Calabrians
           at
           Mardonium
           in
           Italy
           ,
           was
           succeeded
           by
           his
           eldest
           Son
           Agis
           ;
           he
           being
           kill'd
           by
           Antipater
           near
           Megalopolis
           ,
           and
           leaving
           no
           Issue
           ,
           was
           succeeded
           by
           his
           Brother
           Eudamidas
           ;
           he
           by
           a
           Son
           call'd
           Archidamus
           and
           Archidamus
           by
           another
           Eudamidas
           ,
           the
           Father
           of
           this
           Agis
           of
           whom
           we
           now
           treat
           .
        
         
           Leonidas
           ,
           Son
           of
           Cleonimus
           ,
           was
           of
           the
           other
           Royal
           Branch
           of
           the
           Agiades
           ,
           and
           the
           eighth
           in
           descent
           from
           Pausanias
           who
           defeated
           Mardonius
           in
           the
           Battel
           of
           
             Platea
             .
             Pausanias
          
           was
           succeeded
           by
           a
           Son
           call'd
           Plistonax
           ;
           and
           he
           by
           another
           Pausanias
           ,
           who
           being
           banish'd
           ,
           and
           leading
           a
           private
           Life
           at
           Tegea
           ,
           his
           eldest
           Son
           Agesipolis
           reign'd
           
           in
           his
           place
           ;
           he
           dying
           without
           Issue
           ,
           was
           succeeded
           by
           a
           younger
           Brother
           call'd
           Cleombrotus
           ,
           who
           left
           two
           Sons
           :
           the
           elder
           was
           Agesipolis
           ,
           who
           reign'd
           but
           a
           short
           time
           ,
           and
           died
           without
           Issue
           ;
           the
           younger
           was
           call'd
           Cleomenes
           ,
           who
           had
           also
           two
           Sons
           .
           Acrotatus
           and
           Cleonimus
           :
           the
           first
           died
           before
           his
           Father
           ,
           but
           left
           a
           Son
           call'd
           Areus
           ,
           who
           succeeded
           ,
           and
           being
           slain
           at
           Corinth
           ,
           left
           the
           Kingdom
           to
           his
           Son
           Acrotatus
           :
           This
           Acrotatus
           was
           defeated
           ,
           and
           slain
           near
           Megalopolis
           ,
           in
           a
           Battel
           against
           the
           Tyrant
           Aristodemus
           ;
           he
           left
           his
           Wife
           big
           with
           Child
           ,
           who
           being
           deliver'd
           of
           a
           Son
           ,
           Leonidas
           (
           Son
           of
           the
           above-named
           Cleonimus
           )
           was
           made
           his
           Guardian
           ,
           and
           the
           young
           man
           dying
           in
           his
           Minority
           ,
           he
           succeeded
           in
           the
           Kindom
           .
        
         
           Leonidas
           was
           a
           Man
           in
           no
           great
           Esteem
           with
           the
           People
           :
           for
           tho'there
           were
           at
           that
           time
           a
           general
           Corruption
           in
           Manners
           ,
           yet
           a
           greater
           aversion
           to
           the
           old
           Institutions
           appear'd
           in
           him
           than
           in
           others
           ;
           for
           having
           liv'd
           a
           long
           time
           among
           the
           great
           Lords
           of
           Persia
           ,
           and
           been
           a
           follower
           of
           King
           Seleucus
           he
           unadvisedly
           wou'd
           imitate
           the
           Pride
           and
           Luxury
           of
           those
           Courts
           ,
           in
           the
           limited
           Government
           of
           a
           Grecian
           Commonwealth
           .
        
         
           Agis
           on
           the
           contrary
           shew'd
           himself
           to
           all
           men
           obliging
           and
           affable
           ,
           and
           did
           in
           goodness
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           greatness
           of
           Mind
           
           not
           only
           far
           excel
           Leonidas
           ,
           but
           in
           a
           manner
           all
           the
           Kings
           that
           had
           reign'd
           since
           the
           great
           Agesilaus
           .
           For
           tho'he
           had
           been
           bred
           very
           tenderly
           ,
           and
           in
           abundance
           of
           all
           things
           ,
           by
           his
           Mother
           Agesistrata
           ,
           and
           his
           Grandmother
           Archidamia
           ,
           (
           who
           were
           the
           wealthiest
           of
           the
           Lacedoemonians
           )
           yet
           before
           the
           Age
           of
           twenty
           ,
           he
           so
           far
           overcame
           himself
           as
           to
           renounce
           effeminate
           Pleasures
           .
           He
           was
           a
           very
           handsom
           Person
           ,
           and
           of
           a
           graceful
           Behaviour
           ;
           yet
           to
           give
           a
           Check
           to
           the
           Vanity
           he
           might
           take
           therein
           ,
           would
           go
           always
           plain
           and
           mean
           in
           his
           Cloaths
           .
           In
           his
           Diet
           ,
           Bathings
           ,
           aad
           in
           all
           his
           Excercises
           ,
           he
           chose
           to
           imitate
           the
           old
           Laconian
           Frugality
           and
           Temperance
           ,
           and
           was
           often
           heard
           to
           say
           ,
           He
           wou'd
           not
           desire
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           if
           he
           did
           not
           hope
           by
           means
           of
           that
           Authority
           to
           restore
           their
           ancient
           Laws
           and
           Discipline
           .
        
         
           The
           Lacedoemonians
           might
           date
           the
           beginning
           of
           their
           Corruption
           from
           their
           Conquest
           of
           Athens
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           first
           occasion
           of
           their
           Wealth
           and
           Luxury
           ;
           yet
           nevertheless
           the
           Agrarian
           Law
           remaining
           in
           force
           ,
           (
           by
           which
           every
           one
           was
           oblig'd
           to
           leave
           his
           lot
           or
           Portion
           of
           Land
           entirely
           to
           his
           Son
           )
           a
           kind
           of
           Order
           and
           Equality
           was
           thereby
           maintain'd
           ,
           which
           still
           in
           some
           degree
           preserv'd
           them
           from
           Ruine
           .
           But
           one
           Epitadeus
           happening
           to
           be
           Ephore
           ,
           a
           Man
           
           of
           a
           factious
           ,
           violent
           Spirit
           ,
           and
           on
           some
           occasion
           incens'd
           against
           his
           Son
           ,
           he
           procur'd
           a
           Decree
           ,
           that
           all
           men
           shou'd
           have
           liberty
           to
           dispose
           of
           their
           Land
           by
           Gift
           or
           Sale
           ,
           or
           by
           their
           last
           Will
           and
           Testament
           :
           which
           being
           promoted
           by
           him
           to
           satisfie
           a
           passion
           of
           Revenge
           ,
           and
           through
           Covetousness
           consented
           to
           by
           others
           ,
           an
           excellent
           Institution
           was
           abrogated
           ;
           the
           effect
           whereof
           was
           ,
           that
           the
           moneyed
           men
           coveting
           to
           possess
           the
           Land
           ,
           the
           right
           Heirs
           were
           by
           degrees
           disinherited
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           Wealth
           being
           in
           the
           hands
           of
           a
           few
           ,
           the
           generality
           were
           poor
           and
           miserable
           ;
           Liberal
           Arts
           and
           Sciences
           were
           neglected
           ,
           and
           the
           City
           fill'd
           with
           a
           mean
           sort
           of
           Mechanicks
           ,
           always
           envious
           ,
           and
           hating
           the
           Rich
           :
           there
           did
           not
           remain
           above
           700
           of
           the
           old
           Spartan
           Families
           ,
           of
           which
           perhaps
           100
           might
           have
           Estates
           in
           Land
           ;
           the
           rest
           were
           an
           abject
           ,
           low-spirited
           People
           ,
           who
           having
           no
           sense
           of
           Honour
           ,
           were
           unwillingly
           drawn
           to
           the
           Wars
           ,
           and
           ever
           greedy
           of
           Novelty
           and
           Change.
           
        
         
           Agis
           therefore
           believing
           it
           a
           glorious
           Action
           ,
           (
           as
           in
           truth
           it
           was
           )
           to
           repeople
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           to
           bring
           them
           back
           to
           their
           first
           Institution
           ,
           began
           to
           sound
           the
           Inclinations
           of
           the
           Citizens
           .
           He
           found
           the
           young
           Men
           dispos'd
           beyond
           his
           expectation
           ;
           for
           being
           taken
           with
           the
           specious
           Name
           of
           Liberty
           they
           seem'd
           as
           ready
           to
           shift
           their
           Manners
           
           as
           their
           Cloaths
           ;
           but
           the
           old
           Men
           habituated
           and
           more
           confirm'd
           in
           their
           Vices
           ,
           were
           startled
           at
           the
           very
           Name
           of
           Lycurgus
           ,
           as
           a
           fugitive
           Slave
           fears
           to
           be
           brought
           back
           before
           his
           offended
           Master
           :
           these
           men
           cou'd
           not
           endure
           to
           hear
           Agis
           continually
           deploring
           the
           present
           state
           of
           Sparta
           ,
           and
           wishing
           she
           might
           be
           restor'd
           to
           her
           ancient
           Glory
           .
           But
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           Lysander
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           
             Lybis
             ,
             Mandroclidas
          
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           Ecphanes
           ,
           together
           with
           Agesilaus
           ,
           did
           not
           only
           approve
           his
           Design
           ,
           but
           assisted
           and
           confirm'd
           him
           in
           it
           .
           Lysander
           had
           a
           great
           Authority
           and
           Credit
           with
           the
           People
           ;
           Mandroclidas
           was
           esteem'd
           the
           ablest
           Man
           of
           his
           Time
           ,
           to
           manage
           any
           Affair
           in
           the
           Grecian
           Assemblies
           ,
           and
           joyn'd
           with
           skill
           ,
           had
           a
           great
           degree
           of
           Boldness
           ;
           Agesilaus
           was
           the
           King's
           Uncle
           by
           the
           Mother's
           side
           ,
           an
           eloquent
           Man
           ,
           but
           covetous
           and
           voluptuous
           ;
           he
           was
           not
           mov'd
           by
           any
           Consideration
           of
           publick
           Good
           ,
           but
           rather
           seem'd
           to
           be
           perswaded
           to
           it
           by
           his
           Son
           Hypomedon
           ,
           (
           whose
           Courage
           and
           signal
           Actions
           in
           War
           had
           gain'd
           him
           a
           high
           Esteem
           among
           the
           young
           Men
           of
           Sparta
           )
           tho'
           indeed
           the
           true
           Motive
           was
           ,
           because
           he
           had
           many
           Debts
           ,
           and
           hop'd
           by
           this
           means
           to
           be
           freed
           from
           them
           .
           As
           soon
           as
           Agis
           had
           prevail'd
           with
           his
           Uncle
           ,
           he
           endeavour'd
           by
           his
           mediation
           to
           gain
           his
           Mother
           also
           ,
           who
           being
           exceeding
           rich
           ,
           had
           by
           
           her
           many
           Creditors
           ,
           Friends
           and
           Followers
           ,
           a
           considerable
           Power
           in
           the
           City
           .
           At
           the
           first
           proposal
           she
           was
           very
           averse
           ,
           and
           earnestly
           advis'd
           her
           Son
           not
           to
           engage
           in
           so
           difficult
           and
           so
           dangerous
           an
           Enterprise
           ;
           but
           Agesilaus
           endeavour'd
           to
           possess
           her
           ,
           that
           the
           thing
           was
           not
           so
           difficult
           as
           she
           imagin'd
           ,
           and
           that
           it
           might
           in
           all
           likelihood
           redound
           to
           the
           great
           Honour
           and
           Advantage
           of
           her
           Family
           .
           The
           King
           her
           Son
           earnestly
           besought
           her
           ,
           not
           to
           decline
           assisting
           him
           in
           so
           glorious
           a
           Design
           ;
           he
           told
           her
           ,
           he
           cou'd
           not
           pretend
           to
           equal
           other
           Kings
           in
           Riches
           ,
           the
           very
           Followers
           and
           Servants
           of
           Seleucus
           or
           Ptolemy
           ,
           abounding
           more
           in
           Wealth
           ,
           than
           all
           the
           Spartan
           Kings
           put
           together
           :
           but
           if
           by
           Vertue
           and
           greatness
           of
           Mind
           he
           cou'd
           out-do
           them
           ,
           and
           if
           by
           his
           means
           Sparta
           could
           be
           restor'd
           to
           her
           ancient
           Splendor
           ,
           he
           shou'd
           then
           be
           a
           great
           King
           indeed
           .
           In
           conclusion
           ,
           the
           Mother
           and
           the
           Grandmother
           also
           were
           so
           taken
           with
           the
           young
           man's
           generous
           Ambition
           ,
           that
           they
           not
           only
           consented
           ,
           but
           were
           ready
           on
           all
           occasions
           to
           spur
           him
           on
           to
           a
           Perseverance
           ,
           and
           did
           engage
           with
           him
           not
           only
           the
           men
           with
           whom
           they
           had
           an
           Interest
           ,
           but
           the
           Women
           also
           ,
           knowing
           well
           that
           the
           Lacedoemonian
           Wives
           had
           always
           a
           great
           power
           with
           their
           Husbands
           ,
           who
           us'd
           to
           impart
           to
           them
           their
           State
           Affairs
           ,
           with
           greater
           freedom
           than
           the
           
           Women
           wou'd
           communicate
           with
           the
           Men
           in
           the
           private
           Business
           of
           their
           Families
           :
           which
           was
           indeed
           one
           of
           the
           greatest
           Obstacles
           to
           this
           Design
           ;
           for
           the
           Money
           of
           Sparta
           being
           most
           of
           it
           in
           the
           Womens
           hands
           ,
           't
           was
           their
           Interest
           to
           oppose
           it
           ,
           not
           only
           as
           depriving
           them
           of
           those
           superfluous
           Trifles
           ,
           in
           which
           through
           want
           of
           Vertue
           they
           plac'd
           their
           chief
           Felicity
           ,
           but
           also
           because
           they
           knew
           their
           Riches
           was
           the
           main
           support
           of
           their
           Power
           and
           Credit
           .
        
         
           Those
           therefore
           who
           were
           of
           this
           Faction
           ,
           had
           recourse
           to
           Leonidas
           ,
           representing
           to
           him
           ,
           how
           it
           was
           his
           part
           ,
           as
           the
           elder
           and
           more
           experienc'd
           ,
           to
           put
           a
           stop
           to
           the
           ill-advised
           Projects
           of
           a
           rash
           young
           Man.
           Leonidas
           ,
           tho'
           of
           himself
           sufficiently
           inclin'd
           to
           oppose
           Agis
           ,
           durst
           not
           openly
           for
           fear
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           who
           did
           manifestly
           favour
           him
           ,
           and
           were
           desirous
           of
           this
           Change
           ,
           but
           under-hand
           he
           did
           all
           he
           cou'd
           to
           incense
           the
           chief
           Magistrates
           against
           him
           ,
           and
           on
           all
           occasions
           craftily
           insinuated
           ,
           that
           Agis
           having
           design'd
           an
           arbitrary
           Government
           ,
           wou'd
           divide
           among
           the
           Poor
           what
           belong'd
           to
           the
           Rich
           ,
           as
           a
           Bribe
           for
           a
           future
           Service
           :
           That
           instead
           of
           so
           many
           rich
           Citizens
           of
           Sparta
           ,
           he
           might
           have
           a
           Company
           of
           Slaves
           to
           be
           his
           Guard.
           
        
         
           Agis
           nevertheless
           little
           regarding
           these
           Rumors
           ,
           caus'd
           Lysander
           to
           be
           chosen
           Ephore
           ;
           
           then
           took
           the
           first
           occasion
           of
           proposing
           his
           Rhetra
           or
           Decree
           to
           the
           Senate
           ,
           the
           chief
           Articles
           whereof
           were
           these
           :
           
             That
             every
             one
             shou'd
             be
             freed
             from
             their
             Lots
             :
             All
             the
             Lands
             to
             be
             divided
             into
             equal
             portions
             :
             Those
             that
             lay
             betwixt
             the
             Valley
             of
          
           Pellene
           
             and
             Mount
          
           Tegetum
           ,
           
             as
             far
             as
             the
             Cities
             of
          
           Mallea
           and
           Sellasia
           ,
           
             into
             4500
             Lots
             ;
             the
             remainder
             into
             1500
             ;
             these
             last
             to
             be
             shar'd
             by
             some
             chosen
             out
             of
             the
             adjacent
             Countreys
             ,
             men
             able
             and
             fit
             to
             bear
             Arms
             :
             The
             first
             among
             the
             natural
          
           Spartans
           ,
           
             admitting
             also
             of
             Strangers
             to
             supply
             their
             Number
             ,
             those
             who
             were
             young
             ,
             vigorous
             and
             ingenious
             .
             All
             these
             were
             to
             be
             divided
             into
             ten
             Companies
             ,
             some
             of
             four
             hundred
             ,
             and
             some
             of
             two
             ,
             with
             a
             Diet
             and
             Discipline
             agreeable
             to
             the
             Laws
             of
          
           Lycurgus
           .
        
         
           This
           Decree
           being
           propos'd
           in
           the
           Senate
           ,
           occasion'd
           a
           hot
           Debate
           ;
           so
           that
           Lysander
           doubting
           the
           Event
           ,
           wou'd
           not
           expect
           the
           Issue
           ,
           but
           immediately
           convok'd
           the
           great
           Assembly
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           to
           whom
           he
           ,
           Mandroclidas
           and
           Agesilaus
           made
           Orations
           ,
           exhorting
           them
           ,
           that
           they
           wou'd
           not
           suffer
           the
           Majesty
           of
           Sparta
           to
           be
           brought
           into
           Contempt
           ,
           to
           gratifie
           a
           few
           rich
           Men
           ,
           who
           by
           specious
           pretences
           endeavour'd
           to
           delude
           them
           ,
           only
           that
           they
           themselves
           might
           pass
           their
           time
           in
           Riot
           and
           delights
           .
           They
           bad
           them
           call
           to
           mind
           ,
           how
           ancient
           Oracles
           had
           forewarn'd
           them
           to
           beware
           of
           Avarice
           ,
           as
           
           the
           very
           Plague
           and
           utter
           Ruine
           of
           Sparta
           :
           That
           they
           shou'd
           think
           of
           the
           Oracle
           lately
           deliver'd
           from
           the
           famous
           Temple
           of
           Pasiphae
           in
           Thelamia
           .
           Some
           say
           ,
           this
           Pasiphae
           was
           one
           of
           the
           Daughters
           of
           Atlas
           ,
           who
           had
           by
           Jupiter
           a
           Son
           call'd
           Ammon
           :
           Others
           are
           of
           opinion
           ,
           it
           was
           Cassandra
           ,
           the
           Daughter
           of
           King
           Priamus
           ,
           who
           dying
           in
           this
           Place
           ,
           was
           call'd
           Pasiphae
           ,
           as
           who
           should
           say
           ,
           clearly
           revealing
           Secrets
           ,
           as
           the
           Light
           discovers
           all
           things
           to
           the
           Eye
           :
           Others
           will
           have
           it
           ,
           that
           this
           was
           Daphne
           ,
           the
           Daughter
           of
           Amiclas
           ,
           who
           flying
           from
           Apollo
           ,
           was
           transform'd
           into
           a
           Lawrel
           ,
           and
           honour'd
           by
           that
           God
           with
           the
           Gift
           of
           Prophecy
           .
           But
           be
           it
           as
           it
           will
           ,
           't
           is
           certain
           the
           People
           were
           made
           to
           apprehend
           ,
           that
           this
           Oracle
           had
           commanded
           them
           to
           return
           to
           their
           former
           state
           of
           Equality
           .
           As
           soon
           as
           these
           had
           done
           speaking
           ,
           Agis
           stood
           up
           ,
           and
           said
           ,
           He
           wou'd
           not
           amuse
           them
           with
           vain
           words
           ,
           but
           contribute
           to
           what
           had
           been
           propos'd
           for
           their
           Advantage
           by
           real
           Effects
           .
           In
           the
           first
           place
           ,
           he
           wou'd
           divide
           among
           them
           all
           his
           Patrimony
           ,
           which
           was
           of
           large
           extent
           in
           Tillage
           and
           Pasture
           ;
           he
           wou'd
           also
           give
           600
           Talents
           in
           ready
           Money
           ,
           and
           that
           his
           Mother
           ,
           Grandmother
           ,
           and
           his
           other
           Friends
           and
           Relations
           ,
           who
           were
           the
           richest
           of
           the
           Lacedoemonians
           ,
           were
           ready
           to
           follow
           his
           Example
           .
           The
           People
           transported
           with
           admiration
           
           of
           the
           young
           man's
           Generosity
           ,
           highly
           applauded
           ,
           and
           loudly
           declar'd
           ,
           there
           had
           not
           been
           for
           300
           years
           so
           worthy
           a
           King
           in
           Sparta
           .
        
         
           But
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           Leonidas
           was
           now
           more
           than
           ever
           averse
           ,
           being
           sensible
           that
           he
           and
           his
           Friends
           wou'd
           be
           oblig'd
           to
           contribute
           with
           their
           Riches
           ,
           and
           yet
           all
           the
           Honour
           and
           Obligation
           wou'd
           redound
           to
           Agis
           .
           He
           ask'd
           him
           then
           before
           them
           all
           ,
           Whether
           Lycurgus
           were
           not
           in
           his
           opinion
           a
           vast
           and
           a
           wise
           Man
           ?
           Agis
           answering
           He
           was
           :
           And
           when
           did
           Lycurgus
           (
           reply'd
           Leonidas
           )
           cancel
           Debts
           ,
           or
           admit
           of
           Strangers
           ?
           he
           who
           thought
           the
           Commonwealth
           not
           secure
           unless
           they
           were
           excluded
           .
           To
           this
           Agis
           reply'd
           ,
           'T
           is
           no
           wonder
           that
           Leonidas
           ,
           who
           has
           married
           ,
           and
           has
           Children
           by
           a
           Wife
           taken
           out
           of
           a
           Persian
           Court
           ,
           shou'd
           know
           little
           of
           Lycurgus
           or
           his
           Laws
           .
           Lycurgus
           took
           away
           both
           Debts
           and
           Usury
           ,
           by
           taking
           away
           Money
           ,
           and
           excluded
           Strangers
           ,
           such
           as
           wou'd
           not
           conform
           to
           the
           Laws
           of
           his
           Commonwealth
           ,
           not
           for
           any
           Ill-will
           to
           them
           ,
           but
           lest
           they
           shou'd
           infect
           the
           City
           with
           their
           Covetousness
           ;
           for
           otherwise
           't
           is
           well
           known
           ,
           that
           he
           himself
           gladly
           kept
           
             Terpander
             ,
             Thales
          
           and
           Phericides
           ,
           tho'
           they
           were
           Strangers
           ,
           because
           he
           perceiv'd
           they
           were
           of
           the
           same
           Mind
           with
           him
           .
           
             And
             you
             that
             use
             to
             praise
          
           Ecprepes
           ,
           
             who
             being
          
           Ephore
           ,
           
           
             cut
             off
             two
             Strings
             from
             the
             Instrument
             of
          
           Phrynis
           
             the
             Musician
             ,
             and
             to
             commend
             those
             who
             did
             ▪
             afterwards
             imitate
             him
             ,
             with
             what
             face
             can
             you
             blame
             me
             ,
             for
             designing
             to
             cut
             off
             Superfluity
             and
             Luxury
             from
             the
             Common-wealth
             ?
             Do
             you
             think
             those
             men
             were
             so
             concern'd
             only
             about
             a
             Fiddle-string
             ,
             or
             intended
             any
             thing
             else
             ,
             than
             by
             checking
             the
             voluptuousness
             of
             Musick
             ,
             to
             keep
             out
             a
             way
             of
             living
             ,
             which
             might
             destroy
             the
             harmony
             of
             the
             City
             .
          
        
         
           From
           this
           time
           forward
           as
           the
           common
           People
           follow'd
           Agis
           ,
           so
           the
           rich
           Men
           adhered
           to
           Leonidas
           ,
           who
           joyning
           his
           Authority
           with
           their
           Interest
           ,
           things
           were
           so
           manag'd
           in
           the
           Senate
           ,
           (
           whose
           chief
           Power
           consisted
           in
           preparing
           all
           Laws
           before
           they
           were
           propos'd
           to
           the
           People
           )
           that
           with
           much
           ado
           the
           designed
           Rhetra
           of
           Agis
           was
           rejected
           ,
           tho'
           but
           by
           one
           only
           Vote
           ;
           whereupon
           Lysander
           ,
           who
           (
           as
           we
           said
           )
           was
           Ephore
           ,
           and
           of
           Agis
           his
           Party
           ,
           resolving
           to
           be
           reveng'd
           on
           Leonidas
           ,
           drew
           up
           an
           Information
           against
           him
           ,
           grounded
           on
           two
           old
           Laws
           ;
           The
           one
           forbids
           any
           of
           the
           Race
           of
           Hercules
           to
           marry
           a
           Stranger
           ;
           and
           the
           other
           makes
           it
           capital
           for
           a
           Lacedoemonian
           to
           travel
           into
           foreign
           Countreys
           .
           Whilest
           he
           set
           others
           on
           to
           manage
           this
           Accusation
           ,
           he
           with
           his
           Collegues
           went
           to
           observe
           the
           Stars
           ,
           which
           was
           a
           Custom
           they
           had
           ,
           and
           perform'd
           in
           this
           manner
           .
           Every
           ninth
           year
           the
           Ephori
           
           choosing
           a
           Star-light
           Night
           ,
           (
           when
           there
           was
           neither
           Cloud
           nor
           Moon
           )
           sate
           down
           together
           in
           quiet
           and
           silence
           ;
           and
           if
           they
           chanc'd
           to
           spy
           the
           shooting
           of
           a
           Star
           ,
           they
           presently
           pronounc'd
           their
           King
           guilty
           of
           some
           great
           Crime
           against
           the
           Gods
           ,
           and
           thereupon
           he
           was
           immediately
           secluded
           from
           all
           Exercise
           of
           Regal
           Power
           ,
           till
           he
           cou'd
           be
           reliev'd
           by
           an
           Oracle
           from
           Delphos
           or
           Olympus
           .
        
         
           Lysander
           therefore
           assur'd
           the
           People
           ,
           he
           had
           seen
           a
           Star
           shoot
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           same
           time
           Leonidas
           was
           cited
           to
           answer
           for
           himself
           .
           Witnesses
           were
           produc'd
           to
           testifie
           he
           had
           married
           an
           Asian
           Woman
           ,
           bestow'd
           on
           him
           by
           one
           of
           King
           Seleucus
           his
           Lieutenants
           ;
           that
           he
           had
           two
           Children
           by
           her
           ,
           but
           there
           happening
           some
           difference
           betwixt
           them
           ,
           she
           did
           so
           mortally
           hate
           him
           ,
           that
           flying
           from
           her
           ,
           he
           was
           in
           a
           manner
           forc'd
           to
           return
           to
           Sparta
           ,
           where
           his
           Predecessor
           dying
           without
           Issue
           ,
           he
           took
           upon
           him
           the
           Government
           .
           Lysander
           not
           content
           with
           this
           ,
           perswades
           also
           Cleombrotus
           to
           lay
           claim
           to
           the
           Kingdom
           :
           he
           was
           of
           the
           Royal
           Family
           ,
           and
           Son-in-law
           to
           Leonidas
           ,
           who
           fearing
           now
           the
           event
           of
           this
           Process
           ,
           was
           fled
           to
           the
           Temple
           of
           Juno
           ,
           call'd
           Calcideos
           ,
           together
           with
           his
           Daughter
           ,
           the
           Wife
           of
           Cleombrotus
           ,
           for
           she
           in
           this
           occasion
           resolv'd
           to
           leave
           her
           Husband
           ,
           and
           to
           follow
           her
           Father
           .
           Leonidas
           
           being
           again
           cited
           ,
           and
           not
           appearing
           ,
           they
           pronounc'd
           a
           Sentence
           of
           Deposition
           against
           him
           ,
           and
           made
           Cleombrotus
           King
           in
           his
           place
           .
        
         
           Soon
           after
           this
           Revolution
           ,
           Lysander
           (
           his
           year
           expiring
           )
           went
           out
           of
           Office
           ,
           and
           new
           Ephori
           were
           chosen
           of
           the
           contrary
           Faction
           ,
           who
           immediately
           conspiring
           to
           restore
           Leonidas
           ,
           cited
           Lysander
           and
           Mandroclidas
           to
           answer
           ,
           for
           having
           ,
           contrary
           to
           Law
           ,
           cancell'd
           Debts
           ,
           and
           design'd
           a
           new
           division
           of
           Lands
           .
           They
           seeing
           themselves
           in
           danger
           ,
           had
           recourse
           to
           the
           two
           Kings
           ,
           and
           represented
           to
           them
           ,
           how
           necessary
           it
           was
           for
           their
           Interest
           and
           Safety
           resolutely
           to
           unite
           ,
           thereby
           to
           prevent
           the
           Designs
           of
           the
           Ephori
           ,
           and
           put
           a
           stop
           to
           their
           Encroachments
           .
           The
           Power
           of
           the
           Ephori
           (
           they
           said
           )
           was
           only
           grounded
           on
           the
           Dissention
           of
           Kings
           ,
           the
           Law
           having
           in
           that
           Case
           made
           them
           a
           kind
           of
           Arbitrators
           ;
           but
           when
           the
           two
           Kings
           were
           unanimous
           ,
           none
           ought
           or
           durst
           resist
           their
           Authority
           .
           Agis
           and
           Cleombrotus
           thus
           perswaded
           ,
           went
           together
           into
           the
           Senate-house
           ,
           where
           raising
           the
           Ephori
           from
           their
           Seats
           ,
           they
           plac'd
           others
           in
           their
           room
           ,
           (
           of
           which
           Agesilaus
           was
           one
           :
           )
           then
           arming
           a
           Company
           of
           young
           Men
           ,
           and
           releasing
           many
           out
           of
           Prison
           ,
           their
           Enemies
           began
           to
           be
           in
           great
           fear
           of
           their
           Lives
           ;
           but
           there
           was
           no
           Bloud
           spilt
           .
           Agis
           
           on
           the
           contrary
           having
           notice
           that
           Agesilaus
           had
           order'd
           a
           Company
           of
           Souldiers
           to
           lie
           in
           wait
           for
           Leonidas
           ,
           to
           kill
           him
           as
           he
           fled
           to
           Tegea
           ,
           immediately
           sent
           some
           of
           his
           Followers
           to
           defend
           him
           ,
           and
           to
           convoy
           him
           safely
           into
           that
           City
           .
        
         
           Thus
           far
           all
           things
           proceeded
           prosperously
           ,
           none
           daring
           to
           oppose
           ;
           but
           by
           the
           sordid
           Avarice
           of
           one
           Man
           ,
           these
           promising
           Beginnings
           were
           blasted
           .
           Agesilaus
           (
           as
           we
           said
           )
           was
           much
           in
           Debt
           ,
           yet
           had
           a
           fair
           Estate
           in
           Land
           :
           and
           tho'
           he
           gladly
           joyn'd
           in
           this
           Design
           to
           be
           quit
           of
           his
           Debts
           ,
           he
           was
           not
           at
           all
           willing
           to
           part
           with
           his
           Land
           :
           therefore
           he
           perswaded
           Agis
           ,
           that
           if
           both
           these
           things
           shou'd
           be
           put
           in
           execution
           at
           the
           same
           time
           ,
           so
           great
           and
           so
           sudden
           an
           Alteration
           might
           cause
           some
           dangerous
           Commotion
           ;
           but
           if
           Debts
           were
           in
           the
           first
           place
           cancell'd
           ,
           the
           rich
           Men
           wou'd
           afterwards
           more
           easily
           be
           prevail'd
           with
           to
           part
           with
           their
           Land.
           Lysander
           also
           was
           of
           the
           same
           opinion
           ,
           being
           deceiv'd
           in
           like
           manner
           by
           the
           Craft
           of
           Agesilaus
           :
           so
           that
           all
           Men
           were
           presently
           commanded
           to
           bring
           in
           their
           Bonds
           ,
           (
           or
           Deeds
           of
           Obligation
           ,
           by
           the
           Lacedaemonians
           call'd
           Claria
           )
           which
           being
           laid
           together
           in
           a
           Heap
           ,
           they
           set
           Fire
           to
           it
           .
           The
           Usurers
           and
           other
           Creditors
           come
           ,
           one
           may
           easily
           imagine
           ,
           beheld
           it
           with
           a
           heavy
           heart
           ;
           but
           Agesilaus
           told
           them
           scoffingly
           ,
           
           His
           Eyes
           had
           never
           seen
           so
           bright
           and
           so
           glorious
           a
           Flame
           .
        
         
           And
           now
           the
           People
           press'd
           earnestly
           for
           a
           division
           of
           Lands
           :
           the
           Kings
           also
           had
           order'd
           it
           shou'd
           be
           done
           ;
           but
           Agesilaus
           sometimes
           pretending
           one
           Difficulty
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           another
           ,
           delay'd
           the
           Execution
           ,
           till
           an
           occasion
           happen'd
           to
           call
           Agis
           to
           the
           Wars
           .
           The
           Achaeans
           ,
           in
           virtue
           of
           a
           League
           defensive
           ,
           sent
           to
           demand
           Succours
           ,
           for
           they
           expected
           every
           day
           when
           the
           Aetolians
           wou'd
           attempt
           to
           enter
           Peloponnesus
           by
           the
           Confines
           of
           Maegara
           :
           they
           had
           made
           Aratus
           their
           General
           ,
           and
           sent
           him
           with
           an
           Army
           to
           hinder
           this
           Incursion
           .
           Aratus
           writ
           to
           the
           Ephori
           ,
           who
           immediately
           gave
           order
           Agis
           shou'd
           hasten
           to
           their
           Assistance
           with
           the
           Lacedaemonian
           Auxiliaries
           .
           Agis
           was
           extreamly
           well
           pleas'd
           to
           see
           the
           forwardness
           of
           the
           young
           Men
           to
           this
           Expedition
           ;
           for
           tho'
           they
           were
           very
           poor
           ,
           yet
           freed
           from
           Debts
           ,
           and
           in
           hope
           of
           being
           Masters
           of
           Land
           at
           their
           Return
           ,
           they
           follow'd
           chearfully
           ,
           and
           in
           good
           Equipage
           .
           The
           Cities
           through
           which
           they
           pass'd
           ,
           were
           in
           admiration
           ,
           to
           see
           how
           they
           march'd
           from
           one
           end
           of
           Peloponnesus
           to
           the
           other
           ,
           without
           the
           least
           Disorder
           ,
           and
           in
           a
           manner
           without
           making
           any
           Noise
           :
           it
           gave
           them
           occasion
           to
           discourse
           with
           one
           another
           ,
           how
           great
           might
           be
           the
           Temperance
           and
           Modesty
           of
           the
           
           ancient
           Lacedaemonians
           ,
           under
           their
           famous
           Captains
           
             Agesilaus
             ,
             Lysander
          
           and
           Leonidas
           ,
           since
           they
           saw
           such
           Discipline
           and
           exact
           Obedience
           under
           a
           King
           ,
           who
           perhaps
           was
           the
           youngest
           Man
           in
           all
           the
           Army
           .
           They
           saw
           also
           how
           he
           was
           content
           to
           fare
           hardly
           ,
           ready
           to
           undergo
           any
           Labours
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           be
           distinguish'd
           by
           Pomp
           or
           Richness
           of
           Habit
           ,
           from
           the
           meanest
           of
           his
           Souldiers
           .
           But
           if
           by
           this
           Moderation
           and
           Conduct
           he
           gain'd
           the
           Love
           of
           the
           Souldiers
           and
           the
           common
           People
           ,
           it
           made
           him
           still
           more
           odious
           to
           the
           Rich
           and
           Powerful
           ,
           who
           were
           afraid
           such
           an
           Example
           might
           work
           an
           Impression
           to
           their
           prejudice
           ,
           in
           all
           the
           neighbouring
           Countreys
           .
        
         
           Agis
           having
           joyn'd
           Aratus
           near
           the
           City
           of
           Corinth
           ,
           a
           Councel
           of
           War
           was
           call'd
           ,
           to
           debate
           whether
           or
           no
           it
           were
           expedient
           to
           give
           the
           Enemy
           Battel
           .
           Agis
           on
           this
           occasion
           shew'd
           a
           great
           Forwardness
           and
           Resolution
           ,
           yet
           without
           Obstinacy
           or
           Presumption
           :
           he
           declar'd
           it
           was
           his
           opinion
           they
           ought
           to
           fight
           ,
           thereby
           to
           hinder
           the
           Enemy
           from
           entring
           Peloponnesus
           ;
           but
           nevertheless
           he
           wou'd
           submit
           to
           the
           Judgment
           of
           Aratus
           ,
           not
           only
           as
           the
           elder
           and
           more
           experienc'd
           Captain
           ,
           but
           as
           he
           was
           General
           of
           the
           Achaeans
           ,
           whose
           Forces
           he
           wou'd
           not
           pretend
           to
           command
           ,
           but
           was
           only
           come
           thither
           to
           assist
           them
           .
           I
           am
           not
           ignorant
           ,
           
           that
           Baton
           of
           Synope
           relates
           it
           in
           another
           manner
           :
           He
           says
           ,
           Aratus
           wou'd
           have
           fought
           ,
           and
           that
           Agis
           was
           against
           it
           ;
           but
           't
           is
           most
           certain
           he
           was
           mistaken
           ,
           not
           having
           read
           what
           Aratus
           himself
           writes
           in
           his
           own
           Justification
           ;
           for
           he
           expresly
           tells
           us
           ,
           That
           knowing
           the
           People
           had
           well-nigh
           got
           in
           their
           Harvest
           ,
           he
           thought
           it
           much
           better
           to
           let
           the
           Enemy
           pass
           ,
           than
           to
           hazard
           by
           a
           Battel
           the
           loss
           of
           the
           whole
           Countrey
           :
           And
           therefore
           giving
           thanks
           to
           the
           Confederates
           for
           their
           readiness
           ,
           he
           dismiss'd
           them
           .
           Thus
           Agis
           ,
           not
           without
           having
           gain'd
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           Honour
           ,
           return'd
           to
           Sparta
           where
           he
           found
           the
           People
           in
           a
           Mutiny
           ,
           and
           all
           things
           in
           Confusion
           ,
           occasion'd
           by
           the
           Avarice
           and
           ill-Government
           of
           Agesilaus
           .
        
         
           For
           he
           being
           now
           one
           of
           the
           Ephori
           ,
           and
           by
           that
           Authority
           freed
           from
           the
           Fear
           which
           Formerly
           kept
           him
           in
           some
           Restraint
           ,
           forbore
           no
           kind
           of
           Oppression
           which
           might
           bring
           in
           Gain
           :
           Among
           other
           things
           he
           exacted
           a
           thirteen
           Months
           Tax
           ,
           whereas
           before
           they
           had
           never
           paid
           more
           than
           twelve
           .
           For
           these
           and
           other
           Reasons
           fearing
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           and
           knowing
           how
           he
           was
           hated
           by
           the
           People
           ,
           he
           thought
           it
           necessary
           to
           maintain
           a
           Guard
           ,
           which
           always
           accompanied
           him
           to
           the
           Courts
           of
           Justice
           ;
           and
           presuming
           now
           on
           his
           Power
           ,
           he
           was
           grown
           so
           insolent
           ,
           that
           of
           the
           two
           Kings
           ,
           the
           one
           he
           
           openly
           contemn'd
           ;
           and
           if
           he
           shew'd
           any
           Respect
           towards
           Agis
           ,
           wou'd
           have
           it
           thought
           rather
           an
           effect
           of
           his
           near
           Relation
           ,
           than
           any
           duty
           or
           submission
           to
           the
           Royal
           Authority
           ;
           and
           being
           desirous
           all
           men
           shou'd
           be
           confirm'd
           in
           a
           belief
           of
           his
           Power
           ,
           he
           gave
           it
           out
           he
           was
           to
           continue
           Ephore
           the
           ensuing
           year
           also
           .
        
         
           His
           Enemies
           alarm'd
           by
           this
           Report
           immediately
           conspir'd
           against
           him
           ,
           and
           bringing
           back
           Leonidas
           from
           Tegea
           ,
           restablished
           him
           in
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           to
           which
           the
           People
           (
           highly
           incens'd
           for
           having
           been
           defrauded
           in
           the
           promis'd
           division
           of
           Lands
           )
           easily
           consented
           .
           Agesilaus
           himself
           wou'd
           hardly
           have
           scap'd
           their
           Fury
           ,
           if
           his
           Son
           Hypomedon
           had
           not
           mediated
           in
           his
           behalf
           ,
           and
           then
           privately
           convey'd
           him
           out
           of
           the
           City
           .
        
         
           During
           this
           Combustion
           ,
           the
           two
           Kings
           fled
           ;
           Agis
           to
           the
           Temple
           of
           Juno
           ,
           and
           Cleombrotus
           to
           that
           of
           
             Neptune
             .
             Leonidas
          
           more
           incens'd
           against
           his
           Son-in-law
           ,
           left
           Agis
           ,
           to
           pursue
           him
           with
           a
           Company
           of
           Souldiers
           ;
           and
           being
           taken
           ,
           he
           was
           brought
           before
           Leonidas
           ,
           who
           with
           great
           vehemence
           reproach'd
           to
           him
           his
           Ingratitude
           ;
           how
           being
           his
           Son-in-law
           ,
           he
           had
           conspir'd
           with
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           usurp'd
           his
           Kingdom
           ,
           and
           banish'd
           him
           from
           his
           Countrey
           :
           Cleombrotus
           having
           little
           to
           say
           for
           himself
           ,
           stood
           silent
           .
           His
           Wife
           Chelonis
           had
           been
           a
           Partner
           with
           
           Leonidas
           in
           his
           Sufferings
           ;
           for
           when
           Cleombrotus
           usurp'd
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           she
           forsook
           him
           ,
           and
           wholly
           applied
           her self
           to
           comfort
           her
           Father
           in
           his
           Affliction
           :
           she
           often
           mediated
           in
           his
           behalf
           ,
           and
           openly
           disown'd
           and
           condemn'd
           the
           Action
           as
           unjust
           ;
           but
           now
           upon
           this
           Turn
           of
           Fortune
           ,
           she
           was
           as
           zealous
           and
           as
           assiduous
           in
           expressions
           of
           Love
           and
           Duty
           to
           her
           Husband
           ,
           whom
           she
           embrac'd
           with
           one
           Arm
           ,
           and
           her
           two
           little
           Children
           with
           the
           other
           .
           All
           men
           were
           strangely
           taken
           with
           the
           Piety
           and
           tender
           Affection
           of
           the
           Young
           Woman
           ,
           who
           in
           a
           loose
           neglected
           Mourning
           ,
           with
           a
           pale
           dejected
           Countenance
           ,
           and
           in
           a
           suppliant
           Posture
           ,
           spoke
           thus
           to
           Leonidas
           .
        
         
           
             I
             am
             not
             brought
             to
             this
             Condition
             you
             see
             me
             in
             ,
             nor
             have
             taken
             upon
             me
             this
             mourning
             Habit
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             present
             Misfortunes
             of
          
           Cleombrotus
           ;
           
             't
             is
             long
             since
             familiar
             to
             me
             :
             it
             was
             put
             on
             to
             condole
             with
             you
             in
             your
             Banishment
             ;
             and
             now
             you
             are
             restor'd
             to
             your
             Countrey
             and
             to
             your
             Kingdom
             ,
             must
             I
             still
             remain
             in
             Grief
             and
             Misery
             ?
             or
             wou'd
             you
             have
             me
             attir'd
             in
             my
             Festival
             Ornaments
             ,
             that
             I
             may
             rejoyce
             with
             you
             ,
             when
             you
             have
             kill'd
             within
             my
             arms
             ,
             the
             Man
             to
             whom
             you
             gave
             me
             for
             a
             Wife
             ?
             Either
          
           Cleombrotus
           
             must
             appease
             you
             by
             my
             Tears
             ,
             or
             he
             must
             suffer
             a
             Punishment
             greater
             than
             his
             Faults
             have
             deserv'd
             :
             he
             shall
             infallibly
             see
             me
             die
             before
          
           
           
             him
             ,
             whom
             he
             has
             profess'd
             tenderly
             to
             love
             :
             to
             what
             end
             shou'd
             I
             live
             ,
             or
             how
             shall
             I
             appear
             among
             the
          
           Spartan
           
             Ladies
             ,
             when
             it
             shall
             so
             manifestly
             be
             seen
             ,
             that
             I
             have
             not
             been
             able
             to
             move
             to
             Compassion
             neither
             a
             Husband
             nor
             a
             Father
             ?
             I
             am
             only
             born
             to
             be
             an
             unfortunate
             Wife
             ,
             and
             a
             more
             unfortunate
             Daughter
             ,
             not
             having
             the
             least
             Power
             or
             Interest
             ,
             where
             I
             ought
             to
             have
             been
             in
             the
             greatest
             Esteem
             .
             As
             for
          
           Cleombrotus
           ,
           
             I
             have
             sufficiently
             disown'd
             his
             Cause
             ,
             when
             I
             forsook
             him
             to
             follow
             you
             ;
             but
             now
             you
             your self
             will
             justifie
             his
             Proceedings
             ,
             by
             shewing
             to
             the
             World
             ,
             how
             Ambition
             is
             a
             Passion
             not
             to
             be
             resisted
             :
             for
             a
             Kingdom
             ,
             a
             Man
             may
             kill
             a
             Son-in-law
             ;
             nay
             even
             destroy
             his
             own
             Children
             .
             Chelonis
          
           having
           ended
           this
           Lamentation
           ,
           turn'd
           her
           weeping
           Eyes
           towards
           the
           Spectators
           ,
           then
           gently
           repos'd
           her
           Head
           in
           her
           Husband's
           Bosom
           .
        
         
           Leonidas
           touch'd
           with
           Compassion
           ,
           withdrew
           a
           while
           to
           advise
           with
           his
           Friends
           ;
           then
           returning
           ,
           condemn'd
           Cleombrotus
           to
           perpetual
           Banishment
           :
           Chelonis
           ,
           he
           said
           ,
           ought
           to
           stay
           with
           him
           ,
           it
           not
           being
           just
           she
           shou'd
           forsake
           a
           Father
           ,
           who
           had
           grantted
           at
           her
           Intercession
           the
           Life
           of
           her
           Husband
           ;
           but
           all
           he
           could
           say
           ,
           wou'd
           not
           prevail
           .
           She
           rose
           up
           immediately
           ,
           and
           taking
           one
           of
           her
           Children
           in
           her
           Arms
           ,
           gave
           the
           other
           to
           her
           Husband
           ;
           then
           having
           perform'd
           
           her
           Devotions
           at
           an
           Altar
           dedicated
           to
           Juno
           ,
           she
           chearfully
           follow'd
           him
           into
           Banishment
           .
           To
           be
           short
           ,
           so
           great
           was
           the
           Virtue
           and
           Generosity
           express'd
           by
           Chelouis
           on
           this
           occasion
           ,
           that
           if
           Cleombrotus
           were
           not
           strangely
           blinded
           by
           Ambition
           ,
           he
           wou'd
           chuse
           to
           be
           banish'd
           with
           the
           enjoyment
           of
           so
           excellent
           a
           Woman
           ,
           rather
           than
           without
           her
           to
           possess
           a
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           Cleombrotus
           thus
           remov'd
           ,
           Leonidas
           thought
           fit
           also
           to
           displace
           the
           Ephori
           ,
           and
           to
           choose
           others
           in
           their
           room
           ;
           then
           he
           began
           to
           consider
           how
           he
           might
           entrap
           Agis
           .
           At
           first
           he
           endeavour'd
           by
           fair
           means
           to
           perswade
           ,
           that
           he
           wou'd
           come
           and
           partake
           with
           him
           (
           as
           was
           his
           Right
           )
           in
           the
           Kingdom
           :
           the
           People
           ,
           he
           said
           ,
           wou'd
           easily
           pardon
           the
           Errors
           of
           a
           young
           Man
           ,
           ambitious
           of
           Glory
           ,
           and
           deceiv'd
           by
           the
           Craft
           of
           Agesilaus
           .
           But
           finding
           Agis
           was
           suspicious
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           be
           prevail'd
           with
           to
           quit
           his
           Sanctuary
           ,
           he
           gave
           over
           that
           Design
           ;
           yet
           what
           cou'd
           not
           then
           be
           effected
           by
           the
           Dissimulation
           of
           an
           Enemy
           ,
           was
           soon
           after
           brought
           to
           pass
           by
           the
           Treachery
           of
           a
           Friend
           .
        
