A briefe introduction to geography containing a description of the grounds, and generall part thereof, very necessary for young students in that science. VVritten by that learned man, Mr William Pemble, Master of Arts, of Magdalen Hall in Oxford.
         Pemble, William, 1592?-1623.
      
       
         
           1630
        
      
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             A briefe introduction to geography containing a description of the grounds, and generall part thereof, very necessary for young students in that science. VVritten by that learned man, Mr William Pemble, Master of Arts, of Magdalen Hall in Oxford.
             Pemble, William, 1592?-1623.
          
           [4], 64 [i.e. 46], [2] p., folded leaf : ill. (woodcuts)
           
             Printed by Iohn Lichfield printer to the famous Vniversity for Edward Forrest,
             Oxford :
             ann. Dom. 1630.
          
           
             Running title reads: A briefe introduction to geographie.
             The last leaf is blank.
             P. 46 misnumbered 64.
             Reproduction of the original in the British Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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           Geography -- Early works to 1800.
        
      
    
     
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           BRIEFE
           INTRODVCTION
           TO
           GEOGRAPHY
           CONTAINING
           A
           DESCRIPTION
           OF
           THE
           GROVNDS
           ,
           AND
           GENERALL
           PART
           THEREOF
           ,
           VERY
           
             NEcessary
             for
             young
             students
             in
             that
             science
             .
          
        
         
           WRITTEN
           BY
           THAT
           LEARNED
           man
           ,
           M
           r
           WILLIAM
           PEMBLE
           ,
           
             Master
             of
             Arts
             ,
             of
             Magdalen
             Hall
             in
             Oxford
             .
          
        
         
           
             AC
             :
             OX
          
           arms of Oxford University
        
         
           OXFORD
           Printed
           by
           IOHN
           LICHFIELD
           Printer
           to
           the
           Famous
           Vniversity
           for
           EDWARD
           FORREST
           
             Ann.
             Dom.
          
           1630.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           To
           the
           Reader
        
         
           GEntle
           Reader
           ;
           I
           here
           present
           vnto
           thy
           view
           these
           few
           sheets
           ,
           written
           by
           that
           learned
           man
           
             M
             r
             William
             Pemble
          
           ,
           I
           doubt
           not
           to
           call
           him
           the
           father
           ,
           the
           childe
           fauours
           him
           so
           much
           .
           It
           hath
           long
           lay
           bid
           from
           thy
           sight
           ,
           but
           now
           at
           length
           emboldned
           vpon
           thy
           curteous
           acceptance
           of
           his
           former
           labours
           ,
           it
           lookes
           abroad
           into
           the
           world
           ;
           It
           's
           but
           little
           ;
           let
           not
           that
           detract
           any
           thing
           from
           it
           ,
           there
           may
           lie
           much
           ,
           though
           pent
           vp
           in
           a
           narrow
           roome
           ;
           when
           thou
           reades
           ,
           then
           iudge
           of
           it
           ;
           Thus
           much
           may
           bee
           sayd
           :
           Though
           many
           haue
           writ
           of
           this
           subiect
           ,
           yet
           this
           inferiour
           to
           none
           ;
           thou
           may'st
           obserue
           in
           it
           an
           admirable
           mixture
           of
           Art
           and
           delight
           ,
           so
           that
           for
           younger
           Students
           it
           may
           bee
           their
           introduction
           ,
           for
           others
           a
           Remembrancer
           ,
           for
           any
           not
           vnworthy
           the
           perusall
           :
           only
           ,
           let
           it
           finde
           kinde
           entertaynment
           ,
           at
           thy
           hands
           .
        
         
           Farewell
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
         
           A
           BRIEFE
           INTRODVCTION
           
             TO
             GEOGRAPHIE
          
           .
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             1.
             
          
           
             
               A
               generall
               description
               and
               division
               of
               Geography
               .
            
          
           
             TOpographie
             is
             a
             particular
             description
             of
             some
             small
             quantity
             of
             Land
             ,
             such
             as
             Land
             measurers
             sett
             out
             in
             their
             plots
             .
          
           
             Chorographie
             is
             a
             particular
             description
             of
             some
             Country
             ,
             as
             of
             England
             ,
             France
             ,
             or
             any
             shire
             or
             prouince
             in
             them
             :
             as
             in
             the
             Vsuall
             and
             ordinary
             mappe
             .
          
           
             Geography
             is
             an
             art
             of
             science
             teaching
             vs
             the
             generall
             description
             of
             the
             whole
             earth
             ,
             of
             this
             especially
             wee
             are
             now
             to
             speake
             of
             ,
             and
             also
             Chorography
             as
             a
             part
             vnder
             it
             conteyned
             :
             both
             ,
             excellent
             parts
             of
             knowledge
             in
             them selues
             ,
             and
             affoording
             much
             profit
             and
             helpe
             in
             the
             vnderstanding
             of
             history
             &
             other
             things
             .
             The
             parts
             of
             Geography
             are
             two
             .
          
           
             
               Generall
               ,
               which
               treateth
               of
               the
               nature
               ,
               qualities
               ,
               measure
               ,
               with
               other
               generall
               properties
               of
               the
               earth
               .
            
             
               Speciall
               ,
               wherein
               the
               seuerall
               countrys
               and
               coasts
               of
               the
               earth
               are
               deuided
               and
               described
               .
            
          
           
             Of
             the
             generall
             in
             the
             first
             place
             ,
             and
             more
             at
             large
             then
             of
             the
             other
             ,
             because
             it
             is
             more
             difficult
             ,
             and
             hard
             to
             bee
             vnderstood
             ,
             and
             yet
             of
             necessary
             vse
             ,
             for
             the
             vnderstanding
             of
             the
             other
             .
             This
             generall
             tract
             may
             bee
             parted
             into
             fiue
             particular
             heads
             .
          
           
             
             
               1
               of
               the
               properties
               and
               affections
               of
               the
               earth
               .
            
             
               2
               of
               the
               parts
               of
               it
               in
               generall
               .
            
             
               3
               of
               the
               Circles
               of
               it
               .
            
             
               4
               of
               the
               distinction
               and
               diuision
               of
               it
               accordinge
               to
               some
               generall
               conditions
               and
               qualities
               of
               it
               .
            
             
               5
               of
               the
               measuringe
               of
               it
               .
            
          
           
             These
             in
             theire
             order
             .
          
        
         
           
             CAP.
             2.
             
          
           
             
               Of
               certaine
               generall
               properties
               of
               the
               earth
               .
            
          
           
             IN
             Geography
             when
             wee
             name
             the
             earth
             wee
             meane
             not
             the
             earth
             taken
             seuerally
             by
             it selfe
             ,
             without
             the
             seas
             and
             waters
             .
             But
             vnder
             one
             name
             both
             are
             comprised
             ,
             as
             they
             are
             now
             mingled
             one
             with
             another
             and
             doe
             both
             together
             make
             vp
             one
             entire
             and
             round
             body
             .
             Neither
             doe
             wee
             diue
             into
             the
             bowels
             of
             the
             earth
             ,
             and
             ente●
             into
             consideration
             of
             the
             naturall
             qualities
             ,
             which
             are
             in
             the
             substance
             of
             Earth
             and
             water
             ,
             as
             coldnes
             ,
             drinesse
             moisture
             ,
             heauines
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             but
             wee
             looke
             only
             vpon
             the
             out
             side
             ,
             contemplating
             the
             greatnesse
             ,
             scituation
             ,
             distances
             ,
             measuringe
             ,
             and
             other
             such
             affections
             which
             appeare
             in
             the
             superficies
             of
             it
             ,
             to
             the
             eyes
             of
             our
             bodies
             and
             mindes
             :
             These
             then
             of
             the
             earth
             and
             water
             together
             ,
             rules
             are
             to
             bee
             knowne
             ,
          
           
             
               1
               
                 The
                 earth
                 and
                 the
                 water
                 doe
                 make
                 one
                 globe
                 ,
                 i.
                 e
                 ,
                 one
                 round
                 or
                 sphericall
                 body
                 .
              
            
             
               The
               naturall
               place
               of
               the
               water
               is
               to
               bee
               aboue
               the
               earth
               ,
               and
               soe
               it
               was
               in
               the
               first
               creation
               of
               it
               ,
               compassing
               ,
               the
               earth
               round
               aboute
               as
               appeares
               Genes
               .
               1.
               9.
               
               But
               for
               the
               vse
               of
               〈◊〉
               and
               all
               other
               liuing
               creatures
               ,
               God
               made
               a
               separation
               of
               them
               caussing
               the
               waters
               to
               sinke
               downe
               into
               huge
               hollow
               channells
               ,
               prepared
               to
               receaue
               it
               ,
               that
               so
               the
               drie
               land
               might
               appeare
               aboue
               it
               .
               Notwithstanding
               which
               separation
               ,
               they
               doe
               both
               still
               remaine
               together
               ,
               not
               couering
               one
               another
               as
               〈◊〉
               first
               ,
               but
               intermingled
               one
               with
               another
               ,
               and
               that
               soe
               exactly
               as
               they
               now
               make
               but
               one
               round
               body
               ,
               whereas
               at
               first
               
               they
               made
               two
               .
               Here
               therfore
               are
               two
               poynts
               to
               be
               proued
               ,
               1.
               
               That
               they
               are
               one
               globe
               .
               2.
               that
               this
               one
               is
               round
               .
            
             
               1
               They
               are
               one
               globe
               hauing
               the
               same
               Center
               or
               middle
               pointe
               ,
               and
               the
               same
               surface
               or
               conuexe
               superficies
               .
               which
               will
               appeare
               by
               these
               reasons
               .
            
             
               1
               Common
               experience
               .
               Take
               a
               lumpe
               of
               earth
               and
               any
               quantity
               of
               water
               ,
               and
               let
               them
               both
               fall
               downe
               together
               vpon
               the
               earth
               from
               some
               high
               place
               ,
               wee
               see
               that
               in
               the
               descēt
               they
               doe
               not
               seuer
               ,
               but
               keepe
               still
               together
               in
               on
               streight
               line
               ,
               which
               could
               not
               bee
               ,
               if
               the
               earth
               and
               water
               were
               two
               seuerall
               round
               bodies
               hauing
               seuerall
               centers
               .
               As
               for
               example
               suppose
               them
               to
               bee
               two
               globes
               and
               let
               
                 (
                 a
              
               )
               bee
               the
               Center
               of
               the
               earth
               and
               
                 (
                 b
              
               )
               the
               center
               of
               the
               water●
               frō
               
                 (
                 c
              
               )
               some
               high
               place
               aboue
               the
               earth
               hurle
               downe
               earth
               and
               water
               ,
               I
               say
               the
               earth
               will
               part
               from
               the
               water
               in
               going
               downe
               and
               the
               earth
               will
               fall
               downe
               vpon
               
                 (
                 d
              
               )
               &
               the
               water
               vpon
               
                 (
                 e
              
               )
               but
               this
               is
               contrary
               to
               experience
               &
               ergo
               the
               supposition
               is
               false
               .
            
             
             
             
               2
               The
               shadow
               which
               in
               Eclipses
               is
               cast
               vpon
               the
               Moone
               by
               the
               earth
               and
               the
               water
               ,
               is
               but
               one
               and
               not
               two
               ,
               &
               therefore
               the
               body
               is
               so
               likewise
               .
               This
               will
               appeare
               in
               the
               proofe
               of
               the
               next
               point
               ,
               v.
               2.
               
            
             
               2
               
                 That
                 both
                 earth
                 and
                 water
                 are
                 one
                 round
                 body
                 ,
                 〈◊〉
                 square
                 ,
                 long
                 ,
                 hollow
                 ,
                 or
                 of
                 any
                 other
                 figure
                 .
                 This
                 is
                 proued
                 by
                 diuerse
                 reasons
                 .
              
            
             
               1
               By
               Eclipses
               ;
               when
               the
               earth
               ,
               stands
               iust
               betweene
               the
               Sunne
               and
               the
               Moone
               ,
               then
               doth
               the
               shadow
               of
               the
               earth
               falling
               vpon
               the
               Moone
               darken
               it
               wholy
               or
               in
               part
               .
               Now
               as
               is
               the
               fashion
               of
               the
               shadow
               ,
               such
               is
               the
               figure
               of
               the
               body
               ,
               whence
               it
               falls
               ,
               but
               the
               shadow
               of
               the
               earth
               and
               water
               cast
               vpon
               the
               Moone
               is
               round
               ,
               and
               also
               one
               ,
               therefore
               they
               are
               round
               and
               also
               one
               body
               .
            
             
             
             
               2
               By
               the
               orderly
               and
               successiue
               appearing
               of
               the
               starres
               ,
               as
               men
               trauile
               from
               North
               to
               South
               ,
               or
               from
               South
               to
               North
               ;
               by
               sea
               or
               land
               .
               For
               as
               they
               goe
               by
               degrees
               ,
               they
               discouer
               ne●
               starres
               ,
               which
               they
               saw
               not
               before
               ,
               and
               loose
               the
               sight
               of
               them
               they
               did
               ,
               which
               could
               not
               bee
               if
               the
               earth
               were
               not
               round
               ,
               As
               for
               example
               ,
               let
               
                 (
                 X.
                 O.
                 R.
              
               )
               the
               inward
               Circle
               bee
               the
               earth
               ,
               
                 (
                 Q.
                 S.
                 P.
              