         
           
             Amphares
             ,
             Demochares
          
           and
           Archesilaus
           ,
           did
           often
           visit
           Agis
           ,
           and
           he
           was
           so
           confident
           of
           their
           Fidelity
           ,
           that
           after
           a
           while
           he
           was
           prevail'd
           with
           to
           accompany
           them
           to
           the
           Baths
           ,
           which
           were
           not
           far
           distant
           ,
           they
           constantly
           returning
           to
           see
           him
           safe
           again
           in
           
           the
           Temple
           .
           Amphares
           had
           borrow'd
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           Plate
           and
           rich
           Household
           stuff
           of
           Agesistrata
           ,
           and
           hop'd
           if
           he
           cou'd
           destroy
           her
           and
           the
           whole
           Family
           ,
           he
           might
           peaceably
           enjoy
           those
           Goods
           .
           To
           so
           base
           an
           intent
           ,
           he
           was
           ready
           to
           serve
           Leonidas
           in
           any
           treacherous
           way
           ,
           and
           being
           one
           of
           the
           Ephori
           ,
           did
           all
           he
           cou'd
           to
           incense
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Collegues
           against
           Agis
           .
           These
           men
           therefore
           finding
           that
           Agis
           wou'd
           never
           stir
           from
           his
           Sanctuary
           ,
           but
           only
           when
           he
           went
           with
           them
           to
           the
           Bath
           ,
           resolv'd
           to
           make
           use
           of
           that
           occasion
           .
           And
           one
           day
           in
           his
           return
           ,
           they
           met
           and
           saluted
           him
           as
           formerly
           ,
           discoursing
           pleasantly
           by
           the
           way
           ,
           as
           familiar
           Friends
           use
           to
           do
           ,
           till
           coming
           to
           the
           turning
           of
           a
           Street
           which
           led
           to
           the
           Prison
           ,
           Amphares
           by
           virtue
           of
           his
           Office
           arrested
           Agis
           ,
           and
           told
           him
           ,
           He
           must
           go
           with
           him
           before
           the
           other
           Ephori
           ,
           to
           answer
           for
           his
           Misdemeanors
           .
           At
           the
           same
           time
           Demochares
           ,
           who
           was
           a
           tall
           strong
           man
           ,
           threw
           his
           Cloak
           over
           his
           Head
           ,
           and
           dragg'd
           him
           after
           by
           the
           Neck
           ,
           whilst
           the
           others
           went
           behind
           to
           thrust
           him
           on
           ;
           so
           that
           none
           of
           Agis
           his
           Friends
           being
           near
           to
           assist
           him
           ,
           they
           easily
           got
           him
           into
           the
           Prison
           ,
           where
           Leonidas
           was
           already
           arriv'd
           ,
           with
           a
           Company
           of
           Souldiers
           ,
           who
           strongly
           guarded
           all
           the
           Avenues
           :
           the
           Ephori
           were
           also
           there
           with
           as
           many
           of
           the
           Senators
           as
           they
           knew
           
           to
           be
           true
           to
           their
           Party
           ,
           being
           desirous
           to
           proceed
           with
           some
           resemblance
           of
           Justice
           .
           First
           they
           bad
           him
           give
           an
           Account
           ,
           why
           he
           had
           gone
           about
           to
           alter
           the
           Government
           To
           which
           Agis
           (
           only
           smiling
           at
           their
           Craft
           and
           Dissimulation
           )
           answer'd
           not
           a
           word
           .
           Amphares
           told
           him
           ,
           It
           was
           more
           seasonable
           to
           weep
           ,
           for
           now
           the
           time
           was
           come
           in
           which
           he
           shou'd
           be
           punish'd
           for
           his
           Presumption
           .
           Another
           of
           the
           Ephori
           seeming
           more
           favourable
           ,
           (
           and
           offering
           as
           it
           were
           an
           occasion
           of
           Excuse
           )
           said
           ,
           He
           was
           confident
           Agis
           had
           been
           seduc'd
           ,
           and
           in
           a
           manner
           constrain'd
           to
           what
           he
           did
           ,
           by
           Lysander
           and
           Agesilaus
           .
           But
           Agis
           answer'd
           ,
           He
           had
           not
           been
           seduc'd
           or
           constrain'd
           by
           any
           man
           ,
           nor
           had
           any
           other
           intent
           in
           what
           he
           did
           ,
           but
           only
           to
           follow
           the
           Example
           of
           Lycurgus
           ,
           and
           to
           govern
           conformably
           to
           his
           Laws
           .
           They
           ask'd
           him
           ,
           Whether
           now
           at
           least
           he
           did
           not
           repent
           his
           Rashness
           ?
           To
           which
           he
           reply'd
           ,
           That
           tho'
           he
           saw
           unavoidable
           Death
           before
           his
           Eyes
           ,
           yet
           he
           cou'd
           never
           repent
           of
           so
           just
           and
           so
           glorious
           a
           Design
           ,
           They
           had
           not
           the
           patience
           to
           hear
           him
           any
           longer
           ,
           but
           commanded
           the
           Serjeants
           to
           carry
           him
           into
           the
           Decade
           ,
           (
           which
           was
           a
           place
           in
           the
           prison
           where
           they
           us'd
           to
           strangle
           Malefactors
           .
           )
           The
           Officers
           refus'd
           to
           obey
           ,
           and
           the
           very
           mercenary
           Souldiers
           declin'd
           it
           ,
           believing
           it
           an
           insolent
           
           and
           a
           Wicked
           Act
           to
           lay
           violent
           hands
           on
           a
           King
           ;
           which
           as
           soon
           as
           Demochares
           perceiv'd
           ,
           threatning
           and
           reviling
           them
           for
           it
           ,
           he
           himself
           thrust
           him
           into
           the
           Room
           .
        
         
           By
           this
           time
           the
           News
           of
           Agis
           his
           Imprisonment
           having
           reach'd
           all
           Parts
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           had
           occasion'd
           a
           great
           Concourse
           of
           People
           with
           Lanthorns
           and
           Torches
           about
           the
           Prison-gates
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           midst
           of
           them
           ,
           the
           Mother
           and
           the
           Grandmother
           of
           Agis
           crying
           out
           with
           a
           loud
           Voice
           ,
           That
           their
           King
           ought
           to
           appear
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           heard
           by
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           shou'd
           at
           least
           be
           proceeded
           with
           in
           the
           usual
           Forms
           of
           Justice
           .
           But
           this
           Clamour
           instead
           of
           preventing
           ,
           hasten'd
           his
           Death
           ,
           his
           Enemies
           fearing
           if
           the
           Tumult
           shou'd
           increase
           ,
           he
           might
           that
           very
           night
           be
           rescued
           out
           of
           their
           hands
           .
        
         
           Agis
           being
           now
           at
           the
           point
           to
           die
           ,
           perceiv'd
           one
           of
           the
           Serjeants
           bitterly
           bewailing
           his
           Misfortune
           :
           
             Weep
             not
             Friend
          
           ,
           (
           says
           he
           )
           
             for
             me
             ,
             who
             die
             innocent
             ,
             but
             rather
             grieve
             for
             those
             who
             are
             guilty
             of
             this
             wicked
             Act
             ;
             my
             condition
             is
             much
             better
             than
             theirs
             .
          
           As
           soon
           as
           he
           had
           spoken
           these
           words
           not
           shewing
           the
           least
           sign
           of
           Fear
           ,
           he
           patiently
           stretch'd
           out
           his
           Neck
           to
           the
           Executioner
           .
        
         
           Immediately
           after
           Agis
           was
           dead
           Amphares
           went
           out
           of
           the
           Prison-gate
           ,
           where
           he
           found
           Agesistrata
           ,
           who
           casting
           her self
           at
           his
           Feet
           ,
           he
           gently
           rais'd
           her
           up
           ,
           pretending
           
           still
           the
           same
           Friendship
           as
           formerly
           :
           he
           assur'd
           her
           ,
           she
           needed
           not
           fear
           any
           farther
           Violence
           shou'd
           be
           offer'd
           against
           her
           Son
           ;
           and
           that
           if
           she
           pleas'd
           ,
           she
           might
           go
           in
           and
           see
           him
           :
           she
           begg'd
           her
           Mother
           might
           also
           have
           the
           favour
           to
           be
           admitted
           ;
           and
           he
           reply'd
           ,
           No
           body
           shou'd
           hinder
           it
           .
           When
           they
           were
           enter'd
           ,
           he
           commanded
           the
           Gate
           shou'd
           again
           be
           lock'd
           ,
           and
           the
           Grandmother
           to
           be
           first
           introduc'd
           :
           she
           was
           now
           grown
           very
           old
           ,
           and
           had
           liv'd
           all
           her
           days
           with
           great
           reputation
           of
           Vertue
           and
           Wisdom
           .
           As
           soon
           as
           Amphares
           thought
           she
           was
           dispatch'd
           ,
           he
           told
           Agesistrata
           ,
           She
           might
           now
           go
           in
           if
           she
           pleas'd
           :
           she
           enter'd
           ,
           where
           beholding
           her
           Son's
           Body
           stretch'd
           on
           the
           Ground
           ,
           and
           her
           Mother
           hanging
           by
           the
           Neck
           ,
           she
           stood
           at
           first
           astonish'd
           at
           so
           horrid
           a
           Spectacle
           ;
           but
           after
           a
           while
           recollecting
           her
           Spirits
           ,
           the
           first
           thing
           she
           did
           ,
           was
           to
           assist
           the
           Souldiers
           in
           taking
           down
           the
           Body
           ;
           then
           covering
           it
           decently
           ,
           she
           laid
           it
           by
           her
           Son
           's
           ,
           whom
           embracing
           ,
           and
           kissing
           his
           Cheeks
           ,
           
             O
             my
             Son
          
           ,
           said
           she
           ,
           
             't
             is
             thy
             too
             great
             Mercy
             and
             Goodness
             which
             has
             brought
             thee
             and
             us
             to
             this
             untimely
             End.
             Amphares
             ,
          
           who
           stood
           watching
           behind
           the
           Door
           ,
           hearring
           this
           ,
           rush'd
           in
           hastily
           ,
           and
           with
           a
           furious
           Tone
           and
           Countenance
           said
           to
           her
           ,
           
             Since
             you
             approve
             so
             well
             of
             your
             Sons
             Actions
             ,
             't
             is
             fit
             you
             shou'd
             partake
             in
             his
             Reward
             .
          
           She
           
           rising
           up
           to
           meet
           her
           Destiny
           ,
           only
           utter'd
           these
           few
           words
           ,
           
             I
             pray
             the
             Gods
             that
             all
             this
             may
             redound
             to
             the
             good
             of
          
           Sparta
           .
        
         
           And
           now
           the
           three
           Bodies
           being
           expos'd
           to
           view
           ,
           and
           the
           Fact
           divulg'd
           ,
           no
           fear
           of
           Magistrates
           cou'd
           hinder
           the
           people
           from
           expressing
           a
           detestation
           of
           it
           ,
           or
           from
           hating
           the
           chief
           Contrivers
           and
           especially
           Leonidas
           and
           Amphares
           .
           They
           were
           not
           afraid
           openly
           to
           declare
           ,
           that
           so
           wicked
           and
           barbarous
           an
           Act
           had
           never
           been
           committed
           in
           Sparta
           ,
           since
           first
           the
           Doriens
           inhabited
           Pelopennesus
           ;
           the
           very
           Enemies
           in
           War
           ,
           they
           said
           ,
           were
           always
           cautious
           of
           spilling
           the
           Bloud
           of
           a
           Lacedoemonian
           King
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           in
           any
           Encounter
           they
           wou'd
           decline
           ,
           and
           endeavour
           to
           avoid
           them
           ,
           so
           great
           a
           Respect
           they
           bore
           to
           the
           Royal
           Majesty
           .
           I
           must
           needs
           say
           ,
           't
           is
           very
           remarkable
           ,
           that
           in
           so
           many
           Battels
           fought
           betwixt
           the
           Lacedoemonians
           and
           the
           other
           Grecians
           ,
           none
           but
           Cleombrotus
           was
           kill'd
           ,
           being
           wounded
           with
           a
           Javelin
           ,
           at
           the
           Battel
           of
           Leuctres
           ,
           a
           little
           before
           the
           days
           of
           King
           Philip
           of
           Macedon
           .
           I
           am
           not
           ignorant
           ,
           that
           the
           Messenians
           affirm
           ,
           Theopompus
           was
           also
           slain
           by
           their
           Aristomenes
           ;
           but
           the
           Lacedoemonians
           deny
           it
           ,
           and
           say
           ,
           He
           was
           only
           wounded
           :
           Be
           it
           as
           it
           will
           ,
           't
           is
           certain
           at
           least
           that
           Agis
           was
           the
           first
           King
           put
           to
           death
           by
           the
           Epori
           ,
           with
           a
           form
           and
           pretence
           of
           Justice
           ,
           and
           only
           
           for
           having
           endeavour'd
           to
           reduce
           them
           to
           their
           original
           Institution
           ,
           a
           Design
           well
           becoming
           the
           Courage
           of
           a
           noble
           Spartan
           .
        
         
           Thus
           Agis
           had
           the
           Fortune
           to
           be
           ill
           treated
           by
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           and
           worse
           by
           his
           Friends
           ;
           for
           if
           he
           had
           reason
           to
           complain
           of
           Leonidas
           ,
           whose
           Life
           he
           had
           sav'd
           ,
           much
           more
           of
           Amphares
           ,
           in
           whose
           Friendship
           he
           repos'd
           the
           highest
           Confidence
           :
           so
           unmercifully
           was
           he
           dealt
           with
           by
           others
           ,
           who
           being
           himself
           of
           a
           most
           mild
           and
           generous
           Disposition
           ,
           did
           deserve
           to
           be
           belov'd
           by
           all
           Mankind
           .
        
         
         
         
         
      
       
         
         
           THE
           LIFE
           OF
           CLEOMENES
           .
        
         
           Translated
           from
           the
           Greek
           ,
           by
           Mr.
           Creech
           ,
           Fellow
           of
           All-Souls
           Colledge
           in
           Oxford
           .
        
         
           THus
           fell
           Agis
           .
           His
           Brother
           Archidamus
           was
           too
           quick
           for
           Leonidas
           ,
           and
           sav'd
           himself
           by
           a
           timely
           Retreat
           .
           But
           his
           Wife
           then
           newly
           brought
           to
           Bed
           ,
           the
           Tyrant
           forc'd
           her
           from
           her
           own
           House
           ,
           and
           compell'd
           her
           to
           marry
           his
           Son
           Cleomenes
           ,
           though
           at
           that
           time
           too
           young
           for
           a
           Wife
           ;
           for
           he
           was
           unwilling
           that
           any
           one
           else
           should
           have
           her
           ,
           she
           being
           Heiress
           to
           her
           Father
           
           Gylippus's
           great
           Estate
           ;
           for
           Person
           ,
           
           the
           finest
           Woman
           in
           all
           Greece
           ,
           very
           good-natur'd
           ,
           of
           an
           exemplary
           Life
           ,
           and
           therefore
           ,
           they
           say
           ,
           she
           did
           all
           she
           could
           ,
           that
           she
           might
           not
           be
           compell'd
           to
           this
           Match
           .
        
         
           Being
           thus
           married
           to
           Cleomenes
           ,
           she
           hated
           Leonidas
           ,
           but
           to
           the
           Youth
           she
           show'd
           her self
           a
           kind
           and
           obliging
           Wife
           .
           He
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           they
           came
           together
           ,
           began
           to
           love
           her
           very
           much
           ,
           and
           the
           constant
           Kindness
           that
           she
           still
           retain'd
           for
           the
           memory
           of
           Agis
           ,
           wrought
           somewhat
           of
           Concern
           in
           the
           young
           Man
           for
           him
           ,
           so
           that
           he
           would
           often
           enquire
           of
           her
           concerning
           what
           had
           pass'd
           ,
           and
           attentively
           listen
           to
           the
           Story
           of
           
           Agis's
           Designs
           .
           Now
           Cleomenes
           had
           a
           generous
           and
           great
           Soul
           ;
           he
           was
           as
           temperate
           and
           moderate
           in
           his
           Pleasures
           as
           Agis
           ,
           but
           not
           so
           very
           cautious
           ,
           circumspect
           and
           gentle
           :
           a
           spur
           of
           Passion
           always
           gall'd
           him
           ,
           and
           his
           eargerness
           to
           pursue
           that
           which
           he
           thought
           good
           and
           just
           ,
           was
           violent
           and
           heady
           :
           to
           make
           Men
           willing
           to
           obey
           ,
           he
           conceiv'd
           to
           be
           the
           best
           Discipline
           ;
           but
           likewise
           to
           break
           the
           stubborn
           ,
           and
           force
           them
           to
           be
           better
           ,
           was
           in
           his
           opinion
           commendable
           and
           brave
           .
           This
           Disposition
           made
           him
           dislike
           the
           management
           of
           the
           City
           :
           the
           Citizens
           lay
           dissolv'd
           in
           supine
           Idleness
           and
           Pleasures
           ;
           the
           King
           minded
           nothing
           ,
           designing
           ,
           if
           no
           body
           gave
           him
           any
           disturbance
           ,
           to
           wast
           his
           Time
           in
           Ease
           and
           Riot
           ;
           the
           Publick
           was
           neglected
           ,
           
           and
           each
           Man
           intent
           upon
           his
           private
           Gain
           .
           'T
           was
           dangerous
           ,
           now
           Agis
           was
           kill'd
           ,
           to
           mention
           the
           exercising
           and
           training
           of
           their
           Youth
           ,
           and
           to
           set
           up
           for
           the
           ancient
           Bravery
           and
           Equality
           ,
           was
           Treason
           against
           the
           State.
           'T
           is
           said
           also
           that
           Cleomenes
           ,
           whilst
           a
           Boy
           ,
           studied
           Philosophy
           under
           Sphoerus
           the
           Borysthenite
           ,
           who
           coming
           to
           Sparta
           ,
           was
           very
           diligent
           in
           instructing
           the
           Youth
           .
           Spoerus
           was
           one
           of
           the
           chief
           of
           Zeno
           the
           
           Citiean's
           Scholars
           ,
           and
           't
           is
           likely
           that
           he
           admir'd
           the
           manly
           Temper
           of
           Cleomenes
           ,
           and
           inflam'd
           his
           generous
           Ambition
           .
           The
           ancient
           Leonidas
           (
           as
           Story
           saith
           )
           being
           ask'd
           ,
           What
           manner
           of
           Poet
           he
           thought
           Tyrtoeus
           ?
           reply'd
           ,
           An
           excellent
           one
           to
           whet
           the
           Courages
           of
           Youth
           ,
           for
           being
           fill'd
           with
           Fury
           by
           his
           Poems
           ,
           they
           daringly
           ventur'd
           on
           any
           Danger
           :
           now
           the
           Stoicks
           Philosophy
           is
           a
           dangerous
           Incentive
           to
           hot
           and
           fiery
           Dispositions
           ,
           but
           being
           mixt
           with
           a
           grave
           and
           cautious
           Temper
           ,
           is
           very
           good
           to
           fix
           and
           settle
           the
           Resolutions
           .
        
         
           Upon
           the
           Death
           of
           his
           Father
           Leonidas
           ,
           he
           succeeded
           ,
           and
           observing
           the
           Citizens
           of
           all
           sorts
           to
           be
           debauch'd
           ,
           the
           Rich
           neglecting
           the
           Publick
           ,
           and
           intent
           on
           their
           own
           Gain
           and
           Pleasure
           ,
           and
           the
           Poor
           being
           crampt
           in
           their
           private
           Fortunes
           ,
           grown
           unactive
           ,
           Cowards
           ,
           and
           not
           inclinable
           to
           the
           Spartan
           Institution
           and
           way
           of
           Breeding
           ,
           that
           he
           
           had
           only
           the
           Name
           of
           King
           ,
           and
           the
           Ephori
           all
           the
           Power
           ,
           was
           resolv'd
           to
           change
           the
           present
           posture
           of
           Affairs
           .
           He
           had
           a
           Friend
           whose
           Name
           was
           Xenares
           ,
           his
           Lover
           (
           such
           an
           Affection
           the
           Spartans
           express
           by
           the
           word
           ,
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           )
           him
           he
           sounded
           ,
           and
           of
           him
           he
           would
           commonly
           enquire
           ,
           What
           manner
           of
           King
           Agis
           was
           ;
           by
           what
           means
           ,
           and
           by
           what
           Assistance
           he
           began
           and
           pursu'd
           his
           Designs
           .
           Xenares
           at
           first
           willingly
           comply'd
           with
           his
           Request
           ,
           and
           told
           him
           the
           whole
           Story
           ,
           with
           all
           the
           particular
           Circumstances
           of
           the
           Actions
           .
           But
           when
           he
           observ'd
           Cleomenes
           to
           be
           extreamly
           affected
           at
           the
           Relation
           ,
           and
           more
           than
           ordinarily
           mov'd
           at
           
           Agis's
           new
           model
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           and
           begging
           a
           repetition
           of
           the
           Story
           ,
           he
           at
           first
           severely
           chid
           him
           ,
           told
           him
           ,
           He
           was
           frantick
           ,
           and
           at
           last
           left
           off
           all
           sort
           of
           Familiarity
           and
           Conversation
           with
           him
           ,
           yet
           he
           never
           told
           any
           Man
           the
           cause
           of
           their
           Disagreement
           ,
           but
           would
           only
           say
           ,
           
             Cleomenes
             knew
             very
             well
             .
             Cleomenes
          
           finding
           Xenares
           averse
           to
           his
           Designs
           ,
           and
           thinking
           all
           others
           to
           be
           of
           the
           same
           opinion
           ,
           consulted
           with
           none
           ,
           but
           contriv'd
           the
           whole
           Business
           by
           himself
           .
           And
           considering
           that
           it
           would
           be
           easier
           to
           bring
           about
           an
           Alteration
           when
           the
           City
           was
           at
           War
           ,
           than
           when
           in
           Peace
           ,
           he
           engag'd
           the
           Commonwealth
           in
           a
           Quarrel
           with
           the
           Achoeans
           ,
           who
           had
           given
           
           them
           fair
           occasions
           to
           complain
           :
           for
           Aratus
           a
           Man
           of
           the
           greatest
           Power
           amongst
           all
           the
           Achoeans
           ,
           design'd
           from
           the
           very
           beginning
           to
           bring
           all
           the
           Peloponnesians
           into
           one
           common
           Body
           .
           And
           to
           effect
           this
           ,
           he
           undertook
           many
           Expeditions
           ,
           and
           ran
           through
           a
           long
           course
           of
           Policy
           ;
           for
           he
           thought
           this
           the
           only
           means
           to
           make
           them
           an
           equal
           Match
           for
           their
           foreign
           Enemies
           ▪
           All
           the
           rest
           agreed
           to
           his
           Proposals
           ,
           only
           the
           Lacedoemonians
           ,
           the
           Eleans
           ,
           and
           as
           many
           of
           the
           Arcadians
           as
           inclin'd
           to
           the
           Spartan
           Interest
           ,
           refus'd
           .
           Therefore
           as
           soon
           as
           Leonidas
           was
           dead
           ,
           he
           fell
           upon
           the
           Arcadians
           ,
           and
           wasted
           those
           especially
           that
           border'd
           on
           Achaia
           ;
           by
           this
           means
           designing
           to
           try
           the
           Inclinations
           of
           the
           Spartans
           ,
           and
           despising
           Cleomenes
           as
           a
           Youth
           ,
           and
           of
           no
           Experience
           in
           Affairs
           of
           State
           or
           War.
           Upon
           this
           the
           Ephori
           sent
           Cleomenes
           to
           surprise
           the
           Athenoeum
           ,
           (
           dedicated
           to
           Minerva
           )
           near
           Belbina
           ,
           which
           is
           a
           Pass
           of
           Laconia
           ,
           and
           was
           then
           under
           the
           Jurisdiction
           of
           the
           
             Megalopolitans
             :
             Cleomenes
          
           possest
           himself
           of
           the
           place
           ,
           and
           fortified
           it
           ;
           at
           which
           Action
           Aratus
           shew'd
           no
           publick
           Resentment
           ,
           but
           marcht
           by
           night
           to
           surprise
           Tegea
           and
           Orchomenium
           .
           The
           Design
           fail'd
           ;
           for
           those
           that
           were
           to
           betray
           the
           Cities
           into
           his
           Hands
           ,
           doubted
           the
           Success
           ;
           so
           Aratus
           retreated
           ,
           imagining
           that
           his
           Design
           had
           been
           undiscovered
           :
           But
           Cleomenes
           wrot
           
           a
           jeering
           Letter
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           desired
           to
           know
           as
           from
           a
           Friend
           ,
           whither
           he
           intended
           to
           march
           at
           night
           ?
           And
           Aratus
           answering
           ,
           That
           having
           understood
           his
           Design
           to
           fortifie
           Belbina
           ,
           he
           resolv'd
           to
           march
           thither
           to
           oppose
           him
           .
           Cleomenes
           return'd
           ,
           That
           he
           believed
           it
           ,
           but
           desir'd
           him
           to
           give
           him
           an
           account
           ,
           if
           it
           stood
           with
           his
           Convenience
           ,
           why
           he
           carry'd
           those
           Torches
           and
           Ladders
           with
           him
           .
        
         
           Aratus
           laughing
           at
           the
           Jeer
           ,
           and
           asking
           what
           manner
           of
           Youth
           this
           was
           ;
           Democrites
           a
           Spartan
           Exile
           ,
           reply'd
           ,
           
             If
             you
             have
             any
             Designs
             upon
             the
          
           Lacedaemonians
           ,
           
             begin
             before
             this
             young
             Eagle's
             Talons
             are
             grown
             .
          
           Presently
           after
           this
           ,
           Cleomenes
           being
           in
           Arcadia
           with
           a
           few
           Horse
           ,
           and
           300
           Foot
           ,
           the
           Ephori
           fearing
           to
           engage
           in
           the
           War
           ,
           commanded
           him
           home
           ;
           but
           upon
           his
           Retreat
           ,
           Aratus
           taking
           Caphuoe
           ,
           they
           commission'd
           him
           again
           .
           In
           this
           Expedition
           he
           took
           Methudrium
           ,
           and
           spoiled
           the
           Countrey
           of
           the
           Argives
           and
           the
           Achaians
           :
           to
           stop
           his
           Victory
           ,
           and
           secure
           their
           Friends
           ,
           sent
           20000
           Foot
           and
           1000
           Horse
           against
           him
           ,
           under
           the
           Command
           of
           
             Aristomachus
             .
             Cleomenes
          
           fac'd
           them
           at
           Palantium
           ,
           and
           offer'd
           Battle
           :
           But
           Aratus
           being
           dash'd
           at
           his
           Bravery
           ,
           would
           not
           suffer
           the
           General
           to
           engage
           ,
           but
           retreated
           ,
           being
           curst
           by
           the
           Achoeans
           ,
           and
           hooted
           at
           ,
           and
           scorn'd
           by
           the
           Spartans
           ,
           who
           were
           not
           above
           5000
           ,
           for
           a
           Coward
           ▪
           
           Cleomenes
           encouraged
           by
           this
           Success
           ,
           began
           to
           vaunt
           among
           the
           Citizens
           a
           Sentence
           of
           one
           of
           their
           ancient
           Kings
           ,
           who
           said
           ,
           The
           Spartans
           
             seldom
             enquired
             how
             many
             their
             Enemies
             were
             ,
             but
             where
             they
             were
             .
          
           After
           this
           ,
           marching
           to
           the
           Assistance
           of
           the
           Eleans
           ,
           upon
           whom
           the
           Achaians
           warr'd
           ,
           and
           about
           Lycoeum
           falling
           upon
           the
           Enemy
           in
           their
           Retreat
           ,
           he
           routed
           their
           whole
           Army
           ,
           taking
           a
           great
           number
           of
           Captives
           ,
           and
           leaving
           many
           dead
           upon
           the
           Place
           ;
           so
           that
           it
           was
           commonly
           reported
           amongst
           the
           Greeks
           that
           Aratus
           was
           slain
           .
           But
           Aratus
           making
           the
           best
           Advantage
           of
           the
           Opportunity
           ,
           presently
           after
           the
           Defeat
           ,
           march'd
           to
           Mantinoea
           ,
           and
           before
           any
           body
           suspected
           it
           ,
           took
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           put
           a
           new
           Garrison
           into
           it
           .
           Upon
           this
           the
           
             Lacedoemonian
             ▪
             s
          
           being
           quite
           discouraged
           ,
           and
           opposing
           
           Cleomenes's
           Design
           of
           carrying
           on
           the
           War
           ,
           he
           was
           eager
           to
           send
           for
           Archidamus
           ,
           Agis's
           Brother
           from
           Mesena
           ,
           for
           he
           of
           the
           other
           Family
           had
           a
           Right
           to
           the
           Kingdom
           ;
           and
           beside
           Cleomenes
           thought
           that
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           Ephori
           would
           be
           abated
           when
           the
           Kingly
           State
           was
           fill'd
           up
           ,
           and
           equally
           poised
           between
           the
           two
           Families
           .
           But
           those
           that
           were
           concern'd
           in
           the
           Murder
           of
           Agis
           understanding
           the
           Design
           ,
           and
           fearing
           that
           upon
           
           Archidamus's
           Return
           they
           should
           be
           call'd
           to
           an
           Account
           ,
           receiv'd
           him
           coming
           
           privately
           into
           Town
           ,
           waited
           on
           him
           ,
           and
           presently
           after
           murder'd
           him
           ;
           but
           whether
           Cleomenes
           was
           against
           it
           (
           as
           Phylarchus
           imagines
           )
           or
           whether
           he
           was
           perswaded
           by
           his
           Friends
           ,
           and
           winck'd
           at
           the
           Contrivance
           ,
           is
           uncertain
           ;
           however
           ,
           they
           were
           most
           blam'd
           ,
           as
           having
           forc'd
           his
           Consent
           .
           But
           he
           still
           resolving
           to
           new-model
           the
           State
           brib'd
           the
           Ephori
           to
           make
           him
           General
           :
           and
           won
           the
           Affections
           of
           many
           others
           by
           means
           of
           his
           Mother
           Cratesicloea
           ,
           who
           spared
           no
           Cost
           ,
           and
           was
           very
           zealous
           to
           promote
           the
           same
           Interest
           ;
           and
           though
           of
           her self
           she
           had
           no
           Inclination
           to
           marry
           ,
           yet
           for
           her
           Son's
           sake
           she
           wedded
           one
           of
           the
           chiefest
           Citizens
           for
           Wealth
           and
           Power
           .
           Cleomenes
           marching
           forth
           with
           the
           Army
           now
           under
           his
           Command
           ,
           took
           Leuctra
           ,
           a
           place
           belonging
           to
           Megalopolis
           ;
           and
           the
           Achoeans
           quickly
           facing
           him
           with
           a
           good
           body
           of
           Men
           commanded
           by
           Aratus
           ,
           in
           a
           Battle
           under
           the
           vety
           Walls
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           some
           part
           of
           his
           Army
           was
           routed
           .
           But
           Aratus
           commanding
           the
           Achoeans
           not
           to
           pass
           a
           deep
           Hollow
           ,
           and
           stopping
           the
           Pursuit
           ,
           Lydiadas
           the
           Megalopolitan
           fretting
           at
           the
           Orders
           ,
           encouraging
           the
           Horse
           which
           he
           led
           ,
           and
           pursuing
           the
           routed
           Enemy
           ,
           fell
           into
           a
           place
           full
           of
           Vines
           ,
           Hedges
           and
           Ditches
           ,
           and
           being
           forc'd
           to
           break
           his
           Ranks
           ,
           was
           put
           into
           a
           great
           Disorder
           .
           Cleomenes
           observing
           the
           Advantage
           ,
           
           commanded
           the
           Tarentines
           and
           Cretans
           to
           engage
           him
           ,
           by
           whom
           ,
           after
           a
           brave
           Dispute
           he
           was
           routed
           and
           slain
           .
           The
           Lacedoemonians
           thus
           encouraged
           ,
           with
           a
           great
           shout
           fell
           upon
           the
           Archoeans
           and
           routed
           their
           whole
           Army
           .
           Of
           the
           slain
           ,
           which
           were
           very
           many
           ,
           some
           Cleomenes
           delivered
           upon
           Articles
           ,
           but
           the
           Body
           of
           Lydiadas
           he
           commanded
           to
           be
           brought
           to
           him
           and
           then
           putting
           on
           it
           a
           purple
           Robe
           ,
           and
           a
           Crown
           upon
           its
           Head
           ,
           sent
           a
           Convoy
           with
           it
           to
           the
           Gates
           of
           Megalopolis
           .
           This
           Lydiadas
           was
           the
           Man
           that
           resign'd
           his
           Crown
           ,
           restor'd
           Liberty
           to
           the
           Citizens
           ,
           and
           joyn'd
           the
           City
           to
           the
           Achoean
           Interest
           .
           Cleomenes
           being
           very
           much
           raised
           by
           this
           Success
           ;
           and
           perswaded
           ,
           that
           if
           matters
           were
           wholly
           at
           his
           Disposal
           ,
           he
           should
           quickly
           be
           too
           hard
           for
           the
           Achoeans
           .
           He
           taught
           Megistones
           his
           Mother's
           Husband
           ,
           That
           't
           was
           expedient
           for
           the
           State
           to
           shake
           off
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           Ephori
           ,
           and
           to
           put
           all
           their
           Wealth
           into
           one
           common
           Stock
           for
           the
           whole
           Body
           ;
           That
           Sparta
           being
           restor'd
           to
           its
           old
           Equality
           ,
           might
           be
           rais'd
           up
           to
           be
           Mistriss
           of
           all
           
             Greece
             .
             Megistones
          
           liked
           the
           Design
           ,
           and
           engag'd
           two
           or
           three
           more
           of
           his
           Friends
           .
           About
           that
           time
           one
           of
           the
           Ephori
           sleeping
           in
           
           Phasiphae's
           Temple
           ,
           dream'd
           a
           very
           surprizing
           Dream
           ;
           for
           he
           thought
           he
           saw
           the
           four
           Chairs
           removed
           out
           of
           the
           place
           where
           
           the
           Ephori
           used
           to
           sit
           and
           hear
           Causes
           ,
           and
           one
           only
           set
           there
           ;
           and
           whilst
           he
           wondred
           he
           heard
           a
           Voice
           out
           of
           the
           Temple
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             This
             is
             best
             for
          
           Sparta
           .
           The
           Person
           telling
           Cleomenes
           this
           Dream
           ,
           he
           was
           a
           little
           troubled
           at
           first
           ,
           fearing
           that
           he
           us'd
           this
           as
           a
           Trick
           to
           sift
           him
           ,
           upon
           some
           Suspicion
           of
           his
           Design
           ;
           but
           when
           he
           was
           satisfied
           that
           the
           Relater
           spoke
           truth
           ,
           he
           took
           heart
           again
           ,
           and
           taking
           with
           him
           those
           whom
           he
           thought
           would
           be
           against
           his
           model
           ,
           he
           took
           Eroea
           and
           Alcoea
           ,
           two
           Cities
           of
           the
           Achoeans
           ,
           furnish'd
           Orchomenium
           with
           Provisions
           ,
           besieg'd
           Mantinoea
           ;
           and
           with
           long
           marches
           so
           harass'd
           the
           Lacedoemonians
           ,
           that
           many
           of
           them
           desir'd
           to
           be
           left
           in
           Arcadia
           ;
           and
           he
           satisfy'd
           their
           Request
           .
           With
           the
           Mercenaries
           he
           march'd
           to
           Sparta
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           way
           communicated
           his
           Design
           to
           those
           whom
           he
           thought
           fittest
           for
           his
           Purpose
           ,
           and
           march'd
           slowly
           that
           he
           might
           catch
           the
           Ephori
           at
           Supper
           .
           When
           he
           was
           come
           near
           the
           City
           ,
           he
           sent
           Eurycleidas
           to
           the
           Sussitium
           ,
           the
           eating-place
           of
           the
           Ephori
           ,
           under
           pretence
           of
           carrying
           some
           Message
           from
           him
           from
           the
           Army
           ;
           
             Threicion
             ,
             Phoebis
          
           ,
           and
           two
           of
           those
           which
           were
           bred
           with
           Cleomenes
           ,
           which
           they
           call
           Samothracoe
           ,
           follow'd
           with
           a
           few
           Souldiers
           :
           And
           whilst
           Eurycleidas
           was
           delivering
           his
           Message
           to
           the
           Ephori
           ,
           they
           ran
           upon
           them
           with
           their
           drawn
           Swords
           ,
           
           and
           slew
           them
           .
           Agesilaus
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           was
           run
           through
           ,
           fell
           ,
           and
           lay
           as
           dead
           ;
           but
           in
           a
           little
           time
           he
           rose
           ,
           silently
           convey'd
           himself
           out
           of
           the
           Room
           ,
           and
           crept
           undiscover'd
           into
           a
           little
           House
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           Temple
           of
           Fear
           ,
           and
           which
           always
           us'd
           to
           be
           shut
           ,
           but
           was
           then
           by
           chance
           open
           ;
           being
           got
           in
           ,
           he
           shut
           the
           Door
           ,
           and
           lay
           close
           :
           the
           other
           four
           were
           kill'd
           ,
           and
           above
           ten
           more
           that
           came
           to
           their
           Assistance
           ;
           to
           those
           that
           were
           quiet
           ,
           they
           did
           no
           harm
           ,
           stopt
           none
           that
           fled
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           spar'd
           Agesilaus
           ,
           who
           came
           out
           of
           the
           Temple
           the
           next
           day
           .
           The
           Lacedoemonians
           have
           not
           only
           Temples
           dedicated
           to
           Fear
           ,
           but
           also
           to
           
             Death
             ,
             Laughter
          
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           Passions
           :
           now
           they
           worship
           Fear
           ,
           not
           as
           they
           do
           those
           Deities
           which
           they
           dread
           ,
           esteeming
           it
           hurtful
           ,
           but
           thinking
           their
           Polity
           is
           chiefly
           kept
           up
           by
           Law
           ;
           and
           therefore
           the
           
             Ephori
             (
             Aristotle
          
           is
           my
           Author
           )
           when
           they
           enter
           upon
           their
           Government
           ,
           make
           Proclamation
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           That
           they
           should
           shave
           their
           Whiskers
           ,
           and
           be
           obedient
           to
           the
           Laws
           ,
           that
           they
           might
           not
           be
           forc'd
           to
           be
           severe
           ,
           using
           this
           trivial
           Particular
           (
           in
           my
           opinion
           )
           to
           accustom
           their
           Youth
           to
           Obedience
           even
           in
           the
           smallest
           Matters
           .
           And
           the
           Ancients
           ,
           I
           think
           ,
           did
           not
           imagine
           Fortitude
           to
           be
           plain
           Fearlessness
           ,
           but
           a
           cautious
           Fear
           of
           Infamy
           and
           Disgrace
           :
           for
           those
           that
           show
           most
           Fear
           towards
           
           the
           Laws
           ,
           are
           most
           bold
           against
           their
           Enemies
           ;
           and
           those
           are
           least
           afraid
           of
           any
           Danger
           ,
           who
           are
           most
           afraid
           of
           a
           just
           Reproach
           .
           Therefore
           he
           said
           well
           :
        
         
           
             
               A
               Reverence
               still
               attends
               on
               Fear
               .
            
          
           
             And
             Homer
             ,
          
           
             
               Fear'd
               you
               shall
               be
               ,
               dear
               Vncle
               ,
               and
               rever'd
               ,
            
          
           
             And
             again
             ,
          
           
             
               In
               silence
               fearing
               those
               that
               bore
               the
               sway
               .
            
          
        
         
           For
           't
           is
           very
           commonly
           seen
           ,
           that
           Men
           reverence
           those
           whom
           they
           fear
           ;
           and
           therefore
           the
           Lacedoemonians
           plac'd
           the
           Temple
           of
           Fear
           by
           the
           Sussitium
           of
           the
           Ephori
           ,
           having
           rais'd
           their
           Power
           to
           almost
           absolute
           Monarchy
           .
        
         
           The
           next
           day
           Cleomenes
           proscrib'd
           80
           of
           the
           Citizens
           ,
           whom
           he
           thought
           necessary
           to
           banish
           ,
           and
           remov'd
           all
           the
           Seats
           of
           the
           Ephori
           except
           one
           ,
           in
           which
           he
           himself
           design'd
           to
           sit
           ,
           and
           hear
           Causes
           ;
           and
           calling
           the
           Citizens
           together
           ,
           he
           made
           an
           Apology
           for
           his
           Proceedings
           ,
           saying
           ,
           That
           by
           Lycurgus
           the
           Senate
           was
           joyn'd
           to
           the
           Kings
           ,
           and
           that
           that
           model
           of
           Government
           had
           continued
           a
           long
           time
           ,
           and
           needed
           no
           other
           sort
           of
           Magistrates
           to
           give
           it
           perfection
           .
           But
           afterward
           in
           the
           long
           War
           with
           the
           Messenians
           ,
           when
           the
           Kings
           being
           to
           command
           the
           
           Army
           ,
           had
           no
           time
           to
           attend
           civil
           Causes
           ,
           they
           chose
           some
           of
           their
           Friends
           ,
           and
           left
           them
           to
           determine
           the
           Suits
           of
           the
           Citizens
           in
           their
           stead
           .
           These
           were
           call'd
           Ephori
           ,
           and
           at
           first
           behav'd
           themselves
           as
           Servants
           to
           the
           Kings
           ,
           but
           afterward
           by
           degrees
           they
           appropriated
           the
           Power
           to
           themselves
           and
           erected
           a
           distinct
           sort
           of
           Magistracy
           .
           An
           evidence
           of
           the
           Truth
           of
           this
           may
           be
           taken
           from
           the
           usual
           Behaviour
           of
           the
           Kings
           ,
           who
           upon
           the
           first
           and
           second
           Message
           of
           the
           Ephori
           ,
           refuse
           to
           go
           ,
           but
           upon
           the
           third
           readily
           attend
           them
           :
           And
           Asteropus
           ,
           the
           first
           that
           rais'd
           the
           Ephori
           to
           that
           height
           of
           Power
           ,
           liv'd
           a
           great
           many
           years
           after
           their
           Institution
           ;
           therefore
           whilst
           they
           modestly
           contain'd
           themselves
           within
           their
           own
           proper
           Sphere
           ,
           't
           was
           better
           to
           bear
           with
           them
           than
           to
           make
           a
           disturbance
           .
           But
           that
           an
           upstart
           introduc'd
           Power
           should
           so
           far
           destroy
           the
           old
           model
           of
           Government
           ,
           as
           to
           banish
           some
           Kings
           ,
           murder
           others
           without
           hearing
           their
           defence
           ,
           and
           threaten
           those
           who
           desir'd
           to
           see
           the
           best
           and
           most
           divine
           Constitution
           restor'd
           in
           Sparta
           ,
           was
           unsufferable
           .
           Therefore
           if
           it
           had
           been
           possible
           for
           him
           without
           Bloodshed
           ,
           to
           have
           freed
           Lacedaemon
           from
           those
           foreign
           Plagues
           ,
           Luxury
           ,
           Vanity
           ,
           Debts
           and
           Usury
           ;
           and
           from
           those
           more
           ancient
           Evils
           ,
           Poverty
           and
           Riches
           ,
           he
           should
           have
           thought
           himself
           the
           happiest
           
           King
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           having
           like
           an
           expert
           Physician
           cur'd
           ▪
           the
           Diseases
           of
           his
           Countrey
           without
           pain
           .
           But
           now
           in
           this
           necessity
           
           Lycurgus's
           Example
           favour'd
           his
           Proceedings
           ,
           who
           being
           neither
           King
           ,
           nor
           Magistrate
           ,
           but
           a
           private
           Man
           ,
           and
           aiming
           at
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           came
           arm'd
           into
           the
           Market-place
           ,
           and
           for
           fear
           of
           the
           King
           ,
           Carileus
           fled
           to
           the
           Altar
           :
           but
           he
           being
           a
           good
           Man
           ,
           and
           a
           lover
           of
           his
           Countrey
           ,
           readily
           consented
           to
           
           Lycurgus's
           Project
           ,
           and
           admitted
           an
           Alteration
           in
           the
           State.
           Thus
           by
           his
           own
           Actions
           Lycurgus
           show'd
           ,
           That
           it
           was
           difficult
           to
           correct
           the
           Government
           without
           Force
           and
           Fear
           ,
           in
           using
           which
           ,
           he
           said
           ,
           he
           would
           be
           so
           moderate
           ,
           as
           never
           to
           desire
           their
           Assistance
           ,
           but
           either
           to
           terrifie
           or
           ruine
           the
           Enemies
           of
           
           Sparta's
           Happiness
           and
           Safety
           .
           He
           commanded
           that
           all
           the
           Land
           should
           be
           left
           in
           common
           ,
           and
           private
           Claims
           laid
           aside
           :
           That
           Debtors
           should
           be
           discharged
           of
           their
           Debts
           ,
           and
           a
           strict
           search
           made
           ,
           who
           were
           Foreigners
           ,
           and
           who
           not
           :
           That
           the
           true
           Spartans
           ,
           recovering
           their
           Courage
           ,
           might
           defend
           the
           City
           by
           their
           Arms
           ,
           and
           that
           we
           may
           no
           longer
           see
           Laconia
           ,
           for
           want
           of
           a
           sufficient
           number
           to
           secure
           it
           ,
           wasted
           by
           the
           Aetolians
           and
           Illyrians
           .
           Then
           he
           himself
           first
           ,
           with
           his
           Father-in-law
           Megistones
           and
           his
           Friends
           ,
           brought
           all
           their
           Wealth
           into
           one
           publick
           Stock
           ,
           and
           
           all
           the
           other
           Citizens
           follow'd
           the
           example
           :
           the
           Land
           was
           divided
           ,
           and
           every
           one
           that
           he
           had
           banish'd
           ,
           had
           a
           share
           assign'd
           him
           ;
           for
           he
           promis'd
           to
           restore
           all
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           things
           were
           settled
           and
           in
           quiet
           ;
           and
           compleating
           the
           common
           number
           of
           Citizens
           ,
           out
           of
           the
           best
           and
           most
           agreeable
           of
           the
           neighbouring
           Inhabitants
           ,
           he
           rais'd
           a
           Body
           of
           4000
           Men
           ,
           and
           instead
           of
           a
           Spear
           ,
           taught
           them
           to
           use
           a
           Sarissa
           ,
           (
           a
           long
           Pike
           )
           with
           both
           hands
           ,
           and
           to
           carry
           their
           Shields
           by
           a
           String
           fastned
           round
           their
           Arms
           ,
           and
           not
           by
           a
           Handle
           ,
           as
           before
           .
           After
           this
           he
           began
           to
           consult
           about
           the
           exercising
           and
           breeding
           of
           the
           Youth
           ,
           (
           many
           Particulars
           of
           which
           ,
           Sphoerus
           being
           then
           at
           Sparta
           ,
           directed
           )
           and
           in
           a
           short
           time
           the
           Schools
           of
           Exercise
           ,
           and
           their
           Syssitia
           ,
           (
           common
           eating
           Places
           )
           recover'd
           their
           ancient
           Decency
           and
           Order
           ,
           a
           few
           out
           of
           necessity
           ,
           but
           the
           most
           voluntarily
           applying
           themselves
           to
           that
           generous
           and
           Laconick
           way
           of
           Living
           :
           besides
           ,
           that
           the
           Name
           of
           Monarch
           might
           give
           them
           no
           jealousie
           ,
           he
           made
           Eucleidas
           ,
           his
           Brother
           ,
           Partner
           in
           the
           Throne
           ;
           and
           that
           was
           the
           only
           time
           that
           Sparta
           had
           two
           Kings
           of
           the
           same
           Family
           .
           Then
           understanding
           that
           the
           Achoeans
           and
           Aratus
           imagin'd
           that
           this
           Change
           had
           disturb'd
           and
           shaken
           his
           Affairs
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           would
           not
           venture
           out
           of
           Sparta
           ,
           and
           leave
           the
           City
           now
           unsettled
           by
           so
           
           great
           an
           Alteration
           ,
           he
           thought
           it
           great
           and
           serviceable
           to
           his
           Designs
           ,
           to
           convince
           his
           Enemies
           that
           he
           was
           eagerly
           desirous
           of
           a
           War
           :
           And
           therefore
           making
           an
           Incursion
           into
           the
           Territories
           of
           Megalopolis
           ,
           he
           wasted
           the
           Countrey
           very
           much
           ,
           and
           got
           a
           considerable
           Booty
           .
           And
           at
           last
           taking
           those
           that
           us'd
           to
           act
           in
           the
           publick
           Solemnities
           travelling
           from
           Messena
           ,
           and
           building
           a
           Theater
           in
           the
           Enemies
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           setting
           a
           Prize
           of
           40
           l.
           value
           ,
           he
           sate
           Spectator
           a
           whole
           day
           ;
           not
           that
           he
           either
           desir'd
           or
           needed
           such
           a
           Divertisement
           ,
           but
           as
           it
           were
           insulting
           o'er
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           and
           that
           by
           thus
           manifestly
           despising
           them
           ,
           he
           might
           show
           that
           he
           had
           more
           than
           conquer'd
           the
           Achaeans
           :
           for
           that
           alone
           of
           all
           the
           Greek
           or
           Kings
           Armies
           had
           no
           Stage-players
           ,
           no
           Jugglers
           ,
           no
           dancing
           or
           singing
           Women
           attending
           it
           ,
           but
           was
           free
           from
           all
           sorts
           of
           Loosness
           ,
           Wantonness
           and
           Foppery
           ;
           the
           young
           Men
           being
           for
           the
           most
           part
           upon
           Duty
           ,
           and
           the
           old
           Men
           teaching
           them
           at
           leisure-time
           to
           apply
           themselves
           to
           their
           usual
           Drollery
           ,
           and
           to
           rally
           one
           another
           facetiously
           after
           the
           Laconick
           fashion
           ;
           the
           Advantages
           of
           which
           I
           have
           discover'd
           in
           the
           Life
           of
           Lycurgus
           .
           He
           himself
           instructed
           all
           by
           his
           Example
           :
           he
           was
           a
           living
           Pattern
           of
           Temperance
           before
           every
           bodies
           eyes
           ,
           and
           his
           course
           of
           Living
           was
           neither
           
           more
           stately
           nor
           more
           expensive
           than
           any
           of
           the
           Commons
           .
           And
           this
           was
           a
           considerable
           Advantage
           to
           him
           in
           his
           Designs
           on
           Greece
           ;
           for
           Men
           when
           they
           waited
           upon
           other
           Kings
           ,
           did
           not
           so
           much
           admire
           their
           Wealth
           ,
           costly
           Furniture
           ,
           and
           numerous
           Attendance
           ,
           as
           they
           hated
           their
           Pride
           and
           State
           ,
           their
           difficulty
           of
           Access
           ,
           and
           scornful
           commanding
           Answers
           to
           their
           Petitions
           .
           But
           when
           they
           came
           to
           Cleomenes
           ,
           who
           was
           both
           really
           a
           King
           ,
           and
           bore
           that
           Title
           ,
           and
           saw
           no
           Purple
           ,
           no
           Robes
           of
           State
           upon
           him
           ,
           no
           Chairs
           and
           Couches
           about
           him
           for
           his
           ease
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           did
           not
           receive
           Petitions
           ,
           and
           return
           Answers
           after
           a
           long
           delay
           ,
           by
           a
           number
           of
           Messengers
           ,
           Waiters
           ,
           or
           by
           Bills
           ,
           but
           that
           he
           rose
           and
           came
           forward
           to
           meet
           those
           that
           came
           to
           wait
           upon
           him
           ,
           staid
           ,
           talk'd
           freely
           and
           graciously
           with
           all
           that
           had
           Business
           ,
           they
           were
           extreamly
           taken
           ,
           won
           to
           his
           Service
           ,
           and
           profess'd
           that
           he
           alone
           was
           the
           true
           Son
           of
           Hercules
           .
           His
           common
           every
           days
           Meal
           was
           in
           a
           mean
           Room
           ,
           very
           sparing
           ,
           and
           after
           the
           Laconick
           manner
           ;
           and
           when
           he
           entertain'd
           Ambassadors
           or
           Strangers
           ,
           two
           more
           Beds
           were
           added
           ,
           and
           a
           little
           better
           Dinner
           provided
           by
           his
           Servants
           ;
           but
           no
           Fricacies
           ,
           no
           Dainties
           ,
           only
           the
           dishes
           were
           larger
           ,
           and
           the
           Wine
           more
           plentiful
           ;
           for
           he
           reprov'd
           one
           of
           his
           Friends
           for
           entertaining
           
           some
           Strangers
           with
           nothing
           but
           Pulse
           and
           black
           Broth
           ,
           such
           Diet
           as
           they
           usually
           had
           in
           their
           Phiditia
           ,
           saying
           ,
           That
           upon
           such
           occasions
           ,
           and
           when
           they
           treat
           Strangers
           ,
           't
           was
           not
           requisite
           to
           be
           too
           exact
           Laconians
           .
           After
           Supper
           ,
           a
           Stand
           was
           brought
           in
           with
           a
           brass
           Vessel
           full
           of
           Wine
           ,
           two
           silver
           Pots
           ,
           which
           held
           almost
           a
           Quart
           apiece
           ,
           a
           few
           silver
           Cups
           ,
           of
           which
           he
           that
           pleas'd
           might
           drink
           ,
           but
           no
           Liquor
           was
           forc'd
           on
           any
           of
           the
           Guests
           .
           There
           was
           no
           Musick
           ,
           nor
           was
           any
           requir'd
           ;
           for
           he
           entertain'd
           the
           Company
           ,
           sometimes
           asking
           Questions
           ,
           sometimes
           telling
           Stories
           :
           And
           his
           Discourse
           was
           neither
           too
           grave
           ,
           and
           unpleasantly
           serious
           ,
           nor
           vain
           and
           abusive
           ,
           but
           merrily
           facetious
           ;
           for
           he
           thought
           those
           ways
           of
           catching
           Men
           by
           Gifts
           and
           Presents
           ,
           which
           other
           Kings
           use
           ,
           to
           be
           mean
           and
           inartificial
           ;
           and
           it
           seem'd
           to
           him
           to
           be
           the
           most
           glorious
           method
           ,
           and
           most
           suitable
           to
           a
           King
           to
           win
           the
           Affections
           of
           those
           that
           came
           near
           him
           ,
           by
           pleasant
           Discourse
           ,
           and
           unaffected
           Conversation
           :
           for
           a
           Friend
           and
           Mercenary
           differ
           only
           in
           this
           ,
           that
           the
           one
           is
           made
           by
           Conversation
           and
           agreeableness
           of
           Humour
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           by
           Reward
           .
           The
           Mantinoeans
           were
           the
           first
           that
           oblig'd
           him
           ;
           for
           getting
           by
           night
           into
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           driving
           out
           the
           Achoean
           Garrison
           ,
           they
           put
           themselves
           under
           his
           Protection
           :
           
           he
           restor'd
           them
           their
           Polity
           and
           Laws
           ,
           and
           the
           same
           day
           march'd
           to
           Tegea
           ;
           and
           a
           little
           while
           after
           fetching
           a
           Compass
           through
           Arcadia
           ,
           he
           made
           a
           Descent
           upon
           Pheroe
           in
           Achaia
           ,
           intending
           to
           force
           Aratus
           to
           a
           Battle
           ,
           or
           bring
           him
           into
           Disrepute
           ,
           for
           refusing
           to
           engage
           ,
           and
           suffering
           him
           to
           waste
           the
           Countrey
           :
           Hyperbatus
           at
           that
           time
           commanded
           the
           Army
           ,
           but
           Aratus
           had
           all
           the
           Power
           amongst
           the
           Achoeans
           .
           The
           Achoeans
           marching
           forth
           with
           their
           whole
           Strength
           ,
           and
           incamping
           in
           Dumoeoe
           ,
           about
           
             Hecatomboeum
             ,
             Cleomenes
          
           came
           up
           ,
           and
           thinking
           it
           not
           advisable
           to
           pitch
           between
           Dumoeoe
           ,
           a
           City
           of
           the
           Enemies
           ,
           and
           the
           Camp
           of
           the
           Achoeans
           ,
           he
           boldly
           dar'd
           the
           Achoeans
           ,
           and
           forc'd
           them
           to
           a
           Battle
           ,
           and
           routing
           the
           Phalanx
           ,
           slew
           a
           great
           many
           in
           the
           Fight
           ,
           and
           took
           many
           Prisoners
           ;
           thence
           marching
           to
           Lagon
           ,
           and
           driving
           out
           the
           Achoean
           Garrison
           ,
           he
           restor'd
           the
           City
           to
           the
           Eloeans
           .
           The
           Affairs
           of
           the
           Achoeans
           being
           in
           this
           desperate
           condition
           ,
           Aratus
           ,
           who
           was
           wont
           to
           continue
           in
           his
           Government
           above
           a
           year
           ,
           refus'd
           the
           Command
           ,
           though
           they
           entreated
           and
           urg'd
           him
           to
           accept
           it
           ;
           and
           this
           was
           ill
           done
           ,
           when
           the
           Storm
           was
           high
           ,
           to
           put
           the
           Power
           out
           of
           his
           own
           hands
           ,
           and
           set
           another
           to
           the
           Helm
           .
           Cleomenes
           at
           first
           propos'd
           fair
           and
           easie
           Conditions
           by
           his
           Ambassadors
           to
           the
           Achoeans
           ;
           
           but
           afterward
           he
           sent
           others
           ,
           and
           requir'd
           the
           chief
           Command
           to
           be
           settled
           upon
           him
           ;
           and
           in
           other
           Matters
           he
           promis'd
           to
           agree
           to
           reasonable
           terms
           ,
           and
           to
           restore
           their
           Captives
           and
           their
           Countrey
           .
           The
           Achoeans
           were
           willing
           to
           come
           to
           an
           Agreement
           upon
           those
           terms
           ,
           and
           invited
           Cleomenes
           to
           Lerna
           ,
           where
           an
           Assembly
           was
           to
           be
           held
           ;
           but
           it
           hapned
           that
           Cleomenes
           hastily
           marching
           on
           ,
           and
           unreasonably
           drinking
           Water
           ,
           brought
           up
           abundance
           of
           Blood
           ,
           and
           lost
           his
           Voice
           :
           therefore
           being
           unable
           to
           continue
           his
           March
           ,
           he
           sent
           the
           chiefest
           of
           the
           Captives
           to
           the
           Achoeans
           ,
           and
           putting
           off
           the
           Meeting
           for
           some
           time
           ,
           retir'd
           to
           Lacedoemon
           .
           This
           ruin'd
           the
           Affairs
           of
           Greece
           ,
           which
           was
           just
           then
           ready
           to
           recover
           it self
           out
           of
           its
           Disasters
           ,
           and
           avoid
           the
           insulting
           and
           Covetousness
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           :
           for
           Aratus
           ,
           whether
           fearing
           or
           distrusting
           Cleomenes
           ,
           or
           envying
           his
           unlook'd-for
           Success
           ,
           or
           thinking
           it
           a
           disgrace
           for
           him
           who
           had
           commanded
           33
           years
           ,
           to
           have
           a
           young
           Man
           succeed
           to
           all
           his
           Glory
           and
           his
           Power
           ,
           and
           be
           Head
           of
           that
           Government
           which
           he
           had
           been
           raising
           and
           settling
           so
           many
           years
           ;
           he
           first
           endeavour'd
           to
           keep
           the
           Achoeans
           from
           closing
           with
           Cleomenes
           ;
           but
           when
           they
           would
           not
           hearken
           to
           him
           ,
           fearing
           
             Cleomenes
             ▪
             s
          
           daring
           Spirit
           and
           thinking
           the
           
           Lacedoemonian's
           Proposals
           to
           be
           very
           reasonable
           ,
           
           who
           design'd
           only
           to
           reduce
           Peloponnesus
           to
           its
           old
           Model
           ,
           he
           took
           his
           last
           Refuge
           ,
           in
           an
           Action
           which
           was
           unbecoming
           any
           of
           the
           Greeks
           ,
           most
           dishonourable
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           most
           unworthy
           his
           former
           Bravery
           and
           Exploits
           :
           for
           he
           call'd
           Antigonus
           into
           Greece
           ,
           and
           fill'd
           Peloponnesus
           with
           Macedonians
           ,
           whom
           he
           himself
           ,
           when
           a
           Youth
           ,
           having
           beaten
           their
           Garrison
           out
           of
           the
           Castle
           of
           Corinth
           ,
           had
           driven
           from
           the
           same
           Countrey
           ;
           beside
           ,
           he
           declar'd
           himself
           an
           Enemy
           to
           all
           Kings
           ,
           and
           hath
           left
           many
           dishonourable
           Stories
           of
           this
           same
           Antigonus
           ,
           in
           those
           Commentaries
           which
           he
           wrote
           .
           Aud
           though
           he
           declares
           ,
           that
           he
           suffer'd
           considerable
           Losses
           ,
           and
           underwent
           great
           Dangers
           ,
           that
           he
           might
           free
           Athens
           from
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           yet
           afterward
           he
           brought
           the
           very
           same
           Men
           arm'd
           into
           his
           own
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           his
           own
           House
           ,
           even
           to
           the
           Womens
           Apartment
           .
           He
           would
           not
           endure
           ,
           that
           one
           of
           the
           Family
           of
           Hercules
           ,
           and
           King
           of
           Sparta
           ,
           and
           one
           that
           had
           reform'd
           the
           Polity
           of
           his
           Countrey
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           a
           disorder'd
           Harmony
           ,
           and
           tun'd
           it
           to
           the
           plain
           Dorick
           measure
           of
           Lycurgus
           ,
           to
           be
           styl'd
           ,
           Head
           of
           the
           Triccoeans
           and
           Sicyonians
           ;
           and
           whilst
           he
           fled
           the
           Pulse
           and
           short
           Coat
           ,
           and
           ,
           which
           were
           his
           chief
           Accusations
           against
           Cleomenes
           ,
           the
           extirpation
           of
           Wealth
           ,
           and
           reformation
           of
           Poverty
           ,
           he
           basely
           subjected
           himself
           ,
           together
           
           with
           Achoea
           ,
           to
           the
           Diadem
           and
           Purple
           ,
           to
           the
           imperious
           Commands
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           and
           their
           Satrapoe
           .
           That
           he
           might
           not
           seem
           to
           be
           under
           Cleomenes
           ,
           he
           sacrific'd
           the
           Antigoneia
           ,
           (
           Sacrifices
           in
           Honour
           of
           Antigonus
           )
           and
           sung
           Poeans
           himself
           with
           a
           Garland
           on
           his
           Head
           ,
           to
           the
           Honour
           of
           a
           rotten
           ,
           consumptive
           Macedonian
           .
        
         
           I
           write
           this
           not
           out
           of
           any
           Design
           to
           disgrace
           Aratus
           (
           for
           in
           many
           things
           he
           shew'd
           himself
           vigorous
           for
           the
           Grecian
           Interest
           ,
           and
           a
           great
           Man
           )
           but
           out
           of
           pity
           to
           the
           weakness
           of
           Humane
           Nature
           ,
           which
           ,
           in
           such
           a
           Person
           so
           excellent
           ,
           and
           so
           many
           ways
           dispos'd
           to
           Vertue
           ,
           cannot
           attain
           to
           a
           State
           irreprehensible
           .
           The
           Achoeans
           meeting
           again
           at
           Argos
           ,
           and
           Cleomenes
           descending
           from
           Tegea
           ,
           there
           were
           great
           hopes
           that
           all
           Differences
           would
           be
           compos'd
           .
           But
           
             Aratus
             ,
             Antigonus
          
           ,
           and
           He
           having
           already
           agreed
           upon
           the
           chief
           Articles
           of
           their
           League
           ,
           fearing
           that
           Cleomenes
           would
           carry
           all
           before
           him
           ,
           and
           either
           win
           ,
           or
           force
           the
           Multitude
           to
           comply
           with
           his
           Demands
           ,
           propos'd
           ,
           that
           having
           three
           hundred
           Hostages
           put
           into
           his
           Hands
           ,
           he
           should
           come
           alone
           into
           the
           Town
           ,
           or
           bring
           his
           Army
           to
           the
           place
           of
           Exercise
           ,
           call'd
           Cillarabion
           ,
           without
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           treat
           there
           .
        
         
           Cleomenes
           hearing
           this
           ,
           said
           ,
           That
           he
           was
           unjustly
           dealt
           with
           ;
           for
           they
           ought
           to
           have
           
           told
           him
           so
           plainly
           at
           first
           ,
           and
           not
           now
           he
           was
           come
           even
           to
           their
           Doors
           ,
           show
           their
           Jealousie
           ,
           and
           deny
           him
           Admission
           :
           And
           writing
           an
           Epistle
           to
           the
           Achoeans
           about
           the
           same
           Subject
           ;
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           which
           was
           an
           Accusation
           of
           Aratus
           ;
           and
           Aratus
           ,
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           ripping
           up
           his
           Faults
           to
           the
           Assembly
           ,
           he
           hastily
           dislodg'd
           ;
           and
           sent
           a
           Trumpeter
           to
           denounce
           War
           against
           the
           Achoeans
           ,
           but
           not
           to
           Argos
           ,
           but
           to
           Aegium
           ,
           as
           Aratus
           delivers
           ,
           that
           he
           might
           not
           give
           them
           notice
           enough
           to
           make
           Provision
           for
           their
           Defence
           .
           Upon
           this
           ,
           the
           Achoeans
           were
           mightily
           disturb'd
           ,
           the
           common
           People
           expecting
           a
           Division
           of
           the
           Land
           ,
           and
           a
           Release
           from
           their
           Debts
           ;
           and
           the
           chief
           Men
           being
           on
           many
           Accounts
           displeas'd
           with
           Aratus
           ,
           and
           some
           angry
           and
           at
           odds
           with
           him
           ,
           as
           the
           Occasion
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           descent
           on
           Peloponnesus
           .
           Encouraged
           by
           these
           Misunderstandings
           ,
           Cleomenes
           invades
           Achoea
           ;
           and
           first
           took
           Pellene
           by
           surprise
           ,
           and
           beat
           out
           the
           Achoean
           Garrison
           ;
           and
           afterward
           brought
           over
           Pheneon
           and
           Penteloeon
           to
           his
           side
           .
           Now
           the
           Achoeans
           suspecting
           some
           treacherous
           Designs
           at
           Corinth
           and
           Sicyon
           ,
           sent
           their
           Horse
           and
           Mercenaries
           out
           of
           Argos
           to
           have
           an
           Eye
           upon
           those
           Cities
           ,
           and
           they
           themselves
           went
           to
           Argos
           to
           celebrate
           the
           Nemean
           Games
           .
           Cleomenes
           advertis'd
           of
           this
           march
           ,
           and
           hoping
           (
           as
           it
           afterward
           
           fell
           out
           )
           that
           upon
           an
           unexpected
           Advance
           to
           the
           City
           now
           busied
           in
           the
           Solemnity
           of
           the
           Games
           ,
           and
           throng'd
           with
           numerous
           Spectators
           ,
           he
           should
           raise
           a
           considerable
           Terror
           and
           Confusion
           amongst
           them
           ;
           by
           night
           he
           march'd
           with
           his
           Army
           to
           the
           Walls
           ,
           and
           taking
           the
           quarter
           of
           the
           Town
           call'd
           Aspis
           ,
           which
           lies
           above
           the
           Theater
           ,
           a
           place
           well
           fortify'd
           ,
           and
           hard
           to
           be
           approach'd
           ,
           he
           so
           terrify'd
           them
           ,
           that
           none
           offer'd
           to
           resist
           ,
           but
           agreed
           to
           accept
           a
           Garrison
           ,
           to
           give
           twenty
           Citizens
           for
           Hostages
           ,
           and
           to
           assist
           the
           Lacedoemonians
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           should
           have
           the
           chief
           Command
           .
           This
           Action
           considerably
           encreas'd
           his
           Reputation
           ,
           and
           his
           Power
           ;
           for
           the
           ancient
           Spartan
           Kings
           ,
           though
           they
           many
           ways
           endeavour'd
           to
           effect
           it
           ,
           could
           never
           bring
           Argos
           to
           be
           stedfastly
           and
           sincerely
           theirs
           .
           And
           Pyrrhus
           a
           most
           experienc'd
           Captain
           ,
           and
           brave
           Souldier
           ,
           though
           he
           enter'd
           the
           City
           by
           force
           ,
           could
           not
           keep
           Possession
           ,
           but
           was
           slain
           himself
           with
           a
           considerable
           part
           of
           his
           Army
           :
           Therefore
           they
           admir'd
           the
           Dispatch
           and
           Contrivance
           of
           Cleomenes
           ;
           and
           those
           that
           before
           derided
           him
           for
           saying
           that
           he
           imitated
           Solon
           and
           Lycurgus
           in
           releasing
           the
           People
           from
           their
           Debts
           ,
           and
           in
           equally
           dividing
           the
           Wealth
           of
           the
           Citizens
           ,
           were
           now
           perswaded
           that
           he
           was
           the
           cause
           of
           the
           desirable
           Alterations
           in
           the
           Spartan
           Common-wealth
           :
           
           For
           before
           they
           were
           very
           low
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           and
           so
           unable
           to
           secure
           their
           own
           ,
           that
           the
           Aetolians
           invading
           Laconia
           ,
           brought
           away
           fifty
           thousand
           Slaves
           ;
           (
           so
           that
           one
           of
           the
           elder
           Spartans
           is
           reported
           to
           have
           said
           ,
           That
           
             they
             had
             done
          
           Laconia
           
             a
             kindness
             by
             unburdening
             it
          
           )
           and
           yet
           a
           little
           while
           after
           applying
           themselves
           to
           their
           own
           Customs
           ,
           and
           ancient
           Institution
           ,
           they
           gave
           notable
           Instances
           of
           Courage
           and
           Obedience
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           had
           been
           under
           the
           Eye
           of
           Lycurgus
           himself
           ;
           and
           quickly
           rais'd
           Sparta
           to
           be
           Head
           of
           all
           Greece
           ,
           and
           recover'd
           Peloponnesus
           to
           themselves
           .
           Whilst
           Argos
           was
           taken
           ,
           and
           Cleonoe
           and
           Phlius
           sided
           with
           
             Cleomenes
             ,
             Aratus
          
           was
           at
           Corinth
           searching
           after
           some
           ,
           who
           were
           reported
           to
           favour
           the
           Spartan
           Interest
           .
           The
           News
           being
           brought
           to
           him
           ,
           disturb'd
           him
           very
           much
           ;
           for
           he
           perceiv'd
           the
           City
           inclining
           to
           Cleomenes
           ,
           and
           the
           Achoeans
           willing
           to
           be
           at
           ease
           ;
           therefore
           he
           call'd
           all
           the
           Citizens
           into
           the
           common
           Hall
           ,
           and
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           ,
           undesignedly
           retreating
           to
           the
           Gate
           ,
           he
           mounted
           his
           Horse
           that
           stood
           ready
           there
           ,
           and
           fled
           to
           Sicyon
           ;
           and
           the
           Corinthians
           made
           such
           hast
           to
           Cleomenes
           at
           Argos
           ,
           that
           (
           as
           Aratus
           says
           )
           striving
           who
           should
           be
           first
           there
           ,
           they
           spoil'd
           all
           their
           Horses
           :
           And
           Cleomenes
           was
           very
           angry
           with
           the
           Corinthians
           for
           letting
           Aratus
           escape
           :
           And
           Megistones
           came
           
           from
           Cleomenes
           to
           him
           ,
           desiring
           him
           to
           diliver
           up
           the
           Castle
           of
           Corinth
           ,
           which
           was
           then
           garrison'd
           by
           the
           Achoeans
           ,
           and
           offer'd
           him
           a
           considerable
           Sum
           of
           Money
           ;
           and
           that
           he
           answered
           ,
           That
           
             Matters
             were
             not
             now
             in
             his
             Power
             ,
             but
             he
             in
             theirs
             .
          
           Thus
           Aratus
           himself
           writes
           .
           But
           Cleomenes
           marching
           from
           Argos
           ,
           and
           taking
           in
           the
           
             Troezenians
             ,
             Epidaurians
          
           ,
           and
           Hermioneans
           ,
           came
           to
           Corinth
           ,
           and
           block'd
           up
           the
           Castle
           which
           the
           Achoeans
           would
           not
           surrender
           ;
           and
           sending
           for
           
           Aratus's
           Friends
           and
           Stewards
           ,
           committed
           his
           House
           and
           Estate
           to
           their
           Care
           and
           Management
           ;
           and
           sent
           Tritimallus
           the
           Messenian
           to
           him
           a
           second
           time
           ,
           desiring
           that
           the
           Castle
           might
           be
           equally
           garrison'd
           by
           the
           Spartans
           and
           Achoeans
           ,
           and
           promising
           to
           Aratus
           himself
           double
           the
           Pension
           that
           he
           receiv'd
           from
           King
           Ptolemy
           :
           But
           Aratus
           refusing
           the
           Conditions
           ,
           and
           sending
           his
           own
           Son
           with
           other
           Hostages
           to
           Antigonus
           ,
           and
           perswading
           the
           Achoeans
           to
           make
           a
           Decree
           for
           delivering
           the
           Castle
           into
           
           Antigonus's
           Hands
           ,
           Cleomenes
           invaded
           the
           Territory
           of
           the
           Sicyonians
           ,
           and
           by
           a
           Decree
           of
           the
           Corinthians
           ,
           seiz'd
           on
           all
           
           Aratus's
           Estate
           .
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           Antigonus
           ,
           with
           a
           great
           Army
           ,
           pass'd
           Gerania
           ,
           and
           Cleomenes
           thinking
           it
           more
           advisable
           to
           fortifie
           and
           garrison
           ,
           not
           the
           Isthmus
           ,
           but
           the
           Mountains
           called
           Onia
           ,
           and
           by
           a
           long
           Siege
           
           and
           Skirmishes
           to
           weary
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           than
           to
           venture
           a
           set
           Battle
           ,
           put
           his
           Design
           in
           Execution
           ,
           which
           very
           much
           distress'd
           Antigonus
           ;
           for
           he
           had
           not
           brought
           Victuals
           sufficient
           for
           his
           Army
           ;
           nor
           was
           it
           easie
           to
           force
           a
           way
           through
           whilst
           Cleomenes
           guarded
           the
           Pass
           .
           He
           attempted
           by
           night
           to
           pass
           through
           Lechoeum
           ,
           but
           fail'd
           ,
           and
           lost
           some
           Men
           ;
           so
           that
           Cleomenes
           and
           his
           Army
           ,
           were
           mightily
           encouraged
           ,
           and
           so
           flusht
           with
           the
           Victory
           ,
           that
           they
           went
           merrily
           to
           Supper
           ;
           and
           Antigonus
           was
           very
           much
           dejected
           ,
           being
           reduc'd
           to
           those
           miserable
           straits
           .
           At
           last
           he
           design'd
           to
           march
           to
           the
           Promontory
           Heroeum
           ,
           and
           thence
           transport
           his
           Army
           in
           Boats
           to
           Sicyon
           ,
           which
           would
           take
           up
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           time
           ,
           and
           be
           very
           chargeable
           .
           The
           same
           time
           about
           Evening
           some
           of
           
           Aratus's
           Friends
           came
           from
           Argos
           by
           Sea
           ,
           and
           invited
           him
           to
           return
           ,
           for
           the
           Argives
           would
           revolt
           from
           
             Cleomenes
             .
             Aristotle
          
           was
           the
           Man
           that
           wrought
           the
           Revolt
           ;
           and
           he
           had
           no
           hard
           task
           to
           perswade
           the
           common
           People
           ;
           for
           they
           were
           all
           angry
           with
           Cleomenes
           for
           not
           releasing
           them
           from
           theirs
           Debts
           as
           they
           expected
           .
           Upon
           this
           Advertisement
           Aratus
           with
           fifteen
           hundred
           of
           
           Antigonus's
           Souldiers
           sail'd
           to
           Epidaurus
           ;
           but
           Aristotle
           not
           staying
           for
           his
           coming
           ,
           drew
           out
           the
           Citizens
           ,
           and
           fought
           against
           the
           Garrison
           of
           the
           Castle
           ,
           and
           Timoxenus
           
           with
           the
           Achoeans
           from
           Sicyon
           ,
           came
           to
           his
           Assistance
           .
           Cleomenes
           heard
           the
           News
           about
           the
           second
           Watch
           of
           the
           Night
           ,
           and
           sending
           for
           Megistones
           angrily
           commanded
           him
           to
           go
           and
           set
           things
           right
           at
           Argos
           .
           This
           Megistones
           was
           the
           Man
           who
           pass'd
           his
           word
           for
           the
           Argives
           Loyalty
           ,
           and
           perswaded
           him
           not
           to
           banish
           the
           suspected
           .
           This
           Megistones
           he
           dispatch'd
           with
           two
           thousand
           Souldiers
           ,
           and
           observ'd
           Antigonus
           himself
           ,
           and
           encouraged
           the
           Corinthians
           ,
           pretending
           that
           there
           was
           no
           great
           matter
           in
           the
           Stirs
           at
           Argos
           ,
           but
           only
           a
           little
           Disturbance
           rais'd
           by
           a
           few
           inconsiderable
           Persons
           .
           But
           when
           Megistones
           ,
           entring
           Argos
           ,
           was
           slain
           ,
           and
           the
           Garrison
           could
           scarce
           hold
           out
           ,
           and
           frequent
           Messengers
           came
           to
           Cleomenes
           for
           Succours
           ,
           he
           fearing
           lest
           the
           Enemy
           having
           taken
           Argos
           ,
           should
           shut
           up
           the
           Passes
           ,
           and
           securely
           waste
           Laconia
           ,
           and
           besiege
           Sparta
           it self
           ,
           which
           he
           had
           left
           without
           Forces
           ;
           he
           dislodg'd
           from
           Corinth
           ,
           and
           presently
           lost
           that
           City
           ;
           for
           Antigonus
           entred
           it
           ,
           and
           garrison'd
           the
           Town
           .
           He
           turn'd
           aside
           from
           his
           direct
           March
           ,
           and
           assaulting
           the
           Wall
           of
           Argos
           ,
           endeavour'd
           to
           break
           in
           ;
           and
           having
           clear'd
           a
           way
           under
           the
           quarter
           called
           Aspis
           ,
           he
           joyn'd
           the
           Garrison
           which
           still
           held
           out
           against
           the
           Achoeans
           ;
           some
           parts
           of
           the
           City
           he
           scal'd
           ,
           and
           took
           ,
           and
           his
           Cretan
           Archers
           
           clear'd
           the
           Streets
           .
           But
           when
           he
           saw
           Antigonus
           with
           his
           Phalanx
           descending
           from
           the
           Mountains
           into
           the
           Plain
           ,
           and
           the
           Horse
           on
           all
           sides
           entring
           the
           City
           ,
           he
           thought
           it
           impossible
           to
           maintain
           his
           Post
           ,
           and
           therefore
           with
           all
           his
           Men
           made
           a
           safe
           Retreat
           behind
           the
           Wall.
           Having
           in
           a
           short
           time
           rais'd
           himself
           to
           a
           considerable
           height
           ,
           and
           in
           one
           March
           made
           himself
           Master
           of
           almost
           all
           Peloponnesus
           ,
           and
           lost
           all
           again
           in
           as
           short
           a
           time
           :
           For
           some
           of
           his
           Allies
           presently
           forsook
           him
           ,
           and
           others
           not
           long
           after
           put
           themselves
           under
           
           Antigonus's
           Protection
           .
           His
           Army
           thus
           defeated
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           leading
           back
           the
           Relicks
           of
           his
           Forces
           ,
           some
           from
           Lacedoemon
           met
           him
           in
           the
           Evening
           at
           Tegea
           ,
           and
           brought
           him
           News
           of
           as
           great
           a
           Misfortune
           as
           that
           which
           he
           had
           lately
           suffer'd
           ,
           and
           that
           was
           the
           Death
           of
           his
           Wife
           ,
           whom
           he
           doted
           on
           so
           much
           ,
           that
           when
           he
           was
           most
           prosperous
           ,
           he
           would
           ever
           now
           and
           then
           make
           a
           step
           to
           Sparta
           ,
           to
           visit
           his
           beloved
           Aegiatis
           .
        
         
           This
           News
           afflicted
           him
           extreamly
           ,
           and
           he
           griev'd
           ,
           as
           a
           young
           Man
           would
           do
           for
           the
           loss
           of
           a
           very
           beautifull
           and
           excellent
           Wife
           ;
           yet
           his
           passion
           did
           not
           debase
           the
           greatness
           of
           his
           Mind
           ,
           but
           keeping
           his
           usual
           Voice
           ,
           his
           Countenance
           and
           his
           Habit
           ,
           he
           gave
           necessary
           Orders
           to
           his
           Captains
           ,
           and
           took
           care
           to
           secure
           the
           Tegeans
           .
           The
           
           next
           day
           he
           retir'd
           to
           Sparta
           ,
           and
           having
           at
           home
           with
           his
           Mother
           and
           Children
           bewail'd
           the
           loss
           ,
           and
           finish'd
           his
           Mourning
           ,
           he
           presently
           appear'd
           about
           the
           publick
           Affairs
           of
           the
           State.
           Now
           Ptolemy
           ,
           the
           King
           of
           Aegypt
           ,
           promis'd
           him
           Assistance
           ,
           but
           demanded
           his
           Mother
           and
           Children
           for
           Hostages
           :
           this
           for
           some
           considerable
           time
           he
           was
           asham'd
           to
           discover
           to
           his
           Mother
           ;
           and
           though
           he
           often
           went
           to
           her
           on
           purpose
           ,
           and
           was
           just
           upon
           the
           Discourse
           ,
           yet
           still
           refrain'd
           ,
           and
           kept
           it
           to
           himself
           ?
           so
           that
           she
           began
           to
           suspect
           somewhat
           ,
           and
           ask'd
           his
           Friends
           ,
           Whether
           Cleomenes
           had
           somewhat
           to
           say
           to
           her
           ,
           which
           he
           was
           afraid
           to
           speak
           !
           At
           last
           Cleomenes
           venturing
           to
           tell
           her
           ,
           she
           laugh'd
           heartily
           ,
           and
           said
           ,
           
             Was
             this
             the
             thing
             that
             you
             had
             often
             a
             mind
             to
             tell
             me
             ;
             and
             was
             afraid
             ?
             Why
             do
             not
             you
             put
             me
             on
             ship
             board
             ,
             and
             send
             this
             Carkase
             where
             it
             may
             be
             most
             servicable
             to
          
           Sparta
           ,
           
             before
             Age
             wastes
             it
             unprofitably
             here
             ?
          
           Therefore
           all
           things
           being
           provided
           for
           the
           Voyage
           ,
           thy
           went
           to
           Toenarus
           on
           Foot
           ,
           and
           the
           Army
           waited
           on
           them
           .
           Cratesicloea
           ,
           when
           she
           was
           ready
           to
           go
           on
           Board
           ,
           took
           Cleomenes
           aside
           into
           
           Neptune's
           Temple
           ,
           and
           embracing
           him
           who
           was
           very
           much
           dejected
           ,
           and
           extreamly
           discompos'd
           ,
           she
           said
           thus
           ,
           
             Go
             to
             King
             of
          
           Sparta
           ;
           
             when
             we
             are
             without
             door
             ,
             let
             none
             see
             us
             weep
             ,
             or
             show
             any
             Passion
             below
          
           
           
             the
             Honour
             and
             Dignity
             of
          
           Sparta
           ;
           
             for
             that
             alone
             is
             in
             our
             own
             power
             ;
             as
             for
             Success
             or
             Disappointments
             ,
             those
             wait
             on
             us
             as
             the
             Deity
             decrees
             .
          
           Having
           said
           thus
           ,
           and
           compos'd
           her
           Countenance
           ,
           she
           went
           to
           the
           Ship
           with
           her
           little
           Grandson
           ,
           and
           bad
           the
           Pilot
           put
           presently
           out
           to
           Sea.
           When
           she
           came
           to
           Aegypt
           ,
           and
           understood
           that
           Ptolemy
           entertain'd
           Proposals
           and
           Overtures
           of
           Peace
           from
           Antigonus
           ,
           and
           that
           Cleomenes
           ,
           though
           the
           Achoeans
           invited
           and
           urg'd
           him
           to
           an
           Agreement
           ,
           was
           afraid
           ,
           for
           her
           sake
           ,
           to
           come
           to
           any
           ,
           without
           
           Ptolemy's
           consent
           ,
           she
           wrote
           to
           him
           ,
           advising
           him
           to
           do
           that
           which
           was
           most
           becoming
           and
           most
           profitable
           for
           Sparta
           ,
           and
           not
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           an
           old
           Woman
           and
           a
           little
           Child
           ,
           always
           stand
           in
           fear
           of
           Ptolemy
           :
           this
           Character
           she
           maintain'd
           in
           her
           Misfortunes
           .
           Antigonus
           having
           taken
           Tegea
           ,
           and
           plunder'd
           Orchomenum
           and
           
             Mantinoea
             ,
             Cleomenes
          
           was
           shut
           up
           within
           the
           narrow
           Bounds
           of
           Laconia
           ,
           and
           made
           such
           of
           the
           Heilots
           as
           could
           pay
           five
           Attick
           pounds
           ,
           free
           of
           Sparta
           ,
           and
           by
           that
           means
           got
           together
           500
           Talents
           ;
           and
           arming
           2000
           after
           the
           Macedonian
           fashion
           ,
           that
           he
           might
           make
           a
           Body
           fit
           to
           oppose
           
           Antigonus's
           Leucaspidoe
           (
           white-Shields
           )
           he
           undertook
           a
           very
           considerable
           and
           very
           surprising
           Enterprize
           .
           Megalopolis
           was
           at
           that
           time
           a
           City
           of
           it self
           ,
           as
           big
           and
           as
           
           powerful
           as
           Sparta
           ,
           and
           had
           the
           Forces
           of
           the
           Achoeans
           and
           Antigonus
           incamping
           on
           its
           sides
           ;
           and
           it
           was
           chiefly
           the
           Megalopolitans
           doing
           ,
           that
           Antigonus
           was
           call'd
           in
           to
           assist
           the
           
             Achoeans
             .
             Cleomenes
          
           having
           a
           design
           upon
           this
           City
           ,
           (
           no
           Action
           was
           ever
           more
           sudden
           and
           more
           unexpected
           )
           order'd
           his
           Men
           to
           take
           five
           days
           Provision
           ,
           and
           so
           march'd
           to
           Sellasia
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           intended
           to
           spoil
           the
           Countrey
           of
           the
           Argives
           :
           but
           from
           thence
           making
           a
           descent
           into
           the
           Territories
           of
           Megalopolis
           ,
           and
           refreshing
           his
           Army
           about
           Rhoetium
           ,
           he
           march'd
           through
           Helicon
           ,
           directly
           to
           the
           City
           .
           When
           he
           was
           not
           far
           off
           the
           Town
           ,
           he
           sent
           Panteus
           with
           two
           Regiments
           to
           surprize
           the
           Mesopyrgion
           ,
           (
           the
           Quarter
           between
           the
           two
           Towers
           )
           which
           he
           understood
           to
           be
           the
           most
           unguarded
           Quarter
           of
           the
           Megalopolitans
           Fortifications
           ;
           and
           with
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Forces
           he
           follow'd
           leisurely
           .
           Panteus
           ,
           not
           only
           surpriz'd
           that
           Place
           ,
           but
           finding
           a
           great
           part
           of
           the
           Wall
           without
           Guards
           ,
           he
           pull'd
           down
           some
           places
           ,
           and
           demolish'd
           others
           ,
           and
           kill'd
           all
           the
           Defenders
           that
           he
           found
           .
           Whilst
           he
           was
           thus
           busied
           ,
           Cleomenes
           came
           up
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           was
           got
           with
           his
           Army
           within
           the
           City
           ,
           before
           the
           Megalopolitans
           knew
           of
           the
           Surprize
           :
           At
           last
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           it
           was
           discover'd
           ,
           some
           left
           the
           Town
           immediately
           ,
           taking
           with
           them
           what
           Money
           
           they
           had
           ready
           ;
           some
           arm'd
           ,
           and
           engag'd
           the
           Enemy
           ;
           and
           though
           they
           were
           not
           able
           to
           beat
           them
           out
           ,
           yet
           they
           gave
           their
           Citizens
           time
           and
           opportunity
           safely
           to
           retire
           :
           so
           that
           there
           were
           not
           above
           1000
           Persons
           left
           in
           the
           Town
           ,
           all
           the
           rest
           flying
           with
           their
           Wives
           and
           Children
           ,
           and
           escaping
           to
           Messena
           .
           A
           great
           number
           of
           those
           that
           arm'd
           and
           fought
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           were
           sav'd
           ,
           and
           very
           few
           taken
           ,
           amongst
           whom
           were
           Lysandridas
           and
           Thearidas
           ,
           two
           Men
           of
           great
           Power
           and
           Reputation
           amongst
           the
           Megalopolitans
           ;
           and
           therefore
           the
           Souldiers
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           they
           were
           taken
           ,
           brought
           them
           to
           Cleomenes
           :
           And
           Lysandridas
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           saw
           Cleomenes
           afar
           off
           ,
           cry'd
           out
           ,
           
             Now
             ,
             King
             of
          
           Sparta
           ,
           
             't
             is
             in
             your
             power
             ,
             by
             doing
             a
             most
             Kingly
             and
             braver
             Action
             than
             you
             have
             already
             perform'd
             ,
             to
             purchase
             a
             considerable
             Glory
             .
          
           And
           Cleomenes
           guessing
           at
           his
           meaning
           ,
           reply'd
           ,
           
             What
             do
             you
             say
          
           ,
           Lysandridas
           ,
           
             sure
             you
             will
             not
             advise
             me
             to
             restore
             your
             City
             to
             you
             again
             ?
             'T
             is
             that
             which
             I
             mean
             ,
          
           Lysandridas
           
             reply'd
             ,
             and
             I
             advise
             you
             not
             to
             ruine
             so
             brave
             a
             City
             ,
             but
             to
             fill
             it
             with
             faithful
             and
             stedfast
             Friends
             and
             Allies
             ,
             by
             restoring
             their
             Countrey
             to
             the
          
           Megalopolitans
           ,
           
             and
             being
             the
             Saviour
             of
             so
             considerable
             a
             People
             .
             Cleomenes
          
           paus'd
           a
           while
           ,
           and
           then
           said
           ,
           
             'T
             is
             very
             hard
             to
             trust
             so
             far
             in
             these
             Matters
             ;
             but
             with
             us
             let
             Profit
             always
          
           
           
             yield
             to
             Glory
          
           .
           Having
           said
           this
           ,
           he
           sent
           the
           two
           Men
           to
           Messena
           with
           a
           Trumpeter
           from
           himself
           ,
           offering
           the
           Megalopolitans
           their
           City
           again
           ,
           if
           they
           would
           forsake
           the
           Achoean
           Interest
           ,
           and
           be
           on
           his
           side
           .
           Though
           Cleomenes
           made
           these
           kind
           and
           obliging
           Proposals
           ,
           yet
           Philopoemen
           would
           not
           suffer
           them
           to
           break
           their
           League
           with
           the
           Achoeans
           ;
           and
           accusing
           Cleomenes
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           as
           if
           his
           design
           was
           not
           to
           restore
           the
           City
           ,
           but
           to
           take
           the
           Citizens
           too
           ,
           he
           forc'd
           Thearidas
           and
           Lysandridas
           to
           leave
           Messena
           .
        
         
           This
           was
           that
           Philopoemen
           who
           was
           afterward
           Chief
           of
           the
           Achoeans
           ,
           and
           a
           Man
           of
           the
           greatest
           Reputation
           amongst
           the
           Greeks
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           made
           it
           appear
           in
           his
           own
           Life
           .
           This
           News
           coming
           to
           Cleomenes
           ,
           though
           he
           had
           before
           taken
           such
           strict
           care
           that
           the
           City
           should
           not
           be
           plunder'd
           ,
           yet
           then
           being
           in
           a
           Fury
           ,
           and
           put
           out
           of
           all
           patience
           ,
           he
           rifled
           them
           of
           all
           their
           Coin
           ,
           Plate
           and
           Jewels
           ,
           and
           sent
           their
           Statues
           and
           Pictures
           unto
           Sparta
           ;
           and
           demollishing
           a
           great
           part
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           he
           march'd
           away
           ,
           for
           fear
           of
           Antigonus
           and
           the
           Achoeans
           :
           but
           they
           never
           stirr'd
           ,
           for
           they
           were
           in
           Aegium
           ,
           at
           a
           Council
           of
           War.
           There
           Aratus
           mountted
           the
           Desk
           ,
           wept
           along
           while
           ,
           and
           held
           his
           Mantle
           before
           his
           Face
           ;
           and
           at
           last
           the
           Company
           being
           amaz'd
           ,
           and
           commanding
           him
           ,
           to
           speak
           ,
           he
           said
           ,
           
             Megalopolis
             is
             ruin
             ▪
             d
          
           
           
             by
             Cleomenes
          
           .
           The
           Assembly
           was
           presently
           dissolv'd
           ,
           the
           Achoeans
           being
           extreamly
           surpriz'd
           at
           the
           suddenness
           and
           greatness
           of
           the
           loss
           ;
           and
           Antigonus
           intending
           to
           send
           speedy
           Succours
           ,
           when
           he
           found
           his
           Army
           to
           gather
           very
           slowly
           out
           of
           their
           Winter-quarters
           ,
           he
           sent
           them
           Orders
           to
           continue
           there
           still
           ;
           and
           he
           himself
           march'd
           to
           Argos
           with
           a
           considerable
           Body
           of
           Men.
           The
           second
           enterprize
           of
           Cleomenes
           seem'd
           to
           be
           carry'd
           on
           by
           extream
           Boldness
           and
           unaccountable
           Madness
           ;
           but
           yet
           in
           
           Polybius's
           opinion
           ,
           was
           done
           upon
           mature
           Deliberation
           and
           exact
           Fore-sight
           :
           for
           knowing
           very
           well
           that
           the
           Macedonians
           were
           dispers'd
           into
           their
           Winter-quarters
           ,
           and
           that
           Antigonus
           with
           his
           Friends
           and
           a
           few
           Mercenaries
           about
           him
           winter'd
           in
           Argos
           ;
           upon
           these
           Considerations
           he
           invaded
           the
           Countrey
           of
           the
           Argives
           ,
           hoping
           to
           shame
           Antigonus
           to
           a
           Battle
           upon
           unequal
           terms
           ;
           or
           else
           if
           he
           did
           not
           dare
           to
           Fight
           ,
           to
           bring
           him
           into
           Disrepute
           with
           the
           Achoeans
           .
           And
           this
           accordingly
           hapned
           ;
           for
           Cleomenes
           wasting
           ,
           plundring
           and
           spoyling
           the
           whole
           Countrey
           ,
           the
           Argives
           vex'd
           at
           the
           loss
           ,
           ran
           in
           Troops
           to
           the
           Palace
           of
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           clamour'd
           that
           he
           should
           either
           fight
           ,
           or
           surrender
           his
           Command
           to
           better
           and
           braver
           Men.
           But
           Antigonus
           ,
           as
           became
           an
           experienc'd
           Captain
           ,
           accounting
           it
           dishonourable
           ,
           foolishly
           
           to
           hazzard
           his
           Army
           ,
           and
           quit
           his
           Security
           ,
           and
           not
           so
           to
           be
           abus'd
           and
           rail'd
           at
           by
           the
           Rabble
           ,
           would
           not
           march
           out
           against
           Cleomenes
           ,
           but
           stood
           fix'd
           to
           the
           Designs
           which
           he
           had
           laid
           :
           Cleomenes
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           brought
           his
           Army
           up
           to
           the
           very
           Walls
           ,
           and
           having
           uncontroul'dly
           spoil'd
           the
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           insulted
           o'er
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           drew
           off
           again
           .
           A
           little
           while
           after
           being
           advertis'd
           that
           Antigonus
           design'd
           for
           Tegea
           ,
           and
           thence
           to
           make
           an
           Incursion
           into
           Laconia
           ,
           he
           hastily
           march'd
           with
           his
           Army
           another
           way
           ,
           and
           appear'd
           early
           in
           the
           morning
           before
           Argos
           ,
           and
           wasted
           the
           Fields
           about
           it
           :
           the
           Corn
           he
           did
           not
           cut
           down
           with
           Reaping
           hooks
           and
           Sythes
           ,
           as
           Men
           usually
           do
           ,
           but
           beat
           it
           down
           with
           great
           Staves
           made
           like
           Scymetars
           ,
           as
           if
           with
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           Contempt
           and
           wanton
           Scorn
           he
           spoyl'd
           the
           Fields
           ,
           and
           wasted
           the
           Countrey
           in
           his
           March
           ;
           yet
           when
           his
           Souldiers
           would
           have
           set
           Cyllabaris
           ,
           the
           School
           of
           Exercise
           ,
           on
           fire
           ,
           he
           hindred
           the
           Attempt
           ,
           reflecting
           upon
           serious
           consideration
           ,
           that
           the
           Outrages
           committed
           at
           Megalopolis
           ,
           were
           the
           effects
           of
           his
           Passion
           rather
           than
           his
           Wisdom
           .
           He
           pretended
           to
           make
           such
           little
           account
           of
           ,
           and
           so
           much
           to
           despise
           Antigonus
           ,
           who
           first
           retir'd
           to
           Argos
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           plac'd
           Garrisons
           on
           all
           the
           Mountains
           round
           about
           ,
           that
           he
           sent
           a
           
           Trumpeter
           to
           desire
           the
           Keys
           of
           the
           
             Heroeum
             ,
          
           (
           Juno's
           Temple
           )
           that
           he
           might
           sacrifice
           to
           the
           Goddess
           .
           Thus
           with
           a
           Scoff
           and
           bitter
           Reflection
           on
           Antigonus
           ,
           and
           having
           sacrific'd
           to
           the
           Goddess
           ,
           under
           the
           Walls
           of
           the
           Temple
           ,
           which
           was
           shut
           ,
           he
           march'd
           to
           Phlius
           ;
           and
           from
           thence
           driving
           out
           those
           that
           garrison'd
           Hologountum
           ,
           he
           march'd
           down
           to
           Orchomenum
           .
           And
           these
           Enterprizes
           not
           only
           encouraged
           the
           Citizens
           ,
           but
           made
           him
           appear
           ,
           to
           the
           very
           Enemies
           to
           be
           an
           experienc'd
           Captain
           and
           very
           worthy
           of
           Command
           :
           for
           with
           the
           Strength
           of
           one
           City
           ,
           not
           only
           to
           fight
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           Peloponnesians
           ;
           not
           only
           to
           preserve
           Laconia
           from
           being
           spoyl'd
           ,
           but
           to
           waste
           the
           Enemies
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           to
           take
           so
           many
           and
           such
           considerable
           Cities
           ,
           is
           an
           Argument
           of
           no
           common
           Bravery
           .
           He
           that
           first
           said
           ,
           
             That
             Money
             was
             the
             sinews
             of
             Affairs
             ,
          
           seem'd
           chiefly
           in
           that
           saying
           to
           respect
           War
           :
           And
           Demades
           ,
           when
           the
           Athenians
           had
           voted
           that
           a
           Navy
           should
           be
           made
           ready
           ,
           but
           had
           no
           Money
           ,
           said
           ,
           
             They
             should
             make
             Bread
             before
             they
             thought
             of
             Sayling
             .
          