               )
               the
               outward
               ,
               the
               Heauen
               :
               they
               cannot
               see
               the
               starre
               
                 (
                 S
              
               )
               which
               dwell
               vpon
               the
               earth
               in
               
                 (
                 X
              
               )
               but
               if
               they
               goe
               Northward
               vnto
               
                 (
                 O
              
               )
               they
               may
               see
               it
               .
               If
               they
               goe
               farther
               to
               
                 (
                 R
              
               )
               they
               may
               see
               the
               starre
               
                 (
                 P
              
               )
               but
               then
               they
               loose
               the
               sight
               of
               the
               starre
               
                 (
                 Q
              
               )
               which
               being
               at
               
                 (
                 X
              
               )
               and
               
                 (
                 O
              
               )
               they
               might
               haue
               seene
               .
               Because
               ,
               as
               it
               appeares
               in
               the
               figure
               ,
               the
               earth
               riseth
               vp
               round
               betweene
               
                 (
                 R
              
               )
               and
               
                 (
                 X
                 )
              
               .
            
             
             
             
               3
               By
               the
               orderly
               and
               successiue
               rising
               of
               the
               Sunne
               and
               starres
               ,
               and
               settinge
               of
               the
               same
               .
               Which
               appeare
               not
               at
               the
               same
               time
               to
               all
               countryes
               ,
               but
               vnto
               one
               after
               another
               .
               As
               for
               example
               ,
               let
               
                 (
                 F.
                 C.
                 B.
              
               )
               be
               the
               Circle
               of
               the
               earth
               ,
               
                 (
                 D.
                 E.
                 A.
              
               )
               the
               Circle
               of
               the
               heauen
               from
               East
               to
               west
               ,
               let
               
                 (
                 A
              
               )
               bee
               the
               Sunne
               or
               a
               starre
               .
               When
               the
               Sunne
               
                 (
                 A
              
               )
               is
               vp
               ,
               and
               shines
               vpon
               them
               that
               dwell
               in
               
                 (
                 B
              
               )
               hee
               is
               not
               risen
               to
               them
               that
               dwell
               in
               
                 (
                 C
              
               )
               againe
               when
               hee
               is
               risen
               higher
               and
               is
               come
               to
               
                 (
                 E
              
               )
               and
               so
               shines
               vpon
               those
               that
               dwell
               in
               
                 (
                 C
              
               )
               hee
               is
               not
               yet
               vp
               to
               them
               that
               dwell
               in
               
                 (
                 F
                 )
              
               .
               Againe
               when
               hee
               setts
               in
               the
               West
               .
               in
               
                 (
                 D
              
               )
               and
               so
               is
               out
               of
               sight
               to
               the
               inhabitants
               in
               
                 (
                 B
              
               )
               hee
               is
               yet
               vp
               to
               them
               that
               dwell
               in
               
                 (
                 C
              
               )
               and
               
                 (
                 F
                 )
              
               .
               Which
               shews
               plainely
               the
               earth
               is
               round
               .
            
             
             
             
               4
               By
               the
               different
               obseruations
               of
               Eclipses
               .
               One
               and
               the
               same
               Eclipse
               appearing
               sooner
               to
               the
               Easterly
               Nations
               then
               those
               that
               lye
               farther
               west
               .
               which
               is
               caused
               by
               the
               bulke
               of
               the
               earth
               swelling
               vp
               betweene
               .
               As
               for
               example
               .
            
             
               Let
               
                 (
                 X.
                 O.
              
               )
               bee
               the
               Circle
               of
               the
               earth
               ,
               and
               the
               greater
               the
               Circle
               of
               the
               heauen
               from
               East
               to
               West
               .
               Let
               
                 (
                 P.
                 Q.
              
               )
               bee
               the
               body
               of
               the
               Sunne
               ,
               
                 (
                 W.
                 S.
              
               )
               of
               the
               Moone
               in
               the
               eclipse
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               earth
               betweene
               it
               and
               the
               Sunne
               .
               It
               is
               manifest
               that
               the
               inhabitants
               in
               
                 (
                 O
              
               )
               shall
               see
               the
               eclipse
               before
               the
               inhabitants
               in
               
                 (
                 X
              
               )
               by
               certaine
               houres
               ,
               according
               as
               the
               distance
               betweene
               
                 (
                 X
              
               )
               and
               
                 (
                 O
              
               )
               is
               more
               or
               lesse
               .
               They
               that
               dwell
               in
               
                 (
                 O
              
               )
               shall
               see
               it
               in
               
                 (
                 S
              
               )
               they
               that
               dwell
               in
               
                 (
                 X
              
               )
               see
               it
               not
               till
               it
               come
               to
               
                 (
                 W
              
               )
               a
               great
               deale
               higher
               .
            
             
             
             
               5
               That
               the
               water
               is
               round
               besides
               the
               naturall
               weight
               and
               moisture
               of
               it
               ,
               which
               being
               apt
               to
               yeeld
               and
               runne
               abroad
               ,
               will
               not
               suffer
               some
               places
               to
               ly
               high
               ,
               and
               some
               low
               ,
               like
               hills
               ,
               &
               dales
               ,
               but
               though
               it
               be
               made
               rough
               and
               vneuen
               by
               tempest
               ,
               doth
               presētly
               returne
               to
               their
               naturall
               smoothnesse
               and
               euennesse
               :
               I
               say
               besides
               this
               :
               it
               is
               cleare
               by
               common
               experience
               ;
               for
               if
               wee
               stand
               on
               the
               land
               ,
               and
               see
               a
               ship
               goe
               forth
               to
               sea
               ,
               by
               degrees
               wee
               loose
               the
               sight
               of
               it
               ,
               first
               of
               the
               bulke
               then
               of
               the
               must
               ,
               and
               all
               .
               So
               also
               one
               the
               other
               side
               they
               that
               are
               at
               sea
               by
               degrees
               do●
               loose
               or
               gaine
               the
               sight
               of
               the
               Land
               :
               As
               for
               example
               .
            
             
               Let
               
                 (
                 A
              
               )
               bee
               some
               steeple
               vpon
               the
               land
               
                 (
                 B
              
               )
               a
               shipp
               at
               sea
               :
               He
               that
               stands
               at
               
                 (
                 A
              
               )
               shall
               by
               little
               and
               little
               loose
               the
               sight
               of
               the
               ship
               ,
               as
               shee
               goes
               out
               ,
               &
               gett
               sight
               of
               her
               as
               shee
               comes
               in
               .
               Both
               first
               and
               last
               hee
               shall
               haue
               the
               sight
               of
               the
               top
               mast
               
                 (
                 B
              
               )
               when
               hee
               sees
               nothing
               else
               .
               Because
               the
               sea
               riseth
               vp
               betweene
               his
               sight
               and
               the
               ship
               .
            
             
             
             
               These
               reasons
               and
               experiments
               may
               suffice
               to
               proue
               the
               roundnesse
               of
               the
               earth
               and
               water
               ;
               which
               might
               bee
               farther
               demonstrated
               by
               shewing
               the
               falshood
               of
               all
               other
               figures
               regular
               or
               irregular
               that
               can
               be
               giuen
               vnto
               it
               :
               that
               it
               is
               neither
               square
               ,
               nor
               three-cornerd
               ,
               nor
               Piramidall
               ,
               nor
               conicall
               on
               Taperwise
               ,
               nor
               Cylindricall
               like
               a
               barley
               rowle
               ,
               nor
               hollow
               like
               a
               dish
               ,
               nor
               of
               any
               other
               fashion
               ,
               as
               some
               haue
               imagined
               it
               to
               bee
               of
               .
               Wee
               come
               to
               this
               second
               rule
               .
            
          
           
             
               2
               
                 The
                 tops
                 of
                 the
                 highest
                 hills
                 ,
                 and
                 bottoms
                 of
                 the
                 lowest
                 vallies
                 although
                 in
                 seuerall
                 places
                 they
                 make
                 the
                 earth
                 vneven
                 ,
                 yet
                 being
                 compared
                 to
                 the
                 vast
                 greatnesse
                 of
                 the
                 whole
                 ,
                 doe
                 not
                 at
                 all
                 hinder
                 the
                 roundnesse
                 of
                 it
                 .
              
            
             
               Among
               all
               Geometricall
               figures
               the
               sphaetiall
               or
               the
               round
               is
               the
               most
               perfect
               ,
               and
               amongst
               all
               naturall
               bodies
               the
               heauen
               is
               the
               most
               excellent
               .
               It
               was
               therefore
               good
               reason
               the
               most
               beautifull
               body
               should
               haue
               the
               most
               perfect
               and
               exquisite
               shape
               .
               Exact
               roundnesse
               then
               is
               not
               found
               in
               any
               body
               ,
               but
               the
               Heauens
               ;
               the
               earth
               is
               round
               as
               was
               showed
               before
               ,
               but
               not
               precisely
               ,
               with
               out
               all
               roughnes
               and
               inaequality
               of
               its
               surface
               .
               There
               are
               hills
               like
               warts
               and
               vallies
               like
               wrinkels
               in
               a
               mans
               body
               ;
               and
               that
               both
               for
               ornament
               and
               vse
               .
               Yet
               is
               there
               such
               vnformity
               in
               this
               varietie
               ,
               as
               that
               there
               is
               no
               notable
               and
               sensible
               inaequa●ity
               made
               in
               the
               earth
               by
               Hills
               and
               vallies
               .
               No
               more
               then
               if
               you
               should
               lay
               a
               sly
               vpon
               a
               smooth
               Cartwheele
               ,
               or
               a
               pinnes
               head
               vpon
               a
               greate
               globe
               .
               Now
               that
               this
               is
               soe
               appeares
               by
               Sense
               and
               Reason
               .
               By
               Sense
               thus
               ,
               If
               wee
               stand
               on
               a
               hill
               or
               in
               a
               plaine
               ,
               when
               wee
               may
               discrie
               the
               country
               round
               about
               15.
               or
               20.
               miles
               :
               wee
               may
               behold
               the
               b●im
               or
               edge
               of
               the
               earth
               round
               about
               vs
               to
               bee
               in
               a
               manner
               euen
               and
               streight
               ,
               euen
               there
               ,
               where
               the
               country
               is
               very
               hilly
               ,
               and
               full
               of
               mountaines
               .
               So
               th●t
               a
               farre
               of
               their
               height
               makes
               but
               a
               little
               alteration
               and
               difference
               from
               the
               plaine
               Countreys
               ,
               when
               wee
               behold
               all
               togeather
               a
               farre
               of
               :
               though
               when
               wee
               come
               neere
               ,
               the
               alteration
               seemes
               more
               sensible
               .
            
             
               By
               reason
               thus
               ,
               the
               thicknesse
               of
               halfe
               the
               earth
               is
               (
               as
               shall
               be
               shewed
               about
               4000
               miles
               ,
               now
               the
               plumb
               height
               of
               
               the
               highest
               mountaines
               ,
               is
               not
               accounted
               aboue
               a
               mile
               and
               a
               halfe
               ,
               or
               two
               miles
               at
               the
               most
               .
               Now
               betweene
               two
               miles
               and
               foure
               thousand
               ,
               there
               is
               no
               sensible
               proportion
               ,
               and
               a
               line
               that
               is
               foure
               thousand
               and
               two
               miles
               long
               ,
               will
               not
               seeme
               sensibly
               longer
               then
               that
               which
               is
               foure
               thousand
               ;
               as
               for
               example
               .
               Let
               
                 (
                 O
              
               )
               be
               the
               center
               of
               the
               earth
               ,
               
                 (
                 XW
              
               )
               a
               part
               of
               the
               circle
               of
               the
               earth
               which
               runneth
               by
               the
               bottomes
               of
               the
               hils
               and
               superficies
               of
               champion
               and
               even
               plaines
               
                 (
                 WO
              
               )
               or
               
                 (
                 XO
              
               )
               is
               the
               semidiam●ter
               or
               halfe
               the
               depth
               of
               the
               earth
               .
               
                 (
                 S
              
               )
               is
               a
               hill
               rising
               vp
               aboue
               that
               plaine
               of
               the
               earth
               ,
               
                 (
                 WS
              
               )
               is
               the
               plumb
               height
               of
               the
               hill
               .
               I
               say
               that
               
                 (
                 WS
              
               )
               doth
               not
               sensibly
               alter
               the
               length
               of
               the
               line
               
                 (
                 OW
                 )
              
               ;
               for
               
                 (
                 WS
              
               )
               is
               but
               two
               miles
               .
               
                 (
                 WO
              
               )
               4000
               miles
               ,
               and
               two
               to
               4000
               alters
               not
               much
               more
               ,
               then
               the
               breadth
               of
               a
               pinne
               to
               the
               length
               of
               a
               pearch
               .
               So
               a
               line
               drawne
               from
               
                 (
                 O
              
               )
               the
               center
               to
               
                 (
                 S
              
               )
               the
               top
               of
               the
               hill
               ,
               is
               in
               a
               manner
               all
               one
               with
               a
               line
               drawen
               to
               
                 (
                 W
              
               )
               the
               bottome
               of
               the
               hill
               .
            
             
          
           
             
             
               The
               third
               rule
               .
            
             
               3
               
                 The
                 earth
                 resteth
                 immovable
                 in
                 the
                 very
                 midst
                 of
                 the
                 whole
                 earth
                 .
              
            
             
               Two
               points
               are
               here
               to
               be
               demonstrated
               .
               
                 First
                 that
                 the
                 earth
                 standeth
                 exactly
                 in
                 the
                 midst
                 of
                 the
                 World.
                 Secondly
                 that
                 it
                 is
                 immoveable
                 .
              
               The
               former
               is
               proved
               by
               these
               reasons
               .
            
             
               1
               The
               naturall
               heavinesse
               of
               the
               earth
               and
               water
               is
               such
               ,
               as
               they
               will
               never
               cease
               mooving
               downewards
               till
               they
               come
               to
               the
               lowest
               place
               ;
               Now
               the
               center
               or
               middle
               point
               of
               the
               world
               is
               the
               lowest
               place
               ,
               and
               ergo
               they
               must
               needs
               moue
               thither
               ,
               as
               for
               example
               .
            