           And
           the
           old
           Archidamus
           ,
           in
           the
           beginning
           of
           the
           Peloponnesian
           War
           ,
           when
           the
           Allies
           desir'd
           ,
           that
           each
           Parties
           share
           of
           Contributions
           for
           the
           War
           should
           be
           determin'd
           ,
           is
           reported
           to
           have
           said
           ,
           
             War
             cannot
             be
             kept
             to
             a
             set
             Diet
             :
          
           For
           
           as
           well-breath'd
           Wrestlers
           do
           in
           time
           weary
           and
           tire
           out
           the
           most
           active
           and
           most
           skilful
           Combatant
           ;
           so
           Antigonus
           coming
           to
           the
           War
           with
           a
           great
           stock
           of
           Wealth
           ,
           weary'd
           out
           Cleomenes
           ,
           whose
           Poverty
           made
           it
           difficult
           for
           him
           either
           to
           provide
           Pay
           for
           the
           Mercenaries
           ,
           or
           Provisions
           for
           the
           Citizens
           .
           For
           in
           all
           other
           Respects
           the
           time
           favour'd
           Cleomenes
           ;
           for
           
           Antigonus's
           Affairs
           at
           home
           began
           to
           be
           disturb'd
           :
           for
           the
           Barbarians
           wasted
           and
           over-ran
           Macedonia
           whilst
           he
           was
           absent
           ;
           and
           at
           that
           time
           a
           vast
           Army
           of
           the
           Illyrians
           came
           down
           :
           to
           be
           freed
           from
           whose
           Outrages
           ,
           the
           Macedonians
           sent
           for
           Antigonus
           ,
           and
           the
           Letters
           had
           almost
           been
           brought
           to
           him
           before
           the
           Battel
           was
           fought
           ;
           upon
           the
           receipt
           of
           which
           he
           presently
           dislodg'd
           ,
           and
           left
           the
           Achoeans
           Affairs
           to
           themselves
           .
           But
           Fortune
           ,
           that
           loves
           to
           determine
           the
           greatest
           Affairs
           by
           a
           Minute
           ,
           in
           this
           Conjuncture
           show'd
           such
           an
           exact
           niceness
           of
           Time
           ,
           that
           immediately
           after
           the
           Battel
           in
           Sellasia
           was
           over
           ,
           and
           Cleomenes
           had
           lost
           his
           Army
           and
           his
           City
           ,
           the
           Messengers
           reach'd
           Antigonus
           .
           And
           this
           made
           
           Cleomenes's
           Misfortune
           more
           to
           be
           pitied
           ;
           for
           if
           he
           had
           forborn
           fighting
           two
           days
           longer
           ,
           there
           had
           been
           no
           need
           of
           hazarding
           a
           Battel
           ,
           since
           upon
           the
           departure
           of
           the
           Macedonians
           ,
           he
           might
           have
           had
           what
           Conditions
           he
           pleas'd
           from
           the
           
             Achoeans
             ▪
          
           
           But
           now
           (
           as
           I
           hinted
           before
           )
           for
           want
           of
           Money
           ,
           being
           necessitated
           to
           rely
           wholly
           on
           his
           Arms
           ,
           he
           was
           forc'd
           with
           20000
           (
           this
           is
           
           Polybius's
           Account
           )
           to
           engage
           thirty
           thousand
           ;
           and
           approving
           himself
           an
           excellent
           Commander
           in
           this
           Difficulty
           ,
           his
           Citizens
           showing
           an
           extraordinary
           Courage
           ,
           and
           his
           Mercenaries
           Bravery
           enough
           ;
           he
           was
           overborn
           by
           the
           different
           way
           of
           fighting
           ,
           and
           the
           weight
           of
           the
           Arm'd
           Phalanx
           .
           Besides
           ,
           Phylarchus
           affirms
           ,
           that
           the
           Treachery
           of
           some
           about
           him
           was
           the
           chief
           Cause
           of
           
           Cleomenes's
           Ruine
           .
           For
           Antigonus
           gave
           Orders
           ,
           that
           the
           Illyrians
           and
           Acharnanians
           should
           march
           round
           by
           a
           secret
           way
           ,
           and
           encompass
           the
           other
           Wing
           which
           Eucleidas
           ,
           Cleomenes's
           Brother
           ,
           commanded
           ;
           and
           then
           drew
           out
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           Forces
           to
           the
           Battel
           .
           And
           Cleomenes
           ,
           from
           a
           convenient
           rising
           ,
           viewing
           his
           Order
           ,
           and
           not
           seeing
           any
           of
           the
           Illyrians
           and
           Acharnanians
           ,
           began
           to
           suspect
           that
           Antigonus
           had
           sent
           them
           upon
           some
           such
           Design
           ;
           and
           calling
           for
           Damoteles
           ,
           who
           was
           to
           inspect
           ,
           and
           to
           provide
           against
           Ambushes
           ,
           commanded
           him
           carefully
           to
           look
           after
           ,
           and
           discover
           the
           Enemies
           Designs
           upon
           his
           Rear
           .
        
         
           But
           Damoteles
           (
           for
           some
           say
           Antigonus
           had
           brib'd
           him
           )
           telling
           him
           ,
           that
           he
           should
           not
           be
           sollicitous
           about
           that
           matter
           ,
           for
           all
           was
           well
           enough
           ,
           but
           mind
           ,
           and
           fight
           those
           
           that
           met
           him
           in
           the
           front
           .
           He
           was
           satisfied
           ,
           and
           advanc'd
           against
           Antigonus
           ;
           and
           by
           the
           Vigorous
           Charge
           of
           his
           Spartans
           ,
           made
           the
           
             Macedonian
             Phalanx
          
           give
           ground
           ,
           and
           press'd
           upon
           them
           with
           great
           Advantage
           about
           half
           a
           mile
           ;
           but
           then
           making
           a
           stand
           ,
           and
           seeing
           the
           danger
           which
           the
           surrounded
           Wing
           commanded
           by
           his
           Brother
           Eucleidas
           ,
           was
           in
           ,
           he
           cry'd
           out
           ,
           
             Thou
             art
             lost
             ,
             dear
             Brother
             ,
             thou
             art
             lost
             ,
             thou
             brave
             Example
             to
             our
          
           Spartan
           
             Youth
             ,
             and
             Theme
             of
             our
          
           Matron's
           Songs
           .
        
         
           
           Eucleidas's
           Wing
           being
           thus
           cut
           in
           Peices
           ,
           and
           the
           Conquerors
           from
           that
           part
           falling
           upon
           his
           Battel
           ,
           he
           perceiv'd
           his
           Souldiers
           to
           be
           disorder'd
           ,
           and
           unable
           to
           maintain
           the
           Fight
           ,
           and
           therefore
           provided
           for
           his
           own
           safety
           .
           When
           he
           came
           into
           the
           City
           ,
           he
           advised
           those
           Citizens
           that
           he
           met
           ,
           to
           receive
           Antigonus
           ;
           and
           as
           for
           himself
           ,
           he
           said
           ,
           which
           should
           appear
           most
           advantageous
           to
           Sparta
           ,
           whether
           his
           Life
           or
           Death
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           chuse
           .
           Seeing
           the
           Women
           running
           out
           to
           those
           that
           fled
           with
           him
           ,
           taking
           their
           Arms
           ,
           and
           bringing
           Drink
           to
           them
           ,
           he
           entred
           into
           his
           own
           House
           ,
           and
           his
           Servant
           ,
           which
           was
           a
           free-born
           Woman
           ,
           taken
           from
           Megalopolis
           after
           his
           Wife's
           Death
           ,
           offering
           ,
           as
           she
           us'd
           to
           do
           ,
           to
           make
           necessary
           Provision
           for
           him
           returning
           from
           the
           Battel
           ;
           though
           he
           was
           very
           thirsty
           ,
           he
           refus'd
           
           to
           drink
           ,
           and
           though
           very
           weary
           ,
           to
           sit
           down
           ;
           but
           arm'd
           as
           he
           was
           ,
           he
           clapt
           his
           Arm
           side-way
           to
           a
           Pillar
           ,
           and
           leaning
           his
           Forehead
           upon
           his
           Elbow
           ,
           he
           rested
           his
           Body
           a
           little
           while
           ,
           and
           ran
           over
           in
           his
           Thoughts
           what
           course
           he
           should
           take
           ,
           and
           then
           with
           his
           Friends
           went
           presently
           to
           Gythium
           ;
           where
           finding
           Ships
           fitted
           for
           the
           Purpose
           ,
           they
           embark'd
           .
           Antigonus
           taking
           the
           City
           ,
           treated
           the
           Lacedoemonians
           courteously
           ,
           and
           neither
           affronting
           ,
           nor
           ruining
           the
           Dignity
           of
           Sparta
           ,
           but
           permitting
           them
           to
           enjoy
           their
           own
           Laws
           and
           Polity
           ,
           and
           sacrificing
           to
           the
           Gods
           ,
           dislodg'd
           the
           third
           day
           :
           for
           he
           heard
           that
           there
           was
           a
           great
           War
           kindled
           in
           Macedonia
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           Country
           was
           spoyl'd
           by
           the
           Barbarians
           ;
           besides
           ,
           he
           grew
           sick
           of
           a
           Consumption
           and
           continual
           Defluxion
           on
           the
           Lungs
           ,
           yet
           he
           still
           kept
           up
           that
           he
           might
           return
           and
           free
           his
           own
           Country
           ,
           and
           fall
           more
           gloriously
           upon
           an
           heap
           of
           slaughter'd
           Barbarians
           .
           As
           Phylarchus
           says
           ,
           and
           't
           is
           probable
           ,
           he
           broke
           a
           Vein
           by
           shouting
           in
           the
           Battel
           .
           In
           the
           Plays
           't
           was
           said
           ,
           that
           after
           the
           Victory
           he
           cry'd
           out
           for
           Joy
           ,
           
             O
             fine
             Day
          
           !
           and
           presently
           bringing
           up
           abundance
           of
           Blood
           ,
           fell
           into
           a
           Fever
           ,
           and
           dy'd
           in
           a
           short
           time
           .
           And
           thus
           much
           concerning
           Antigonus
           .
        
         
           Cleomenes
           sailing
           from
           Cytheroe
           ,
           touch'd
           at
           another
           Island
           call'd
           Aegyalia
           ,
           whence
           as
           
           he
           was
           about
           to
           depart
           for
           Cyrene
           ,
           one
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           Therycion
           by
           Name
           ,
           a
           Man
           of
           an
           haughty
           Spirit
           in
           all
           Enterprises
           ,
           and
           high
           and
           boasting
           in
           his
           talk
           ,
           came
           privately
           to
           him
           ,
           and
           said
           thus
           ;
           
             Sir
             ,
             Death
             in
             Battel
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             most
             glorious
             ,
             we
             have
             let
             go
             ;
             though
             all
             heard
             us
             say
             that
          
           Antigonus
           
             should
             never
             tread
             over
             the
             King
             of
          
           Sparta
           ▪
           
             unless
             dead
             ;
             and
             now
             that
             which
             is
             next
             in
             Bravery
             and
             Glory
             ,
             is
             presented
             to
             us
             .
             Whither
             do
             we
             madly
             sail
             ,
             flying
             that
             which
             is
             near
             ,
             and
             seeking
             that
             which
             is
             far
             removed
             ?
             For
             if
             it
             is
             not
             dishonourable
             for
             the
             Race
             of
          
           Hercules
           
             to
             serve
             the
             Successors
             of
          
           Philip
           and
           Alexander
           ,
           
             we
             shall
             save
             a
             long
             Voyage
             by
             delivering
             our selves
             up
             to
          
           Antigonus
           ,
           
             who
             ,
             probably
             ,
             surpasseth
          
           Ptolomy
           
             as
             much
             as
             the
          
           Macedonians
           
             do
             the
          
           Aegyptians
           ;
           
             but
             if
             we
             think
             it
             mean
             to
             submit
             to
             those
             whose
             Arms
             have
             conquer'd
             us
             ,
             why
             should
             we
             chuse
             him
             for
             our
             Lord
             by
             whom
             we
             have
             not
             yet
             been
             beaten
             ?
             Is
             it
             that
             instead
             of
             one
             ,
             we
             might
             appear
             meaner
             than
             two
             ,
             whilst
             we
             fly
          
           Antigonus
           ,
           
             and
             flatter
          
           Ptolomy
           ?
           
             Or
             ,
             is
             it
             for
             your
             Mother's
             sake
             that
             you
             retreat
             to
          
           Aegypt
           ?
           
             It
             will
             indeed
             be
             a
             very
             fine
             ,
             and
             very
             desirable
             sight
             for
             her
             to
             be
             shown
             her
             Son
             by
          
           Ptolomy's
           
             Women
             ,
             now
             chang'd
             from
             a
             Prince
             into
             an
             exile
             and
             a
             Slave
             .
             Are
             we
             not
             still
             Masters
             of
             our
             own
             Swords
             ?
             And
             whilst
             we
             have
          
           Laconia
           
             in
             view
             ,
             shall
             we
             not
          
           
           
             here
             free
             our selves
             from
             this
             disgracefull
             Misery
             ,
             and
             clear
             our selves
             to
             those
             ,
             who
             at
          
           Sellasia
           
             dy'd
             for
             the
             Honour
             and
             Defence
             of
          
           Sparta
           ?
           
             Or
             ,
             shall
             we
             sit
             lazily
             in
          
           Aegypt
           
             enquiring
             what
             News
             from
          
           Sparta
           ?
           
             and
             whom
          
           Antigonus
           
             hath
             been
             pleas'd
             to
             make
             Governour
             of
          
           Lacedaemon
           ?
           Thus
           spoke
           Therycion
           ;
           and
           this
           was
           
           Cleomenes's
           Reply
           ;
           
             By
             seeking
             Death
             ,
             you
             Coward
             ,
             the
             most
             easie
             ,
             and
             most
             ready
             Refuge
             ,
             you
             fansie
             that
             you
             shall
             appear
             courageous
             and
             brave
             ,
             though
             this
             Flight
             is
             baser
             than
             thy
             former
             .
             Better
             Men
             than
             we
             have
             given
             way
             to
             their
             Enemies
             ,
             having
             been
             betray'd
             by
             Fortune
             ,
             or
             oppress'd
             by
             Multitude
             ;
             but
             he
             that
             sinks
             under
             Labour
             or
             Afflictions
             ,
             the
             Opinions
             or
             Reproaches
             of
             Men
             ,
             is
             overcome
             by
             his
             own
             Effeminacy
             and
             Softness
             :
             For
             a
             voluntary
             Death
             ought
             not
             to
             be
             chosen
             as
             a
             Relief
             from
             Action
             ,
             but
             as
             an
             Exemplary
             Action
             it self
             ,
             and
             't
             is
             base
             either
             to
             live
             or
             to
             die
             only
             to
             our selves
             .
             That
             death
             to
             which
             you
             now
             invite
             us
             ,
             is
             propos'd
             only
             as
             a
             release
             from
             our
             present
             Miseries
             ,
             but
             carries
             nothing
             of
             Bravery
             or
             Profit
             in
             it
             .
             And
             I
             think
             it
             becomes
             both
             me
             and
             you
             not
             to
             despair
             of
             our
             Country
             ;
             but
             when
             there
             are
             no
             hopes
             of
             that
             left
             ,
             those
             that
             have
             an
             Inclination
             may
             quickly
             die
             .
          
           To
           this
           Therycion
           return'd
           no
           Answer
           ;
           but
           as
           soon
           as
           he
           could
           get
           out
           of
           
           Cleomenes's
           Company
           ,
           went
           toward
           the
           Shore
           ,
           and
           ran
           himself
           through
           .
           But
           Cleomenes
           
           sailed
           from
           Aegialia
           ,
           landed
           in
           Libya
           ,
           and
           being
           honourably
           conducted
           through
           the
           King's
           Country
           ,
           came
           to
           Alexandria
           .
           When
           he
           was
           first
           brought
           to
           Ptolomy
           ,
           no
           more
           than
           common
           Civilities
           ,
           and
           usual
           Ceremonies
           were
           paid
           him
           ;
           but
           when
           ;
           upon
           tryal
           ,
           he
           found
           him
           a
           Man
           of
           deep
           Sense
           ,
           and
           great
           Reason
           ,
           and
           that
           his
           plain
           Laconick
           way
           of
           Conversation
           carried
           a
           free
           Pleasantness
           with
           it
           ,
           that
           he
           did
           nothing
           unbecoming
           the
           greatness
           of
           his
           Birth
           ,
           nor
           bent
           under
           Fortune
           ,
           and
           appear'd
           a
           more
           faithful
           Councellor
           ,
           than
           those
           who
           made
           it
           their
           business
           to
           please
           and
           flatter
           ;
           he
           was
           asham'd
           ,
           and
           repented
           that
           he
           had
           neglected
           so
           great
           a
           Man
           ,
           and
           suffer'd
           Antigonus
           to
           get
           so
           much
           Power
           and
           Reputation
           by
           ruining
           him
           .
           Therefore
           he
           heap'd
           up
           Honours
           and
           Kindnesses
           on
           Cleomenes
           ,
           and
           gave
           him
           Hopes
           that
           he
           would
           furnish
           him
           with
           an
           Army
           and
           a
           Navy
           to
           recover
           Greece
           ,
           and
           re-instate
           him
           in
           is
           Throne
           .
           Besides
           ,
           he
           allow'd
           him
           a
           yearly
           Pension
           of
           four
           and
           twenty
           Talents
           ;
           a
           little
           part
           of
           which
           Sum
           supply'd
           his
           and
           his
           Friends
           thrifty
           Temperance
           ;
           and
           the
           rest
           was
           imploy'd
           in
           doing
           good
           Offices
           to
           ,
           and
           in
           relieving
           the
           Necessities
           of
           those
           that
           fled
           Greece
           ,
           and
           retir'd
           into
           Aegypt
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           elder
           Ptolomy
           dying
           before
           
           Cleomenes's
           Affairs
           had
           receiv'd
           a
           full
           Dispatch
           ,
           
           and
           the
           Successor
           being
           a
           loose
           ,
           voluptuous
           and
           effeminate
           Prince
           ,
           under
           the
           power
           of
           his
           Pleasures
           and
           his
           Women
           ,
           his
           Business
           was
           neglected
           :
           for
           the
           King
           was
           so
           besotted
           with
           his
           Women
           and
           his
           Wine
           ,
           that
           Balls
           ,
           Musick
           and
           Dancing
           ,
           were
           the
           only
           Employments
           of
           his
           most
           busie
           and
           serious
           hours
           ,
           and
           the
           greatest
           Affairs
           of
           State
           were
           managed
           by
           Agathoclea
           the
           King's
           Mistress
           ,
           her
           Mother
           ,
           and
           the
           Pimp
           Oinanthes
           .
           Therefore
           at
           the
           first
           they
           seem'd
           to
           stand
           in
           need
           of
           Cleomenes
           ;
           for
           Ptolomy
           being
           afraid
           of
           his
           Brother
           Magas
           ,
           who
           by
           his
           Mother's
           means
           had
           a
           great
           Interest
           amongst
           the
           Souldiers
           ,
           took
           Cleomenes
           into
           his
           Cabinet-Council
           ,
           and
           acquainted
           him
           with
           the
           Design
           of
           taking
           off
           his
           Brother
           .
           He
           ,
           though
           all
           were
           for
           it
           ,
           declar'd
           his
           opinion
           to
           the
           contrary
           ,
           saying
           
             The
             King
             ,
             if
             it
             were
             possible
             ,
             should
             have
             more
             Brothers
             for
             the
             better
             security
             and
             management
             of
             his
             Affairs
             :
          
           And
           Sosibius
           ,
           the
           greatest
           Favourite
           ,
           replying
           ,
           
             That
             they
             were
             not
             secure
             of
             the
             Mercenaries
             whilst
          
           Magas
           
             was
             alive
             ;
             Cleomenes
          
           return'd
           ▪
           
             That
             he
             ne●d
             not
             trouble
             himself
             about
             that
             Matter
             ,
             for
             amongst
             the
             Mercenaries
             there
             were
             above
          
           3000
           Peloponnesians
           ,
           
             who
             were
             his
             fast
             Friends
             ,
             and
             whom
             he
             could
             command
             at
             any
             time
             with
             a
             Nod.
          
           This
           Discourse
           made
           Cleomenes
           for
           the
           present
           to
           be
           look'd
           upon
           as
           a
           Man
           of
           Integrity
           and
           Power
           ;
           but
           afterwards
           
           (
           
           Ptolemy's
           Weakness
           increasing
           his
           Fear
           ,
           and
           ,
           as
           it
           usually
           happens
           ,
           where
           there
           is
           no
           Judgment
           and
           Wisdom
           at
           the
           bottom
           ,
           placing
           his
           Security
           in
           Jealousie
           and
           Suspicion
           )
           rendred
           Cleomenes
           suspected
           to
           the
           Courtiers
           ,
           as
           having
           too
           much
           Interest
           with
           the
           Mercenaries
           ;
           and
           many
           had
           this
           Saying
           in
           their
           mouths
           ,
           
             That
             he
             was
             a
             Lion
             midst
             a
             flock
             of
             Sheep
             :
          
           for
           such
           he
           seem'd
           to
           be
           in
           the
           Court
           ,
           slyly
           overlooking
           and
           taking
           notice
           of
           the
           management
           of
           Affairs
           ;
           therefore
           when
           he
           desir'd
           a
           Navy
           and
           an
           Army
           from
           the
           King
           ,
           his
           Petition
           was
           rejected
           .
           But
           when
           he
           understood
           that
           Antigonus
           was
           dead
           ,
           that
           the
           Achoeans
           were
           engaged
           in
           a
           War
           with
           the
           Aetolians
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           Affairs
           of
           Peloponnesus
           ,
           being
           now
           in
           very
           great
           Distraction
           and
           Distress
           ,
           requir'd
           and
           invited
           his
           Assistance
           ,
           he
           desir'd
           leave
           to
           depart
           only
           with
           his
           Friends
           ,
           but
           could
           not
           obtain
           that
           ,
           the
           King
           not
           so
           much
           as
           hearing
           his
           Petition
           ,
           being
           shut
           up
           amongst
           his
           Women
           ,
           and
           wasting
           his
           Hours
           in
           Debauchery
           and
           Frolicks
           .
           But
           Sosibius
           ,
           the
           chief
           Minister
           of
           State
           ,
           thought
           that
           Cleomenes
           being
           detain'd
           against
           his
           will
           ,
           would
           grow
           ungovernable
           and
           dangerous
           ,
           and
           yet
           that
           it
           was
           not
           safe
           to
           let
           him
           go
           ,
           being
           an
           aspiring
           ▪
           daring
           Man
           ,
           and
           well
           acquainted
           with
           the
           Diseases
           and
           Weakness
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ;
           for
           no
           Presents
           ,
           no
           Gifts
           ,
           could
           win
           him
           
           to
           a
           Compliance
           .
           But
           as
           the
           Ox
           Apis
           ,
           though
           revelling
           in
           all
           possible
           plenty
           and
           delight
           ,
           yet
           desires
           to
           live
           as
           nature
           would
           provide
           for
           him
           ,
           to
           be
           at
           liberty
           ,
           and
           frisk
           about
           the
           Fields
           ,
           and
           can
           scarce
           endure
           to
           be
           under
           the
           Priests
           keeping
           ;
           so
           he
           could
           not
           brook
           their
           Courtship
           ,
           and
           tender
           Entertainment
           ,
           but
           like
           Achilles
           .
        
         
           
             Whilst
             there
             ,
             his
             heart
             did
             wast
             with
             secret
             grief
             ,
          
           
             And
             he
             was
             eager
             for
             the
             noisy
             Wars
             .
          
        
         
           His
           Affairs
           standing
           in
           this
           condition
           ,
           Nicagoras
           the
           Messenian
           came
           to
           Alexandria
           ,
           a
           Man
           that
           deeply
           hated
           Cleomenes
           ,
           yet
           pretended
           to
           be
           his
           Friend
           ;
           for
           he
           had
           formerly
           sold
           Cleomenes
           a
           fair
           Estate
           ,
           but
           never
           receiv'd
           the
           Money
           ,
           because
           Cleomenes
           was
           either
           unable
           ,
           (
           as
           it
           may
           be
           )
           or
           else
           by
           reason
           of
           his
           engagement
           in
           the
           Wars
           and
           other
           Distractions
           ,
           had
           no
           time
           to
           pay
           him
           .
           Cleomenes
           seeing
           him
           landing
           ,
           (
           for
           he
           was
           then
           walking
           upon
           the
           Key
           )
           kindly
           saluted
           him
           ,
           and
           ask'd
           ,
           
             What
             Business
             brought
             him
             to
          
           Aegypt
           ?
           Nicagoras
           return'd
           his
           Complement
           ,
           and
           told
           him
           ,
           
             That
             he
             came
             to
             bring
             some
             excellent
             War-horses
             to
             the
             King.
          
           And
           Cleomenes
           with
           a
           Smile
           subjoyn'd
           ,
           
             I
             wish
             you
             had
             rather
             brought
             Pimps
             ,
             Whores
             and
             Pathicks
             ;
             for
             those
             now
             are
             the
             King
             's
             chief
             Delight
             .
             Nicagoras
          
           at
           the
           present
           smil'd
           at
           the
           Conceit
           ;
           but
           a
           few
           days
           after
           
           he
           put
           Cleomenes
           in
           mind
           of
           the
           Estate
           that
           he
           had
           bought
           of
           him
           ,
           and
           desir'd
           his
           Money
           ,
           protesting
           that
           he
           would
           not
           have
           troubled
           him
           ,
           if
           his
           Merchandize
           had
           turn'd
           to
           that
           Account
           ,
           which
           he
           thought
           it
           would
           .
           Cleomenes
           reply'd
           ,
           That
           he
           had
           not
           a
           penny
           left
           of
           all
           that
           had
           been
           given
           him
           :
           At
           which
           Answer
           Nicagoras
           being
           nettled
           ,
           told
           Sosibius
           Cleomenes's
           Scoff
           upon
           the
           King.
           He
           caress'd
           him
           for
           the
           Discovery
           ,
           but
           desiring
           to
           have
           some
           greater
           Reason
           to
           excite
           the
           King
           against
           Cleomenes
           ,
           perswaded
           Nicagoras
           to
           leave
           a
           Letter
           written
           against
           Cleomenes
           ,
           importing
           that
           he
           had
           a
           Design
           ,
           if
           he
           could
           have
           gotten
           Ships
           and
           Souldiers
           ,
           to
           surprize
           
             Cyrene
             :
             Nicagoras
          
           wrote
           such
           a
           Letter
           ,
           and
           left
           Aegypt
           .
           Four
           days
           after
           Sosibius
           brought
           the
           Letter
           to
           Ptolomy
           ,
           pretending
           it
           was
           just
           then
           delivered
           him
           ,
           and
           with
           a
           bitter
           Invective
           excited
           the
           Fury
           of
           the
           Youth
           ;
           upon
           this
           it
           was
           agreed
           ,
           that
           Cleomenes
           should
           be
           invited
           into
           a
           large
           Apartment
           and
           treated
           as
           formerly
           ,
           but
           not
           suffer'd
           to
           go
           out
           again
           :
           this
           Usage
           was
           grievous
           to
           Cleomenes
           ,
           and
           by
           this
           unlucky
           Accident
           ,
           his
           Hopes
           for
           the
           future
           seem'd
           to
           be
           quite
           dash'd
           .
           Ptolomy
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           Chrysermas
           ,
           a
           Favourite
           of
           the
           King
           's
           ,
           always
           carried
           himself
           fairly
           towards
           Cleomenes
           ;
           they
           contracted
           a
           near
           Acquaintance
           ,
           and
           would
           talk
           freely
           together
           about
           the
           State.
           He
           upon
           
           Cleomenes's
           
           Desire
           came
           to
           him
           ,
           had
           some
           Discourse
           with
           him
           ,
           upon
           a
           few
           and
           inconsiderable
           Subjects
           ,
           to
           avoid
           suspicion
           ,
           and
           made
           some
           Excuses
           for
           the
           King
           ;
           but
           as
           he
           went
           out
           again
           ,
           not
           knowing
           that
           Cleomenes
           follow'd
           him
           to
           the
           Door
           ,
           he
           very
           severely
           reprimanded
           the
           Keepers
           ,
           for
           their
           Carelessness
           in
           looking
           after
           so
           great
           and
           so
           furious
           a
           wild
           Beast
           .
           This
           Cleomenes
           himself
           heard
           ,
           and
           retiring
           before
           Ptolomy
           perceiv'd
           it
           ,
           told
           his
           Friends
           what
           he
           had
           heard
           .
           Upon
           this
           they
           cast
           off
           all
           their
           former
           Hopes
           ,
           and
           determin'd
           for
           violent
           Proceedings
           ,
           resolving
           to
           be
           reveng'd
           on
           Ptolomy
           for
           his
           base
           and
           unjust
           Dealing
           ,
           to
           have
           satisfaction
           for
           the
           Affronts
           ,
           to
           die
           as
           it
           became
           Spartans
           ,
           and
           not
           stay
           till
           ,
           like
           fatted
           Sacrifices
           ,
           they
           were
           butcher'd
           :
           for
           't
           was
           both
           grievous
           and
           dishonourable
           for
           Cleomenes
           ,
           who
           had
           scorn'd
           to
           come
           to
           Terms
           with
           Antigonus
           ,
           a
           brave
           Warriour
           ,
           and
           a
           Man
           of
           Action
           ,
           to
           wait
           an
           effeminate
           King's
           leisure
           ,
           till
           he
           should
           lay
           aside
           his
           Fiddle
           ,
           and
           end
           his
           Dance
           ,
           and
           then
           kill
           him
           .
           These
           Courses
           being
           resolv'd
           on
           ,
           and
           Ptolomy
           hapning
           at
           the
           same
           time
           to
           make
           a
           Progress
           to
           Canopus
           ,
           they
           first
           spread
           abroad
           a
           Report
           ,
           that
           his
           Freedom
           was
           order'd
           by
           the
           King
           ;
           and
           it
           being
           the
           King's
           custom
           ,
           to
           send
           Presents
           and
           an
           Entertainment
           to
           those
           whom
           he
           would
           free
           ,
           
           Cleomenes's
           Friends
           made
           that
           provision
           ,
           
           and
           sent
           it
           into
           the
           Prison
           ,
           thereby
           deceiving
           the
           Keepers
           ,
           who
           thought
           it
           had
           been
           sent
           by
           the
           King
           ;
           for
           he
           sacrific'd
           ,
           and
           gave
           them
           large
           Portions
           ,
           and
           with
           a
           Crown
           upon
           his
           Head
           feasted
           and
           made
           merry
           with
           his
           Friends
           :
           't
           is
           said
           ,
           that
           he
           began
           the
           Action
           sooner
           than
           he
           design'd
           ,
           having
           understood
           that
           a
           Servant
           of
           one
           of
           the
           Accomplices
           lay
           abroad
           with
           a
           Mistress
           that
           he
           lov'd
           .
           This
           made
           him
           afraid
           of
           a
           Discovery
           ;
           and
           therefore
           as
           soon
           as
           it
           was
           full
           Noon
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           Keepers
           drunk
           and
           fast
           asleep
           ,
           he
           put
           on
           his
           Coat
           ,
           and
           opening
           the
           Seam
           on
           his
           right
           Shoulder
           ,
           with
           his
           drawn
           Sword
           in
           his
           hand
           he
           issued
           forth
           ,
           together
           with
           his
           Friends
           ,
           provided
           in
           the
           same
           manner
           ,
           making
           13
           in
           all
           .
           One
           of
           them
           ,
           by
           Name
           Hippotas
           ,
           was
           lame
           ,
           he
           follow'd
           the
           first
           Onset
           very
           well
           ;
           but
           when
           afterward
           he
           perceiv'd
           that
           they
           were
           more
           slow
           in
           their
           Advances
           for
           his
           sake
           ,
           he
           desir'd
           them
           to
           run
           him
           through
           ,
           and
           not
           ruine
           their
           Enterprize
           ,
           by
           staying
           for
           an
           useless
           ,
           unprofitable
           Man.
           By
           chance
           an
           Alexandrian
           was
           then
           riding
           by
           the
           Door
           ,
           him
           they
           threw
           off
           ,
           and
           setting
           Hippotas
           on
           Horseback
           ,
           ran
           through
           the
           narrow
           Lanes
           ,
           and
           proclaim'd
           Liberty
           to
           the
           People
           ;
           but
           they
           ,
           it
           seems
           ,
           had
           Courage
           enough
           to
           praise
           and
           admire
           
           Cleomenes's
           Daring
           ,
           but
           not
           one
           had
           the
           heart
           to
           follow
           and
           assist
           him
           .
           Three
           
           of
           them
           fell
           on
           Ptolomy
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           Chrysermas
           ,
           as
           he
           was
           coming
           out
           of
           the
           Palace
           ,
           and
           kill'd
           him
           :
           Another
           Ptolomy
           ,
           the
           Lieutenant
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           advancing
           against
           them
           in
           a
           Chariot
           ,
           they
           set
           upon
           ,
           dispers'd
           his
           Guards
           and
           Attendants
           ,
           and
           pulling
           him
           out
           of
           the
           Chariot
           ,
           kill'd
           him
           upon
           the
           Place
           .
           Then
           they
           made
           toward
           the
           Castle
           ,
           designing
           to
           break
           open
           the
           Prison
           ,
           and
           take
           the
           Prisoners
           to
           their
           Assistance
           ;
           but
           the
           Keepers
           were
           too
           quick
           for
           them
           ,
           and
           secur'd
           the
           Passages
           .
           Being
           baffled
           in
           this
           Attempt
           ,
           Cleomenes
           with
           his
           Company
           roam'd
           about
           the
           City
           ,
           none
           joyning
           with
           him
           ,
           but
           all
           retreating
           from
           ,
           and
           flying
           his
           Approach
           :
           therefore
           despairing
           of
           Success
           ,
           and
           saying
           to
           his
           Friends
           ,
           That
           it
           was
           no
           wonder
           that
           Women
           rul'd
           o'er
           those
           Men
           that
           fled
           Liberty
           ,
           he
           excited
           them
           all
           to
           die
           as
           bravely
           as
           became
           his
           Followers
           ,
           and
           Men
           of
           their
           glorious
           Performances
           .
           This
           said
           ,
           Hippotas
           was
           first
           ,
           as
           he
           desir'd
           ,
           run
           through
           by
           one
           of
           the
           young
           Men
           ,
           and
           then
           each
           of
           them
           readily
           and
           resolutely
           fell
           upon
           his
           own
           Sword
           ,
           except
           Panteus
           ,
           that
           Panteus
           that
           first
           surpriz'd
           Megalopolis
           .
           This
           Man
           being
           a
           very
           handsom
           Person
           ,
           and
           a
           better
           Companion
           ▪
           than
           any
           of
           the
           Youth
           ,
           the
           King
           lov'd
           ,
           and
           bad
           him
           ,
           when
           he
           had
           seen
           him
           and
           the
           rest
           fall'n
           ,
           die
           by
           their
           Example
           .
           Panteus
           walk'd
           over
           them
           as
           they
           lay
           ,
           and
           
           prick'd
           every
           one
           with
           his
           Dagger
           ,
           to
           try
           whether
           any
           was
           alive
           ;
           when
           he
           prick'd
           Cleomenes
           in
           the
           Leg
           ,
           and
           saw
           him
           turn
           upon
           his
           Back
           ,
           he
           kiss'd
           him
           ,
           sate
           down
           by
           him
           ,
           and
           when
           he
           was
           quite
           dead
           ,
           cover'd
           his
           Carkase
           ,
           and
           then
           kill'd
           himself
           upon
           his
           Body
           .
        
         
           Thus
           fell
           Cleomenes
           that
           great
           ,
           brave
           Man
           ,
           after
           he
           had
           been
           King
           of
           Sparta
           sixteen
           Years
           .
           The
           News
           of
           their
           Fall
           being
           nois'd
           through
           the
           City
           ,
           Cratesiclaea
           ,
           though
           a
           Woman
           of
           a
           great
           Spirit
           ,
           could
           not
           bear
           up
           against
           the
           insupportable
           weight
           of
           this
           Affliction
           ;
           but
           embracing
           
           Cleomenes's
           Children
           ,
           made
           grievous
           Lamentations
           ;
           but
           the
           eldest
           Boy
           ,
           none
           suspecting
           such
           a
           Spirit
           in
           a
           Child
           ,
           threw
           himself
           headlong
           from
           the
           top
           of
           the
           House
           ;
           he
           was
           bruis'd
           very
           much
           ,
           but
           not
           kill'd
           by
           the
           Fall
           ,
           and
           was
           taken
           up
           crying
           ,
           and
           expressing
           his
           Resentments
           for
           not
           being
           permitted
           to
           destroy
           himself
           .
           Ptolomy
           ,
           as
           soon
           as
           an
           Account
           of
           the
           Action
           was
           brought
           him
           ,
           gave
           order
           that
           
           Cleomenes's
           Body
           should
           be
           flea'd
           and
           hung
           up
           ;
           that
           his
           Children
           ,
           Mother
           ,
           and
           the
           Women
           that
           were
           with
           her
           ,
           should
           be
           kill'd
           .
           Amongst
           those
           was
           
           Panteus's
           Wife
           ,
           a
           very
           fair
           Women
           ,
           and
           of
           a
           stately
           Carriage
           ,
           who
           had
           been
           but
           newly
           married
           ,
           and
           suffer'd
           these
           Disasters
           in
           the
           height
           of
           her
           Love.
           Her
           Parents
           would
           not
           let
           her
           embark
           with
           Panteus
           
           presently
           after
           they
           were
           married
           ,
           though
           she
           eargerly
           desir'd
           it
           ,
           but
           shut
           her
           up
           ,
           and
           kept
           her
           by
           Violence
           at
           home
           ;
           yet
           a
           few
           days
           after
           she
           got
           an
           Horse
           and
           a
           little
           Money
           ,
           and
           escaping
           by
           Night
           ,
           made
           speed
           to
           Taenarus
           where
           she
           embark'd
           for
           Aegypt
           ,
           came
           to
           her
           Husband
           ,
           and
           with
           him
           chearfully
           endur'd
           to
           live
           in
           a
           foreign
           Country
           .
           She
           led
           Cratesiclaea
           as
           she
           was
           going
           with
           the
           Souldiers
           to
           Execution
           ,
           held
           up
           her
           Train
           ,
           and
           begg'd
           her
           to
           be
           courageous
           ,
           who
           of
           her self
           was
           not
           in
           the
           least
           afraid
           of
           Death
           ,
           and
           desir'd
           nothing
           else
           ,
           but
           only
           to
           be
           kill'd
           before
           the
           Children
           .
           When
           they
           were
           come
           to
           the
           Place
           of
           Execution
           ,
           the
           Children
           were
           first
           kill'd
           before
           
           Cratesiclaea's
           Eyes
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           she
           her self
           ,
           with
           only
           these
           words
           in
           her
           Mouth
           ;
           
             O
             Children
             ,
             whither
             are
             you
             gone
             ?
          
           But
           
           Panteus's
           Wife
           girded
           her
           Garments
           close
           to
           her
           ,
           and
           being
           a
           strong
           Women
           ,
           without
           any
           Noise
           or
           Lamentation
           ,
           lookt
           after
           every
           one
           that
           was
           slain
           ,
           and
           wound
           them
           up
           as
           well
           as
           her
           present
           Circumstances
           would
           permit
           ;
           and
           after
           all
           were
           kill'd
           ,
           dressing
           her self
           ,
           bound
           her
           clothes
           close
           about
           her
           ,
           and
           suffering
           none
           to
           come
           near
           ,
           or
           be
           an
           Eye-witness
           of
           her
           Fall
           ,
           besides
           the
           Executioner
           ,
           she
           courageously
           submitted
           to
           the
           stroak
           ,
           and
           wanted
           no
           Body
           to
           look
           after
           her
           ,
           or
           wind
           her
           up
           after
           she
           was
           dead
           .
           Thus
           in
           her
           Death
           
           the
           Modesty
           of
           her
           Mind
           appear'd
           ,
           and
           set
           that
           Guard
           upon
           her
           Body
           ,
           which
           she
           always
           kept
           when
           alive
           :
           And
           she
           in
           the
           declining
           Age
           of
           the
           Spartans
           shew'd
           ,
           that
           Women
           were
           no
           unequal
           Rivals
           of
           the
           Men
           ,
           and
           was
           on
           Instance
           of
           such
           a
           Courage
           as
           would
           not
           sneak
           to
           the
           Affronts
           of
           Fortune
           .
           A
           few
           days
           after
           ,
           those
           that
           watch'd
           the
           hanging
           Body
           of
           Cleomenes
           ,
           saw
           a
           very
           great
           Snake
           winding
           about
           his
           Head
           ,
           and
           covering
           his
           Face
           ,
           so
           that
           no
           Bird
           of
           Prey
           would
           fly
           at
           it
           .
           This
           made
           the
           King
           superstitiously
           afraid
           ,
           and
           set
           the
           Women
           upon
           several
           Lustrations
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           had
           been
           an
           extraordinary
           Man
           ,
           and
           one
           belov'd
           by
           the
           Gods
           that
           had
           been
           slain
           .
           And
           the
           Alexandrians
           made
           Processions
           to
           the
           Place
           ,
           and
           gave
           Cleomenes
           the
           Title
           of
           Hero
           ,
           and
           Son
           of
           the
           Gods
           ,
           till
           the
           Philosophers
           satisfied
           them
           by
           saying
           ,
           That
           
             as
             Oxen
             breed
             Bees
             ,
             putrifying
             Horses
             Breed
             Hornets
             ,
             and
             Beetles
             rise
             from
             the
             Carkasses
             of
             dead
             Asses
             ,
             so
             the
             Humours
             and
             Juices
             of
             the
             Marrow
             of
             a
             Man's
             Body
             coagulating
             ,
             produce
             Serpents
             .
          
           And
           this
           the
           Ancients
           observing
           ,
           appropriated
           a
           Serpent
           rather
           than
           any
           other
           Creature
           to
           Hero's
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           LIVES
           OF
           THE
           GRACCHI
           ,
           TIBERIUS
           and
           CAIUS
           .
        
         
           English'd
           from
           the
           Greek
           ,
           by
           
             John
             Warren
          
           ,
           Fellow
           of
           St.
           
           Catharine's-Hall
           in
           Cambridge
           .
        
         
           
             HAving
             dispatch'd
             the
             foregoing
             History
             ,
             we
             shall
             proceed
             to
             take
             a
             view
             of
             a
             pair
             of
             Romans
             ,
             not
             less
             remarkable
             for
             their
             Misfortunes
             than
             the
             former
             ;
             and
             compare
             with
             the
             Lives
             of
             Agis
             and
             Cleomenes
             ,
             these
             of
             Tiberius
             and
             Caius
             .
             They
             were
             the
             Sons
             of
             
               Tiberius
               Gracchus
            
             ,
             who
             tho'
             he
             had
             been
             once
             Censor
             ,
          
           
             
               TIBERIUS
               &
               CAIUS
               GRACCHUS
            
             depiction of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus
             
               MBurgher
               :
               sculp
               .
            
          
           
           
           
             twice
             Consul
             ,
             and
             twice
             had
             triumph'd
             ,
             yet
             was
             more
             renown'd
             and
             esteem'd
             for
             his
             Virtue
             than
             his
             Honours
             .
             Upon
             this
             account
             after
             the
             Death
             of
             that
             Scipio
             who
             defeated
             Hannibal
             ,
             he
             was
             thought
             worthy
             to
             match
             with
             his
             Daughter
             Cornelia
             ;
             tho'
             there
             had
             been
             no
             Friendship
             or
             Familiarity
             between
             Scipio
             and
             him
             ,
             but
             rather
             the
             contrary
             .
             There
             goes
             a
             Report
             ,
             that
             he
             once
             found
             in
             his
             Bed-Chamber
             a
             couple
             of
             Snakes
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             Southsayers
             being
             consulted
             concerning
             the
             Prodigy
             ,
             advised
             ,
             That
             
               he
               should
               neither
               kill
               'em
               both
               ,
               nor
               let
               'em
               both
               escape
            
             ;
             saying
             ,
             That
             if
             the
             male
             Serpent
             was
             kill'd
             ,
             Tiberius
             should
             die
             ;
             and
             if
             the
             Female
             ,
             Cornelia
             :
             And
             that
             therefore
             Tiberius
             ,
             who
             extreamly
             loved
             his
             Wife
             ,
             and
             thought
             besides
             that
             it
             was
             much
             more
             becoming
             him
             ,
             who
             was
             an
             old
             Man
             ,
             to
             die
             ,
             than
             her
             ,
             who
             as
             yet
             was
             but
             a
             young
             Woman
             ;
             kill'd
             the
             male
             Serpent
             ,
             and
             let
             the
             Female
             escape
             :
             And
             soon
             after
             himself
             dy'd
             ,
             leaving
             behind
             him
             12
             Children
             born
             to
             him
             by
             Cornelia
             .
          
           
             Cornelia
             taking
             upon
             her self
             all
             the
             Care
             of
             her
             Family
             ,
             and
             Education
             of
             her
             Children
             ,
             approved
             her self
             so
             modest
             a
             Matron
             ,
             so
             indulgent
             a
             Mother
             ,
             and
             so
             constant
             and
             noble
             spirited
             a
             Widow
             ,
             that
             Tiberius
             seem'd
             to
             all
             Men
             to
             have
             done
             nothing
             unreasonable
             ,
             in
             choosing
             to
             die
             for
             so
             great
             a
             Woman
             ;
             
             who
             ,
             when
             King
             Ptolomy
             himself
             would
             have
             married
             her
             ,
             and
             proffer'd
             her
             his
             Crown
             ,
             refused
             it
             ,
             and
             choose
             rather
             to
             live
             a
             Widow
             .
             In
             this
             state
             she
             continued
             ,
             and
             lost
             all
             her
             Children
             except
             one
             Daughter
             ,
             that
             was
             married
             to
             Scipio
             the
             younger
             ;
             and
             two
             Sons
             ,
             Tiberius
             and
             Caius
             ,
             whose
             Lives
             we
             are
             now
             writing
             .
          
           
             These
             she
             brought
             up
             with
             so
             great
             Care
             ,
             that
             tho'
             they
             were
             without
             dispute
             of
             the
             noblest
             Family
             ,
             and
             had
             the
             best
             natural
             Parts
             among
             the
             Romans
             ,
             yet
             they
             seem'd
             to
             owe
             their
             eminent
             Vertues
             ,
             more
             to
             their
             Education
             than
             their
             Birth
             .
             Now
             as
             in
             the
             Statutes
             and
             Pictures
             of
             Castor
             and
             Pollux
             ,
             tho'
             the
             Brothers
             resemble
             one
             another
             ,
             yet
             there
             is
             a
             difference
             to
             be
             perceived
             in
             their
             Countenances
             ,
             between
             the
             one
             ,
             who
             delighted
             in
             the
             Caestus
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             ,
             that
             was
             famous
             for
             managing
             the
             Horse
             :
             so
             tho'
             there
             was
             a
             great
             Agreement
             between
             these
             two
             noble
             Youths
             ,
             in
             their
             common
             pursuit
             after
             Fortitude
             and
             Moderation
             ,
             after
             Liberality
             and
             Eloquence
             ,
             and
             greatness
             of
             Mind
             ;
             yet
             in
             their
             Actions
             ,
             and
             Administrations
             of
             publick
             Affairs
             ,
             a
             Disagreement
             as
             great
             manifestly
             appear'd
             .
             It
             will
             not
             be
             amiss
             before
             we
             proceed
             ,
             to
             set
             down
             the
             Difference
             between
             them
             .
          
           
             Tiberius
             in
             the
             Make
             of
             his
             Countenance
             
             and
             his
             Looks
             ,
             in
             his
             Gesture
             and
             Motion
             ,
             
             was
             gentle
             and
             compos'd
             ;
             but
             Caius
             earnest
             and
             vehement
             :
             so
             that
             in
             their
             publick
             Speeches
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             the
             one
             modestly
             used
             very
             little
             Action
             ,
             nor
             changed
             his
             Place
             ;
             the
             other
             would
             walk
             about
             in
             the
             Rostrum
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             heat
             of
             his
             Orations
             ,
             pull
             his
             Gown
             off
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             was
             the
             first
             of
             all
             the
             Romans
             that
             used
             such
             Gestures
             :
             As
             Cleon
             is
             said
             to
             be
             the
             first
             Orator
             among
             the
             Athenians
             ,
             that
             pull'd
             off
             his
             Cloack
             ,
             and
             smote
             his
             Thigh
             ,
             in
             his
             Harangues
             to
             the
             Multitude
             .
             Caius
             his
             Oratory
             was
             impetuous
             ,
             and
             so
             pathetical
             ,
             that
             it
             raised
             Horror
             in
             the
             Auditory
             ;
             but
             Tiberius
             was
             more
             mild
             ,
             and
             apt
             to
             move
             Pity
             and
             Compassion
             :
             in
             his
             Words
             he
             was
             pure
             and
             natural
             ,
             yet
             laborious
             and
             accurate
             ;
             but
             Caius
             was
             pompous
             and
             figurative
             .
             So
             likewise
             in
             their
             way
             of
             Living
             ,
             and
             at
             their
             Tables
             ,
             Tiberius
             was
             frugal
             ,
             and
             no
             affecter
             of
             Variety
             ;
             but
             Caius
             ,
             if
             indeed
             compared
             with
             other
             Men
             ,
             moderate
             enough
             :
             but
             in
             respect
             of
             his
             Brother
             ,
             too
             curious
             a
             Lover
             of
             Rareties
             ,
             and
             profuse
             ;
             which
             Drusus
             objected
             to
             him
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             bought
             
             certain
             Dolphins
             of
             Silver
             ,
             to
             the
             value
             of
             1250
             Drachma's
             ,
             for
             every
             pound
             weight
             .
          
           
             The
             same
             difference
             that
             appear'd
             in
             their
             Speaking
             ,
             was
             observable
             also
             in
             their
             Tempers
             :
             The
             one
             was
             smooth
             and
             sedate
             ,
             the
             other
             rough
             and
             passionate
             ;
             and
             to
             that
             
             degree
             ,
             that
             often
             in
             the
             midst
             of
             his
             Orations
             ,
             he
             was
             so
             hurried
             away
             by
             his
             Passion
             ,
             even
             against
             his
             own
             Will
             ,
             that
             he
             fell
             to
             give
             ill
             Language
             ;
             and
             so
             strain'd
             his
             Voice
             ,
             that
             he
             could
             not
             proceed
             in
             the
             Speech
             .
             For
             a
             Remedy
             to
             this
             Excess
             ,
             he
             made
             use
             of
             an
             ingenious
             Servant
             of
             his
             ,
             one
             Licinius
             ,
             who
             stood
             constantly
             behind
             him
             with
             a
             *
             Pitch-pipe
             ,
             or
             Instrument
             to
             regulate
             the
             Voice
             by
             ;
             and
             when
             ever
             he
             perceived
             his
             Master's
             Tone
             alter
             ,
             and
             grow
             harsh
             with
             Anger
             ,
             he
             struck
             a
             soft
             Note
             with
             his
             Pipe
             ,
             at
             the
             hearing
             of
             which
             ,
             Caius
             immediately
             bated
             of
             the
             vehemence
             of
             his
             Passion
             and
             Voice
             ,
             grew
             mild
             ,
             and
             was
             easily
             recall'd
             to
             Temper
             .
             These
             are
             the
             differences
             between
             the
             two
             Brothers
             ;
             but
             their
             Valour
             against
             their
             Enemies
             ,
             their
             Justice
             to
             their
             Countrey-men
             ,
             their
             Care
             and
             well
             management
             of
             their
             publick
             Affairs
             ,
             and
             lastly
             their
             Continency
             against
             Sensuality
             and
             Pleasures
             ,
             were
             equally
             remarkable
             and
             alike
             in
             both
             .
          
           
             Tiberius
             was
             the
             elder
             by
             nine
             years
             ,
             which
             occasion'd
             that
             their
             publick
             Actions
             were
             divided
             ,
             by
             the
             difference
             of
             the
             Times
             ,
             in
             which
             those
             of
             the
             one
             ,
             and
             those
             of
             the
             other
             ,
             were
             transacted
             .
             This
             was
             no
             small
             hindrance
             to
             their
             Undertakings
             ;
             for
             not
             coming
             at
             the
             same
             time
             to
             the
             administration
             of
             Affairs
             ,
             they
             could
             not
             joyn
             
             their
             Interests
             together
             ,
             which
             between
             them
             both
             ,
             had
             they
             flourish'd
             at
             once
             ,
             must
             needs
             have
             been
             very
             great
             ,
             and
             almost
             irresistable
             .
             We
             must
             therefore
             give
             an
             Account
             of
             each
             of
             them
             singly
             ,
             and
             first
             of
             the
             eldest
             .
          
           
             Tiberius
             ,
             tho's
             as
             yet
             but
             a
             young
             Man
             ,
             
             was
             so
             celebrated
             and
             esteem'd
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             soon
             admitted
             into
             the
             Colledge
             of
             the
             Augurs
             ,
             and
             that
             with
             Respect
             had
             ,
             more
             to
             his
             early
             Virtue
             ,
             than
             his
             noble
             Birth
             .
             This
             
               Appius
               Claudius
            
             made
             appear
             ;
             who
             ,
             tho'
             he
             had
             been
             Consul
             and
             Censor
             ,
             and
             was
             then
             the
             chief
             of
             the
             Roman
             Senate
             ,
             and
             excelling
             in
             Wisdom
             most
             of
             his
             Quality
             ,
             at
             a
             publick
             Feast
             of
             the
             Augurs
             ,
             address'd
             himself
             openly
             to
             Tiberius
             ,
             and
             with
             great
             expressions
             of
             Kindness
             ,
             offer'd
             him
             his
             Daughter
             
             in
             Marriage
             ;
             which
             with
             much
             satisfaction
             embracing
             ,
             and
             the
             Wedding
             Agreements
             being
             thus
             speedily
             concluded
             ,
             Appius
             went
             straight
             home
             ,
             and
             calling
             out
             his
             Wife
             to
             the
             Gate
             ,
             with
             a
             loud
             Voice
             cry'd
             out
             ,
             O
             Antistia
             ,
             
               I
               have
               contracted
               our
               Daughter
            
             Claudia
             
               to
               a
               Husband
            
             .
             She
             being
             amazed
             ,
             answer'd
             ,
             
               but
               why
               so
               suddenly
               ?
               or
               what
               means
               this
               hast
               ?
               unless
               you
               have
               provided
            
             Tiberius
             Gracchus
             
               for
               her
               Husband
            
             .
             I
             am
             not
             ignorant
             ,
             that
             some
             apply
             this
             Story
             to
             Tiberius
             ,
             the
             Father
             of
             the
             Gracchi
             ,
             and
             
               Scipio
               Africanus
            
             ;
             but
             most
             People
             relate
             it
             as
             we
             
             have
             done
             :
             And
             Polybius
             writes
             ,
             that
             after
             the
             Death
             of
             
               Scipio
               Africanus
            
             ,
             the
             nearest
             Relations
             of
             Cornelia
             ,
             preferring
             Tiberius
             to
             all
             other
             Competitors
             ,
             gave
             her
             to
             him
             in
             Marriage
             ,
             not
             having
             being
             engaged
             or
             promised
             to
             any
             one
             by
             her
             Father
             .
          
           
             Now
             this
             young
             Tiberius
             serving
             in
             Africa
             under
             the
             Younger
             Scipio
             ,
             who
             had
             married
             his
             Sister
             ,
             and
             conversing
             under
             the
             same
             Tent
             with
             his
             General
             ,
             soon
             observ'd
             and
             learn'd
             his
             noble
             Genius
             ,
             which
             excited
             a
             great
             emulation
             of
             his
             Virtues
             ,
             and
             stirr'd
             him
             up
             to
             the
             imitation
             of
             his
             Actions
             ,
             and
             in
             a
             short
             time
             excell'd
             all
             the
             young
             Men
             of
             the
             Army
             in
             his
             Regular
             Behaviour
             and
             Courage
             ;
             and
             he
             at
             one
             Siege
             was
             the
             first
             that
             mounted
             the
             Enemies
             Wall
             ,
             as
             Fannius
             says
             ,
             who
             writes
             ,
             that
             he
             himself
             climb'd
             up
             with
             him
             ,
             and
             was
             partaker
             in
             that
             Action
             .
             His
             presence
             created
             amongst
             the
             Souldiers
             an
             extraordinary
             Affection
             ,
             and
             his
             departure
             left
             a
             passionate
             desire
             of
             his
             Return
             .
          
           
             After
             that
             Expedition
             ,
             being
             chosen
             Pay-master
             
             
               of
               the
               Army
            
             ,
             it
             was
             his
             fortune
             to
             serve
             in
             the
             War
             against
             the
             Numantines
             ,
             under
             the
             Command
             of
             
               C.
               Mancinus
            
             the
             Consul
             ,
             a
             Person
             no
             ways
             blameable
             ,
             but
             the
             most
             unfortunate
             of
             all
             the
             Roman
             Generals
             .
             Notwithstanding
             ,
             amidst
             the
             greatest
             Misfortunes
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             most
             unsuccessful
             Enterprizes
             ,
             
             not
             only
             the
             Discretion
             and
             Valour
             of
             Tiberius
             ,
             but
             also
             (
             which
             was
             still
             more
             to
             be
             admired
             )
             the
             great
             Respect
             and
             Veneration
             which
             he
             had
             from
             his
             General
             ,
             was
             most
             eminently
             remarkable
             :
             insomuch
             that
             even
             in
             the
             extremity
             of
             Danger
             ,
             he
             never
             regarded
             himself
             ,
             as
             a
             principal
             Officer
             ;
             for
             when
             he
             was
             overcome
             in
             several
             desperate
             Battels
             ,
             he
             would
             leave
             the
             main
             Body
             of
             the
             Army
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             Night-time
             sally
             out
             with
             the
             Forces
             under
             his
             particular
             Command
             .
             When
             the
             Numantines
             perceived
             this
             ,
             they
             immediately
             possess'd
             themselves
             of
             his
             Camp
             ,
             pursuing
             that
             part
             of
             the
             Forces
             which
             was
             put
             to
             flight
             ;
             slew
             all
             those
             that
             were
             in
             the
             Rear
             ,
             hedg'd
             the
             whole
             Army
             in
             on
             every
             side
             ,
             and
             forcing
             them
             into
             such
             intricate
             Places
             ,
             as
             that
             there
             could
             be
             no
             possibility
             of
             an
             Escape
             .
             Mancinus
             desparing
             to
             make
             his
             way
             through
             by
             force
             ,
             sent
             a
             Messenger
             to
             desire
             a
             Truce
             ,
             and
             cessation
             of
             Arms
             ;
             but
             they
             refused
             to
             conclude
             a
             Treaty
             with
             any
             one
             except
             Tiberius
             ,
             and
             required
             that
             he
             should
             be
             sent
             to
             treat
             with
             them
             .
             This
             they
             earnestly
             insisted
             upon
             ,
             not
             only
             in
             regard
             to
             the
             young
             Man's
             Courage
             ,
             (
             for
             he
             had
             a
             great
             Reputation
             amongst
             the
             Souldiers
             )
             but
             likewise
             in
             remembrance
             of
             his
             Father
             Tiberius
             ,
             who
             in
             his
             Expedition
             against
             the
             Spaniards
             ,
             had
             utterly
             destroyed
             several
             other
             
             Places
             ,
             but
             granted
             a
             Peace
             to
             the
             Numantines
             ,
             which
             he
             commanded
             to
             be
             always
             kept
             punctually
             and
             inviolable
             .
          
           
             Upon
             this
             Consideration
             Tiberius
             was
             
             dispatch'd
             to
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             whom
             he
             perswaded
             to
             accept
             of
             several
             Conditions
             ,
             and
             he
             himself
             complyed
             with
             others
             ;
             and
             by
             this
             means
             it's
             evident
             ,
             that
             he
             saved
             20000
             of
             the
             Roman
             Citizens
             ,
             besides
             Slaves
             ,
             and
             those
             that
             followed
             the
             Army
             .
             However
             the
             Numantines
             seized
             upon
             ,
             and
             destroyed
             all
             things
             that
             were
             left
             behind
             in
             the
             Camp
             ;
             amongst
             these
             were
             
             Tiberius's
             Books
             of
             Accompts
             ,
             containing
             the
             whole
             Transactions
             of
             his
             Questor-ship
             ,
             upon
             which
             he
             set
             an
             extraordinary
             value
             :
             And
             therefore
             when
             the
             Army
             was
             already
             upon
             their
             March
             ,
             he
             return'd
             to
             Numantia
             ,
             accompanied
             with
             only
             three
             or
             four
             of
             his
             intimate
             Friends
             ,
             and
             making
             his
             Application
             to
             the
             principal
             Officers
             of
             the
             Numantines
             ,
             he
             earnestly
             entreated
             ,
             that
             they
             would
             return
             him
             his
             Books
             ,
             lest
             his
             Enemies
             should
             thereby
             take
             an
             occasion
             to
             upbraid
             him
             ,
             for
             not
             being
             able
             to
             give
             an
             Account
             of
             the
             Moneys
             received
             and
             disbursed
             by
             him
             .
             The
             Numantines
             joyfully
             embraced
             this
             opportunity
             of
             obliging
             him
             ,
             and
             kindly
             invited
             him
             into
             the
             City
             ;
             as
             he
             stood
             arguing
             the
             Case
             wish
             them
             ,
             they
             approach'd
             towards
             him
             ,
             took
             him
             by
             the
             H●nds
             ,
             and
             earnestly
             
             begg'd
             ,
             that
             he
             would
             never
             again
             look
             upon
             them
             as
             Enemies
             ,
             but
             relying
             upon
             their
             Friendship
             ,
             be
             confident
             for
             the
             future
             of
             this
             their
             present
             Sincerity
             .
             Tiberius
             thought
             it
             convenient
             to
             believe
             'em
             ,
             because
             he
             was
             desirous
             to
             have
             his
             Books
             return'd
             ,
             and
             was
             afraid
             least
             he
             should
             disoblige
             them
             ,
             by
             shewing
             any
             manner
             of
             Distrust
             .
             As
             soon
             as
             he
             enter'd
             into
             the
             City
             ,
             they
             in
             the
             first
             place
             invited
             him
             to
             a
             publick
             Entertainment
             ,
             and
             were
             very
             earnest
             that
             he
             would
             accept
             of
             it
             :
             Afterwards
             they
             return'd
             his
             Books
             ,
             and
             gave
             him
             the
             liberty
             to
             take
             what-ever
             he
             saw
             most
             acceptable
             of
             the
             remaining
             Spoyls
             .
             He
             on
             the
             other
             hand
             would
             accept
             of
             nothing
             but
             some
             Frankincense
             ,
             which
             he
             used
             in
             his
             publick
             Sacrifices
             ;
             and
             after
             he
             had
             kindly
             embraced
             them
             ,
             and
             made
             his
             Complements
             ,
             departed
             .
          
           
             When
             he
             return'd
             to
             Rome
             ,
             he
             found
             the
             whole
             Transaction
             censured
             and
             reproach'd
             ,
             as
             a
             Business
             that
             was
             base
             and
             scandalous
             to
             the
             Romans
             ;
             but
             the
             Relations
             and
             Friends
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             which
             were
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             the
             Populace
             ,
             came
             flocking
             to
             Tiberius
             ,
             whom
             they
             acknowledg'd
             the
             Preserver
             of
             so
             many
             Citizens
             ,
             and
             imputed
             all
             the
             Miscarriages
             which
             had
             happen'd
             ,
             to
             the
             General
             .
             They
             who
             were
             dissatisfied
             with
             the
             Proceedings
             ,
             proposed
             
             
             the
             example
             of
             their
             Ancestors
             to
             be
             followed
             ;
             for
             after
             the
             hasty
             Peace
             ,
             which
             had
             been
             concluded
             with
             the
             Samnites
             ,
             upon
             conditions
             that
             the
             Romans
             should
             march
             home
             without
             molestation
             ,
             they
             stripp'd
             all
             such
             as
             had
             been
             any
             way
             concern'd
             in
             making
             that
             Peace
             ,
             as
             well
             the
             Treasurers
             and
             Tribunes
             ,
             as
             the
             leading
             Officers
             ;
             and
             in
             that
             manner
             delivered
             'em
             up
             into
             the
             Enemies
             hands
             ,
             laying
             the
             Crimes
             of
             Perjury
             ,
             and
             breach
             of
             that
             Peace
             ,
             at
             their
             Doors
             .
             But
             in
             this
             Affair
             ,
             the
             Populace
             shewing
             an
             extraordinary
             Kindness
             and
             Affection
             for
             Tiberius
             ,
             they
             indeed
             voted
             that
             the
             Consul
             should
             be
             stripp'd
             ,
             and
             put
             in
             Irons
             ,
             and
             so
             deliver'd
             to
             the
             Numantines
             ;
             but
             they
             granted
             a
             general
             Pardon
             to
             all
             the
             others
             ,
             out
             of
             Respect
             only
             to
             Tiberius
             .
             It
             may
             be
             probable
             also
             ,
             that
             Scipio
             ,
             who
             at
             that
             time
             was
             a
             leading
             Man
             among
             the
             Romans
             ,
             lent
             him
             his
             Assistance
             ;
             tho'
             he
             was
             nevertheless
             censured
             for
             not
             protecting
             Mancinus
             too
             ;
             and
             that
             he
             did
             not
             ratifie
             the
             Articles
             of
             Peace
             ,
             which
             had
             been
             agreed
             upon
             by
             his
             Kinsman
             and
             Friend
             Tiberius
             .
             But
             it
             's
             evident
             ,
             that
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             these
             Differences
             did
             arise
             from
             the
             Ambition
             of
             some
             designing
             Politicians
             ,
             who
             had
             a
             Kindness
             for
             Tiberius
             .
             However
             this
             
             Disorder
             never
             came
             to
             a
             malignant
             and
             incurable
             Disease
             ;
             and
             truly
             I
             cannot
             be
             
             perswaded
             ,
             that
             Tiberius
             would
             ever
             have
             taken
             those
             Courses
             which
             he
             did
             ,
             if
             
               Scipio
               Africanus
            
             had
             had
             any
             hand
             in
             the
             management
             of
             his
             Affairs
             :
             for
             at
             the
             time
             when
             he
             was
             engaged
             in
             the
             War
             against
             
               Numantia
               ,
               Tiberius
            
             then
             ventured
             to
             make
             Proposals
             of
             new
             Laws
             ,
             for
             the
             better
             regulation
             of
             the
             Government
             ,
             upon
             the
             following
             occasion
             .
          
           
             The
             Romans
             had
             by
             Conquest
             gain'd
             some
             Lands
             ,
             adjoyning
             to
             the
             Suburbs
             ,
             part
             whereof
             they
             sold
             publickly
             ,
             and
             turn'd
             the
             remainder
             into
             Common
             ;
             this
             Common
             they
             assign'd
             to
             such
             of
             the
             Citizens
             as
             were
             poor
             and
             indigent
             ,
             for
             which
             they
             were
             to
             pay
             only
             a
             small
             acknowledgment
             into
             the
             publick
             Treasury
             :
             but
             when
             the
             wealthy
             Men
             began
             to
             raise
             the
             Rents
             ,
             and
             turn
             the
             poor
             People
             out
             of
             their
             Possessions
             ,
             it
             was
             enacted
             by
             Law
             ,
             that
             no
             Person
             what-ever
             should
             enjoy
             more
             than
             500
             Acres
             of
             Ground
             .
             This
             Act
             did
             for
             some
             time
             restrain
             the
             Avarice
             of
             the
             richer
             ,
             and
             was
             no
             small
             supply
             to
             the
             poorer
             People
             ,
             who
             possess'd
             their
             respective
             Proportions
             of
             Ground
             ,
             as
             they
             had
             been
             formerly
             rented
             by
             them
             :
             afterwards
             the
             rich
             Men
             of
             the
             Neighbourhood
             contrived
             to
             get
             these
             Lands
             again
             into
             their
             Possessions
             ,
             under
             other
             peoples
             Names
             ,
             and
             at
             last
             would
             not
             stick
             to
             claim
             most
             of
             'em
             publickly
             in
             their
             own
             .
             
             The
             Poor
             ,
             who
             were
             thus
             deprived
             of
             their
             Farms
             ,
             would
             neither
             list
             themselves
             in
             the
             Militia
             ,
             nor
             take
             any
             care
             of
             the
             Education
             of
             their
             Children
             :
             in
             so
             much
             that
             in
             a
             short
             time
             there
             were
             few
             Free-men
             remaining
             in
             all
             Italy
             ,
             which
             swarm'd
             with
             a
             numerous
             company
             of
             barbarous
             Slaves
             :
             these
             the
             rich
             Men
             employed
             about
             the
             cultivating
             their
             Ground
             ,
             for
             want
             of
             Citizens
             .
             
               C.
               Loelius
            
             ,
             an
             intimate
             Acquaintance
             of
             
             Scipio's
             ,
             undertook
             to
             rectifie
             this
             Abuse
             ;
             but
             meeting
             with
             Opposition
             from
             Men
             of
             Authority
             ,
             and
             fearing
             lest
             a
             Riot
             should
             thereupon
             be
             committed
             ,
             he
             soon
             desisted
             ;
             upon
             which
             account
             he
             was
             call'd
             ,
             Loelius
             the
             Wise
             .
          
           
             Tiberius
             being
             elected
             Tribune
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             
             prosecuted
             that
             Design
             with
             all
             deligence
             ,
             at
             the
             Instigation
             (
             as
             't
             is
             commonly
             reported
             )
             of
             Diophanes
             the
             Orator
             ,
             and
             Blossius
             the
             Philosopher
             .
             Diophanes
             was
             one
             that
             had
             been
             banished
             from
             Mytilene
             ;
             the
             other
             was
             an
             Italian
             ,
             of
             the
             City
             of
             Cuma
             ,
             who
             was
             educated
             there
             by
             Antipater
             of
             Tarsus
             ,
             that
             afterwards
             did
             him
             the
             Honour
             to
             dedicate
             his
             Philosophical
             Lectures
             to
             him
             .
             Some
             are
             apt
             to
             think
             ,
             Cornelia
             ,
             the
             Mother
             of
             Tiberius
             ,
             contributed
             towards
             it
             ,
             because
             she
             frequently
             upbraided
             her
             Sons
             ,
             upon
             this
             account
             ,
             that
             the
             Romans
             as
             yet
             rather
             call'd
             her
             the
             Daughter
             of
             Scipio
             ,
             than
             
             the
             Mother
             of
             the
             Gracchi
             ;
             but
             't
             was
             thought
             
               Sp.
               Posthumius
            
             was
             the
             chief
             occasion
             of
             this
             .
             He
             was
             Contemporary
             with
             Tiberius
             ,
             and
             very
             ambitious
             to
             gain
             the
             Reputation
             of
             being
             the
             better
             Orator
             ;
             whom
             ,
             when
             Tiberius
             at
             his
             return
             from
             the
             Campaign
             ,
             found
             to
             be
             in
             very
             great
             Esteem
             and
             Authority
             ,
             he
             was
             desirous
             to
             out-do
             him
             ,
             by
             attempting
             a
             popular
             Enterprize
             of
             this
             Difficulty
             ,
             and
             of
             such
             great
             consequence
             .
             But
             his
             Brother
             Caius
             left
             it
             us
             in
             Writing
             ,
             that
             when
             Tiberius
             went
             through
             Tuscany
             into
             Numantia
             ,
             and
             found
             the
             Countreys
             almost
             depopulated
             ,
             there
             being
             hardly
             any
             Husbandmen
             or
             Shepherds
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             most
             part
             only
             barbarous
             foreign
             Slaves
             ;
             he
             from
             that
             time
             took
             into
             his
             serious
             Consideration
             ,
             the
             management
             of
             this
             Affair
             ,
             which
             in
             the
             sequel
             proved
             so
             fatal
             to
             his
             Family
             :
             though
             it
             is
             most
             certain
             ,
             that
             the
             People
             themselves
             chiefly
             excited
             him
             to
             be
             active
             and
             vigorous
             in
             the
             prosecution
             of
             this
             ,
             by
             their
             fixing
             publick
             Libels
             upon
             the
             Porches
             ,
             Walls
             and
             Monuments
             ,
             humbly
             beseeching
             him
             ,
             that
             he
             would
             re-establish
             them
             in
             their
             former
             Possessions
             .
          
           
             However
             he
             did
             not
             make
             this
             Law
             ,
             without
             
             the
             Advice
             and
             Assistance
             of
             those
             Citizens
             ,
             that
             were
             then
             most
             eminent
             for
             their
             Virtue
             and
             Authority
             ;
             amongst
             whom
             was
             Crassus
             the
             high-Priest
             ,
             Mutius
             
             Scoevola
             the
             Lawyer
             ,
             (
             who
             at
             that
             time
             was
             Consul
             )
             and
             
               Claudius
               Apius
            
             his
             Father-in-Law
             .
             Never
             did
             any
             Law
             appear
             more
             moderate
             and
             gentle
             ,
             especially
             being
             enacted
             against
             so
             great
             an
             Oppression
             and
             Avarice
             :
             for
             they
             who
             ought
             to
             have
             been
             severely
             punished
             for
             trangressing
             the
             former
             Laws
             ,
             and
             should
             at
             least
             have
             lost
             all
             their
             Titles
             to
             such
             Lands
             ,
             which
             they
             had
             unjustly
             usurp'd
             ;
             yet
             they
             were
             order'd
             notwithstanding
             to
             receive
             a
             Gratuity
             ,
             for
             quitting
             their
             unlawful
             Claims
             ,
             and
             restoring
             their
             Lands
             to
             those
             right
             Owners
             ,
             who
             stood
             in
             need
             thereof
             .
             But
             though
             this
             Reformation
             was
             managed
             with
             so
             much
             Tenderness
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             former
             Transactions
             smother'd
             ,
             the
             People
             were
             never
             the
             less
             carefull
             to
             prevent
             all
             Abuses
             of
             the
             like
             nature
             for
             the
             future
             .
             On
             the
             other
             hand
             ,
             the
             money'd
             Men
             ,
             and
             those
             of
             great
             Estates
             ,
             were
             exasperated
             ,
             through
             Covetousness
             ,
             against
             the
             Law
             it self
             ,
             and
             against
             the
             Law-giver
             ,
             through
             Anger
             and
             Obstinacy
             ;
             they
             therefore
             endeavour'd
             to
             seduce
             the
             People
             ,
             insinuating
             to
             them
             ,
             that
             Tiberius
             had
             introduced
             such
             a
             division
             of
             the
             Lands
             ,
             with
             a
             design
             only
             to
             disturb
             the
             Government
             ,
             and
             put
             all
             things
             into
             a
             Confusion
             .
          
           
             But
             they
             succeeded
             not
             in
             his
             Project
             ;
             for
             Tiberius
             being
             a
             Person
             always
             resolute
             in
             the
             maintaining
             of
             an
             honourable
             and
             just
             
             Cause
             ,
             and
             one
             whose
             Eloquence
             was
             sufficient
             to
             have
             made
             a
             less
             creditable
             Action
             appear
             plausible
             ,
             was
             earnest
             ,
             and
             not
             easily
             to
             be
             controuled
             .
             Upon
             this
             account
             ,
             being
             plac'd
             in
             the
             Rostrum
             ,
             he
             made
             a
             Speech
             on
             the
             behalf
             of
             the
             poor
             People
             ,
             to
             this
             effect
             .
             
               The
               savage
               Beasts
            
             ,
             says
             he
             ,
             in
             Italy
             
             
               have
               their
               particular
               Dens
               ;
               they
               have
               their
               Places
               of
               Repose
               and
               refuge
               :
               but
               the
               Men
               who
               bore
               Arms
               ,
               and
               exposed
               their
               Lives
               for
               the
               safety
               of
               their
               Country
               ,
               enjoy'd
               in
               the
               mean
               time
               nothing
               more
               in
               it
               but
               the
               fresh
               Air
               and
               Sun-shine
               ;
               and
               having
               no
               Houses
               or
               Settlements
               of
               their
               own
               ,
               were
               constrained
               to
               wander
               from
               Place
               to
               Place
               with
               their
               Wives
               and
               Children
               .
            
             He
             told
             'em
             ,
             
               That
               the
               Commanders
               were
               guilty
               of
               a
               ridiculous
               Error
               ,
               when
               at
               the
               Head
               of
               their
               Armies
               ,
               they
               exhorted
               the
               common
               Souldiers
               to
               fight
               for
               their
               Temples
               and
               Altars
               ;
               when
               not
               any
               amongst
               so
               many
            
             Romans
             ,
             
               is
               possess'd
               of
               either
               Altar
               or
               Monument
               ,
               neither
               have
               they
               any
               Houses
               of
               their
               own
               ,
               or
               Seats
               of
               their
               Ancestors
               to
               defend
               :
               they
               fought
               indeed
               ,
               and
               were
               slain
               ,
               but
               it
               was
               to
               maintain
               the
               Luxury
               and
               the
               Wealth
               of
               other
               Men
               :
               they
               likewise
               were
               styled
               also
               the
               Lords
               of
               the
               Vniverse
               ,
               but
               in
               the
               mean
               time
               had
               not
               one
               foot
               of
               Ground
               ,
               which
               they
               could
               call
               their
               own
               .
            
             An
             Harangue
             of
             this
             nature
             ,
             spoken
             to
             an
             Enthusiastical
             and
             tumultuous
             Rabble
             ,
             by
             a
             Person
             of
             extraordinary
             
             Prudence
             and
             great
             Zeal
             ;
             none
             of
             his
             Adversaries
             at
             that
             time
             presumed
             to
             make
             any
             Opposition
             thereunto
             .
             Forbearing
             therefore
             all
             manner
             of
             Disputes
             ,
             they
             turn'd
             themselves
             towards
             
               Marcus
               Octavius
            
             ,
             his
             fellow
             -
             Tribune
             ,
             who
             being
             a
             young
             Man
             ,
             of
             a
             sober
             Conversation
             ,
             modest
             in
             his
             Behaviour
             ,
             and
             an
             intimate
             Friend
             of
             
             Tiberius's
             ,
             did
             upon
             that
             account
             decline
             at
             first
             the
             opposing
             of
             him
             ;
             but
             at
             length
             ,
             over-perswaded
             
             with
             the
             repeated
             Importunities
             of
             some
             considerable
             persons
             ,
             he
             was
             prevail'd
             upon
             to
             answer
             Tiberius
             ;
             and
             he
             insisted
             chiefly
             upon
             the
             Abrogation
             of
             the
             Law
             ;
             it
             being
             a
             Custom
             ,
             that
             the
             Tribunes
             have
             a
             power
             to
             hinder
             any
             Law
             from
             passing
             and
             that
             the
             Commonalty
             can
             enact
             nothing
             ,
             if
             only
             one
             of
             them
             dissents
             from
             it
             .
             Tiberius
             being
             enraged
             at
             these
             Proceedings
             abolish'd
             presently
             this
             mild
             Law
             ;
             but
             at
             the
             same
             time
             preferr'd
             another
             ;
             which
             as
             it
             was
             more
             grateful
             to
             the
             Common
             People
             ,
             so
             it
             was
             much
             more
             severe
             against
             Extortioners
             ;
             commanding
             them
             ,
             
               To
               make
               an
               immediate
               Surrender
               all
               such
               Lands
               ,
               which
               they
               ,
               contrary
               to
               former
               Laws
               ,
               had
               got
               into
               their
               Possessions
               .
            
             From
             hence
             it
             was
             ,
             that
             there
             arose
             daily
             Contentions
             between
             him
             and
             Octavius
             in
             their
             Orations
             ;
             however
             ,
             tho'
             they
             express'd
             themselves
             with
             much
             heat
             and
             earnestness
             ,
             they
             yet
             were
             never
             known
             to
             
             use
             any
             scurrillous
             Language
             ,
             or
             in
             their
             Passion
             to
             let
             slip
             any
             indecent
             Expression
             ,
             so
             as
             to
             derogate
             from
             one
             another
             .
             From
             whence
             it
             's
             observable
             ,
             how
             much
             a
             good
             Temper
             ,
             and
             an
             Ingenuous
             Education
             does
             influence
             and
             compose
             mens
             Minds
             ;
             not
             onely
             in
             their
             Meetings
             for
             Pleasure
             and
             Diversion
             ,
             but
             likewise
             in
             their
             Contentions
             ,
             and
             in
             their
             very
             emulation
             for
             Preferments
             .
          
           
             When
             Tiberius
             considered
             ,
             that
             Octavius
             himself
             had
             offended
             against
             this
             Law
             ,
             and
             detain'd
             a
             great
             quantity
             of
             Ground
             from
             the
             Commonalty
             ,
             he
             desired
             that
             all
             manner
             of
             Disputes
             might
             be
             laid
             aside
             ;
             and
             generously
             proffer'd
             for
             the
             Publick
             Good
             ,
             tho'
             he
             himself
             had
             but
             an
             indifferent
             Estate
             to
             purchase
             
             Octavius's
             share
             ,
             at
             his
             proper
             Cost
             and
             Charges
             :
             But
             upon
             the
             refusal
             of
             this
             proffer
             by
             Octavius
             ,
             he
             then
             publish'd
             an
             Edict
             ,
             prohibiting
             all
             Magistrates
             to
             exercise
             their
             respective
             Functions
             ,
             till
             such
             time
             as
             the
             Law
             was
             either
             ratified
             or
             rejected
             by
             Publick
             Votes
             .
             He
             further
             Seal'd
             up
             the
             Gates
             of
             
             Saturn's
             Temple
             ,
             in
             which
             the
             Publick
             Treasury
             was
             kept
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             Treasurers
             could
             neither
             take
             any
             thing
             out
             from
             thence
             ,
             or
             put
             any
             thing
             in
             .
             He
             threaten'd
             to
             impose
             a
             severe
             fine
             upon
             such
             as
             should
             presume
             to
             disobey
             his
             Commands
             ,
             insomuch
             that
             all
             the
             Officers
             for
             fear
             of
             
             this
             Penalty
             ,
             omitted
             the
             exercise
             of
             their
             several
             Jurisdictions
             .
             Upon
             this
             account
             ,
             the
             Gentlemen
             of
             Estates
             put
             themselves
             into
             Mourning
             ,
             went
             up
             and
             down
             Melancholy
             and
             Dejected
             ;
             thy
             enter'd
             into
             a
             Conspiracy
             against
             Tiberius
             ,
             and
             procured
             Ruffians
             to
             murder
             him
             ;
             insomuch
             that
             he
             never
             went
             abroad
             without
             such
             a
             Tuck
             or
             Rapier
             as
             Robbers
             use
             ,
             which
             the
             Latines
             call
             Dolon
             .
          
           
             When
             the
             day
             appointed
             was
             come
             ,
             and
             the
             People
             Summon'd
             to
             give
             their
             Votes
             ,
             the
             Rich
             Men
             seized
             upon
             the
             BallottingBoxes
             :
             And
             carried
             them
             away
             by
             force
             ,
             all
             things
             being
             Transacted
             in
             great
             Confusion
             .
             For
             when
             
             Tiberius's
             Party
             appeared
             strong
             enough
             to
             oppose
             the
             contrary
             Faction
             ,
             and
             were
             drawn
             together
             in
             a
             Body
             .
             with
             Resolutions
             to
             do
             so
             ;
             Manlius
             and
             Fulvius
             ,
             two
             of
             the
             Consular
             Quality
             ,
             threw
             themselves
             at
             
             Tiberius's
             Feet
             ,
             took
             him
             by
             the
             Hand
             ,
             and
             with
             Tears
             in
             their
             Eyes
             ,
             humbly
             beg'd
             of
             him
             to
             desist
             .
             Tiberius
             considering
             the
             inconveniencies
             that
             were
             likely
             to
             arise
             ,
             and
             having
             a
             great
             Respect
             for
             two
             such
             Eminent
             Persons
             ,
             demanded
             of
             them
             what
             they
             would
             advise
             him
             to
             do
             .
             They
             acknowledged
             themselves
             Persons
             altogether
             unfit
             to
             advise
             in
             a
             Matter
             of
             so
             great
             Importance
             ,
             but
             earnestly
             entreated
             him
             to
             leave
             it
             to
             the
             Determination
             of
             the
             Senate
             .
             When
             the
             Senate
             was
             Assembled
             ,
             and
             yet
             could
             
             not
             bring
             the
             Business
             to
             a
             Period
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             prevalency
             of
             the
             Rich
             Faction
             ,
             he
             then
             betook
             himself
             to
             illegal
             and
             unjust
             Methods
             ,
             endeavouring
             to
             deprive
             Octavius
             of
             his
             Tribune
             ship
             ;
             it
             being
             impossible
             for
             him
             without
             that
             ,
             to
             get
             the
             Law
             ratified
             and
             confirmed
             .
             At
             first
             he
             caress'd
             him
             with
             most
             Obliging
             Language
             ,
             and
             taking
             him
             by
             his
             Hands
             ,
             beseech'd
             him
             ,
             that
             now
             in
             the
             presence
             of
             all
             the
             People
             ,
             he
             would
             take
             this
             Opportunity
             to
             Oblige
             them
             ,
             in
             granting
             onely
             that
             Request
             which
             was
             in
             it self
             so
             Just
             and
             Reasonable
             ,
             being
             but
             a
             small
             Recompence
             in
             regard
             of
             those
             many
             Dangers
             and
             Hardships
             which
             they
             had
             undergone
             for
             the
             Publick
             Safety
             .
             Octavius
             would
             by
             no
             means
             be
             perswaded
             to
             a
             Compliance
             ;
             whereupon
             Tiberius
             declared
             openly
             ,
             that
             seeing
             they
             two
             were
             joyntly
             concern'd
             in
             the
             same
             Office
             ,
             and
             of
             equal
             Authority
             ,
             it
             would
             be
             a
             difficult
             matter
             to
             compose
             this
             Difference
             without
             a
             Civil
             War
             ;
             and
             that
             the
             only
             Remedy
             which
             he
             knew
             ,
             must
             of
             Necessity
             be
             the
             Deposing
             one
             of
             them
             from
             their
             Office.
             He
             desired
             therefore
             that
             Octavius
             would
             Summon
             the
             People
             to
             pass
             their
             Verdict
             upon
             him
             first
             ,
             averring
             that
             he
             would
             willingly
             relinquish
             his
             Authority
             if
             the
             honest
             Citizens
             would
             consent
             to
             it
             .
             But
             Octavius
             still
             continued
             refractary
             ▪
             wherefore
             Tiberius
             told
             him
             plainly
             ,
             That
             
             the
             People
             should
             have
             liberty
             to
             vote
             against
             him
             ,
             if
             upon
             mature
             Deliberation
             he
             did
             not
             suddenly
             alter
             his
             Mind
             ,
             and
             after
             this
             Declaration
             Adjourned
             the
             Assembly
             till
             the
             next
             day
             .
             When
             the
             People
             were
             met
             together
             again
             ,
             Tiberius
             placed
             himself
             in
             the
             Rostrum
             ,
             and
             endeavoured
             a
             second
             time
             to
             perswade
             Octavius
             :
             But
             all
             being
             to
             no
             purpose
             ,
             he
             referred
             the
             whole
             matter
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             Ordering
             them
             to
             Vote
             whether
             Octavius
             should
             be
             Deposed
             or
             not
             ;
             and
             when
             seventeen
             of
             the
             Thirty
             five
             Tribes
             had
             already
             Voted
             against
             him
             ,
             and
             there
             wanted
             only
             the
             Votes
             of
             one
             Tribe
             more
             for
             his
             final
             deprivation
             ,
             a
             short
             stop
             being
             here
             put
             to
             the
             proceedings
             ,
             Tiberius
             vouchsafed
             to
             renew
             his
             Importunities
             ,
             embraced
             and
             kissed
             him
             before
             all
             the
             Congregation
             ,
             begging
             with
             all
             the
             earnestness
             imaginable
             ,
             that
             he
             would
             neither
             suffer
             himself
             to
             be
             exposed
             to
             such
             Infamy
             ,
             nor
             him
             to
             be
             reputed
             the
             Author
             and
             Promoter
             of
             such
             an
             odious
             Project
             .
             Octavius
             (
             they
             say
             )
             seemed
             a
             little
             softned
             and
             moved
             with
             their
             Importunities
             ,
             and
             and
             with
             his
             Eyes
             full
             of
             Tears
             continued
             silent
             for
             a
             considerable
             time
             :
             But
             afterwards
             looking
             towards
             the
             Estates
             who
             were
             gathered
             together
             in
             a
             Body
             ,
             partly
             for
             shame
             ,
             and
             partly
             for
             fear
             of
             incurring
             their
             Displeasure
             ,
             he
             generously
             bid
             Tiberius
             do
             what
             he
             
             pleased
             .
             The
             Law
             for
             his
             Deprivation
             being
             thus
             Voted
             Tiberius
             Ordered
             one
             of
             his
             Servants
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             made
             a
             Freeman
             ,
             
             to
             pull
             Octavius
             out
             of
             the
             Rostrum
             ,
             for
             he
             employed
             his
             own
             Domestick
             Servants
             in
             the
             stead
             of
             Serjeants
             .
          
           
             And
             this
             was
             a
             further
             addition
             to
             the
             Punishment
             ,
             that
             Octavius
             was
             dragged
             out
             in
             such
             an
             Ignominious
             manner
             .
             The
             People
             immediately
             assaulted
             him
             with
             great
             violence
             ,
             whilest
             the
             Rich
             Men
             ran
             in
             to
             his
             Assistance
             .
             Octavius
             presently
             fled
             ,
             and
             without
             any
             Attendant
             escaped
             the
             Fury
             of
             the
             Rabble
             ,
             tho'it
             happen'd
             that
             a
             trusty
             Servant
             of
             his
             ,
             who
             had
             placed
             himself
             by
             his
             Master
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             assist
             him
             towards
             his
             escape
             ,
             in
             keeping
             off
             the
             Multitude
             ,
             had
             his
             Eyes
             struck
             out
             ,
             contrary
             to
             the
             intention
             of
             Tiberius
             ,
             who
             ran
             with
             all
             hast
             (
             when
             he
             perceived
             the
             Disturbance
             )
             to
             appease
             the
             Rioters
             .
          
           
             This
             being
             done
             ,
             the
             Law
             concerning
             
             the
             lands
             was
             Ratified
             ,
             and
             Confirmed
             ,
             and
             three
             Commissioners
             were
             appointed
             to
             make
             a
             Survey
             of
             the
             grounds
             and
             see
             the
             same
             equally
             divided
             :
             The
             Commissioners
             were
             Tiberius
             himself
             ,
             
               Claudius
               Appius
            
             his
             Father-in-Law
             ,
             and
             his
             Brother
             
               C.
               Gracchus
            
             ,
             who
             at
             this
             time
             was
             not
             at
             Rome
             ,
             but
             in
             the
             Army
             under
             the
             Command
             of
             
               Scipio
               Africanus
            
             ,
             before
             Numantia
             .
             These
             things
             
             were
             transacted
             by
             Tiberius
             peaceably
             ,
             none
             daring
             to
             stand
             in
             Opposition
             to
             him
             ;
             and
             besides
             all
             this
             ,
             he
             choose
             by
             his
             own
             Interest
             and
             Authority
             another
             Tribune
             ,
             not
             as
             formerly
             out
             of
             the
             Eminent
             Nobility
             ,
             but
             Mutius
             ,
             one
             of
             his
             own
             Domestick
             Servants
             .
             Upon
             the
             account
             of
             these
             proceedings
             ,
             the
             Rich
             were
             extreamly
             offended
             ,
             and
             still
             dreaded
             ,
             lest
             he
             should
             grow
             more
             Popular
             ;
             they
             therefore
             took
             all
             Opportunities
             of
             Affronting
             him
             publickly
             in
             the
             Senate-House
             ;
             for
             when
             he
             desired
             ,
             as
             was
             usual
             ,
             to
             have
             a
             tent
             provided
             at
             the
             Publick
             Charge
             for
             his
             use
             ,
             when
             he
             should
             begin
             his
             Expedition
             to
             divide
             the
             Lands
             ,
             though
             it
             was
             a
             favour
             commonly
             granted
             to
             Persons
             employed
             in
             business
             of
             much
             less
             importance
             ,
             yet
             was
             peremptorily
             refus'd
             
             to
             him
             ;
             and
             they
             would
             allow
             him
             only
             nine
             Oboli
             to
             defray
             each
             days
             Expences
             .
          
           
             
               P.
               Narsica
            
             was
             the
             chief
             promoter
             of
             these
             Affronts
             ,
             and
             was
             not
             afraid
             to
             own
             how
             much
             he
             hated
             him
             ▪
             upon
             the
             account
             of
             his
             having
             formerly
             a
             very
             great
             Estate
             in
             those
             Publick
             Lands
             ,
             and
             did
             not
             a
             little
             resent
             it
             ,
             to
             be
             turned
             out
             now
             by
             force
             .
             The
             People
             on
             the
             other
             hand
             were
             still
             more
             and
             more
             enraged
             ,
             insomuch
             that
             a
             little
             after
             this
             ,
             it
             happen'd
             that
             one
             of
             
             Tiberius's
             Friends
             dyed
             suddenly
             ,
             and
             his
             Body
             being
             full
             of
             Malignant
             spots
             ,
             the
             People
             
             therefore
             ran
             in
             a
             Tumultuous
             manner
             to
             his
             Funeral
             ,
             crying
             aloud
             that
             the
             Man
             was
             Poysoned
             :
             They
             took
             the
             Coffin
             upon
             their
             shoulders
             ,
             and
             carryed
             the
             Corps
             to
             the
             Funeral
             Pile
             ,
             really
             believing
             that
             the
             plain
             Symptoms
             of
             Poyson
             were
             easily
             discernable
             ,
             for
             the
             Body
             swell'd
             to
             a
             great
             bigness
             ,
             and
             such
             a
             quantity
             of
             Corrupt
             Humours
             issued
             out
             ,
             that
             the
             Funeral-fire
             was
             extinguished
             thereby
             ;
             and
             when
             it
             was
             again
             kindled
             ,
             the
             Wood
             still
             would
             not
             burn
             ,
             insomuch
             that
             they
             were
             constrained
             to
             carry
             the
             Corps
             to
             another
             place
             ,
             where
             ,
             with
             much
             difficulty
             ,
             it
             took
             fire
             .
             Besides
             this
             ,
             Tiberius
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             incense
             the
             People
             yet
             more
             ,
             put
             himself
             into
             Mourning
             ,
             brought
             his
             Children
             amongst
             the
             Crowd
             ,
             intreated
             the
             People
             to
             provide
             for
             them
             and
             their
             Mother
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             himself
             did
             now
             despair
             of
             his
             own
             Security
             .
             About
             this
             time
             King
             Attalas
             ,
             Sirnamed
             Philopater
             ,
             dyed
             ,
             and
             Eudemus
             ,
             a
             Pergamenian
             ,
             brought
             his
             
               Last
               Will
            
             to
             Rome
             ,
             whereby
             he
             had
             made
             the
             Roman
             People
             his
             Heirs
             .
          
           
             Tiberius
             ,
             to
             ingratiate
             himself
             still
             more
             
             with
             the
             Commonalty
             ,
             immediately
             proposed
             making
             of
             a
             Law
             ,
             that
             all
             the
             ready
             Money
             which
             Attalas
             left
             ,
             should
             be
             distributed
             amongst
             such
             poor
             Citizens
             as
             were
             to
             be
             sharers
             of
             the
             Publick
             Lands
             ,
             for
             the
             better
             enabling
             of
             them
             to
             proceed
             in
             the
             management
             
             and
             cultivating
             of
             their
             Ground
             ;
             and
             as
             for
             the
             Cities
             that
             were
             in
             the
             Territories
             of
             Attalas
             ,
             he
             declared
             that
             the
             disposal
             of
             them
             did
             not
             at
             all
             belong
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             but
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             himself
             would
             ask
             their
             Pleasure
             herein
             ;
             by
             this
             he
             exasperated
             the
             Senate
             more
             than
             ever
             he
             had
             done
             before
             ,
             and
             therefore
             Pompeius
             stood
             up
             instantly
             ,
             and
             acquainted
             the
             Senate
             that
             he
             was
             the
             next
             Neighbour
             to
             Tiberius
             ,
             and
             so
             had
             the
             Opportunity
             of
             knowing
             ,
             That
             Eudemus
             the
             Pergamenian
             had
             presented
             Tiberius
             with
             a
             
               Royal
               Crown
            
             and
             a
             
               Purple
               Robe
            
             ,
             thereby
             intimating
             that
             Tiberius
             should
             ere
             long
             be
             King
             of
             Rome
             .
          
           
             
               Quintus
               Metellus
            
             also
             upbraided
             Tiberius
             ,
             that
             when
             his
             Father
             was
             Censor
             ,
             the
             Romans
             never
             return'd
             home
             from
             their
             Country
             Houses
             after
             Supper
             ,
             but
             they
             put
             ▪
             out
             their
             Torches
             ,
             least
             they
             should
             be
             seen
             to
             have
             indulged
             themselves
             in
             Banquetting
             at
             unseasonable
             hours
             .
             But
             instead
             of
             this
             decent
             Custom
             ,
             his
             common
             Practice
             was
             ,
             to
             walk
             the
             Streets
             at
             Mid-night
             ,
             whilst
             mean
             and
             insolent
             Fellows
             flock'd
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             made
             up
             his
             Retinue
             .
          
           
             
               Titus
               Annius
            
             ,
             a
             Man
             of
             no
             great
             repute
             either
             for
             his
             Honesty
             or
             Learning
             ,
             but
             a
             cunning
             Sophister
             in
             proposing
             cramp
             Questions
             and
             returning
             Answers
             ,
             offered
             to
             prove
             by
             undeniable
             Arguments
             that
             Tiberius
             
             had
             done
             unworthily
             in
             Deposing
             a
             
               Roman
               Magistrate
            
             ,
             whom
             the
             Laws
             ever
             esteemed
             Sacred
             and
             Inviolable
             .
             The
             People
             immediately
             grew
             Tumultuous
             ,
             and
             Tiberius
             Summoning
             a
             General
             Assembly
             ,
             commanded
             Annius
             to
             appear
             and
             maintain
             that
             which
             he
             had
             asserted
             :
             But
             Annius
             being
             neither
             a
             good
             Logician
             ,
             nor
             pretending
             much
             to
             Oratory
             ,
             rather
             betook
             himself
             to
             his
             old
             way
             of
             asking
             some
             cunning
             sort
             of
             Questions
             ,
             and
             desired
             that
             he
             would
             propose
             one
             or
             two
             to
             Tiberius
             ,
             before
             he
             entered
             upon
             the
             Chief
             Argument
             .
             This
             Liberty
             being
             granted
             ,
             and
             silence
             Proclaimed
             ,
             Annius
             proposed
             this
             Question
             .
             
               If
               you
               ,
               says
               he
               ,
               had
               a
               Design
               to
               Vilifie
               and
               Defame
               me
               ,
               and
               I
               should
               apply
               my self
               to
               any
               other
               Magistrate
               for
               redress
               ,
               and
               he
               should
               come
               readily
               to
               my
               assistance
               ,
               would
               you
               for
               that
               reason
               fall
               into
               an
               extravagant
               Passion
               ,
               and
               put
               him
               out
               of
               Commission
               ?
               Tiberius
               ,
            
             they
             say
             ,
             being
             much
             surprized
             at
             this
             Question
             ,
             was
             wholly
             silent
             ,
             tho'
             at
             other
             times
             his
             assurance
             as
             well
             as
             his
             Eloquence
             was
             always
             remarkable
             ;
             yet
             now
             upon
             this
             account
             he
             thought
             it
             convenient
             to
             dismiss
             the
             Assembly
             .
          
           
             Afterwards
             beginning
             to
             understand
             that
             his
             Behaviour
             towards
             Octavius
             did
             disgust
             the
             Populace
             as
             well
             as
             the
             Nobility
             (
             because
             the
             Dignity
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             seemed
             to
             be
             violated
             ,
             which
             had
             always
             continued
             till
             
             that
             day
             very
             Sacred
             and
             Honourable
             )
             he
             made
             a
             Speech
             to
             the
             People
             in
             Justification
             of
             himself
             ,
             out
             of
             which
             it
             may
             not
             be
             improper
             to
             Collect
             some
             particulars
             ,
             that
             we
             may
             thereby
             discern
             what
             impression
             such
             Eloquence
             was
             able
             to
             make
             upon
             an
             Auditory
             .
             