             
               Let
               
                 (
                 O
              
               )
               be
               the
               center
               of
               the
               world
               ,
               
                 (
                 C
                 D
                 E
              
               )
               the
               heauens
               :
               it
               is
               manifest
               that
               the
               lowest
               place
               from
               the
               heauens
               on
               all
               sides
               is
               
                 (
                 O
                 )
              
               .
               S●uppose
               the
               earth
               to
               be
               in
               
                 (
                 A
              
               )
               or
               in
               
                 (
                 B
              
               )
               some
               where
               out
               of
               the
               center
               .
               I
               say
               it
               is
               not
               possible
               (
               vnlesse
               it
               be
               violently
               held
               vp
               )
               that
               it
               should
               abide
               there
               ,
               but
               it
               will
               descend
               till
               it
               come
               to
               
                 (
                 O
              
               )
               the
               middle
               point
               .
            
             
             
             
               2
               If
               the
               earth
               stood
               any
               where
               but
               in
               the
               midest
               we
               should
               not
               see
               halfe
               the
               heauens
               aboue
               vs
               ,
               as
               now
               we
               alway
               doe
               ,
               neither
               could
               there
               be
               any
               Aequinox
               ,
               neither
               would
               the
               daies
               and
               nights
               lengthen
               and
               shorten
               in
               that
               due
               order
               and
               proportion
               in
               all
               places
               of
               the
               World
               as
               now
               they
               doe
               ;
               againe
               Eclipses
               would
               never
               fall
               out
               but
               in
               one
               part
               of
               the
               heavens
               ,
               yea
               the
               Sunne
               and
               Moone
               might
               be
               directly
               opposite
               one
               to
               another
               and
               yet
               no
               Eclipse
               follow
               ,
               all
               which
               are
               absurd
               .
               As
               for
               example
               ,
               let
               the
               center
               of
               the
               World
               be
               
                 (
                 O
              
               )
               let
               the
               earth
               stand
               in
               
                 (
                 A
                 )
              
               ,
               a
               good
               way
               distant
               from
               the
               center
               ,
               it
               is
               manifest
               that
               the
               greater
               halfe
               of
               the
               Heauens
               
                 (
                 C
                 I
                 B
              
               )
               will
               alwaies
               be
               aboue
               ,
               and
               the
               lesse
               halfe
               
                 (
                 C
                 D
                 B
              
               )
               below
               ,
               which
               is
               contrary
               to
               experience
               .
               Thence
               also
               it
               followes
               that
               the
               daies
               and
               nights
               will
               never
               be
               equall
               ,
               for
               the
               Sunne
               
                 (
                 B
              
               )
               will
               be
               alwaies
               longer
               aboue
               the
               earth
               whil'st
               he
               moues
               from
               
                 (
                 B
              
               )
               to
               
                 (
                 C
              
               )
               then
               below
               ,
               mouing
               from
               
                 (
                 C
              
               )
               to
               
                 (
                 B
                 )
              
               .
               Againe
               the
               Sunne
               
                 (
                 B
              
               )
               may
               stand
               iust
               opposite
               to
               the
               Moone
               (
               X
               )
               and
               yet
               noe
               Eclipse
               follow
               ,
               the
               earth
               which
               makes
               the
               Eclipse
               ,
               standing
               out
               of
               the
               midst
               .
            
             
             
             
               3
               The
               shadowes
               of
               all
               bodies
               on
               the
               earth
               would
               not
               fall
               in
               that
               orderly
               vniformity
               as
               they
               now
               doe
               :
               for
               if
               the
               earth
               stood
               towards
               the
               East
               ,
               the
               shadowes
               would
               be
               shortest
               before
               noone
               ,
               if
               toward
               the
               west
               afternoone
               ,
               if
               towards
               the
               North
               ,
               the
               shadowes
               would
               still
               fall
               Northward
               ,
               if
               towards
               the
               South
               ,
               Southwards
               ,
               all
               which
               experience
               shewes
               to
               be
               false
               .
               As
               for
               example
               ,
               let
               the
               earth
               stand
               Eastwards
               in
               
                 (
                 A
              
               )
               the
               shadow
               of
               any
               body
               vpon
               the
               earth
               ,
               as
               of
               the
               body
               vnder
               
                 (
                 E
              
               )
               will
               be
               shorter
               in
               the
               morning
               when
               the
               sunne
               is
               in
               
                 (
                 C
                 )
              
               ,
               then
               at
               noone
               when
               the
               sunne
               is
               in
               (
               X
               )
               .
               If
               the
               earth
               stand
               Southward
               in
               
                 (
                 W
              
               )
               the
               shaddow
               of
               any
               body
               will
               alwaies
               fall
               south
               ,
               as
               it
               doth
               in
               the
               figure
               
                 (
                 Y
              
               )
               and
               
                 (
                 Z.
              
               )
            
             
             
             
               
                 The
                 second
                 thing
                 to
                 be
                 proued
                 was
                 that
                 the
                 earth
                 is
                 immoueable
                 .
              
               where
               wee
               must
               vnderstand
               a
               double
               motion
               ,
               Streight
               ,
               or
               Circular
               .
               For
               the
               first
               it
               is
               cleare
               that
               with
               out
               supernaturall
               violence
               it
               cannot
               bee
               moued
               in
               any
               streight
               motion
               ,
               that
               is
               ,
               vpward
               downewarde
               ,
               or
               toward
               any
               side
               ;
               it
               cannot
               bee
               shoued
               out
               of
               his
               place
               .
            
             
               For
               the
               Second
               ,
               whether
               abiding
               still
               in
               his
               place
               it
               may
               not
               moue
               rounde
               ,
               the
               question
               is
               disputed
               ,
               and
               maintained
               one
               both
               sides
               .
               Some
               affirme
               it
               may
               ,
               and
               doth
               :
               who
               thinke
               there
               is
               greater
               probabilitie
               the
               earth
               should
               mooue
               round
               once
               a
               day
               ,
               then
               that
               the
               Heauens
               should
               :
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               incredible
               swiftnesse
               of
               the
               heauens
               motion
               ,
               scares
               conpetible
               to
               any
               naturall
               body
               ;
               and
               the
               more
               likely
               Slownesse
               of
               the
               earths
               mouing
               .
               Others
               deny
               it
               grounding
               theire
               opinion
               vpon
               Scripture
               ,
               which
               affirmes
               the
               earth
               to
               stand
               fast
               ,
               so
               as
               it
               cannot
               bee
               moued
               ;
               and
               vpon
               Sence
               ,
               because
               wee
               perceaue
               it
               not
               to
               moue
               ,
               and
               lastly
               vpon
               reasons
               drawne
               from
               things
               hurled
               vp
               ,
               and
               let
               fall
               vpon
               the
               earth
               .
               The
               arguments
               on
               both
               sides
               wil
               bee
               more
               easie
               to
               bee
               vnderstood
               by
               the
               figure
               that
               followes
               .
            
             
             
             
               In
               this
               figure
               it
               is
               manifest
               ,
               that
               the
               earth
               in
               the
               midest
               ,
               cannot
               ●oue
               by
               any
               streight
               motion
               ,
               vpward
               towarde
               
                 (
                 N
              
               )
               or
               sideward
               toward
               
                 (
                 M
              
               )
               or
               any
               other
               way
               out
               of
               its
               proper
               place
               ,
               and
               therefore
               that
               opinion
               of
               Copernicus
               and
               others
               ,
               that
               the
               earth
               should
               moue
               round
               once
               ayeere
               in
               such
               a
               Circle
               as
               
                 (
                 M
                 P
                 R
              
               )
               is
               most
               improbable
               &
               vnreasonable
               .
               And
               reiected
               by
               the
               most
               .
            
             
               But
               although
               it
               cannot
               moue
               streight
               ,
               it
               may
               moue
               round
               .
               For
               though
               it
               be
               a
               m●rueilous
               great
               body
               of
               vnconceaueable
               weight
               ,
               yet
               being
               equally
               poised
               on
               euery
               side
               ,
               there
               is
               nothing
               can
               hinder
               its
               Circular
               motion
               :
               As
               in
               a
               Globe
               of
               Lead
               ,
               or
               any
               other
               heauy
               substance
               ,
               though
               it
               were
               40.
               
               Fadome
               in
               compasse
               ,
               yet
               being
               set
               vpon
               his
               two
               Poles
               ,
               it
               would
               easily
               bee
               turned
               round
               eu●n
               with
               a
               touch
               of
               ones
               little
               finger
               .
               And
               therefore
               it
               is
               concluded
               that
               this
               circular
               motion
               is
               not
               impossible
               .
               The
               probabilitie
               of
               it
               is
               thus
               made
               plaine
               .
               The
               whole
               circuit
               of
               the
               Heauens
               ,
               wherein
               are
               the
               fixed
               Starrs
               is
               reckoned
               by
               Astronomers
               to
               bee
               1017562500.
               that
               is
               a
               Thousand
               and
               seauenteene
               Millions
               of
               〈…〉
               les
               ,
               fiue
               hundred
               sixty
               two
               thousand
               ,
               and
               fiue
               hundred
               miles
               .
               Let
               this
               bee
               the
               compasse
               of
               the
               Circle
               
                 (
                 N
                 M
                 O
                 Z.
              
               )
               So
               many
               miles
               doth
               the
               Heau●ns
               moue
               in
               one
               day
               ,
               till
               the
               same
               point
               come
               to
               the
               place
               from
               whence
               it
               went
               ;
               as
               till
               
                 (
                 N
              
               )
               moue
               round
               ,
               and
               come
               to
               
                 (
                 N
              
               )
               againe
               .
               This
               being
               the
               motion
               of
               the
               whole
               day
               24
               ,
               ●ou●es
               how
               m●ny
               miles
               will
               
                 (
                 N
              
               )
               moue
               in
               one
               houre
               ?
               ●t
               will
               moue
               423
               〈◊〉
               4●7
               and
               a
               halfe
               .
               
                 i.
                 e.
              
               Forty
               two
               Millions
               three
               hundred
               ninty
               eight
               thousand
               ,
               foure
               hundred
               thirty
               seuen
               miles
               and
               an
               halfe
               .
               So
               many
               miles
               will
               
                 (
                 N
              
               )
               moue
               in
               one
               houre
               ,
               from
               
                 (
                 N
              
               )
               to
               
                 (
                 M.
              
               )
               A
               motion
               so
               swi●●
               that
               it
               is
               vtterly
               〈…〉
               dible
               .
               Farre
               more
               likely
               it
               is
               ,
               the
               circuit
               of
               the
               earth
               
                 (
                 A
                 S
                 X
                 V
              
               )
               being
               about
               24000.
               
                 i.
                 e.
              
               twenty
               foure
               thousand
               〈…〉
               les
               〈◊〉
               or
               lesse
               ,
               it
               should
               moue
               round
               once
               aday
               For
               then
               one
               point
               as
               
                 (
                 N
              
               )
               should
               moue
               in
               one
               houre
               from
               
                 (
                 X
              
               )
               to
               
                 (
                 V
              
               )
               but
               a
               thousand
               miles
               ,
               which
               motion
               although
               it
               bee
               swifter
               then
               any
               arrow
               or
               bullet
               from
               a
               Cannons
               mouth
               ,
               yet
               is
               it
               incomparably
               flower
               then
               that
               of
               the
               Heauens
               ,
               where
               so
               many
               
               Millions
               are
               posted
               ouer
               in
               an
               houre
               .
            
             
               Now
               for
               the
               saluing
               of
               all
               the
               caelestiall
               Phaenomena
               ,
               or
               appearances
               ,
               the
               truth
               is
               the
               same
               ,
               if
               wee
               suppose
               the
               earth
               to
               moue
               ,
               as
               if
               wee
               beleeue
               it
               to
               stand
               still
               .
               The
               riseing
               of
               the
               Sunne
               and
               Starres
               ,
               the
               motions
               of
               all
               the
               Planets
               ,
               will
               keepe
               Correspondence
               that
               now
               .
               Nor
               neede
               wee
               feare
               logging
               ,
               or
               that
               steples
               and
               towers
               would
               totter
               downe
               ,
               for
               the
               motion
               is
               regular
               ,
               and
               steady
               without
               rubbes
               ,
               and
               knocks
               .
               As
               if
               you
               turne
               a
               globe
               about
               ,
               it
               will
               goe
               steadyly
               ,
               and
               a
               fly
               will
               set
               fast
               vpon
               it
               ,
               though
               you
               moue
               it
               apace
               .
               Besides
               the
               whole
               body
               the
               ayre
               is
               carryed
               about
               with
               the
               whi●linge
               of
               the
               earth
               ,
               so
               that
               the
               earth
               will
               make
               noe
               winde
               ,
               as
               it
               turnes
               swiftly
               about
               ;
               as
               a
               wheele
               will
               ,
               if
               it
               bee
               turned
               apace
               .
            
             
               Notwithstanding
               all
               this
               ,
               most
               are
               of
               another
               opinion
               ,
               that
               the
               earth
               standeth
               still
               without
               all
               motion
               ,
               rest
               rather
               befittinge
               so
               heauy
               and
               dull
               a
               body
               then
               motion
               .
               The
               maine
               reason
               brought
               to
               establish
               it
               is
               this
               .
               Let
               a
               stone
               bee
               throwne
               downe
               out
               of
               the
               ayre
               from
               
                 (
                 W
                 :
              
               )
               if
               the
               earth
               stand
               still
               ,
               it
               is
               manifest
               it
               will
               fall
               vpon
               
                 (
                 X
              
               )
               iust
               vnder
               it
               ;
               as
               wee
               see
               it
               doth
               by
               common
               experience
               ,
               a
               stone
               will
               fall
               downe
               from
               any
               height
               vpon
               the
               place
               wee
               aymed
               at
               ,
               but
               let
               the
               earth
               moue
               ,
               the
               stone
               will
               not
               light
               vpon
               
                 (
                 X
                 ,
              
               )
               but
               some
               where
               else
               as
               one
               
                 (
                 S
                 :
              
               )
               for
               
                 (
                 X
              
               )
               will
               bee
               moued
               away
               ,
               and
               gone
               to
               
                 (
                 U.
              