               A
               Tribune
               ,
               says
               he
               ,
               of
               the
               People
            
             
             
               is
               Sacred
               indeed
               ,
               and
               ought
               to
               be
               inviolable
               ,
               because
               in
               a
               manner
               Consecrated
               to
               be
               the
               Guardian
               and
               Protector
               of
               them
               ;
               but
               if
               he
               degenerates
               so
               far
               as
               to
               Oppress
               the
               People
               ,
               to
               retrench
               their
               Privileges
               ,
               and
               take
               away
               all
               their
               Liberty
               of
               Voting
               ,
               he
               then
               deprives
               himself
               of
               that
               Honourable
               Station
               by
               the
               neglect
               of
               his
               Duty
               ,
               for
               which
               the
               Honour
               was
               bestowed
               upon
               him
               ;
               otherwise
               a
               Tribune
               might
               not
               think
               himself
               obnoxious
               ,
               tho'
               he
               should
               demolish
               the
               Capitol
               ,
               or
               burn
               the
               Naval
               Magazines
               .
            
          
           
             
               Certainly
               when
               he
               that
               is
               only
               guilty
               of
               such
               Extravagances
               as
               these
               ,
               can't
               be
               lookt
               upon
               as
               a
               good
               Tribune
               ;
               much
               less
               can
               he
               be
               so
               ,
               that
               dares
               presume
               to
               diminish
               the
               Privileges
               of
               the
               People
               ,
               because
               he
               ceases
               from
               that
               time
               to
               be
               the
               Peoples
               Tribune
               .
               Is
               it
               not
               very
               unreasonable
               ,
               that
               a
               Tribune
               should
               have
               Power
               to
               Imprison
               a
               Consul
               ,
               if
               the
               People
               must
               have
               no
               Authority
               to
               Degrade
               him
               when
               he
               uses
               that
               Honour
               which
               he
               received
               from
               them
               ,
               to
               their
               detriment
               :
               For
               the
               Tribunes
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               the
               Consuls
               ,
               are
               Elected
               to
               that
               Dignity
               by
               the
            
             
             
               Peoples
               Votes
               .
               (
               But
               to
               proceed
               )
               the
               Kingly
               Government
               ,
               which
               comprehends
               all
               sorts
               of
               Authority
               in
               it self
               alone
               ,
               is
               confirmed
               with
               the
               greatest
               and
               most
               religious
               Solemnity
               imaginable
               ,
               as
               being
               a
               Government
               which
               does
               most
               resemble
               that
               of
               Heaven
               .
               But
               the
               Citizens
               notwithstanding
               this
               ,
               deposed
               King
            
             Tarquin
             ▪
             
               because
               of
               his
               tyrannical
               Oppressions
               ,
               and
               for
               the
               Injustice
               of
               one
               single
               Man
               ,
               the
               ancient
               Government
               under
               which
            
             Rome
             
               was
               built
               ,
               was
               abolish'd
               for
               ever
               .
               What
               is
               there
               in
               all
            
             Rome
             
               so
               sacred
               and
               venerable
               ,
               as
               the
               Vestal
               Virgins
               ,
               to
               whose
               care
               alone
               the
               preservation
               of
               the
               Eternal
               Fire
               is
               committed
               ;
               yet
               if
               their
               Charity
               be
               violated
               ,
               and
               their
               Reputation
               stained
               ,
               they
               are
               buried
               alive
               :
               for
               when
               they
               presume
               to
               commit
               any
               Offence
               against
               their
               Gods
               ,
               they
               instantly
               lose
               that
               Veneration
               ,
               which
               they
               claimed
               as
               Attendants
               in
               their
               Service
               ;
               so
               likewise
               a
            
             Tribune
             
               should
               no
               longer
               be
               respected
               by
               the
               People
               as
               a
               sacred
               Person
               ,
               when
               he
               offends
               against
               that
               Authority
               from
               whence
               he
               derived
               his
               own
               .
            
          
           
             
               We
               always
               esteem
               that
               Person
               legally
               chosen
            
             Tribune
             ,
             
               who
               is
               elected
            
             only
             
               by
               the
               majority
               of
               Votes
               ;
               and
               is
               not
               therefore
               the
               same
               Person
               much
               more
               lawfully
               degraded
               ,
               when
               by
               a
               general
               consent
               of
               them
               all
               ,
               they
               agree
               to
               depose
               him
               .
               Nothing
               is
               so
               sacred
               as
               religious
               Offerings
               ;
               yet
               the
               People
               were
               never
               prohibited
               to
               make
               use
               of
               them
               ,
               but
               suffered
               to
               remove
            
             
             
               and
               carry
               them
               where-ever
               they
               pleased
               :
               they
               likewise
               ,
               when-ever
               it
               has
               been
               thought
               convenient
               ,
               have
               transferr'd
               the
            
             Tribuneship
             
               as
               a
               sacred
               Present
               ,
               from
               one
               Person
               to
               another
               ;
               and
               if
               this
               had
               been
               an
               unusual
               thing
               ,
               yet
               that
               Authority
               could
               not
               have
               been
               thought
               unalterable
               ,
               because
               several
               Magistrates
               have
               often
               voluntarily
               surrendred
               their
               Commissions
               ,
               or
               desired
               to
               be
               discharged
               .
            
          
           
             Those
             were
             the
             principal
             Heads
             of
             
             Tiberius's
             Apology
             ;
             but
             his
             Friends
             apprehending
             the
             Dangers
             which
             seemed
             to
             threaten
             him
             ,
             and
             those
             Conspiracies
             that
             were
             secretly
             contrived
             against
             him
             ,
             were
             of
             opinion
             ,
             that
             the
             safest
             way
             would
             be
             for
             him
             to
             petition
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             be
             continued
             Tribune
             for
             the
             year
             ensuing
             .
             Upon
             this
             Consideration
             he
             again
             endeavoured
             to
             oblige
             the
             People
             with
             other
             Laws
             ,
             making
             the
             years
             of
             serving
             in
             the
             War
             fewer
             than
             formerly
             ,
             in
             granting
             the
             liberty
             of
             Appeals
             from
             the
             Judges
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             joyning
             to
             the
             Senators
             that
             were
             Judges
             at
             that
             time
             ,
             an
             equal
             number
             of
             ordinary
             Gentlemen
             ,
             endeavouring
             as
             much
             as
             in
             him
             lay
             to
             lessen
             the
             Power
             of
             the
             Senate
             ;
             which
             proceeded
             rather
             from
             Passion
             and
             Prejudice
             ,
             than
             from
             any
             rational
             regard
             to
             Equity
             and
             the
             publick
             Good.
             When
             it
             came
             to
             be
             debated
             ,
             whether
             these
             Laws
             should
             be
             ratified
             ,
             he
             was
             presently
             sensible
             ,
             
             that
             his
             Adversaries
             had
             the
             most
             Votes
             ,
             (
             the
             People
             as
             yet
             being
             not
             got
             together
             in
             a
             full
             Body
             )
             and
             in
             such
             Cases
             ,
             't
             was
             his
             Custom
             to
             raise
             some
             disputes
             with
             his
             fellow-Officers
             ,
             out
             of
             design
             only
             to
             gain
             longer
             time
             ;
             but
             failing
             in
             that
             Project
             too
             ,
             he
             at
             length
             adjourned
             the
             Assembly
             till
             the
             day
             following
             .
          
           
             Tiberius
             then
             went
             down
             into
             the
             Market
             place
             amongst
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             made
             his
             first
             Addresses
             to
             them
             in
             an
             humble
             posture
             with
             Tears
             in
             his
             Eyes
             ;
             and
             afterwards
             told
             them
             ,
             he
             had
             just
             reason
             to
             suspect
             ,
             that
             his
             Adversaries
             would
             attempt
             in
             the
             Night-time
             to
             break
             open
             his
             House
             ,
             and
             murder
             him
             .
             This
             work'd
             so
             strongly
             with
             the
             Multitude
             ,
             that
             several
             of
             them
             erected
             Tents
             round
             about
             his
             House
             ,
             and
             kept
             Guard
             all
             night
             for
             the
             security
             of
             his
             Person
             .
             By
             break
             of
             day
             came
             one
             of
             the
             
             Southsayers
             ,
             who
             prognosticate
             good
             or
             bad
             Success
             by
             the
             pecking
             of
             Fowls
             ,
             and
             threw
             them
             something
             to
             eat
             :
             the
             Southsayer
             used
             his
             utmost
             Endeavours
             to
             fright
             the
             Fowls
             out
             of
             their
             Coop
             ;
             but
             none
             of
             them
             except
             one
             would
             venture
             out
             ,
             which
             flutter'd
             with
             its
             left
             Wing
             ,
             and
             stretch'd
             out
             its
             Leg
             ,
             and
             run
             back
             again
             into
             the
             Coop
             ,
             without
             eating
             any
             thing
             .
             This
             put
             Tiberius
             in
             mind
             of
             another
             ill
             Omen
             ,
             which
             had
             formerly
             hapned
             to
             him
             :
             he
             had
             a
             very
             
             costly
             Head-piece
             ,
             which
             he
             made
             use
             of
             when
             he
             engaged
             in
             any
             Battel
             ,
             and
             into
             this
             piece
             of
             Armour
             two
             Serpents
             crawl'd
             ,
             laid
             Eggs
             ,
             and
             brought
             forth
             young
             ones
             ;
             the
             remembrance
             of
             which
             ,
             made
             Tiberius
             more
             concern'd
             at
             this
             ,
             than
             otherwise
             he
             would
             have
             been
             .
             However
             he
             went
             towards
             the
             Capitol
             ,
             as
             soon
             as
             ever
             he
             understood
             that
             the
             People
             were
             assembled
             there
             ;
             but
             before
             he
             got
             out
             of
             the
             House
             ,
             he
             stumbled
             upon
             the
             Thresh-hold
             with
             such
             violence
             ,
             that
             he
             broke
             the
             Nail
             of
             his
             great
             Toe
             ,
             insomuch
             that
             Bloud
             gush'd
             out
             of
             his
             Shooe.
             He
             was
             not
             gone
             very
             far
             ,
             before
             he
             saw
             two
             Ravens
             fighting
             on
             the
             top
             of
             a
             House
             ,
             which
             stood
             on
             his
             left
             hand
             as
             he
             pass'd
             along
             ;
             and
             tho'
             he
             was
             surrounded
             with
             an
             infinite
             number
             of
             People
             ,
             a
             Stone
             happen'd
             to
             fall
             just
             at
             his
             Foot
             ,
             beaten
             down
             (
             as
             it
             's
             probable
             )
             by
             the
             Ravens
             :
             which
             Accident
             put
             a
             stop
             to
             those
             that
             were
             the
             boldest
             Men
             about
             him
             .
             But
             Blossius
             of
             Cuma
             ,
             who
             happen'd
             to
             be
             then
             present
             ,
             told
             him
             ,
             That
             it
             would
             be
             a
             shameful
             thing
             for
             Tiberius
             ,
             who
             was
             the
             Son
             of
             Gracchus
             ,
             the
             Nephew
             of
             
               Scipio
               Africanus
            
             ,
             and
             the
             Protector
             of
             the
             
               Roman
               People
            
             ,
             to
             refuse
             (
             for
             fear
             of
             a
             silly
             Bird
             )
             to
             promote
             the
             Interest
             of
             his
             Countreymen
             ,
             who
             might
             reasonably
             expect
             it
             from
             him
             ;
             and
             that
             his
             Adversaries
             would
             not
             only
             represent
             
             this
             ,
             as
             the
             effect
             of
             a
             mean
             Spirit
             ,
             but
             the
             trick
             of
             a
             Tyrant
             ,
             who
             had
             no
             other
             intension
             than
             to
             abuse
             the
             generous
             Kindness
             of
             the
             common
             People
             .
             At
             the
             same
             time
             several
             Messengers
             came
             also
             from
             
             Tiberius's
             Friends
             ,
             to
             desire
             his
             presence
             at
             the
             Capitol
             ,
             and
             to
             acquaint
             him
             ,
             that
             all
             things
             went
             there
             according
             to
             expectation
             .
             Indeed
             
             Tiberius's
             first
             entrance
             there
             was
             very
             pompous
             ,
             and
             he
             was
             honourably
             received
             ;
             for
             as
             soon
             as
             ever
             he
             appeared
             ,
             his
             Freinds
             welcom'd
             him
             with
             loud
             Acclamations
             into
             the
             Capitol
             :
             and
             when
             he
             had
             taken
             his
             Place
             ,
             they
             repeated
             their
             expressions
             of
             Joy
             ,
             and
             took
             care
             that
             no
             Person
             what-ever
             should
             come
             near
             him
             ,
             unless
             those
             who
             were
             his
             intimate
             Friends
             .
             Mutius
             then
             began
             to
             put
             the
             Business
             again
             to
             the
             Vote
             ;
             but
             nothing
             was
             performed
             with
             the
             usual
             Decency
             and
             Order
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             Disturbance
             which
             the
             Rabble
             made
             ,
             by
             their
             pressing
             forwards
             to
             get
             into
             the
             Capitol
             .
          
           
             Whilst
             these
             things
             were
             carried
             on
             in
             this
             Confusion
             ,
             
               Flavius
               Flaccus
            
             ,
             a
             Senator
             ,
             standing
             in
             a
             Place
             higher
             than
             ordinary
             ,
             but
             at
             such
             a
             distance
             from
             Tiberius
             ,
             that
             when
             he
             could
             not
             make
             him
             hear
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             tumultuous
             noise
             ,
             signified
             to
             him
             by
             certain
             motions
             of
             his
             Hand
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             a
             desire
             to
             impart
             something
             of
             Consequence
             
             to
             him
             in
             private
             .
             Tiberius
             order'd
             the
             Multitude
             to
             make
             way
             for
             him
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             (
             tho'
             not
             without
             some
             difficulty
             )
             Flavius
             got
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             inform'd
             him
             ,
             that
             the
             Senators
             ,
             seeing
             they
             could
             not
             prevail
             upon
             the
             Consul
             to
             espouse
             their
             Quarrel
             ,
             had
             at
             length
             come
             to
             this
             final
             Determination
             amongst
             themselves
             ,
             that
             he
             should
             be
             assassinated
             ;
             and
             to
             that
             purpose
             had
             a
             great
             number
             of
             their
             Friends
             and
             Servants
             prepared
             to
             accomplish
             it
             .
             Tiberius
             no
             sooner
             communicated
             this
             Confederacy
             to
             those
             about
             him
             ,
             but
             they
             immediately
             tuck'd
             up
             their
             long
             Gowns
             ,
             broke
             the
             Halberts
             which
             the
             Serjeants
             used
             to
             keep
             the
             Crowd
             off
             ,
             into
             pieces
             ,
             and
             with
             those
             resolv'd
             to
             oppose
             all
             violent
             Assaultants
             .
             They
             who
             stood
             at
             a
             distance
             wonder'd
             ,
             and
             demanded
             what
             the
             occasion
             of
             that
             Disorder
             should
             be
             ;
             Tiberius
             knowing
             that
             they
             could
             not
             hear
             him
             at
             that
             distance
             ,
             lifted
             his
             Hand
             to
             his
             Head
             ,
             thereby
             intimating
             the
             great
             Danger
             which
             he
             apprehended
             himself
             to
             be
             in
             :
             his
             Adversaries
             taking
             notice
             of
             that
             Action
             ,
             ran
             presently
             to
             the
             Senate
             house
             ,
             and
             declared
             ,
             that
             Tiberius
             desired
             the
             People
             to
             bestow
             a
             Crown
             upon
             him
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             might
             be
             King
             of
             Rome
             .
             This
             being
             very
             surprizing
             ,
             Nasica
             presently
             demanded
             of
             the
             Consul
             ,
             that
             he
             would
             punish
             this
             Tyrant
             ,
             and
             defend
             the
             Government
             ,
             as
             by
             
             Law
             establish'd
             .
             The
             Consul
             mildly
             reply'd
             ,
             
               That
               he
               would
               not
               be
               Guilty
               of
               an
               unjust
               action
               ;
               and
               as
               he
               would
               not
               suffer
               any
               Free-man
               to
               be
               put
               to
               death
               ,
               before
               Sentence
               had
               lawfully
               pass'd
               upon
               him
               ,
               so
               neither
               would
               he
               protect
            
             Tiberius
             ,
             
               if
               by
               his
               Insinuation
               the
               People
               should
               act
               any
               thing
               contrary
               to
               Law.
            
             But
             Nasica
             rising
             from
             his
             Seat
             in
             a
             great
             passion
             ,
             
               Since
               the
               Consul
            
             ,
             says
             he
             ,
             
               regards
               not
               the
               Safety
               of
               the
               Common-wealth
               ,
               let
               every
               one
               who
               will
               defend
               the
               Dignity
               and
               Authority
               of
               their
               Laws
               ,
               follow
               me
               .
            
             He
             then
             casting
             the
             skirt
             of
             his
             Gown
             over
             his
             Shoulder
             ,
             hasten'd
             to
             the
             Capitol
             ;
             they
             who
             bore
             him
             company
             ,
             wrapp'd
             their
             Gowns
             also
             about
             their
             Arms
             ,
             and
             forc'd
             their
             way
             after
             him
             :
             but
             upon
             the
             account
             that
             they
             were
             Persons
             of
             the
             greatest
             Authority
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             the
             common
             People
             durst
             not
             obstruct
             their
             going
             thither
             ,
             but
             were
             rather
             so
             careful
             in
             avoiding
             'em
             ,
             that
             they
             tumbled
             over
             one
             another
             in
             haste
             .
             Some
             had
             furnish'd
             themselves
             with
             Clubs
             ;
             others
             got
             up
             the
             feet
             of
             Stools
             and
             Chairs
             ,
             which
             were
             broken
             by
             the
             hasty
             flight
             of
             the
             common
             People
             .
             Thus
             armed
             ,
             they
             made
             towards
             Tiberius
             ,
             knocking
             down
             all
             those
             whom
             they
             happen'd
             to
             meet
             with
             ;
             so
             that
             the
             People
             were
             soon
             wholly
             dispersed
             ,
             and
             many
             slain
             ,
             as
             they
             endervour'd
             to
             make
             their
             escape
             .
          
           
             Tiberius
             seeing
             these
             things
             ,
             thought
             it
             his
             
             best
             way
             to
             save
             himself
             by
             flight
             :
             as
             he
             was
             running
             ,
             he
             chanc'd
             to
             be
             stopp'd
             by
             one
             who
             catch'd
             him
             hold
             by
             the
             Grown
             ;
             but
             he
             presently
             getting
             clear
             of
             that
             ,
             fled
             in
             his
             under-Garments
             only
             .
             In
             this
             hasty
             flight
             it
             happened
             ,
             that
             falling
             over
             those
             who
             before
             had
             been
             knock'd
             down
             ,
             as
             he
             was
             endeavouring
             to
             recover
             himself
             ,
             one
             
               Publius
               Satureius
            
             ,
             a
             Tribune
             ,
             was
             observed
             to
             give
             him
             the
             first
             fatal
             stroke
             ,
             by
             hitting
             
             him
             upon
             the
             Head
             with
             the
             foot
             of
             a
             Stool
             :
             the
             next
             Man
             who
             struck
             him
             ,
             was
             
               Lucius
               Rufus
            
             ,
             who
             afterwards
             boasted
             of
             it
             ,
             as
             an
             honourable
             Exploit
             .
             In
             this
             Tumult
             there
             were
             above
             300
             Men
             slain
             ,
             with
             Clubs
             and
             Staves
             only
             ,
             there
             being
             no
             
               Warlike
               Instruments
            
             made
             use
             of
             .
             This
             was
             the
             first
             Insurrection
             amongst
             the
             Romans
             ,
             that
             ended
             with
             the
             effusion
             of
             Blood
             ,
             since
             the
             abrogation
             of
             Kingly
             Government
             ;
             for
             all
             former
             Seditions
             ,
             which
             were
             neither
             small
             ,
             nor
             about
             trivial
             Matters
             ,
             were
             always
             amicably
             composed
             ,
             the
             two
             Parties
             constantly
             submitting
             to
             one
             another
             ,
             either
             the
             Senate
             for
             fear
             of
             the
             Commons
             ,
             or
             the
             Commons
             out
             of
             respect
             to
             the
             Senate
             .
             And
             it
             's
             probable
             indeed
             that
             Tiberius
             himself
             might
             then
             have
             been
             easily
             brought
             to
             submission
             ,
             if
             he
             had
             not
             been
             proceeded
             against
             in
             such
             a
             rigorous
             manner
             ;
             for
             he
             had
             not
             at
             that
             time
             above
             3000
             Men
             of
             his
             
             Party
             :
             but
             it
             's
             evident
             ,
             that
             this
             Conspiracy
             was
             fomented
             against
             him
             ,
             more
             out
             of
             an
             aversion
             and
             malice
             which
             the
             rich
             Men
             had
             to
             his
             Person
             ,
             than
             for
             the
             Reasons
             which
             they
             commonly
             pretended
             against
             him
             :
             in
             testimony
             whereof
             ,
             we
             may
             alledge
             the
             Cruelty
             and
             unnatural
             Insultings
             which
             they
             used
             to
             his
             dead
             Body
             ;
             for
             they
             would
             not
             suffer
             his
             own
             Brother
             tho'
             he
             earnestly
             begg'd
             the
             favour
             ,
             to
             bury
             his
             Corps
             in
             the
             Night
             ,
             but
             threw
             it
             together
             with
             other
             Carkases
             into
             the
             River
             .
             Neither
             did
             their
             Cruelty
             stop
             here
             ;
             for
             they
             banished
             some
             of
             his
             Friends
             without
             legal
             Process
             ,
             and
             slew
             as
             many
             of
             the
             others
             as
             they
             could
             lay
             their
             hands
             on
             :
             amongst
             whom
             Diophanes
             the
             Orator
             was
             slain
             ;
             they
             murder'd
             one
             
               Caius
               Billius
            
             ,
             by
             shutting
             him
             up
             close
             in
             a
             large
             Tun
             with
             Vipers
             and
             Serpents
             :
             Blossius
             of
             Cuma
             indeed
             was
             carried
             before
             the
             Consuls
             ,
             and
             examin'd
             touching
             what
             had
             happen'd
             ;
             who
             freely
             confessed
             ,
             That
             he
             had
             never
             failed
             to
             execute
             what
             ever
             Tiberius
             commanded
             him
             :
             What
             ,
             reply'd
             
               Nasica
               ,
               then
               if
            
             Tiberius
             
               had
               commanded
               that
               you
               should
               burn
               the
               Capitol
               ,
               would
               you
               have
               burnt
               it
               ?
            
             His
             First
             Answer
             was
             ,
             That
             Tiberius
             
               never
               commanded
               any
               such
               thing
            
             :
             but
             being
             pressed
             with
             the
             same
             Question
             by
             several
             others
             ,
             he
             declared
             ,
             
               That
               if
            
             Tiberius
             
               had
               commanded
               it
               ,
               he
               would
               not
               have
               thought
               it
               an
               inglorious
               action
               to
               have
               done
               it
               ;
               for
               he
               never
            
             
             
               commanded
               any
               thing
               but
               what
               he
               thought
               for
               the
               Peoples
               Advantage
               .
               Blossius
            
             at
             this
             time
             was
             pardoned
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             fled
             to
             Aristonicus
             in
             Asia
             ,
             whose
             Fortune
             being
             then
             reduced
             to
             a
             desperate
             condition
             ,
             he
             kill'd
             himself
             .
             However
             the
             Senate
             to
             mollifie
             the
             People
             after
             these
             Transactions
             ,
             did
             not
             oppose
             the
             division
             of
             the
             publick
             Lands
             ,
             and
             permitted
             them
             to
             choose
             another
             Commissioner
             for
             that
             Business
             in
             the
             room
             of
             Tiberius
             :
             so
             they
             elected
             
               Publius
               Crassus
            
             ,
             who
             was
             
             Gracchus's
             near
             Kinsman
             ,
             because
             his
             Daughter
             Licinia
             was
             married
             to
             
               Caius
               Gracchus
            
             ;
             altho
             
               Cornelius
               Nepos
            
             says
             ,
             that
             she
             was
             not
             the
             
             Crassus's
             Daughter
             ,
             whom
             Caius
             married
             ,
             but
             
             Brutus's
             ,
             that
             triumph'd
             for
             his
             Conquests
             in
             Portugal
             :
             but
             most
             Historians
             are
             of
             the
             same
             opinion
             with
             us
             .
             Afterwards
             the
             People
             were
             much
             concern'd
             for
             the
             loss
             of
             Tiberius
             ;
             and
             it
             was
             apparent
             ,
             that
             they
             wanted
             nothing
             but
             a
             convenient
             opportunity
             to
             be
             revenged
             ,
             and
             already
             threatn'd
             to
             bring
             Nasica
             to
             his
             Trial
             .
             The
             Senate
             fearing
             lest
             some
             Mischief
             should
             befal
             Nasica
             ,
             sent
             him
             Ambassador
             into
             Asia
             ,
             tho'
             there
             was
             no
             other
             occasion
             for
             his
             going
             thither
             .
             The
             common
             people
             did
             not
             conceal
             their
             Indignation
             even
             in
             the
             open
             Streets
             ,
             but
             rail'd
             at
             him
             ,
             when-ever
             they
             met
             him
             abroad
             ,
             calling
             him
             a
             Murderer
             and
             a
             Tyrant
             ,
             one
             who
             
             had
             polluted
             even
             the
             Temple
             it self
             ,
             with
             the
             blood
             of
             a
             Tribune
             .
             Upon
             this
             Consideration
             Nasica
             left
             Italy
             ,
             altho'
             he
             was
             obliged
             ,
             being
             the
             Chief-Priest
             ,
             to
             officiate
             in
             all
             Principal
             Sacrifices
             :
             thus
             wandring
             full
             of
             Discontent
             and
             Affliction
             from
             one
             Place
             to
             another
             ,
             he
             died
             in
             a
             short
             time
             after
             not
             far
             from
             Pergamus
             .
             It
             is
             no
             wonder
             that
             the
             People
             had
             such
             an
             aversion
             to
             Nasica
             ,
             when
             even
             
               Scipio
               Africanus
            
             ,
             who
             ,
             though
             deservedly
             belov'd
             by
             the
             Romans
             ,
             was
             in
             danger
             of
             quite
             losing
             the
             good
             opinion
             which
             the
             people
             had
             of
             him
             ,
             only
             for
             repeating
             when
             the
             News
             of
             
             Tiberius's
             Death
             was
             first
             brought
             to
             Numantia
             ,
             this
             Verse
             out
             of
             Homer
             :
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             .
             
               So
               may
               he
               perish
               ,
               who
               such
               Crimes
               commits
               .
            
          
           
             And
             afterwards
             being
             ask'd
             by
             Caius
             and
             Fulvius
             ,
             in
             a
             great
             Assembly
             ,
             what
             he
             thought
             of
             
             Tiberius's
             Death
             ;
             he
             answer'd
             ,
             That
             he
             did
             not
             at
             all
             approve
             
             Tiberius's
             way
             of
             Proceeding
             .
             Upon
             which
             account
             the
             People
             would
             begin
             to
             interrupt
             him
             with
             their
             Hissings
             ,
             in
             the
             middle
             of
             his
             Orations
             ,
             which
             they
             never
             presumed
             to
             do
             before
             that
             time
             ;
             and
             he
             on
             the
             other
             hand
             was
             so
             incensed
             at
             it
             ,
             that
             upon
             this
             account
             he
             reflected
             very
             smartly
             upon
             the
             People
             .
             This
             is
             a
             full
             Account
             of
             the
             most
             material
             Passages
             in
             the
             Life
             of
             Tiberius
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             THE
             LIFE
             OF
             CAIUS
             .
          
           
             
               CAius
               Gracchus
            
             at
             first
             ,
             either
             for
             fear
             of
             his
             Brother's
             Enemies
             ,
             or
             designing
             to
             render
             them
             more
             odious
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             absented
             himself
             from
             their
             publick
             Assemblies
             ,
             and
             quietly
             retired
             to
             his
             own
             House
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             was
             a
             Person
             ,
             to
             whom
             such
             private
             Circumstances
             were
             not
             only
             very
             agreeable
             at
             present
             ,
             but
             that
             he
             was
             content
             also
             to
             pass
             the
             remainder
             of
             his
             Life
             ,
             without
             affecting
             any
             publick
             Action
             ;
             which
             made
             some
             imagine
             ,
             that
             he
             abhorred
             and
             detested
             the
             Transactions
             of
             Tiberius
             :
             however
             he
             was
             now
             but
             very
             young
             ,
             being
             not
             so
             old
             as
             his
             Brother
             by
             nine
             years
             ,
             who
             was
             scarce
             thirty
             ,
             when
             he
             was
             slain
             .
          
           
             It
             was
             not
             long
             before
             he
             plainly
             discover'd
             
             
             his
             Temper
             ,
             having
             a
             natural
             antipathy
             to
             a
             lazy
             Retirement
             and
             Effeminacy
             ;
             nor
             in
             the
             least
             inclin'd
             to
             any
             sort
             of
             Luxury
             or
             Covetousness
             ,
             but
             wholly
             addicted
             himself
             to
             the
             study
             of
             Eloquence
             ,
             as
             Wings
             whereby
             he
             might
             easily
             aspire
             to
             publick
             Business
             and
             Government
             ;
             and
             it
             was
             very
             apparent
             ,
             that
             he
             did
             not
             intend
             to
             pass
             his
             days
             in
             obscurity
             .
             When
             Bettius
             ,
             a
             Friend
             of
             his
             ,
             was
             impeach'd
             of
             high
             Misdemeanors
             ,
             and
             he
             undertaking
             publickly
             to
             defend
             his
             Cause
             ,
             the
             People
             were
             in
             an
             Extasie
             ,
             and
             transported
             with
             Joy
             ,
             to
             find
             him
             at
             the
             Bar
             ,
             and
             Master
             of
             such
             Eloquence
             ,
             that
             the
             other
             Orators
             seem'd
             to
             talk
             like
             Children
             in
             comparison
             to
             him
             .
             This
             created
             new
             Jealousies
             and
             Fears
             amongst
             those
             in
             Authority
             ,
             and
             their
             great
             design
             was
             ,
             how
             to
             hinder
             Caius
             from
             being
             made
             Tribune
             .
          
           
             But
             soon
             after
             it
             happen'd
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             
             elected
             Quoestor
             ,
             and
             obliged
             to
             attend
             Orestes
             the
             Consul
             into
             Sardinia
             .
             This
             ,
             as
             it
             pleased
             his
             Enemies
             ,
             so
             it
             was
             not
             ungratefull
             to
             him
             ;
             for
             ●eing
             naturally
             a
             stout
             Man
             ,
             his
             Fame
             was
             equally
             remarkable
             in
             the
             Camp
             ,
             as
             at
             the
             Bar.
             And
             besides
             as
             yet
             he
             very
             much
             dreaded
             medling
             with
             State-affairs
             ,
             and
             appearing
             publickly
             in
             the
             Rostr●●
             ,
             which
             (
             because
             of
             the
             Importunity
             of
             Friends
             )
             he
             could
             no
             otherwise
             avoid
             ,
             than
             
             by
             taking
             this
             Voyage
             ,
             therefore
             readily
             embraced
             the
             opportunity
             of
             absenting
             himself
             .
             Notwithstanding
             which
             ,
             many
             are
             of
             opinion
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             an
             humble
             flatterer
             of
             the
             common
             People
             ,
             and
             more
             ambitious
             than
             ever
             Tiberius
             had
             been
             ,
             of
             popular
             Applause
             ;
             but
             it
             's
             certain
             that
             he
             was
             forc'd
             upon
             ,
             not
             that
             he
             courted
             publick
             Business
             .
             And
             Tully
             relates
             this
             of
             him
             ,
             That
             when
             he
             declin'd
             all
             those
             Concerns
             ,
             and
             would
             have
             liv'd
             privately
             ,
             his
             Brother
             appear'd
             to
             
             him
             in
             a
             Dream
             ,
             and
             calling
             him
             by
             his
             Name
             ,
             said
             ,
             
               To
               what
               purpose
            
             ,
             Caius
             ,
             
               are
               all
               these
               delays
               ;
               there
               is
               no
               possibility
               of
               avoiding
               that
               Fate
               ,
               which
               is
               destin'd
               for
               us
               two
               ,
               both
               to
               live
               and
               die
               alike
               ,
               in
               vindication
               of
               the
               Peoples
               Right
               .
            
          
           
             Caius
             was
             no
             sooner
             arrived
             in
             Sardinia
             ,
             but
             he
             gave
             exemplary
             Proofs
             of
             his
             true
             Valour
             ;
             for
             he
             not
             only
             excelled
             all
             the
             young
             Men
             of
             his
             Age
             in
             his
             early
             Actions
             in
             doing
             justice
             to
             his
             Inferiors
             ,
             and
             in
             shewing
             all
             Obedience
             and
             Respect
             to
             his
             superior
             Officer
             ,
             but
             likewise
             in
             Discretion
             ,
             Frugality
             and
             Industry
             ,
             he
             surpassed
             even
             those
             who
             were
             much
             elder
             than
             himself
             .
          
           
             It
             happen'd
             to
             be
             a
             sharp
             and
             sickly
             Winter
             in
             Sardinia
             ,
             insomuch
             that
             the
             General
             was
             forc'd
             to
             lay
             an
             Imposition
             upon
             several
             Towns
             ,
             to
             supply
             the
             Souldiers
             '
             with
             necessary
             Cloths
             :
             the
             Cities
             sent
             an
             Express
             
             to
             Rome
             with
             a
             Petition
             ,
             to
             be
             excused
             from
             that
             Burthen
             ;
             the
             Senate
             found
             their
             Request
             reasonable
             ,
             and
             order'd
             the
             General
             to
             find
             some
             other
             way
             of
             new
             cloathing
             the
             Army
             .
             While
             he
             was
             long
             contriving
             what
             course
             to
             take
             in
             this
             Affair
             ,
             the
             Souldiers
             were
             reduced
             to
             great
             Extremities
             ;
             but
             Caius
             went
             from
             one
             City
             to
             another
             ,
             and
             by
             laying
             before
             them
             the
             reasonableness
             of
             that
             Demand
             ,
             he
             so
             far
             prevailed
             with
             them
             ,
             that
             of
             their
             own
             accord
             they
             cloathed
             the
             Roman
             Army
             .
             These
             Transactions
             being
             carried
             to
             Rome
             ,
             and
             seeming
             to
             be
             only
             the
             forerunners
             of
             popular
             Ambition
             ,
             rais'd
             new
             Jealousies
             amongst
             the
             Senators
             :
             and
             besides
             this
             ,
             there
             came
             Ambassadors
             out
             of
             Africa
             from
             King
             Micipsa
             ,
             to
             acquaint
             the
             Senate
             ,
             that
             their
             Master
             out
             of
             Respect
             to
             
               Caius
               Gracchus
            
             ,
             had
             sent
             a
             considerable
             quantity
             of
             Corn
             to
             the
             General
             in
             Sardinia
             ;
             at
             which
             the
             Senators
             were
             so
             much
             offended
             ,
             that
             they
             turn'd
             the
             Ambassadors
             out
             of
             the
             Senate-house
             ,
             and
             made
             an
             Order
             ,
             that
             the
             common
             Souldiers
             should
             be
             relieved
             ,
             by
             sending
             others
             in
             their
             room
             ;
             but
             that
             Orestes
             should
             continue
             upon
             the
             Place
             ,
             and
             Caius
             also
             ,
             upon
             the
             account
             of
             his
             being
             Treasurer
             .
             But
             he
             soon
             finding
             how
             things
             were
             carried
             ,
             fell
             into
             a
             great
             passion
             ,
             and
             immediately
             took
             Shipping
             for
             Rome
             :
             his
             Appearance
             there
             was
             so
             unexpected
             ,
             that
             he
             
             was
             generally
             censur'd
             ,
             not
             only
             by
             his
             Enemies
             ,
             but
             also
             by
             the
             Commons
             ,
             who
             thought
             it
             an
             unreasonable
             thing
             ,
             that
             he
             being
             Quoestor
             should
             desert
             the
             Army
             before
             his
             Commander
             .
             When
             this
             Misdemeanor
             came
             to
             be
             tryed
             before
             the
             Censors
             ,
             he
             desired
             leave
             to
             make
             his
             Apology
             ;
             which
             he
             did
             so
             effectually
             ,
             that
             his
             Auditors
             quickly
             entertain'd
             a
             better
             opinion
             of
             him
             ,
             believing
             that
             he
             had
             been
             very
             much
             injured
             .
             He
             made
             it
             then
             appear
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             serv'd
             12
             years
             in
             the
             Army
             ,
             whereas
             others
             are
             obliged
             to
             serve
             only
             10
             ;
             that
             he
             had
             continued
             Questor
             to
             the
             General
             three
             years
             ,
             whereas
             he
             might
             by
             Law
             have
             return'd
             at
             the
             end
             of
             one
             year
             ;
             that
             none
             but
             he
             in
             that
             Expedition
             carried
             his
             own
             Money
             to
             the
             Army
             ,
             whereas
             others
             first
             took
             care
             to
             drink
             off
             the
             Vessels
             of
             Wine
             which
             they
             carried
             with
             them
             ,
             and
             then
             to
             have
             them
             better
             fill'd
             with
             the
             Riches
             and
             Spoyl
             of
             the
             Countrey
             .
             After
             this
             ,
             they
             brought
             other
             Accusations
             and
             Writs
             against
             him
             ,
             for
             creating
             Differences
             among
             the
             Allies
             ,
             and
             being
             engaged
             in
             the
             Conspiracy
             that
             was
             discover'd
             about
             Fregella
             ;
             but
             he
             having
             clear'd
             himself
             of
             these
             things
             ,
             he
             not
             only
             appear'd
             wholly
             innocent
             of
             the
             Crimes
             laid
             to
             his
             charge
             ,
             but
             made
             what
             Interest
             he
             could
             to
             be
             elected
             Tribune
             ;
             in
             which
             tho'
             he
             was
             generally
             opposed
             by
             all
             Persons
             
             of
             Quality
             ,
             yet
             there
             came
             such
             infinite
             numbers
             of
             People
             from
             all
             Parts
             of
             Italy
             ,
             to
             vote
             for
             Caius
             ,
             that
             many
             wanted
             Lodgings
             in
             the
             City
             ;
             and
             the
             Field
             being
             not
             large
             enough
             to
             contain
             the
             Company
             ,
             there
             were
             several
             who
             gave
             their
             Votes
             from
             Roofs
             and
             Battlements
             of
             Houses
             :
             however
             the
             Nobility
             did
             so
             influence
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             cross
             
             Caius's
             Expectations
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             not
             return'd
             the
             first
             ,
             (
             as
             was
             expected
             )
             but
             the
             fourth
             Tribune
             .
             When
             he
             came
             once
             to
             the
             execution
             of
             his
             Office
             ,
             it
             was
             seen
             presently
             who
             deserv'd
             to
             have
             been
             the
             first
             Tribune
             ;
             for
             he
             was
             a
             much
             better
             Orator
             than
             any
             of
             his
             Co-temporaries
             ,
             and
             the
             Concern
             which
             he
             still
             retain'd
             for
             the
             Murder
             of
             his
             Brother
             ,
             made
             him
             the
             bolder
             in
             speaking
             .
             He
             us'd
             on
             all
             occasions
             to
             remind
             the
             People
             of
             what
             had
             happen'd
             in
             that
             Tumult
             ,
             and
             laid
             before
             them
             the
             Examples
             of
             their
             Ancestors
             ;
             how
             they
             declared
             War
             against
             the
             Falisci
             ,
             only
             for
             giving
             scurrilous
             Language
             to
             one
             Genutius
             ,
             a
             Tribune
             of
             the
             People
             ;
             and
             sentenced
             
               C.
               Vulturius
            
             to
             death
             ,
             for
             taking
             the
             Wall
             of
             a
             Tribune
             in
             the
             Streets
             :
             Whereas
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               these
               Persons
               did
               in
               the
               presence
               of
               you
               all
               murther
            
             Tiberius
             
               with
               Clubs
               ,
               and
               dragg'd
               the
               slaughter'd
               Body
               through
               the
               middle
               of
               the
               City
               ,
               to
               be
               cast
               into
               the
               River
               ;
               even
               his
               Friends
               ,
               as
               many
               as
               could
               be
               taken
               ,
               were
               put
            
             
             
               to
               death
               immediately
               ,
               without
               any
               tryal
               ,
               notwithstanding
               that
               just
               and
               ancient
               Custom
               ,
               which
               was
               always
               observed
               among
               our
               Forefathers
               ;
               that
               when-ever
               any
               one
               was
               accused
               of
               a
               capital
               Crime
               ,
               and
               did
               not
               make
               his
               personal
               appearance
               in
               Court
               ,
               a
               Trumpet
               was
               sent
               in
               the
               Morning
               to
               his
               Lodging
               ,
               to
               summon
               him
               by
               sound
               of
               Trumpet
               to
               appear
               :
               and
               before
               this
               Ceremony
               was
               duely
               performed
               ,
               the
               Judges
               would
               never
               proceed
               to
               pass
               Sentence
               ;
               so
               cautious
               and
               reserv'd
               were
               our
               Ancestors
               about
               Business
               of
               Life
               and
               Death
               .
            
          
           
             Caius
             having
             moved
             the
             People
             with
             such
             Speeches
             (
             for
             his
             Voice
             was
             loud
             and
             strong
             )
             he
             proposed
             two
             Laws
             :
             The
             first
             was
             ,
             That
             who-ever
             was
             turn'd
             out
             of
             any
             
             publick
             Office
             by
             the
             People
             ,
             he
             should
             be
             thereby
             render'd
             incapable
             of
             bearing
             any
             Office
             afterwards
             .
             The
             second
             was
             ,
             that
             if
             any
             Magistrate
             shall
             condemn
             a
             Roman
             to
             be
             banished
             without
             a
             legal
             Trial
             ,
             the
             People
             shall
             be
             authorized
             to
             take
             cognizance
             thereof
             .
          
           
             One
             of
             these
             Laws
             did
             manifestly
             reflect
             upon
             
               M.
               Octavius
            
             ,
             who
             at
             the
             Instigation
             of
             Tiberius
             ,
             had
             been
             depriv'd
             of
             his
             Tribuneship
             ;
             The
             other
             touch'd
             Popilius
             ,
             who
             in
             his
             Praetorship
             had
             banished
             all
             
             Tiberius's
             Friends
             ;
             whereupon
             Popilius
             being
             unwilling
             to
             stand
             the
             hazard
             of
             a
             Tryal
             ,
             fled
             out
             of
             Italy
             .
             As
             for
             the
             former
             law
             ,
             it
             was
             abrogated
             
             by
             Caius
             himself
             ,
             who
             declared
             his
             readiness
             to
             oblige
             Octavius
             for
             the
             sake
             of
             his
             Mother
             Cornelia
             :
             this
             was
             very
             acceptable
             and
             pleasing
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             had
             a
             great
             Veneration
             for
             Cornelia
             ,
             both
             in
             respect
             to
             her
             Father
             and
             her
             Children
             ;
             and
             therefore
             they
             afterwards
             erected
             a
             Statue
             of
             Brass
             in
             Honour
             of
             her
             ,
             with
             this
             Inscription
             ,
             
               Cornelia
               ,
               the
               Mother
               of
               the
               Gracchi
               .
            
             There
             are
             several
             Expressions
             in
             writing
             ,
             which
             he
             used
             perhaps
             with
             two
             much
             Affectation
             and
             Popularity
             concerning
             her
             ,
             to
             one
             of
             her
             Adversaries
             :
             How
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               dare
               you
               presume
               to
               reflect
               upon
            
             Cornelia
             
               the
               Mother
               of
            
             Tiberius
             ?
             And
             because
             the
             Person
             who
             made
             the
             Reflections
             ,
             had
             been
             suspected
             for
             Sodomy
             ,
             
               With
               what
               face
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               can
               you
               compare
            
             Cornelia
             
               with
               your self
               ?
               have
               you
               brought
               forth
               such
               Children
               as
               she
               has
               done
               ?
               and
               yet
               all
            
             Rome
             
               knows
               ,
               that
               she
               has
               refrain'd
               from
               the
               Conversation
               of
               Men
               ,
               longer
               than
               you
               your self
               have
               done
               .
            
             These
             and
             many
             other
             such
             satyrical
             Expressions
             may
             be
             collected
             out
             of
             his
             Orations
             :
             he
             afterwards
             proposed
             several
             other
             Laws
             ,
             to
             raise
             the
             People's
             Authority
             ,
             and
             to
             detract
             from
             the
             Senate's
             .
          
           
             The
             first
             was
             concerning
             the
             publick
             
             Lands
             ,
             which
             were
             to
             be
             divided
             amongst
             the
             poor
             Citizens
             .
          
           
             Another
             was
             concerning
             the
             common
             Souldiers
             ,
             that
             they
             should
             be
             cloathed
             at
             
             the
             publick
             Charge
             ,
             without
             any
             diminution
             of
             their
             Pay
             ,
             and
             that
             none
             should
             be
             obliged
             to
             serve
             in
             the
             Army
             who
             was
             not
             full
             17
             years
             old
             .
          
           
             Another
             gave
             an
             equal
             Liberty
             to
             all
             the
             Italians
             in
             general
             ,
             of
             voting
             at
             Elections
             ,
             as
             was
             granted
             to
             the
             Citizens
             of
             Rome
             .
          
           
             Another
             was
             concerning
             the
             price
             of
             Bread-corn
             ,
             which
             was
             to
             be
             sold
             at
             a
             lower
             rate
             than
             formerly
             to
             the
             poor
             People
             .
          
           
             Another
             was
             concerning
             Matters
             of
             Judicature
             ,
             whereby
             the
             Authority
             of
             the
             Senate
             was
             very
             much
             retrenched
             .
          
           
             For
             only
             Senators
             were
             formerly
             Judges
             in
             all
             causes
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             their
             Authority
             was
             very
             much
             dreaded
             by
             the
             Roman
             Knights
             and
             the
             People
             :
             but
             he
             joyn'd
             300
             ordinary
             Gentlemen
             with
             the
             Senators
             ,
             who
             were
             300
             likewise
             in
             number
             ,
             and
             ordain'd
             ,
             that
             a
             judicial
             Authority
             should
             be
             equally
             invested
             in
             the
             600.
             
             While
             he
             was
             arguing
             for
             the
             ratification
             of
             this
             Law
             ,
             his
             Behaviour
             was
             observed
             to
             be
             quite
             different
             from
             others
             :
             for
             all
             other
             Orators
             in
             their
             Speeches
             ,
             used
             to
             turn
             their
             Faces
             towards
             the
             Senate-house
             ,
             and
             the
             Place
             called
             Comitium
             :
             but
             he
             ,
             on
             the
             Contrary
             ,
             was
             the
             first
             Man
             that
             in
             his
             Harangue
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             turn'd
             himself
             the
             other
             way
             towards
             them
             ,
             and
             after
             that
             time
             always
             observed
             the
             same
             posture
             .
             Which
             however
             insignificant
             that
             
             Turn
             might
             seem
             ,
             yet
             it
             was
             the
             cause
             of
             no
             small
             one
             in
             State-affairs
             ;
             for
             he
             in
             a
             manner
             converted
             the
             Government
             from
             an
             Aristocracy
             to
             a
             Democracy
             ,
             thereby
             intimating
             by
             that
             Action
             ,
             that
             all
             Orators
             in
             proposing
             State-affairs
             ,
             ought
             to
             speak
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             not
             the
             Senate
             .
          
           
             As
             soon
             as
             the
             Commonalty
             had
             ratified
             this
             Law
             ,
             and
             given
             him
             power
             to
             elect
             
             those
             whom
             he
             approved
             of
             ,
             to
             be
             Judges
             ,
             he
             was
             invested
             with
             such
             an
             absolute
             Power
             ,
             that
             the
             Senate
             submitted
             to
             consult
             with
             him
             in
             Matters
             of
             Difficulty
             ;
             and
             he
             always
             took
             care
             to
             advise
             nothing
             ,
             that
             might
             any
             ways
             derogate
             from
             a
             Person
             of
             his
             Quality
             ;
             As
             for
             example
             ,
             his
             Resolution
             about
             the
             Bread-corn
             which
             Fabius
             the
             Propraetor
             sent
             from
             Spain
             ,
             was
             very
             just
             and
             honourable
             ;
             for
             he
             perswaded
             the
             Senate
             to
             sell
             the
             Corn
             ,
             and
             return
             the
             Money
             to
             the
             same
             Provinces
             which
             had
             furnish'd
             them
             with
             it
             ;
             and
             also
             that
             Fabius
             should
             be
             censured
             ,
             for
             having
             render'd
             the
             Roman
             Government
             odious
             and
             insupportable
             to
             the
             Provinces
             abroad
             .
             This
             Proposal
             got
             him
             an
             extraordinary
             Respect
             and
             Favour
             amongst
             the
             foreign
             Provinces
             ;
             besides
             all
             this
             ,
             he
             proposed
             ways
             for
             the
             repeopling
             of
             several
             ruinous
             Cities
             ,
             for
             reparing
             the
             High-ways
             ,
             and
             for
             building
             publick
             Granaries
             .
             Of
             all
             which
             Works
             he
             himself
             
             undertook
             the
             Management
             and
             Superintendency
             ,
             and
             was
             never
             wanting
             to
             give
             necessary
             Orders
             for
             the
             quick
             dispatch
             of
             different
             and
             great
             Undertakings
             ,
             and
             that
             too
             with
             such
             wonderful
             Expedition
             and
             Diligence
             ,
             as
             if
             they
             had
             been
             only
             one
             ;
             insomuch
             that
             all
             Persons
             ,
             who
             either
             hated
             or
             fear'd
             him
             ,
             stood
             amazed
             to
             see
             how
             active
             and
             industrious
             he
             was
             in
             all
             his
             Designs
             .
             As
             for
             the
             People
             themselves
             ,
             they
             were
             strangely
             transported
             at
             the
             very
             sight
             of
             him
             ,
             especially
             when-ever
             they
             saw
             him
             surrounded
             with
             crowds
             of
             Labourers
             ,
             Artificers
             ,
             Messengers
             ,
             Officers
             ,
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             Scholars
             .
             All
             these
             he
             treated
             with
             an
             easie
             Familiarity
             ,
             yet
             always
             took
             care
             to
             support
             his
             Dignity
             ,
             even
             in
             his
             greatest
             Condescentions
             ,
             accommodating
             his
             Carriage
             according
             to
             the
             Quality
             of
             every
             particular
             Person
             ;
             by
             which
             means
             he
             so
             far
             prevailed
             ,
             that
             his
             Enemies
             were
             look'd
             upon
             no
             better
             than
             envious
             Detracters
             ,
             whenever
             they
             presumed
             to
             represent
             him
             either
             dangerous
             ,
             rash
             or
             guilty
             of
             the
             least
             ill
             Nature
             .
          
           
             He
             had
             that
             peculiar
             Art
             of
             insinuating
             himself
             ,
             and
             gaining
             by
             degrees
             upon
             the
             Commonalty
             ,
             that
             he
             became
             rather
             more
             Popular
             by
             his
             common
             Conversation
             ,
             than
             by
             his
             publick
             Harangues
             .
          
           
             But
             his
             greatest
             Endeavour
             was
             to
             put
             
             the
             High-ways
             into
             good
             condition
             ,
             always
             taking
             care
             to
             make
             them
             handsom
             and
             pleasant
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             convenient
             ;
             for
             they
             were
             drawn
             by
             his
             Directions
             ,
             through
             the
             Fields
             ,
             exactly
             in
             a
             straight
             Line
             ,
             and
             paved
             with
             hewn
             Stone
             ,
             founded
             upon
             great
             quantities
             of
             Sand
             ,
             brought
             thither
             from
             the
             Places
             adjacent
             for
             that
             purpose
             :
             when
             he
             met
             with
             any
             Valleys
             or
             deep
             Holes
             occasion'd
             by
             great
             Floods
             ,
             he
             either
             caused
             them
             to
             be
             fill'd
             up
             with
             Rubbish
             ,
             or
             Bridges
             to
             be
             built
             over
             ,
             so
             well
             levell'd
             ,
             that
             they
             being
             of
             an
             equal
             height
             on
             both
             sides
             ,
             the
             whole
             Work
             made
             a
             beautiful
             Prospect
             .
             Besides
             this
             ,
             he
             caused
             the
             ways
             to
             be
             all
             divided
             into
             Miles
             ,
             (
             each
             Mile
             containing
             
             little
             less
             than
             eight
             Furlongs
             )
             and
             erected
             Pillars
             of
             Stone
             ,
             to
             signifie
             the
             distance
             from
             one
             Place
             to
             another
             :
             he
             likewise
             placed
             other
             Stones
             at
             small
             distances
             from
             one
             another
             ,
             on
             both
             sides
             of
             the
             way
             ,
             by
             means
             whereof
             Travellers
             might
             get
             easily
             on
             Horseback
             without
             Stirrups
             .
             For
             these
             Reasons
             the
             People
             highly
             extoll'd
             him
             ,
             and
             were
             ready
             upon
             all
             occasions
             to
             express
             their
             Affection
             towards
             him
             .
             One
             day
             in
             an
             Oration
             to
             the
             People
             he
             declared
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             only
             one
             Favour
             to
             request
             ;
             which
             if
             granted
             ,
             as
             he
             should
             think
             it
             the
             greatest
             Obligation
             in
             the
             World
             ,
             so
             if
             it
             were
             denied
             ,
             he
             would
             never
             blame
             them
             for
             the
             
             refusal
             :
             this
             Expression
             made
             the
             World
             believe
             ,
             that
             his
             ambition
             was
             to
             be
             Consul
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             generally
             expected
             ,
             that
             he
             would
             be
             both
             Consul
             and
             Tribune
             at
             the
             same
             time
             .
             When
             the
             day
             for
             election
             of
             Consuls
             came
             ,
             and
             all
             in
             great
             Expectation
             ,
             to
             see
             what
             would
             be
             the
             Event
             of
             that
             days
             Work
             ,
             he
             appeared
             in
             the
             Field
             with
             
               Caius
               Fannius
            
             ,
             and
             made
             all
             the
             Interest
             he
             could
             for
             him
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             be
             chosen
             Consul
             .
             This
             Interest
             was
             so
             considerably
             useful
             to
             Fannius
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             immediately
             chosen
             Consul
             ;
             and
             Caius
             likewise
             was
             then
             elected
             Tribune
             the
             second
             time
             ,
             without
             his
             own
             
             seeking
             or
             petitioning
             for
             it
             ,
             but
             at
             the
             voluntary
             motion
             of
             the
             People
             .
          
           
             When
             he
             understood
             that
             the
             Senators
             were
             his
             declared
             Enemies
             ,
             and
             that
             Fannius
             himself
             was
             none
             of
             the
             truest
             Friends
             ,
             he
             began
             again
             to
             flatter
             the
             People
             with
             other
             new
             Laws
             .
             He
             proposed
             that
             a
             Colony
             of
             Roman
             Citizens
             might
             be
             sent
             to
             repeople
             Tarentum
             and
             Capua
             ,
             and
             that
             all
             the
             Latins
             should
             enjoy
             the
             same
             Privileges
             with
             the
             Citizens
             of
             Rome
             .
             But
             the
             Senate
             apprehending
             that
             he
             would
             at
             last
             grow
             too
             powerful
             and
             dangerous
             ,
             took
             a
             new
             and
             unusual
             course
             to
             alienate
             the
             Peoples
             Affections
             from
             him
             ,
             by
             their
             gratifying
             them
             in
             things
             beyond
             what
             they
             could
             reasonably
             expect
             .
             
               Livius
               Drusus
            
             was
             fellow
             -
             Tribune
             ,
             
             with
             Caius
             ,
             a
             Person
             of
             as
             good
             a
             Family
             ,
             and
             as
             well
             educated
             ,
             as
             any
             amongst
             the
             Romans
             ,
             and
             no
             ways
             inferior
             to
             those
             ,
             who
             for
             their
             Eloquence
             and
             Riches
             were
             the
             most
             famous
             and
             most
             powerful
             Men
             of
             that
             time
             .
             To
             him
             therefore
             the
             chief
             Senators
             make
             their
             Application
             ,
             exhorting
             him
             to
             fall
             upon
             Caius
             ;
             and
             that
             he
             would
             engage
             himself
             on
             their
             side
             in
             opposition
             to
             him
             ,
             not
             by
             using
             any
             force
             ,
             or
             opposing
             of
             the
             common
             People
             ,
             but
             in
             gratifying
             and
             obliging
             them
             with
             such
             unreasonable
             things
             ,
             as
             might
             otherwise
             very
             well
             deserve
             to
             be
             detested
             .
          
           
             Livius
             offer'd
             to
             serve
             the
             Senate
             with
             his
             Authority
             in
             this
             Business
             ;
             and
             in
             order
             thereunto
             ,
             enacted
             such
             Laws
             as
             were
             in
             reality
             neither
             honourable
             nor
             advantageous
             for
             the
             Publick
             ;
             his
             whole
             Design
             being
             to
             out-do
             Caius
             in
             pleasing
             and
             cajoling
             the
             Populace
             ,
             (
             as
             Comedians
             do
             )
             with
             obsequious
             Flattery
             and
             Popularity
             :
             whereby
             the
             Senate
             gave
             plain
             Testimonies
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             not
             at
             all
             displeased
             with
             
             Caius's
             management
             of
             Affairs
             ,
             but
             privately
             designed
             either
             to
             ruine
             him
             utterly
             ,
             or
             to
             lessen
             at
             least
             his
             Reputation
             .
             For
             when
             Caius
             proposed
             the
             re-peopling
             of
             only
             two
             
               Colonies
               abroad
            
             ,
             and
             mentioned
             the
             most
             considerable
             Citizens
             for
             that
             purpose
             ,
             they
             accused
             him
             for
             abusing
             the
             People
             ;
             but
             on
             the
             contrary
             
             were
             pleased
             with
             Drusus
             ,
             when
             he
             proposed
             the
             sending
             of
             twelve
             Colonies
             abroad
             ,
             and
             each
             to
             consist
             of
             3000
             Persons
             ,
             and
             those
             too
             the
             most
             beggarly
             Rascals
             that
             he
             could
             find
             .
             When
             Caius
             divided
             the
             publick
             Fields
             amongst
             the
             poor
             Citizens
             ,
             and
             charged
             them
             with
             a
             small
             Rent
             ,
             annually
             to
             be
             paid
             into
             the
             Exchequer
             ,
             they
             were
             angry
             at
             him
             ,
             as
             one
             who
             pretended
             to
             gratifie
             the
             People
             only
             for
             his
             own
             Interest
             ;
             yet
             afterwards
             they
             commended
             Livius
             ,
             tho'
             he
             exempted
             them
             from
             paying
             even
             that
             little
             Acknowledgment
             .
             Besides
             they
             were
             displeased
             with
             Caius
             ,
             for
             giving
             the
             Latins
             an
             equal
             Power
             ,
             with
             the
             Romans
             ,
             of
             voting
             at
             the
             Election
             of
             Magistrates
             ;
             but
             when
             Livius
             proposed
             ,
             that
             it
             might
             not
             be
             lawful
             for
             a
             Roman
             Captain
             to
             strike
             a
             Latin
             Souldier
             ,
             they
             promoted
             the
             passing
             of
             that
             Law
             :
             and
             Livius
             in
             all
             his
             Speeches
             to
             the
             Mobile
             ,
             always
             told
             them
             ,
             That
             he
             proposed
             no
             Laws
             but
             such
             as
             were
             agreeable
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             who
             had
             a
             particular
             regard
             to
             the
             Peoples
             Advantage
             .
             And
             this
             truly
             was
             the
             only
             Action
             during
             the
             time
             of
             his
             Tribuneship
             ,
             which
             proved
             advantageous
             to
             the
             Publick
             ;
             for
             the
             People
             were
             by
             this
             inclined
             to
             shew
             a
             more
             than
             ordinary
             Love
             and
             respect
             to
             the
             Senate
             :
             and
             tho'
             they
             formerly
             suspected
             and
             hated
             the
             principal
             Senators
             ,
             yet
             Livius
             appeas'd
             and
             mitigated
             
             all
             their
             former
             Perverseness
             and
             Animosity
             ,
             by
             convincing
             them
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             done
             nothing
             in
             favour
             and
             for
             the
             benefit
             of
             the
             Commons
             ,
             without
             their
             Advice
             and
             Approbation
             .
             But
             the
             greatest
             Credit
             which
             Drusus
             got
             for
             his
             Kindness
             and
             Justice
             towards
             the
             People
             ,
             was
             ,
             That
             he
             never
             seem'd
             to
             propose
             any
             Law
             ,
             either
             of
             his
             own
             Head
             ,
             or
             for
             his
             own
             Advantage
             ;
             for
             he
             committed
             the
             charge
             of
             seeing
             the
             Colonies
             rightly
             settled
             ,
             to
             other
             Commissioners
             :
             neither
             did
             he
             ever
             concern
             himself
             with
             the
             distributions
             of
             the
             Moneys
             ;
             whereas
             Caius
             was
             always
             the
             principal
             Man
             concern'd
             in
             such
             considerable
             Transactions
             .
          
           
             When
             Rubrius
             ,
             another
             Tribune
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             had
             proposed
             to
             have
             Carthage
             again
             inhabited
             ,
             which
             had
             been
             formerly
             demolished
             by
             Scipio
             ,
             it
             fell
             to
             
             Caius's
             lot
             to
             see
             the
             same
             performed
             ,
             and
             for
             that
             purpose
             he
             sailed
             into
             
               Africa
               .
               Drusus
            
             took
             this
             opportunity
             of
             his
             absence
             ,
             to
             insinuate
             himself
             still
             more
             into
             the
             Peoples
             Affections
             ;
             which
             he
             did
             chiefly
             by
             accusing
             Fulvius
             ,
             who
             wa
             a
             particular
             Friend
             to
             Caius
             ,
             and
             deputed
             a
             Commissioner
             with
             him
             for
             the
             division
             of
             the
             Lands
             .
             This
             Fulvius
             was
             a
             Man
             of
             a
             turbulent
             Spirit
             ,
             and
             notoriously
             hated
             by
             the
             Senate
             ;
             and
             besides
             ,
             he
             was
             suspected
             by
             others
             to
             have
             fomented
             a
             Difference
             between
             them
             and
             their
             Confederates
             ,
             and
             under-hand
             
             to
             have
             perswaded
             the
             Italians
             to
             rebel
             ;
             tho'
             there
             was
             no
             other
             way
             to
             prove
             the
             truth
             of
             these
             Accusations
             ,
             than
             by
             his
             being
             a
             suspicious
             Person
             ,
             and
             of
             a
             seditious
             Temper
             .
             This
             was
             one
             principal
             Cause
             of
             
             Caius's
             Ruine
             ;
             for
             part
             of
             the
             Envy
             which
             fell
             upon
             Fulvius
             ,
             was
             derived
             upon
             him
             :
             and
             when
             
               Scipio
               Africanus
            
             happen'd
             to
             die
             suddenly
             ,
             and
             no
             outward
             cause
             
             of
             such
             an
             unexpected
             Death
             appear'd
             ,
             except
             some
             marks
             of
             Blows
             upon
             his
             Body
             ,
             which
             intimated
             that
             he
             had
             been
             violently
             murder'd
             ,
             (
             as
             we
             have
             related
             in
             the
             History
             of
             his
             Life
             )
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             the
             Blame
             was
             thrown
             upon
             Fulvius
             ,
             because
             he
             was
             his
             mortal
             Enemy
             ,
             and
             that
             very
             day
             had
             reflected
             upon
             Scipio
             publickly
             in
             the
             Tribunal
             ;
             nor
             was
             Caius
             himself
             clear
             from
             Suspicion
             :
             however
             such
             an
             horrible
             Murther
             ,
             and
             committed
             too
             upon
             the
             Person
             of
             one
             of
             the
             greatest
             and
             most
             considerable
             Men
             in
             Rome
             ,
             was
             never
             either
             punished
             or
             enquired
             into
             thorowly
             ;
             for
             the
             Mobile
             opposed
             and
             hinder'd
             the
             Proceedings
             of
             Justice
             ,
             for
             fear
             that
             Caius
             should
             be
             found
             accessary
             to
             the
             Murder
             ;
             but
             these
             things
             were
             sometime
             after
             .
             But
             in
             Africa
             ,
             where
             at
             present
             Caius
             was
             engaged
             in
             the
             re-peopling
             of
             Carthage
             ,
             (
             which
             he
             named
             Junonia
             )
             many
             ominous
             Prodigies
             which
             presaged
             Mischief
             ,
             are
             reported
             to
             have
             been
             
             sent
             from
             the
             Gods.
             For
             the
             First
             Ensigns
             Staff
             was
             broken
             with
             a
             violent
             Gale
             of
             
             Wind
             ,
             notwithstanding
             all
             the
             Endeavours
             of
             the
             Ensign
             to
             the
             contrary
             .
             Another
             sudden
             Storm
             blew
             away
             the
             Sacrifices
             which
             were
             laid
             upon
             the
             Altars
             ,
             and
             disorder'd
             the
             whole
             Platform
             ,
             by
             which
             the
             bounds
             of
             the
             City
             were
             described
             ,
             and
             besides
             all
             this
             ,
             the
             Wolves
             made
             an
             Incursion
             ,
             and
             carried
             away
             the
             very
             Marks
             that
             were
             set
             up
             ,
             whereby
             they
             designed
             the
             Precincts
             of
             the
             City
             .
             Caius
             notwithstanding
             all
             this
             ,
             order'd
             and
             dispatched
             the
             whole
             Business
             in
             the
             space
             of
             70
             days
             ,
             and
             then
             return'd
             to
             Rome
             ,
             understanding
             how
             Fulvius
             was
             prosecuted
             by
             Drusus
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             present
             Juncture
             of
             Affairs
             would
             not
             suffer
             him
             to
             be
             absent
             ;
             for
             
               Lucius
               Hostilius
            
             ,
             (
             one
             who
             sided
             much
             with
             the
             Nobility
             ,
             and
             of
             no
             small
             Authority
             in
             the
             Senate
             ,
             who
             had
             formerly
             sued
             to
             be
             Consul
             ,
             but
             was
             repulsed
             by
             
             Caius's
             Interest
             ,
             whereby
             Fannius
             was
             elected
             )
             was
             in
             a
             fair
             way
             now
             of
             being
             chosen
             Consul
             ,
             because
             he
             had
             a
             numerous
             company
             of
             Friends
             ;
             and
             it
             was
             generally
             believ'd
             ,
             if
             he
             did
             obtain
             it
             ,
             that
             he
             would
             wholly
             ruine
             
             Caius's
             Interest
             ,
             whose
             Power
             was
             already
             in
             a
             declining
             condition
             ;
             and
             the
             People
             were
             not
             so
             apt
             to
             admire
             his
             Actions
             as
             formerly
             ,
             because
             there
             were
             several
             others
             
             who
             every
             day
             contrived
             new
             ways
             to
             please
             the
             People
             ,
             with
             which
             the
             Senate
             did
             readily
             comply
             .
             After
             his
             Return
             to
             Rome
             ,
             he
             quitted
             his
             House
             on
             the
             
               Palatine
               Mount
            
             ,
             and
             went
             to
             live
             in
             a
             certain
             Place
             near
             to
             the
             publick
             Court
             ,
             thereby
             endeavouring
             to
             make
             himself
             more
             popular
             in
             those
             Parts
             ,
             where
             most
             of
             the
             pitifull
             and
             meanest
             Inhabitants
             were
             lodged
             .
             In
             the
             next
             place
             he
             endeavour'd
             to
             propose
             other
             Laws
             ,
             in
             order
             to
             have
             them
             ratified
             by
             popular
             Votes
             ;
             upon
             which
             account
             he
             conven'd
             a
             prodigious
             number
             of
             people
             from
             all
             the
             adjacent
             Places
             :
             but
             the
             Senate
             perswaded
             Fannius
             the
             Consul
             ,
             to
             command
             all
             Persons
             ,
             who
             were
             not
             Natives
             and
             Inhabitants
             of
             Rome
             ,
             to
             depart
             the
             City
             .
             A
             new
             and
             unusual
             Proclamation
             was
             thereupon
             made
             ,
             prohibiting
             any
             of
             the
             Allies
             or
             Confederates
             to
             appear
             at
             Rome
             during
             that
             time
             .
             Caius
             on
             the
             contrary
             publish'd
             an
             Edict
             ,
             accusing
             the
             Consul
             for
             what
             he
             had
             done
             ,
             and
             setting
             forth
             to
             the
             Confederates
             ,
             that
             if
             they
             would
             continue
             upon
             the
             Place
             ,
             they
             might
             be
             assured
             of
             his
             Assistance
             and
             Protection
             .
             However
             he
             was
             not
             so
             good
             as
             his
             word
             ;
             for
             tho'
             he
             saw
             one
             of
             his
             own
             familiar
             Friends
             and
             Companions
             dragg'd
             to
             Prison
             by
             
             Fannius's
             Officers
             ,
             he
             notwithstanding
             passed
             by
             ,
             without
             either
             assisting
             him
             ,
             or
             taking
             any
             notice
             of
             
             him
             :
             which
             he
             did
             ,
             either
             because
             he
             was
             afraid
             to
             stand
             the
             test
             of
             his
             Power
             ,
             which
             was
             already
             decreased
             ,
             or
             because
             he
             (
             as
             he
             himself
             reported
             )
             was
             unwilling
             to
             give
             his
             Enemies
             an
             opportunity
             ,
             which
             they
             very
             much
             desired
             ,
             of
             making
             an
             Insurrection
             .
             About
             that
             time
             there
             happen'd
             likewise
             a
             Difference
             between
             him
             and
             his
             fellow
             Officers
             upon
             this
             occasion
             :
             A
             Prize
             was
             to
             be
             fought
             before
             the
             People
             in
             the
             Market-Place
             ,
             and
             most
             of
             the
             Officers
             erected
             Scaffolds
             round
             about
             ,
             with
             an
             intention
             of
             letting
             them
             for
             Advantage
             .
             Caius
             commanded
             them
             to
             take
             down
             their
             Scaffolds
             ,
             that
             the
             poor
             People
             might
             see
             the
             Sport
             without
             paying
             any
             thing
             .
             But
             no
             body
             obeying
             these
             Orders
             of
             his
             ,
             he
             gather'd
             together
             some
             Labourers
             ,
             and
             overthrew
             all
             the
             Scaffolds
             ,
             the
             very
             night
             before
             the
             Prize
             was
             to
             be
             play'd
             ;
             so
             that
             by
             the
             next
             morning
             the
             Market-place
             was
             clear'd
             ,
             and
             the
             common
             People
             had
             an
             opportunity
             of
             seeing
             the
             Pastime
             gratis
             .
             Upon
             this
             account
             ,
             the
             Rable
             esteem'd
             him
             as
             a
             Man
             of
             great
             Generosity
             ;
             but
             he
             very
             much
             disobliged
             the
             Tribunes
             ,
             and
             the
             Action
             was
             look'd
             upon
             as
             a
             piece
             of
             Rashness
             ,
             and
             full
             of
             Presumption
             .
          
           
             This
             was
             thought
             to
             be
             the
             chief
             Reason
             ,
             that
             he
             fail'd
             of
             being
             a
             third
             time
             elected
             
             Tribune
             ;
             not
             but
             that
             he
             had
             the
             most
             Votes
             ,
             but
             because
             his
             Collegues
             out
             of
             Revenge
             
             caused
             false
             Returns
             to
             be
             made
             .
             But
             as
             to
             this
             Matter
             there
             is
             not
             much
             credit
             to
             be
             given
             :
             certain
             it
             is
             ,
             he
             very
             much
             resented
             this
             Repulse
             ,
             and
             behaved
             himself
             with
             an
             unusual
             sort
             of
             Arrogance
             towards
             some
             of
             his
             Adversaries
             ,
             who
             were
             joyful
             at
             this
             Defeat
             of
             his
             ,
             telling
             them
             ,
             That
             all
             their
             Mirth
             was
             a
             *
             
               Sardonian
               Laugh
            
             only
             ;
             they
             being
             wholly
             in
             the
             dark
             ,
             as
             to
             those
             Intrigues
             which
             he
             was
             carrying
             on
             .
          
           
             As
             soon
             as
             Opimius
             was
             chosen
             Consul
             ,
             they
             
             presently
             cancell'd
             several
             of
             
             Caius's
             Laws
             ,
             especially
             as
             to
             what
             he
             had
             enacted
             ,
             in
             reference
             to
             some
             Designs
             at
             Carthage
             ,
             omitting
             nothing
             which
             was
             most
             probable
             to
             enrage
             him
             ,
             that
             from
             some
             effect
             of
             his
             Passion
             ,
             they
             might
             find
             out
             a
             colourable
             pretence
             to
             put
             him
             to
             death
             .
             Caius
             at
             first
             bore
             these
             things
             very
             patiently
             ;
             but
             afterwards
             at
             the
             Instigation
             of
             his
             Friends
             ,
             especially
             Fulvius
             ,
             he
             resolved
             to
             raise
             Forces
             ,
             and
             oppose
             the
             Authority
             of
             the
             Consuls
             .
             His
             Mother
             Cornelia
             also
             is
             reported
             by
             some
             ,
             to
             have
             assisted
             him
             in
             carrying
             on
             this
             Sedition
             ,
             by
             sending
             privately
             several
             Strangers
             into
             Rome
             ,
             under
             pretence
             as
             if
             they
             came
             to
             be
             hired
             there
             for
             Harvest-men
             ?
             and
             she
             acquainted
             her
             Son
             with
             this
             Project
             ,
             by
             writing
             Letters
             to
             him
             in
             Cyphers
             :
             however
             't
             is
             confidently
             affirmed
             by
             
             others
             ,
             that
             Cornelia
             did
             not
             in
             the
             least
             approve
             of
             these
             Actions
             .
          
           
             When
             the
             day
             came
             ,
             in
             which
             Opimius
             designed
             to
             abrogate
             the
             Laws
             of
             Caius
             ,
             both
             Parties
             met
             very
             early
             at
             the
             Capitol
             ;
             and
             the
             Consul
             having
             performed
             all
             the
             Rites
             usual
             in
             their
             Sacrifices
             ,
             on
             
               Quintus
               Attyllius
            
             ,
             a
             Serjeant
             ,
             carrying
             out
             the
             Entrails
             of
             the
             Beast
             ,
             spoke
             to
             Fulvius
             ,
             and
             his
             Friends
             who
             stood
             about
             him
             ,
             
               Ye
               factious
               Citizens
            
             ,
             says
             he
             ,
             
               make
               way
               for
               honest
               Men.
            
             Some
             report
             ,
             that
             besides
             this
             provoking
             Language
             ,
             he
             extended
             his
             naked
             Arm
             towards
             'em
             ,
             which
             is
             reckon'd
             ,
             it
             seems
             ,
             as
             a
             piece
             of
             Scorn
             and
             Contempt
             .
             Upon
             this
             they
             presently
             slew
             him
             ,
             with
             a
             sort
             of
             Bodkins
             or
             Pencils
             ,
             which
             are
             used
             in
             Writing
             ;
             tho'
             some
             say
             ,
             that
             at
             present
             they
             had
             furnish'd
             themselves
             with
             'em
             for
             this
             Employment
             only
             .
             This
             Murther
             caused
             a
             sudden
             Consternation
             in
             the
             whole
             Assembly
             ,
             and
             the
             chiefest
             Men
             in
             Authority
             had
             their
             different
             Resentments
             of
             it
             :
             as
             for
             Caius
             ,
             he
             was
             in
             a
             great
             Passion
             ,
             and
             severely
             reprimanded
             some
             of
             his
             own
             Party
             ,
             because
             they
             had
             given
             their
             Adversaries
             a
             colourable
             pretence
             to
             proceed
             against
             them
             ,
             which
             they
             had
             so
             long
             hop'd
             for
             .
             Opimius
             gratefully
             embracing
             this
             occasion
             ,
             stood
             up
             ,
             and
             excited
             the
             People
             to
             Revenge
             ;
             but
             there
             happening
             a
             great
             shower
             of
             
             Rain
             on
             the
             sudden
             ,
             it
             put
             an
             end
             to
             the
             business
             of
             that
             day
             .
          
           
             Early
             the
             next
             morning
             ,
             the
             Consul
             having
             again
             summon'd
             the
             Assembly
             ,
             and
             whilst
             he
             advised
             with
             the
             Senators
             in
             the
             Court
             concerning
             publick
             Affairs
             ,
             the
             Corps
             of
             Attyllius
             was
             laid
             upon
             a
             Bier
             ,
             and
             brought
             through
             the
             Market-place
             ,
             being
             there
             exposed
             to
             open
             view
             just
             before
             the
             Senate-house
             ,
             every
             one
             expressing
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Sorrow
             and
             Lamentation
             .
             Opimius
             was
             not
             at
             all
             ignorant
             ,
             that
             this
             was
             design'd
             to
             be
             done
             ;
             however
             he
             seem'd
             to
             be
             surprized
             ,
             and
             wonder'd
             what
             the
             meaning
             of
             it
             should
             be
             :
             the
             Senators
             therefore
             presently
             went
             out
             ,
             to
             know
             the
             occasion
             of
             it
             ;
             and
             standing
             about
             the
             Corps
             ,
             some
             condoled
             the
             Person
             that
             was
             slain
             ;
             all
             represented
             it
             is
             an
             inhumane
             and
             barbarous
             Action
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             ,
             there
             were
             some
             then
             present
             ,
             who
             were
             sensible
             of
             ,
             and
             very
             much
             resented
             this
             Partiality
             of
             the
             Senators
             ;
             considering
             ,
             that
             when
             they
             themselves
             had
             not
             only
             assassinated
             
               Tiberius
               Gracchus
            
             ,
             as
             he
             was
             executing
             his
             Office
             in
             the
             very
             Capitol
             ,
             but
             had
             also
             thrown
             his
             mangled
             Body
             into
             the
             River
             ;
             yet
             that
             now
             they
             should
             expose
             to
             open
             view
             ;
             that
             they
             should
             bewail
             and
             honour
             with
             their
             presence
             the
             Corps
             of
             a
             mean
             mercenary
             Fellow
             ,
             (
             who
             tho'
             he
             might
             perhaps
             die
             wrongfully
             ,
             
             was
             however
             in
             a
             great
             measure
             the
             occasion
             of
             it
             himself
             )
             and
             by
             these
             means
             to
             undermine
             him
             ,
             who
             remains
             the
             only
             Defender
             and
             Safeguard
             of
             the
             People
             .
          
           
             The
             Senators
             after
             some
             time
             with-drew
             ,
             
             and
             presently
             order'd
             ,
             that
             Opimius
             the
             Consul
             should
             be
             invested
             with
             such
             Power
             ,
             whereby
             he
             might
             protect
             the
             Common-wealth
             ,
             and
             suppress
             all
             Tyrants
             .
             This
             being
             decreed
             ,
             he
             presently
             commanded
             the
             Senators
             to
             arm
             themselves
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             
               Roman
               Knights
            
             should
             be
             in
             a
             readiness
             very
             early
             the
             next
             morning
             ,
             and
             every
             one
             of
             'em
             to
             be
             attended
             with
             two
             Servants
             well
             armed
             .
             Fulvius
             on
             the
             other
             side
             accoutred
             himself
             ,
             and
             got
             together
             the
             Rabble
             .
             Caius
             at
             that
             time
             returning
             from
             the
             Market-place
             ,
             made
             a
             stop
             just
             before
             his
             Father's
             Statue
             ,
             and
             fixing
             his
             Eyes
             for
             some
             time
             upon
             it
             ,
             remain'd
             in
             a
             deep
             Contemplation
             ;
             at
             length
             he
             sigh'd
             ,
             let
             fall
             a
             few
             Tears
             ,
             and
             departed
             .
             This
             made
             no
             small
             Impression
             upon
             those
             who
             saw
             it
             ,
             and
             they
             began
             to
             upbraid
             one
             another
             ,
             that
             they
             should
             desert
             and
             betray
             so
             worthy
             a
             Man
             as
             Caius
             .
             They
             therefore
             went
             directly
             to
             his
             House
             ,
             remaining
             there
             as
             a
             Guard
             about
             it
             all
             night
             ,
             tho'
             in
             a
             different
             manner
             from
             those
             who
             were
             to
             take
             care
             of
             
             Fulvius's
             Person
             ;
             for
             they
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Drink
             and
             Noise
             pass'd
             away
             the
             night
             ;
             and
             Fulvius
             
             himself
             ,
             being
             the
             first
             who
             was
             made
             drunk
             spoke
             and
             acted
             many
             things
             ,
             very
             unbecoming
             a
             Man
             of
             his
             Character
             :
             on
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             the
             Party
             which
             guarded
             Caius
             ,
             were
             very
             diligent
             ,
             relieving
             one
             another
             by
             Turns
             ,
             and
             prudently
             fore-casting
             ,
             as
             is
             usual
             in
             all
             publick
             Calamities
             ,
             what
             the
             issue
             of
             things
             might
             be
             .
             As
             soon
             as
             day
             light
             appear'd
             ,
             they
             rouzed
             Fulvius
             ,
             who
             as
             yet
             slep●
             very
             secure
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             Dose
             he
             took
             over-night
             ;
             and
             having
             armed
             themselves
             with
             the
             Weapons
             which
             hung
             up
             in
             his
             House
             ,
             that
             were
             formerly
             taken
             from
             the
             Gauls
             ,
             whom
             he
             conquer'd
             in
             the
             time
             of
             his
             Consulship
             ,
             they
             presently
             with
             Threats
             and
             loud
             Acclamations
             made
             their
             way
             towards
             the
             
               Aventine
               Mount.
            
             
          
           
             Caius
             could
             not
             be
             perswaded
             to
             arm
             himself
             ,
             but
             put
             on
             his
             Gown
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             had
             been
             going
             to
             the
             Senate-house
             ,
             only
             with
             this
             difference
             ,
             that
             under
             it
             he
             had
             then
             a
             short
             Dagger
             by
             his
             side
             .
             As
             he
             was
             going
             out
             ,
             his
             Wife
             came
             running
             to
             him
             at
             the
             Gate
             ,
             holding
             him
             with
             one
             Hand
             ,
             and
             with
             her
             other
             a
             young
             Child
             of
             his
             ;
             she
             thus
             tenderly
             
             bespoke
             him
             :
             Alas
             Caius
             ,
             
               I
               don't
               now
               part
               with
               you
               ,
               as
               if
               you
               were
               going
               to
               make
               Speeches
               to
               the
               People
               ,
               either
               as
               a
               Tribune
               or
               a
               Law-giver
               ;
               nor
               as
               if
               you
               wer●
               going
               to
               some
               glorious
               War
               ,
               for
               tho'
               then
               you
               might
               perhaps
               have
               been
               subject
               to
               that
               Fate
               ,
               which
               all
               must
               sometime
            
             
             
               or
               other
               submit
               to
               ,
               yet
               you
               had
               left
               me
               this
               mitigation
               of
               my
               Sorrow
               ,
               that
               your
               fall
               was
               honourable
               .
               But
               now
               ,
            
             Caius
             ,
             
               you
               expose
               your
               Person
               to
               the
               infamous
               Murtherers
               of
            
             Tiberius
             ,
             
               and
               that
               too
               unarm'd
               ,
               choosing
               rather
               to
               suffer
               the
               worst
               of
               Injuries
               ,
               than
               be
               in
               any
               capacity
               of
               doing
               the
               least
               your self
               ;
               but
               what
               is
               yet
               far
               more
               than
               all
               ,
               even
               your
               very
               Death
               at
               this
               time
               can't
               be
               anyways
               serviceable
               to
               the
               publick
               Good.
               Faction
               prevails
               ;
               power
               and
               success
               of
               Arms
               are
               now
               the
               only
               measures
               of
               Justice
               :
               had
               your
               Brother
               fell
               before
            
             Numantia
             ,
             
               they
               would
               generously
               have
               given
               back
               ,
               what
               then
               remain'd
               of
            
             Tiberius
             ;
             
               but
               such
               is
               my
               hard
               Fate
               ,
               that
               I
               probably
               must
               be
               an
               humble
               Suppliant
               to
               the
               Floods
               and
               to
               the
               Waves
               ,
               that
               they
               would
               somewhere
               discover
               to
               my
               view
               their
               sacred
               charge
               of
               your
               Relicks
               ;
               for
               what
               trust
               is
               there
               now
               left
               for
               you
               ,
               either
               from
               the
               Laws
               ,
               or
               the
               Gods
               ,
               since
               they
               have
               slain
            
             Tiberius
             ?
             Licinia
             thus
             bewailing
             ,
             Caius
             by
             degrees
             getting
             loose
             from
             her
             Embraces
             ,
             silently
             withdrew
             himself
             ,
             being
             accompanied
             by
             his
             Friends
             ;
             she
             endeavouring
             to
             catch
             him
             by
             the
             Gown
             ,
             fell
             prostrate
             upon
             the
             Earth
             ,
             lying
             there
             for
             some
             time
             speechless
             ,
             her
             Servants
             took
             her
             up
             for
             dead
             ,
             and
             convey'd
             her
             to
             her
             Brother
             Crassus
             .
          
           
             Fulvius
             when
             the
             People
             were
             gather'd
             
             together
             in
             a
             full
             Body
             ,
             by
             the
             advice
             of
             Caius
             ,
             sent
             his
             youngest
             Son
             into
             the
             Market
             
             place
             ,
             with
             an
             Herald's
             Rod
             in
             his
             Hand
             .
             He
             being
             a
             very
             handsom
             Youth
             ,
             and
             modestly
             addressing
             himself
             ,
             with
             Tears
             in
             his
             Eyes
             ,
             and
             a
             becoming
             Bashfulness
             ,
             humbly
             offer'd
             Proposals
             of
             Agreement
             to
             the
             Consul
             and
             the
             whole
             Senate
             .
             The
             greatest
             part
             of
             the
             Assembly
             were
             inclinable
             to
             accept
             of
             the
             Proposals
             ;
             but
             Opimius
             was
             of
             opinion
             ,
             that
             it
             did
             not
             become
             them
             to
             send
             Messengers
             ,
             and
             capitulate
             with
             the
             Senate
             ;
             but
             to
             be
             personally
             present
             ,
             and
             like
             good
             Citizens
             ,
             by
             defending
             their
             own
             Innocency
             ,
             and
             submitting
             themselves
             to
             him
             ,
             they
             might
             thus
             appease
             the
             Anger
             of
             the
             Senate
             .
             He
             commanded
             the
             Youth
             not
             to
             return
             ,
             unless
             they
             would
             comply
             with
             these
             Conditions
             .
             Caius
             ,
             as
             't
             is
             reported
             ,
             was
             very
             forward
             to
             come
             ,
             and
             clear
             himself
             before
             the
             Senate
             ;
             but
             none
             of
             his
             Friends
             consenting
             to
             it
             ,
             Fulvius
             sent
             his
             Son
             a
             second
             time
             to
             intercede
             for
             'em
             ,
             as
             before
             .
             But
             Opimius
             who
             chiefly
             design'd
             that
             a
             Battel
             should
             ensue
             ,
             caused
             the
             Youth
             to
             be
             apprehended
             ,
             and
             committed
             into
             safe
             Custody
             ;
             and
             then
             with
             a
             Company
             of
             his
             Foot-Souldiers
             ,
             and
             some
             
               Cretan
               Archers
            
             ,
             set
             upon
             that
             Party
             which
             was
             under
             the
             Command
             of
             Fulvius
             .
             The
             Archers
             did
             such
             Execution
             ,
             and
             wounded
             their
             Enemies
             so
             mortally
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             soon
             put
             to
             flight
             .
             Fulvius
             absconded
             for
             a
             time
             in
             an
             old
             Bagnio
             ;
             
             but
             shortly
             after
             being
             discover'd
             
             he
             and
             his
             eldest
             Son
             were
             slain
             together
             .
             Caius
             was
             not
             observed
             to
             encounter
             any
             one
             ;
             but
             laying
             these
             things
             very
             much
             to
             heart
             ,
             retired
             to
             
             Diana's
             Temple
             ;
             he
             there
             attempted
             to
             kill
             himself
             ,
             but
             was
             hinder'd
             by
             his
             faithful
             Friends
             ,
             Pomponius
             and
             Licinius
             :
             they
             took
             his
             Sword
             away
             from
             him
             ,
             and
             were
             very
             urgent
             that
             he
             would
             endeavour
             to
             make
             his
             Escape
             .
             It
             's
             reported
             ,
             that
             falling
             upon
             his
             Knees
             ,
             and
             lifting
             up
             his
             Hands
             ,
             he
             prayed
             earnestly
             to
             the
             Goddess
             ,
             that
             the
             Romans
             ,
             as
             a
             punishment
             for
             their
             Ingratitude
             and
             Treachery
             ,
             might
             always
             remain
             in
             perpetual
             Slavery
             ;
             for
             as
             soon
             as
             a
             proclamation
             was
             made
             of
             a
             Pardon
             ,
             they
             presently
             deserted
             him
             .
          
           
             Caius
             therefore
             endeavour'd
             now
             to
             make
             his
             Escape
             ,
             but
             was
             pursued
             so
             close
             by
             his
             
             Enemies
             ,
             as
             far
             as
             the
             
               wooden
               Bridge
            
             ,
             that
             from
             thence
             he
             narrowly
             escap'd
             .
             There
             it
             was
             that
             his
             two
             trusty
             Friends
             begg'd
             of
             him
             ,
             to
             preserve
             his
             own
             Person
             by
             flight
             ,
             whilst
             they
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             would
             keep
             their
             Post
             ,
             and
             maintain
             the
             Passage
             ;
             neither
             colud
             their
             Enemies
             ,
             till
             they
             were
             both
             slain
             ,
             pass
             the
             Bridge
             .
             Caius
             had
             no
             other
             Companion
             in
             his
             flight
             but
             one
             Philocrates
             ,
             a
             Servant
             of
             his
             .
             As
             he
             run
             along
             ,
             it
             's
             true
             ,
             every
             Body
             encourag'd
             him
             ,
             and
             wish'd
             him
             Success
             ,
             (
             as
             standers
             by
             may
             do
             
             to
             those
             who
             are
             engaged
             in
             a
             Battel
             )
             but
             no
             body
             either
             freely
             lent
             him
             any
             Assistance
             ,
             or
             so
             much
             as
             furnish'd
             him
             with
             a
             Horse
             ;
             tho'
             he
             earnestly
             desir'd
             it
             ,
             because
             his
             Enemies
             had
             gain'd
             Ground
             ,
             and
             got
             very
             near
             him
             :
             however
             he
             had
             still
             time
             enough
             to
             hide
             himself
             in
             a
             little
             Grove
             ,
             consecrated
             to
             the
             Furies
             .
             In
             that
             Place
             ,
             
             his
             Servant
             Philocrates
             having
             first
             slain
             him
             ,
             presently
             afterwards
             kill'd
             himself
             also
             ,
             and
             fell
             dead
             upon
             his
             Master
             ;
             tho'
             some
             affirm
             it
             for
             a
             truth
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             both
             taken
             alive
             by
             their
             Enemies
             ,
             and
             that
             Philocrates
             embrac'd
             his
             Master
             so
             close
             ,
             that
             they
             could
             not
             wound
             Caius
             ,
             till
             his
             Servant
             was
             slain
             .
          
           
             They
             say
             ,
             that
             when
             
             Caius's
             Head
             was
             cut
             off
             ,
             and
             carried
             away
             by
             one
             of
             his
             Murtherers
             ,
             Septimuleius
             ,
             Opimius's
             Friend
             ,
             met
             him
             ,
             and
             forc'd
             it
             from
             him
             ;
             because
             ,
             before
             the
             Battel
             began
             ,
             they
             had
             made
             Proclamation
             ,
             that
             who
             ▪
             ever
             should
             bring
             the
             Heads
             either
             of
             Caius
             or
             Fulvius
             ,
             he
             should
             ,
             as
             a
             Reward
             ,
             receive
             their
             weight
             in
             Gold.
             Septimuleius
             therefore
             having
             fix'd
             
             Caius's
             Head
             upon
             the
             top
             of
             his
             Spear
             ,
             came
             and
             presented
             it
             to
             Opimius
             the
             Consul
             .
             They
             presently
             brought
             the
             Scales
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             found
             to
             weigh
             above
             17
             pounds
             .
             But
             in
             this
             Affair
             ,
             Septimuleius
             gave
             as
             great
             signs
             of
             his
             Knavery
             ,
             as
             he
             had
             done
             before
             
             of
             his
             Cruelty
             ;
             for
             having
             taken
             out
             the
             Brains
             ,
             he
             fill'd
             the
             Scull
             with
             Lead
             .
             There
             were
             others
             who
             brought
             the
             Head
             of
             Fulvius
             too
             ;
             but
             being
             mean
             ,
             inconsiderable
             Persons
             ,
             were
             turn'd
             away
             without
             the
             promis'd
             Reward
             .
             The
             Bodies
             of
             these
             two
             Persons
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             of
             the
             rest
             who
             were
             slain
             ,
             to
             the
             number
             of
             3000
             Men
             ,
             were
             all
             thrown
             into
             the
             River
             ;
             their
             Goods
             were
             forfeited
             ,
             and
             their
             Widows
             forbidden
             to
             put
             themselves
             into
             Mourning
             :
             but
             they
             dealt
             more
             severely
             with
             Licinia
             ,
             Caius's
             Wife
             ,
             and
             wrong'd
             her
             even
             of
             her
             Joynture
             ;
             and
             as
             an
             addition
             still
             to
             all
             their
             Inhumanity
             ,
             they
             barbarously
             murder'd
             
             Fulvius's
             youngest
             Son
             ;
             his
             Crime
             was
             not
             ,
             that
             he
             took
             up
             Arms
             against
             'em
             ,
             or
             that
             he
             was
             present
             in
             the
             Battel
             ,
             but
             because
             he
             had
             proposed
             Articles
             of
             Agreement
             :
             for
             this
             he
             was
             first
             imprison'd
             ,
             then
             slain
             .
          
           
             But
             that
             which
             enraged
             the
             common
             People
             beyond
             all
             these
             things
             ,
             was
             ,
             because
             at
             this
             time
             (
             in
             memory
             of
             his
             Success
             )
             Opimius
             built
             the
             Temple
             of
             Concord
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             glory'd
             and
             triumph'd
             in
             the
             Slaughter
             of
             so
             many
             Citizens
             :
             wherefore
             some
             body
             in
             the
             Night
             time
             ,
             under
             the
             Inscription
             of
             the
             Temple
             ,
             added
             this
             Verse
             :
          
           
             
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
            
             
               Folly
               and
               Discord
               Concords
               Temple
               built
               .
            
          
           
             Opimius
             was
             the
             first
             ,
             who
             being
             Consul
             ,
             presumed
             to
             usurp
             the
             Power
             of
             a
             Dictator
             ,
             and
             condemned
             ,
             without
             any
             Trial
             ,
             not
             only
             3000
             Citizens
             ,
             but
             
               Caius
               Gracchus
            
             ,
             and
             
               Fulvius
               Flaccus
            
             :
             One
             of
             whom
             had
             triumph'd
             ,
             and
             been
             Consul
             ;
             the
             other
             far
             excell'd
             all
             his
             Co
             temporaries
             in
             Virtue
             and
             Honour
             .
             Notwithstanding
             this
             ,
             Opimius
             could
             not
             restrain
             himself
             from
             Extortion
             and
             Bribery
             ;
             for
             when
             he
             was
             sent
             Ambassador
             to
             Jugurtha
             ,
             King
             of
             Numidia
             ,
             he
             was
             there
             corrupted
             by
             Presents
             ,
             and
             at
             his
             Return
             being
             shamefully
             convicted
             of
             it
             ,
             he
             was
             hated
             and
             reproach'd
             by
             the
             common
             People
             ;
             so
             that
             growing
             melancholy
             and
             his
             Spirits
             Sinking
             ,
             his
             Infamy
             still
             increas'd
             with
             his
             years
             .
          
           
             It
             quickly
             now
             appear'd
             to
             the
             World
             ,
             what
             Respect
             and
             Veneration
             they
             had
             for
             the
             memory
             of
             the
             Graccki
             .
             They
             order'd
             their
             Statues
             to
             be
             made
             ,
             and
             fix'd
             up
             in
             publick
             view
             ;
             they
             consecrated
             the
             Places
             where
             they
             were
             slain
             ,
             and
             thither
             brought
             the
             first
             Fruits
             of
             every
             thing
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             season
             of
             the
             Year
             ,
             for
             to
             make
             their
             Offerings
             .
             Many
             came
             likewise
             thither
             to
             their
             Devotions
             ,
             and
             daily
             worship'd
             there
             ,
             
             as
             formerly
             at
             the
             Temples
             of
             the
             Gods.
             
          
           
             It
             's
             reported
             ,
             that
             as
             Cornelia
             ,
             their
             Mother
             ,
             bore
             the
             loss
             of
             her
             two
             Sons
             ,
             with
             a
             noble
             and
             undaunted
             Spirit
             ;
             so
             in
             reference
             to
             the
             Temples
             where
             they
             lay
             interr'd
             ,
             she
             only
             said
             ,
             
               Their
               Memory
               deserved
               such
               Monuments
            
             .
             She
             removed
             afterwards
             ,
             and
             dwelt
             near
             the
             Mount
             Mycene
             ,
             not
             at
             all
             altering
             her
             former
             way
             of
             Living
             .
             She
             was
             very
             much
             respected
             and
             beloved
             ,
             and
             kept
             open
             house
             for
             the
             Entertainment
             of
             all
             Strangers
             ,
             having
             daily
             a
             great
             number
             of
             Grecians
             and
             learned
             Men
             ,
             who
             resorted
             thither
             :
             nor
             was
             there
             any
             foreign
             Prince
             but
             received
             Gifts
             from
             her
             ,
             and
             presented
             her
             again
             .
             Those
             who
             were
             most
             conversant
             with
             her
             ,
             were
             much
             diverted
             ,
             when
             er'e
             she
             pleased
             to
             entertain
             'em
             with
             any
             Relation
             concerning
             her
             Father
             ,
             
               Scipio
               African
            
             ,
             or
             his
             way
             of
             Living
             .
             But
             it
             was
             very
             surprizing
             ,
             to
             have
             her
             make
             mention
             of
             her
             Sons
             ,
             without
             any
             Tears
             or
             Sign
             of
             Grief
             ;
             and
             to
             give
             a
             full
             Account
             of
             all
             their
             Deeds
             and
             Misfortunes
             ,
             as
             unconcern'd
             ,
             as
             if
             she
             had
             been
             relating
             the
             History
             of
             some
             ancient
             Heroes
             .
             This
             made
             some
             imagine
             ,
             that
             Age
             ,
             or
             the
             greatness
             of
             her
             Afflictions
             ,
             had
             made
             her
             delirous
             ,
             and
             wholly
             insensible
             of
             all
             her
             Calamities
             :
             but
             they
             who
             were
             of
             that
             opinion
             ,
             had
             no
             Notion
             at
             all
             ,
             how
             much
             a
             noble
             Birth
             ,
             or
             a
             good
             Education
             ,
             
             could
             conquer
             any
             Affliction
             ;
             and
             tho'
             envious
             
             Fortune
             may
             often
             be
             more
             successful
             ,
             and
             may
             smother
             virtuous
             Actions
             ;
             yet
             with
             the
             worser
             Calamities
             ,
             she
             can't
             bereave
             us
             of
             that
             tranquillity
             of
             Mind
             ,
             by
             which
             we
             generously
             bear
             them
             .
          