               )
            
             
               So
               againe
               let
               two
               peices
               of
               ordinance
               that
               will
               shoote
               at
               equall
               distance
               bee
               discharged
               one
               iust
               towards
               the
               East
               ,
               the
               other
               towards
               the
               West
               ;
               if
               the
               earth
               moue
               (
               as
               they
               say
               it
               doth
               )
               towards
               the
               West
               ,
               the
               bullet
               that
               is
               discharged
               Eastward
               will
               fly
               farther
               then
               that
               Westward
               .
               For
               by
               the
               contrary
               motion
               of
               the
               earth
               hee
               will
               gaine
               ground
               .
               But
               experience
               hath
               proued
               this
               to
               bee
               false
               ,
               shewing
               that
               the
               bullets
               ,
               will
               both
               fly
               at
               equall
               distance
               .
            
             
               To
               salue
               thi●
               answere
               is
               made
               that
               the
               earth
               by
               its
               swist
               motion
               carries
               with
               it
               and
               that
               steadily
               not
               only
               all
               bodies
               resting
               or
               moueing
               vpon
               it
               ,
               but
               also
               the
               whole
               Sphaere
               of
               Aire
               
                 (
                 W
                 E
                 Q
              
               )
               with
               all
               things
               whatsoeuer
               that
               are
               moued
               in
               it
               naturally
               or
               violently
               ,
               as
               clouds
               ,
               birds
               ,
               stones
               hurled
               vp
               or
               
               downe
               ,
               arrowes
               ,
               bullets
               ,
               and
               such
               like
               things
               violently
               shott
               forth
               :
               as
               may
               appeare
               in
               the
               figure
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               fourth
               rule
               .
            
             
               4
               The
               earth
               ,
               though
               it
               bee
               of
               exceeding
               greate
               quantity
               being
               considered
               in
               itselfe
               ,
               yet
               being
               compared
               to
               the
               Heauens
               ,
               especially
               the
               higher
               sphaeres
               ,
               is
               of
               noe
               notable
               bignes
               ,
               but
               may
               be
               accounted
               as
               a
               point
               or
               pricke
               in
               the
               middest
               of
               the
               world
               .
            
             
               That
               the
               earth
               is
               noe
               bigger
               then
               a
               point
               or
               pinns
               head
               in
               comparison
               of
               the
               highest
               heauens
               will
               easily
               appeare
               vnto
               vs
               ,
               by
               these
               reasons
               .
            
             
               1
               The
               starres
               which
               are
               many
               times
               bigger
               then
               the
               earth
               ,
               seeme
               yet
               to
               vs
               to
               bee
               noe
               bigger
               then
               a
               greate
               pinns
               head
               ,
               or
               such
               like
               quantity
               ;
               therefore
               much
               lesse
               shall
               the
               earth
               appeare
               to
               bee
               of
               any
               sensible
               magnitude
               .
            
             
               2
               Wee
               alwaies
               beholde
               halfe
               the
               heauens
               aboue
               vs
               ,
               which
               could
               not
               bee
               if
               the
               earth
               had
               any
               sensible
               proportion
               to
               the
               heauen
               .
            
             
               3
               All
               obseruations
               of
               hights
               and
               distances
               of
               the
               coelestiall
               bodies
               ,
               which
               are
               made
               on
               the
               superficies
               of
               the
               earth
               ,
               are
               as
               exact
               ,
               and
               true
               ,
               as
               if
               they
               were
               made
               in
               the
               very
               centre
               of
               the
               earth
               .
               Which
               were
               impossible
               ,
               vnlesse
               the
               thicknes
               of
               the
               earth
               were
               insensible
               in
               regard
               of
               the
               Heauens
               .
            
             
               4
               All
               Sunn
               Dialls
               which
               stand
               on
               the
               superficies
               of
               the
               earth
               ,
               doe
               as
               truely
               cast
               the
               shadowes
               of
               the
               houres
               ,
               as
               if
               they
               stood
               in
               the
               Center
               .
               As
               for
               example
               .
            
             
               The
               starre
               
                 (
                 S
              
               )
               appeares
               like
               a
               point
               or
               pricke
               to
               them
               that
               dwell
               in
               
                 (
                 A
              
               )
               wherefore
               the
               earth
               
                 (
                 O
                 X
              
               )
               will
               appeare
               much
               lesse
               to
               the
               sight
               of
               him
               that
               should
               behold
               it
               from
               
                 (
                 S
                 )
              
               ,
               nay
               it
               would
               not
               bee
               seene
               at
               all
               .
               Againe
               halfe
               the
               Heauens
               
                 (
                 B
                 F
                 E
              
               )
               are
               alwayes
               seene
               to
               thē
               that
               dwell
               in
               
                 (
                 A
              
               )
               wanting
               some
               two
               minutes
               ,
               betweene
               
                 (
                 E
                 D
              
               )
               and
               
                 (
                 B
                 C
              
               )
               which
               difference
               is
               alltogether
               insensible
               .
               Againe
               if
               wee
               obserue
               the
               height
               of
               the
               starre
               
                 (
                 S
              
               )
               aboue
               the
               Horizon
               
                 (
                 B
                 E
              
               )
               it
               will
               bee
               all
               one
               namely
               
                 (
                 B
                 S
              
               )
               whether
               wee
               obserue
               it
               in
               the
               topp
               of
               the
               earth
               in
               
                 (
                 A
              
               )
               or
               in
               the
               middle
               in
               
                 (
                 O.
              
               )
               For
               ,
               
                 (
                 A
              
               )
               and
               
                 (
                 O
                 ,
              
               )
               are
               so
               little
               distant
               
               one
               from
               another
               ,
               that
               
                 (
                 A
                 S
                 ,
              
               )
               and
               
                 (
                 O
                 S
              
               )
               will
               bee
               paralell
               lines
               ,
               and
               bee
               esteemed
               but
               〈◊〉
               one
               line
               .
               The
               fourth
               reason
               concerning
               Dialls
               ,
               is
               cleare
               by
               the
               framing
               and
               constructio●
               of
               them
               :
               wherein
               either
               the
               lower
               end
               of
               the
               Cocke
               (
               or
               Gnomon
               )
               whereat
               all
               the
               houre
               lines
               meet
               ,
               or
               the
               vpperend
               and
               knobb
               (
               as
               in
               many
               Dialls
               )
               is
               supposed
               to
               bee
               the
               Center
               of
               the
               earth
               .
            
             
          
        
         
           
           
             CAP.
             3.
             
          
           
             
               Of
               the
               parts
               of
               the
               terrestriall
               Globe
               .
            
          
           
             THe
             properties
             of
             the
             earthly
             Globe
             haue
             beene
             handled
             in
             the
             former
             chapter
             wee
             come
             now
             to
             the
             parts
             ,
             which
             are
             two
             in
             generall
             .
          
           
             
               
                 Earth
              
               
                 Water
              
            
             Both
             containe
             vnder
             them
             more
             particular
             parts
             to
             be
             knowne
             .
          
           
             The
             more
             notable
             parts
             of
             the
             Earth
             are
             these
             .
             
               
                 1
                 A
                 Continent
                 or
                 maine
                 Land
                 ,
                 or
                 as
                 some
                 call
                 it
                 firme
                 Land
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 not
                 parted
                 by
                 the
                 Sea
                 running
                 betweene
                 .
              
               
                 2
                 An
                 Iland
                 ,
                 a
                 land
                 compassed
                 about
                 with
                 waters
                 .
              
               
                 3
                 A
                 Peninsula
                 ,
                 a
                 land
                 almost
                 surrounded
                 by
                 waters
                 saue
                 at
                 one
                 place
                 ,
                 where
                 it
                 ioynes
                 by
                 anarrow
                 necke
                 of
                 land
                 to
                 the
                 Continent
                 ;
                 this
                 is
                 also
                 called
                 Chersonesus
                 .
              
               
                 4
                 An
                 Isthmus
                 ,
                 a
                 streight
                 necke
                 of
                 land
                 which
                 ioynes
                 two
                 countreys
                 together
                 ,
                 and
                 keepes
                 the
                 Sea
                 from
                 compassing
                 the
                 one
                 .
              
               
                 5
                 A
                 Promontorie
                 or
                 head
                 land
                 running
                 farre
                 out
                 into
                 the
                 Sea
                 like
                 a
                 wedge
                 .
              
               
                 
                   
                     All
                     easie
                     to
                     bee
                     knowne
                     without
                     any
                     definition
                     .
                  
                   
                     6
                     A
                     Mountaine
                  
                   
                     7
                     A
                     Valley
                  
                   
                     8
                     A
                     Champion
                     plain
                  
                   
                     9
                     A
                     Wood
                  
                
              
            
          
           
             The
             more
             notable
             parts
             of
             the
             Water
             are
             these
             
               
                 1
                 Mare
                 the
                 Sea
                 ,
                 or
                 Ocean
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 the
                 gathering
                 together
                 of
                 all
                 waters
                 .
              
               
                 2.
                 
                 Fretum
                 a
                 streight
                 or
                 narrow
                 sea
                 running
                 betweene
                 two
                 lands
                 .
              
               
                 3
                 S●nu●
                 a
                 Creeke
                 ,
                 Gulfe
                 ,
                 or
                 Bay
                 ,
                 when
                 the
                 sea
                 runnes
                 vp
                 into
                 the
                 bosome
                 of
                 the
                 land
                 by
                 a
                 narrow
                 enterance
                 but
                 openeth
                 it
                 broader
                 when
                 it
                 is
                 within
                 ;
                 if
                 it
                 bee
                 very
                 litell
                 it
                 is
                 called
                 a
                 Hauen
                 ,
                 Portus
                 .
              
               
                 
                 4
                 Lacus
                 a
                 Lake
                 ,
                 a
                 little
                 sea
                 with
                 in
                 the
                 land
                 hauing
                 riuers
                 running
                 into
                 it
                 ,
                 or
                 out
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 or
                 both
                 .
                 If
                 it
                 hath
                 neither
                 it
                 is
                 calldd
                 Staguum
                 a
                 standing
                 Poole
                 ,
                 also
                 Palus
                 ;
                 a
                 senne
                 .
              
               
                 5
                 Fluvius
                 a
                 Riuer
                 ,
                 which
                 from
                 the
                 pleasantnesse
                 is
                 also
                 called
                 Amnis
                 ;
                 from
                 the
                 smalnesse
                 of
                 it
                 Rivus
                 .
              
            
          
           
           
        
         
           
             CAP.
             4.
             
          
           
             
               Of
               the
               circles
               of
               the
               earth
               .
            
          
           
             IN
             a
             round
             body
             as
             the
             earth
             is
             ,
             there
             can
             be
             no
             distinction
             of
             parts
             ,
             &
             places
             ,
             without
             the
             helpe
             of
             some
             lines
             drawen
             or
             imagined
             to
             be
             drawen
             vpon
             it
             .
             Now
             though
             there
             are
             not
             ,
             no●
             can
             be
             any
             circles
             truly
             drawen
             vpon
             the
             earth
             ,
             yet
             because
             there
             is
             a
             good
             ground
             in
             nature
             and
             reason
             of
             things
             for
             them
             ,
             we
             must
             imagine
             them
             to
             be
             drawen
             vpon
             the
             earth
             ,
             as
             truly
             as
             we
             see
             them
             described
             vpon
             a
             Globe
             or
             in
             a
             plaine
             paper
             .
             Further
             this
             must
             be
             noted
             ,
             that
             all
             circles
             on
             the
             earth
             haue
             the
             like
             opposite
             vnto
             them
             conc●aved
             to
             be
             the
             Heavenes
             ,
             vnder
             which
             they
             are
             directly
             scituated
             .
             Thus
             knowen
             ,
             the
             circles
             that
             wee
             are
             to
             take
             the
             speciall
             notice
             of
             are
             of
             two
             sorts
             ,
             
               
                 Greater
                 and
              
               
                 Lesser
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               The
               greater
               circles
               are
               those
               which
               devide
               this
               earthly
               globe
               into
               equall
               halfes
               or
               Haemispheres
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               lesser
               are
               those
               which
               devide
               it
               into
               two
               vnequall
               parts
               ,
               one
               bigger
               ,
               another
               lesse
               .
            
          
           
             Of
             the
             former
             sort
             there
             are
             foure
             ,
             the
             
               
                 1
                 Aequator
                 .
              
               
                 2
                 Meridian
                 .
              
               
                 3
                 Horizon
                 .
              
               
                 4
                 Zodiack
                 ,
                 or
                 Eclipticke
                 .
              
            
          
           
             1
             
               The
               Aequitor
               or
               Aequonoctiall
               li●e
               ,
               is
               a
               li●e
               dra●●●
               iust
               in
               the
               midst
               of
               the
               earth
               ,
               from
               East
               to
               West
               ,
               which
               compasseth
               it
               as
               a
               girdle
               doth
               a
               mans
               body
               ,
               and
               devideth
               it
               into
               two
               
               equall
               parts
               ,
               one
               〈◊〉
               the
               North
               side
               ,
               the
               other
               on
               the
               South
            
             The
             two
             points
             in
             the
             earth
             that
             are
             every
             way
             fa●hest
             distant
             from
             it
             North
             ,
             &
             South
             are
             called
             the
             Poles
             of
             the
             earth
             which
             doe
             directly
             stand
             vnder
             the
             two
             like
             points
             in
             the
             Heaven
             ,
             so
             called
             because
             the
             Heaven
             turnes
             about
             vpon
             them
             ,
             as
             the
             Earth
             doth
             in
             a
             Globe
             that
             's
             set
             in
             a
             frame
             .
             This
             circle
             is
             of
             the
             first
             &
             principall
             note
             and
             vse
             in
             Geography
             ,
             because
             all
             measurings
             for
             distances
             of
             places
             and
             quarters
             of
             the
             Earth
             are
             reckoned
             in
             it
             ,
             or
             from
             it
             .
             It
             is
             called
             the
             Aequinoctiall
             ,
             because
             when
             the
             Sunne
             in
             the
             Heavens
             co
             〈…〉
             es
             to
             be
             directly
             over
             that
             circle
             in
             the
             earth
             ,
             the
             daies
             &
             nights
             are
             of
             equall
             length
             in
             all
             parts
             of
             the
             world
             .
             Marriners
             call
             it
             by
             a
             kind
             of
             excellency
             ,
             
               The
               line
            
             .
             Vpon
             the
             Globe
             it
             is
             easily
             discerned
             being
             drawen
             bigger
             then
             any
             other
             circles
             from
             East
             to
             West
             ,
             and
             with
             small
             divisions
             .
          