           
             The
             End
             of
             the
             Lives
             of
             the
             
               Gracchi
               ,
               Tiberius
            
             and
             Caius
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             THE
             COMPARISON
             OF
             TIBERIUS
             &
             CAIUS
             GRACCHI
             ,
             with
             AGIS
             and
             CLEOMENES
             .
          
           
             WE
             having
             given
             an
             Account
             severally
             of
             these
             Persons
             ,
             it
             remains
             only
             ,
             that
             he
             should
             take
             a
             View
             of
             them
             ,
             in
             Comparison
             with
             one
             another
             .
          
           
             As
             for
             the
             Gracchi
             ;
             the
             greatest
             Detracters
             ,
             and
             their
             worst
             Enemies
             ,
             could
             not
             but
             allow
             ,
             that
             they
             had
             a
             Genius
             to
             Virtue
             ,
             beyond
             all
             other
             Romans
             ,
             which
             was
             inproved
             also
             by
             a
             generous
             Education
             .
             Agis
             and
             Cleomenes
             seem'd
             to
             have
             had
             better
             natural
             Parts
             ,
             and
             a
             more
             solid
             Judgment
             ;
             for
             tho'
             they
             wanted
             all
             the
             Advantages
             of
             good
             Literature
             ,
             and
             were
             neither
             instructed
             in
             Morality
             ,
             nor
             the
             well
             management
             of
             their
             Affairs
             ,
             (
             from
             which
             ,
             even
             those
             who
             were
             elder
             than
             they
             ,
             had
             already
             much
             degenerated
             )
             
             yet
             they
             were
             publick
             Examples
             of
             Temperance
             and
             Frugality
             .
          
           
             Besides
             ,
             the
             Gracchi
             happening
             to
             live
             ,
             when
             Rome
             had
             her
             greatest
             repute
             for
             Honour
             and
             virtuous
             Actions
             ,
             might
             justly
             have
             been
             ashamed
             ,
             if
             they
             had
             not
             inherited
             the
             Virtues
             of
             their
             Ancestors
             :
             whereas
             the
             other
             two
             had
             Parents
             of
             different
             Morals
             ;
             and
             tho'
             they
             found
             their
             Countrey
             in
             a
             sinking
             condition
             ,
             and
             debauch'd
             ,
             yet
             that
             did
             not
             quench
             their
             forward
             Zeal
             to
             what
             was
             just
             and
             honourable
             .
          
           
             The
             Generosity
             and
             the
             Integrity
             of
             the
             two
             Romans
             ,
             was
             chiefly
             remarkable
             in
             this
             ,
             That
             in
             the
             administration
             of
             publick
             Affairs
             ,
             they
             kept
             themselves
             from
             the
             imputation
             of
             Bribery
             :
             whereas
             Agis
             might
             justly
             be
             offended
             ,
             if
             he
             had
             only
             that
             mean
             Commendation
             given
             him
             ,
             that
             he
             took
             nothing
             wrongfully
             from
             any
             Man
             ,
             being
             he
             distributed
             his
             own
             Fortunes
             ,
             which
             amounted
             in
             ready
             Money
             to
             the
             value
             of
             600
             Talents
             ,
             amongst
             his
             fellow-Citizens
             ;
             and
             surely
             extortion
             must
             appear
             a
             Crime
             of
             a
             strange
             nature
             to
             him
             ,
             who
             esteem'd
             it
             a
             piece
             of
             Covetousness
             ,
             to
             possess
             ,
             tho
             nee'r
             so
             justly
             gotten
             ,
             greater
             Riches
             than
             his
             Neighbours
             .
          
           
             Their
             Politicks
             likewise
             ,
             and
             Transactions
             ,
             in
             reference
             to
             State-affairs
             ,
             were
             of
             a
             very
             different
             nature
             .
             The
             chiefest
             things
             in
             general
             
             that
             the
             two
             Romans
             commonly
             aim'd
             at
             ,
             was
             the
             repairing
             of
             Cities
             ,
             and
             mending
             of
             High-ways
             ;
             and
             in
             particular
             ,
             the
             most
             generous
             Design
             which
             Tiberius
             is
             fam'd
             for
             ,
             was
             his
             division
             of
             the
             Lands
             amongst
             the
             poor
             People
             ;
             and
             Caius
             gain'd
             his
             greatest
             Reputation
             ,
             by
             the
             addition
             of
             300
             of
             the
             Commonalty
             to
             the
             same
             number
             of
             Senators
             ,
             investing
             them
             with
             an
             equal
             Authority
             .
          
           
             Whereas
             the
             Alteration
             which
             Agis
             and
             Cleomenes
             made
             ,
             was
             in
             a
             quite
             different
             manner
             .
             They
             did
             not
             redress
             things
             by
             little
             and
             little
             ,
             and
             cure
             small
             Distempers
             ;
             for
             that
             would
             have
             been
             (
             according
             to
             Plato
             )
             like
             cutting
             off
             one
             of
             the
             
             Hydra's
             Heads
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             only
             means
             to
             increase
             the
             number
             :
             but
             they
             made
             a
             thorough
             Reformation
             ,
             and
             at
             once
             freed
             their
             Countrey
             from
             all
             Grievances
             ;
             or
             to
             speak
             more
             truly
             ,
             they
             took
             away
             those
             things
             ,
             which
             were
             the
             cause
             of
             all
             their
             Calamities
             ,
             and
             so
             restor'd
             their
             City
             to
             its
             ancient
             Grandeur
             .
          
           
             However
             this
             must
             be
             confess'd
             in
             the
             behalf
             of
             the
             Gracchi
             ,
             That
             their
             Undertakeings
             were
             always
             opposed
             by
             Men
             of
             the
             the
             greatest
             Quality
             .
             But
             on
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             those
             which
             were
             first
             attempted
             by
             Agis
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             consummated
             by
             Cleomenes
             ,
             were
             supported
             by
             the
             famous
             Authority
             of
             
             those
             ancient
             Laws
             concerning
             Frugality
             and
             Levelling
             ,
             which
             were
             instituted
             by
             Lycurgus
             ,
             ratified
             and
             confirmed
             by
             Apollo
             .
             It
             is
             also
             further
             observable
             ,
             That
             from
             the
             Transactions
             of
             the
             Gracchi
             ,
             the
             City
             of
             Rome
             received
             no
             Additions
             to
             her
             former
             Greatness
             ;
             whereas
             by
             the
             Conduct
             of
             
               Cleomenes
               Greece
            
             presently
             saw
             ,
             that
             Sparta
             exerted
             the
             soveraign
             power
             over
             all
             Peloponnesus
             ,
             and
             she
             still
             sought
             to
             enlarge
             her
             Dominions
             ,
             with
             the
             greatest
             Princes
             of
             that
             Age
             ;
             designing
             by
             all
             her
             warlike
             Actions
             ,
             to
             set
             Greece
             at
             liberty
             ,
             from
             her
             subjection
             to
             the
             Gauls
             and
             Illyrians
             ,
             and
             restore
             her
             Government
             ,
             as
             formerly
             ,
             to
             the
             Race
             of
             Hercules
             .
          
           
             From
             their
             different
             manner
             of
             Dying
             ,
             we
             may
             also
             make
             some
             Observations
             ,
             in
             relation
             to
             their
             Courage
             .
             The
             Gracchi
             fighting
             with
             their
             fellow-Citizens
             ,
             were
             both
             slain
             ,
             as
             they
             endeavour'd
             to
             make
             their
             Escape
             ;
             but
             Agis
             willingly
             submitted
             to
             his
             Fate
             ,
             rather
             than
             any
             Citizen
             should
             be
             in
             danger
             of
             their
             Lives
             .
             Cleomenes
             also
             after
             his
             being
             affronted
             and
             abused
             ,
             tho'
             he
             did
             design
             to
             be
             revenged
             ,
             yet
             having
             fail'd
             of
             that
             opportunity
             ,
             he
             then
             generously
             fell
             by
             his
             own
             Hand
             .
          
           
             But
             on
             the
             contrary
             we
             must
             consider
             ,
             That
             Agis
             never
             did
             a
             great
             Action
             ,
             worthy
             a
             Commander
             ,
             being
             prevented
             by
             an
             
             untimely
             Death
             .
             And
             as
             for
             those
             heroick
             Actions
             of
             Cleomenes
             ,
             we
             may
             justly
             compare
             with
             them
             that
             of
             
             Tiberius's
             ,
             when
             he
             was
             the
             first
             who
             attempted
             to
             scale
             the
             Walls
             of
             Carthage
             ,
             it
             being
             look'd
             upon
             as
             no
             mean
             Exploit
             .
             To
             which
             may
             be
             added
             likewise
             the
             Peace
             which
             he
             concluded
             with
             the
             Numantines
             ,
             by
             which
             he
             saved
             the
             Lives
             of
             20000
             Romans
             ,
             who
             otherwise
             had
             certainly
             been
             cut
             off
             .
             And
             Caius
             ,
             not
             only
             at
             this
             Place
             ,
             but
             in
             Sardinia
             too
             ,
             behaved
             himself
             very
             valiantly
             ;
             that
             their
             early
             Actions
             were
             no
             small
             Argument
             that
             afterwards
             they
             might
             have
             been
             deservedly
             compared
             with
             the
             chiefest
             of
             the
             Roman
             Commanders
             ,
             if
             they
             had
             not
             dyed
             so
             young
             .
             Agis
             proceeded
             very
             mildly
             in
             the
             management
             of
             publick
             Affairs
             ;
             and
             meeting
             too
             with
             some
             Disappointments
             by
             the
             Craft
             of
             Agesilaus
             ,
             he
             frustrated
             the
             Expectations
             of
             the
             Citizens
             ,
             as
             to
             the
             division
             of
             the
             Lands
             ,
             and
             was
             constrained
             to
             leave
             all
             his
             Designs
             imperfect
             and
             unfinish'd
             ,
             only
             for
             want
             of
             a
             manly
             Resolution
             .
             Cleomenes
             on
             the
             contrary
             acted
             more
             boldly
             and
             rashly
             in
             all
             his
             publick
             Transactions
             ,
             and
             unjustly
             slew
             the
             Ephori
             ,
             whom
             he
             might
             by
             Conquest
             have
             gain'd
             over
             to
             his
             Party
             ,
             or
             else
             might
             easily
             have
             banish'd
             ,
             not
             only
             them
             ,
             but
             several
             others
             also
             of
             the
             City
             ;
             for
             to
             cut
             off
             any
             Members
             ,
             unless
             in
             the
             
             extreamest
             necessity
             ,
             is
             neither
             the
             part
             of
             a
             good
             Chirurgeon
             ,
             nor
             a
             Politician
             ,
             but
             argues
             unskilfulness
             in
             both
             .
             By
             this
             therefore
             Cleomenes
             appears
             cruel
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             unjust
             .
          
           
             Neither
             of
             the
             Gracchi
             were
             forward
             to
             be
             engaged
             in
             a
             Civil
             War
             :
             and
             Caius
             is
             reported
             to
             have
             avoided
             all
             manner
             of
             Revenge
             ,
             even
             when
             his
             Life
             was
             aim'd
             at
             ,
             showing
             himself
             always
             valiant
             against
             a
             foreign
             Enemy
             ,
             but
             wholly
             unactive
             in
             a
             Sedition
             .
             This
             was
             the
             Reason
             that
             he
             went
             from
             his
             own
             House
             unarm'd
             ,
             and
             was
             present
             in
             the
             Battel
             ;
             which
             makes
             it
             evident
             ▪
             that
             he
             had
             consulted
             rather
             ,
             not
             to
             do
             any
             harm
             to
             others
             ,
             than
             not
             to
             suffer
             any
             himself
             .
             Even
             the
             very
             flight
             of
             the
             Gracchi
             ,
             must
             not
             be
             look'd
             upon
             as
             an
             argument
             of
             their
             mean
             Spirit
             ,
             but
             an
             honourable
             Retreat
             from
             endangering
             of
             others
             ;
             for
             if
             they
             had
             stay'd
             ,
             they
             must
             either
             have
             yielded
             to
             those
             who
             assail'd
             'em
             ,
             or
             else
             have
             sought
             'em
             in
             their
             own
             defence
             .
             The
             greatest
             Crime
             that
             can
             be
             laid
             to
             
             Tiberius's
             charge
             ,
             was
             the
             deposing
             of
             his
             fellow
             -
             Tribune
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             afterwards
             substituted
             Caius
             in
             his
             room
             :
             and
             as
             for
             the
             Death
             of
             Attyllius
             ,
             it
             is
             falsly
             and
             unjustly
             attributed
             to
             Caius
             ;
             for
             he
             was
             slain
             unknown
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             much
             to
             his
             Grief
             .
          
           
           
             On
             the
             contrary
             ,
             Cleomenes
             (
             not
             to
             mention
             the
             Murther
             of
             the
             Ephori
             )
             set
             all
             the
             Slaves
             at
             liberty
             ,
             and
             govern'd
             by
             himself
             alone
             in
             reality
             ,
             having
             a
             Partner
             only
             for
             show
             ;
             which
             was
             the
             Reason
             he
             made
             choice
             of
             his
             Brother
             Euclid
             ,
             who
             was
             of
             the
             same
             Family
             .
             He
             also
             prevail'd
             upon
             Archidamus
             ,
             (
             who
             was
             the
             next
             Heir
             to
             the
             Kingdom
             of
             the
             other
             Line
             )
             that
             he
             would
             venture
             to
             return
             home
             from
             Messene
             ;
             but
             after
             this
             being
             slain
             ,
             because
             Cleomenes
             did
             not
             endeavour
             to
             revenge
             his
             Death
             ,
             he
             gave
             an
             occasion
             of
             being
             justly
             suspected
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             privy
             to
             it
             himself
             .
             Truly
             Lycurgus
             ,
             whose
             Example
             he
             pretends
             to
             imitate
             ,
             after
             he
             had
             voluntarily
             settled
             his
             Kingdom
             upon
             Charilaus
             his
             Brother's
             Son
             ▪
             fearing
             lest
             if
             the
             Youth
             should
             chance
             to
             die
             by
             Accident
             ,
             he
             might
             be
             suspected
             for
             it
             ,
             he
             travell'd
             a
             long
             time
             ,
             and
             would
             not
             return
             again
             to
             Sparta
             ,
             till
             Charilaus
             had
             a
             Son
             ,
             and
             an
             Heir
             to
             his
             Kingdoms
             .
             But
             we
             have
             ne'er
             another
             Grecian
             ,
             who
             is
             worthy
             to
             be
             compared
             with
             Lycurgus
             ;
             for
             amongst
             the
             Deeds
             of
             Cleomenes
             ,
             there
             were
             greater
             Innovations
             ,
             and
             worse
             Faults
             than
             these
             .
          
           
             They
             therefore
             who
             strictly
             examine
             their
             different
             Manners
             ,
             may
             observe
             ,
             That
             the
             two
             Grecians
             were
             warlike
             even
             from
             their
             Youth
             ,
             and
             inclining
             to
             be
             Tyrants
             ;
             that
             Tiberius
             and
             Caius
             by
             nature
             had
             too
             
             great
             an
             Emulation
             after
             Glory
             and
             Honours
             :
             and
             besides
             ,
             they
             never
             stood
             in
             Competition
             for
             any
             thing
             ;
             but
             as
             soon
             as
             the
             Contention
             began
             with
             their
             Adversaries
             ,
             their
             Heat
             and
             Passions
             would
             so
             far
             prevail
             beyond
             their
             natural
             Temper
             ,
             that
             by
             them
             ,
             as
             by
             ill
             Winds
             ,
             they
             were
             driven
             afterwards
             to
             all
             their
             rash
             Undertakings
             .
             What
             could
             be
             more
             just
             and
             honourable
             ,
             than
             their
             first
             Design
             ,
             had
             not
             the
             Power
             and
             the
             Faction
             of
             the
             Rich
             ,
             by
             endeavouring
             to
             abrogate
             that
             Law
             ,
             engag'd
             'em
             both
             in
             those
             fatal
             Quarrels
             ;
             the
             one
             ,
             for
             his
             own
             Preservation
             ;
             the
             other
             ,
             to
             revenge
             his
             Brother's
             Death
             ,
             who
             was
             murder'd
             without
             any
             Law
             or
             Justice
             ?
          
           
             From
             the
             account
             therefore
             which
             has
             been
             given
             ,
             you
             your self
             may
             perceive
             the
             Difference
             ;
             which
             if
             it
             were
             to
             be
             pronounc'd
             of
             every
             one
             singly
             ,
             I
             should
             affirm
             Tiberius
             to
             have
             excell'd
             'em
             all
             in
             Virtue
             ;
             that
             young
             Agis
             had
             been
             guilty
             of
             the
             fewest
             Miscarriages
             ;
             and
             that
             in
             Action
             and
             Boldness
             Caius
             came
             far
             short
             of
             Cleomenes
             .
          
        
         
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         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A55203-e2110
           
             Agesilaus
             his
             Parentage
             .
             His
             Education
             .
          
           
             His
             Friendship
             with
             Lysander
             .
          
           
             And
             his
             Character
             .
          
           
             Alcibiades
             deba●cheth
             the
             Wife
             of
             Agis
             ,
             and
             begets
             Leotychides
             .
          
           
             Leotychides
             put
             by
             the
             Throne
             as
             a
             Bastar●●
             
          
           
             Agesilaus
             declared
             King.
             
          
           
             Is
             kind
             to
             th●
             Relations
             of
             Agis
             .
          
           
             His
             Policy
             .
          
           
             
               He
               is
               chosen
               General
               for
            
             Asia
             .
          
           
             His
             Dream
             .
          
           
             The
             Baeotians
             quarrel
             about
             the
             Sacrifice
             .
          
           
             The
             Ambition
             of
             Lysander
             .
          
           
             It
             resented
             by
             Agesilaus
             .
          
           
             And
             suppressed
             .
          
           
             
             Plutarch's
             Reflection
             upon
             both
             .
          
           
             Tisaphernes
             his
             Falshood
             .
          
           
             Revenged
             .
          
           
             Agesilaus
             his
             Expedient
             for
             raising
             Horse
             at
             Ephesus
             .
          
           
             His
             Reflection
             on
             the
             Sardian
             Slaves
             .
          
           
             He
             enters
             Sardis
             .
          
           
             And
             overcometh
             Tisaphernes
             .
          
           
             Tithraustes
             sent
             to
             behead
             Tisaphernes
             ,
             and
             to
             treat
             of
             Peace
             .
          
           
             Agesilaus
             made
             Admiral
             of
             Sparta
             .
          
           
             Makes
             League
             with
             Cotys
             ,
             King
             of
             Paphlagonia
             .
          
           
             He
             conquers
             Pharnabazus
             .
          
           
             Spithridates
             with
             the
             Paphlagonians
             revolts
             upon
             discontent
             from
             Agesilaus
             .
          
           
             
             Agesilaus's
             Love
             to
             Megabates
             .
          
           
             A
             Conference
             between
             Pharnabazus
             and
             Agesilaus
             .
          
           
             Parnabazus
             his
             Son
             presents
             Agesilaus
             ,
             and
             maketh
             him
             his
             Friend
             .
          
           
             Agesilaus
             '
             s
             Behaviour
             in
             point
             of
             Friendship
             .
          
           
             His
             Repute
             in
             Persia
             and
             A●ia
             .
          
           
             Remanded
             Home
             .
          
           
             His
             ready
             Obedience
             .
          
           
             Passeth
             home
             thr●
             '
             Thrace
             .
          
           
             The
             Trallians
             .
          
           
             Macedonia
             .
          
           
             〈…〉
             Thessaly
             .
          
           
             He
             laments
             the
             Civil
             War●
             of
             Greece
             .
          
           
             He
             routs
             the
             Pharsalians
             .
          
           
             Inva●es
             ▪
             Baeotia
             ,
             by
             Command
             of
             the
             C●●●cil
             of
             Sparta
             .
          
           
             The
             Battel
             of
             Coronea
             .
          
           
             He
             goeth
             to
             the
             Pythian
             Games
             .
          
           
             Returneth
             to
             Sparta
             unchanged
             ,
             as
             to
             his
             Manners
             .
          
           
             *
             Goatdeer
             .
          
           
             He
             despiseth
             the
             Olympick
             Games
             .
          
           
             He
             designs
             to
             expose
             Lysander
             and
             his
             Party
             .
          
           
             But
             is
             disswaded
             .
          
           
             He
             maketh
             his
             Interest
             in
             Agesipolis
             .
          
           
             His
             Expedition
             against
             Corinth
             .
          
           
             His
             Opinion
             of
             publick
             Sports
             and
             Games
             .
          
           
             He
             slighteth
             the
             Theban
             Ambassadors
             ,
             of
             which
             he
             soon
             repenteth
             .
          
           
             His
             Polic●
             concerning
             the
             Acarnanians
             .
          
           
             The
             Spartans
             make
             a
             dishonourable
             Peace
             with
             Persia
             .
          
           
             Phaebidas
             breaks
             the
             Peace
             with
             Thebes
             .
          
           
             He
             refuseth
             the
             King
             of
             
             Persia
             ●is
             Friendship
             .
          
           
             He
             def●nds
             Phaebidas
             .
          
           
             And
             warreth
             with
             the
             Thebans
             .
          
           
             But
             not
             in
             Person
             .
          
           
             Sphodrias
             his
             Exploit
             .
          
           
             War
             with
             Athens
             and
             Thebes
             .
          
           
             The
             Allies
             murmur
             at
             the
             War.
             
          
           
             Falleth
             lame
             of
             his
             better
             Leg.
             
          
           
             A
             general
             Treaty
             of
             Peace
             .
          
           
             Epaminondas
             his
             ●ol●
             Demand
             .
          
           
             A
             War
             with
             Thebes
             .
          
           
             Battel
             of
             Leuctrae
             .
          
           
             The
             Spartan's
             Behaviour
             under
             their
             Misfortune
             .
          
           
             Agesilaus
             invested
             with
             absolute
             Power
             ,
             to
             remedy
             the
             present
             Difficulties
             of
             State.
             
          
           
             The
             Spartan
             .
             Law
             against
             Cowar●ice
             .
          
           
             
               He
               maketh
               ●●
               Inroad
            
             into
             ●rcadia
             
          
           
             
             Epaminondas
             ●nvaded
             Sparta
             .
          
           
             
               Sparta
               600
            
             Years
             without
             an
             Invasion
             .
          
           
             Agesilaus
             defends
             the
             Town
             .
          
           
             A
             dangerous
             Conspiracy
             in
             
               Sparta
               ▪
            
          
           
             Another
             .
          
           
             The
             Helots
             run
             from
             their
             Colours
             .
          
           
             The
             time
             of
             the
             Thebans
             continuance
             before
             Sparta
             .
          
           
             Sparta
             preserved
             by
             the
             Wisdom
             of
             Agesilaus
             .
          
           
             The
             Arcadians
             beaten
             by
             Archidamus
             ,
             Son
             to
             Agesilaus
             .
          
           
             Messene
             rebuilt
             by
             Epaminondas
             .
          
           
             Epaminondas
             his
             Stratagem
             against
             Sparta
             .
          
           
             He
             is
             beaten
             back
             by
             Agesilaus
             .
          
           
             The
             great
             ●●●●o●ts
             of
             Archidamus
          
           
             Greater
             of
             Isadas
             .
          
           
             He
             is
             both
             rewarded
             and
             amerced
             .
          
           
             Epaminondas
             slain
             .
          
           
             *
             Macheriones
             .
          
           
             Agesilaus
             too
             much
             given
             to
             War.
             
          
           
             He
             taketh
             Pay
             of
             Tachos
             in
             Aegypt
             .
          
           
             The
             Aegyptians
             disappointed
             in
             Agesilau●
             ,
             as
             to
             the
             appearance
             of
             his
             outward
             Person
             
          
           
             *
             An
             Aegyptian
             〈…〉
             t
             ,
             of
             which
             Pap●●
             was
             made
             .
          
           
             Agesilaus
             discontented
             in
             Aegypt
             .
          
           
             He
             revolts
             to
             Nectanabis
             from
             Tachos
             .
          
           
             Tachos
             flyeth
             .
          
           
             
             Nectanabis
             ●s
             oppos●d
             by
             Mendesius
             .
          
           
             
             Agesilau●'●
             A●vic●
             maketh
             him
             suspectca
             by
             Nectanabis
             .
          
           
             Nectanabis
             being
             B●sieged
             ,
             resolveth
             to
             Fight
             ,
             but
             is
             opposed
             by
             Agesilaus
             .
          
           
             Agesilaus's
             Stratagem
             against
             Mendesius
             .
          
           
             The
             
               Mendesian
               ▪
            
             Conquered
             .
          
           
             Agesilaus
             departs
             homeward
             .
          
           
             And
             dieth
             by
             the
             way
             .
          
           
             The
             manner
             of
             his
             Embalming
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A55203-e14100
           
             §
             1.
             
          
           
             The
             Peoples
             Hat
             ●
             to
             his
             Father
             .
          
           
             Their
             Love
             to
             him
             .
          
           
             His
             Vertues
             
          
           
             His
             Favour
             .
          
           
             His
             Amours
             with
             Flora.
             
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
          
           
             His
             Temperance
             .
          
           
             Actio
             peculatus
             .
          
           
             He
             Marrie●
             with
             
               Antistia
               ▪
            
          
           
             
             Cinna's
             De●th
             .
          
           
             
               Sect.
               2.
               
               Carbo
            
             and
             Sylla
             cont●nd
             for
             the
             Government
             .
          
           
             *
             Now
             the
             March●s
             ●f
             ●●●●●a
             .
          
           
             He
             sides
             with
             Sylla
             .
          
           
             H
             〈…〉
             over
             ●●
             M●●ian
             .
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             Imperator
             .
          
           
             Sent
             in
             Aid
             to
             Metellus
             .
          
           
             Antistia
             divorc'd
             .
          
           
             He
             marries
             Aemilia
             .
          
           
             §
             3.
             
          
           
             Sent
             by
             Sylla
             into
             Afric●
             against
             Domitius
             .
          
           
             His
             Victory
             over
             Domitius
             .
          
           
             His
             Conquest
             of
             Africa
             .
          
           
             §
             4.
             
          
           
             His
             Title
             of
             Magnus
             .
          
           
             Sylla
             opposes
             his
             Triumph
             .
          
           
             §
             5.
             
             Lepidus
             moves
             a
             Civil
             Wa●
             ▪
             
          
           
             He
             is
             sent
             against
             Lepidus
             .
          
           
             *
             Now
             Mo●ena
             .
          
           
             Sent
             in
             Aid
             of
             Metellus
             against
             Sertorius
             in
             Spain
             .
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             .
          
           
             His
             Victory
             ●ver
             Herennius
             and
             Perpenna
             .
          
           
             Sertorius
             slain
             .
          
           
             His
             Conquest
             of
             Perpenna
             .
          
           
             §
             6.
             
          
           
             His
             Aid
             to
             Crassus
             in
             the
             Servile
             War.
             
          
           
             He
             restores
             the
             Office
             of
             Tribune
             .
          
           
             His
             second
             Triumph
             and
             first
             Consulship
             with
             Crassus
             .
          
           
             Submits
             to
             the
             Censors
             .
          
           
             §
             7.
             
             
               The
               Pirates
               War.
            
             
          
           
             Liad.
             22.
             
          
           
             §
             8.
             
             The
             War
             against
             Mithridates
             and
             Tigranes
             .
          
           
             His
             Quarrel
             with
             Lucullus
             .
          
           
             Sect.
             9.
             
          
           
             Mithridates
             hgis
             Flight
             .
          
           
             Hypsicratia
             .
          
           
             He
             goes
             against
             Tigranes
             .
          
           
             Araxes
             Fl.
             
          
           
             §.
             10.
             
             Phraates
             King
             of
             Parthia
             .
          
           
             
             Pompey's
             Wars
             with
             the
             Albanians
             and
             Iberians
             .
          
           
             Cyrnus
             Fl.
             
          
           
             Amazons
             .
          
           
             He
             conquers
             the
             King
             of
             Parthia
             .
          
           
             Stratonice
             .
          
           
             §
             II.
             Design'd
             for
             Syria
             ,
             to
             compleat
             his
             Conquests
             .
          
           
             H●
             subd●●d
             the
             Arabians
             ,
             and
             reduced
             Syria
             and
             Jud●a
          
           
             His
             mild
             Temper
             .
          
           
             His
             Favourite
             Demetrius
             .
          
           
             He
             marches
             for
             
               Arabia
               Petra
            
             .
          
           
             Mithridates
             his
             Death
             .
          
           
             §
             12.
             
          
           
             He
             's
             a
             Lover
             of
             Arts
             and
             Sciences
             .
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
          
           
             Mutia
             divorced
             .
          
           
             Disbands
             his
             Army
             .
          
           
             His
             3d
             Triumph
             .
          
           
             §
             13.
             
          
           
             His
             Change
             of
             Fortune
             .
          
           
             Impeach'd
             by
             Lucullus
             .
          
           
             Joyns
             with
             the
             Commons
             .
          
           
             Forsakes
             Cicero
             .
          
           
             
             Caesar's
             Artifice
             and
             Consulship
             .
          
           
             Caesar
             
               c●●ts
               the
               People
            
             .
          
           
             L●xagra●ia
             
          
           
             A
             Friend
             to
             Caesar
             .
          
           
             Marries
             Julia
             .
          
           
             Piso
             aud
             Gabinius
             Consuls
             .
          
           
             Clodius
             his
             Insolence
             to
             him
             .
          
           
             He
             calls
             home
             Cicero
             .
          
           
             Annonae
             prae●ectus
             .
          
           
             §
             14.
             
             Caesar's
             Practices
             .
          
           
             
             Pompey's
             Theater
             .
          
           
             
             Julia's
             Love
             to
             him
             .
          
           
             The
             Death
             of
             Julia.
             
          
           
             Causes
             of
             the
             Civil
             War.
             
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
          
           
             He
             is
             chose
             Consul
             alone
             
          
           
             §.
             15.
             
          
           
             Marries
             Cornelia
             .
          
           
             His
             Recovery
             a●
             Naples
          
           
             Ano●her
             Cause
             of
             ●●●
             War.
             
          
           
             §.
             16.
             
          
           
             Caesar
             marches
             towards
             Rome
             .
          
           
             §.
             17.
             
          
           
             Pompey
             l●●●●s
             .
             Rome
             .
          
           
             Caesar
             
               enters
               the
               City
               and
               purs●es
               him
               .
            
          
           
             Pompey
             sends
             his
             Army
             from
             Brundusium
             to
             Dyrrachium
             .
          
           
             He
             is
             censured
             for
             leaving
             Italy
             .
          
           
             Caesar
             goes
             for
             Spain
             .
          
           
             Pompey's
             Army
             in
             Greece
             .
          
           
             Of
             th●se
             that
             resorted
             to
             him
             .
          
           
             §.
             18.
             
          
           
             He
             follows
             Caesar
             int●
             Thessaly
             .
          
           
             §.
             19.
             
          
           
             §.
             20.
             
          
           
             Lesbos
             .
          
           
             §.
             21.
             
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             *
             Sicily
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A55203-e35410
           
             The
             Author's
             d●sign
             
          
           
             In
             writing
             Lives
             .
          
           
             
             Alexander's
             Family
             .
          
           
             
             Philip's
             Dream
             .
          
           
             *
             Furious
             ▪
             &
             warlike
             ▪
             
          
           
             He
             consults
             the
             Oracle
             .
          
           
             The
             Birth
             of
             Alexander
             .
          
           
             His
             Person
             described
             .
          
           
             *
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             .
          
           
             His
             Manners
             .
          
           
             And
             Exercises
             .
          
           
             *
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             .
          
           
             His
             Magnanimity
             .
          
           
             His
             Education
             and
             Tutors
             .
          
           
             He
             cames
             Eucephalus
             .
          
           
             And
             backs
             him
             .
          
           
             Aristotle
             ,
             Alexander's
             Tuter
             .
          
           
             *
             A
             College
             .
          
           
             His
             Letter
             to
             Aristotle
             .
          
           
             His
             inclination
             to
             Learning
             .
          
           
             His
             Courage
             and
             early
             entrance
             upon
             Action
             .
          
           
             His
             Differences
             with
             his
             Father
             .
          
           
             Reconcil'd
             by
             Demaratus
             the
             Corinthian
             .
          
           
             Break
             on
             t
             again
             .
          
           
             Philip
             murther'd
             by
             Pausanias
             .
          
           
             The
             beginning
             of
             
             Alexander's
             Reign
             attended
             with
             great
             Difficulties
             .
          
           
             He
             overthrows
             the
             Triballians
             .
          
           
             Takes
             Thebes
             ,
             and
             rases
             it
             .
          
           
             The
             Family
             of
             the
             Poet
             Pindar
             spar'd
             .
          
           
             The
             Story
             of
             Timoclea
             .
          
           
             He
             pardons
             the
             Athenians
             .
          
           
             Is
             chosen
             General
             of
             the
             Grecians
             .
          
           
             The
             Behaviour
             of
             Diogenes
             the
             Cynick
             towards
             him
             .
          
           
             He
             consults
             ,
             and
             forces
             the
             Oracle
             .
          
           
             
             Alexander's
             Army
             and
             Preparations
             .
          
           
             His
             Liberality
             .
          
           
             He
             passes
             the
             Hellespont
             ,
             and
             visits
             Achilles
             his
             Tomb.
             
          
           
             The
             Battel
             of
             Granicus
             .
          
           
             Alexander
             passes
             the
             Granicus
             in
             despite
             of
             the
             Enemy
             .
          
           
             His
             dangerous
             Encounter
             .
          
           
             And
             Preservation
             by
             Clitus
             .
          
           
             Sardis
             taken
             .
          
           
             Being
             irresolute
             is
             encourag'd
             by
             an
             old
             Prophesie
             .
          
           
             Pisidia
             and
             Phrygia
             subdued
             .
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
          
           
             Cuts
             the
             Gordian
             Knot
             .
          
           
             Darius
             marches
             towards
             him
             .
          
           
             A
             Messenger
             .
          
           
             Darius
             his
             Dream
             interpreted
             .
          
           
             Alexander
             falls
             sick
             .
          
           
             His
             confidence
             in
             his
             Physician
             Philip.
             
          
           
             By
             whom
             he
             is
             Cur'd
             .
          
           
             Darius
             rejects
             good
             Counsel
             .
          
           
             The
             Battel
             of
             Issus
             .
          
           
             Darius
             escapes
             .
          
           
             Alexander
             taken
             with
             the
             Persian
             Luxury
             and
             Riches
             .
          
           
             His
             generous
             usage
             of
             Darius
             his
             Wife
             and
             Daughters
             .
          
           
             His
             Continence
             .
          
           
             He
             is
             angry
             with
             those
             who
             would
             have
             Corrupted
             him
             .
          
           
             His
             Temperance
             .
          
           
             And
             manner
             of
             Life
             describ'd
             .
          
           
             He
             is
             given
             to
             bragging
             .
          
           
             And
             subject
             to
             Flattery
             .
          
           
             The
             Expence
             of
             his
             Table
             .
          
           
             Cyprus
             and
             Phoenicia
             yielded
             to
             him
             .
          
           
             He
             Besieges
             Tyre
             .
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             ,
             which
             signifies
             ,
             Tyre
             is
             thine
             .
          
           
             His
             care
             of
             his
             old
             Master
             ▪
             
          
           
             and
             personal
             Valour
             ,
             in
             extremity
             of
             danger
             
          
           
             He
             takes
             Tyre
             and
             Gaza
             .
          
           
             Where
             he
             is
             wounded
             by
             a
             str●nge
             accident
             .
          
           
             His
             esteem
             of
             Homer
             .
          
           
             He
             builds
             Alexandri
             .
          
           
             His
             Journey
             to
             the
             Temple
             of
             
               Jupiter
               Hammon
            
             .
          
           
             In
             which
             he
             is
             w●nderfully
             guided
             and
             preserv'd
             .
          
           
             Is
             flattered
             by
             a
             Priest
             .
          
           
             
             Alexander's
             opinion
             of
             the
             Deity
             .
          
           
             And
             politick
             use
             of
             being
             thought
             a
             God.
             
          
           
             He
             is
             jeer'd
             by
             Anaxarchus
             .
          
           
             The
             expence
             of
             Tragedies
             defrayed
             by
             Kings
             .
          
           
             Darius
             his
             Proposals
             rejected
             .
          
           
             
             Alexander's
             generous
             Usage
             of
             
             Darius's
             Wif●
             .
          
           
             Makes
             him
             jealous
             .
             〈…〉
             
          
           
             *
             The
             Sun.
             
          
           
             But
             without
             Reason
             ,
             of
             which
             he
             is
             convinc'd
             by
             Tyreus
             the
             Eunuch
             .
          
           
             Darius
             his
             Prayer
             .
          
           
             The
             Event
             of
             a
             great
             Battel
             ,
             gather'd
             from
             a
             ridiculous
             Accident
             .
          
           
             At
             the
             Battel
             of
             Gausamela
             .
          
           
             *
             August
             .
          
           
             
               Some
               Copies
               have
               it
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ▪
               to
            
             Fear
             .
          
           
             Alexander
             though
             infinitely
             inferior
             in
             numbers
             ,
             refuses
             to
             steal
             a
             Victory
             .
             His
             Reasons
             for
             it
             .
          
           
             His
             Reasons
             for
             it
             .
          
           
             An
             Instance
             of
             his
             Conduct
             .
          
           
             His
             A●mour
             describ'd
             .
          
           
             A
             good
             Omen
             before
             the
             Battel
             .
          
           
             Darius
             flies
             .
          
           
             And
             Alexander
             gains
             an
             intire
             Victory
             .
          
           
             He
             is
             proclaim'd
             King
             of
             Asia
          
           
             He
             courts
             the
             Grecians
             .
          
           
             Takes
             Babylon
             .
          
           
             An
             Account
             of
             Naptha
             .
          
           
             With
             an
             Experiment
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             And
             some
             conjectures
             .
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
          
           
             *
             Here
             some
             of
             the
             Original
             is
             lost
             .
          
           
             Concerning
             the
             Nature
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             Vast
             Treasures
             found
             at
             Susa
             .
          
           
             Alexander
             enters
             into
             Persia
             .
          
           
             His
             Speech
             to
             Xerxes
             his
             Statue
             .
          
           
             Xerxes
             his
             Palace
             burnt
             by
             Thais
             an
             Athenian
             Whore.
             
          
           
             Several
             instances
             of
             
             Alexander's
             Munificence
             
          
           
             To
             Ariston
             .
          
           
             To
             a
             poor
             Soldier
             .
          
           
             To
             Phocion
             .
          
           
             To
             Serapion
             .
          
           
             To
             Proteas
             .
          
           
             To
             Mazeus
             
          
           
             To
             Parmenio
             .
          
           
             He
             reproves
             the
             Luxury
             of
             his
             Farites
             .
          
           
             His
             Encounter
             with
             a
             Lyon
             ,
             expr●ss'd
             in
             Figures
             of
             Brass
             dedicated
             to
             Apollo
             at
             Delphos
             .
          
           
             The
             Ingratitude
             of
             his
             Favourites
             .
          
           
             How
             tender
             he
             was
             of
             his
             Friends
             Health
             .
          
           
             and
             Reputation
             .
          
           
             Assists
             them
             in
             their
             Love
             ▪
             
          
           
             and
             domestick
             Affairs
             
          
           
             A
             long
             March
             in
             pursuit
             of
             Darius
             .
          
           
             A
             memorable
             instance
             of
             
             Alexander's
             Prudence
             and
             Self
             denial
             .
          
           
             The
             Death
             of
             Darius
             .
          
           
             And
             Punishment
             of
             Bessut
             .
          
           
             Conjectures
             about
             the
             Caspian
             Sea.
             
          
           
             Alexander
             puts
             on
             the
             Persian
             Habit
             .
          
           
             Which
             grieves
             the
             Macedonians
             .
          
           
             The
             Story
             of
             the
             Amazonian
             Queens
             coming
             to
             visit
             him
             is
             a
             Fiction
             .
          
           
             He
             persuades
             his
             Men
             to
             pursue
             the
             War.
             
          
           
             His
             Methods
             to
             preserve
             his
             new
             Conquests
             .
          
           
             The
             politick
             use
             he
             made
             of
             his
             Favourites
             .
          
           
             
               The
               Fall
               of
            
             Philotas
             ,
             
               occasioned
               by
               his
               Arrogance
            
             .
          
           
             He
             is
             betray'd
             by
             his
             Mistress
             Antigone
             .
          
           
             Dimnus
             his
             Conspiracy
             .
          
           
             The
             Falshood
             of
             Court
             Friends
             .
          
           
             The
             Death
             of
             Philotas
             ,
             and
             his
             Father
             Parmenio
             .
          
           
             The
             Murther
             of
             Clitus
             .
          
           
             Princes
             cannot
             bear
             bold
             Truths
             .
          
           
             Alexander
             repents
             of
             Clitus
             his
             Death
             .
          
           
             Both
             Priests
             
          
           
             And
             Philosophers
             ca●
             flatter
             basly
             .
          
           
             Callisthenes
             his
             true
             Jest
             upon
             Anaxarchus
             .
          
           
             The
             Character
             and
             Fall
             of
             Callisthenes
             .
          
           
             Who
             offends
             Alexander
             by
             his
             Morosen●ss
             ,
             and
             refusing
             to
             adore
             him
             .
          
           
             Aristotle
             himself
             suspected
             .
          
           
             This
             Passage
             was
             mention'd
             before
             .
          
           
             Alexander
             burns
             all
             his
             own
             and
             his
             Soldiers
             Baggage
             .
          
           
             He
             grows
             cruel
             .
          
           
             An
             odd
             Portent
             .
          
           
             A
             Spring
             of
             Oyl
             found
             .
          
           
             Sisimethres
             his
             Rock
             taken
             .
          
           
             
             Alexander's
             Discourse
             with
             Acuphis
             .
          
           
             with
             Taxiles
             .
          
           
             His
             Friends
             r●pine
             at
             his
             Bounty
             to
             Strangers
             .
          
           
             His
             War
             with
             Porus
          
           
             He
             passes
             the
             Hydaspes
             .
          
           
             
               And
               defeats
            
             Porus.
             
          
           
             Porus
             his
             Stature
             .
          
           
             His
             Elephant
             .
          
           
             A
             City
             built
             in
             memory
             of
             Bucephalus
             .
          
           
             The
             Macedonians
             refuse
             to
             pass
             the
             Ganges
             .
          
           
             Which
             grieves
             Alexander
             .
          
           
             What
             care
             he
             takes
             to
             deceive
             Posterity
             .
          
           
             His
             Voyage
             down
             the
             Rivers
             .
          
           
             His
             Danger
             among
             the
             Mallians
             .
          
           
             He
             is
             desperately
             wounded
             .
          
           
             
               His
               Questions
               to
               the
            
             Indian
             
               Philosophers
               ,
               with
               their
               Answers
            
             .
          
           
             The
             Arrogance
             of
             Calanus
             ,
             a
             Gymnosophist
             .
          
           
             His
             Emblem
             of
             Government
             .
          
           
             
             Alexander's
             Prayer
             when
             he
             came
             to
             the
             Sea.
             
          
           
             What
             loss
             he
             sustain'd
             in
             his
             march
             back
             
          
           
             His
             rietous
             Progress
             through
             Carmania
             .
          
           
             A
             Prize
             of
             Dancing
             .
          
           
             Won
             by
             Bagoas
             .
          
           
             Alexander's
             great
             Preparations
             for
             a
             Voyage
             to
             Sea.
             
          
           
             How
             hindred
             .
          
           
             A
             Custom
             of
             the
             Kings
             of
             Persia
             .
          
           
             
             Cyrus's
             Sepulcher
             rifled
             .
          
           
             Alexander
             mov'd
             at
             the
             Inscription
             .
          
           
             Calanus
             barus
             himself
             .
          
           
             A
             drinking
             Match
             .
          
           
             Alexander
             marries
             
               Statira
               ,
               Darius
            
             his
             Daughter
             .
          
           
             He
             pays
             the
             Debts
             of
             his
             Army
             .
          
           
             Forgives
             Antigenes
             
               his
               Fraud
            
             .
          
           
             His
             Seminary
             of
             Souldiers
             .
          
           
             The
             Macedonians
             discontented
             .
          
           
             He
             takes
             &
             Guard
             of
             Persians
             .
          
           
             The
             Macedonians
             submit
             .
          
           
             The
             old
             and
             disabled
             dismisi'd
             with
             〈…〉
             
          
           
             〈…〉
             
          
           
             
             Hephestion's
             Death
             .
          
           
             A
             whole
             Nation
             sacrific'd
             to
             him
             .
          
           
             Stasicrates
             his
             extravagant
             design
             of
             a
             Statue
             .
          
           
             Alexander
             war●'d
             not
             to
             go
             to
             Babylon
             .
          
           
             Several
             Presages
             of
             his
             Death
             ▪
             
          
           
             Alexander
             distrusts
             the
             Gods.
             
          
           
             His
             Usage
             of
             Cassander
          
           
             A
             wonderfull
             Effect
             of
             Fear
             .
          
           
             The
             nature
             of
             Superstition
             .
          
           
             Alexander
             falls
             sick
             after
             a
             great
             Debauck
             .
          
           
             A
             Diary
             of
             his
             Sickness
             .
          
           
             He
             hears
             his
             Admiral
             relate
             his
             Voyage
             .
          
           
             The
             Macedonians
             admitted
             to
             see
             him
             .
          
           
             Hie
             Death
             .
          
           
             Not
             without
             suspicion
             of
             Poyson
             .
          
           
             Which
             is
             contradicted
             .
          
           
             The
             Death
             of
             Statira
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A55203-e66430
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             .
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             ,
             Forum
             maximum
             Athenis
             sub
             dio
             .
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             ,
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             caenae
             frugi
             apud
             Lacones
             .
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             
               in
               adagio
            
             .
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             .
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             .
          
           
             Locus
             5.
             vel
             6.
             miliar
             .
             Ital
             .
             distans
             ,
             ubi
             Templum
             Dianae
             Mynich
             .
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             .
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             
               〈…〉
               su
               〈…〉
               &
               pond
               .
               genus
               .
            
          
           
             March.
             
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A55203-e73950
           
             *
             Alluding
             to
             the
             lucky
             Chance
             ,
             called
             Venus
             .
          
           
             *
             He
             means
             
               Julius
               Caesar
            
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A55203-e99830
           
             An
             exact
             Character
             of
             Tiberius
             and
             Caius
             .
          
           
             A
             Drachma
             is
             seven
             pence
             half
             penny
             .
          
           
             *
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             .
          
           
             Tiberius
             made
             Augur
             .
          
           
             He
             marries
             Claudia
             ,
             the
             Daughter
             of
             App-Claudius
             .
          
           
             He
             is
             chosen
             Quaestor
             .
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             .
          
           
             He
             makes
             a
             Peace
             with
             the
             Numantines
             .
          
           
             The
             Peace
             Broken.
             
          
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             .
          
           
             Plutarch
             styles
             him
             ,
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             ,
             having
             no
             other
             way
             to
             express
             the
             Latine
             word
             .
             Sapiens
             .
             He
             is
             chosen
             Tribune
             .
          
           
             The
             Law
             concerning
             the
             division
             of
             Lands
             .
          
           
             Tiberius's
             Speech
             .
          
           
             
               M
               ▪
               Octavius
            
             opp●ses
             this
             Law.
             
          
           
             Octavius
             Deposed
             .
          
           
             This
             Law
             was
             again
             Ratified
             .
          
           
             An
             Obolus
             is
             a
             Penny
             Farthing
             .
          
           
             Tiberius
             disposes
             of
             King
             Attalas's
             Legacy
             to
             the
             Common
             People
             .
          
           
             Tiberius's
             Speech
             .
          
           
             Several
             ill
             Omens
             happen'd
             to
             him
             .
          
           
             Tiberius
             slain
             .
          
           
             Gracchus
             his
             Character
             .
          
           
             He
             is
             chosen
             Quaestor
             .
          
           
             His
             Dream
             .
          
           
             His
             Laws
             .
          
           
             Other
             Laws
             preferr'd
             by
             C.
             Grach
             .
          
           
             Cajus's
             Power
             .
          
           
             The
             Italian
             Mile
             contains
             8
             Furlongs
             .
          
           
             Caius
             chosen
             Tribune
             the
             second
             time
             .
          
           
             The
             Death
             of
             Scipio
             .
          
           
             Ill
             Omens
             happen
             to
             Caius
             .
          
           
             Caius
             miss'd
             of
             his
             third
             Tribuneship
             .
          
           
             *
             This
             saying
             is
             occasion'd
             from
             a
             poysonous
             Herb
             in
             that
             Country
             ,
             which
             whoever
             tasts
             of
             ,
             he
             presently
             seems
             to
             laugh
             ,
             and
             in
             that
             posture
             dies
             .
          
           
             Opimius
             is
             the
             same
             Person
             ,
             who
             in
             this
             Life
             was
             before
             mentioned
             by
             the
             Name
             of
             
               L.
               Hostilius
            
             .
          
           
             A
             Decree
             of
             the
             Senate
             against
             
               Caius
               Gracchus
            
             .
          
           
             
             Licinia's
             Speech
             to
             her
             Husband
             
               Caius
               Gracchus
            
             .
          
           
             Fulvius
             sent
             his
             youngest
             Son
             t●
             tre●●
             of
             a
             Peace
             
          
           
             Fulvius
             and
             his
             eldest
             Son
             slain
             .
          
           
             
             Caius's
             Flight
             .
          
           
             
             Caius's
             Death
             .
          
           
             The
             power
             of
             Education
             to
             conquer
             Afflictions
             .