           
             2
             
               The
               Meridian
               ,
               is
               a
               line
               that
               is
               drawen
               quite
               crosse
               the
               Aequinoctiall
               ,
               and
               passeth
               through
               the
               Poles
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               going
               directly
               North
               and
               South
               .
            
             It
             is
             called
             the
             Meridian
             ,
             because
             when
             the
             Sunne
             stands
             just
             over
             that
             circle
             it
             is
             
               Meridies
               i.
               d.
            
             noone
             day
             .
             It
             may
             be
             conceaued
             thus
             ,
             at
             noone
             day
             ,
             when
             it
             is
             just
             twelue
             a
             clocke
             ,
             turne
             your
             face
             towards
             the
             South
             ,
             and
             then
             imagine
             with
             your selfe
             two
             circles
             drawen
             ,
             one
             in
             the
             Heavens
             ,
             passing
             from
             the
             North
             iust
             over
             your
             head
             through
             the
             body
             of
             the
             Sunne
             downe
             to
             the
             South
             ,
             and
             so
             round
             vnder
             the
             earth
             vp
             againe
             to
             the
             North
             Pole.
             Another
             vpon
             the
             surface
             of
             the
             earth
             passing
             through
             your
             feete
             just
             vnder
             the
             Sunne
             ,
             and
             so
             compassing
             the
             earth
             round
             till
             it
             meete
             at
             your
             feete
             againe
             ,
             and
             these
             are
             Meridians
             answering
             one
             to
             another
             .
             Now
             the
             Meridian
             is
             not
             one
             only
             ,
             as
             was
             the
             Aequinoctiall
             ,
             but
             many
             still
             varying
             according
             to
             the
             place
             wherein
             you
             are
             ,
             as
             for
             example
             .
             At
             London
             there
             is
             one
             Meridian
             ,
             at
             Oxford
             another
             ,
             at
             Bristow
             another
             ,
             &
             so
             along
             Eastward
             or
             Westward
             .
             For
             it
             is
             noone
             at
             London
             sooner
             then
             at
             Oxford
             ,
             and
             at
             Oxford
             sooner
             then
             at
             Bristow
             .
             Vpon
             the
             globe
             there
             are
             many
             drawen
             ,
             all
             which
             passe
             through
             the
             poles
             ,
             and
             goe
             
             North
             and
             South
             ,
             but
             there
             is
             one
             more
             remarkeable
             then
             the
             rest
             ,
             drawen
             broad
             with
             small
             divisions
             ,
             which
             runneth
             through
             the
             Canary
             Ilands
             ,
             or
             through
             the
             Ilands
             of
             Azores
             Westward
             of
             Spaine
             ,
             which
             is
             counted
             the
             first
             Meridian
             in
             regard
             of
             reckoning
             and
             measuring
             of
             distances
             of
             places
             O●●
             from
             another
             ;
             for
             otherwise
             there
             is
             neither
             first
             nor
             last
             in
             the
             round
             earth
             .
             But
             some
             place
             must
             bee
             appointed
             where
             to
             beginne
             the
             account
             :
             and
             those
             Ilands
             haue
             beene
             thought
             fittest
             ,
             because
             no
             part
             of
             the
             World
             that
             lay
             westward
             was
             knowne
             to
             the
             Ancients
             further
             then
             that
             :
             and
             as
             they
             began
             to
             reckon
             there
             ,
             we
             follow
             them
             .
             This
             circle
             is
             called
             in
             greeke
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             .
          
           
             3
             The
             Horizon
             is
             twofold
             
               
                 Sensible
                 or
                 appearing
                 .
              
               
                 Intelligible
                 or
                 true
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               The
               Sensible
               or
               appearing
               Horizon
               is
               the
               space
               of
               the
               earth
               so
               farre
               as
               in
               an
               ope●
               plaine
               ,
               or
               vpon
               some
               Hill
               a
               man
               may
               see
               round
               about
               him
               .
            
             The
             brim
             or
             edge
             of
             the
             earth
             further
             then
             which
             you
             cannot
             see
             ,
             that
             is
             the
             Horizon
             ,
             or
             as
             some
             call
             it
             the
             Finitor
             .
             Because
             finet
             or
             terminat
             visum
             ,
             it
             setts
             the
             limits
             or
             bounds
             to
             your
             sight
             ,
             beyond
             which
             nothing
             can
             bee
             seene
             vpon
             the
             earth
             .
             This
             is
             greater
             or
             lesser
             ,
             according
             as
             the
             height
             of
             the
             eye
             aboue
             the
             plaine
             superficies
             of
             the
             earth
             ,
             is
             more
             or
             lesse
             .
             The
             most
             exact
             triall
             hereof
             is
             at
             Sea
             ,
             where
             there
             are
             no
             mountaines
             nor
             any
             vnequall
             risings
             of
             the
             water
             to
             hinder
             the
             sight
             ,
             as
             there
             are
             at
             land
             .
             For
             example
             let
             
               (
               
               B
               A
               F
            
             )
             be
             the
             superficies
             of
             the
             Sea
             and
             let
             a
             mans
             eye
             bee
             placed
             in
             
               (
               X
            
             )
             aboue
             the
             Sea
             ;
             as
             the
             eye
             stands
             higher
             or
             lower
             so
             will
             the
             distance
             seene
             be
             more
             or
             lesse
             ,
             as
             if
             the
             hight
             of
             
               (
               X
               A
            
             )
             be
             6
             foot
             which
             is
             ordinary
             the
             height
             of
             a
             man
             ,
             the
             eye
             looking
             from
             
               (
               X
            
             )
             to
             
               (
               B
            
             )
             shall
             see
             2
             miles
             and
             3
             quarters
             ,
             if
             
               (
               X
            
             )
             be
             20
             foote
             high
             
               (
               B
               A
            
             )
             will
             bee
             fiue
             
             miles
             ,
             if
             40
             foote
             7
             miles
             ,
             if
             50
             foote
             8
             miles
             .
             So
             that
             from
             the
             mast
             of
             a
             ship
             50
             foote
             high
             ,
             a
             man
             may
             see
             round
             about
             at
             sea
             8
             miles
             every
             way
             ,
             toward
             
               (
               B
               G
            
             )
             and
             
               (
               F
               )
            
             ,
             So
             farre
             may
             the
             water
             it selfe
             be
             seene
             ,
             but
             any
             high
             thing
             on
             the
             water
             may
             be
             seene
             farther
             ,
             16
             ,
             or
             20
             miles
             according
             as
             the
             
             height
             is
             as
             the
             ship
             at
             
               (
               C
            
             )
             may
             be
             seene
             from
             
               (
               X
            
             )
             as
             far
             more
             as
             it
             is
             from
             
               (
               A
            
             )
             to
             
               (
               B
               )
            
             .
             There
             can
             be
             therefore
             no
             certaine
             quantity
             and
             space
             set
             downe
             for
             this
             sensible
             Horizon
             ,
             which
             continually
             varies
             according
             to
             the
             height
             of
             the
             eye
             aboue
             the
             plaine
             ground
             or
             sea
             .
             This
             Horrizon
             is
             not
             at
             all
             painted
             on
             the
             globe
             nor
             can
             be
             .
          
           
           
             
               The
               intelligible
               or
               true
               Horizon
               is
               a
               line
               which
               girts
               the
               earth
               round
               in
               the
               midst
               ,
               and
               divides
               it
               into
               two
               equall
               parts
               or
               Hemispheares
               the
               vppermost
               vpon
               the
               the
               top
               &
               middle
               point
               Whereof
               wee
               dwell
               ,
               and
               that
               which
               is
               vnder
               vs.
            
             Opposite
             to
             this
             in
             the
             Heavens
             is
             another
             Horizon
             ,
             which
             likewise
             cuts
             the
             Heaven
             into
             two
             Hemispheres
             ,
             the
             vpper
             and
             the
             lower
             .
             Aboue
             which
             circle
             when
             any
             starre
             or
             the
             Sunne
             is
             moued
             ,
             it
             then
             riseth
             vnto
             vs
             ,
             and
             setteth
             vnto
             those
             that
             dwell
             opposite
             vnto
             vs
             ,
             and
             so
             on
             the
             contrary
             ,
             you
             may
             conceiue
             it
             best
             thus
             ,
             if
             standing
             vpon
             a
             hill
             ,
             or
             some
             open
             place
             ,
             where
             you
             may
             perfectly
             see
             the
             setting
             of
             the
             Sunne
             ,
             you
             marke
             
             when
             the
             Sun
             is
             halfe
             gone
             out
             of
             your
             sight
             ,
             you
             may
             perceiue
             the
             body
             of
             the
             S●nne
             cut
             in
             two
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             by
             a
             line
             ,
             going
             along
             through
             it
             ,
             the
             halfe
             aboue
             is
             yet
             seene
             ,
             that
             vnderneath
             is
             gone
             out
             of
             your
             sight
             .
             This
             line
             is
             but
             a
             p●ece
             of
             the
             Horrizon
             ,
             which
             if
             you
             conceiue
             to
             be
             drawen
             vpward
             about
             the
             World
             from
             the
             West
             to
             the
             North
             ,
             and
             so
             by
             East
             and
             South
             ,
             to
             West
             againe
             you
             haue
             the
             whole
             Horrizon
             described
             .
          
           
             This
             circle
             is
             not
             drawen
             vpon
             the
             body
             of
             the
             globe
             ,
             because
             it
             is
             variable
             ;
             but
             stands
             one
             the
             outside
             of
             it
             ,
             beeing
             a
             broad
             circle
             of
             wood
             couered
             with
             paper
             on
             which
             are
             sett
             the
             moneths
             and
             days
             of
             the
             yeare
             both
             in
             the
             old
             and
             new
             Calender
             ,
             and
             also
             the
             12
             signes
             ,
             and
             the
             points
             of
             the
             compasse
             .
             All
             which
             are
             easily
             discerned
             by
             the
             beholdinge
             .
             The
             vse
             of
             this
             Horizon
             is
             not
             so
             much
             in
             Geographie
             as
             in
             Astronomie
             .
          
           
             
               The
               Zodiake
               is
               a
               circle
               which
               compasseth
               the
               earth
               like
               a
               ●●lt
               ,
               crossing
               the
               ●quator
               slopewise
               ,
               no●
               streight
               as
               the
               Meridians
               doe
               .
            
             Opposite
             to
             it
             in
             the
             Heauens
             is
             another
             circle
             of
             the
             same
             name
             ,
             wherein
             are
             the
             12.
             signes
             ,
             and
             in
             which
             the
             Sunne
             keepes
             his
             owne
             proper
             course
             all
             the
             yeare
             long
             ,
             neuer
             d●●lining
             from
             ●t
             on
             the
             one
             side
             or
             other
             .
             The
             vse
             hereof
             in
             Geography
             is
             but
             litle
             only
             to
             shew
             what
             people
             they
             are
             ouer
             whose
             heads
             the
             Sunne
             comes
             to
             bee
             once
             or
             twice
             a
             yeare
             ;
             who
             are
             all
             those
             that
             dwell
             with
             in
             23.
             degrees
             of
             the
             Aequator
             ;
             for
             so
             much
             is
             the
             declination
             ,
             or
             sloping
             of
             the
             Zodiacke
             .
             This
             circle
             is
             also
             called
             the
             Eclipticke
             line
             ,
             because
             when
             the
             Sunne
             and
             Moone
             stand
             both
             in
             this
             circle
             opposite
             each
             to
             other
             ,
             then
             there
             happens
             an
             Eclipse
             of
             the
             Sunne
             or
             Mone
             ,
             vpon
             a
             globe
             it
             is
             easily
             discerned
             ,
             by
             the
             sloping
             of
             it
             from
             the
             Aequator
             ,
             and
             the
             diuisions
             of
             it
             into
             12.
             parts
             ,
             and
             euery
             of
             those
             12.
             into
             30.
             degrees
             .
          
           
             
               These
               are
               the
               greater
               circles
               :
               the
               lesser
               follow
               ;
               which
               are
               all
               of
               one
               nature
               ,
               and
               are
               called
               by
               one
               generall
               name
               :
               sc.
               Parallels
               ,
               because
               they
               are
               so
               drawen
               on
               each
               side
               of
               the
               Aequator
               ,
               as
               they
               are
               ●quidistant
               vnto
               it
               euery
               way
               .
            
             Many
             of
             this
             kinde
             are
             
             drawne
             vpon
             the
             globe
             (
             as
             is
             easie
             to
             ●e●
             seene
             )
             and
             may
             bee
             conceaued
             to
             bee
             drawne
             vpon
             the
             earth
             :
             but
             there
             are
             only
             two
             sorts
             cheifely
             to
             bee
             marked
             :
             namely
             the
             
               
                 Tropickes
                 and
                 the
              
               
                 Polar
                 circles
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               The
               tropickes
               are
               two
               ,
               parallel
               circles
               distant
               on
               each
               side
               of
               the
               Aequator
               23.
               degrees
               shewing
               the
               farthest
               bounds
               of
               the
               Sunns
               declination
               North
               or
               South
               from
               the
               Aequator
               ,
               or
               the
               midest
               of
               heauen
               .
            
             And
             therefore
             they
             are
             called
             tropickes
             a
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             ●ertendo
             ,
             because
             when
             the
             Sunne
             comes
             ouer
             these
             lines
             ,
             hee
             either
             turnes
             away
             from
             vs
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             Summer
             ,
             or
             turnes
             toward
             vs
             againe
             as
             in
             the
             winter
             :
             There
             are
             then
             two
             of
             them
             vid.
             
          
           
             
               1
               The
               Tropicke
               of
               Cancer
               which
               lies
               on
               the
               North
               side
               of
               the
               Aequator
               ,
               to
               which
               when
               the
               Sunne
               comes
               ,
               it
               makes
               the
               longest
               day
               in
               Summer
               .
            
             
               2
               The
               Tropicke
               of
               Capricorne
               ,
               lying
               Southward
               of
               the
               Aequator
               ,
               to
               which
               when
               the
               Sunne
               comes
               ,
               it
               makes
               the
               shortest
               day
               in
               winter
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               Polar
               circles
               are
               two
               parallels
               drawne
               by
               the
               poles
               of
               the
               Zodiacke
               compassinge
               about
               the
               poles
               of
               the
               world
               ,
               being
               distant
               from
               them
               euery
               way
               23
               degrees
               .
               These
               are
               two
               .
            
          
           
             1
             
               The
               Articke
               Circle
               that
               compasseth
               about
               the
               North
               Pole
               :
               it
               is
               so
               called
               because
               that
               in
               the
               Heauens
               (
               where
               vnto
               this
               in
               the
               earth
               lies
               opposite
               )
               runs
               through
               the
               constellation
               of
               the
               great
               Beare
               ,
               which
               in
               greeke
               is
               called
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
            
          
           
             2
             
               The
               Antarticke
               circle
               that
               compasseth
               about
               the
               South
               Pole
               ,
               &
               is
               placed
               opposite
               vnto
               the
               former
               .
            
             All
             these
             with
             the
             former
             are
             easily
             known
             vpō
             the
             Globe
             by
             these
             descriptiōs
             ,
             &
             names
             vsually
             added
             vnto
             thē
             .
             But
             because
             maps
             are
             of
             an
             esier
             price
             ,
             &
             more
             cōmon
             vse
             then
             Globes
             ,
             it
             will
             be
             needfull
             to
             shew
             how
             all
             these
             circles
             ,
             which
             are
             drawne
             most
             naturally
             vpon
             a
             round
             Globe
             ,
             may
             also
             as
             truly
             ,
             and
             profitably
             for
             knowledge
             and
             vse
             be
             described
             vpon
             a
             plaine
             paper
             .
             Whereby
             we
             shall
             vnderstand
             the
             reason
             of
             those
             lines
             which
             we
             see
             in
             the
             vsuall
             Mapps
             of
             the
             world
             ,
             both
             how
             they
             are
             
             drawne
             ,
             and
             wherefore
             they
             serue
             .
             Vnderstand
             therefore
             ,
             that
             in
             laying
             downe
             the
             globe
             vpon
             a
             plaine
             paper
             ,
             you
             must
             imagine
             the
             globe
             to
             be
             cut
             in
             two
             halfes
             through
             the
             midst
             ,
             and
             so
             to
             be
             pressed
             downe
             flat
             to
             the
             paper
             ;
             as
             if
             you
             should
             take
             a
             hollow
             dish
             ,
             and
             with
             your
             hand
             s●ui●ze
             the
             bottom
             down
             ,
             till
             it
             lie
             ●lat
             vpon
             a
             bord
             or
             any
             other
             plaine
             thing
             for
             then
             will
             those
             circles
             that
             before
             were
             of
             equall
             distance
             ,
             runne
             closer
             together
             towards
             the
             ●i●st
             .
             After
             this
             conceit
             ,
             vniversall
             Maps
             are
             made
             of
             two
             fashions
             ,
             according
             as
             the
             globe
             may
             be
             devided
             two
             waies
             ,
             either
             cutting
             quite
             through
             by
             the
             meridian
             from
             North
             to
             South
             ,
             as
             if
             you
             should
             cut
             an
             apple
             by
             the
             eye
             and
             the
             stalke
             ,
             or
             cutting
             it
             through
             the
             Aequinoctiall
             ,
             East
             and
             West
             ,
             as
             one
             would
             divide
             an
             apple
             through
             the
             midst
             ,
             betweene
             the
             eye
             &
             the
             stalke
             .
             The
             former
             makes
             two
             faces
             ,
             or
             hemispheares
             ,
             the
             East
             and
             the
             West
             hemispheare
             .
             ●he
             latter
             makes
             likewise
             two
             Hemisph●ares
             ,
             the
             North
             and
             the
             South
             Both
             suppositions
             are
             good
             ,
             and
             besitting
             the
             nature
             of
             the
             globe
             :
             for
             is
             touching
             such
             vniversall
             maps
             ,
             wherein
             the
             world
             is
             repre●●nted
             not
             in
             two
             round
             faces
             ,
             but
             all
             in
             one
             square
             plot
             ,
             the
             ground
             wherevpon
             such
             descriptions
             are
             founded
             ,
             ●s
             l
             〈…〉
             naturall
             and
             agreeable
             to
             the
             globe
             for
             it
             supposeth
             the
             〈◊〉
             to
             be
             like
             a
             Cylinder
             (
             or
             role
             of
             bowling
             allies
             )
             which
             imagination
             ,
             vnlesse
             it
             be
             well
             qualified
             ,
             is
             vtterly
             false
             ,
             and
             makes
             all
             such
             mappes
             faulty
             in
             the
             scituation
             of
             places
             .
             Wherefore
             omitting
             this
             ,
             we
             will
             shew
             the
             description
             of
             
             the
             two
             former
             only
             ,
             both
             which
             are
             easie
             to
             be
             done
             .
          
           
           
        
         
           
             CAP.
             5.
             
          
           
             
               Of
               divers
               Distinctions
               ,
               and
               Divisions
               of
               the
               earth
               .
            
          
           
             NExt
             after
             the
             Circles
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             wee
             may
             not
             vnfitly
             handle
             the
             seuerall
             Divisions
             and
             distinctions
             which
             geographers
             make
             of
             the
             parts
             ,
             and
             inhabitants
             of
             the
             earth
             ,
             These
             are
             many
             ,
             but
             wee
             will
             briefely
             runne
             them
             ouer
             .
          
           
             1
             The
             first
             and
             most
             plaine
             is
             by
             the
             Coasts
             of
             the
             Heauens
             ,
             and
             rising
             ,
             and
             Setting
             of
             the
             Sunne
             ,
             so
             it
             is
             distinguished
             into
             the
          
           
             
               East
               where
               the
               Sunne
               ariseth
               .
               
                 Oreins
                 ,
                 Ortus
              
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               .
            
             
               West
               where
               the
               Sunne
               goeth
               downe
               .
               occidens
               .
            
             
               North
               :
               betweene
               both
               fromwards
               the
               Sunne
               at
               Noone
               .
               Septentrio
               .
            
             
               South
               :
               betweene
               both
               towards
               the
               Sun
               at
               Noone
               .
               Meridies
               .
            
          
           
             These
             foure
             are
             called
             the
             cheife
             or
             Cardinall
             quarters
             of
             the
             world
             .
             They
             with
             the
             others
             betweene
             them
             are
             easily
             knowne
             but
             are
             of
             more
             vse
             to
             Mariners
             then
             to
             vs
             ,
             Wee
             may
             rather
             take
             notice
             of
             those
             other
             names
             which
             by
             Astrono
             mers
             Geographers
             Divines
             and
             Poets
             are
             giuen
             vnto
             them
             .
             Who
             somtime
             call
             the
             East
             the
             right
             hand
             part
             of
             the
             world
             ,
             sometime
             the
             West
             ,
             sometime
             the.
             North
             ,
             &
             sometime
             South
             .
             the
             diuersity
             is
             noted
             in
             these
             verses
             ,
          
           
             
               
                 Ad
                 Boream
                 terrae
                 .
                 Sed
                 Coeli
                 mensor
                 ad
                 Austrum
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Praco
                 Dei
                 exortum
                 ,
                 videt
                 ,
                 occasumque
                 Poeta
                 .
              
               
            
          
           
           
             This
             serues
             for
             vnderstanding
             of
             Authors
             ,
             where
             in
             any
             mention
             is
             made
             of
             the
             right
             or
             left
             part
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             if
             for
             example
             ●e
             be
             a
             poet
             ,
             he
             means
             the
             South
             by
             the
             right
             hand
             ,
             the
             North
             by
             the
             left
             :
             because
             a
             poet
             turnes
             his
             face
             to
             the
             West
             ,
             and
             so
             reckons
             the
             quarters
             of
             Heauen
             and
             Earth
             .
          
           
             2
             The
             second
             distinction
             is
             by
             the
             notable
             differences
             of
             heat
             and
             cold
             ,
             that
             are
             observed
             on
             the
             earth
             ,
             this
             is
             the
             the
             division
             of
             the
             Earth
             by
             Zones
             or
             Cirdles
             ,
             which
             are
             parts
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             wherin
             heat
             and
             cold
             doe
             remarkably
             increase
             or
             decrease
             .
             Those
             Zones
             are
             5.
             
          
           
             1
             The
             hot
             or
             burning
             Zone
             
               (
               Zona
               torrida
            
             )
             which
             containes
             all
             that
             space
             of
             earth
             ,
             that
             lieth
             betweene
             the
             two
             Torpicks
             ,
             supposed
             heretofore
             (
             but
             falsly
             as
             after
             experience
             hath
             shewed
             )
             to
             be
             inhabitable
             by
             reason
             of
             heat
             ,
             the
             Sunne
             continually
             lying
             ouer
             some
             part
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             2.
             3
             
             The
             temperate
             Zones
             wherein
             neither
             heat
             nor
             cold
             is
             extreame
             but
             moderate
             :
             these
             are
             two
             ,
             one
             on
             the
             North
             side
             of
             the
             Aequator
             betweene
             the
             Articke
             circle
             ,
             and
             the
             Torpicke
             of
             Cancer
             ,
             another
             on
             the
             South
             side
             betweene
             the
             Torpicke
             of
             Capricorne
             ,
             and
             the
             Antarcticke
             circle
             .
          
           
             4.
             5
             
             The
             cold
             ,
             or
             Frozen
             Zones
             ,
             wherein
             cold
             for
             the
             most
             part
             is
             greater
             then
             the
             heat
             ,
             these
             likewise
             are
             two
             ,
             one
             in
             the
             North
             ,
             betweene
             the
             Arcticke
             circle
             ,
             and
             the
             North
             Pole
             ,
             another
             on
             the
             South
             betweene
             the
             Antarctick
             circle
             and
             the
             South
             Pole.
             These
             of
             all
             parts
             of
             the
             earth
             are
             worst
             inhabited
             ,
             according
             as
             extremity
             of
             cold
             is
             alwaies
             a
             greater
             enemy
             to
             mans
             body
             ,
             then
             extremity
             of
             heat
             .
          
           
             3
             The
             third
             distinction
             is
             by
             the
             shadowes
             ,
             which
             bodies
             doe
             cast
             vpon
             the
             earth
             ,
             iust
             at
             nooneday
             ;
             for
             these
             doe
             not
             alwaies
             fall
             one
             way
             but
             diuersly
             according
             to
             their
             divers
             scituation
             vpon
             the
             Earth
             .
             Now
             in
             respect
             of
             the
             shadowes
             of
             mens
             bodies
             ,
             the
             inhabitants
             of
             the
             earth
             are
             divided
             into
             the
          
           
             1
             Amphiscij
             (
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             )
             whose
             shadow
             at
             noone
             day
             fall
             both
             waies
             ,
             sc.
             to
             the
             North
             when
             the
             Sunne
             is
             Southward
             of
             them
             ,
             &
             to
             the
             South
             when
             the
             Sunne
             is
             Northward
             ,
             
             and
             such
             are
             those
             people
             that
             doe
             dwell
             in
             the
             hot
             Zone
             .
             For
             the
             Sunne
             goes
             ouer
             their
             heads
             twice
             a
             yeare
             ,
             once
             Northward
             another
             time
             Southward
             ,
             when
             the
             Sunne
             is
             just
             ouer
             their
             heads
             they
             are
             called
             Ascij
             ,
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             ,
             without
             shadow
             .
          
           
             2
             Heteroscij
             (
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             )
             whose
             shadowes
             doe
             alwaies
             fall
             one
             way
             ,
             namely
             alwaies
             towards
             the
             North
             ,
             as
             those
             that
             dwell
             in
             the
             Northerne
             temperate
             Zone
             ,
             or
             alwaies
             to
             the
             South
             ,
             as
             those
             that
             dwell
             in
             the
             Southerne
             temperate
             Zone
             .
          
           
             3
             Periscij
             (
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             )
             whose
             shadowes
             goe
             round
             about
             them
             ,
             as
             those
             people
             who
             dwell
             in
             the
             two
             cold
             Zones
             ,
             for
             as
             the
             Sunne
             never
             goes
             downe
             to
             them
             after
             he
             is
             once
             vp
             ,
             but
             alwaies
             round
             about
             ,
             so
             doe
             their
             shadowes
             .
          
           
             4
             The
             fourth
             distinction
             is
             by
             the
             scituation
             of
             the
             Inhabitants
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             compared
             on
             with
             another
             :
             who
             are
             called
             either
             .
          
           
             
               1
               Perioeci
               (
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               )
               such
               as
               dwell
               round
               about
               the
               Earth
               in
               one
               and
               the
               same
               paralell
               ,
               as
               for
               example
               vnder
               the
               Tropicke
               of
               Cancer
               .
            
             
               2
               Antoeci
               (
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               )
               such
               as
               dwell
               opposite
               to
               the
               former
               in
               another
               Paralell
               of
               the
               same
               distance
               from
               the
               Aequator
               .
               As
               those
               vnder
               the
               Tropicke
               of
               Capricorne
               .
            
             
               3
               Antipodes
               (
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               )
               who
               dwell
               ●ust
               vnder
               vs
               theire
               feete
               opposite
               to
               ours
               .
            
          
           
             5
             The
             fifth
             distinction
             is
             of
             the
             Length
             and
             Breadth
             of
             the
             Earth
             and
             places
             vpon
             it
             :
             these
             may
             bee
             considered
             two
             wayes
             
               
                 1
                 Absolutely
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 the
                 
                   
                     Longitude
                     or
                     Length
                     of
                     the
                     Earth
                     is
                     its
                     Circuit
                     ,
                     and
                     Extension
                     from
                     East
                     to
                     west
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Latitude
                     or
                     breadth
                     of
                     it
                     ,
                     is
                     the
                     whole
                     Circuit
                     and
                     Compasse
                     of
                     it
                     from
                     North
                     to
                     South
                     :
                  
                
              
               
                 2
                 Comparatiuely
                 comparinge
                 one
                 places
                 scituation
                 with
                 another
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 the
                 
                   
                   
                     Longitud
                     of
                     a
                     place
                     ,
                     is
                     the
                     distance
                     of
                     it
                     from
                     the
                     first
                     Meridian
                     going
                     through
                     the
                     Canary
                     Ilands
                     ,
                     Eastward
                     .
                     Whereby
                     wee
                     know
                     how
                     farre
                     one
                     place
                     lies
                     East
                     or
                     West
                     from
                     another
                     .
                  
                   
                     Latitude
                     of
                     a
                     place
                     ,
                     is
                     the
                     distance
                     of
                     it
                     from
                     the
                     Aequator
                     towards
                     the
                     North
                     or
                     South
                     .
                     Whereby
                     wee
                     know
                     how
                     farre
                     one
                     Place
                     lies
                     Northward
                     ,
                     or
                     Southward
                     of
                     another
                     .
                  
                
              
            
          
           
             The
             Longitude
             must
             be
             reckoned
             by
             the
             degrees
             of
             the
             Aequator
             ,
             the
             Latitude
             by
             the
             degrees
             of
             the
             Meridian
             .
          
           
             For
             example
             ,
             in
             these
             two
             Haemisphaeres
             ,
             the
             longitude
             of
             the
             whole
             earth
             is
             from
             
               (
               C
            
             )
             to
             
               (
               A
            
             )
             and
             
               (
               B
            
             )
             in
             the
             Aequator
             .
             The
             latitud
             is
             from
             
               (
               N
            
             )
             to
             
               (
               S
               )
            
             ,
             and
             from
             
               (
               Q
            
             )
             to
             
               (
               P
            
             )
             the
             North
             and
             South
             poles
             ,
             and
             this
             reckoned
             in
             any
             meridian
             .
             The
             first
             meridian
             is
             
               (
               A
               N
               B
               S
            
             )
             which
             goes
             by
             the
             Canary
             Ilands
             ,
             the
             Aequinoctiall
             is
             
               (
               A
               B
               C
               A
               )
               .
            
             Now
             I
             haue
             a
             Citty
             giuen
             
               sc.
               (
               D
            
             )
             I
             would
             know
             in
             what
             longitude
             and
             latitude
             it
             is
             .
             For
             the
             longitude
             I
             consider
             what
             meridian
             passeth
             through
             it
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             meridian
             
               (
               N
               D
               S
            
             )
             which
             crosseth
             the
             Aequinoctiall
             in
             
               (
               I
            
             )
             at
             15
             degrees
             ,
             wherefore
             I
             say
             that
             
               (
               D
            
             )
             stands
             Eastward
             from
             the
             first
             Meridian
             15
             degrees
             .
             So
             I
             finde
             that
             the
             Citty
             (
             ε
             )
             is
             150
             degrees
             Eastward
             ,
             
               (
               G
            
             )
             195
             ,
             and
             
               (
               F
            
             )
             345.
             
          
           
             For
             the
             Latitude
             I
             consider
             what
             paralell
             runnes
             through
             
               (
               D
               E
               G
            
             )
             or
             
               (
               F
            
             )
             and
             I
             finde
             the
             30
             to
             passe
             by
             
               (
               D
            
             )
             45
             by
             
               (
               E
            
             )
             the
             15
             by
             
               (
               F
            
             )
             the
             45
             Southward
             by
             
               (
               G
            
             )
             and
             those
             numbers
             are
             the
             latitude
             of
             the
             place
             that
             are
             distant
             from
             the
             Aequator
             ,
             
               (
               C
               A
               B
               )
            
             .
          
           
             
          
           
             6
             The
             sixth
             Distinction
             is
             by
             the
             Length
             or
             shortnesse
             of
             the
             Day
             in
             Summer
             time
             in
             seuerall
             Quarters
             of
             the
             earth
             .
             And
             this
             diuision
             is
             by
             Climates
             (
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             )
             which
             are
             seuerall
             spaces
             of
             the
             earth
             contained
             betweene
             two
             Paralells
             ,
             in
             the
             which
             the
             longest
             day
             in
             Summer
             exc●edes
             that
             in
             another
             Paralell
             ,
             by
             halfe
             an
             Houre
             .
             There
             is
             a
             greate
             deale
             of
             Confusion
             and
             difference
             betweene
             the
             late
             and
             and
             ancient
             Geographers
             about
             the
             distinction
             and
             diuers
             reckonings
             of
             the
             Climats
             .
             It
             is
             not
             worth
             the
             labour
             to
             recount
             theire
             opinions
             and
             Calculations
             :
             thus
             much
             is
             plaine
             ,
             and
             easie
             to
             bee
             knowne
             .
             There
             are
             24.
             
             Climats
             in
             which
             the
             Day
             encreaseth
             by
             halfe
             houres
             ,
             from
             12.
             houres
             to
             24.
             
             There
             are
             likewise
             6.
             
             Climats
             in
             which
             the
             day
             encreaseth
             by
             moneths
             ,
             from
             one
             moneth
             to
             sixe
             ,
             that
             is
             halfe
             a
             yeare
             .
             Vnder
             the
             Aequator
             the
             day
             is
             alwayes
             twelue
             houres
             longe
             ,
             but
             as
             you
             goe
             from
             it
             
             towards
             the
             Pole
             ,
             the
             Day
             lengthen●
             still
             till
             it
             comes
             to
             a
             
             day
             halfe
             a
             yeare
             long
             .
             Now
             in
             what
             degrees
             of
             latitude
             euery
             on
             of
             these
             Climats
             beginne
             and
             end
             ,
             shall
             appeare
             by
             this
             table
             following
             .
          
           
             7
             The
             seaventh
             and
             lost
             distinction
             of
             the
             earth
             is
             taken
             from
             the
             scituation
             of
             it
             in
             respect
             of
             the
             Heavens
             ,
             and
             especially
             the
             Sunnes
             motion
             .
             In
             regard
             whereof
             Some
             parts
             or
             inhabitants
             of
             the
             Earth
             are
             said
             to
             be
             or
             dwell
             in
             a
             Right
             Spheare
             ,
             some
             in
             a
             paralell
             Spheare
             ,
             and
             others
             in
             an
             oblique
             or
             crooked
             Spheare
             .
          
           
             They
             dwell
             (
             in
             Sphaerarecta
             )
             in
             a
             right
             or
             streight
             Spheare
             who
             dwell
             iust
             vnder
             the
             Aequinoctiall
             ,
             whose
             Horizon
             is
             paralell
             to
             the
             Meridians
             ,
             but
             cutts
             the
             Aequator
             at
             right
             Angles
             .
             They
             dwell
             in
             paralell
             Spheares
             ,
             who
             dwell
             iust
             vnder
             either
             of
             the
             Poles
             ,
             whose
             Horizon
             is
             parallell
             to
             the
             Aequator
             ,
             but
             cuts
             all
             the
             Meridians
             at
             right
             Angles
             :
             and
             the
             latter
             is
             sometime
             called
             a
             Paralell
             Spheare
             .
          
           
             They
             dwell
             (
             in
             
               Sphaera
               obliqua
            
             )
             in
             a
             crooked
             Spheare
             ,
             who
             inhabite
             any
             place
             betweene
             the
             Aequinoctiall
             and
             the
             Pole
             ,
             whose
             Horizon
             cuts
             the
             Aequator
             ,
             the
             Paralells
             ,
             and
             the
             Meridians
             at
             oblique
             or
             vnequall
             angles
             .
          
           
             1
             The
             vse
             of
             this
             table
             is
             easie
             .
             In
             the
             first
             Columne
             are
             contained
             the
             names
             and
             number
             of
             the
             Climats
             .
             In
             the
             second
             the
             Paralells
             which
             enclose
             it
             on
             each
             side
             ,
             and
             deuide
             it
             in
             the
             middest
             .
             For
             the
             paralells
             here
             are
             drawne
             by
             eueryhalfe
             houres
             encrease
             .
          
           
             The
             third
             Columne
             is
             the
             length
             of
             the
             Day
             in
             Summer
             ,
             in
             euery
             Climate
             ,
             which
             from
             12.
             houres
             encreaseth
             by
             halfe
             houres
             to
             24.
             houres
             after
             by
             moneths
             ,
             from
             one
             moneth
             to
             sixe
             .
          
           
             The
             fourth
             containes
             the
             degrees
             of
             latitude
             ,
             how
             farre
             euery
             climate
             lies
             from
             the
             Aequinoctiall
             .
          
           
             The
             fist
             contaynes
             the
             space
             or
             breadth
             of
             euery
             Climate
             ,
             how
             many
             degrees
             or
             minutes
             it
             takes
             vp
             vpon
             the
             Earth
             .
          
           
             The
             sixt
             containes
             so●e
             notable
             places
             by
             which
             the
             Climats
             passe
             .
          
           
           
             2
             Hereby
             it
             is
             easie
             to
             know
             what
             the
             longest
             Day
             is
             in
             any
             Place
             of
             the
             worlde
             whose
             latitude
             is
             knowne
             .
             Or
             contrarily
             the
             longest
             Day
             being
             knowne
             to
             know
             the
             latitude
             For
             example
             Oxford
             hath
             latitude
             52.
             0.
             degrees
             longitude
             24.
             0.
             
             In
             the
             table
             I
             finde
             that
             52.
             degrees
             of
             Latitude
             lie
             in
             the
             9
             th
             Climate
             wherein
             the
             day
             is
             16.
             houres
             and
             a
             halfe
             longe
             ,
             so
             much
             I
             say
             the
             Day
             is
             at
             Oxford
             in
             Summer
             .
             The
             place
             of
             Oxford
             in
             the
             Haemisphaere
             is
             at
             
               (
               U.
            
             )
          
           
             3
             Vpon
             Globes
             the
             Climats
             are
             not
             vsually
             described
             ,
             but
             are
             noted
             out
             vpon
             the
             brazen
             Meridian
             .
             So
             also
             in
             vniversall
             mappes
             they
             are
             seldome
             drawne
             ,
             to
             avoide
             confusion
             of
             many
             lines
             together
             but
             they
             are
             many
             times
             marked
             out
             on
             the
             limbe
             or
             edge
             of
             the
             mappe
             ,
          
        
         
           
             CAP.
             6.
             
          
           
             
               Of
               the
               measuring
               of
               the
               earth
               .
            
          
           
             VVEE
             are
             now
             come
             to
             the
             last
             point
             concerning
             the
             measuring
             the
             Earth
             ,
             which
             is
             two
             fold
             ,
             either
             of
             the
             
               
                 W●●●e
                 earth
                 .
              
               
                 2
                 Severall
                 parts
                 thereof
                 ,
                 and
                 their
                 distance
                 one
                 from
                 another
                 .
              
            
          
           
             Concerning
             the
             first
             it
             is
             but
             a
             needlesse
             labour
             to
             recount
             the
             diversity
             of
             opinions
             that
             haue
             beene
             held
             from
             time
             to
             time
             by
             learned
             Geographers
             ,
             What
             is
             the
             compasse
             and
             depth
             of
             the
             earth
             .
             This
             may
             be
             seene
             in
             
               ●ues
               de
               vsu
               Globe
               ,
               part
               .
               3.
               cap.
            
             2.
             and
             in
             Clavi●s
             on
             Sacrobosco
             with
             others
             .
             They
             all
             differ
             so
             much
             one
             from
             another
             ,
             that
             there
             is
             no
             certainty
             in
             trusting
             any
             of
             them
             .
             The
             most
             common
             and
             received
             opinion
             is
             that
             the
             circuit
             of
             the
             earth
             is
             21600
             miles
             ,
             reckoning
             〈◊〉
             miles
             for
             every
             degree
             ,
             and
             then
             the
             depth
             or
             Diameter
             of
             the
             Earth
             shall
             be
             6877
             English
             miles
             ,
             containing
             5000
             foote
             in
             a
             mile
             .
          
           
             Th●
             means
             wherby
             the
             circuit
             and
             Diameter
             of
             the
             earth
             are
             found
             out
             are
             Principally
             two
             .
          
           
           
             1
             By
             measuring
             North
             or
             South
             ,
             ●nder
             one
             Meridian
             some
             good
             quantity
             of
             ground
             ,
             threescore
             or
             an
             hund●●d
             miles
             (
             or
             two
             for
             the
             more
             certainty
             )
             for
             in
             those
             petty
             observations
             of
             small
             distances
             ,
             there
             can
             be
             no
             certaine
             working
             .
             This
             may
             be
             done
             ,
             though
             it
             be
             laborious
             ,
             yet
             exactly
             without
             any
             sensible
             error
             by
             a
             skilfull
             workeman
             ,
             plotting
             it
             out
             vpon
             his
             paper
             ,
             with
             due
             heed
             taken
             ,
             that
             〈◊〉
             often
             rectifie
             the
             variation
             of
             the
             needle
             (
             by
             which
             he
             travells
             )
             vpon
             due
             observation
             ,
             and
             that
             all
             notable
             ascents
             and
             descents
             ,
             with
             such
             winding
             and
             turning
             as
             the
             necessity
             of
             the
             way
             causeth
             ,
             be
             reduced
             to
             one
             streight
             line
             .
             By
             this
             means
             wee
             shall
             know
             how
             many
             miles
             in
             the
             Earth
             answering
             to
             a
             degree
             in
             the
             Heauens
             ;
             if
             exact
             observation
             by
             large
             instruments
             be
             made
             to
             finde
             the
             elevation
             of
             the
             pole
             ,
             in
             the
             first
             place
             where
             wee
             begin
             to
             measure
             ,
             and
             the
             last
             where
             wee
             make
             an
             end
             .
          
           
             Besides
             this
             way
             of
             measuring
             the
             circumference
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             there
             is
             none
             other
             that
             hath
             any
             certainty
             of
             obseratiō
             in
             it
             .
             That
             by
             Eclipses
             is
             most
             vncertain
             ;
             for
             a
             little
             error
             in
             a
             few
             minuts
             of
             time
             (
             which
             the
             observers
             shall
             not
             possibly
             avoide
             )
             breeds
             a
             sensible
             and
             fowle
             error
             in
             the
             distance
             of
             the
             two
             places
             of
             observation
             .
             That
             of
             Erat●sthenes
             by
             the
             Sunne
             beames
             ,
             and
             a
             shadow
             of
             a
             stile
             or
             gnomon
             set
             vpon
             the
             Earth
             ,
             is
             as
             bad
             as
             the
             other
             .
             For
             both
             the
             vncertainty
             of
             the
             calculation
             in
             so
             small
             quantity
             as
             the
             shadow
             and
             the
             gnomon
             must
             needs
             haue
             ,
             and
             the
             difficulty
             to
             obserue
             the
             true
             length
             of
             the
             shadow
             ,
             as
             also
             the
             false
             supposition
             wherevpon
             it
             proceeds
             ,
             taking
             those
             lines
             for
             Parllells
             which
             are
             not
             ,
             doe
             manifestly
             shew
             the
             reckoning
             hereby
             made
             to
             be
             doubtfull
             and
             not
             sure
             .
          
           
             2
             The
             second
             is
             by
             measuring
             the
             semidiameter
             of
             the
             Earth
             :
             For
             as
             the
             circumference
             makes
             knowne
             the
             diameter
             ,
             so
             doth
             this
             the
             circumference
             .
             This
             may
             be
             done
             by
             observ●tion
             made
             vpon
             some
             great
             hill
             ,
             hard
             by
             the
             sea
             side
             .
             The
             invention
             is
             of
             
               Maurolycus
               Abbot
            
             of
             Mess●va
             in
             Sicili●
             ,
             but
             it
             hath
             beene
             perfitted
             ,
             and
             more
             exactly
             performed
             
             by
             a
             worthy
             Mathematician
             
               Ed.
               W.
            
             who
             himselfe
             made
             proofe
             of
             it
             .
             By
             this
             art
             was
             the
             〈…〉
             idiameter
             of
             the
             Earth
             ●ound
             ou●
             to
             be
             1831262●
             foote
             :
             which
             allowing
             5000
             foot
             to
             a
             mile
             is
             ●662
             &
             a
             halfe
             miles
             ,
             which
             doubled
             is
             the
             whole
             Diameter
             7325
             miles
             .
             The
             circuit
             of
             the
             earth
             shall
             be
             2●030
             miles
             ,
             and
             one
             degree
             containes
             63
             61
             /
             36
             miles
             ,
             which
             is
             almost
             64
             miles
             .
             Which
             as
             it
             exceeds
             the
             ordinary
             account
             ,
             so
             may
             wee
             rest
             vpon
             it
             as
             more
             exact
             then
             any
             other
             .
          
           
             2
             The
             second
             point
             concerninge
             the
             measuringe
             of
             particular
             distances
             of
             places
             one
             from
             another
             is
             thus
             performed
             .
          
           
             First
             vpon
             the
             Globe
             it
             is
             most
             easie
             .
             With
             a
             payre
             of
             Compasses
             take
             the
             distance
             betweene
             any
             two
             places
             howsoever
             scituated
             vpon
             the
             Globe
             ,
             and
             apply
             the
             distance
             so
             taken
             to
             the
             Aequator
             ,
             &
             see
             how
             many
             degrees
             it
             takes
             vp
             ;
             those
             degrees
             turned
             into
             miles
             shew
             the
             distance
             of
             the
             two
             citties
             on
             from
             another
             .
          
           
             Vpon
             vniuersall
             mapps
             theire
             is
             a
             little
             more
             difficulty
             in
             finding
             the
             distance
             of
             places
             which
             here
             must
             bee
             considered
             in
             a
             threefold
             difference
             of
             scituation
             :
             
               
                 1
                 Of
                 Latitude
                 only
                 .
              
               
                 2
                 Of
                 Longitude
                 only
                 .
              
               
                 3
                 Of
                 Latitude
                 and
                 Longitude
                 together
                 .
              
            
          
           
             1
             If
             the
             two
             places
             differ
             only
             in
             Latitude
             ,
             and
             lie
             vnder
             the
             same
             Meridian
             if
             the
             places
             lie
             both
             on
             one
             side
             of
             the
             Aequator
             ,
             the
             differences
             of
             the
             latitudes
             :
             or
             the
             summe
             of
             both
             latitudes
             added
             together
             ,
             if
             one
             place
             lie
             North
             and
             another
             South
             ,
             being
             turned
             into
             Miles
             giues
             the
             true
             distance
             .
          
           
             2
             If
             the
             places
             differ
             only
             in
             Longitude
             ,
             and
             lie
             both
             vnder
             one
             parallel
             of
             latitude
             the
             difference
             of
             longitude
             turned
             into
             miles
             proportionably
             accordinge
             to
             the
             latitude
             of
             the
             paralell
             ,
             giues
             the
             true
             distance
             .
          
           
             3
             The
             distance
             of
             places
             differing
             both
             in
             latitude
             and
             longitude
             may
             thus
             bee
             found
             out
             first
             let
             there
             bee
             drawne
             
             a
             semicircle
             vpon
             a
             right
             diameter
             noted
             with
             
               (
               A
               B
               C
               D
            
             )
             whereof
             
               (
               D
            
             )
             shall
             bee
             the
             Center
             .
             The
             greater
             this
             Semi-circle
             is
             made
             ,
             so
             much
             the
             more
             easie
             will
             bee
             the
             operation
             ;
             because
             the
             degrees
             will
             bee
             la
             〈…〉
             .
             Then
             this
             Semicircle
             being
             drawne
             ,
             and
             accordingly
             devided
             ,
             imagine
             that
             by
             the
             helpe
             of
             it
             ,
             you
             desire
             to
             find
             out
             the
             distance
             betwixt
             London
             and
             Ierusalem
             ,
             which
             Citties
             are
             knowne
             to
             differ
             both
             in
             longitude
             &
             latitude
             .
             Now
             ,
             that
             the
             true
             distance
             betwixt
             th●se
             two
             places
             may
             be
             found
             out
             ,
             you
             must
             first
             substract
             the
             lesser
             longitude
             out
             of
             the
             greater
             ,
             so
             shall
             you
             find
             the
             differences
             of
             their
             longitudes
             ,
             which
             is
             47.
             degrees
             .
             Then
             reckon
             that
             difference
             vpō
             the
             Semi-circle
             ,
             beginning
             at
             
               (
               A
            
             )
             &
             so
             proceed
             to
             
               (
               B
               ;
            
             )
             &
             at
             the
             end
             of
             that
             difference
             ,
             make
             a
             marke
             with
             the
             leter
             
               (
               ε
            
             )
             vnto
             which
             point
             by
             your
             ruler
             ,
             let
             aright
             line
             be
             drawne
             from
             
               (
               D
            
             )
             the
             center
             of
             the
             Semi
             circle
             .
             This
             being
             in
             this
             sort
             performed
             ,
             let
             the
             lesser
             latitude
             be
             sought
             out
             which
             in
             32
             degrees
             ,
             in
             the
             fore
             said
             semicircle
             ,
             beginning
             your
             accompt
             from
             the
             point
             
               (
               E
            
             )
             and
             so
             proceede
             towards
             
               (
               B
               )
            
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             end
             of
             the
             lesser
             latitude
             let
             another
             point
             be
             marked
             out
             with
             the
             letter
             
               (
               G
               )
            
             ,
             from
             which
             point
             ,
             let
             there
             be
             drawen
             a
             perpendicular
             line
             which
             may
             fall
             with
             right
             Angles
             vpon
             the
             former
             line
             drawen
             from
             
               (
               D
            
             )
             to
             
               (
               ε
               )
            
             ,
             and
             where
             it
             chanceth
             to
             fall
             ,
             there
             marke
             out
             a
             point
             with
             the
             letter
             
               (
               H
               )
            
             :
             This
             being
             performed
             let
             the
             greater
             latitude
             which
             is
             51
             degrees
             32
             minuts
             ,
             be
             sought
             out
             in
             the
             semicircle
             beginning
             to
             reckon
             from
             
               (
               A
            
             )
             towards
             
               (
               B
            
             )
             and
             at
             the
             end
             of
             that
             latitude
             set
             another
             point
             signed
             out
             by
             the
             letter
             
               (
               I
            
             )
             from
             whence
             let
             there
             be
             drawen
             another
             perpendicular
             line
             that
             may
             fall
             with
             right
             angles
             vpon
             the
             diameter
             
               (
               AC
               )
            
             :
             &
             here
             marke
             out
             a
             point
             with
             the
             letter
             
               (
               K
               )
            
             ,
             this
             done
             take
             with
             your
             compasse
             the
             distance
             betwixt
             
               (
               K
            
             )
             and
             
               (
               H
            
             )
             which
             distance
             you
             must
             set
             downe
             vpon
             the
             diameter
             
               (
               AC
            
             )
             placeing
             the
             one
             foot
             of
             your
             compasse
             vpon
             
               (
               K
            
             )
             and
             the
             other
             towards
             the
             center
             
               (
               D
               )
            
             ,
             and
             there
             marke
             out
             a
             point
             with
             the
             letter
             
               (
               L
               )
            
             ;
             then
             with
             your
             compasse
             take
             the
             shorter
             perpendicular
             line
             
               (
               G
               H
               ,
            
             )
             
             and
             apply
             that
             widenesse
             vpon
             the
             longer
             perpendicular
             line
             
               (
               I
               K
               ,
            
             )
             placing
             the
             one
             foote
             of
             your
             compasse
             at
             
               (
               I
               ,
            
             )
             which
             is
             the
             bounds
             of
             the
             greater
             latitude
             ,
             and
             extend
             the
             other
             towards
             (
             K
             )
             ,
             and
             there
             make
             a
             point
             at
             
               (
               M
               )
            
             ,
             then
             with
             your
             compasse
             take
             the
             distance
             betwixt
             
               (
               L
            
             )
             and
             
               (
               M
               )
            
             ,
             and
             apply
             the
             same
             to
             the
             semicircle
             ,
             Placing
             the
             one
             foot
             of
             your
             compasse
             in
             
               (
               A
            
             )
             and
             the
             other
             towards
             
               (
               B
               )
            
             ,
             &
             there
             marke
             out
             a
             point
             with
             the
             letter
             
               (
               N
               )
            
             ,
             now
             the
             number
             of
             degrees
             comprehended
             betwixt
             
               (
               A
            
             )
             and
             
               (
               N
            
             )
             will
             expresse
             the
             true
             distance
             of
             the
             two
             places
             ,
             which
             will
             bee
             sound
             to
             be
             39
             degrees
             :
             which
             being
             multiplied
             by
             60.
             and
             so
             converted
             into
             miles
             according
             to
             the
             former
             rules
             ,
             will
             produce
             2340.
             which
             is
             the
             distance
             of
             the
             said
             places
             .
          
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
         
         
      
    
     
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A09258-e210
           
             
             〈◊〉
             Navigation
             ●
             .
             229.
             
          
           
             Of
             this
             Hypothesis
             se●
             〈◊〉
             errors
             of
             navigation
             .
          
           
             
               That
               is
               Geographers
               looke
               to
               the
               North
               ,
               Astronomers
               to
               the
               South
               .
            
             
               Priests
               turne
               them
               to
               the
               East
               ,
               &
               Poets
               to
               the
               West
               .
            
          
           
             Those
             th●●
             dwell
             vnder
             the
             Pole
             haue
             not
             past
             3.
             or
             4
             moneths
             profund
             as
             ●ene●ras
             darke
             night
             ,
             for
             when
             the
             Sun
             is
             in
             Libra
             &
             Pisces
             being
             then
             nigh
             ,
             the
             Horizon
             it
             sends
             forth
             to
             them
             a
             glimmering
             light
             not
             vnli●e
             to
             the
             twilig●●
             or
             d●wning
             of
             the
             day
             in
             a
             morning
             a
             little
             before
             the
             Suns
             rising
             Muns●er
             lib.
             1.
             cap.